UNIT 1 MANAGEMENT OF FAMILY RESOURCES Content Standard Demonstrates understanding and skills in managing family resources Performance Standard Manages family resources applying the principles of home management
LESSON 1 Learning Competencies
FAMILY RESOURCES AND NEEDS Code : TLE6HE-0a-1 (Week 1)
1.1 Identifies family resources and needs (human, material, and non-material) 1.1.1 lists of family resources 1.1.2 lists of basic and social needs
Lesson Objectives Define family resources Identify lists of family resources Explain the types of family resources Explain the importance of time management Prepare one week schedule of work Identify basic and social needs
LET’S BE INFORMED
FAMILY RESOURCES This lesson will help you learn to identify the resources available in t he family and how to properly manage these resources in order to provide sufficiently for the family’s different needs. Apart from money, family resources also include things non-working members of the family may possess. These are energy, time, and skills. Like money, these resources are finite. This should be instilled in the minds of the members of t he family. Types of family resources r esources Human Resources Every able-bodied member of the family is considered an important human resource. Peo ple who can contribute their time, e ffort, skills, strength, and expertise is considered part of the family’s human resource. Capabilities, Intelligence, and Skills Every person has his or her unique ability and intelligence in a way that improves not only himself or herself but also others. It is important to identify the talents and skills that each person has and utilize them for the common good.
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Strength/Energy The strength of a person does not only mean having good health and strong body. It also means having emotional stability, mental alertness, and having reasonable commitment and positive outlook in life, especially in work that improves self and society. Stre ngth is also needed to accomplish tasks on time in order to play, ente rtain, and relax with the family afterwards.
Material Resources Tangible assets such as house and lot, furniture and appliances, jewe lry, automobiles, and cash are referred to as the family’s material resources. Every family must invest wisely in material resources, making sure t hat they consider quality, durability, and appreciation value when choosing what to purchase. Real properties and jewelry increase in value over time while the value of furniture, appliances, and automobiles depreciate or go down as they they get old and worn out. Non – monetary material resources are valuable too because they can be sold for a certain c ertain amount of cash.
Non-material Resources Time, health, and experience are intangible resources but are also important. Without nonmaterial resources, family members will be unable to perform their duties and responsibilities at home, in school, and at work. Time Time is very important. This is the resource that cultivates cooperation, fulfilment of the prescribed duties, and smart maintenance of homes. This is used to start and finish the work without giving burden to the body or resentment to the person. Health The health of family members is important. When family members are in good health, they can do their duties without delay. Experience The more experience a family member has, the more likely he or she will get hired and be paid a good amount for his or her services. So, job or work experience is an important non-material resource to have. Time /Energy management There are some tasks that require only little time and energy to accom plish. Take these things into consideration when scheduling activities. Household activities should be managed properly to lessen unnecessary labor and help speed up work and reduce stress.
Below are some helpful reminders or tips to simplify work at home. Identify and analyse each activity. Not everything has to be done every day. Plot the activities that can be done daily, weekly, o r monthly. The following is an example of how to plan activities so as not to overwork the household and allow for other activities to be included during the day. 2
Strength/Energy The strength of a person does not only mean having good health and strong body. It also means having emotional stability, mental alertness, and having reasonable commitment and positive outlook in life, especially in work that improves self and society. Stre ngth is also needed to accomplish tasks on time in order to play, ente rtain, and relax with the family afterwards.
Material Resources Tangible assets such as house and lot, furniture and appliances, jewe lry, automobiles, and cash are referred to as the family’s material resources. Every family must invest wisely in material resources, making sure t hat they consider quality, durability, and appreciation value when choosing what to purchase. Real properties and jewelry increase in value over time while the value of furniture, appliances, and automobiles depreciate or go down as they they get old and worn out. Non – monetary material resources are valuable too because they can be sold for a certain c ertain amount of cash.
Non-material Resources Time, health, and experience are intangible resources but are also important. Without nonmaterial resources, family members will be unable to perform their duties and responsibilities at home, in school, and at work. Time Time is very important. This is the resource that cultivates cooperation, fulfilment of the prescribed duties, and smart maintenance of homes. This is used to start and finish the work without giving burden to the body or resentment to the person. Health The health of family members is important. When family members are in good health, they can do their duties without delay. Experience The more experience a family member has, the more likely he or she will get hired and be paid a good amount for his or her services. So, job or work experience is an important non-material resource to have. Time /Energy management There are some tasks that require only little time and energy to accom plish. Take these things into consideration when scheduling activities. Household activities should be managed properly to lessen unnecessary labor and help speed up work and reduce stress.
Below are some helpful reminders or tips to simplify work at home. Identify and analyse each activity. Not everything has to be done every day. Plot the activities that can be done daily, weekly, o r monthly. The following is an example of how to plan activities so as not to overwork the household and allow for other activities to be included during the day. 2
Daily Cooking Sweeping the floor Mopping the floor Washing dishes/utensils Watering the plants Cleaning the toilet Running errands
Weekly Marketing Buying groceries Washing clothes Ironing clothes Cleaning the yard Applying floor wax Dusting furniture Cleaning cabinets Arranging clothes Defrosting refrigerator
Skills and interests of family members. Allow members of the family to express their preferred task according to their interests and skills. Rotation of tasks can be implemented on a weekly or or bi-monthly basis. Consider the health, age, and abilities of eac h member. Assign tasks based on the availability of the members. Coordination among all the family members for the improvement of family resources to ensure attainment of all goals. Example of a work schedule Legends Used: Father - F Second Eldest Sister – SES Mother - M Older Brother – OB Eldest Sister - ES Youngest Brother - YB
ONE WEEK SCHEDULE OF WORK 1.Cooking 2. Sweeping the floor 3. Mopping the floor 4. Washing dishes/utensils 5. Dusting furniture and appliances 6.Arranging cabinets and closets 7. Applying floor wax 8. Watering the plants 9. Ironing clothes 10.Washing clothes
Monthly/Need Arises Changing curtains Doing home repairs Re-arranging appliances
S M OB F ES YB ES SES YB M ES
M ES M SES OB ES
T SES ES M F M
W OB SES ES SES F
TH M F SES YB SES
F ES OB YB M OB
F ES SES
ES F M
SES SES ES
YB OB OB
OB YB YB
Importance of Proper Time/Energy Management Promotes harmony and security. Allows more time for leisurely activities. Opens opportunities for constructive activities such as organizing worthwhile projects. Tasks are completed according to schedule.
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S SES YB OB OB YB SES YB M M F
Basic needs – are requirements for sustaining life and promoting physical and mental growth for the children within the family. 1. Food, water, shelter, and clothing. These needs ar e provided by parents to their children since birth, to keep them alive. 2. Security and safety needs. The parents provide security and the safety needs of their children to make them comfortable and to keep t hem free from fear. This includes healthcare and education .
Food – fuels the human body. Without it, the body cannot gr ow or perform at its best, the organs will stop working properly, and th body eventually dies. Food supplies nutrients, which are used by every cell in the body as building materials and fuel. Water –is vital to life, humans, plants and animals are made up of mostly water . All living things would die if it weren’t for water. We use water for drinking, washing, cleaning, cleaning, cooking and water ing plants. Shelter . Human beings need shelter for protection against natural threats, such as extreme weather and dangerous creatures, and even as security against other human beings. mater ial worn on the body to enhance personal appearance and Clothing – is a fiber and textile material protect it from extreme temperatures and elements of various climate. gives the confidence to pursue dreams and alleviates poverty. poverty. Education – boosts self esteem, gives
Social needs - are things such as acceptance, appreciation, belonging and companionship. companionship. Essentially, social needs are met by forging relationships with other people. Social needs are also considered to be deficiency needs or something that is essential for growth and development. According to Maslow's theory, social needs are important because for ging emotional relationships is essential for preventing anxiety, depression and loneliness. Social needs are met in a variety of ways. Families meet the social n eeds of children, but later in life, romantic partners, friends and co-workers further meet social needs. Joining groups, such as a church or athletic team, also meets social needs. LET’S EXPLAIN
1. 2. 3. 4.
What are the different family resources? How can you manage family resources wisely? Why should you learn how to manage your time, money, and energy? What are the basic needs of man?
LET’S REMEMBER
The proper management of the home depe nds on how family members utilize their materials and non-material resources. Using family resources properly will help attain goals for a better home life.
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LET’S DO TOGETHER
A. Place a check under a resource that you value for each row. Legend: T – Time S – Strength M – Money C – Capability/Skill/Talent
Task 1.Working according to the given schedule. 2.Resting after the assigned task. 3.Arranging the dish garden in a cr eative way. 4.Saving a small portion of the allowance daily. 5.Multitasking (doing two or more tasks at the same time) 6.Creating a recipe of a new food item. 7.Buying clothes for long term use. 8.Having recreation activities to forget problems. 9. Expenses that come regularly. 10.Money earned from business.
T
M
S
C
B. List 10 household chores done in the home everyday. Prepare a work schedule for one week. Write your answers in your notebook.
REINFORCEMENT How do you use your time? Make a one week schedule of your activities and household chores. Write it in your notebook.
References: http://www.farnellfamily.com/cfarnell/why/uses.html https://www.reference.com/world-view/need-shelter https://www.google.com.ph/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF8#q=Clothing&* https://www.google.com.ph/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF8#q=reasons+why+is+education+important&* https://www.reference.com/world-view/social-needs-8e3901f003c9203e
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LESSON 2
SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME
Learning Competency Code: TLE6HE-0a-2 (Week 1) 1.2 Enumerates sources of family income Lesson Objectives Enumerate sources of family income Discuss the types of family income Give examples of each type of family income Explain the tips in wise spending of family income Classify family income LET’S BE INFORMED Income - is money that an individual or business receives in exchange for providing goods or services. Family income – is the total income earned by all the members of the household.
Sources of family income Salary earned for services rendered Bonuses, commissions, or honoraria given by an employer to employees Profits earned from business Rentals from owned properties Dividends from stock holdings Types of family income 1. Money Income 2. Real Income 3. Psychic Income Money income maybe in the following forms: a. Salary Monthly salary of all the members who are doing government or private services. b. Wages Daily, weekly or monthly wages c. Rent Rent of the house and real estate d. Interest Interest of the capital deposited in banks, post offices or from lending money. e. Projects Profits from investment either in business or any other sources. f. Sick Benefits Medical Allowances g. Pensions Money received by retired persons, old age widow and other pensioners h. Gift, dividends, securities, royalties etc Money income which provides additional comforts enjoyed by the family.
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The real income of the family consists of: a. Inherited landed property, which yields crops for the family. b. Food furnished by a kitchen garden. c. Dairy farming and poultry farming. d. Durable goods and commodities owned by the family. e. Kneading, embroidery, tailoring, pickling, baking and activities carried out in home. f. All types of knowledge and services (Household activities) provided by the members o f the family. g. Community facilities like parks, markets, hospitals, roads, schools, colleges, libraries, dispensaries, fire and police protection, community entertainments, social centres etc . Proper utilization of all these can increase the real income of the family.
Psychic Income: This income is the flow of satisfaction derived by the family from the use of money income and real income. This income is also called as e njoyment income, experienced over a given period of time by the proper utilization of money income and re al income. We must maximize psychic income, because our ultimate goal is to derive m aximum satisfaction and peace from life. It is in the form of rewards (as in prestige, leisure, or pleasant surroundings) not measurable in terms of money or goods but serving as an incentive to work in certain o ccupations or situations a creative artist can reap a psychic income that money cannot match.
Total Income: Total income consists of money income received over a certain period of time and the real income received during the same period from other sources without spending one’s own money income. The family utilizes this total income to obtain goods and services for the satisfaction of its needs and saves some unused money income for future use, gifts to other persons or payment of taxes. Tips in Wise Spending of Your Income Make a lists of all the things needed at home and their specification. Compare the prices of the products to be bought. Avoid buying things with higher prices than usual. Buy in bulk the things that are nee ded everyday. Buy fruits and vegetables in season. Know the substitute ingredients for expensive items. Be familiar with the stores offering lowest prices. Go to a store where you can be assured of good quality and standard price.
LET’S EXPLAIN
What are the sources of family income? How do you differentiate direct income from indirect income? What are the types of family income and give examples. How can you spend your income wisely?
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LET’S REMEMBER
Using family resources properly will help attain goals for a better home life . The home serves as the workshop where skills are honed, attitudes and values are developed, habits are formed. LET’S DO TOGETHER
Classify the following income according to the three types of family income: Monthly salary Orchard (farm) Trip to HongKong reward Vegetable garden
Money Income
Weekly wages Rice plantation Dividends
Interest from deposits Invitation to a dinner Interests from deposits (RENT from apa
Real Income
Psychic Income
REINFORCEMENT Identify the source of income of the family. Interview members of the family. Write you answers in your notebook.
References: https://www.google.com.ph/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF8#q=types+of+family+income&*
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LESSON 3
ALLOCATION OF BUDGET FOR BASIC AND SOCIAL NEEDS
Learning Competencies:
Code : TLE6HE-0b-3 (Week 2) Allocates budget for basic and social need such as:
1.3.1 food and clothing 1.3.2 shelter and education 1.3.3 social needs: social and moral obligations (birthdays, baptisms, etc.), family activities, school affairs 1.3.4 savings/emergency budget (health, house repair)
Learning Competencies Code: TLE 6HE-0b-4 (Week 2) 1.4 Prepares feasible and practical budget 1.4.1 manages family resources efficiently 1.4.2 prioritizes needs over wants Lesson Objectives Define budget Enumerate the elements of a family budget Allocate budget for basic and social needs Prepare a family budget Manage family resources efficiently Discuss the factors affecting family budget Prioritize needs over wants LET’S BE INFORMED
Budget A budget is the amount of money set aside for planned expenses. It is a plan specifying how much money will be spent or allocated during a particular period. Budgeting is related to the wise use of family resources. It is based on t he system by which wages or salaries are received and how these are to be spent by itemizing the needs of the family and how much money is needed to meet such needs. Components or elements of a family budget Food – groceries, raw and cooked food, staples, condiments, and spices Shelter – if not renting, includes taxes, repair, and maintenance Clothing – uniforms, clothes, and accessories Education – tuition fees, books, daily food, transportation allowance of children Household operations – things needed in the house, beddings, curtains, furniture, and other paraphernalia to make members comfortable Utilities – electric, water, and telephone bills, gas, salaries of helpers Health – medicine, check-up Recreation – family outings, outside dining, watching movies. Savings – the amount set aside or deposited in the bank
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Allocation of Family Budget A family budget may differ from one family size and composition, family values and standards of living. Some families may spend more on food, others o n clothing and still others on education. The values of the family influence its priorities. Sample of Monthly Budget Monthly Income: Php 25, 000.00 Family Members : 4 Item Food Education Shelter Utilities Household Operation Clothing Recreation Savings Total
% of Budget Allotted 40 16 15 12 6 3 3 5 100
Amount 10,000.00 4,000.00 3,750.00 3,000.00 1,500.00 750.00 750.00 1,250.00 25,000.00
How to manage family resources efficiently Inform all the members of the family about the budget. Make adjustments to your budget as necessary. Keep within the amount allocated for budget items. Choose a simple lifestyle that you can sustain with your earnings. Buy only things that are needed. Schedule your expenses. Follow a shopping and marketing schedule. Avoid making unscheduled, unplanned purchases especially at a store you are not familiar with. Teach the children to spend their allowance wisely. Conserve energy and other utilities. Recycle or reuse materials. Repair appliances and furniture as needed. Take good care of your belongings. Buy products that are of good quality and re asonable price. Develop the habit of walking short distances. Factors affecting the family budget The following are some factors that can affect a personal or family budget. 1. Amount of Income – the higher the income of the family, the greater the amount that the family members can spend for their needs and wants. But, the greater the income, the more savings the family can have for the future. On the other hand, the smaller the income of a family, the more it needs to spend for what is most important and immediate needs. Food, shelter, clothing, education, and utilities are some of the immediate needs of most families today. 2. Size and Composition of the family – the more family members are there, the bigger amount of income is spent on food, schooling, clothing, and for their other basic needs. Also, when family 10
members are still young and growing up, the m ore expenses are needed for their food, health and medical expenses, clothing and other basic needs. 3. Values of the family – different families and different individuals have different values so they have different priorities on how to spend their money. 4. Needs and wants of the family – needs are materials which the family members need to survive on a day to day basis. Food, shelter, and clothing are basic needs. Today, however, education, transportation, lights, and water are also considered needs. Wants, on the other hand, are materials that the family members desire to have. They can be postponed if the budget is not enough but can be purchased if the budget allows it. Jewelry, new dresses, cell phones and other electronic gadgets, appliances, and cars are some of the wants most families would like to buy.
Needs and Wants Our needs and wants motivate us to work hard. They encourage and inspire us to get involved in productive endeavors that will help our families live better. It is important for family members to distinguish clearly the ir needs from their wants. In family budgeting, we must prioritize our needs and not wants. LET’S EXPLAIN
Why is there a need to budget the income of the family? What are the components of a family budget? How can we manage family resources efficiently? Differentiate needs from wants and give e xamples.
LET’S REMEMBER
Every member must also know how the family income is budgeted. Through budgeting, family members learn to spend money wisely, thus, saving money which could be used for other family needs. Resources such as time, energy, and utilities are also used well when income is budgeted.. LET’S CHECK YOUR PRACTICES
How can you help in the effective implementation of your family budget? Put a check on the blank before each number. _____ 1. I save a part of my daily allowance for future use. _____ 2. I buy only the things which is needed and within the allotted budget. _____ 3. I stick to my market list when buying. _____ 4. I recycle my used notebooks, pens, etc. so that I can use it again. _____ 5. I mend tears on my clothes right away to avoid buying a new one. _____ 6. I avoid buying unnecessary things, like toys, if they’re out of the budget. _____ 7. I buy unlabelled canned goods with dents and scratches to save money. _____ 8. I always wash my hands before and after eating to avoid sickness and buying expensive medicine. _____9. I switch off the lights, TV, and electric fan if it is not being used. _____10. I find some income-generating activity like selling bottles of ketchup, soy sauce, old newspaper, etc.,in junk shop.
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LET’S DO TOGETHER
A. Identify the components of a family budget. ______ 1. Rice, coffee, bread ______ 2. House repair, house rental, amortization ______ 3. Underwears, jackets, t-shirts ______ 4. Tuition fees, notebooks, school bag ______ 5. Electric fan, dining set, kitchen wares ______ 6. Salary of workers, water bills telephone bill ______ 7. Doctor’s fee, medicines, laboratory tests ______ 8. Field trip, swimming, outing ______ 9. Deposits, investments, insurance ______ 10.Fruits, vegetables, fish
B. Prepare a monthly family budget using the total income of the family for one month.
REINFORCEMENT Interview a parent (A), and a relative (B) about their family budget. Fill up the chart with the data collected. Tell them that their names will be held confidentially. Present your work in class. Families Family A Family B Monthly Income EXPENDITURES Food Housing Education Services (water, electricity, telephone, cable, internet) Clothing Savings Recreation
Php
Php
References The Basics of Better Family Living 6 https://hubpages.com/money/The-Importance-of-a-Family-Budget
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UNIT 2 SEWING OF HOUSEHOLD LINENS Content Standard Demonstrates an understanding and skills in sewing household linens Performance Standard Sews household linens using appropriate tools and materials and applying the basic principles in sewing
LESSON 4 TOOLS AND MATERIALS IN SEWING Learning Competency
Code : TLE6HE-0c-5 (Week 3)
2.1 Classifies tools and materials according to their use (measuring, cutting, sewing)
Lesson Objectives: Identify the different tools in sewing hold linens Give the uses of tools Identify the classification of tools. Classify tools and materials according to use. Discuss the tips to keep sewing tools and equipment longer LET’S BE INFORMED
It is easy to look for the sewing tools you need when the sewing tools are well placed in a clean wellorganized sewing box. With the right needle, the appropriate thread, and the needed fasteners or buttons, one can save time and ener gy. Having the complete basis on hand, tools greatly contribute in making garment construction easier, faster, more efficient, and enjoyable.
Tools and Materials Measuring Tools Tape Measure – is a measuring tool used for taking body measurements to produce well-fitting clothes and pants. This is usually made of cloth or plastic. Ruler- is a measuring tool used to measure and draft lines on a fabric or patter n. Metal Gauge- is a movable marker that measures short distances and correct thickness such as distance between buttons, pleats, and hems. Hem Gauge- is a measuring tool used to measure the correct hem for a piece of clothing or linen. French Curve-is a measuring tool used in drafting curves in t he pattern of the arm, neckline, and crotch. Meter or Yard Stick – this is used to measure fabric. Tailor’s Square- is used for drawing straight lines and true right angles. Curve stick-is used to have curved lines on necklines and armholes. Cutting Tools 13
Embroidery Scissors - are small scissors designed for needle work. Dressmaking Shears - is used for cutting heavy fabric. It has uneven shapes of handles. Pinking Shears – are scissors with serrated blades or zigzag edges (similar to saw) used for cutting the fabric edge and prevent it from fraying or ravelling. Light Trimmer – is used for cutting small corners or portions of the fabric, this tool has one point blunt to prevent the fabric from snagging. Brent-handled Shears- Shears with straight blades and a handle t hat is off-set at an angle to allow the lower blade to stay flat in a cutting surface. Sewing Scissors - is a cutting tool used for trimming seams and facings. Thread Clippers-is a small cutting tool used for snipping thread. Seam Ripper-is a cutting tool used to open seams as well as other detailed work. Stitch Ripper- is a small tool made of metal used to remove stitches.
Marking Tools Tracing Wheel- is a marking tool with saw tooth blade used to transfer the marks fr om the pattern paper to the cloth. Tailor’s Chalk- this is an orange colored hard square wax used for marking guidelines or sewing lines in fabric. Tracing Paper- this is used with the tracing wheel to transfer marks from the pattern paper to the cloth. Soft Pencil – this is used in drawing lines in pattern construction. Sewing Tools Needle-is a sewing tool that has one sharp end and a hole at the other end to make the thread pass through. They come in different sizes and are used in sewing to pass the thread through the cloth either by hand or machine. The three types of needles are sharps (longest with round eyes for general sewing), crewels ( next in length with slender eyes for darning and embroidery), and betweens (the shortest needles with round eyes for fine sewing in tailoring or dressmaking), Long darners Long thick needle suitable for mending holes in heavy fabrics. Cotton darners (fine points) Used for darning, suitable for delicate yarns such as cotton and silk. Beading needles Very long and fine with a sharp point; used for decorative work, particularly for attaching beads and sequins. Curved needles Needles used in sewing mattress and doing upholstery work. Ball point needles (round point) Used between knit yarn fibers. Straws Longer needles than betweens; used for t acking
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Tapestry needles Strong, thick needles that have a st urdy, blunt point; suitable for working tapestry and needle point projects. Embroidery crewel needles Sharp, medium length needles with a long eye through which strands of embroidery thread are needed. Glovers/Leather hand needles Sturdy three-sided needles with a round eye suitable for piercing both leather and strong plastic fabrics. Pins Tiny sewing tools with a sharp pointed tip used for a variet y of purposes such as holding pattern pieces in place, fit fabric or gar ment on the body, hold fabric together, and secure lace, sequins or beads. Dressmaker’s pins One and one-sixth inches long; used in all sorts of g arment sewing.
Glass headed pins Pins with colored ball shaped heads; used for marking or decor ating crafts. Safety pins Available in different sizes, these pins come with a safe cover for the pointed part to prevent it from jabbing the skin.
Pin Cushion-it is used to keep needles and pins in place when not in use. Emery bag-is similar to a pin cushion but with rougher content such as finely ground broken plate or very fine dried sand to sharpen the tips of pins and needles and to prevent t hem from getting rust. Thread- is used for stitching cloth either by hand or machine and comes in different colors and thickness. It can also be used for surface decoration. Thread can be made of cotton, nylon, or silk. Sizes may range from 40 (heavy sewing, thicke r thread) to 100 (finer thread for sheer materials such as silk or organza). Number 50 is commonly used for hand sewing. Threads are sold in skeins (embroidery), cones, spools, and balls. Needle Threader – aids in inserting the thread into the eye of the needle. Thimble-a small , durable, protective cap made of metal or plastic, used to protect the finger from being pricked when pushing the needle through the cloth. Tips to Keep Your Sewing Tools and Equipment Longer Keep in a storage box when not in use. Place the pins and needles in the pin cushion. Oil the scissors especially the screw to prevent rust. Have them sharpened regularly. Arrange threads neatly. Fold the tape measure. Make an inventory of your materials, tools, and equipment.. 15
Be sure your hands are clean and dry before starting to sew. Use handkerchief or face towel to wipe your sweat.
LET’S EXPLAIN
How can a person’s knowledge and skills in using the sewing tools help in garment construction? LET’S CHECK
Classify the sewing tools below. Write them in the box where they belong. Ruler Tape Measure Soft Pencil Pinking Shears Light Trimmer Needle Threader Tracing Wheel Thread Clippers Trapestry Needle Curved Needles French Curve Tailor’s Chalk Emery bag Ball Point Metal Gauge Tracing Paper Thimble Seam Ripper
Measuring Tools
Cutting Tools
Marking Tools
Sewing Tools
LET’S REMEMBER
Tools greatly contribute in making garment construction easier, faster, more efficient, and enjoyable. LET’S DO TOGETHER
Identify the correct answer. Write your answer in your notebook. ________ 1. It is a cutting tool used in cutting heavy fabrics. ________ 2. A sewing tool used to protect the finger to be pricked by the needle in doing hand sewing. ________ 3. It is used to keep needles and pins in place when not in use. ________ 4. It is a marking tool with saw tooth blade used to transfer the marks from the pattern paper to the cloth. ________ 5. A sewing tool that has one sharp end and a hole at the other end to make the thread pass through. ________ 6. A measuring tool used to measure fabric. ________ 7. is a marking tool with saw tooth blade used to transfer the marks from the pattern paper to the cloth. ________ 8. This is a measuring tool used in drafting curves in the pattern of the arm, neckline, and crotch. ________ 9. A measuring tool used to measure and draft lines on a fabric or pattern. ________ 10. this is an orange colored hard square wax used for marking guidelines or sewing lines in fabric. 16
REINFORCEMENT Identify five tools laid on the table and give their functions.
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LESSON 5
PROJECT PLAN FOR HOUSEHOLD LINEN
Learning Competency Code TLE6HE-0c-6 (Week 3) Prepares project plan for household linens Lesson Objectives: Define a project plan Identify the parts of the project plan Identify the guidelines in planning a project Prepare project plan for the chosen household linen LET’S BE INFORMED
Project Planning A project plan is a formal document designed to guide the control and execution of a project. Careful and systematic planning is the first step in starting sewing a project. Plan what to se w, the materials you need, and how to go about the project. The following are some guidelines to consider in planning a project. Once you have chosen the design, list the m aterials needed. Choose the fabric most suitable for the project. Plan the steps to be followed in making the project. Prepare the sewing tools, materials, and sewing m achine. Making your own household linens can save money. You can also exercise your creativity by producing the design that you really like. Some of these can also be sold to augment the family income. What do you want to make? Recall the format for project planning earlier in the lesson.
Plan your project for household linens Household linens Table cloth Table napkin Placemat Pillow case Center piece Bed sheet Hand towel Table runner Make your project plan. Follow the format below. Example: I.Name of Project: Place Mat with Cross Stitch Design
II. Objectives 1. To make a placemat with cross stitch design 18
2. To develop skills in making placemat 3. To demonstrate steps in doing cross stitch
III. Sketch Draw the raw materials and the finished product. Raw materials
Finished Product
IV. Materials and tools needed Write the materials and tools needed V. Procedure Write the steps in doing the project VI. Evaluation Use this scorecard to evaluate your project
Scorecard A. Safety Practices (30%) 1. Washed hands before working 2. Light is coming from the left shoulder 3. Used proper materials and tools 4. Work area was maintained clean and orderly B. Workmanship (50%) 1. Correct and tidy 2. Right tightness of the stitches (not loose or tight 3. Able to execute the desired design C. Overall design (20%) 1. Neat and appealing 2. Right color combination TOTAL
Points 5 5 10 10
20 15 15 10 10 100
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Score
LET’S EXPLAIN
Explain the parts of the project plan. What is the criteria in evaluating the project? Explain. LET’S REMEMBER
Sewing materials are important to make sewing successful and enjoyable. Orderliness and cleanliness can be developed by taking care of your sewing materials. Maintain your work area clean and orderly. LET’S DO TOGETHER
Prepare a project plan for a household linen and present it in class.
REINFORCEMENT Prepare materials and tools needed for your project.
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LESSON 6
MATERIALS AND TOOLS FOR THE PROJECT
Learning Competency: Code TLE6HE-0c-7 (Week 3) 2.3 Identifies supplies/materials and tools needed for the project Lesson Objectives: Identify the supplies, materials needed for a project Discuss the hints in preparing the project Enumerate other tools and materials needed for the project
LET’S BE INFORMED
Be sure you are aware of the different types of fabric. The design of the fabric should also be appropriate to the project. Texture of the material should also be considered. Different kinds of Fabric Cotton – this cloth is smooth, durable, and absorbent. It is appropriate for tropical climate. It can be used in making hand towels, pillow cases, handkerchiefs, bed covers, and other home furnishings. Wool – This cloth is suitable for the cold season. It is thick and slightly rough. It is usually used in making jackets, bedsheets, and sweaters. Silk – This is an expensive fabric. It is quite difficult to cut and saw because of its fine, smooth, and lustrous texture. Linen- This fabric comes from the flax plant. It is the oldest kind of fabric. It is cool and absorbent. Synthetic- made from man-made fibers woven into different fabrics like rayon, banlon, this cloth can be easily washed and dried.
Hints in preparing the fabric Soak cotton and linen fabric overnight in water to shrink it and soften before cutting out the pattern. Linen fabric can shrink up to six percent and may cause problems with fitting if not soaked beforehand. All other project elements must also be preshrunk. These include the zipper, linings, and interfacings. Soak colored fabrics alone since dyes may bleed significantly. Wash fabric a second time if dye does not stop bleeding. If color continuous to run, add two o r three table spoons of vinegar to the water to allow the color to set. Hang to dry. Do not wring. Iron wrinkles when dry. Check the fibers. Lengthwise fibers (warp) should be straight. This will ensure that seams and hems hang straight. Raw edge or selvage should be trimmed to prevent the fabric from ravelling. Iron the fabric if needed. Tools and other materials needed Fabric Table spoon Vinegar Flat iron Zipper Scissors 21
Linings Interfacings
Basin
LET’S EXPLAIN
How is clothing material prepared for sewing? Why is it important to soak cotton cloth before cutting and sewing? What are the things to be considered before cutting and sewing? LET’S REMEM BER
Cotton cloth must be soaked before c utting to prevent the project from shrinking after it is finished. The cloth to be used in sewing must be sufficient for the intended project. Make sure to get the appropriate measurement of the fabric you will be n eeding for the project with sufficient allowance.
LET’S DO TOGETHER
Re-demonstrate how to soak fabric following the steps in preparing the fabric.
REINFORCEMENT Straighten the fabric and trim loose threads. Ir on the fabric.
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LESSON 7
PATTERN DRAFTING AND CUTTING FABRIC FOR HOUSEHOLD LINENS
Learning Competency: Code TLE6HE- d-8 (Week 4) 2.4 Drafts pattern for household linens 2.4.1 steps in drafting pattern 2.4.2 safety precautions Lesson Objectives Follow the steps in drafting pattern for household linens Draft patterns for pillow case/table napkin/hand towel Illustrate the types of fabric folds Explain the tips in laying the pattern and c utting the fabric Discuss the tips in cutting the fabric and transferring sewing lines Demonstrate the steps in cutting the fabric
LET’S BE INFORMED The test of your abilities and skills is best shown in how you can create or produce something based on the knowledge you acquired. Now that you have prepared your fabric, you are now ready to draft your pattern.
How to draft a pattern for a pillow case 1. Measure your pillow at home. Get the length and width. 2. On your pattern paper, draw vertical line which is the width measurement and horizontal line which is the length measurement. 3. Extend lines to form a rectangle. 4. Add 5/8 in. seam allowances along the three sides of the pattern and 2 inches on the opening. 5. Cut the pattern.
How to draft a pattern for a table napkin 1. On your pattern paper, draw a square measuring 16 inches x 16 inches. 2. Add 5/8 inch allowance on all sides of the pattern. 3. Cut the pattern.
How to draft a pattern for a hand towel 1. On a pattern paper, draw a rectangle measuring 15 inches wide x 25 inches long. 2. Add 5/8 inch allowance on all sides of the pattern. 3. Cut the pattern.
Types of fabric fold 1. Lengthwise fold. The fabric is folded in the middle, in such a way that the two selvages meet at the edge and are together, opposite the fold.
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2. Crosswise fold. The fabric is folded in the middle but the two selvages are not together , rather, the selvages are on the opposite side of the fold. In this fold, the two raw edges meet at the edge and are together opposite the fold.
Tips in 1. 2. 3. 4.
laying the pattern on the fabric Determine which type of fabric fold you will use to maximize the use of the fabric. Fold the fabric with the wrong side out and lay it on the table. Make a trial placement of all the pattern pieces to economize the use of the fabric. Pin all parts of the pattern on the cloth. Make sure the pins are placed at the right angles to the edge of the pattern, one inch from the edge. About six inches apart for straight edges. For curved edges, the pins should be nearer each other. 5. Avoid lifting the cold while putting the pins on their places. I t might change the position of the grain line.
Tips in cutting the fabric and transferring sewing lines 1. Cut the large pieces first. 2. Cut along the edges of the patte rn. 3. Hold the fabric with your left hand. Do not hold the pattern and material up nor place your hand under the fabric while cutting. This may stretch t he fabric out of shape if cut in this manner. 4. For long spaces, such as straight side seam, use long strokes. 5. For short spaces, curved spaces use short strokes. 6. With the use of a tracing wheel and dressmaker’s carbon paper so that all markings are on the wrong side of the fabric. 7. Fold each piece together with t he pattern until you are ready to work on it. 8. Before removing the pattern and the pin from the fabric, study each piece carefully so you will know what part of the project it is and what you will do.
Steps in cutting the fabric for household linens 1. Fold the cloth on its lengthwise grain with the wrong side out. 2. Lay and pin the pattern on the cloth. 3. Mark all stitching and folding lines. 4. Mark all allowances. 5. Cut the cloth. 6. Transfer all marks to the other side of the cloth.
LET’S EXPLAIN 1. How do we draft the patterns for a pillow case and table napkin? 2. How do we fold the fabric when cutting? 3. Why do we need to hold the fabric while cutting? 4. What kind of stroke is used in cutting long spaces?
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LET’S REMEMBER In order to ensure that the project will come out properly cut, the following procedures must be mastered: folding the fabric, laying the pattern on the fabric, cutting the fabric, and transferring sewing lines.
LET’S DO TOGETHER Draft pattern for the chosen project. Use some fabric scraps and illustrate the types of fabric folding. Illustrate how to lay, pin the pattern, mark and cut the fabric. Cut fabrics for the chosen household linen.
REINFORCEMENT Aside from household linens, using scraps of cloth, do other projects that can be sold in the community, like: Potholders, doormats, rags, stuffed toys or bags
Reference Moving up with Hele 6
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LESSON 8 SEWING CREATIVE AND MARKETABLE HOUSEHOLD LINENS AS MEANS TO AUGMENT FAMILY INCOME Learning Competencies: Code TLE6HE-0d-9 (Week 4) 2.5 sews creative and marketable household linens as means to augment family income 2.5.1 assesses the finished products as to the quality (using rubrics) Lesson Objectives: Prepare sewing machine for sewing. Discuss healthy and safety practices in sewing Enumerate benefits derived from sewing Demonstrate the steps in sewing household linens Sew marketable household linen as means to augment family income. Assess finished products as to the quality using rubrics. LET’S BE INFORMED In this lesson, you should be able to sew household linens using appropriate tools and materials and applying basic principles in sewing. Sewing is a worthwhile hobby but it can also be a means of livelihood or a way to augment the family income.
Preparing the machine for sewing Every girl or boy who wants t o use the sewing machine properly should be skilful in these basic operations: 1. Setting the needle properly. 2. Winding the thread on the bobbin. 3. Threading the bobbin’s case. 4. Threading the upper part of the sewing machine. 5. Taking up the lower thread. 6. Regulating the length of the stitches. Setting the needle 1. Raise the thread take up lever to the highest point. 2. Loosen the needle clamp screw. 3. Insert the needle upward into t he needle clamp, with the flat side facing right. 4. Tighten the needle clamp screw. Winding the thread on the bobbin 1. Release the balance wheel. 2. Place the spool of thread on the spool pin. 3. Wind the thread on the bobbin a number of times. 4. Fit the bobbin carefully into the bobbin winder. 5. Begin threading and continue until the bobbin is filled. 6. The bobbin winder will automatically release the bobbin when it is filled up. Threading the upper part of the sewing machine 1. Place the spool of thread on the spool pin. 2. Raise the thread take-up lever to its highest point. 3. Bring the thread across the thread guide and down. 26
4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Pull the thread between the two pieces of metal of the tension regulator. Pull it over the bar through the tension spring. Bring the thread up and pass it t hrough the take-up lever. Pull it down through the thread guides and finally through the nee dle. Pull about three to four inches of thread and push it at the back.
Taking up the lower thread 1. Hold the end of the upper thread and take a stitch by turning the balance wheel once. 2. Pull the loop up to bring out the end of the lower thread. 3. There are now two threads under the presser foot. Draw them back. Inserting the bobbin in the bobbin case 1. Place the bobbin in the case. 2. Pull an extra piece of thread from the bobbin. 3. Lead the thread into the slot and back under the tension spring. Leave the thread e nd about three to four inches long. Treadling 1. Place the feet on the treadle with one foot lower than the other. 2. Turn the band wheel towards you to start the machine. 3. Treadle continuously until the band wheel turns steadily in one direction. 4. Practice treadling until you can produce a smooth rhythmic motion. Healthy and safety practices in sewing Before starting to sew on the machine, it is important to remember these sewing practices and safety habits. 1. Do not sew when the light is very bright or very dim. Light should come from the left shoulder. 2. Sit erect on the chair directly in front of the machine. 3. Check if the machine is threaded correctly before you start to stitch. 4. Use your feet when treadling. 5. Use scissors for cutting the thread. Do not cut off the thread using your t eeth. 6. Use the pin cushion for pins and needles. 7. Keep the sewing room neat and c lean before and after sewing. 8. Keep your fingers, an inch or two, away from the presser foot at all times. Benefits derived from sewing 1. It is easy to find a job if you have the skill. 2. It opens many job opportunities here and abroad. 3. You can open up a cottage industry in t he community. 4. Your cottage industry can provide employment to others.
STEPS IN SEWING HOUSEHOLD LINENS Pillow case 1. Fold the 2 inches allowance for the opening facing the wrong side. Fold the raw edge by ¼ inch and stitch close to the edge. 27
2. Use French seam in stitching the sides. 3. Stitch the three sides of the cloth with the right side out by 1/8 inch away from the edge of the cloth. 4. Invert the pillow case with the wrong side out . 5. Stitch the three edges again by ¼ inch away from the edge.
Table napkin and Hand towel 1. Fold the 5/8 allowance of the c loth. 2. Fold the raw edge by ¼ inch. 3. Stitch close to the edge. Rubric to assess finished project Indicators 1. Machine is properly threaded 2. Light is coming from the left 3. Attained exact measurements of the project 4. The project is neatly made 5. Folded exact width of allowances
Points 10 – All indicators were met 9 - 4 indicators were met 8 – 3 indicators were met 6 – 2 indicators were met 5 - 1 indicator was met
LET’S EXPLAIN 1. How can a person’s knowledge and skills in using the sewing machine help augment the family income? 2. How do you prepare the sewing machine for sewing? 3. Explain the safety practices in sewing. 4. What are the steps in sewing household linens?
LET’S CHECK YOUR PRACTICES Write D in the box if the practice is desirable and ND if undesirable. 1. Talk with your classmates while using the sewing machine. 2. Keep the sewing room clean before and after sewing. 3. Take care of sewing materials so that you can use them for a long time. 4. Cut the thread with your teeth when there is no pair of sc issors. 5. Keep pins in a piece of cloth so you don’t have to buy a needle holder. 6. Hold the needle or pin between te eth while fixing something. 7. Make your own sewing box instead of buying one.
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8. Observe health and safety measures when sewing. 9. Be patient, use your creativity when sewing. 10. Borrow a pair of scissors every t ime you need it. LET’S CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING Underline the correct answer. 1. (Pins, Emery bags) are made of fine stee l. 2. Keep the needles and pins in the (pincushion, thread) before and after using. 3. ( Cutters, Shears) are used in general for cutting. 4. ( Threads, Pincushions) are sold in balls or spools 50, 70, and 100 yards. 5. ( Scissors, teeth) are good for cutting thread. 6. The (plain seam, french seam ) is used in sewing the sides of a pillow case. 7. We use our (hands, feet ) in treadling the sewing machine. 8. Keep your fingers ( 2 inches, 3 inches) away from the edge of the presser foot. 9. Light should come from the (left, right) side of the shoulder. 10. When sewing, the flat side of t he needle faces the (left, right) side of the machine. LET’S REMEMBER
You can save money when sewing your own household linens. You can also exercise your creativity by producing the design that you really like. These items can also be sold to augment family income. LET’S DO TOGETHER A. Prepare the machine for sewing. Students will perform the following: 1. Setting the needle 2. Winding the thread on the bobbin 3. Threading the upper part of the sewing machine 4. Taking up the lower thread 5. Inserting the bobbin in the bobbin case 6. Treadling
B. Sewing household linens Pupils will sew their projects in school. C.Check the work of the pupils using rubric.
REINFORCEMENT Bring embroidery thread and needle. Embroider the design of your household linen.
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LESSON 9
MARKETING FINISHED HOUSEHOLD LINENS
Learning Competencies: Code TLE6 HE-0e – 9 (Week 5) 2.6 Markets finished household linens in varied /creative ways 2.6.1 packages product for sale creatively/artistically: prepares creat ive package and uses materials using local resources, packages products artistically, and labels packaged product 2.6.2 computes costs, sales, and gains with pride 2.6.3 uses technology in advertising products 2.6.4 monitors and keeps record of production and sales Lesson Objectives : Compute costs, sales, and gains Monitor and keep record of production and sales Pack products artistically for sale Use technology in advertising products Market finished household linens in varied creative ways LET’S BE INFORMED
If the business is registered, and has a business name, the owners may use t he business name for product labels. The business name may also be printed on the packaging material to make it unique and distinct from other products being sold in the market. Here are some ways to package household linens This lesson will discuss the importance of producing quality products while keeping costs down. This will also discuss the importance of keeping a record of expenses. Proper packaging of one’s product is also important as it is the first thing the customer will notice about the product. Lastly, it is important to market it properly. This will discuss ways to mar ket your project. In the previous lesson, you were able to make table napkin with embroidery/pillow case. Let us now compute the cost and see how much you can sell one piece of the item. Here is a sample costing. A. Linen cloth Embroidery thread ( assorted colors) Php 100.00 Needle B. Php 100.00 Cost X 20% Mark-up __________________ 20.00 C. Php 100.00 X 20.00 __________________ 120.00 Selling price The standard percentage of mark-up could be higher or lower depending on several factors. Among these is the prevailing market price of the same or similar goods in the market. How much are they selling them? What is the quality of similar products in the market? Are they made of the same quality materials? More importantly, are the products fast moving or are they difficult to sell? These are some of the considerations to take in deciding how much profit you will end up with. 30
If you produce a good enough product there is a good possibility that you will get regular costumers Who would buy your finished products at a reasonable price. How would you monitor t he production and sales when the orders start increasing? How would you know if you are earning or not?
Record Keeping To start a small business project, make sure to keep a single record of costs and expenses. This is important particularly if you want to ensure the viability of your project. This means making sure that your cost are kept to a minimum without compromising quality. Keep a ledger or recor d book of daily expenses in connection with the project Indicate the type of expense items you are listing. The expenses will all be added up when the projec t is completed. Below is a sample re cord of expenses. Example:
Date Aug 1, 2017 Aug 2, 2017 Aug 2, 2017 Aug 6, 2017 Aug 8, 2017
RECORD OF EXPENSES/PRODUCTION Item/s Quantity Amount Oil for sewing machine Tricycle to crafts store Fabric thread Plastic cardboard Printing of flyer photocopy of flyer
Remarks
1 bottle
35.00
Maintenance
15.00 one way x 2
30.00
Transportation
1 yard 1 spool 1 pack 1 pack 1 copy 10 copies x 2
100.00 20.00 50.00 25.00 10.00 20.00
Materials Packaging Marketing
Make sure to keep your record book updated. List down expense items as they are incurred so you will not forget them. Be specific in listing down items. Keep receipts and file them in a folder or envelope.
Packaging Sometimes special packaging materials are used to kee p the items being sold in good condition all the time. It keeps out dirt and moisture while the items are kept in storage until they are sold. Common packaging materials are made out of paper, plastic, cardboard, or even indigenous materials such as local fibers like, sinamay. Here are some creative ways to package household linens.
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Use Technology in Advertising Products If you are confident about your product’s marketability and saleability, you can join school fairs and bazaars to sell your product. This will be a suitable activity to help augment the family income. Advertising is a form of marketing communication used to persuade an audience to take or continue some action, usually with respect to commer cial offering. One of the earliest forms of advertising was done in ancient Egypt where they used papyrus to make sales messages and wall posters. Criers we re also hired to announce the arrival of ships and their cargo In addition, outdoor signs were also one of the first forms of advertising when merchants hang symbols of t heir goods outside their shops. Then paper packaging was already used in China around the 13th century. Today the use of technology is used in advertising products. This is possible with the use of computer and availability of internet connection. You can create a w ebsite for your finished products to create awareness to the wider public and gain prospective buyers. Use email or social media to get in touch with your buyers. Moreover, do not forget the telephone, mobile phone, or fax mac hine if these can also help you gain buyers. LET’S EXPLAIN How do you compute for the costs, sales and gains for household linen products? How do you market a product to gain customers? Why is it important to learn needlework? Why do you need to know simple recor d keeping skills? Why is it important to add mark-up? Why is packaging important? What is the effect of advertising the product?
LET’S REMEMBER
Your hobby in sewing can give you a profitable livelihood. Household linens with appealing design may attract a number of customers. To maximize this potential, you have to offer it to other people and use special packaging for added value.
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LET’S DO TOGETHER
Given the following capitals and mark-ups, compute for the gain and selling price 1. 1,500.00 x 20% 2. 2,000.00 x 15% 3. 5,000.00 x 30% 4. 500.00 x 10% 5. 750.00 x 12%
REINFORCEMENT Compute the total expenses of your projects and compute the selling price.
Reference The Basics of Better Family Living
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UNIT 3 FOOD PRESERVATION Content Standard Demonstrates an understanding of and skills in the basics of food preservation Performance Standard Preserve food/s using appropriate tools and materials and applying the basics of food
LESSON 10
DIFFERENT WAYS OF FOOD PRESERVATION
Learning Competencies: Code: TLE 6 HE-0f-10 (Week 6) 3.1 Explains different ways of food preservation (drying, salting, freezing, and processing) 3.1.1 conducts an inventory of foods that can be prese rved/processed using any of the processes on food preservation 3.1.2 discusses the processes in each of t he food preservation/processing method 3.1.3 explains the benefits derived from food preservation/processing Lesson Objectives: Define food preservation Identify the ways of food preservation Give examples of food preserved in different ways Conduct an inventory of foods that can be preserved using the processes on food preservation Explain the benefits derived from food preservation LET’S BE INFORMED
In different times of the year, some foods are abundant especially fruits and vegetables. Consequently, when these foods are not co nsumed, they get spoiled and wasted. There are t imes when these foods are hard to find in the market and, thus, they be come expensive. Lack of food supply and wastage of excess foods are problems that can be solved by food preservation.
Food Preservation and its goal Food preservation is the process of pre paring food for future consumption by preventing its spoilage. Food preservation is the answer to the problem of inadequate food supply as well as the need for nutritious and palatable meals for the family. The goal of food preservation is the prevention of spoilage. Delay in the use of fresh foods alters its freshness, taste, and nutritive value. Spoiled food becomes unfit for use. Correct food preservation techniques can prevent spoilage and retain the nutritive value, natural color, and texture of the food. It is also very important to maintain the sanitation of food.
Different ways of preserving food Drying- This is the easiest and the most common method. The moisture content of the food is removed. Drying under the sun – food is salted and placed under the sun. Mechanical dryer – uses artificial heated air with t he use of a machine. 34
Example: tuyo, pork skin, monggo, shrimp
Salting – Application of salt to the food to be preserved. Example: bagoong, burong manga, mustard, salted egg, fish sauce
Freezing – This is a quick and convenient way to pre serve food such as meat, meat, poultry, and fish, which are stored in the fre ezer until they are to be consumed.
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Refrigeration- Food is kept at low temperature to prolong their freshness. Example: eggs, milk, fruits, vegetables
Smoking – This is a method in which food items such as cured meat or fish is exposed to smoke not only to preserve them but also t o add flavour and color. Example: tinapa, tapa, longganisa , ham
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Curing – This method is done by soaking or injecting meat with preservatives like sugar, salt, and vinegar solution. Example: longganisa, tocino
Pickling – Adding pickling solution vinegar, salt, and sugar to vegetables like grated green papaya, ginger, carrots, onion, and bell pepper.
Canning – This is a method in which processed food is placed and sealed in airtight cans. Example: sardines, tomato sauce, pineapple sauce
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Different ways of preserving fruits Sugar Preservation Jam- the fruit is mashed and cooked with sugar Jelly – clear fruit juice cooked with sugar, which gelatinizes in cooking Sterilization – this process involves using heat to kill microorganisms and bacteria. After sterilization, the food item must be stored properly to have shelf life of up to several ye ars.
Benefits of food preservation Food preservation is important for the following reasons: 1. It contributes to better nutrition for the family by preventing scarcity of food. Balanced meals may be attained 8only if there is a year-round supply of fruits and vegetables 2. It is a means of increasing the family income. When harvest is abundant and the food supply is more than enough for the family, the e xcess products can be preserved and sold in t he market. 3. It helps in the economic development of t he country since the excess foods can be preserved and sold in the market. 4. Foods are made available throughout the year. They may be preserved in preparation for the coming event like the town fiesta, C hristmas, and other special occasions. 5. Food preservation makes food or harvest available in places where they are not prepared or grown. 6. It is profitable as a hobby as well as means of livelihood.
LET’S ANSWER 1. What is food presentation? 2. What are the benefits derived from food preservation? 3. How do you preserve fruits, fish, eggs, ve getables, and meat? 4. Give examples of food found in your locality that c an be preserved using the different ways of preserving food. 5. What preserved food are much in demand in the market today? 6. How can food preservation business contribute to the livelihood of a family and community?
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LET’S REMEMBER Correct food preservation techniques can prevent spoilage and retain the nutritive value, natural color, and texture of the food. LET’S DO TOGETHER A. Circle the eight words that are related to food preservation.
C A S S D F G H N B V
L P T O U R T R E W R
S P E O I U Y T R E E
M L R K J H G I D S F
O A I S F D F G N H R
K U L J R N M B H G I
I P I L E K M R D S G
N Q Z S E Z X E W D E
G F A R Z T Y U I O R
1. 2. 3. 4.
P K T L I J H G F D A
Q A I S N Z E D C C T
R F O V G C T Y H U I
U J N K L M N O P R O
P I C K L I N G T I N
Q A S D F R T Y U N I
P L M O I U J M N G B
T F G H T R E S W Y I
5. 6. 7. 8.
B. Write the method used in preserving the following. 1. Tinapa________________________ 6. Bagoong ______________________ 2. Longganisa ____________________ 7. Tocino ________________________ 3. Canned milk ___________________ 8. Ham __________________________ 4. Tuyo _________________________ 9. Pineapple juice __________________ 5. Squid rings____________________ 10. Ice cream ______________________
C. Fill in the blanks with the correct answer. _____________1. It is done by exposing the food under the heat of the sun. _____________2. Drying is a process to preserve fruits and fish only. _____________3. Examples of canned food are sardines and potted meat. _____________4. Natural preservatives include salt and sugar. _____________5. Vinegar is the main ingredient for pickling.
REINFORCEMENT Make a survey in your locality. Write the preserved foods displayed and sold. Present them in class. Reference The Basics of a Better Family Living 39
S A L T I N G P U L H
LESSON 12 TOOLS, UTENSILS AND EQUIPMENT AND THEIR SUBSTITUTES IN FOOD PRESERVATION Learning Competencies: CODE TLE6HE-0g-11 (Week 7) 3.2 Uses the tools/utensils and equipment and their substitutes in food preservation/processing 3.2.1 identifies the tools/utensils and equipment 3.2.2 prepares plan on preserving/processing food Lesson Objectives Identify the tools, utensils and equipment in food preservation Prepare plan on preserving/processing food Use tools and equipment used in food processing Discuss the guidelines in food processing LET’S BE INFORMED Tools and equipment contribute to the success of food prese rvation.
Tools and Equipment needed in preserving food 1. Knife- is a cutting tool used in paring, pee ling, and cutting food.
2. Mixing bowl- is used for placing and mixing ingredients.
3. Tray- is a rectangular, shallow container where ingredients are placed during preparation.
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4. Chopping board – is where food is placed when cut.
5. Colander- is where vegetables and fruits are drained.
6. Glass measuring cup- is used in measuring liquid ingredients.
7. Measuring spoons – are used for measuring ingredients in small quantity.
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8. Preserving bottles- it is where food to be preserved are placed.
9. Grater – used for grating fruits or ve getables.
10. Funnel- is used for placing liquid in containers with small opening.
11. Strainer- is used in straining food to remove lumps or drain food in small quantity.
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12. Weighing scale- is used to weigh required ingredients.
13. Hand towel-is used for wiping bottles and hands while working.
14. Plastic measuring cup-is used for measuring dry ingredients.
Food preservation guidelines 1. Use food in season. 2. Use properly sanitized and appropriate equipment. 3. Be clean and wear clean kitchen outfit. 4. Have all the needed ingredients and e quipment on hand before starting to work. 5. Select the best process and method for your product. 6. Be well-organized, systematic, and quick while working. 7. Follow the recommended time and temperature in the recipe. 8. Seal the jars tightly, put proper labels, and store in a cool, dry place. LET’S ANSWER Where do we use the following tools? 1. Fork
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2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Spoon Hand towel Weighing scale Grater Measuring spoons Glass measuring cup Chopping board Tray Hand towel
LET’S REMEMBER It is necessary to follow the guidelines in food preservations to prevent spoilage.
LET’S DO TOGETHER Draw at least 10 tools used in food preservation and label them. Join a group of six members. Decide and plan a food preservation project.
REINFORCEMENT In the absence of the following tools, what tools can be used as substitute? 1. Measuring cup 2. Tablespoon 3. Mixing bowl 4. Tray 5. Colander
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LESSON 13 PRESERVE FOOD APPLYING PRINCIPLES AND SKILLS IN FOOD PRESERVATION Learning Competencies: Code TLE6HE-0h-12 (Week 8) 3.3 Preserves food applying principles and skills in food preservation processing 3.3.1 selects food to be preserved/ processed based on availability of raw materials, market demands, and trends in the community 3.3.2 observes safety rules in food preservation/processing Learning Competency: Code TLE6HE-0i – 13 (Week 9) 3.4 Conducts simple research to determine mar ket trends and demands in preserved/processed food Learning Competency: TLE6HE-0i – 14 (Week 9) 3.5 Assesses preserved/processed food as to the quality using rubrics Lesson Objectives: Select food to be preserved based on the availability of raw materials, market demands, and t rends in the community Observe healthy and safety rules in food preservation Discuss the ingredients and steps in preserving food Preserve fruits, vegetables, fish, eggs, or meat LET’S BE INFORMED Preserved food like fruit jams, dried fish, ham, and other processed meat are much in demand in the market. For this reason, it can be viable business for people looking for ways to augment the family income.
Selection of Good Quality Food for Preservation The success of good food preservation starts with the proper selection of ingredients. Ingredients should be as much as possible of the best quality to ensure best quality products. The following are guides in the proper se lection of food good for food preservation. A. Fruits Natural smell Smooth Free from decays and bruises Heavy and firm Good shape Right degree of maturity needed for a particular recipe Have pleasing aroma B. Vegetables Bright in color Free from insect bites, bruises, and worms Heavy and firm Leaves and stems are crisp Has well attached stem 45
C. FishKipp Bright red gills Clear and bright eyes
D. Meat Firm and fine texture No foul odor Fats are well distributed Beef meat is red in color Pork meat is pinkish in color Beef fat is yellowish Pork fat is white Skin must have a stamp of Bureau o f Animal Industry E. Egg Shell is slightly rough Sinks in water Clear when placed before the light Yolk stands firm Healthy and safety practices in food preservation Food preservation can be done safely and sanitarily if the following steps are done correctly. Prepare the necessary tools, equipment, and ingredients before starting the task. Wash hands thoroughly before handling food and ingredients. Concentrate on the task to avoid accidents in the work area. As much as possible, sit down while doing the task to avoid getting tired easily. Be sure to know how to use the different tools and equipment in food preservation. Keep the work area clean. Try to work as fast as possible to avoid air exposing the food for so long. Be sure to add labels to all ingredients to be used to avoid the m istake of mixing the wrong ingredients. Return everything to their respective storage once you are done with the task.
RECIPES Preserved Langka Ingredients: ½ kilo langka fruit 2 cups sugar 1 cup water Procedure: 1. Remove seeds of langka fruit. 46
2. Boil 2 cups sugar and 1 cup water until thick. 3. Add langka. 4. Cook for few minutes until done or transparent . Note: You can use saba banana, camote using the same measurements
Pineapple Jam Ingredients: 2 cups chopped pineapple 2 cups refined sugar Procedure: 1. Cook 2 cups chopped pineapple and 2 cups sugar until slightly thick. 2. Put in sterilized jar. Note: You can use mango using the same measurements
Pickled Ampalaya Ingredients: I kilo ampalaya 2 cups vinegar 3 cups sugar ½ cup sliced ginger 2 1/2 tbsps salt Procedure: 1. Wash and cut ampalaya into strips, 1/2 in thick and 1 ½ inches long. 2. Boil 2 cups vinegar, 3 cups sugar , salt and ginger for five minutes. 3. Add ampalaya and let boil for five minutes. 4. Separate ampalaya from the boiled mixture and let c ool. 5. Mix and pack in sterilized bottles. Note: You can use Eggplant, Papaya using the same measurements.
Pickled Papaya Ingredients: 2 medium sized green papaya 1 pc carrot 2 pcs bell pepper 1 large pc ginger 2 cups vinegar 47
3 cups sugar 1 cup salt Procedure: 1. Peel, slice papaya and remove seeds. 2. Grate papaya using a small holed grater. 3. Mashed with 2 tbsps salt . 4. Squeeze with the use of a fishnet or unbleached musklin ( katsa). Do not wash. 5. Flake and spread on a tray. 6. Slice carrots, bell pepper, ginger into strips. 7. Boil 2 cups vinegar, 3 cups sugar, 2 tbsps salt and ginger for 5 minutes. 8. Add carrots, bell pepper, onion, garlic and boil for 3 minutes. 9. Remove from stove. 10. Separate vegetables from vinegar and let cool. 11. Mix together when cold and add papaya. 12. Taste, add sugar or salt if necessary. If you want to add more vinegar, boil it first.
Tocino Ingredients: 1 kilo sliced pork or chicken. 1 cup sugar 2 tbsps salt Procedure: 1. Wash pork. 2. Sprinkle sugar and salt 3. Mashed thoroughly until the sugar and salt dissolve. 4. Pack and refrigerate.
Longganisa Ingredients: 1 kilo ground pork or chicken breast 1 cup sugar 3 tbsps soy sauce 2 cloves garlic 1 tbsps black pepper 2 tbsps salt Procedure: 1. Mix all ingredients thoroughly. 2. Wrap in cut write or plastic. 3. Pack in plastic and refrigerate.
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Salted Eggs
Ingredients: 12 pcs eggs (itik) 6 cups salt 6 cups water Jar Procedure: 1. Wash eggs. 2. Boil salt and water for 10 minutes and stir constantly. 3. Let it cool. 4. Place in a jar, bottle or plastic container. 5. Soak the eggs for two weeks. 6. Cover tightly.
Tinapang Tilapia
Ingredients: I kilo tilapia I tbsp. salt 5 cups water Procedure: 1. Clean the tilapia. 2. Boil 5 cups water , 1 tbsp salt and tilapia in a frying pan until done. 3. Sundry for 15 minutes. 4. Prepare an improvised oven (big biscuit can) with sawdust, metal gr ill and cover. 5. Open one side of the can from top halfway. Light up sawdust. Place the tilapia on the grill. 6. Cover the opening of the can to contain smoke inside. 7. Remove from the improvised oven when scales of t ilapia turns brownish. 8. Pack in plastic zip. Remove air using a str aw.
LET’S EXPLAIN 1. Explain the characteristics of fresh fish, eggs, meat , fruits and vegetables for food preservation. 2. Discuss the health and safety practices in food pre servation.
LET’S REMEMBER
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The success of good food preservation starts with the proper selection of ingredients. Ingredients should be as much as possible of the best quality to ensure best quality products.
LET’S DO TOGETHER A. Classify the following characteristics using the table . Fruits Eggs Vegetables
Meat
Fish
Natural smell Smooth Shell is slightly rough Sinks in water Fats are well distributed Skin must have a stamp of Bureau o f Animal Industry Bright red gills Clear and bright eyes Bright in color Free from insect bites, bruises, and worms
B.Activity . Group yourselves into five and each group must choose one recipe to prepare. No duplication of project. Make your project plan and discuss it in class. Do the necessary computations on the cost of the project.
REINFORCEMENT A. Bring needed ingredients for the laboratory work Group 1 Monday Group 2 Tuesday Group 3 Wednesday Group 4 Thursday Group 5 Friday B. Determine the market demands and trends o n preserved foods by making a survey in the market. Identify the preserved foods sold under the following ways of pr eserving food. Use the format below. Drying Freezing Smoking Refrigerating Pickling Curing Sugar Salting Preservation
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C. Check finished projects using rubric.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Indicators Finished the project on time Used accurate measurement of ingredients Taste is just right Firm in appearance Nice packaging
10- All indicators were met 8 – 4 indicators were met 6 – 3 indicators were met 4 - 2 indicators were met 2 – 1 indicator was met
Reference Learning and living in the 21 st century Moving up with Hele 6 The Basics of Better family Living 6
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LESSON 14
MARKETING PRESERVED/PROCESSED FOOD
Learning Competencies: Code TLE6HE-0j-15 (Week 10) 3.6 Markets preserved/processed food in varied/ creative ways with pride 3.6.1 packages product for sale creatively/artistically, prepares c reative package and uses materials sourced locally, and labels packaged product 3.6.2 computes costs, sales, and gains with pride 3.6.3 uses technology in advertising products 3.6.4 keeps record of production and sales Lesson Objectives: Market preserved or processed food in varied creative ways. Discuss the tips to consider to succeed in business Package product for sale creatively/artistically, prepare c reative package and use materials/sources locally Identify the guidelines in designing packaging Compute costs, sales, and gains with pride Use technology in advertising products Keep record of production and sales LET’S BE INFORMED Filipinos love to eat. Producing and selling preserved or processed food has a high success rate and can provide additional income for the family. Like any product or service, however, a good marketing strategy and program can help create awareness of the product or service and boost sales. We market our products to be able to get prospective buyers. Here are some tips to serve as your guide to succeed in this livelihood: Place-make sure that you are accessible to your market. If your place is not e asily accessible or difficult to find, offer free delivery for bulk order s or charge a minimal delivery fee for smaller orders.. You might also want to join local trade fairs to bring your products closer to, prospective buyers or visitors. Quality Product – no amount of marketing will succeed if a product is of poor quality. Before launching your product, conduct a product tasting among friends, family members, and neighbors. Take note of their comments and suggestions to improve quality. Try them o ut until you come up with the best quality product. Efficient Worker/Helper- once the orders begin to come in, and you start to get swamp, you will need to hire and train someone to help in production, marketing, and delivery. You may loose customers if you are unable to deliver or your product quality suffers just to keep up with volume orders. Capital – in order to operate even a small business, there should be sufficient capital or money to buy the tools, equipment, and ingredients. Registration of business and getting the necessary permits from city government, Bureau of Internal Revenue, and others would also require payment of fees. Even the place of business or storage facility should be maintained and kept clean and orderly. These would also require additional expense on your part. Management- A good manager is creative, decisive, and an excellent planner. You should also know to relate with your buyers, suppliers, and helpers.
Packaging 52
Aside from clay pots and bottles, your finished products can be placed in traditional baskets, sacks or trays. Dried grass, palm leaves, bamboo, and paper can also be used as packaging materials. As much as possible, plastic materials should be avoided in packaging products. Collapsible cardboxes, fiber, wood, paper, or sacks can also be used when the products nee d to be transported.
Guidelines in designing packaging 1. Make several studies or designs to choose from. 2. Make sure that the cost of the packaging does not exceed 15 to 20 percent of the cost of the product itself. 3. Make the packaging attractive to showcase your product but make sure that it does not become too expensive. 4. Label the packaging with the name of the product. If it is a food item, put the ingredients used in the label.
Cost-effectiveness of packaging The use of packaging represents an added cost in marketing and the price of the marketed product. On the other hand, presentation and the quality of the product may make it more desirable. Moreover, the marketable life of t he product maybe extended because of good packaging. Computing for the cost and profit How would you know if you earned or not from your project? First, you have to compute the total cost of the product. Then, compute for the mark-up in order for you to determine the selling price to compute for the profit earned . Deduct cost from total amount sold. The excess amount less the cost is the profit. Example: Product 50.00 is the cost X .20 (20%) is the mark-up _______________ 10.00 is the profit
50.00 Cost + 10.00 Profit ________ 60.00 Selling price LET’S EXPLAIN Answer the following questions. 1. What do you need to consider in packaging finished products? 2. How are you going to market your product? 3. How do you compute the cost and selling price of the finished product? 4. How will you know if you are earning or not? LET’S REMEMBER
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No amount of marketing will be successful if the product or service is of poor quality. Find ways to keep costs and expe nses down without sacrificing quality. Accessibility is important because you will not be able to sell anything if your customers cannot reach you. Make your packaging attractive and functional but make sure it does not cost too much. Make use of recyclable or reusable packaging as much as possible. Make sure that important product information are found in the packaging.
LET’S DO TOGETHER A. If the statement is correct. Write T. If it is not, write F. Write your answer on the blank. ________ 1. You need to be hardworking and persistent to be able to market your products. ________ 2. You do not need to add mark-up to get the selling price. ________3. Place or location is very important in conducting a business. ________ 4. You do not need capital if you want to sell some preserved foods for a livelihood. ________5. Packaging adds value to the product.
B. Compute the selling price of the following, given the mark-up. 1. 300.00 x 10% 2. 500.00 x 15% 3. 1,000.00 x 20% 4. 2,500.00 x 12% 5. 3,000.00 x 15% C. Design the packaging of your product following the guidelines in designing packaging.
Reference The Basics of Better Family Living 6
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