lks-minyak-bumi.docx

EUIS HENI SULISTYASTUTI,S.Pd 

Kelompok Anggota : 1. 2. 3. 4.  Nama

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Sekolah :

TUJUAN KEGIATAN: 1. Menjelaskan Menjelaskan teknik teknik pemisahan pemisahan fraksi-fr fraksi-fraksi aksi minak minak !"mi. !"mi. #. Mene!"tkan fraksi-fraksi minak !"mi. $. Mene!"tkan manfaat fraksi-fraksi minak !"mi. !ilan'an oktanna. %. Menjelaskan komposisi s"at" !ensin !er&asarkan !ilan'an 5. Menjelaskan (ara menaikkan !ilan'an oktan s"at" !ensin.

Kegiatan 1

An&a tent" serin' melihat ke'iatan seperti an' &it"nj"kkan pa&a 'am!ar. Gam!ar terse!"t men"nj"kkan proses pen'isian !ahan !akar ken&araan !ermotor &i stasi"n pen'isian !ahan !akar. Ken&araan !ermotor !iasana men''"nakan !ahan !akar  minak "nt"k men'operasikan ken&araanna. A&a an' men''"nakan premi"m)  pertama*) pertama* pl"s) &an solar. Jenis-jenis !ahan !akar minak terse!"t !erasal &ari s"m!er an' sama) ait" minak !"mi. Selain &ija&ikan !ahan !akar) minak !"mi j"'a &imanfaatkan se!a'ai !ahan !ak" pem!"atan serat sintetis. Minak hasil penam!an'an masih !er"pa minak mentah ata" an' !iasa &ise!"t &en'an crude oil, !er!ent"k (airan kental hitam &an !er!a" k"ran' se&ap) an' selain men'an&"n' kotoran) j"'a men'an&"n' mineral-mineral an' lar"t &alam air. Minyak  ini belum dapat digunakan untuk bahan bakar atau berbagai keperluan lainnya, tetapi harus melalui pengolahan terlebih dahulu.

Men"r"t kalian masalah apa an' m"n("l &ari fenomena &iatas + r"m"skan masalah terse!"t &alam  !ent"k pertanaan ,.

...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................

erkirakan jaa!an &ari pertanaan-pertanaan an' telah kalian &i!"at, .................................................................................... .................................................................................... .................................................................................... .................................................................................... .................................................................................... ....................................................................................

/ari

!e!erapa

menjaa!

s"m!er

"nt"k 

pertanaan-pertanaan

an' telah kalian !"at &iatas,

/ermati 'am!ar &i !aah ini ,

C$C'

Gas

&'0 °C

C5C-

20°!0 °C

Gasolin/Bensin C!C$2

!0°$%0 °C

*a+ta C$$C

%$#erosin/ tanah 0ari hasil pen'amatan an' telah kam" lak"kan jaa!lah pertanaanMinyak &i!aah ini. $%0°250 °C

C$'C$-

1. Minyak Apa an' &imaks"& &en'an &estilasi +

Minyak "iesel

Mentah

250°350 °C

Jaa!:

C $5C 2'

)elumas #. Jelaska prinsip &asar &estilasi !ertin'kat +

300°3!0 °C

C 25 keatas

Jaa! :

 3!0 °C

(esidu

$. Men'apa fraksi-fraksi minak !"mi &alam minak mentah &apat terpisah setelah &imas"kkan &alam kolom fraksinasi+ Jaa! :

%. en'kapi ta!el &i !aah ini , raksi

umlah tom C

1itik didih

#egunaan

Gas Gasolin23ensin  Nafta Kerosin2 minak tanah Minak &iesel el"mas 4esi&"

Apakah hasil penel"s"ran an' telah &ilak"kan ses"ai &en'an hipotesis an' kam" !"at)  jelaskan ,

...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................

Apa an' !isa kam" simp"lkan &ari hasil ke'iatan &iatas+. T"liskan kesimp"lanm" &i!aah ini, .................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. .... .................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. .. .................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................

Kegiatan 2

Kalian tent"na pernah men'"nj"n'i tempat seperti 'am!ar &i atas. astina kalian s"&ah men'etah"i !aha tempat terse!"t a&alah tempat men'isi !ahan !akar 

Men"r"t kalian masalah apa an' m"n("l &ari fenomena &iatas + r"m"skan masalah terse!"t &alam  !ent"k pertanaan ,.

...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................

erkirakan jaa!an &ari pertanaan-pertanaan an' telah kalian &i!"at, .................................................................................... .................................................................................... .................................................................................... .................................................................................... .................................................................................... ....................................................................................

/ari

!e!erapa

menjaa!

s"m!er

"nt"k 

pertanaan-pertanaan

an' telah kalian !"at &iatas,

0ari hasil penel"s"ran an' telah kam" lak"kan jaa!lah pertanaan &i!aah ini.

1. Apa arti an'ka 24 &an 54 pa&a ke&"a pro&"k pertama* pa&a fenomena &i atas +

Jaa!:

#. 0ari keti'a pro&"k !ensin 5remi"m) !io pertama* &an pertama* pl"s6 men"r"t kalian manakah an' k"alitasna palin' !a'"s +

Jaa! :

$. Apa an' &imaks"& &en'an !ilan'an oktan + Jaa! :

%. 3ilan'an oktan s"at" !ensin a&alah 78) tent"kan persentase isooktana &an n-heptana &ari !ensin terse!"t ,

Jaa!:

8. 3a'aimana (ara menin'katkan m"t" 5!ilan'an oktan6 s"at" !ensin +

Jaa!:

Apakah hasil penel"s"ran an' telah &ilak"kan ses"ai &en'an hipotesis an' kam" !"at)  jelaskan ,

...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... Apa an' !isa kam" simp"lkan &ari hasil ke'iatan &iatas+. T"liskan kesimp"lanm" &i!aah ini, .................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. .... .................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. ..

Baaan 6is7a

A. 9raksi-fraksi Minak 3"mi Minak mentah 5crude oil 6 an' &iperoleh &ari hasil pen'e!oran minak !"mi  !el"m &apat &i'"nakan ata" &imanfaatkan "nt"k !er!a'ai keperl"an se(ara lan's"n'. al it" karena minak !"mi masih mer"pakan (amp"ran &ari !er!a'ai senaa hi&rokar!on) kh"s"sna komponen "tama hi&rokar!on alifatik &ari rantai / an' se&erhana2pen&ek  sampai ke rantai / an' !anak2panjan') &an senaa-senaa an' !"kan hi&rokar!on. Unt"k men'hilan'kan senaa-senaa an' !"kan hi&rokar!on) maka pa&a minak  mentah &itam!ahkan asam &an !asa. Minak mentah an' !er"pa (airan pa&a s"h" &an tekanan atmosfer !iasa) memiliki titik &i&ih persenaan-persenaaan hi&rokar!on an' !erkisar &ari s"h" an' san'at ren&ah sampai s"h" an' san'at tin''i. 0alam hal ini) titik &i&ih hi&rokar!on

5alkana6 menin'kat &en'an !ertam!ahna j"mlah atom / &alam molek"lna. 0en'an memperhatikan per!e&aan titik &i&ih &ari komponen-komponen minak !"mi) maka &ilak"kanlah pemisahan minak mentah menja&i sej"mlah fraksi-fraksi melal"i proses distilasi bertingkat . 0estilasi !ertin'kat a&alah proses &istilasi 5pen"lin'an6 &en'an men''"nakan tahap-tahap2fraksi-fraksi pen&in'inan ses"ai traek titik &i&ih (amp"ran an' &iin'inkan) sehin''a proses pen'em!"nan terja&i pa&a !e!erapa tahap2!e!erapa fraksi ta&i. /ara seperti ini &ise!"t fraksionasi.

3. M"t" 3ensin K"alitas !ensin &itent"kan !er&asarkan !ilan'an oktan) ait" an'ka an' men"nj"kkan persentase isooktana &alam !ensin. 3ilan'an oktan 1;; !erarti !ensin terse!"t setara &en'an isooktana m"rni &alam hal sifat pem!akaran. Se&an'kan !ilan'an oktan ;  !erarti !ensin terse!"t setara &en'an n-heptana m"rni. 3ilan'an oktan <8 !erarti !ensin terse!"t ter&iri &ari <8= isooktana &an #8= n-heptana. Semakin tin''i !ilan'an oktan) semakin !aik k"alitas !ensin terse!"t. 3ensin premi"m memiliki !ilan'an oktan 78) &an  !ensin s"per memiliki !ilan'an oktan >7. 0im"n'kinkan &iperoleh !ilan'an oktan le!ih &ari 1;; karena !e!erapa senaa memiliki karakteristik !akar le!ih !aik &aripa&a isooktana. enam!ahan ?at a&itif ke &alam !ensin !ert"j"an "nt"k men'"ran'i ket"kan &an menin'katkan !ilan'an oktan. 3e!erapa ?at a&itif an' !iasa &i'"nakan &an memiliki  !ilan'an oktan le!ih &ari 1;; ait" !en?ena) t-!"tilalkohol @5/ $6$/B) &an t-!"til metil eter @5/$6$//$B. Terka&an' &i'"nakan j"'a (amp"ran ?at a&itif &alam !ensin !ertim!al ait" etilfl"i&: C8= tetraetil tim!al @5/$/#6%!B) #8= 1)#-&i!romoetana 53r/ #/#3r6) &an 1;= 1)#-&ikloroetana 5/l/#/#/l6. Senaa-senaa hi&rokar!on an' telah terhalo'enasi terse!"t !ermanfaat "nt"k men'"!ah tim!al an' &ihasilkan pa&a  pem!akaran !ensin menja&i tim!al 5II6 !romi&a 5!3r #6 an' m"&ah men'"ap a'ar m"&ah &i!"an' !ersama 'as !"an' lainna. 5Arifat"n) #;;>6