Ahcni Mcttmn Qhnmms trcon ji mlk`mnss ahcppnwl ck`clks ji gjktlkl4 l qunstcjk ji rnajbkctcjk oy Dnlkkn Glrcn Jylwck N`nr L thnscs suogcttn` ck plrtclm iumicmmgnkt ji thn rnqucrngnkts ijr thn `nbrnn ji GLQPN_ JI L_PQ ck Hcstjry Gjktlkl Qtltn ^kcvnrscty © Ajpyrcbht oy Dnlkkn Glrcn Jylwck N`nr (<381) Lostrlat4 Ahcni Mcttmn Qhnmm–s Prcon ji Mlk`mnss Ahcppnwl Ck`clks' ji Gjktlkl cs jkn ji lpprjxcgltnmy thrnn huk`rn` Ck`clk trcons thlt lrn prnsnktmy lppmyckb ijr in`nrlm rnajbkctcjk. Ahcni Mcttmn Qhnmm–s trcon hls l hcstjry thlt cs ajgpmcaltn` oy gcxn` omjj` lkanstry ji Ahcppnwl lk` Nurjpnlk stjae. Phn trcon–s iltn ck Gjktlkl cs cktnrgckbmn` wcth thn gjvngnkt ji thn _jaey Ojy Olk` ji Ahcppnwl Ck`clks lk` thn Mcttmn Mcttmn Onlr Olk` ji Arnn Ck`clks cktj thn stltn ck thn mltn <866–s. Lt lpprjxcgltn lpprjxcgltnmy my thn slgn tcgn, Mcttmn Qhnmm gjvn` hcs olk` cktj Gjktlkl ck prjtnst tj thn ilat thlt hcs trcon wls mnit jii nkrjmmgnkt rnajr`s ji thn Purtmn Gjuktlck _nsnrvltcjk ck Kjrth @lejtl ijr cts rniuslm tj scbk lwly lkanstrlm mlk`s. ^pjk lrrcvlm ck Gjktlkl, thn Mcttmn Mcttmn Qhnmm brjup onalgn c`nktcicn` c`nktcicn` wcth thn _jaey Ojy Ahcppnwl Ahcppnwl lk` thn Mcttmn Onlr. Arnn. Lmthjubh thn _jaey Ojy _nsnrvltcjk _nsnrvltcjk wls nstlomcshn nstlomcshn` ` ck <3<9 ijr thn Ahcppnwl lk` Arnn mcvckb mcvckb ck Gjktlkl, Gjktlkl, thn Mcttmn Mcttmn Qhnmm brjup wls lblck mnit jii trcolm trcolm nkrjmmgnkt rnajr`s. rnajr`s. Ls l rnsumt, thnsn pnjpmn lrn prnsnktmy ukrnajbkczn` oy thn in`nrlm bjvnrkgnkt. Hjwnvnr, thny hlvn l ukcqun mlkbulbn olsn, l ajgockltcjk ji Irnkah lk` Arnn wcth thn Arnn pjrtcjk ji thn mlkbulbn thn eny nmngnkt ck cts glenup. Ct cs jk thn olscs ji thcs strjkb c`nktciclomn mlkbulbn thlt Ahcni Mcttmn Qhnmm–s Prcon ji Mlk`mnss Ahcppnwl Ck`clks ji Gjktlkl `nsnrvns in`nrlm rnajbkctcjk ls l mnbctcgltn Ck`clk brjup.
AHCNI MCPPMN QHNMM'Q P_CON JI MLK@MNQQ AHCVVNRL CK@CLKQ.. JI GJKPLKL4 GJKPLKL4
L \^NQPC JK JI _NAJBKCP CJK
oy Dnlkkn
L
Glrcn
Jylwck
N`nr
thnscs suogcttn` ck plrtclm iumicmmgnkt ji thn rnqucrngnkts ijr thn `nbrnn ji GLQPN_ JI L_PQ ck Hcstjry
GJKPLKL QPLPN ^KCYN_QCPS Oj zn gl k, Gjktlkl Dukn,
<381
GLCK ^O.
cc
AJp.
GLCK ^O.
cc
AJp. APc
LVV_JYLM
ji
l
thnscs
Dnlkkn
suogcttn`
Glrcn
Jylwck
oy
N`nr
Phcs thnscs hls onnk rnl` oy nlah gngonr ji thn thnscs ajggcttnnn lk` hls onnk ijuk` tj on sltcsilatjry rnblr`ckb ajktnkt, Nkbmcsh us lb n, ijrglt, actltcjks, oco mcj brl phc a stymn, lk` ajkscstnkay, lk` cs rnl`y ijr suogcsscjk tj thn Ajmmnbn ji Brl`ultn Qtu`cns.
A
@ltn
Lpprjvn`
Lpprjvn`
@ltn
ijr
ijr
thn
thn
Ajmmnbn
ji
Brl`ultn
Brl`ultn @nlk
cmm
Qtu`cns
cmm
QPLPNGNKP JI VN_GCQQCJK PJ ^QN
Ck prnsnktckb thcs thnscs ck plrtclm iumicmmgnkt ji thn rn qu cr ng nk ts
ijr
l
g l s t n r –s
`nbrnn
lt
Gjk tlk l
Qtltn
^kcvnrscty, C lbrnn thlt thn Mcorlry shlmm glen ct lvlcmlomn tj oj rr jw nr s uk`nr rumns rumns ji th thn n Mcorlry. Mcorlry. irjg
thcs
thnscs
lrn
lmmjwlomn
wcthjut
Orcni qujtltc jks
spnaclm
pnrgcsscjk,
prjvc`n` thlt laaurltn laekjwmn`bngnkt ji sjuran cs gl`n. Vnrgcsscjk
ijr
nxtnkscvn
qujtltcjk
irjg
jr
rnprj`uatcjk
ji thcs thnscs gly on brlktn` oy gy gldjr prjinssjr, jr ck hcs
lo s nk an , oy
thn thn
@c rna tj r
ji
Mco rlr cns
w h n k , ck
thn th n
jpckcjk ji ncthnr, thn prjpjsn` usn ji thn gltnrclm cs ijr sah jmlr my purpjsns.
Lky ajpyc kb jr usn ji th thn n glt nrcl m ck ck
thcs thnscs ijr icklkaclm blck shlmm kjt on lmmjwn` wcthjut gy wrcttnk pnrgcsscjk.
Qcbklturn ZZ @ltn
ZZZZZ
Y
Y
LAEKJRMN@BNGNKPQ
Icvn Mcttmn Ijr
gn
Qhnmm
thn
gust, gust,
y nlrs
l b j , C onbl k
Prcon
ji
lssc stl kan
thnrnijrn, thnrnijrn,
`urckb
thnsn
tj
Mlk`mnss
thny
stu`y
thn
Ahcppnwl
hlvn
bcvnk
hc st jr y
Ck`clks
gn
ck
thcs thcs
ji
ji ji
thn thn
Gjktlkl.
rn snl rah
C
laek jwmn `bn thn glky pnjpmn whj hlvn hnmpn` icvn
ynlrs4
_jonrt
YlkButnk,
ijr
splreckb
gy
ckt nrn st ck thn pmc bht ji hcs pnjpmn5 lmm thn gn go nr s ji thn thn Mcttmn Rc mm cl g
Qhnmm
Prcon
Mlkb Mlkb, ,
gy
nk aj ur lb ng nk t Vrjinssjr
ji
lk`
thncr
snlrah
uk` nrb rl` ult n
lmjkb
Ck`clk
thn thn
l`vcsjr
w l y 5 @r.
Qtu`cns
lt
ijr lk` lk`
Klkay
Gjktltl
typck b
thn thn
plpnr
thrj ubh
cts
gnktjr,
ijr ijr
@r. hcs
Pua en r, Lss cst lkt
Qtltn
mjaeckb g n lw ly lk` ijrackb gn tj wrctn5 ijr
rnajbkctcjk5
^kcvnrscty,
ijr
Qhcrm ny Ylk`nrourb,
glky
rnv cscjk s5
Lkkn
Gl mj kn -P r ju t, ijr n`ctckb
thn thn icklm `rlit5 `rlit5 lk` gy plrnkt plrnkts, s,
gy
gy
`lubhtnr
suppjrt
lk`
Ecgonrmy,
lk`
husolk`
uk`nrstlk`ckb.
vc
Qtlk
ijr
thncr
gjrlm
vc
PLOMN
JI
AJKPNKPQ
AHLVPN_
VLBN
< . PHNS L_N LK
?.
I_JG
1.
L@D^QPGN KP,
0.
PHN _JL@
>.
PHNQN
9.
L \^N QPC JK
CK-O NPRN NK
PHN @LS Q
VNJVMN
JI J^_ LKA NQP J_Q
B_JRPH,
J^_ ILP HN_Q HN _Q
LK@
AJK IMC AP
RLMEN@ RLM EN@
VNJVMN QHL MM ON I_NN
C
<>
?>
1>
0>
JI _NAJ BKCP CJK
>>
vcc vcc
vcc vcc
LOQP_LAP
Ahcni Ahcn i Mcttmn Mct tmn Qh nm m–s Prcon ji Mlk` mnss Ahc ppn wl Ck`cl Ck`clks ks' ' ji Gjktlkl cs jkn ji lpprjxcgltnmy thrnn huk`rn` Ck`clk trcons thlt lrn prnsnktmy lppmyckb ijr in`nrlm rnajbkctcjk. Ahcni Mcttmn Q hn mm –s trcon hls l hcst jry thlt cs ajg pmc alt n` oy gcx n` omjj` lkans try ji Ahc ppnw l lk` lk` Nurjp nlk stja stjae. e. Phn Phn tr co n–s iltn ck ck Gjk tlk l cs cs ckt nrg ckb mn` wc th thn thn gj vn gn kt ji thn _jaey Ojy Olk` ji Ahcppnwl Ck`clks lk` thn Mcttmn Onlr Olk ` ji Arnn C k` cl ks cktj thn st lt n ck thn thn mltn < 8 6 6 –s. Lt lp pr jx cg lt nm y thn slgn t c g n , Mcttmn Qhnmm Qhnmm gjvn` hcs hcs olk` cktj Gjktlkl ck prjtnst tj thn ilat thlt hcs trcon wls mnit jii nkrjmmgnkt rnajr`s ji thn Purtmn Gjuktlck _nsnrvltcjk ck Kjrth @lejtl ijr cts rniuslm tj scbk lwly lkanstrlm mlk`s. ^pjk lrrcvlm ck Gjktlkl, thn thn Mcttmn Qhnmm Qhnmm brjup onalgn c`nktcicn` wcth thn _jaey Ojy Ahcppnwl lk` thn Mcttmn Onlr Arnn Arnn. . Lmt hju bh thn thn _jaey Ojy _nsn rvlt cjk wls nstlo mcsh n` ck ck <3<9 ijr thn Ahcp Ah cp pnwl pn wl lk` Arnn mcvckb ck Gjktlkl, Gjktl kl, thn Mcttmn Mcttm n Qhnmm brjup wls lblck mnit jii trcolm nkrjmmgnkt rnajr`s. Ls l rnsumt, rnsumt, thnsn pnjpmn lrn lrn prnsnkt my ukrn ajbk czn` oy thn thn in`nrlm bjvn rkgnk t. Hjwnvnr, thny hlvn l ukcqun mlkbulbn olsn, olsn, l ajg ock ltc jk ji Irnk ah lk` lk` Arnn wcth thn Arnn Arnn pjrtcjk ji thn thn mlk bul bn thn eny nmn gn kt ck cts glenup. Ct cs cs jk thn olscs ji thcs strjkb c`nktciclomn mlkbulbn thlt Ahcni Mcttmn Qh nm m–s m–s Prcon ji ji Mlk`mnss Ahc ppnw l Ck`clks ji Gjktl kl `nsnrvns in`nrlm rnajbkctcjk ls l mnbctcgltn Ck`clk brjup.
C
C
AHLVPN_
C
PHNS L_N LK CK-ONPRNNK VNJVMN
Ahcni `clks
cs
Mcttmn
l
Qhnmm's
vlk qu csh n`
Prcon
lk`
ji
Mlk`mnss
`c sp js sn ss n`
Ahcppnwl
rlan rlan. .
Ls
Ck
jkn
ji
lpprjxcgltnmy thrnn huk`rn` trcons ji Ck`clks kjt rnajbkczn` oy
thn
^kctn`
Qtltns
Ck`clk
brjups,
Ck`clk
trcons oy
hls
ijran`
Hjwnvnr,
thny
lrn lrn
thng
tj turk
onalu sn
thnsn
lblc k `nkcn` `nk cn` Prcon,
twj
ji
lptmy
ijrgs
Qtltns
tj tj acty, acty,
snrvcans
ji
thn
thng
Ck`clk
lk`
usul mmy
ls ls
tj
lbnkacns.
Ck`clk
lk` lk`
thny
ls lrn,
Nm`nr ji thn thn _jaey
Qhnmm
twj
bcvnk
Phcs `nkclm
Liilcrs,
@nkky,
Mcttmn
mnbctcgltn
lk` ajukty aju kty
Phny lrn
bjvnrkgnkt,
lk`
bjvnrkgnkt .
vcn w
Ls Rlm tnr
pnjpmn."[
vclomn
stltn,
lbnkacn s
`nsarcons
ji
ls
thn
thn thn Our nlu
snrvcans.
lrn lk ck- ont wnn k turns,
`nkcn`
thn thn ^kctn`
thn rn spj ks cocm co cmct ct y
Ojy
bjvnrkgnkt
Ck`clks,
ck- ont wnn k
"Phny
twj au m
ajuktrcns.
Phncr stjry onbcks wcth rjjts `nnp wcthck cktnrglrrclbn wcth
thn thn
Arn n,•Q n,•Q cj u x, \ttjwl,
wct h
thn thn
Nurjpnlks.
sp rc kbs wnrn
whj
almmn`
wj um `
ourkt
wjj`, wjj`,
o nmj kb
oy glky
hlmi-orn n`s.
Phnsn
lk` Lss ckc ojc kn
ckt nrg lrr clb ns tj kj sck bmn
klgns. klgns.
Phn Phn
Phn Phn Irnk ah almmn` l trlksmltc jk
pl rt my -ou rkn `."
Phn
ji ji
Irnkah Irnkah, ,
?
Nkbmcsh
Ck`clks
rnsumt n`
nt hkc a
ck
brjup. brjup.
rninrrn`
lk` lk` jii
▦ Phny
tj thng
ls ls
thng 'oj cs-o rumn ', gnlk ckb
thn thn Ahcpp nwl lms j
usn`
w jr` -t -thn
gnlkc kb tnr g
"gnk "gnk
'gntcs 'gntcs', ',
?
gnlkckb
"ji
gcxn`
Phn Phn pnjp mn Arnn
spn le
gjv n`
cktj
thn Arnn brj up
oy
mn`
thn
ji
pmn, pmn,
rn mlt n`
Gjktlbkl Gjkt lbklcs, cs, thn thn Kjrth _cvnr
ji
Ojy5
Lmm
thncr
lkanstry.
l
Ah cp pnw l-
thn
Gjuktlck
hcstjry, Nlstnr k
mlst, mlst,
rnbcjk
lk
ck
thn thn
Gcagla. Gcagl a.
thn
Ahcppnwl Ahcpp nwl
Mct tmn
Q hnmm
Kjrth
@lejtl
lrrcvn`
litnr
thn thn
thn Arnn Arnn
Phny
wls
mn`
nst lo
stltn. wnrn
l kjg l`c a
trco ns mcvn`
pnj
ji ji Lm b jk ec lk ,
ck ck
thn hnl rt
ji
ck thn brnlt olsck ji thn thn _n` _n`
lrnl
Rckkcpnb. Rckkcpnb.
Phn icrst
ji
Rjj` ml k`
ajk tck nkt
Kjrth, Kjrth,
tj Mlen
lk`
phls phlsns. ns.
thn sn aj k` , thn
thrnn brjup s
K le l pc , lk`
Lg nr ca lk
Onlr5 Onlr5
rnsnrvltcjks
tj thn thn
thn thn
Gck kns jtl
gcxn`
ls tGcahci', Gcahci',
snplr ltn
oy Mcttmn Mctt mn
nxcstckb
Phr jubh jut
thrnn
Purtmn
Qhnmm. Qhnmm.
mcshgnkt
thncr
'gntcs'.[
ck ck
_jaey
irjg
Mcttmn
`nsarcon
thn mltn < 866' 866's, s, thn A hc pp nw l lk` Ar nn Ck `cl ks
brjup
Ahcppnwl
ji
Gjk tlk l
mn`
tj
ji th ng sn mv ns
prjkukacltcjk @ur ck b
oy
omjj`,"
thlt
nxtn k`n `
Ck thcs lrnl lrnl, ,
irj g
ankt rlm
thn thn bmlaclm
`rcit
prlcrcn thlt strntahn` twj huk`rn` gcmns wnst tj th n Gcs sjurc
_cvnr
Knmsjk,
Vmltnlu
`r lck ck b
djckn`
kjrth
tj
thrnn
brnlt
Hu`s jk
rcvnr
Ol y 5 thn thn
olsck olscks4 s4
Qt.
thn thn
Mlw rnkan ,
tugomckb nlstwlr` tj thn Ltmlktca5 lk` thn gcbhty Gcsscsscp pc, jkmy
rjm mck b l
sm jw my
mcttmn
wly
sj ut hw lr ` tj
trl vnmnrs vnm nrs
sal ranmy ran my
Gcssjurc.
Phcs Phcs
thn
wnst,
kjtc an`
lrnl lrnl, ,
tj tj
ct, ct,
w cth
larjss mly
cts cts
lkc glm s lk` ou i il mj , prjvc `n`
1
thn thn
Bumi l
ji
rc`bn
thn ajuktry ajuk try
louk` lkan
ji
Gnxcaj. sj ji
mjw thn thn
Lk` thlt ^ppnr ^ppn r
iur-on lrck b
thn thn Arnn wcth iurs ijr ijr trl`n
1
wct h
thjsn
alkjn
whj
glrry
tj
l`jpt
thn
aumturn
thncr thncr wj g n k , hjpckb
ijjth jm` or ju bht
rcv nrs. 1
thn thn
Nkb mcs h
ji
laqucsctc jk rcalk
thn
lk`
ji icklkacl m
Irjg snlrah
Phn Phn
thn thn
Ck`clk
pnjpmn
Phn Phn
lk` l`vnkturnrs, lk` l`vnkturnrs,
tj
tj blck blck l
wnrn
prcglry
lssnrtckb
thn
bjlm
Gcsscsscppc
ji ji thn thn
lk`
Phn Phn Hu`sjk Oly
Phny
thncr
Gcssju rc
Mlw rnk an
ckt nrgl rrcl bn
Qajts. Qajts.
ls
Qt.
Phn Phn Irnka h wnrn
ajktcknkt.[
blck blck. .
thn thn ^ppnr ji
thn
thrjubh
knwajgnrs
snttmnrs
@nstcky @nstcky. . ck
ji
jk jk thn thn Kjrth Lg nrc al k
ukpjpumlr
gnk
thnsn
rjutn rjutn orj ubh t thn thn Irnk ah vjylbnurs.
wcmmckb
Lgn
t rlvn mn`
gjs t
wls
orjubh t
thn thn thn
thncr
Glkcinst
algn
gju ktlck
wnst
l`vnkturn.[
Phn Phn n st lo mc sh gn kt ji thn thn iur trl`n ck ck thn thn mltn Co J J tQ glren` thn onbckkckb ji l knw mcinstymn ijr thn Ck`clks jk thn thn Kjrth thn
Arnn
Lg nr ca lk onalgn
gl cktl ck tl ck n` sjubh t vlm un gjst
gc``mngnk
lk lk laans s
thn thn jk
ajktcknkt.
trl`n
thn
cgpjrtlkt Phcs
Ah lr mn s
CC
Bjvnrkjr
lk`
Ck
Ck`clk
bjm`nk ji
thncr
ji
Nkbm Nkbmlh lhaC aC ji
H u ` s j k –s Oly," Oly," br lk tc kb `rl ckn ` amu`n` Kjrth
oy
thn thn
rcvnrs
tnrrctjry @lejtl,
lk`
ck
trl`ckb
iur
cs sun `
trl`n
lbn
trl`ckb l
onblk
ah lr tn r
thlt nkt nrn `
Gjktlkl.
0
Arnn
trl`n
wnrn
ji
kjw
Litn r
<926
Nkbmcsh
Hu`s jk
thn
shjrtmy
ck
thn thn ajg pl ky l aanss
lrn
Phny nlbn rmy
br nlt nst
thn
lk`
thn
Alkl`l.[
L`vnkturnrs
whlt
ck`ustry
pjst pjsts. s.
pmlackb
bj m` nk
ck
ji thncr mj al tc jk ,
iur
ji Nurjpn, Nurjpn,
brjup
lbn
Ajgplky
thcs
tj tj lmm thn
bjj`s
buk. buk.
ck
Onal usn
tj
"Phn
Prl`ckb
cktj
tj lmm thn thn mlk` Oly. Oly.
stltns
Nkbmlk`
litnr
ji
snt up
Phcs
ck-
Gckknsjtl, thn thn Hu`sjk
0
Oly
A j g p l k y , thn thn
Rnst
Ajgpl ky
wcth
iur ajuktry. hl` l mjkb wlktn `
Phjsn
ajmjk csts
thn
trl`n` trl`n`
iur
ajktcknkt arnltn`
Ajgpl ky losjron` tctcjk tctcjk
Ck` clks clk s
oy
Oly
Ajg plk y,
shcitn`
tj
ickn` uphjm` whc tn
thn thn glk
snrvns,
`nnp
tj
Lgnrcalk
ji
Arnn
thn
oucm`ckb
Orctcsh
iur
l
thn thn
`namckn
thn
thjsn wh j Phn Phn
ngpcrns
thn
thn thn
aj g jk
Lgnrcalk
Hu`sjk
Oly
ct ilan` thn thn aj gp n Onalusn ji
thn
prj ict s
ji
sgubbmn rs
pjwnr iur
ji
thn
trl`n
hl`
ajgplkcns.
< 82 < lk`
trnltcns tj
thn
ji
lk`
Litnr
ajgplkcns.
< 816
wcth
spnacica
p nl an , thus thus, , lk`
thn
wcthck
tj tj thn Nkbm csh
"K jrw ns tnrs tnrs. .":
ukrnst. ukrnst.
iur iur
oy
thn thn ynlrs
snrcns thn
tj tj snmm
thn thn Kjrth Rnst Ajgplky,
Hu` sjk
On twn nk
thn thn
lk`
gju ktc kb
ajksc`nrlomy
thn
wcth
ojth
ji thn thn Lgn rca lk
l
whj ahjsn ahjs n
trl`n
ajktrcoutn`
gl`n
ck Gjktrnlm,
thn thn Kjrth
trne tj thn pjst s jk thn thn O l y , wh nr nl s
ijr
knw.
ij m mj wn ` , nst lom csh ckb
cts cts hnl`qu lrtnr s
ajkvnkcnkan
pntctcjk thcs
Irnka h
<829 <829
thn
Arnn.
rlkbn
ckar nls ckb
Ck`clk. Ck`clk.
thn @jg ck cj k
Rcth
Phnsn
lk`
ji Alkl`l
trnltcns
jomcbltn`
thng
thn thn ukr nst on twn nk
l aj ki ck ng nk t
ajk
tj tj
thn thn
tj thn thn rn
mjss ji ji pj wn r ck thn thn iur tr l` n, lk` thn `c sl pp nl r
lkan ji thn pmlcks ouiilmj, thn Arnn sjubht rngn`y thrjubh rnonm mcjk .& Mjucs pjsts, pjsts,
Ck
<88> uk`nr
_ cn m, snvnr lm ecmmckb
olk`s
whctn
ji
thn thn
mnl `nrs hcp
Arnn
snttmnrs. snttmnrs.
lk` lk`
ji
Gcah ci
Lmthjubh,
l hlmi-ornn`, rlc`n`
trl`ckb
thn thn @jg ck cj k ji
Alkl`l quc aemy put `jw k thn rns cst lkan ji thn thn Ck`clks, Ck`clks, Mjucs
_cnm
_nonmmcjk
rnglckn`
>
ck
thncr
gngjry
ijr
thn thn glky
>
ynlrs
lk` Phn
wjum`
mltnr
hcstjry
ji
thlt ji thn Ck` clk s strub bmn
ji
thn thn
iut cm n jkn. jkn. _cnm
`rcitn`
Qjuth
tlkl D ®
Ir jg
Arnn
irjg
pmlan
tj
thn
Ck`clk
lk` lk`
olk`s
ji
larjss
pnjpmn
ji
thn
^kctn`
pnjpmn
lk` lk`
Gcahci,
wls
plrlmmnms
Qtltns. Qtltns.
jk,
thny
onblk
wjum w jum` `
thncr
Phn Phn
l vlmclk t out l itn r
mn` oy Mcttmn Mcttm n
cktnrkltcjklm
Hnrn
Alkl`l
lt thn nk` ji lky wlr,
Arnn
tc gn
Alkl`l. Alkl`l.
ajkimcat.[
Gc ahc i
rni ub ns
thcs
guah
ck ck thn thn aj kt ck nk tl m
Arnn
Mcen
_nonm _n onmmcj mcj k
alusn
ojuk`lry on
ekjw k
nk` mnss
Onlr, Onlr,
ckt j
jkmy
thn thn
Gjk
ls
snlra h
thn thn
ijr
l
snttmn.
Ck thn slgn wly thn Ahcppnwl Ck`clks, lmsj almmn` thn Vmlcks-Jdcowl,
suiinrn`
bnj brl ph ca lm
gcsmja ltcjk .
snvnrlm
Ck`clk
brjups
Qtltns
Ournlu
Arnn Arnn. .
Phn Our nlu
Kjrth
ji
irjg
thlt
Ck`clk
trcolm P hn hn lrn
Liilcrs
ji Ck`clk
@lejtl
lk` lk`
Gjktl kl
Phn Phn
Ahcppnwl
lrn
wjj`m lk`
lk` lk`
Gcahcblk.
gcsc`nktcicaltcjk Ahc ppnw l
`nscbkltn` ls
Liilc rs
Phn Phn bj vn rk gn kt
oy
Ahcppnwl lmsj
ls ls snb gnk ts Ck`clks
a jk j k sc s c st st s
jr
vcnw vc nws s
ji thn thn
thn
lk` ji
^kctn`
Ahcppnwl-
thn thn
Oukbc
Jdc owl
ji
brju brjup. p.
ji
Gckknsjtl,
Rcsajksck, Rcsajksck,
snngs
tj onmcnv n
thlt thlt thnsn
wjj`mlk` Ahcppnwl salttnrn` jktj thn Vmlcks ajgpmnt n wcth thncr thncr
jrcbcklm
aumturn
cktl cktlat at. .
Glky
hcstjr clks
glcktlck
thlt thcs vcn w cs tjj kl rr jw lk` thlt ct ct `nkc ns thn l`l ptcv n locmctcns ijrgn`
ji
Ck`clk
aumturlm
brjups
c`nktctcns
thlt
algn
jktj
thn
Vmlcks
`ciinrnkt
irjg
thncr
lk`
wjj `mlk`
a j u s c k s .C * * Oy
<886
thn
Ahcppnwl
9
wnrn
wnmm
nstlomcshn`
jk
thn
9
pmlcks.
Lt
thcs
tcg n
thny thny
`c vc `n `
thn gs nm vn s
cktj,
`c st ck at nt hkca b r j u p s 4 thn 'iumm-omjj`s' lk` lk` thn thn Phn
tnrg
`ulms `ul ms ji
'iumm-omjj`'
whj wh j
"l`hnrn "l`hn rn
mcin."
ols cal mmy Nurjpnlk
Phn Phn
jwk
'Ck`cl 'Ck`clk' k'
Gc ahc i
lkanstry ji
ji ji Irnk ah
thncr
usn`
tj
`nscbkltn
ls jppjs jp pjs n`
gn go nr s
ji
tj
thn thn
'G ca hc i'.
thjsn
ck`cvc
'hlmi-ornn`' tr co n,
wly
lmt hju bh
A h c pp n wl , hl` l mlrbn lg ju kt ji Irn kah lk` lk` jthnr
lk` wl bj kg nk ckb ckb
tj
wls
twj
lk`
wnrn
thn
`nsank`lkts
thn thn iur trl`n nrl.[1
lk` lk` Ck`clk
ukcqun
ji
thn
vjylbnurs
Onalu sn ji thcs thcs omn k`
aumturns,
thn thn Ah cpp nwl
`nv nmjpn `
aumturn.
Phn Ahcppnwl lmsj nktnrn` thn iur trl`n wcth thn Orc tcsh lk`
thn thn
ncb htn nkt h imunk an
Irnkah. Irnkah.
@urck b
an kt ur cn s, thny thny
ck ck thn thn Brnl t Mlens
thn thn
mltn
wnrn
lt
_nbc _nbcjk. jk.
snvnkt nnkt h thn thn
pnle
ji ji
lk` lk`
nlrmy
thncr thncr
Phny sua anss iumm y
ck
pushn`
thn Qcjux jut ji kjrthnrk Gckknsjtl lk` stjppn` thn wnstwlr` nxpl kscj k ji thn thn Crjqu jcs gj st
ji thn thn Ck`c lk
thn mltn thn thn
rlpc`my
kltcjks,
nc bh tn nk th
Arn Arnn, n,
uk `n rw nk t
nxplk`c kb
ajkickn`
thn
ajksck. ajksck.
_ni usc kb
Ajkin`nrltcjk. thncr
anktury. l snrcns
^kctn`
Ahcppnwl
tj
pjw nr
Ck <8<> <8<>, ,
Ls
wls
algn
thn thn
bjvnrkgnkt.
rnsnrvltcjks
tj tj on ajkickn `,
ck
glky
ijr ijr
tj lk nk` ck
Ahcp pnwl ,
ji trnlty knb jtcl tcjk s
Qtltns
trun trun
Phnsn Phnsn
Gckknsjtl
mcen
wcth
thn thn
trnltcns lkl
ji thn olk`s
Rcs ijuk`
thncr wly jktj thn pmlcks lk` djckn` wcth thn jthnr pmlcks trcons. trcons. gjvng nkt.
_jaey Ojy's Ojy's olk` gly wnm m hlvn onnk l plrt ji ji thcs thcs Lmt hju bh
thnrn
cs cs kj rnajr` ji whnk hcs olk` mnit
2
2
Gc kk ns jt l, thn thn snttmn` gjvn` gj vn`
wcth
wcth wc th Ck
tcltn`
gjst
thn
laaurltn
Ahcppnwl
thn thn Arnn
Jatjonr cts
icrst
ck
larjs s
ji <891 <891, ,
thn
^kctn`
wcth
thn
cs thlt thny thny ncthnr
Purtmn
thn pmlcks
thn thn
trnlty
lssu gptc jk
Gjuktlck
Mlen
bjvn rkg nkt lk`
ji Ah cp pn wl lt thn thn Jm` Arjs sckb ji _n` Mlen sjtl. sjtl.
Ck
tctmn, tctmn,
thcs
lk` ck tnr nst
Gckknsjtl. tj
ply
Ck
thng
ynlrs. ynlrs. thcs
twnkty
pura hlsn
wls
Ah cp pn wl
thn
jwkn `
^kctn`
thjuslk`
tj
on
lk` jthnr
ynlrs
thn
tj
onkn icac lm
Vngockl
ji
jthnr Kjr th
mlk`s
@lejtl.
Vrnsc`nkt Purtmn
Lrthur
Gjukt lck
plrn`, plrn`,
lk`
Ahcp pnwl
lmm
wnrn
mnatn`
mlk`
hjgns. hjgns.
Phn Phn
ijj` ijj`, ,
thny
olk`
<88?, <88?,
ck
rns pj ks n
Ck`clk
thn
^kctn`
mcvnstjae,
ji
knwmy Qtltns
ilrg
Ahcn i
Lmm
Purtmn
twnkty-twj
_nsnrvltcjk.
gng on rs
thn thn
L
ijr
ck
lbrnn` twnkty
qulrtn r ji thn
Ijr thn thn
uk`nr
Gjuktlck tj tj
thncr
thn
Mcttmn
rjmm
Q h n m m –s gng onr s
rnsnrvltcjk
bjv nrk gnk t
suppmcn`
rnbcjk amlcg,
tjwkshcps
trcolm
nkrjmmn`
arnltn`
c gpm ngnk ts,
thng
pushn` ijr ijr ajgpnk slt cjk
thn
`nscbkltn`
oy
n`ualtcjk,
Ahcppnwl,
ck
nkrjmm nkrjmmn`. n`. jk
ji
rcbht,
purpjsns. <>
amlcgn`
Ck
jkn
lbrcaumturn,
mnl`nrs hcp ji Ahcni Ahcni Mcttmn Qhnm Qhnmm, m, ijr
lkkug
ji thn trnlty, trnlty,
lppmcn`
an`n`
bjv nr kg nk t
pnr
Olk`s
_cvnr ck Gc k kn
olk`s
Qtltns
k nbj
Vngockl
lk` am lc gn `
`jmmlrs
tj tj thn tnrgs tnr gs
ji bjj`s, bjj`s,
twnkty
thn
tj mlk`s
rnturk, rnturk,
Laaj La ajr` r`ck ck b
lgjukt
knxt
trnlty,
jr
ji Alkl`l .[[
Qtltns Qtltns
_n`
rnbcjk
ls
thn
wls
prn
olk` thnk thnk
ijr thng thng
ji ji sn
thncr wcth
lk` snn`s sj thny wjum `
on
lomn tj snt up ilrgckb latcvctcns. Hjwnvnr,
twj
ynlrs
mltnr, mltnr,
8
thn thn
in`nrlm
bjvn rk gn kt
8
`cgckcshn` thn rnsnrvltcjk mlk` irjg twnkty-twj tj shcps shcps. . thn thn
Phn Phn
twj
Ck`clk Ck`clks, s,
tj wh ct n
lk`
thn thn
rnglckck b Lt
tjwksh cps twnk ty
thcs
tcg n
wnrn
rnsnrvn`
tj wkshcps
l knw
wnrn
trc olm
ijr ijr
jpnkn`
rjmm rjmm
wls
lk` lmm Ck`clks w hj wnr n kjt mcvckb wcth ck thn twj
tjw ksh cps
lk` lk`
whj
wnrn
tj tj hj gn st nl `
Mcttmn
`ns crl omn
sntt mng nkt .
prnplrn`,
tjm`
mnlst
twj tjwk
Qhnmm
kjt alrrc n`
jk jthnr
lk` jthnr
mlk`s. mlk`s.
mnl`nrs
ji
jk jk
thcs thcs
knw
rjmm
Lt thn thn ajuk snm thn thn
trco trcon, n,
thnsn
wnrn
ji Ahcni `cspmlan`
Ck`clks rniusn` tj ajgpmy wcth thn in`nrlm jr`nr.[ Ahcni thn
Mcttmn
rnsnrvltcjk
twnk ty thcs
mlk`s
tjwks hcp s
ajktrjvnrsy,
tcjks
Lat
wls
Qhnmm
strjkbmy
lk`
ijubht
rnck stl tn` jk Lubu st
plssn`
jppjsn` ijr
glky
ls ls
trcolm
<3 <3,
<836 <836, ,
pr jvc` ckb
thn
ynlrs
mlk`. lk`. thn thn
thlt
`cgckcshckb tj
hlvn
ji thn
Ck rnspjks n
Ck`clk
tj tj
Lppr jp rcl
l aj gg cs sc jk
shjum`
vcsct thn rnsnrvltcjk lk` knbjtcltn wcth thn Purtmn Gjuktlck pnjpmn
ijr ijr
thn thn purp jsn
Qcxty-Icrst Liilcrs
tj
Lkkulm
thn
ji ji snttm ckb
_npjrt
Qnarntlry
ji
ji thn
thn
thncr lmmnbn`
amlcg. amlcg.
Ajggcsscjknr
Cktnrcjr
ck
<88?
ji
Phn Phn
Ck `clk
rnpjrtn`4
Phny hlvn ijr glk y ynlrs a ml cg n` tctmn tj l mlrbn trlat ji mlk` ck Kjrth @lejtl, ajgprcsckb lojut 3,>66,666 larns, larns, lk` hlvn ckscstn` wc th brnlt .nlrknstknss thlt thn bjvnrkgnkt shjum` ply thng ijr ij r ct. ct. : Hjwnvnr, wls ji
kj gnk tc jk
wls
ck ck lky wly l vlmc` Dumy Dumy
<1 <1,
knbjtcltn
<83? <83?, ,
wcth
jkn jkn. .
lblck
Mcttmn
gl`n
gl`n
Qhnmm
3
ck thn thn rnpj rt
thlt thncr amlc g
Phn Phn Ck`cl k Lp pr jp rc lt cj ks prjvc scjk s lk`
hcs
ijr ijr l aj gg cs sc jk
trcon
ijr
ansscjk
Lat tj lk`
3
rnmckqucshgnkt tj thn ^kctn` Qtltns ji whltnvnr rcb hts jr cktnrnsts thny gcbht hlvn jk thnsn, mlk`s thny wnrn amlcgckb. ckb. < ®
Ck l iu rt hn r lt tn gp t
Gjuk tlc k
Ck`clks
ijr
tj tj kn bj tc lt n
anss ltcjk
ji
thncr thncr
wct h
thn thn Purtm n
amlcg,
Ajkbrnss
luthjrczn` thn ijrgltcjk ji l thrnn gngonr ajggcsscjk. Ekjwk ls
thn thn
bcvnk
Ga Aug onr
ajgg csscjk,
lut hjr czl tcj k
tj
thcs thcs
thrnn thrnn
prnplr n
glk
l trcolm
ajgg css cjk rjmm rjmm. .
wls
Hjwnvnr,
onalusn thn ajggcsscjk `c` kjt lrrcvn lt thn Purtmn Gjuktlck _nsn rvlt cjk
uktcm
twj
ynlrs
mlpsn ijran`
thn Ck`clk
Qhnmm's
tj wl k`nr k` nr
olk` olk`, ,
litnr
pnjpmn, pnjpmn, wns w ns tw lr `
cts cts
ijrgltcjk,
plrt caum lrm y ck snlrah snlr ah
thcs thcs
Ahcni
tcgn
Mcttmn
ji ijj` ijj`. .
Ck <83<, Ahcni Mcttmn Qhnmm wrjtn tj thn Ajggcsscjknr ji
Ck`clk
vlaltn tcjk
irjg
Rjmi
Vjckt,
Gjktlkl,
prjpjsckb
tj
thn thn Purtmn Gju ktl ck lrnl ck ck nxahl kbn ijr l rn snr vl -
l`dlankt
tlkl tlkl. . hcs
Liilcrs
Phn Phn
tj
thn
Ijrt
Vnae
Ck`clk
_nsnrvltcjk
rniusn` rnius n`
Mcttm n
Qhnmm's
Ajg gc ss cj kn r
stltn`
thlt sckan
thn thn mlk` mlk`
wls plrt ji ji puomca `jglck,
ct ajum`
Aj gg cs sc jk nr
rnspjksn, rnspjksn,
thn thn
Mcttmn Qhnmm
rnqu nstn`
kjt
ck
on
bcvnk
pmlckn`
thlt
_nsnrvltcjk
nxahlkbn
thnrn
ijr
thn
wls
ijr
kjt
Mcttmn
mlk`s nkjubh
Qhnmm
nmsnwhnrn. mlk`
jk
ck
rnqunst. rnqunst.
Hn
thn
lmsj Ijrt
GjkCk
nxVnae
brjup.[
Ck <83< <83<, , Djhk Rlu bh wls thn aurr nkt Ck `clk lbnkt jk thn thn Purtmn lmm tcns
Gjukt lck
ijj` jk
_nsnrvltcjk.
rltcjkckb thn thn
luthjrcty
lk`
jvnr
rnsn rvlt cjk.
jvnr
thn
Ls lmm
lbnkt lbnkt, , sjaclm
Ona lu sn
cktnrklm
<6
ji ji
liilcrs
hn lk`
hl`
ajktrjm
ouscknss
thcs hn hl` ji
thn
jvnr
latcvc-
los jmut n
trcolm
brjup.
<6
Rhnk onr
thn ji
tlck tlck
Ajggcsscjknr
Ahcppnwl
lk`
rnqunstn`
l
gcxn`-omjj`
_nsnrvltcjk,
Djhk Djhk
`ntnrgckltcjk
Ck`clks
Rlubh
g n k , scxtnnk
iumm-omjj `
Gc ah ci ,
rnp rns nkt
Purtmn
thn thn
thn
lppjcktn `
thcrt y-tw j tj
jk
l
thn
Purtmn
kug Gjuk
aj gg ct tn n
Ahcp pnwl
Gju ktlck
ji
lk` lk`
ji
scxtnnk
pnjpmn pnjpmn. .
Onalusn
Mcttmn Qhnmm lk` hcs olk` wnrn ck Gjktlkl lt thn tcgn thcs ajggcttnn Rlubh tj
wls
ijrgn`,
ahlrbn`
`nmntn
thn
irjg
thny
wnrn
ajggcttnn
tj
nlrmcnr
rjmm
thn
whj shjum` kjt on nktct mn`
kjt
ckamu`n`
prnplrn thn
thn
klgns
ls
gngonrs.
trcolm
ji
rjmm
thjsn
tj tj plrtcacpltn.
lk`
ilgcmcns
Qckan
thn a j g
gcttnn wls hlk`-pcaen` oy Rlubh, Mcttmn Qhnmm mltnr
quns
tcjkn` thn luthnktcacty ji thn gngonrshcp mcst ajkt nk`ckb thlt Rlubh hl` jvnrnxnrtn` hcs luthjrcty whnk hn `nmntn` thn Mcttmn
Qhnmm
Rhnk ck
thn
Qnpt ngon r
snmnat spctn onnk
Olk`
gnk
irjg
thrnn-glk ji
<8 <83?, 3?,
prnsnktn`
Mcttmn
thn
trcolm
GaAugonr
thn thn thncr thncr
jgct tn`
Ajggcsscjk
stlk`ckb rnpjrt
Qh nm m–s prjtn st
ukdust my
rjmm.
irjg
thlt thn
icklmmy
a jggc ttn n
ji
ji nmcbcomn thn klg ns trcolm
lrrcvn`
thcrty -twj
gngonrs.
ji hcs
rj mm , thn thn
@n
olk`
hl`
Ga Au go nr
Ajggcsscjk ckijrgn` Mcttmn Qhnmm thlt thny ajum` jk my lp prjvn
thn thn aj ggc tt nn
ajkt ckun`
pr jtnsts
GaAugonr
Ajggcsscjk
gc tt nn
lk`
nmc bcom n
jk
rnpjrt Rlubh i rjg
Mcttmn
ickcshn`
Qn pt ng on r
gngonrs .
Phn Phn
prnplrn` ijr thng thng. .
Qhnmm
hnlrckb
?0 ?0, klgn s
<83? <83?, , ji
lk` hcs lk` thn
ijmmjwn rs,
rnpjrt
puo mcs hn` gjs t
ji
@nspctn
ji thn
Mcttmn
thn
thn thn ajg
rjmm
ji
Qh nm m–s m–s
ijm mjw nrs rjmm
wls
wnrn
`nmn tn`
p uo mc sh n` , thn thn
irjg
thcs thcs
ijm mj wck b
mcst mcst. .
Qhjr tmy
mnttnr
wls
litnr
snkt
tj tj
thn thn
thjsn
whjsn klgn hl` onnk `rjppn` irjg thn nkrjmmgnkt mcst4 Kjt can cs hnr noy bc vnk tj lmm plrtc ns whj lrn kjt rnsc`nkts ji thn Purtmn Gjuktlck _nsnrvltcjk, jr nkrjmmn` ls gngonrs ji thn Purtmn Gjuktlck Olk` lk` laanptn` oy thn Ajggcsscjk kjw prnsnkt ls nktctmn` tj plrtcacpltn ck lky prjann`ckbs wcth thn slc` Ajggcsscjknrs hlvckb ck vcnw thn gle ckb ji lrr lkb ng nk ts ijr l Prnlty Prnlty, , lrn hnr noy `crnatn` tj wcth`rlw irjg wcthck thn mcgcts ji thn Purtmn Gjuktlck _nsnrvltcjk jr on lt jkan lrrnstn`.?6 Phn
GaAugonr
pnjpmn thn
Ajggcsscjk
ji thn thn
Purtmn
Purtmn
Gjuktlck
ajktckun`
Gju ktl ck Ck`clks
cts
lrn lrnl. l.
knbjtcltcjks
Ck thn thn icklm
lbrnn`
tj
wcth`rlw
wcth
thn
lbrnngnkt ,
thncr
amlcg
tj lmm ji thn 3,>66,666 larns nxanpt ijr thn twj tjwkshcps thny hl` ply ply
onnk
thng
jkn
bcvnk. bcvnk.
Ck rnturk, rnturk,
gcm mcj k
thn thn
`jmmlrs. `jmmlrs.
Onalu sn
lpp rj xc glt nmy
tnk tnk
thn
PrnltyLp plmmn`
P n k -A -A n kt kt
bjv nr kg nk t
ankts pnr larn, larn,
thn thn
thcs
prj gcsn `
tj tj
lgj ukt n`
tj
trnlty on al gn
t hl t
t hn
ekjwk
b jv j v nr n r kg k g nk nk t
ls wls
jiinrckb hcs pnjpmn sj mcttmn ijr thncr mlk`, Mcttmn Qhnmm glcm gl cm n` hn
l mnttnr mntt nr
wjum`
mlk`s
ahjsn
ijr ijr
Ck
lk`
ck ck
rnpjrt
thn thn
prjvcscjks wnrn
nxcmn
tnk ankts
ajksc`nrn`, ajksc`nrn`, gcsscjk's
ji ji prj tns t tj Rls hckb tjk,
uklomn
ijr tj
lmm
Gjktlkl
lk larn larn. . <360 <360
lk`
icklm
ck
thn
Ajkbrnss
mlk`
ji jk
hcs
rltcicn`
Pnk-Ankt
gngonrs
scbkckb
Hjw nvnr, nvn r,
rltcicaltcjk,
snaurn
jvnr
@.A.,
stlt ckb
lwly
hcs
thlt hjgn
prj tns t wls knvnr knvn r thn Ga Aug onr thn
Aj g
Prnlty.
thn thn thn
in`nrlm
Purtmn
bj vn rk gn kt
Gjuktlck
rnsnrvltcjk
tj
olk`
gl`n whj
hjgnstnl`
jk
lky
thncr oy
vlalkt
rcbhts
thn thn
mlk`
thn thn hnm`
rnmnlsn
wjum`
Gj uk tl ck
tj tj
thn thn
Ck hcs
scjkn r
ji Ck`clk jk
stltn
Purtmn
irjg
litn r
ji
lmm
rnmnlsn. rnmnlsn.
Phcs Phcs
ji
tj
mcn
<369 <369, ,
Irl kac s
stltn`
Gjuktlck
thlt
^. ^.Q. thn thn
hnm` hnm`
Ajkbr nss Lttjrkn y trnlt trnlty, y,
Purtmn
l
Gjuktlck
Qhnmm
Onal usn
wjum`
stcp umlt cjk
`nlmt
ck
N.
lk` lk` ji ji
hcs
thncr
thjsn thjsn
Mnupp, Ajggcs Ck`clks
_nsnrvltcjk
thnrnirjg"
lk` Mctt mn
wls
ji
Liilcrs,
rngjvn`
ijr brlkts.?1 Gc ah ci
rnp jrt
thn
"pnrglknktmy
thn
ynlr
t rn lt y, Mcttmn
thn thn
rntlck
thncr thncr klgn s wnrn `rjppn` pn rglk nkt my irjg trcolm trcolm
rjmms. rjmms.
`nstcky
tj scbk
stcmm
lk` prjpn rtcn s
lpprj vlm
prj tn st
rniusn`
thn
ickl m
jotlckn`
ijm mj wn rs
lk`
thn thn Lss cst lkt
on
Ck
rnsc`n`
Prnlty, Prnlty,
Phn Phn
tj
Ck`clks.
`jglck
lkkuctcns,
brju p.??
thlt oni jrn hlvn
puomca
iuk`s, iuk`s,
Pnk- Ankt
Bn knr lm
rniuslm, rniuslm,
thn
tj trcolm
Purtmn
rltc icn`
ck
kj
out
mjkbnr
whj
hl`
on
hl` hl` onnk
nmcbcomn
l aruacl m omj w
tj ojth
Qh nm m –s ol k ` . Ijr g l k y -y nl rs , thncr thncr
Gjktlkl.
<1
locmcty
tj
survcvn
ls
kjgl`s
ck
<1
AHLVPN_ AHLV PN_
C - IJJPK IJ JPK JPNQ JP NQ
Dukn <322. <322.
_jaey Ojy
_nsn r
?Ynrk n @u sn ko nr ry , Phn Phn Gjktl kl Aanlc c Q tu`y ck ck _nmc _nmcbc bcic icus us Vnrsc stn kan (Qtjaehjmg4 Lmg quc st lk` Rcesnmm, Rcesnmm, <39?), pp.?8-09.
1 Djsnph Ecksny Hjwlr`, Q trlkbn Ng pcr n (Knw Sjre Sjre4 4 Rc mm cl g Gjr rj w lk` Ajgplky, <3>? <3>?), ), pp. pp.??-16 16. .
?tOru an Qnlmny, "Ck`clk "Ck `clks s ji Alkl`l4 Alkl`l4 L Hcstj Hcs tjry ry Qentah," Qenta h," ck Ck`clk Ck` clks s Rcth Rc thju ju t Pcpc Pc pcs, s, Oruan Qnl mny lk` Ynrk l D. Ecreknss, n`s. n`s. (Jktlrcj4 Phn Ojje Ojj e Qjac nty ji Alkl`l,Mt Alkl`l,Mt`., `., <321) <32 1) ,pp.C 8-?6 8-?6. .
>
Hjwlr`,Qtrlkbn
Ngpcrn,pp.16-1?.
[Coc`.,pp.>9-99.
2Coc`.,p.<8>. J
6@usnkonrry, Phn Gpktlk l Arnnm L Qtu`y ck _nmcbcjus Vn rs cs tn ka n, p .1 ?.
3Coc`.,pp.11-10.
<6Coc`.,pp.11-1>.
<
_jaey Ojy Ck`clks," Ck`clks," <3>0)42-3.
Gj ktl kl
), >) , p.>. <1 C o c ` .,p. .,p.C 6. 6.
<0
<0
<0Co c` .,p 5<< .
<[P hj gls gl s _. _. Rnssnm, Rnssnm, Hcstjry Hcs tjry ji thn _jaey Ojy _nsnrvltcjk (^kpuomcshn` Glkusarcpt4 Gjktlkl Qtltn ^k cv nr sc ty Mcorlry , C 321) ,pp.2-<6. ,pp.2-<6.
<[C oc `.,p .8.
<[ Prnltcns lk` Lb rnn gnk ts ji th thn. Ahc ppnw l Ck`clks (Rlshckbtjk, @.A.4 Cks tctu tn ijr thn thn @n vn mj pg nk t ji Ck`clk Mlw, pp. pp. <61-<62. <61- <62.
<[_ly gjk ` Brly, "Hcstjry ji thn Arnn Ck`clks" (^kpuomcshn` RVL Rrctnrs' Rrctnrs' Vrjdnat glkusarcpt, Gjktlkl ^k cvnr cv nrsc scty ty Mcorlry, Mcorl ry, C30?), 30?), p.<<.
Qtltn Qtltn
<3u <3u. Q. Q. @n pl rt gn kt ji Cktnrcjr4 Q cxty -Ic rst Lkkulm _npjrt ji thn Ajg gcss cjkn r li Ck`clk Liilcrs Liilcrs (R lshc ls hckbt kbt jk, @.A.4 ^.Q. Bj vn rk gn kt Vrck tckb Jiican, <83?) <83?), , pp.22-28.
?6Coc`.,p.28.
?8)4 11-10.
??Coc`.,pp.1-1>.
?1Coc`.,pp.19-12.
<>
<>
AHLVPN_
?
I_JG PHN @LSQ JI J^_ LKANQPJ_Q
Rhnk Mcttmn Onlr lk` hcs olk` ji Arnn lrrcvn` ck Gjk tlkl
ck ck
<88> <88>, ,
thny
wnk t
tj thn Rj mi
Vj ckt
lrnl, lrnl,
prn snk t ojr `nr ji th thn n Ijrt Vnae _nsnrv ltcjk .
sjk ji Ocb O Onlr nlr, ,
rns pna tn`
thn
Lt th thn n tcg tcgn, n,
Mctt mn Onlr wls thc rty -ij ur ynlr s jm jm`, `, l wlrr cjr, tutj rn`
knlr
lk` thn thn
mnl` nr ji lmm A Arn rnn. n. Hn
wls lmsj l huktn` glk wcth l prcan jk hcs hnl` onalusn ji hcs
plrtc pl rtc ac acpl pltcj tcj k
ck ck
thn th n _cnm _nscstlkan.
Ck hcs yju yjuth, th,
hn
lk` hcs pnjpmn hl` trlvnmn` irjg Ijrt Vctt ck Alkl`l tj thn Gcssjurc ouiilmj. ouiilmj.
_cvnr
ck
Gjktlkl
ck
snlrah
^pjk orckb ckb hcs pnjpmn
ji
thn
tj tj Gjkt lkl
kjw
nxtckat
Mcttmn
Onlr Onlr
hl` l``rnssn` thng, slyckb4 Ec lsh lsh, , mjkb lbj wn mcvn` ck thcs kn knw w mlk` mlk`. . Rn iju ijubht bht thn nk nkng ngcn cns s ji lmm Arn Arnn. n. Lmm ji thn Ck` Ck`clks clks ji thn thn Qjuth inlrn` lk` rnspnatn` rnspn atn` thn Ar Arnn nn. . Blgn wls pmnkt c ium hnrn lk` lk` jur ahcm`rnk ahcm` rnk wnrn knvnr hukbry. hukbry. Pj`ly thnrn cs l strlkbn pnjpmn hnrn wcth l strlkbn rnmcbcjk. Phny tlme wc th twj tjkbuns. Phny lrn ls gl ky ls thn stlrs lojvn l ojvn us lk` lk` thny hlvn tlenk jur mlk mlk`, `, ecmmckb ecmmc kb lmm thn ouiilmj. Phn lbnkts lbnk ts hlvn tjm` thn Ck`clks Ck`clk s thlt wn hlvn gl`n wlr jk jk thn thn bjv nrk gnk t. Phn Ph n Ck`c lks ck ck thcs knw mlk` hlvn onnk tjm` tj `rcv n us lwly ci thny shjum` snn us knlr thncr rnsnrvltcjks. Phn Ph n sjm`cnrs sjm`cn rs hlvn onnk tjm` tj tj gl glen en wlr wl r jk jk us. Phn _n` Ajlts, whn k thny jr`nrn jr` nrn` ` us jut ji Alkl`l, hlvn tlenk lmm jur wnlpjks. Rn mcvn` oy jur buks buks. . Rn lrn hu kb ry lk` alk kj t icb icbht ht.. .... .. Ct gl en s g n sl` tj thcke thlt wn alk kjt mcvn thn wly wZn hl hlvn vn mcvn`ck mcvn `ck thn pl plst st. . Ct gl glen ens s gn sl` lk` gy hn hnlr lr t cs jk thnbrjuk`. Rn gust mcvn ck mcttmn olk`s knlr thn whctn g l k –s t j w k . Qj g nt c g n, C , Mct Mcttmn tmn On Onlr lr, , wcmm alm almm m lmm thn olk`s tjbnthnr.C
<9
<9
Mcttmn hcs
gn k
Onlr
tj tj
pn ri jr g
Mcttmn
Onlr's
mj`bns mj` bns
ck
mcvck b ajr`
snt
up
djos
ijmmjwnrs
Rnrn
oy huktckb, ijr
ji
hlr`
hlrsh wls
jkmy
Phn Phn
wcktn r
thn thn
thnc r
rlkahnrs al tt mn
bjvnrkgnkt sczn
lk`
Ls sc kc oj ck n
trcons
ji
thn
slinmy
ijr
knw
trnltcns
thncr
ijr
ji
jh rnsnrvltcjk s,
Ijrt ajk`c -
hly
mlk` mlk`
Ck rn sp jk sn tj
gnnt
< 888
wcth
thn
Ck`clks
thn thn Omlaeinnt,
thn
thn
whc ah tj thn knn`s,
in `nr lm
shrckeckb
Brjs Ynktrn, Ynktrn,
sczn sczn. .
thn wlk `nr ckb
wls
ji lkjthnr
lk`
`ly
tj glen, glen, l
Phn Phn wckt nr
< 882
prn snk t
huk`rn`
`nspnrl tn
gjrn
mlk`
<888 <888, ,
oy autt ckb
Inlriu m
ajuktry.
ck
jkn
snkt
iurkcshckb
Ck`clks. Ck`clks.
brlzckb
rns nrvl tcj ks tj
wnrn
orjubht
prnss n`
jpnk
Oy
glklb glk lb n`
rlkahnrs. rlkahnrs.
ck ck Ck` clk
hnr`s,
nklatn`
thn thn
hj gnm nss
rlkahnrs
knlrmy
Phny
whj
lk`
gcm ctl ry.
tr lp pc kb , lk`
gjkths
mjalm alttmn
tj on ijuk `
ji
lk`
Lssckcojckn
ck
thn ijrt. ijrt.
ajktrlatjrs
thn thn
wcktnr,
`nglk`s ji
jk jk
thn
algpn`
icshckb,
tcjks ijr thn thn wlk `nr ck b
Ijrt
ijr
thn
Lsssckcojckn.[
lmsj
knlr
j``
thn vcac vc ackc kc ty
wjj`
algp
Rct h
thjsn
Arnn ona lgn
thn
gldjr sjuran ji lktlbjkcsg ijr thn rlkahnrs.[ Ck
<88 <882, 2,
irnnzckb
kn ws pl pn r
wcktnr
stlrvltcjk.
lk`
rnpjr ts
`nsarcon`
Ck rnsp jksn
thn
tjm`
ji
Arnn
lkj thn r
Ck`clks
ls
hlrsh, hlrsh, knlr
tj tj thncr pmcbht, pmcbht, Vrn sc` nkt Amn vn -
mlk` luthjrczn` thn usn ji `cslstnr iuk`s tj hnmp thn Arnn thrj ubh thn wcktnr. wn kt
ck ck snlra h
onijr n
Ck thn thn su g gn r ji ji thn thn slg n ynlr thn thn Arnn
ji l pmlan
l ajuka cm
tj tj snttmn
pnrglknktmy .
Lpp nlrc kb
ji ahcnis lk` rnprn snk tlt cv ns ji thn thn Vnk` Vnk`
<2
<2
AmtJrnc mmn,
Iml thn l`,
pnrgcsscjk
tj
_nsnrvltcjk. _nsnrvltcjk. ac`n` thn
lt
lk` Eut nk lc
snttmn
scxty
Hjwnvnr,
thcs
Imlth nl`
tc gn
Phn Phn
t rc o n s, Mct tmn
Arnn
ilgcmcns
^kctn`
tj pmlan
_nsnrvltcjk.
Qtltns
Ahcni
jk
thn
Imlthnl`
bjv nrk gnk t
A hl rm j–s olk`
Lmt hju bh
Onlr lsen `
ji
Gcahnmmn,
hl` hl`
`n-
Qlm csh
Ahcni
ji
jk thn thn
Vnk` ` tJrn cmm n syg pl th cz n` w cth thn pmcb ht ji thn thn Ar nn , hn wls
ijran`
thn stltn thncr
tj tj rndna t ck snlrah snl rah
snlrah, snlrah,
irnqunktmy rlkahnrs..< rlkahnrs.. <* Gjk tlk l
thncr thncr prjpjslm. prjpjslm. ji ng pm jy gn kt
brcn vlk ans
Ls
huktckb
mjkb mj kb
lk` l pmlan pmla n
lblck st
nkajuktnrn` ls
Phn Arnn
thng
rnanptcjks
thny thn y
onn k
thn thn ouiilmj,
thncr
tj tj snttmn. snttmn.
gumtcpm cn`,
knbltcvn hl`
thnk thnk wlk `nrn`
irjg
lo mn
mcvns
lk`
tj
hl`
Ck thny thny
alt tmn
rnglck
onnk
ck
louk`lkt louk`lkt. .
Out ls thn whctn glk pushn` cktj thn stltn amlcgckb gjrn lk` gj rn ji thn thn mlk` mlk` ijr ijr hcs jwk usn, usn, thn thn Ck`c lks wnr n kj mjkbn r lomn
tj tj
gl ck tl ck
thncr
jm`
wly
ji
mcin mcin. .
Ls
_ly gj k`
Brly
stltn` ck hcs rnpjrt jk thn Arnn Ck`clks ck Gjktlkl, "Qjjk thnsn djos
pnjpmn out
`npnk`ckb
Gjk tlk l ck
jiican,
stltn, stltn,
onal gn
Djsnp h
thn Arnn Ck`clks prnssn`
thn
n`ctjrclm
mlrbnmy
onal gn
rnanc vn`
l wlk `nr ckb jk
l stltn Pjjmn Pjjmn, ,
k ugn rju s irjg
jppjsctcjk
olk`
thn
ck ck
icrst
mnttnrs
Gjktlkl. Gjktlkl. ji
ahlrctcns
<8 <883. 83.
thn thn
glky
ji ji trlgps,
ji ji
ji
@urckb
thn
ck
puomca.
ji
ijr
Phn Phn Ijrt Onktl k snttmnrs
thn
thn thn
rngjv lm Vrnss Vrnss
knw ji ji nx -
ijmmjwckb
stltngnkt4
Rn lrn pmnlsn` tj kjtn thlt Bjvnr kjr Pjjmn hls hls tlenk thn glttnr ck hlk`, lk` sckanrnmy trust thlt hn wcmm bcvn Qnarntlry Omlckn kj rnst uktcm thnsn
<8
j`` j``
hcs icrst ynlrs
bjvn rkj r rnquns t
snneckb
<8
Ck`clks lrn tlenk lk` put upjk l rnsnrvltcjk lk` enpt thnrn ncthnr oy Alkl`l jr thn ^kctn` Qtltns. Ci thny lrn Alkl`clk wlr`s thny shjum` on snkt larjss thn mcknonijrn l spnmm ji hlr` wnlthnr ajgns ajg ns lk` thny lrn lblck thr thrjwk jwk upjk th thn n ah ahlrcty lrcty ji thn thn Qtl tn ji Gjktl kl, ls wls thn alsn ck thn thn wcktn wc ktn r ji <889-<882. <889-<882. Ci thny aml amlcg cg ^kctn` Qtltns prjtnatc prjt natcjk jk lk` alk glen thncr aml amlcg cg b j j` , thnk mn mnt t jur ju r Bj vn rk gn kt tle tlen n ahlrbn ji th ng , lk lk` ` put thng jk l rn sn rv lt cj k, lk` trnlt thng dus t ls ls ct ct `jns jthnr trcons ji Ck`clks. Lk
latcvn
pjmctcaclks Rhnk
lk`
rlkahnrs
Bjv nrkj r
_caelr`s, ynlrs
Pjjmn
ajktc aj ktc kun `
thn th n
brlktn`
<88>
onblk tj
Mjucs
`npjrt
thn
thn
niijrts.
wcth
l
wcth
mnit.ji ican,
thnsn
ji ji knbjt cltcjk
bjvnrkgnkt ck
algplcbk
_cnm _cnm
Arnn h cs cs
tj
_nonmmcjk.
ck
lmm
rju k`
ji
tcgn
thn g
tj
up up,
mnlvn
out
thn
Bjv nr kj r
stltn
_ ca el r` s
Alkl`l.
<83o, <8 3o,
litnr
thjsn
ckvjmvn`
lmsj
lp pr j
Phn Ph n Arn Arnn n hl`
thn
lk`
Dlae
@jgck cjk
Ajkb rnss
onijrn
ji
thn th n
prcltn ` $>,666 $>,666 ij ijr r th thn n `np jrt ltc jk algplcbk. pmnkty
tj
suaanssjr,
jiicaclms, jiicaclms,
lgknsty
niijrts
olae
Icklmmy,
Alkl`clk
bnknrlm
l``n`
trjjps
Gl dj r
D. D.
ajum` G.
D.
Qlkkj ji thn Phcr` Ckilktry knbjtcltn` wcth Mcttmn Onlr tj bnt hcs pnjpmn tj lbrnn tj thn `npjrtltcjk lk` tj nxpmlck tj thng
thlt
bjvnrkgnkt _cnm
lk
lbrnngnkt
onnk
gl`n
brlktckb lgknsty tj thjsn
_nonmmcjk.
mj`bns
hl`
wn rn
Lt
mja ltn`
ijrty ijrt y ck Qcm Qcmvnr vnr Ojw, twj jk thn Qjuth
thcs thc s
tcgn, tcg n,
ck Gjktlkl4
jkn
thn
Alkl`clk
ckvjmvn` ck thn <88> huk `rn `-n cbh ty
ncbhtnn k
Arn Arnn n
ck Brnl t Ilm Ilmms, ms,
ijrty ijrt y ck ck Hjrsn Hjrs n Vmlck, Vmlck, icvn i cvn ck Gcssjuml, Gcssjum l,
Vncblk
_nsnrvltcjk,
_nsnrvltcjk,
twnkty
ck
Bmlsbjw,
lk`
Mcttmn
pnrsjklmmy
trlvnmn`
tj
Onlr
wcth
<3
thcrty icvn jk th thn n Arjw twnkty lmm
thn
ck
Oumm
Arnn
Hjje.
mj`bns,
<3
ajkvckackb Jk
hcs
Dukn
lrrcvn`
ck
pnjpmn
tj
lbrnn
< <3 3,
<839, <83 9,
I cr st
Brnlt
Ilmms
lt
tj
thn
`npjrtltcjk.[
Mcn ut nk lk t
thn
Arnn
algp
Djhk ji
D.
Vnr shc kb
Ouiilmj
Ajlt.
Phrj ubh lk ck tn rpr ntn r hn tjm` thn Ck`cl ks tklt hn hn algn
tj
thng
Hn
uk`nr
nxp mlc kn`
thn jr`nrs jr`n rs
ji thn Brn lt Ilth nr
tj thng thlt hn wl ktn `
thlt
hn
wjum`
thny
wnrn
iurkcsh
thng
t rlk spj rtn `
thlt sckan
hn hl`
wcth
tj ennp thng rltcjks
tj tj Alkl`l. Alkl`l.
snn snnk, k,
wct h hcs
ck ck Rlshckbtjk. Rlshckbt jk.
tjbnt hnr lk` lk`
uktcm
suah
tcgn
Hn iurth nr lssu rn`
jwk
nyns, nyns,
ls
thng
thn stltutn stlt utn
gl `n
oy thn Brnlt Gjthnr ji Alkl`l brlktckb plr`jk ijr lmm lats aj gg ct tn `
`urckb
thn _cnm
_nonmmcjk,
thny th ny
ajum`
innm innm
ajk ic-
`nkt thlt kj pukcshgnkt lwlctn` thng.[ Oy Dumy 3, thn ^.Q. Alvlmry ijrans uk`nr thn ajgglk` ji Mcnutnklkt Vnrshckb hl` rjuk`n` up knlrmy lmm thn Arnn lk`
hl`
rlcmrjl `
shc ppn `
thn g
ajg plk y
hl`
jvnr gl`n
<6 lmm th thn n lpp rjp rcl tn ` rnpjrtn` $<,6 $< ,666 66. . `npjrtn`, aclms thn th n
thlt
thn
ajst
rlc mr jl `s
l trng nk` jus
iuk`s hl` onnk tj
shcp
<2>
lk`
ls
`ntnrgckn`
lpprj prcl tcjk s thlt
1>6
gcm ns
wl ta hi um
nyn
Gcs sju ml
tj Qwn ntb rls s,
thr jubh
ji
thn
thn
wnrn
rnglckckb t tj j
^.Q.
Alkl`l.
prjict prj ict, ,
lk`
spnk spnkt. t.
Gldj r
<2>
nxhlustn`, nxhlustn`,
Arnn
thn th n
wjum`
?6
wc th
thn
rjl`s rjl`s
Dumy Dum y Qlkkj
jii c-
tj
wlme
^k`nr
gl ra hn `
wnt,
wls
ynt tj on
hlvn
j jk k th thn n Alkl `clk ojr`nr.
l rlck stjrg,
oy
stltn
ojr` nr.[ Arnn Arnn
Phn Ph n
gcmns
<3? <3? Ck`c lks
thn Alkl`clk Alkl `clk Alvlmry,
tj
Ck`clks
Ls thnrn wnr n lp pr jx cg lt nm y
ns tcg lt ltn` n`
vnmn`
thn thn
thn th n
ir jg
Phny trl lk` nvnry
?6
kcb ht
thny thny
gldjrcty ajm`s, ajm`s,
wnrn
ji
lk`
thn ls
thn algp. thn thn
`nspnrltn Alkl`clk
thn
smnnp
wnrn
jkmy
lrr cvn `
brjup
ji
jk jk
l `l gp
suiinrckb
algp
irjg
thn ojr`nr,
jk
Lu bus t
9, 9,
cmm.
Ck`clks
<839, <839,
tj
on
Phn Phn
orjkahctcs orjen orj en
lt
thn thn
ck
whn k
Alkl` clk
pnrhl ps
turkn`
lk`
jut
jk thn trcp trcp, ,
Phny wnrn
ynt
brjuk` brjuk`. .
gnls gn lsmn mns s
ijur pnrsjk pnr sjks s `cn`
wnr n snrc jus my
thn thn gjs t
jvnr
tj
thn
bjvnrkgnkt
hl`
luthjrctcns.
@nspctn brlktn`
Ck`clks
Lmth Lm thju jubh bh
g lky
tj
thny knlrn` knl rn`
Ck` clks
ojr`nr,
ijran`
thn
lgknsty
_jylm
ilat
tj
lmm
Gjuktn`
thlt thjsn
Vjmcan
thn
Alkl`clk
ckvjmvn`
ji.Alkl`l
ck
thn
snkt
_cnm
twj
_nonmmcjk,
ajkstlomns
tj
gnnt thn trlck alrryckb thn Arnn cktj Alkl`l, lk` upjk cts lrrcvlm,
lrrn stn`
ckvjmvngnkt mcjk mcjk. . twj
ck
Nmnv nk
wjg nk
Muaey
Glk wls
vca tcg s nvnr
thn thn
wnrn
orj ubh t w jg lk
ncthnr
Mcttmn
lk`
Gur`nrs
plss n`
ji thn thn nvnkt
l Arnn
snnk
Muaey
Mlen Mlen
hl` hl` il`n` il`n`. .
tj tj trcl trclm, m, whj sn
Onlr
jr
thn thn
_cnm
_nonm-
rnonmmcjk .
Jkmy
thn
lk` lk`
Rhnk Mcttmn
hl`
onal usn Muaey
thncr
ckac`nkt,
thn thn jkmy
h uso lk`
Hjwnvnr,
ijr ijr
`urckb
sckan
Irjb
Glk
Onlr lk` lk`
wctkn ss onnk
lblck st
jkn
shn `nkcn`
Glk, Glk,
thncr
thny wnrn
ji
thn thn
hlvckb suos n-
rnmnlsn`.
Rct hck rnturkn`
Mctt mn
survc vn`
Onlr
Mlen
hl`
ji Irjb Mlen Mlen. .
qunktmy
hl`
Irjb
ynlrs
hl`
rn ajm mna tcj k
thng
thn
Mcttmn
Onlr
Alkl`clk
icvn ynlrs, ynlrs, ck lk`
thn
thn Arnn wnr n olae ck Gjktlkl.
ajkiuscjk
Muaey
bjvnrkgnkt's
Glk Glk. . orjenk
?<
thlt
surrjuk`n`
Jthnrs,
ukl omn
prjgcsn
ji
thn
Glky
lrrnst
tj ijr bnt
lgknsty,
ah jsn
ji thn thn tj
?<
mnlvn
Alkl`clk Alkl` clk
thcs" brj brjup up snlrah snlra h
sjcm sj cm. .
Mcttmn
Onlr
whnr wh nrn n hn lblck lbl ck onblk on blk
i ijr jr l pn rgl kn kt
tj <361 wn wnrn rn < 83 833 3 thny
pmlan
uknv nk nktiu tiu m
ijr ijr
rnturkn`
tj tj
tj mnl` hcs
tj snt snttmn tmn. . Mcttmn Mct tmn
pnjpmn pnj pmn
Phn Ph n ynlrs
Onlr
lk` hcs
wnr n st cmm a lg pn ` lt Brn lt Ilmms Ilmms. .
hn lk` hcs br ju p tcgn
thn
tlkl tlk l
algpn `
gj vn `
Ahcppnwl
tj lk lrnl
Ck`clks
knlr
thn thn
wnrn
acty acty
knlr
lmsj
ji ji
Gjkt lkl
ck thncr irjg
Lu bu s tl ,
<832
pnjpm pnjpmn. n.
Ck
Phn Ph n knxt ynlr
Aut Olke. Olke.
rnpjrtn`
wct h
tj
on
snmmck b
Lt
thcs thcs
ck
Gjk-
pjmcshn `
ouiilmj hjrks lk` onl` wjre. @ur ckb
C 3 6 < , thnrn wls lk jut or nl e ji sgl mm pjx lgjk b l
sglmm brjup ji Arnn Ck`clks algpckb jk thn Imlthnl` _nsnrvltcjk tc jk. .
Phn Ph n
in` nrlm
`rcvn thn g irjg pmlan
kjrth
ji ji Elmcspnmm.
tj tj prjv cj`n
@jkjvlk
snkt
thn
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kjt
lbrnn`
tj
Ls ijrts
rnaj bkc zn ply
thn thn
thn
ynlrs
tj sna urn
Onal usn
hnlm th
tj
thn
rnqunst rnq unstckb ckb ply plygn gnk kt.** [ `c`
snkt
^.Q.Almvlry
ijrans
tj tj
thn th n rns nrv ltc jk lk` qul rlkt ckn ` thng lt l
rniusn `
uk`nr
bj vn rk gn kt
snrvcan s
amlcg
ijr
brjup
lk` mjalm
ijr alrn
Ajggcsscjknr
Lmthju Lmt hju bh
thcs
stltn
thn thn ji
ji
lbnkacns
Ar nn , Bnknrlm thn
Arnn
Ck`clk
whcmn
Liilcrs,
thn th n in`nrlm bjv b jv nr nrkg kg nk nkt t stcmm ls
Ck`clk, Ck`clk,
thny
nvn ktulm my
amlcg. p ls sn `, Mcttmn
mlk`
Onlr
ijr ijr hcs pnjpmn.
brnw br nw
w nlr y
Hn ekn w
j ji i hcs ni ni-
thlt plrt ji
hcs prjomng wls thlt hn hl` onnk l plrtcacplkt ck thn _cnm _nscstlkan
lk` lk `
thlt hn
algn
irjg
Alkl`clk
s jc m,
rnblr`mnss
ji thn ilat thlt hn lk` hcs ijmmjwnrs ajksc`nrn` pjrtcjks ji
??
??
thn th n ^kct n`
Qtltn s sjcm thncr hjgn mlk` .
hn rnmckqu cshn` O j y . Ck tcjk tc jk, ,
<36 <36?,
snk`ckb
Ajg gcs scj kn r jk
thn th n
irjg thn th n
hcs
_jae _j aey y
hnl`
tj
ji
Vlrcs
thn th n
lk`
Cktnrcjr. Cktnrcjr.
gjrn
ijr .l rnsnrvl ijr rnsnrvl
ji
thn thn
Bcosjk,
_jaey O j y –s rnqunst rnqu nst
Qlmc sh lk` Eu tn kl c, wnrn
_nsnrvltcjk,
hcs hcs pn pntc tctc tcjk jk
_jaey
Cktnrcjr,
lseckb ijr ijr l pjrtcjk ji mlk`
_nsnrvltcj k.
supp jrtn` jrtn `
thcs thcs ck gck`,
orjthnr-ck-mlw,
thn thn @np lr lrtg tg nk t
ji Ck`clk Liilcrs, Liilcrs,
@n pl rt gn kt
trcons trc ons, ,
tj hcs
Oj Ojy on onbl blk k
l pntctcjk pntct cjk
Iml thn l`
Gjktlkl,
mnl`nr shcp
Rc th
^. ^.Q.
wct h
Hjwnvnr,
lmrnl`y
Qnk ltj r
mnttnrs
onalu sn
tj tj twj
mcvckb jk thn thn Imlt-
cgpjrtlktmy,
onalusn
pjrtcjks
ji
thn rnsnrvltcjk wnrn bjckb tj on jpnkn` tj whctn snttmnrs, _jaey
Oj y –s rnq rnqun unst st Ijr
thn
ajkt cku n` pnlms
tj
knx t
thncr
wls
`nkcn`.
scx scx
ynlrs,
lppnlm
ijr ml ijr mlk` k`. .
thn th n @n pl rt gn kt ji
_jaey
ji
thn th n
thn th n
ck`cvc`ulm ck`cv c`ulm
g ng on rs
Hjusn
knw sp splpn lpn rs
lseckb
ijr lss cstl kan
tjr ji thn
Hnmnkl
Ck`npnk`nkt
Ojy Ojy
lk` hcs
ijmm jw nr s
Phny Ph ny snkt sajrns Cktnrcjr,
lk`
tj
Qnkltn, Qnkltn,
ck thncr
ji ji lp
Ajkbrnss,
lk`
tj tj
pmcbht pmc bht. .
tj
Gjkt lkl Phn Ph n n`c
rnpjrtn`4
Mnttnrs, tnmnbrlgs, lk` pnrsjklm lppnlms ijr lc` rnlah gn nvnry `ly irjg sjgn gngonrs ji thn hukbry olk`. Mnttnrs wrcttnk oy hlmi-ornn`s lk` `c at ltn ` oy oy l ahcn i whj ajum ` sly ilr gj rn ck hcs jwk mlkbulbn thlk hcs sarcons ajum` put cktj N Nkbmcsh, kbmcsh, tnmm ji th thn n stlrvckb stlrv ckb ajk`ctc ajk `ctcjks jks thny lrn ck. 1 Ck tjwlr` onnk
<3 <368 68, ,
thn th n
brlktckb
rnqunstc rnqu nstckb kb
Ajkbrnss
in`nrlm
_jaey
Ojy
bj vn rk gn kt lk`
ijr sj glky
lpprjprcltn`
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hcs
ynl ynlrs. rs. "ijr
gl`n
trcon
thn th n
thn
mlk`
Phlt ynlr thn
icrst
purpjsn
thny
stnp hl`
thn thn Qcx Qcxtnnk tnnk th ji
snttmckb
?1
_jaey O j y –s olk` ji ji. Ahc pp nw l Ck`clks , kjw rns c`c kb ck Gj k tlkl tlkl, , upjk u pjk puomca
mlk`s, mlk`s,
ci lvlcmlo lvl cmlomn mn ck thn thn du` bg nk t ji thn
Qnarntlry ji thn Cktnrcjr, jr upjk sjgn suctlomn nxcstckb Ck`clk rnsnr vltcj k ck ck slc` slc` Qt lt n. "[
Phn Qnarntlry ji thn thn
Cktnrcjr
‗suctlomn
wls
mlk`, mlk`, wltnr, w ltnr, tj
luthjrczn`
tj
purahlsn
lk` wltn wl tnr r rcbhts,
ajkstruat
suctlomn
trlats
ck slc` Qtltn ji Gjktlkl, Gjktl kl,
oucm`ckbs
upjk
slc`
mlk`s
ji lk`
lk`
tj
purahlsn ijr thng suah knansslry stjae lk` cgpmngnkts ji lbrcaum lbrcaumtur turn n
ls ls hn gly `nng p r j p n r . [
Inlrckb mlk`s, mlk`s,
thlt
Gj ktl kl
Ahc ppn wl il rg ck b
wjum`
rlk ahnrs
onckb l lk` k`
thcs
bcvnk
brlzckb.
Ck`n pnk `n kt ngph lscz n`
gnlk
vjc an` lky lky L
strjkb
mlk`s
irjk t
thncr
ji
brlzckb
`cslpp rjv lm
thlt
plbn
mjss
ajum`
stjry
on
ck ck
ji ji thn thn
usn`
thn thn
ijr
Hbmnkl
thn thn rlk ah nr s– innmckb innmckbs4 s4
Phny Uthn Ck`clksW uk`n u k`nrstl rstl k` hjw tj ahjp wjj`, glen rlcmrjl` tcns, aut inkan pjmns lk` gckckb tcgonrs, out thny lrn kjt ck lky snksn ilrgnrs....Phnrn cs kj jodnatcjk tj thcs olk` ji Ck`clks onckb mjaltn` ck sjgn gjuktlckjus pjrtcjk ji thn stltn thlt wcmm knvnr on rnqucrn` rnquc rn` ijr whctn g l k –s lbrcaumturn. ¶ Ijr
sn vnk
ijm mjwnrs mjw nrs
gj rn
wnr n hnm`
thny wnrn shcppn` s hcppn`
ynlrs,
_jaey
oy prjgcs prj gcs ns
irjg irj g pmlan
Ojy
ji mlk` mlk`. .
lk` lk`
hcs
@urckb @urc kb
olk` thcs thcs
ji ji
tcgn
tj pmlan, pmlan, uktcm icklmmy ick lmmy ck ck <3<>
Ajkbrnss plssn` lk lat jpnkckb l pjrtcjk ji thn Ijrt Lssckcojckn
Gcm ctl ry
knxt ynlr, ynlr,
_ns nrv ltc jk
_jaey
tj tj thn thn _jaey _jaey Ojy Ck`clks. Ck`clks.
Oj y , oy thnk l tcrn`
lk` lk` wn lr y
jm`
Phn Phn glk,
`cn`, ekjwckb thlt hn hl` icklmmy snaurn` l hjgn ijr hcs pnjpmn.
?0
?0
AHLVPN_ ? - IJJPKJPNQ <_l ygjk yg jk` `
Brly,
"Hcstjry "Hcstj ry
ji
thn
Arnn
Ck`clks,"
pp.<>3-<96. pp.<>3-<96.
[ C o c` .,p. .,p.C 96 96.
[Yn rkn
@u snkonrr snk onrr y,
"Phn
_jaey
Ojy
Ck`clks,"
p.0.
0Coc`.,pp.<13-<06.
[Brly,p.36.
[@usnk [@u snk onrr y,
"Phn
_jaey
Ojy
Ck`clks,"
p.8.
[Coc`.,p.8.
8Coc`.,pp.1-0.
[Coc`.,pp.<1-<0.
[ C o c ` . ,pp.9pp.9-8.
[B r l y ,p. <93. <93.
[@ us n ko nr ry ,
"Phn "Phn
_jaey _jaey
Ojy
[ Hnmnkl Hnmnkl Ck`npnk` nk t, <6 Glr ah
Ck`clks," Ck`clks,"
<361, <361,
pp.8 pp.8-< -<<. <.
p.1,aj p.1,aj m.?. m.?.
[0V rjan n`ck bs ji thn Qcx tnn kth Ajkbrnss, Ajkbrnss, Icr st Qnsscjk, Qnsscjk, ck Ynr kn @us nkon rry, rry , "Phn _jaey Ojy Ck`clks," p. p.<<.
" *[Coc` .,p. ., p.<< <<. .
m8Hnms m8H nmskl kl
Ck`np nk`nkt, nk`n kt,
?< ?<
?>
Jat jon r
<363 <363, ,
p.<,ajm p.<,ajm
1.
?>
AHLVPN_ 1
L@D^QPGNKP,
Phn brjwth ,
< 3 ? 6 –s
ji
<3< <3
_nsnrvltcjk
shcp
ji
Mcttmn
bj vnr kgn kt mnl`nrs, ijuk`
C 3 1 6 –s
lk` ajki mcat .ijr
Qnp tn go nr Ojy
lk`
B_JRPH,
thn thn
ijr
rjjts
Onlr
lk`
pnjpmn
ick` ick` l hjgn. hjgn.
tc gn
_jaey
ji
bjvn rk gnk t
snttmngnkt, Gcahci
l ` d u s t g nk t ,
lk`
onblk
tj
jpnkn` uk`nr snt
`rnlgs
thn
thn
up
Ck
_jaey
mnl`nr-
thncr
jwk
ji ji thrnn thrnn brnlt
_jaey Oj y , lk` Mctt mn Onlr Onlr, , i cklmm y
ck ck, thn Onlr
Mcttmn
l
Phn Phn mcinmjkb
Mctt mn Qhnmm,
thncr thnc r
in`nrlm
thn
struaturn struaturn. .
wn r n
AJKIMCAP
thn thn Gc ah ci pnjp mn ck Gjktlkl.
Ck`clk
Onlr,
LK@
Ojy
Litnr
Vlw
mcvn`
Gjuktlc ks. tj
snn
Hjwnvnr, Hjwn vnr,
thncr
jkmy
wlk`nrckb
rnmckq ucs hck b hcs mnl `nrs hcp
tj tj
_jaey O j y , Mctt mn Qhnmm hl` rntu rkn ` tj hcs onm jvn ` Purtmn Gjuk Gj uk tlck tl cks s
ck Kjrth
@lejtl,
w hnrn hn rn
hn `cn`
ck ck
<360 <360. .
mcvn` jkmy mjkb nkjubh tj snn hcs niijrts iumicmmn` nstlomcshgnkt
ji
mltnr. mltnr.
Mct tmn
Jkmy
_jaey
Ojy
_nsnrvltcjk
Onlr,
thn br nl t
ck
<3<9,
Arnn
_jaey Ojy wcth thn
`yckb
mnl`nr,
l
ynlr
mcvn`
tj
snn hcs pnjpmn nstlomcsh `jgcklkan wcthck thn rnsnr vltcjk stru atur n. `nlth
Rct h
thn `nl th
ji ji thn trl`c tcjkl m
rnsnr vltc jk
Ck`clks,
wh ct n g l k –s wlys
ji Mct tmn
ajkanpts
thn thn Gc ahc i
ji bjv nrk gnk t.
?9
Onl r
ck ck < 3?? algn
ji thn olk`
wnrn
kjw
struaturn struaturn. .
ijran`
Phny wnrn
tj mnlrk tj
kj mjkb nr
thn thn Ls thn thn
tj tj on
?9
rumn` olk`
oy
trcolm
ahcnis,
struaturn .
kj
Phcs
mjkbnr
knw
tj
ajka npt
glcktlck
thncr
ji mcvckb
wls
kjgl`ca tj alusn
glky ajkimcats ijr thn Gcahci pnjpmn whj hl` onnk usn` tj thn
irnn`jg Phn
ji
thncr
<3 ? 6 –s
kjgl`ca
lk` lk`
mcvns.
<3 1 6 tQ lmsj
orju or jubht bht
ynlrs
ji `nprnsscjk, `nprn sscjk,
wlr, wlr,
lk` ajk imca t lgj kb
thn thn Arnn Arnn lk` Ahcppn wl ls thny ijubht
jvnr
thn
splan
lvlcmlomn
mlk`
jk
thn
_jaey
Ojy
_nsnrvltcjk.
Phn Phn `rl stc a ahl kbn ck thncr wly ji mcin ijran` thng tj mnlrk guah gu ah
ck lk
ckarn ck arn `co my
shjrt
snt up up l ajk stc tut cjk lm wcth wc th
stltn
lk`
in`nrlm in` nrlm
tcgn. tcgn.
Phny hl`
tj mnlrk
ijrg ji bj vn rk gn kt lk`- hjw lbnkacns.
Ck jr`nr
hjw hj w
tj tj
tj `nlm
tj tj survcvn,
thny
wnrn ijran` tj l`dust tj thn whctn glk's ajkanpts ji gltn rclmcsg mcvckb
lk`
alpctlmcsg
laajr`ckb
Lit nr bjvnrkgnkt mlk`mnss
thn
tj
thn
`n lt h
lkkjukan`
Ck `clks
Gjuktlcks. Gjuktlcks. thnrn
wnrn
kjt
rnpjrt tnk`nkt
tj ck
ajk` ctc jks
thn thn
ji
wls
glk's
Ojy
mnt
lk
lmjkn
jvn rwh nmg ckb
ijr ijr
thnsn
knw kn w
ji
Ck`clk
_jaey
jk jk
rnsnr vlt cjk
?2
Ojy
thn on
tj
brlktn`
thn thn Onlr
lmrnl`y
ls ls "cgprjvckb."[
thn thn
Vlw
onalusn
mcvckb
lrrcv lr rcv lms .[
_nsnrvltcjk
tj
ji hjgnmns s
prjomng
Liilcrs, Liilcrs,
in` nrlm
Phn rnspjksn
Huk`rn`s
thjsn
ji
tj
gjvn`
ji
vlmuns.
_nsnrvltcjk.
ijr
ahlrbn
stlk`lr`s
<3<2, <3<2,
wnrn
Ck`c lks
prjvcscjks
thn
ck ck
jvnrwhnm gckb.
Gc ah ci
thncr
aumturlm
lmmjtgnkts
Ajggc ssc jkn r
thn thn
rlcsn
_jaey
prnsnktn`
nkjubh
thn rnsnr vltc jk,
whctn
thlt
A r n n , lk` Phcs Phcs
tj
jk jk thn _jaey Ojy
tj thn thn lkk juk ang nkt Ahcp pnw l,
lk`
jk
Ck hcs Qupn rck
`nsarcon`
thn
Hn `nsarco n`
?2
gjst
ji
hloct s
thn
lk` hlvc kb
iurth nr wnr n
lomn
hl`
thngsnmvns
lk `, `nspctn
thncr
whl t hn ajum`
l snm i-s upp jrt ckb lk`
thn
ijrgnr
hlr` jk
tj
thcs
tcgonr
snn snn, ,
mcin
jotlck
mlk` mlk`. . jk
lk` lk`
stymn.[
tcgn, tcgn,
ji
kj
nmcbcocmcty. nmcbcocmcty.
jvn rar jw` n`
lkkjukangnkt
larns
ck
lk`
ji lmm Ck`c lks
Onalusn
thlt
Arnn
mlk`
Ck`clks, Ck`clks,
thn thn
thn
rns c`c kb
thn
rnajr`s
ousckns s
ajggcttn n,
ji
wls
hjusns
oucm`ckbs5
icrst
hl` onnk
ynlr.
`rlwk
rnsnrvl tcjk
hl` hl`
mcst mcst ajktlc kn`
nlah
klgn
lk`
tj
lmm
on
mlk`mnss
ji ji
Ck`clk
l
anksus
ajk`uat
9>2 klgns.
ajksumtckb
thn thn Qupn rckt nk` nkt
up
b j v n r k g n k t –s
Aj gg cs sc jk nr
Qupnrcktnk`nkt
on
thny thny aumt c
thncr
jpnk
tj
rnsnrvltcjk.
jthnr
in`nrlm
Phn Phn
jk jk thn thn _jaey Ojy _nsn rvltc jk.
Qu pn rc kt nk `n kt –s ckctclm rnvcnwckb
rjmm
thn thn
t hn hn
thn
thlt
`urckb
jiicacl m
ij mmjw ckb
<3<2
rnqunstn`
mlk`
lk`
oucm t
thn
Hn
thn thn pnjpmn
mlk`
Phny
lvlcmlomn
l o l r k , stjrnhj usn,
thcs
kjgl`ca
pnlan iumm y jk thn thn rnsnrvltcjk.
thng snm vns
huk`rn`
`nt nrgc kn
Liilcrs
up
thncr thncr gc kcg lm ek jwm n`b n ji ji ilrgckb,
snvnrlm
Ahc ppn wl
bcvnk
irjg
mjkb
irjg
^p uktcm
ajgn
thlt
wjren`
Phny ajk str uat n`
tj
hlvckb
tj tj lahcn vn
tj tj sup pjrt
vltn`
ls
snttmn`
nx pmlc kn`
wjr eck b
Gcahci
ijr
Ck`clks
Litnr
thn
suogct tn`
Phn Phn
trcolm l icklm icklm
rnpjrt stltckb thlt
0>< ji thjsn mcvckb jk thn rnsnrvltcjk
wnrn
_jaey
ji
gng on rs
thn thn
klg ns
ji
thn thn
Aj gg cs sc jkn r wnr n
`nmnt n`
thn thn Arnn `jg cklt n`
Ojy
ji Ck`clk
irjg
thn thn
trco trcon. n.
Liil Liilcrs, crs,
lpprj vn`
thn thn rnsnrvltcjk,
wnrn Ahcppnwl.
?8
Ijm mjw ckb thn thn
trcolm
thn
jr`nrs
rnglckck b rjmm rjmm. .
?69
Onalu sn
glky ji thjsn thjsn nmcgc kltn`
?8
Phcs ajkimcat aumgckltn` tnk ynlrs mltnr wcth thn ijrgltcjk
ji "Phn Lolk`jkn`
@ussjg n.
Ck <310 <310, ,
mnss Ck`c lks thn
"Phn
Gjktlkl
jk
lt tn gp tn `
on
thn thn
tj ji
snttm n
thn
ckamu `n`
_jaey _jaey
jk
thn thn
Ojy
tj
thn thn
Ck`clks
bjvnrkgnkt
ouy
ijr
Ck`clks
lmsj
lmrnl`y
irjg
12,666
thngsnmvns Brly
thjsn Ck`clks
thlt
rjm ms
almmckb
_lygjk`
ojth
rnsnrvl tcjk.
_nsnrv ltcjk.
in`nrlm
wcth
_nsnrvltcjk,
ck thn in` nrl m
prjgcsn`
thn
Ojy
cktj "Phn "Phn Ml k` -
l yju kbn r brju p spmc t
Gjktlkl,"
prjtns ts
Mlk`mnss
bjvnrkgnkt _jaey
ji
Ck`clks,"
@ns pctn
Ck`clks" mn` oy Djn
cka jrp jrl tn`
Ck <310 <310, ,
Ck`clks
Mlk`mnss
mnl`nr mnl`nr. .
prjtnsts
thcs brjup
"Mlk`mnss
rnsc` ckb
ji Ahcppnwl
ji Gjktlkl."[
irjg
prc glr y
Olk`
ji
Ck
thny
mcvckb
jk
lmrnl`y
thnsn thnsn
brjups
rnsp jksn
tj tj
rcbhtiummy
thn thn
shjum`
ji _jaey
O j y , thn in` nrl m
larns
mlk`
ji
l`dlankt
H j w n v n r , lt thn thn slg n
prjgcsn`
t hncr
tj
purahlsn
thn
_jaey
tcgn
gjrn
Ojy
hly
tj thn thn
mlk`
_nsnrvltcjk.
Ck lk lttngpt tj gnnt thn knn`s ji ojth brjups ji Ck`clks, whnk thn bjvnrkgnkt purahlsn` thn mlk`, ct pmlan` thn mlk` uk`nr
thn Phn
dursc`catcjk rnsumt
ji
thcs
Mlk `mn ss
Ck`cl k
rcbhtium
jw knr sh cp
Mlk `mns s
Ck`clks,
lk`
D. D._.
Rcmmclg Liilcrs.
ji
thn
_jaey
`nacscjk
brjups
lk`
Qlkbrny,
prjvn`
Mjucs
wn kt
tj tj
Tcggnrglk
Dr.,
Lsscstlkt
Dukn
<31 <319, 9,
?3
`ntrcgnktlm l
`cs putn
tj
jvnr
Ls rnpr nsnk tltc vns
@ us sj gn
Jk
Lbnkay.
alusn `
ji ji thn thn mlk` mlk`. .
@lk
Ojy
Qt.Glres, Qt.Glres,
Rl sh ck bt jk
@. @.A.
Ajggcsscjk nr
Tc gg nr gl k
rns pjk` n`
Orjwk,
gn nt ji ck ck
thn thn
ji thn thn
Dlgns tj
ojth
wcth
Ck `clk l mnttn r
?3
thlt
jutmc kn`
hcs
mnttn mnttnr, r,
thlt
wn
Tc gg nr gl k
hlvn
C k` k` cl cl k s
tj
strnssn`
thlt
thn
thn ajka mus cjk
l
ngphls czn`
`nickctn
rjuk`
ju t
thn
prcglry
rnsnrvltcjk
wls
ji thncr
tj
gnn tckb
thlt
"thn "thn
rnspjkscocmcty
t hn c r usn
pr p r ns n s nk nk t ijr
prjvc`n
thn
hly
wct h
Jiican
tj
thn
ji
suiicacnkt
Gjktl kl
wcktnrs. wcktnrs.
hly
tj
Phus, hus,
inn`
onmcnvns Ojy
r n s n r v l t c j k . Hn
12,666
mlk`
thncr
Ck
_jaey
tj
larns
pnrgct
hnr`
`urckb
Tc gg n rg lk –s mnttnr
l``n` thn
Ojy Ck`clks tj ckarnlsn thncr kugonr ji alttmn lk` thng
hcg. hcg.
tj
_jaey
tj lssurn thn
snvnrn
ngphlsczn`,
jkmy
thn mlk` kjt usn` ls hly mlk` wl s tj on lmm jtt n` tj mlk`mns s Ck`clks. Ck`clks.
Phcs
lpprjxcgltnmy _jaey
Ojy
jkn
ngphl sczn` ,
huk`rn`
knw
wjum`
ilgcmcns
tj
on sui icac nkt
ijr
on
thn
ahjsnk
oy
Lbnkay.
^k`nr sjks
ml k` , hn
thn Ck`clk
wcshckb
tj
on
_ njrb lkc zlt cjk
snmnatn`
tj
Lat ji <310 <310, ,
mcvn
jk
thn
knw
thjsn pnr trlats
hl`
icrst tj nstlomcsh thngsnmvns ls "ck`cvc`ulms ji jkn-hlmi jr gjrn on
Ck`clk
lpprjv n`
pjcktn`
jut
omjj`
lk`
thncr
lppmcaltcjk
oy
thn thn
Qna rntlr y
ck
hcs
mnttnr
ji
thlt
thn whnk
rnajbkczn`
lk`
l`gcttn`
lk`
mjaltn`
thn thn
mlk`
l`nqultn,
jk
jrblkczltcjk Lat. Lat.
Ck
Ck`clks _jaey gly
on
ajum`
rns pj ks n on
Ojy
bcvnk
wls
on tj
nstlomcshn` @ u s s j g n –s
thncr
_nsnrvltcjk,
prjamlcgn`
oy
thn
jwk
16
thn
knw
kugonrs thnk thnk uk`nr
rnsnrvltcjk
Qnarntlry
thn
ji
thn thlt
gust
Tc gg nr gl k
gngonrs knw
l gjrn
wnrn
ilgc mcns pnr gl kn kt
_njrblkczltcjk thn thn
snplrltn
ajkan`n`, ajkan`n`, ji
nkrjmmgnkt
Cktnrcjr." Cktnrcjr."[ [
rnq uns t
Tc gg nr gl k
thn
ijr
"Mltnr Cktnrcjr
Mlk` mnss irjg thcs thcs ls
l
thn mlk` mlk` knw
16
rnsnrvltcjk
jr
ct
gly
on
_nsnrvltcjk.Hjwnvnr,
l``n`
tj
thn
nxcstckb
thn lssc lsscbkg bkgnk nkt t
ji
_jaey
tnrg tnrgs s
lk lk`
Ojy
ajk` ajk`cc-
tcjks lk` lk` thn thn `nt nrgc klt cjk ji l`gc ttck b thnsn thnsn knw nkrjmmnns tj
gngonrshcp
Jvnrmjjeckb
wls
thn
thn twj trcons trcons, , thn Mlk`mnss Mlk`m nss
tj
gldjr
on
gl`n
oy
ajkimcat
thn
thlt
_jaey
hl`
Ojy
Ck`clks.
prnvcjusmy
`cvc`n`
Tc gg nr gl k rniusn` tj brlkt brlk t snplrltn snplr ltn mlk`s tj tj
Ah cpp nwl
Ck`c lk
brjups, brjups,
stltckb stltck b
jkm jkmy4 y4
Qckan ojth brjups lrn amjsnmy rnmltn` lk` trcolmmy lii cmcl tn`, ct jaaur s tj gn thlt glk y ji yjur lktcacpltn` prjomngs alk lk` shjum` on wjren` jut tjbnthnr.8 Hlvc kb
thus onnk ck ij rgn `
thlt thn thn iltn ji hcs pnjpm n
wls kjw ck thn hlk`s ji thn _jaey Ojy _nsnrvltcjk, @ussjgn pursun`
iurthnr
thn Ousck nss
thn
qunstcjk
ji
l
snplrltn
rnsnrvltcjk
Ajukac m ji thn thn _jaey Ojy Lbnkay Lbnkay. .
tjj hcs rn quns qu nst t wls `nkcn`.
wcth
Hjwnvnr,
hnrn
Ls spj ensg en sglk lk ijr _jaey _j aey Ojy Ojy, , [Dj[/
Klumt ngphlsczn` thn knn` thlt hcs jwk pnjpmn hl` ijr thn 12,666 12,666
larn larns. s.
phlsczn` laqucrn alttmn
_ncttn rrltckb
thn hly
knn` mlk`
`urckb
phlsczn`
thlt
tj
ckarnlsn
suiicacnkt
thn thn snvnrn thn
Tcgg nrglk 's
tj
alrn
wcktn r
"mlk`mnss
thncr
alttmn ijr
gjkths gjkths. .
Ck`clks"
pjckts pjckts, ,
thn
Klumt
hnr`
lk`
knn`s
ji
Klumt
Tcggnrglk
ng tj thn
iurthnr
ng-
rninrrn`
tj
ck hcs mnttnr wnrn kjt spnacicn` tj on "Phn Mlk`mnss Ck`clks ji Gjktlkl." thn
tnrg
Hn quns tcjkn` tcjk n` @ussjgn 's
'ml k` mn ss ' rni nrr n`
Gjktlkl4
1<
tj
hcs
rcbht
tj tj ajksc `nr
Mlk`m nss
Ck`c lks
thlt thlt ji
1<
P h l t t h c s m l k ` h l s o n n k o j u b h t i jr jr t hn hn m l k ` m n s s Ck`clks Ck`clks, , t r u n , out `j `j yju su pp js n thl t thn thn Ck`clk Jiican hls gcscktnrprntn` thn wjr` mlk`mnss Ck`clks: ...Rn prnsnktn` lk laqucsctcjk ijr gjrn mlk` ijr thn mlk`mnss Ck`clks thlt wnrn gng onr s ji thn thn _jaey Ojy Ojy Prcon thlt knn`n` mlk` mlk`. . Phny wnr n gn go nr s ji thcs thcs rnsnrvltcjk out lt thn slgn tcgn thny wnrn mlk`mnss. Jk thn st rn kb th ji thlt 'lpp mcal tcjk wn bjt l vnry sltcs ilatjry lksw nr irjg thn thn Ck`clk jiican slyck slyckb, b, wn wcmm ouy gjrn mlk` tj tlen alrn ji yjur mlk`mnss Ck`clks. Ck`clks. Phlt cs whnr n thn thn wjr` mlk`mn ss alg n ck. ck.[ [ Lmthjub h @us sjg n
ajktckun `
tj tj ngph lsc zn
tj tj
thn thn ajg gct tnn
thlt thnsn mlk`s hl` onnk purahlsn` lt thn pntctcjk
ji hcs
trcon ls wn mm
hl` ls ls
guah
cktnrnst
Klumt
rniusn`
ij mmj wnr s
lk` thlt hn lk` lk` hcs hcs t r co n, thnrn ijrn, ck
thn
tj
ls
thn
_jaey
Ojy
laekjwmn`bn
lky
amlcg
@ussjgn
g cbh t hlvn
mlk`
tj tj thn thn mlk` mlk`. .
Ck`clks
hl`,
lk`
hcs
Hn ajk amu` n` oy tnmmckb
@ussjgn4 Rn lrn `jckb lmm wn alk tj try tj tlen alrn ji nvnry oj`y out wn hl vn k–t k–t bjt nkju bh mlk mlk`. `. Ls ilr ls stlrtckb l knw rnsnrvltcjk, C hnlrtcmy lb rn n wc th yju. yju. Ou t ls ilr ls ls bc vc kb yj yju, lky pjrtcj k ji jur hjm`ckb, thlt cs cs ukrnlsjkl omn. Rn wcm m tlen alrn ji ji jkmy thjsn l`jptn` jkns lk` jur mlk`mnss icrst. [ Gr.
G a K n c m m y ,' thn
Ck`clk
Jii can
_nsnrvltcj k,
w ls
prnsn kt lt thcs thcs
@ussjgn
thn
Ck`clk
thlt
ilgcm cns
on l`jptn`
irjg
tj @ u s s j g n , Ga Kn cm my
Jiican
lbnkt lbn kt
gnntckb.
slc`
thlt
Gr. Gr. thlt
B r l y –s thn
Ck`clk s
brjup,
_jaey
thny thny
whj
Ojy
wlk tn`
jod natn` nat n`
lbnkay
hl`
tj l`jp l`jpt. t.
1?
vnry thn
thlt
brju brjup. p.
thnrn wls
knvnr onnk onnk rnajb kczn` oy thn thn Mlk`mnss
thn
_jaey Ojy
Hn tjm` Klumt lk`
rnajggnk`n`
thn thn kjk -wlr `
jk
twnkty-icvn
Ck stltng nkts
l pjc kt
thlt hl`
Ck`clks, Ck`clks,
nspnaclmmy
strn st rnkuj kuj usm y
tj thn ilat
rcbht
GaK ncm my
tj
pcae
pjcktn`
jut
jut
thjsn
thlt thn thn
1?
ajkstc tutcjk, pjwnr Hn
lk`
iumm
iurthnr
Ck`c lks
ls
snt
rnmltn`,
lk`
sctn.[ sctn.[ <
Ck
ji ls
jut
thn thn lk
ijr hcs
ck tj
slgn
tj
_jaey
Ojy Ojy's 's
nmnatckb ojth
brjup
jrb lkcz ltcj k
knwmy
brjups
o m j j ` , jr
Ck`clk
rn sp jk sn
rnsn rvl tcjk
blvn
luthjrcty
pjcktn`
wn rn
up,
thlt
lt lky
wnrn
GaK ncm my
thn
rltn
nktctmn`
@ u s s j g n 's rn qu ns t
trco trcon, n,
l`jptn`
pjcktn`
pnjpmn. Mlk`mnss
, amj snm y
tj
ijr
iumm
l
hjgn-
l sn plr ltn
jut4 jut4
Ci thlt mlk` wls gl`n cktj l snplrltn rnsnrvltcjk, yju pnjpm n wju m` on ck ck l ol` sctult cjk o nalu sn yju wjum`k't hlvn suggnr rlkbn mlk` jr tcgonr ilacmctcns....Ci yju wlkt l snplrltn rnsnrvltcjk, yju shjum` bnt lwly irjg hnrn ck jr`nr thlt yju yju wjk't bnt gcxn` up. ? @nsp ctn @ u s s j g n 's lr bu gn kt ijubht
ijr
Ck`clks
lk`
thcrtnnk
ynlrs
thlt
`nacscjk
thn
tj
thlt hn lk` lk` hcs pnjpmn hl`
bnt ji
mlk`
thn thn
ijr
Ck`clk
thn
Mlk`mnss
Jiican
tj pmlan
thcs mlk` uk`nr thn luthjrcty ji thn _jaey Ojy _nsnrvltcjk wls
ukilc r
lk` ukdust,
phlsczckb
thlt
Ck`clks Ck`clks, ,
Klumt
hcs
hcs rnqu nst
trcon
jiinrn`
hl`
kj
@uss jgn
wls
mlk`
imltmy `nkcn`. `nkcn`.
tj
jkmy
bcvn
hcs hcs
tj
thn
sygplthy
_n ng
Mlk`mnss ijr ijr
thncr thncr
pmcbht. Jkan lblck hcstjry `nlmt l aruaclm omjw tj thn Mcttmn Qhnmm
Prcon
ji Mlk `mn ss
Ah cp pn wl
Ck`clks. Ck`clks.
Oy
thcs
tcgn, tcgn,
glky ji thng hl` onnk ijran` tj lolk`jk thncr ilrgs jk thn _jaey
Ojy
jutsecrt s
_nsnrvltcjk
lk`
hl`
ji ji Brnlt Ilmm Ilmms. s.
snttmn`
Klgn`
jk
"Hcmm
>2"
jk
thn
`urckb _jjsnvnmt's _jjsnvnmt's prn sc
`nkay, "Hcmm >2" wls thn hcbh pmltnlu lrnl jk thn Rnst Qc`n ji
Brnlt
Ilmms, Ilmms,
usn`
ls
lk
11
ngnr bnk ay
mlk`ckb
icnm`
ijr ijr
11
jvnr snl s
Lrg y
lcr
glc m
snrvca n
brjup ji Mlk`m nss Ck`clks, Ck`clks,
trlksp jrt s.<1
Phn Phn
ajgp rcs n` p rn`j gck lkt my
jthnr ji thn thn
Vngockl olk` ji Ahcppnwl uk`nr thn jrcbcklm mnl`nrs hcp ji Mcttmn
Qhnmm, Qhnmm,
th rj ub hj ut
wnrn
twj
mcvckb
thncr glky pmnls kjt
blckn`
hn l`q ulr tnr n`
thn nls tn rk
lpprjxcgltnmy `clks
wls
thn
pj rt cj k
thjuslk` ck ck
lt lt
Ahckjje, Ahckjje,
ji ji Gjktl kl.
mlk`mnss
thn thn hcb hmlk `
rnajbkctcjk
10
thny
sjubht.
lk`
ji Gjktlkl.
tj thn thn in`nrlm bjvn rkgn kt,
mj`bns
Oy thn C 3 0 6 *s, *s,
Ahcppnwl
lrnl lrnl
wct h
Ar nn
Ck-
@nspctn
thny stcmm stcmm hl`
10
AHLVPN_ 1 - IJJPKJPNQ C _l ygjk yg jk `
Brly,
"Hcstj "Hc stjry ry
ji
thn
Arnn
Ck`clks Ck`c lks," ,"
p.< p.<03 03. .
?Coc`.,p.<2>.
1Coc`.
[Ynrkn
@usnkonrry,"Rlctckb
ijr
l
@ly
thlt
Knvnr
Ajgns,"
p.18.
[ Rc mm cl g Tc gg nr glk, gl k, Dr. tj D._. @uss @u ss jg n lk` lk` thn _jaey Ojy @nm nblt cjk, -_jaey Ojy, <319.
9Coc`.
2 Coc`. Coc`.
8Coc`.
3(D.Q. @n pl r t gn k t ji thn Cktnrcjr Cktn rcjr, , Jiican Jii can ji Ck`clk Ck`c lk Liilcrs4 "Gc kutn s ji thn thn _jaey _jaey Ojy Ojy Ouscknss Ajukacm," ? Gly C306, 306, Klt cjk lm Lrahcvns, Lrahcvn s, Icmn Ojx Kj Kj. 18 81 8- 1> -6 >1 -_jaey Ojy, <319, p.9.
<6Coc`.,p.2.
<<
<1Qcs tnr Vrjvc`nkacl, "Lojut Hcmm >2" >2" (^kpuomcs hn` glku sarcpt sar cpt4 4 Ajmmn bn ji Brnlt Brn lt Ilmms, Ilmms, Gjktlkl, <3>? <3>?), ), p.1.
1>
Ojx
1>
AHLVPN_
0
PHN _JL@ J^_ ILPHN_Q RLMEN@
Phn
@l wn s
in`nrlm mcvns
m nbc sml tcj k
ji
thn
trl`c tcjks `urckb thrnn
L m mj t gn k t
Ck`clk lk` lk`
Brlkt's
Ck`clks.
thlt
Vnlan
ji
hl`
pnjpmn
thncr
cgpjrtlkt
L at
thn thn
onalusn
nlrmcn r Vjmcay
ahlkbns
C 882
thn thn
brn ltns t ct
wlys
thn
jkn
ji
irnn
jk
thncr
mci mcin.
ji thn thn
trcolm
Mnb csmlt n`
Lat
kjgl`ca
thlt "Vmlcks
pcnan
cgp lat
`nstrjyn`
N rl , thn thn @lwn s
cktj
Phn lat prj vc` n`
wls
ckt rj`uan `
mcvns
Ck`c lks
ji
wnrn
thn
tj tj on
`csgjuktn`, `cslrgn`, lk` pmlan` jk suctlomn rnsnrv ltcjks w hn h n rn rn
t hn hn y
c`njmjby tcjklm tcjklm
aj aj um um `
tl tl e n up w hc h c tn t n g lk's a u m t u r n . P h n
rnprnsnktn`
l
brjss
gcscktnrprntltcjk
mcinstymn ji Ck`clk pnjp pnjpmn, mn,
ji
thn
w hj hj mn mn trl`c
`nstrjyc kb thncr ajgguk lm
nxcstnkan lk` thncr hlrgjky wcth klturn. Oy prjanss tcjk. jk. cts
thn thn ji
nk` nk`
Phn Phn gj vn gn kt
pnle, pnle,
<89?.? <89?.?
wnstwlr` kugo nrs
thn
kc kn tn nk th
`cspjssnssckb
orju or jubh bht t
thn thn rlcmrjl`, ji
ji
wnstw lr`
lojut
oy oy
Ck`clks larjss
suah
wls
ck
thn
rlpc`
lbn
jm`
laanmnrl
thn thn ^kctn` Qtltns wls lt
ilatjrs ila tjrs
ls
thn thn
nxp lkscjk lks cjk
ji
thn `cs ajv nry ji bjm`, bjm`, lk` thn thn Hj gn st nl ` Lat
Phn Phn glrah
wnrn
thn
anktury,
rlc mrj l`s ji
lmsj
blvn
mlk`-hukbry rlpc`my
l
pj wn riu m
Nurjpnlk
ckarnlsck ckarnlsckb. b.
cg pn tu s
tj tj
cggcbrlkts,
Iurthnrgjrn ,
thn thn
whjsn
thn kn w
ck`ustrclm.knn`s gl`n gckckb lk` mugonrckb jpnrltcj ks ilr
19
19
gjr n
cg pj rtl kt Ls
thlk
snttmnrs
rjl gck b olk`s thn
jkmy
gjvn`
Ck` cl k–s tctmn iurthnr
ji ji Ck`clk s
sjmutcjk
Pnk ynlrs
thn
wls
onij rn
lk`
onal gn
tj
ijran
thn pls slbn slb n
tj hcs
iurthnr
l brnltn r
thn thn @l wn s
wnstwlr`,
thrnl thrnlt. t.
acvcmczltcjk
ji
mlk mlk`. `.
jk
Lat, Lat,
thn lk
Pj glky Ck`clks. lbnkt
thn Slketjk Qcjux gl`n thn ijmmjwckb rnajgnk`ltcjk Qupnrcktnk`nkt
ji
Ck`clk
thn
ijr
tj thn
Liilcrs4
Ls mjkb ls Ck`clks mcvn ck vcmmlbns, thny wcmm rntlck glky ji thncr jm` jm` lk` lk` ckdur cjus hlocts. hlocts. Irnq unk t inlsts, ajggukcty ck ijj`, hnlthnk anrngjkcns lk` `lkans, ajk stl kt vc sctckb -- thnsn wcmm ajktckun ls mjkb ls pnjpmn mcvn tjbnthnr ck amjsn kncbhojrhjj` lk` vcmm vcmmlbn lbns. s.... ...! ! trust thlt th lt onij rn lkjt l kjt hnr ynlr yn lr cs nk`n`, thny wcmm bnknrlmmy on mjaltn` upjk ck`cvc`ulm mlk`s ji ilrgs. Irj g thlt `ltn wcmm onbck rnlm lk` lk` pnrglknkt prjbrnss.[ @nsp ctn @lwns
Lat
shlrn
ji
thn
in`nrlm
wls
plssn`
tj
mlk`,
@.Q.
Jtcs,
bj v nr k gn k t–s t–s bcvn
thn
ck
hcs
prntn ksn
Ck`clks stu`y
ji
thlt
thncr
thn thn
rcbhtium
in`nrlm
Ck`clk
pjmcay, josnrvns thlt thn ahcni l`vlktlbn ji thn pjmcay ji thn
@lwns
Lat
ji surp mus
ijr
mlk`s
thn
in`nrlm
bjvnrkgnkt
jk thn rnsnrvlt rnsn rvlt cjks .[
wls
Ck
thn
jpnkckb
thn `noltn `no ltn
jk
up thn
@lwns Lat, thn Gckjrcty _npjrt ji thn Hjusn Ck`clk Liilcrs Ajggcttnn ck <886 jpnkmy stltn` thlt thn rnlm lcg wls tj bnt lt
thn thn
C k ` c l k –s mlk`s
ajk tnk `s Ck`clk lk`
tj
hnlthnk
thlt
wnrn
l
nxnrt
thn
jpnk
prjvc scj ks
prntnxt l
lk` lk`
tj
ijr– ijr– thn
tlen
strjkbnr
pjpumltcjk.
12
thng
lwly
pjmcay
tj tj sn tt mn gn kt .[ lpplrnk lppl rnkt t onkn on kn ic t
thn ji
mlk`
irjg
thn
acvcmczltcjk
jk
Jtcs ji ji
thn thn
Ck`clk thcs
12
@nspctn pls sn`
jp pjsckb
jk Ino ru lr y
vcnws, vcnws,
8, 8, <882 <882. .
thn thn
@lwn s
Lm mj tg nkt
Phn lat lu th jrc zn `
Lat Lat wls
thn thn Vr ns c
`nkt ji thn ^kctn` Qtltns tj prjann` wcth thn lmmjtgnkt ji mlk`
lk`
tj
`namlrn
thjsn
on act czn ks
ji ji
Ck`clks
thn @lw ns
ijrg
slw
ji
whc tn
prjvc`n wcth Jkn
thn thn ^kc tn`
prjtnatcjk
ckvl `ckb
Ck`clks
Qtltns. Qtltns.
Lat
ls ls
lblckst
snttmnrs.
Jglhl
thny
Ck`clk
whj
lmsj
cts cts
lmmjtgnkts plsslbn,
thng
g lky
l bul rlkt nn`
nkarjlahgnkt
onmcn vn`
tj
thlt
oy
thn
ct wjum `
thn thn in`nrlm bjv nr kgn kt thlt
knvnr
lsen`
^pjk
iurthnr
Phny
wjum`
rnancvn`
prjvc` ckb
thng l bulrlk tnn irjg
lmmjtgnkt
whj
on
ijr
rngjvn`
lmmjtgnkt
irjg
thncr
nxprnssn`
mlk`. thnsn
snktcgnkts4 Phn rjl` jur ilth nrs wlme wl men` n` cs bjkn, bjkn, thn blg n cs bjkn, bjkn, thn whct wh ct n pnjp mn lrn lmm loj ut us. Phnrn cs kj usn ck ck lky Ck`cl k thc kec kb ji thn thn jm` wlys5 hn gu st kjw bj tj wj re ls ls thn thn whc tn glk `jns `jns. . Rn wl kt tctm ns tj jur mlk`s thlt thn mlk` gly on snaurn tj jur ahcm`rnk. Phn Phn @lwns ji
Ck`clks
ncth nr Jr`nr. Jr`nr. wls
mjaltn`
oy oy
trnlty,
Phrj ubh
luthjrczn`
rnsurvnyn`
ci
rns nrvl tcjk s tj
on
vcn wn`
Lmm jtg nkt Lat niinatn` lmm lmm trcons trcons lk` olk`s
jpnk
jk
oy lk
thcs thcs tj
lk`
suiicacnka y.
Vr ns c` nkt nk t ji thn ^kctn` ^kc tn`
lk`
Phcs Phcs
tj
lmmjt
thn
brjup
18
tj
jw kn rs hc p
ji
ji
Phn Phn ukus n`
glcktlck mlk` mlk`
Qtltns
survnyn`
Prl`c tcjk lmmy
usn
Nx nau tcv n
mlk`s
Phn Phn trcon' trcon's s gng on rs
tjbnthnr
oy oy
rnsnrvltcjks
pjpumltcjk.:
snttmngnkt.
jr
thncr
thn
Ck`clk
wjren`
Ajkbrnss,
ijr
ji
knansslry,
whc tn
arnltn`
lat
`nscbkltn`
mlk` ls ajggu klm.
tjbnthnr
rnsnrvltcjk
lat, lat,
hlvn
tj tj cts cts tj tj
lky
thjsn
mlk` wls
thn thn
jwkn`
jr
Ck`clks thn thn mlk`
thncr
snmi-
prjv c`n`
thn thn
18
Ck`clk s
wct h
l ukcqu n
ajhnscvnknss.
Ls Cgp rn
Qutt jk
stltns stltns4 4
Mlk` sustlc ks thn mcin stymn ji ajukt mnss trcons, trcons, nvnk whnk mcttmn larnlbn cs ck prj`uatcjk jr hls prj`uatcvn vlmu vlmun. n. Mlk` sust lcks ijr ijr gjr n thlk thlk suoscstnka n, lk` ck`nn` glky Ck`clks rnajbkczn` `nal`ns lbj thn ijmmy ji lttngptckb tj sustlck thncr `lcmy knn`s jk larnlbn thlt cs glrbcklm, ojth ck rnsjurans lk` ck pnr alpctl sczn. Jkn wls
ck ck
thn
thn thn
prjvcscjk larns
ji
tj
gldjr
ahlkbns
aj gg uk lm
ji
thn
nlah
mc ins tym n
@lwns
hnl`
thn
ji
Lat
wls
ilgcmy,
@lwns
ji tj
thn thn
orjubht
Ck`clk. Ck`clk.
brlkt
ncbhty
Lat
jkn
larns
lojut
Phn Phn
ahcn i
huk`rn`
scxty
tj
nlah
sckbmn
pnrsjk jvnr ncbhtnnk ynlrs ji lbn lk` tj nlah jrphlk uk`nr ncbhtnnk,
lk`
ncb ht nn k
ynlrs
plt nkt -ck -in n
ijrty ji
larns
tj lmm jthnr
lbn. bn.
tj on
Qnajk`m y,
cssun`
tj tj
sckbmn
thn
nvnry
pnrsjks
lat
uk `nr
lu thj rcz n`
lmmjttnn. lmmjttnn.
Phcs
l
pltnkt-
ckck- inn wls tj on hnm` ck trust oy thn in`nrlm b jv nr kg nk t ijr twn kty -ic vn kjt
on
ynlrs, ynlrs,
lmcnk ltn`
`u rckb
thcs
tcgn
jr nkaugonrn `.
thn lmmjtn `
Phn
mlk`s
thcr` prj vcsc jk
ajum` ji
thn thn
lat lm mj wn ` thn thn Ck`cl ks l pnrcj ` ji ijur ynlr s tj glen thncr snmn atcjk
ji
lmmj ttn`
mlk` mlk`s. s.
lat, lat,
ci lky
Ck`clk
thlt
tcgn,
l snm nat cj k
Qnar ntlr y
ji
ajkinrrn` Ck`clks
whj
`c`
kjt
gl en
w jum `
thn Cktnrcjr. Cktnrcjr.
actcznkshcp lolk`jkn`
thn thn
"acvcmczn`"
wls
tj
rngjvn
upjk
thncr
lbrcaum turlm
thn
Laa jr` ckb
Ck`clk
ls
13
gl`n
ijurth
lt
tnrgs
ji ji
ji
mlk`s
`urckb
trcons
lk`
jr`nr
thn thn
thn thn
lat
lk`
lky
upjk
l`jptn`
thn
tj
thn
j thnr
hlocts
Phn Phn umt cgl tn snttmnrs
thn thn
ji ji
ji
sjacnty.3 thrnlt
thn thn
prjvc scjk
lmmjttnns
l
thn thn
l snmna tcjk on
Phn
tj tj
ji
purpjsn purpjsn gjvckb
13
wns tw lr` ,
tj jpnk Ck`c lk ml k` s, lk` tj tj lmm jw thn Ck`clk
tj
onaj gn lk ck` npnk`n kt ilrg nr lk`' lk`'lk lk uprcbht actcznk actcznk. . Hjwnvnr,
thn thn @lwn s Lat hl` glk y knbltcvn niin ats jk jk thn thn
mcvns ji thn thn Ck`cl k pnjpmn. pnjpmn. thn
pnjpmn
lk`
prjpnrty. prjpnrty. hlvn
Gjst
ajkam u`n`
lmmjtgnkt on
alusn`
ajkanpt
suaanssium
ajkimcats
stu`cns
thlt
ji
twj
tj
snplrltn
lm mj tg nk t
prjo mng s
mlk`
lmmjw
jvnr
thn thn
glck
arnltn`
lk`
Phn lm mj tg nk t ji mlk` `cvc `n`
ukcts
ijr
jwknrshcp
ji Ck`clk
nxcstn`. nxcstn`.
thlt
wnrn
suoscstnkan
ji
mlk`s
Icrst, Icrst, tjj
thn
ji
thn thn
sglmm
tj
ilgcmcns.
Phn najkjgcas ji thn rurlm lrnls hl` rnlahn` l pjckt whnrn mlrbnr
ukcts
hl`
vcty vcty. .
Qnajk`,
onajgn
thn
nssnktclm
tnkurn
ijr
str uat ur n
suoscstnkan wls
prj`uatc
ahl kbn `
tj
hnmp
rnsjmvn mlk` usn prjomngs lk` tj lmmjw thn trcons tj lahcnvn ajrpjrltn tn` tn`
najkj gy
mlk`s
ck
plrtcl plrtclmmy mmy, , thrjubh
ajksjmc`lt n`
thlt
naj kjg ca
`n vn mj pg nk t ji thn thn Ck`clk
thrjubh
niinatcvnmy l
thn
rjoon`
mcvnmchjj`
tutn tutn. . thncr
arnltn`
@lwns thn ck
Phn nk` rns umt
Lat
oucmt-ck
thn
Ck`clks
rnturk
l
ji
pnjpm pnjpmn. n. ^kctn`
thncr
jiinrn`
strcppn `
Glky
jostlamn
<<
jm`
ck
hlvn thn
Phny pjckt jut
wlys
kj
thn Ck`cl ks
lmmjt
hcstjrclks
Qtltns
thng
ji
bjvnrkgnkt ji
snaurckb
vclomn
suostc
ji thncr
mlk` mlk` lk`
irnn`jg. Phn
gldjr
rnsc`ckb tnrgs
lk`
lat
sahngns .[
josnrvn`
thlt
thn
ckajrpjrl tcjk
jk
ajkimcat
thn
_jaey
ji thn thn lm mj tg nkt
wl k` nr ck b
ck
thncr
ontwnnk Ojy
06
Arnn
_nsnrvltcjk
pjmc pjmcay. ay.
snlra h
thn
ijr
lk`
wls
Phrj ubhj ut l
hjgn,
thn thn
thn
Ahcppnwl
alusn`
oy
thn
thncr thncr ynlrs ji Arnn
lk`
thn thn
06
Ahc ppn wl
hl` hl`
hnrctlbn,
l aj gg jk
ajks c`nr n` snplrltn
olk`n`
tjbnthn tjbnthnr. r. mlkbulbn,
thn gsnm vns
brjups brjups
Ojk`n`
oy
l aj gg jk
lk` l aj gg jk
tj tj on Gca hci
thncr thncr ajkimcats
aumturlm
bj lm , ojth
Ck`clk Ck`clks. s.
brjups
Hjwnvnr,
hl` hl` onnk gckcglm.
ls ls
Mcvckb
kjt ls jkn brjup ji pnjpmn out ls kncbhojrckb brjups, nlah wcth
cts
ijr ans
jwk
ck
trcolm
snl rah
systng
ji
ji
ml k` .
bjvnrkgnkt,
Phn
Arnn
thny
hl`
hl`
onnk
djckn`
uk`nr
thn thn
mnl `nrs hcp ji Mcttmn O nl r 5 thn thn Ahcppnwl, uk` nr thn thn mnl `n rshcp ji Mcttmn mlk`mnss
Qhnmm
Gcahci
lk` mltnr
Ck`clks
wnrn
_jaey Ojy, bcvnk
l
Hjwnvnr,
rnsnrvltcjk
whn k ck
thn thn
<3<2,
thny thny wnrn ijran` tj ijrg l ajkstct utcjk lm bjv nrk gnk t plt tnrkn`
litnr
thn thn wh ct n
mjkbn r
wnr n
ijran`
tj mcvn
lomn
tj
glk's glk's
mcvn
ijr g
ls ls
twj
ls ls jkn brjup. brjup.
ji bjv nrkg nkt. snpl rlt n
Ona lus n
Phny Phny
brju ps
Mctt mn
Onlr
kj
out wnr n wls
thn thn
jkmy jkn ji thn thrnn brnlt mnl`nrs tj mcvn litnr thn rnsnrvltcjk
wls
nstlomcshn`,
hn
lk`
hcs
pnjpmn
`jgckltn`
thn
rnsnrvltcjk. Qckan
ct
wls
thn thn
phcmjsjphy
ji
thn thn @lw ns
Lm mjt gnk t Lat
tj `cvc`n thn mlk` cktj plranms lk` tj bcvn ct tj ck`cvc`ulm gn go nr s tj
ennp
lmmjt
ji thn thn trcon trcon, , thn thn
trcolm
jut plranms
lrjsn. lrjsn.
Ls wls
thn _jaey Ojy Ousckn ss Ajukacm `nac`n`
mlk`s tj tj
cts cts
uk`nr
gngonr s.
trun trun wct h glk y
lk`
brlzckb.
Ls
Hjwnvnr,
twj
tj tj
prj omng s
thn mlk`
thny
ck glky alsns ukus lomn ijr
R.O.Ql R.O.Qlk`s k`s, ,
0<
j w k n r s h c p , out
rnsn rvlt cjks ,
hl` onnk onnk bcvnk wls uk`nscrl omn, ilrg il rgck ckb b
trcolm
l ttjrkny ttj rkny
ijr ijr
thn thn
Mcttmn Mcttm n
0<
Qhnmm
Prcon
ji Mlk`m nss
Ah cpp nwl
Ck`clks,
`n sar con `
ct ct4
Ji thn >9,666 larns ji mlk` ck thn _jaey Ojy _nsnrvltcjk, jvnr hlmi ji ct cs hcbh gjukt lcks ‐ mlk` tjtlmmy ukict ijr ilrgckb, ji smcb ht vlmun jkmy ijr brlzckb, lk` mlk` vlmulomn ijr tcgonr, thlt thn jthnr hlmi, iummy twjthcr`s jr thrnn-ijurths cs vnry rjubh lk` hcmmy, wcth l hcbh lm tctu `n lk` sngc-lrc`, thlt thn thn sgl mm lrnl ji ojttjg mlk` suctlomn ijr ilrgckb alkkjt on crrcbltn` ijr ijr thn thn rnls jk thlt thn wl tn r onc kb lt thn thn hnl ` ji Ojx Nm`nr lk` Onlvnr Arnne wls lpprjprcltn` oy whctn snttmnrs ilrthnr `jwk `jwk, , onijrn thn rnsnrvlt cjk wls arn ltn ` lk` ls ls thn thn wl tn r cs vnry salran, salran, thnsn ojt tjg mlk`s lrn ji kj brnlt vlmun. [ Onalusn thn twj trcons wnrn ijran` tj `nvnmjp l ajkstc tutcjkl m i jrg ji bjvn rkgn kt, mcvn
ck ck pnlan
ls ls
thny wnrn kj mjkbnr lomn tj tj
thny thny hl` onijrn. onijrn.
Phncr aj gg jk
aumtur lm
ojk`s lk` ajggjk mlkbulbn wnrn kjt nkjubh tj prjvc`n thn knan ssl ry
brjup
c`nktcty. c`nktcty.
Phnrnijrn,
`j gc kl tn
thn pjmcay
`nacscj ks
l mnttnr
tj thn thn Aj gg cs sc jk nr
thn thn Arnn ajktc kun`
tj tj
ji thn thn _jaey Ojy Ajukacm. Ajukacm. ji Ck`clk
Liilcrs, Liilcrs,
Qlk`s
Ck
vjcan`
thn ajgpmlckt thlt onalusn twnmvn ji thn thcrtnnk gngonrs ji thn thn ousc knss mjst
thncr
ajukac m
rcbhts
tj
wnrn thn
Arnn Arnn, ,
thn thn
rnsnrvltcjk
Mlk`mnss
A hcp pnw l
mlk`. <1
Hn
hl` hl`
ngphlsczn`
thlt onalusn thn ajukacm ajktrjmmn` thn `csoursngnkt ji mlk` mlk`, , thn thn
thn thn Ahcppnwl
_jaey Ojy
wnrn
l``n`
am lc gn`
tj
ijuk` thngsn mvns smj wmy onckb pushn` pushn` jii
_nsnrvltcjk. thn
Rhnk
rnsnrvltcjk
ct ijr thncr jwk
ck
pnjpmn pnjpmn. .
thn 12,666 l``c tcjk lm <319,
thn
Arnn
Phn Phn Mlk`mnss
larns
qucaemy Ck`clks,
whj
hl` ijr sj glky ynlrs trlvnmn` wcth thncr Arnn orjthnrs ck thncr snlrah ijr mlk mlk`, `, spjen
thn slg n
whj shlrn` l aj gg jk aumturn,
mlkbulbn, mlkbulbn,
wnrn
0?
jutsc` nrs
wlkt ckb
whj
tj tlen tlen
thn
0?
rnsnrvl tcjk
mlk` lwly
irjg
cts cts rcbhtium
jwknrs. jwknrs.
Rhnk
@ussjgn lppnlrn` onijrn thn _jaey Ojy Ouscknss Ajggcttnn, Klumt amn lrmy
tjm` hcg
thlt thn twj trcons wnrn snplrlt n lk` lk` c
thus gu st
mcvn jk snp lrlt n
mlk` mlk`s. s.
"Ct "Ct w ju m` k –t on
rcbht
ci ci
C jkmy hl` l smcan ji ornl` tj tlen alrn ji gy ilgcmy," Klumt tjm` @ussjgn, "lk` C blvn yju hlmi ji thlt lk` mnt gy ahc m`r nk bj wcthj ut.
Phlt cs dust thn thn vnry slg n wly wn
innm."<0 Phus Phus, ,
thn
strubb mn
ji Mcttmn
Q hn mm –s Prcon
ji Mlk`mns s
Ahcppnwl Ck`clks `c` kjt nk` wcth thn nstlomcshgnkt ji thn _jaey Ojy _ns nrv ltcj k thngsnmvns, jthnr laa npt
jkan
Ck`clk thng
ck ck <3<2 <3<2. .
lblck,
pnjpmn. pnjpmn.
thn
rcbhts
Phn _jaey Ojy
ls ls nkrjm mn`
thny rng lck n`
`nkcn`
Phn Phn Mlk` mnss
gn go nr s
cknm cbc omn
ji
Ahcp pnw l
thlt
wnrn
_nsn rvlt cjk thn thn
trco trcon5 n5
ijr ijr lk naj kj gc a
ijuk`
bcvnk
rniusn`
tj
tj
thn rni jr n, -
mlk` mlk` olsn olsn. .
Phn Phn
stltn ji Gjktlkl rniusn` tj laekjwmn`bn thng ls actcznks ji thn thn stltn5 stltn5 vcans. vcans.
Snt
thnrnijrn, thn thn pnjpmn
thny rng lck ajktckun`
cknmc bcomn tj glc ktl ck
ijr stltn
snr
thncr aumturl m
trl` ctcj ks lk` tj hjm` jktj thn onmc ni thlt sjgn `ly thny thny wjum` on brlktn` whlt wls rcbhtiummy thncrs.
01
01
AHLV PN_ 0
- IJJ PKJ PNQ
[ Vlum I. I. Qhlrp, "O ml ae in nt lt thn Ojr`nr4 Jkn Vn jpmn @cv c`n `," GpckGk GpckGklMM lMM Ph Phn. Gl bl zc kn ji R n s i n g Hcst Hcstj jry. ry., ?6 (Rcktnr <326)4
? @. s, Jtcs Jtcs, , Phn @lkns Lai lk` lk` i hn Lc mk igl ki ji Ck`clk Mlk`s (K jr gl k, Je ml hj gl 4 ^kcvnrs cty ji ji Jeml hjgl Vrns Vrnss, s, <321),p.<1.
[Coc`.,p.3.
0Coc`.,p.<3.
[Coc`.,p.0<.
[Irlkac s Vlum Vlum Vr ua hl , @ja ugl kis ji ^kcil` Qilils Qilils Ck` clk Vjmcay (Mcka (Mckajmk jmk, , Knorlsel4 Knorlsel4 ^kcvnrscty ji Knorlsel V r n s s , C 32 >) ,p .<2<. .<2<.
[C gp rn Q u t t jk jk , Ck `cl k Mlk` Plkur l Amn lrw lt nr Vuom cshc kb Ajgplky, <32>),p <32>),p.?.
( K nw nw
Sj Sj re re 4
[Jtcs,p.2.
[Quttjk,p.91.
<6 Lmv ck G . D j s n p h y ,Dr., Phn Phn Brn lt Qcjux (Onrenmny, Almcijrkcl Almci jrkcl4 4 Gjjk Ojjes, <322),p.? <322),p.?9 9.
Kli cjk
<
1_jae y O j y , <31<, pp.?-1. pp.?-1.
<1Coc`.,p.?.
00
00 <0 "Gck utns utn s
ji
thn thn
_jaey
0>
Ojy
O usc kns s
Aju kac m," p.8.
0>
AHLVPN_
>
PHNQN VNJVMN QHLMM ON I_NN
Phcs Phcs `clks
aju kt ry –s gjst
`urckb
< 3 > 6 –s
lk`
thcs
almmjus
anktury
< 3 9 6 's
wcth
algn
thn thn
tr nltg nkt
cktj
iumm
nk la tg nk t
Phn Phn Lgn rcal k
Ck`clk Ck`clk
Vjmcay
_nvcnw
_npjrt, _npjrt,
pu omc shn `
<322 <322, ,
stlt ns
thlt
l`jptn`
thcs
ocmct cns ^kctn`
ck
pjmcay
ls
lk
lttngpt
tj lp pr jx cg lt nm y
Q tl t ns – bjlm
wls
tj
smj wmy
thn thn
`urckb
thn thn
^kctn `
Ck`clk
Ck thn
Pn rg ck lt cj k
Ajggcs scj k
`cslvjw
jkn jkn huk` rn`
tj tj
vcnw
ji
Vjmc Vjmcay ay. .
ji.L gnr cal k
cts
Icklm Qtltns
rnspjksc
trcon trcons. s.
tnr gck ltn
cts cts
Phn Phn
spnaclm
rnmltcjkshcp wcth thnsn Ck`clk trcons oy shcitckb thn icklk aclm ajsts ji
thc thcs s
Ck`clk Ck`clks, s, pjsn thn
ji
tj thn thn puomca wnm ilr n
pjmcay, pjmcay, glky thn
tnr gck ltc jk
ji whj g
pjmcay
lk`
`c`
kjt kjt
whj,
systng.
wls
Rcth
ijran`
jk
uk`nrs tlk`
thnrnijrn,
thn thn
wnrn
thn thn nkl atg nk t thn thn
Lgn rca lk
umt cglt n
uklomn
tj
pur
ijrsnn
rnsumts.C Ijr thn Mcttmn Qhnmm Prcon ji Mlk`mnss Ck`clks ji Gjk
tlkl icrst
thn
gj gn kt
rniu sn` tcgn,
niinats
tj tj
thlt
scbk
hn lk` hcs
rjmms ji thn thn
ji
tnrgckltcjk thncr thncr
thn thn
hl`
mnl`nr, mnl`nr,
Pnk -An kt
Gju ktlc k
09
Phjgls
Prnlty
pnjpm n hl` onnk
Purtmn
onnk
ji
`nkcn`
Ck`clk
lpplrnkt
irjg
thn
Mcttmn
Qhnmm, Qhnmm ,
hl`
<83? <83?. .
Qckan
gn go nr sh cp
_nsnrvltcjk.
Rcth
thlt
jk thn thn thncr thncr
09
suosnqunkt niijrts wls
ijr
trcolm
c`nktcty
lk`
thrjubh
hlvn
thn thn
onnk
trcolm
bcvnk rjmms
l
pmlan
wn rn
jk
thn
_jaey
nst lo mc sh n`
ck
Ojy
_nsnrvltcjk
<3<2 <3<2. .
Hjwnv nr,
onalusn ojth Mcttmn Qhnmm lk` _jaey Ojy `cn` prcjr lk`
thn
ji Mcttm n Onlr lk` _jaey Oj y , thn thn Mcttmn Qhnmm trcon
tj
whn k
snlrah
ona lus n
thn thn
Arnn
mnl`nr,
`nv nmj pgn kt ji ji thn thn rnsnrvltcjk,
whnk
trcolm trcolm rjmms wnrn `rlwk
up Mcttmn
Ck`clks. Ck`clks.
Ahcppnwl
rnajbkctcjk. pjmcay r
ijr
rn iusn`
Phus Phus, ,
Ck`clks
`j gc kl tn `
tj rnajb kczn
thn Mctt mn Qhnmm
ijuk`
Pnrgc kltcj k,
thngsnmvns thnrnijrn,
thn thn
Ahcp pnwl
Prcon ji Ml k`
jkan wls
thn
lblck
` nkcn`
kjt tj on l knw
thng.
Qnvnr lm
tcjk lmn
Onlr, Onlr,
On l r –s pnjpmn
lk` Gc ah ci mnss
Mctt mn
tj <3<2
ijr
nxp ml klt cjk s hlvn
thn thn
Pn rg ck lt cj k
onnk jiinr n` ls tj tj thn thn rl
Vjmcay. Vjmcay.
Phn Phn
Plse
Ijran
Pnk Pnk
_npjrt jk Pnrgckltn` lk` Kjk-In`nrlmmy _najbkczn` C k`clks blvn snvn rlm rnlsjks thlt
thjsn
trcons
suiicacnkay
kj
thn thn
Qtltns
^kctn`
ijr thn thn pjmcay. pjmcay.
thlt
mjkbnr
wnrn
knn`n`
p
Icrst, Icrst,
icklkaclmmy l
bjvnrk gnkt.
suoscstnkt Qnajk`, Qnajk`,
ct ajkt nk`n`
alplomn
ji
snmi-
rnmltcjkshcp
thn thn
rnpj rt
wcth
prjpjsn`
thlt cktnbrltckb thn Ck`clk pjpumltcjk cktj Lgnrcalk sjacnty wjum `
on l gld jr
Ck`clk Ck`clks. s. kltcjk
wjum`
`csilvjr ls
Phn Phn
wnmm
jvnr ls
tlse tlse
wly
ijran
lmmnvcltn thn thn
tj rnmcnvn rnpjrt
thn
wc` nsp rnl `
lmsj ngphl sczn `
gjuktckb
jpnrltcjk
ji
ckarnlsckb
02
pjvn rty
thn
Ck`clk
lk`
Ournlu
ji
ajkanrk
jvnr
thlt thlt
lgjkb tnrg c
Ajkbrnsscjklm Ck`clk
thn
Liilcrs
uk`nickn`
02
mlw-lk`-jr`nr Phn
prcglry
wnrn
thn
durcs`catcjk rnlsjks
`nscrn
ji
rnspjkscocmctcns
tj
kjk-Ck`clk
jr
knlr
ijr
thn
thn
in`nrlm
thn
cktnrnsts
jk
Pnrgckltcjk
stltns
tj
Ck`clk
jotlck
rnsnrvltcjks.
Vjmcay,
bjvnrkgnkt
lk`
thn
tj
shcit
uk`nkcn`
ajggnraclmmy
hjw nvnr, cts
`nscrn
vlmulomn
ji
trcolm
mlk`s. Phn
nvjmutcjk
thn
Pnrgckltcjk
lk`
thn thn
wnr n wls
@lw ns
thn
Nrl
oy oy
ckamu`n`
thn thn
oy
thn
Ck`clk
thn
Lat
Vjmcay
thlt
ji
mnl`ckb
_ngjvlm
<882 <882. .
Phnsn
_njrbl kcz ltcj k
lk`
pjmcacns
pjmcacns
Ck`clk
Lat ji
Ck`clk
_njrblkczltcjk
Pnrgckltcjk
liinatn`
in`nrlm
Lmm jt gn kt
ijm mjw n` thcs
ji
cs
whcah
gjst wls
Lat
ji
amjsnmy thn
ji
twj
Lat
up
tj
<816
pjmcacns <31 <310.
Ct
rnmltn`
tj
gjst
`crna tmy
tnrgckltcjk.
^k`nr thn pjmcay ji thn Ck`clk _njrblkczltcjk Lat ji <310, <310,
lky
thn thn rcbht gcttn`
Ck`cl k
trcons
tj tj jrbl kczn
thn
trcons
mlws. mlws.
Ck
trcolm
aj ukacm s,
mnblm
`c`
l`` ctc jk
ajukacm,
stltn, stltn,
lk`
kjt
tj
mjalm
hlvn
sjmn
jk jk
rns nrvl tcjk s
ijr ijr thncr aj gg jk l`jpt
tj
thn thn
lk`
rnsc`ck b
thn thn
thncr
pj wn rs
trcons
thn
wnrn
rcbht
bj vn rk gn kt rcbhts
ck
jwk
tj
thnsn
wnmilrn.
kjw
knb jtc ltn
thn w ct h
Hjwnvnr,
glttnrs
lk`
oy
ck ck
thn thn
vnstn`
bcvnk
bcvnk
Phcs Phcs pn r
ajkstctutcjk
lmrnl `y
lbnkacns.
wnrn
rcbht
in`nrlm,
thn thn
sckan
tj tj
trcons
lmm
scjks wnrn suodnat tj thn lpprjvlm ji thn Qnarntlry
`nac ji thn
Cktnrcjr.[ _n scs tl ka n pjmcay
algn
ojth
tj
thn thn
irjg
Ck`c lk Alpctjm
08
_n jr bl kc zl tc jk
Lat
(C _ L)
Hcmm
thn
Ck`clk
lk`
irjg
08
trcolm
ajukacms. ajukacms.
`cs lpp rjvl m lk` Lt
`nstrjyn` thn thn slgn
tjm Hcmm. Hcmm. L,
ji
thcs thcs
Glk y
ji
knw
thncr
tcgn, tcgn,
ajgpmlckckb
ajukac ms
Glky
thn trcolm
pjmcay, pjmcay,
trl`ctcjklm
thnrn thnrn wls
tjj orjl`
thn thn
ijrgs
al mmn `
C _ L
l pjwnr. pjwnr.
ngp hls czc kb ji
ckarnlsckb
ajk br ns sg nk thlt
ajukacms
vjcan`
thlt
trcolm
ct cbkjrn` bjvnrkgnkt.
arct cacs g
irjg
ijr l rnp nlm
ajkstctutcjks
Alp c
ji thn C _
blvn
Phjsn nkaju rlbck b
strjkb
thn
trcolm trcolm
thn thn rnpnlm ji
thn C _ L
l`vjaltn` l`vjaltn` ajgpmntn ajgpmntn
cktnbrl cktnbrltcjk tcjk ji ji th thn Ck`cl Ck`clks ks cktj cktj
Lg nr ca lk
sjacnty. sjacnty.
Djhk Djhk Ajmmcnr, Ajmmcnr,
thn ji
Ournlu thn thn
ji
Ck`cl k
mltnr, mltnr,
thn thn
Liilcrs, Liilcrs,
Liilcrs
liilcrs. liilcrs.
Lr thur
sckan
_n jr bl kc zl tc jk
Hjjvnr
almmn`
Qnkltjr
Ck`clk
A jg gc ss cj k
rn aj gg nk `c kb
ji Ck`clk Vjmcay
Ck <30> <30>, ,
l
knw
<311
Lat, Lat,
`crna tcj k
ct
thn
"nglkacpltcjk"
Y. Y.
R lt ec k s, jkn
ji thn thn
lk`
ahcni
rnscbkn`.
cssun`
Phjsn supp jrtc kb
Ajg gc ss cj kn r
l on on
tlenk
thcs thcs knw ji
thn
prjpjknkt
Ijur
_npj rt
jk jk ck
ynlrs Ck`clk
thn thn lrnl
Pnrgc klt cjk
Ck`clk
strjkb nst
ji
pnjpmn.
l`vja ltns
ji
thn Pnrgckltcjk Vjmcay prjamlcgn`4 Rct h thn lcg ji "nq ulmc ty onij rn thn thn mlw" ck jur g c k ` , jur alusn alus n shjum` shjum ` rcbhtmy rcb htmy on kj jthnr. jthnr. Icrg lk` ajkstlkt ajksc`nrltcjk ijr thjsn ji Ck`clk lkanstry shjum` mnl` us lmm tj wjre `cmcbnktmy lk` alrniummy ijr thn iumm rnlmczltcjk ji thncr kltcjklm actcznkshcp wcth lmm jthnr Lgnrcal ks. Ij mmj wck b ck ck thn ijjtstnp s ji thn thn Nglkacpltcjk Vrjamlgltcjk ji kcknty-ijur ynlrs lbj, C snn thn ijmmjwckb wjr`s ngomlzjkn` ck mnttnrs ji icrn lojvn thn hnl`s ji thn Ck`clks4 "Phnsn pnjpmn shlmm on irnn!"[ Phn Phn Ck`clk
pnjpmn
wnrn
tj ick` ick`, ,
hjwnvnr,
tcjk `c` kjt bcvn thn g thn irn n`j g ji whcah
03
thlt tn rg ck l Rlte cks
spje spjen. n.
03
Rhnk
@wcbht
Ncsnkhjwnr
_npuomcalks Qnkltn Qnkltn, ,
lmsj
tjje
alrrcn`
lrbu gnkt s
jiican thn
ls
Vrnsc`nkt
gldjrcty
Ck Nc sn kh jw nr *s icr st ynl r
niijrts
rn`uan
thn
ck Ck`c lk liilcrs. rnkt rnk t
_ns jmu tcjk tc jk
cktj
mlw
wls
pjmcay
tnrrctjrclm mlws
lk`
thcs
< 3>1. 3>1.
ji
thn
nktctmn`
tj
thn
act czn ks
rnsjmutcjk,
ji
jk jk
Phcs
Ajkbrnss
mcgcts
tcns ls jthnr jth nr
lk`
Hjusn
tj
lk`
thn
Qtltns
`namlrn`
bjvnrkgnkt
ck Hjusn
3,
<3>1, <3>1,
suodnat lk`
Qtltns. Qtltns. thlt,
Aj ka ur -
lk`
stl tn `
Ck`clks
prcvcmnbns
ji thn ^kctn` ^kc tn`
hn onb lk
in`nrlm
rns jm ut cj k
^kctn`
Ajkbrnss
thn
Dukn
glen
slgn
ck ck jiican,
tjje tjje ijrg
ckt rj`uan rj` uan` `
?8 ?8,
ji
ckvjmvngnkt
Phcs latc jk
<68, <68,
jk Dumy
thn
thn
<3>1
ck ilvjr ilvjr ji ji tnrgckltc jk ckarnlsn` jk Alpc -
tjm Hcmm. Hcmm. tj
ji
ck
plssn` plssn `
thlt
wcthck tj
thn
ct
thn slgn
rnspjkscocmcCk rnspjk rns pjksn sn
lt
thn
tj
nlrmcnst
pjsscomn tcgn, lmm ji thn Ck`clk trcons lk` thn ck`cvc`ulm gngonrs
ji
ijrkcl,
Imjrc`l,
in`nrlm
supnrvcscjk
Phn
thjsn
trcons Knw
Sjre,
lk`
@nplrtgnkt
`rlitck b mnbcsml tcjk hnm`
lt
a nr n r ks ks .
whcah
tcgn
Hjwnvnr ,
mjaltn` lk`
wcthck Pnxls
thn
stltns
shjum`
on
ji
Almc-
irnn`
irjg
ajktrjm.[
ji
Cktnrcjr
wls
bcvnk
tj tj cgp mn gnk t thn thn pjmc pjmcay ay. . trcolm
`nmnbltns
onal usn
t h n sn sn
thn
Hnlrckbs
prnsnktn`
trcolm
tlse
thncr
`nmnb ltns
ji
wnrn ajkwnrn
ajksumtn` litnr thn plsslbn ji thn rnsjmutcjk, lky jppjsctcjk jk thn
thncr
gldjrcty
jppjs n` nkju bh
thn thn tj tj
plrt ji
wls
thn
iutcmn. iutcmn. Ck`clk
mnbcsml tcjk,
on
ajksc`nrn`.
>6
Phus, Phus,
`nspctn `ns pctn
spjenspnrsjks
thncr
jppj sctc jk
Phjsn
Ck`clks
thn
lt wls whj
ilat
thn kjt
thlt
hnlrckb strjkb
ilvjrn`
thn thn
>6
Pnrgckltcjk l`vlktlbns Jthnrs
Vjmcay
ji
rnancvckb
nxprnssn`
wls
ajggukc stca .
thn
bjvnrkgnkt
Liilcrs sj
lk`
wnrn
tj
`nscrn`.
mjjeckb
thncr
ajkanrk
jwk
thlt
Phny lrbun` ajktrjm
on
lomn
lt
ji
thn
thn
oy
jwknrshcp
thn
thncr
sn ng n`
tj
ji
on
mlk`s.
prjpnrty
tj on irnn ji
Ournlu
trust
pnrsjklm
trcolm
thlt thny wlk tn`
snmm
Pn rg ck lt cj k
shlrn
trcolm
wcnm`n`
tj
jkmy
ji
prjpnrty thn
eny
Ck`clk ci
thny
tj
thcs thcs
irnn`jg. Hjwnvnr, thn gldjrcty ji thn trcons wnrn lblckst thn Pnrgckltcjk rnlsjks rnlsjks. .
Vjmcay
Phny Phny
ijr
wnrn
icklkaclm
ajkanrkn`
ls
wnmm
ls
kjt jkmy wcth
ijr
prjan`urlm
mjsckb gjrn mlk` mlk`
out lmsj wcth mjsckb thn rcbhts lk` prcvcmnbns thny brlk tn` oy thn trnltcns bjvnrkgnkt. gl ky
Phn Phn nkl atg nkt
ji ji thn thn ahlk bns
ahl kbn
thny hl` gl`n
wls
ck
mlk`
wcth
hl` onnk
thn thn ^kctn` Qtltns
ji thn thn Pnrg ckltc jk
Vjmcay orjubht
thnsn Ck`c lks hl` inlrn`. inlrn`.
Phn Phn prc glr y
jwk nrs hcp .
trcons, trcons,
Ijr
thn sgl mm
lmm lmm
mlk` wls lpprlcsn` oy thn in`nrlm bjvnrkgnkt lk` sjm` tj thn hcbhnst oc``nr wcth thn prjann`s ji thnsn slmns bjckb tj thn ck`c vc` ulm ont wnn k trus trust. t.
trco trcons. ns.
Qj gn
cgg n`c ltn Gjst
Jkan in`nrlm rns jur an
ahjsn thn thn
p lyg nkt
lk` lk`
cg gn` clt n
kj
mjkbnr
glkl bngn kt. lblck st
thn thn
Ls
blvn
plr tcac pltc jk
pjmcay blvn
wnk t cts
l rnsumt, rnsumt,
slmn
><
thncr gn go nr s
l ahjcan
ck l prcvltn prcvltn
plygnkt. plygnkt.
tn rgc klt cjk
bjvnrkgnkt
prj tna tcj k
trcons
ji
cktj cktj
l`vcan
thnrn
mlk`s. mlk`s.
niin niinat, at, jk
wls
Qtltn
mlk`
kj
thn lk`
in`nrlm
mnbcs mltcvn
><
dur cs` cat cjk
wls
lmsj cgpjsn`.
Vrcjr
tj tj thcs thcs
tcgn tcgn, ,
jkmy
thn thn
trcolm ajukacms lk` Ajkbrnss hl` thn pjwnr tj plss mlws jk in`nr lmmy trcons trcons
rnajbkczn`
wnrn
bjvnrkgnkts
jthnr
t nr gc kl tn `, wnrn
n`ualtcjk,
Ck`clk
bcvnk
rnsnrvltcjks. rnsnrvltcjks.
stltn
thn
mnbcsmltu rns
luthjrcty
l` jp tc jk , lma jh jm cs g
sjaclm lk` lk` najk jgc a
Litnr
jvnr
ajukty ajukty
pjmcacns
ijr
mlk` usn, usn,
lk` lk`
Phcs Phcs `rlstc almmy
rn-
trnltgnkt,
ajkanrks. ajkanrks.
lk` lk`
thnsn thnsn
`uan` thn jptcjks ji thn Ck`clks tj `ntnrgckn thncr
jwk mcin
stymn. Phn stltns tcgn,
knxt
ynlr
du`ca clm in`nrlm
rnajbkczn`
Vuomca
luth jrcty
lk`
trcolm
rnsnrvltcjks,
dur csca tcjk
ck ck
Mlw
thnsn
?86
jvnr
thn thn
ajurts lk`
plssn`,
trcon trcons. s.
hnlr`
thn
glttnrs.
wls
Rcth
^p uktcm
alsns
stltns thn thn
bcvckb
hl`
jk
thn thc thcs s
in`nrlmmy
jkmy
mcgctn`
tnr gck ltc jk
pjmcay pjmcay, ,
lmm acvcm lk` arcgcklm alsns wnkt tj stltn ajurts, `nspctn thn
ilat
trcolm
thlt
trcons
luthjrcty
hl`
jvnr
ijr
thn
ynlrs
Ck`clks
lrbun` jk
ijr
in`nrlm
rnsnrvltcjks,
lk`
ngphl-
sczckb thlt stltn ajurts wnrn `csarcgckltjry. Lkjthnr tj
thcs thcs
nkdjyn` stltns thcs,
cgplat
ji tnrgc kltc jk
tcgn, tcgn,
Ck`cl k
lm gj st
tjtlm
hl`
kjt
hjwnvnr,
thn stltns
pnjpmn
sckan
thn
lky
ijr ijr lky mjst rnvnkun. rnvnkun.
stltn
tlxns.
>?
jk jk
irjg
brnlt
in`nrlm
thn thn trcons lk` thn thn ck`cv c`ulm ply
mcv ckb
cg gu kc ty
suiinrn`
ckvjmvn` tlxltcj tlxltcjk. k. rn sn rv ltc jks
stltn
tlxltcjk. tlxltcjk.
icklkaclm
mjss
bjvnrkgnkt
hl`
Rct h
trcolm
Vrcjr
onalusn
Phn Phn ji
ajgpnksltn`
tnrgckltcjk,
gng on rs
hl`
wnr n
hjwnvnr, ijran`
tj tj
>?
Pnrgckltcjk prjvc` ckb lk`
trlckckb, trlckckb,
ajktr lats
vc`ulm
lmsj
tj
trcolm
gngonrs
lk` lk`
Pnrgckltcjk
Vjmcay
Ck`c lk
mlk`
glen
mlws
jr
tj
whcah
tnr gck ltn `
glcktlck
trcolm
ji ji
thn thn pjmcay
lk` lk`
prj brl gs
wnrn
Rcth hl`
trcons
thn thn thn
ck`c-
hn lmth,
nk `n `.
Phn Phn
ajkanpt
thlt
mjss
ji
l bnjb bn jbrlp rlp hca hc a kj kj
brlkts
tj tj
spnaclm lmsj
nmcgckltn`
kj mjkb nr
prjbrlgs
lk` ous cknss
prjvc`n`
sjvnrn cbkt y.
Ls Bn ta hn s, _j sn ki nm t, stu`y
hl`
in`nrlm
in`nrlm
lss cstl kan
trcons trc ons
bj vn rk 5 thnrnijrn,
spnaclm
rnarnltcjk,
niinatcvnmy
hl`
Ck`clk Ck` clk
thn
Qpnaclm
wnm ilr n
trcon
olsn, olsn,
hjusckb, hjusckb,
trcon trcons. s.
n`ualtcjk,
lk
nk`n`
mjkbnr
thncr
lrnl
tj
knn`n`
tj tj
ajurts.[ Rcm eck sjk
ji tnrg ckltc jk,
pj ckt
thn thn jkmy jkmy
jut ck
thncr thncr
ajgp nk slt cjk
ck`cvc`ulm trcolm gngonrs rnancvn` wls l ahnae ijr thn vlmun ji
thncr
mlk` mlk`. .
plygnkts
wnrn
`nickctnmy on knicts kni cts
Phny ilr
kjt
jr
ijr
thn thn mjss
ijr
thn
ngp hls czn
onmjw
tjtlm
ijr ijr ji
thn knw trcolm
ck ck gjs t
lpprlcsn`
ajgpnksltcjk
`csarcgckltcjk
ijmmjwn`
thn
thlt
ijr
tlx tlx our`nk.: bjvn rk gn kt
ck
thn
ckstlkans
vlmun thn
mjss
Ct lmsj
luthjrcty,
stltn
ji
lbnkacns
thn ji
ck kj
thnsn thnsn mlk`,
in`nrlm wly plc`
jr ajg pnks ltn` lk`
ajurts
thlt
tnrgckltcjk.
Pnrgckltcjk alk on vcnwn` ls thn nxtrngn ji lky lsscgcmltcjk
pjmc pjmcay ay. .
tukcty
ijr
Ck`cl k mlk`
l
Pnrgc kltcj k brnlt
jwknr shcp. shcp .
wls
kjw
`nlm
Phn
tlxlomn
ji
trust lk`
>1
prjvc`n` Ck`clk stltus stl tus
ajum`
lk nxan mmnkt
mlk`s
tj
ji mlk`
kjw
on
wls
sjm`
plss
jpp jrjut
ji
nk`n`. nk`n`.
Phn
wcthjut
thn
>1
lppr jvlm
ji
Ck`clks, Ck`clks,
cknxpnrc nkan`
ji
mlk`
thncr Ls
`clks, ynlrs
thn thn
ijr
thn
onijrn
nk rj mm gn kt
thncr
Mcttmn mjst
hjm`ckbs
Qhnmm
thn
whnk
wnrn
kjt
jiinrn`
Jitnk
vlmuns
lpprlcslm
ijr
rnajbkczn`
>0
vlmuns vlmuns
kjthckb.
Mlk`mnss
Ahcppnwl
thncr
trcolm tj
scbk
Ck
mlk`
olsn
thn
Pnk-
lk` lblck whnk thny wnrn `nkcn` _nsnrvltcjk.
Phn Phn Arnn `jg cklt n`
lk` thn thn Ahc ppn wl
wc th ju t l mlk` olsn olsn. .
tj
ck`cvc`ul m
jr
rniusn`
tj thn thn nii nat s irnn
jr
mcttmn
ji
tj
thny
ji thn rnsnrvltcjk, tj wlk `nr tj
Liilcrs.
Prcon
rcbhts
jk thn thn _jaey Ojy
kj st rlk bnr s
lbnkacns
ck glr ent
ck Kjrth @lejtl,
ijran`
anrtlckmy
ji Ck`clk
tnrgckltcjk
thn stru atur n
wnr n
sjm`
thny hl`
Ankt Prnlty
lblck
Our nlu
ahjjsn Ck`clk
wnr n jkan
Hjwnvnr,
thny thny
ji ji P n r gc k lt cj k , lk` thny thny thn
onknicts
trcons.
thlt
stltn
>0
IJJPKJPNQ - AHLVPN_ > <^.Q. @ np lr tg nk t ji thn Cktnrcjr4 L g nr c al k Ck`c Ck `c lk Vjm cay "_nvc _n vcnw nw Al gg cs sc nk Icklm Ic klm _nblrc _nb lrc (Rl shc kbtjk kb tjk ,@.A.4 Bj vn rk gn kt Vrcktckb Jiica Jiican, n, <322 <322), ), p.09<. p.09<.
^.Q.
[^.Q [^.Q. @npl @n pl rt gn kt ji thn thn Cktnrcjr4 Plse Pls e Ijran Ij ran Pnk Pnk _npjrt _np jrt jk Pnkgcklcn` lk` Kjk-Il`nklmmy _najbkcsn` Ck`clkl (Rlshckb tjk, tjk, @.A.4 ^.Q. Bj v nr kg n kt Vrck Vr cktc tckb kb Jiican, Jii can, <32o5, <32o5, p.1 p.10.
[@lvc` H. Bntahns, @lkcnm G. _jsnkinmt, lk` Ahlrmns Rcmecks, In`nrlm Ck`clk MlG (Qt. Vlum, Gckknsjtl4 Rnst Vuom Vu omcs cshc hckb kb Aj.,< 323), pp 23 -8 1.
[Coc`.,pp.89-88.
[Coc`.,p.3<•
9Coc`.,p.31.
2Coc`.,pp.3>-<66.
>>
I.
>>
AHLVPN_
9
L \^NQPCJK JI _NAJBKCPCJK
@n sp ct n Mlk`mnss
ilat
Ahcppnwl
ajbkctcjk mlkbulbn
oy
thn
rnglcks
thncr
trcolm
hjm`s
thn
Ck`clk
thn thn
thlt
Mcttmn
Ck`clks
hls
in`nrlm
bjvnrkgnkt,
thn
aumturlm
jkn
c`nktcty. c`nktcty.
eny
Ahcni onnk
Q hn m m –s
ajktckulmmy thncr
tj
thncr
stu`y
ji
nvnktulm
rniusn`
ukcqun
nmngnkt
Ct cs thcs thcs aj gg jk
Prcon
thlt
ls
l
rn
Gcahcc
glck tlcks
mlk bulbn
rnajbkctcjk
ji
ojkl ojkl
thlt thlt
mnbctcgltn
brjup.
Ck
hcs
ajktnk`s
thlt
thn
gu mt c- nt hk ca
survcvlm
ji
lky
s jacn tcns ,
nthkca
brjup
M. cs
B.
Enm my
ck`caltn` C
oy
thlt br ju p–s glc ktn klk an
ji cts cts
mcvckb mlkbulbn.
Qja cj
mckbucsts `nickn l mcvckb mlkbulbn ls jkn thlt cs nvc`nkt ck thn
spnnah
ji
thn
yjukb
jm`nr bnknrltcjks . mlk bul bn wrc ttn k bulbn
L snajk`
cs thn thn g lc kt nk lk an mctnrlturn.
onajgns
aumturn, bulb n
pnjpmn
cs
ji
lk` nvc` nkan l
luthnktcacty
arc tca lm ji
Hjwnvnr,
lky
ilatjr
ls
ck
qulmcty
thlt
ji
thn
ji l mcvckb ji
ji .l rcah jrlm tr l`c tcj k lk` l Enmmy
cgpjrtlkan
ji thn thn
nthkca
wnmm
nssnk tclm
Phnrnijrn,
prcglry
ls
pjckts ck
glc ktn kl ka n ck
thn thn
thn
jut
thlt
stu`y
ji
ji l mcvckb
`n tn rg ck lt cj k
ji
mlk lky ml k thn thn
brjup.[
thn Gca hci mlkb ulbn hls glky jppjknkts.
>9
Jkn Jkn
>9
ji
thn
gldjr
mckbucstca
lrbugnkts
lblckst
thn
laanptlkan
ji
thn thn Gca hc i ml kbu lbn ls l mcvckb mlk bul bn cs thlt ct cs kjt l purn
mlkbulbn. mlkbulbn.
hlvn
thncr
Mlk bulb ns
jwk
ukcqun
suah ls Irnk ah lk` Bnr gl k
mlkbulbn
olsn
lrn
whca h
ajksc`nrn`
purn.
Nkbmcsh cs lmsj ajksc`nrn` tj on l purn mlkbulbn `nspctn thn ilat thlt ct cs thn thn rnsu mt ji l aj go ck lt cj k Ck` j-N urj pnlk thn
mlkbulbns.
Kjrthnlst
tj
l
Knw
Ck hnr
plpnr, plpnr,
Kltcjk
ck
ji l ku go nr ji
"Irjg
thn
Jkn
Kltcjk
Kjrthwnst,"
ck
Jmcvn
@caelsjk lrbuns thlt thn nmngnkt ji mlkbulbn purcty cs jitnk tjj tjj kl rrj wmy
`nick n`
ck ck mckbu cstc a
stu`cns stu`cns. .
Qhn
ajktnk`s4 ajktnk`s4
Nurjpnlks orjubht suah lttctu`ns wcth thng larjss thn Ltmlktca ls plrt ji thncr aumturlm olbblbn, whcah thny hl` ckhnrctn` irjg thn `lys ji thn _nklcsslkan lk` nlrmcnr. nlrmcnr. Ct wls lk lspna t ji thn thn prn vn ml kt onmcn i ck losjmutns4 losjm utns4 thn purn, purn, whc tn lk` bjj` wnr n snnk ls ls onck b lt thn tjp ji thn thn wj rm ` hcnrlra hy, wh cm n thn thn cgpurn, omlae, omlae, lk` nvcm wnrn lt thn thn ojtt jg.1 Ck hcs lklmyscs `nin k`s
ji thn thn Gca hc i mlkbulbn, mlkbulbn,
thn thn wjr thc kns s
ji thn thn mlkbulbn.
Djhk Djhk A rlwi jr`
Hn stltns, stltns,
"Vnrhlps
thn gjst rnglrelomn ilat lojut Gcahci cs cts locmcty tj on cbkjrn`. cbkjrn`."[ "[ myzn
cts
Vnjpmn
mckbucstca
mck buc stc a jpck cjk s gld jr
omnk`ckb turlm
thn mlkbulb n
thn thn thn thn
vlmc`c ty
olsn. olsn.
@r.
kjuk
ijrgs
Ar lw ij r`
alkkjt t h ny ny ji
laan ptlk an
@r. Arl wi jr ` p jckts Irnkah
lk`
thnrnijrn,
rnb lr`ck b ck
spnle
struaturn
v lm l m u n5 n5
ajk imc at
mlkbul bn,
whj
nlscmy
jitnk thncr
ji
lssnss
hlvn
ls
cts
vlrcjus
mlkbulbn. mlkbulbn.
Gca hci
lkl
l
Phn Phn
mcvckb
jut, jut, cs thlt ct ct cs cs l mlkb ulb n
cktj
kjtns4 kjtns4
>2
alkk jt nlscmy
lk
Ck`clk
mlkbulbn
strua
>2
Pj gjs t lky spnlenr ji ji Irnkah, Irnkah, whnth nr Nurjpnlk jr Al kl `c lk , tj hnlr mlk bulbn ck whcah Alk l`clk Irnkah cs l gl dj r c kb rn `cn kt out whc ah lt thn thn slgn tcgn cs cs `jg ck lt n` oy lkjt hnr mlkbulbn, mlkbulbn, lk` lk Ck`clk jkn lt cs tj snksn l innmckb ji shjae lk` `nsplcr lojut thn `ntnrcjrltcjk ji mlkbulbn. Phcs nxt nk` s
ajkimcat
tj
thn thn
ng phl sc zn `
jvnr
Gc ah ci
ck Jmcvn
jut
thlt
sci cal tcj k pmlan
thcs
pnjpmn
jr
cs
rnckijran`
ji ji pnjpmn. pnjpmn.
Gcahci
jk
hl`
hls
cs cs
jk jk
l
thn
mjwnr
whctn
l `nic kctn
sjaclm
Qhn amls
altnbjr cns
sjaclm
jr`nr.
kjr Ck`clk. Ck`clk.
kn bltcvn
Phn Gc ahc i hlvn onnk
iurt hnr
thn thn nthkca
Phnsn sjaclm
pnjpmn
mlkbulbn
ji ji mlkbu lbn. [
thrjubh
sjaclm
thngsnmvns.
Gcahci Phcs Phcs
ijrgs
tj on knc thn r
pnjpmn
thn
wnmm. wnmm.
Phny lrn aj ksc `n rn` mlonm ckb
ji
ls ls
ji ji stlk`l r`
ji ji l brjup
•hlmi-ornn`*
purcty
@c ae ls j ktQ ktQ pnr spna tcvn s
prc`n ji ckst ctu tcj ks pjckts
thn
cgp lat
mlonmn`
Phcs jk thn thn
ijr sj mjkb
ls hlmi-ornn`s thlt thny hlvn ajgn tj laanpt thn slgn mlonm ckb
ji
thncr
Ck kltcvn Kjrth ji
<32?,
@r.
spnlenrs
jk
@lejtl
thncr
mlk bu lbn
ls Ls
tnk`n`
thlt
hls
ck
turn turn, ,
thn
jr`nr
cs cs
thlt
hlmi-ornn`
Gjuktlck
lssnss ji ji
thn
thn
,thnrnijrn, ,thnrnijrn,
thn thn
wjrt hy
`c`
lgjkb
pnjpmn's
dug omn
mlkbulbn, Gcahci
ck
ajkanpt
mlonm n`
gcx n`
thn
thn
_nsnrvltcjk
rnspjk sns
lklmyzn `
hn
thn thn ji ajk
mlkbulbn
Hcs rnsnlr ah ji thn mlkbulbn
ck ilat, ilat,
>8
Ck`clk
"l "l
surilan
mlkbulbn.
survny
lk`
jrblkczn`. jrblkczn`. ct ct cs,
l
Gcahci
thncr
"d lr bj k," k,"
iurthnr
jk
tj on pjjrmy
lk`
tj
l
ajk`uatn`
Purtmn
"smlkb," "smlkb,"
jkmy
onckb
Glky
Arl wij r`
rnvn lmn `
ls
Arlwijr`
mlkbulbn. mlkbulbn.
wjr`s. 2
lppnlr
mlkbulbn
quctn
ji onckb
rn bum lr
ck st ru a
aj ksc` nrn`
l ukcqun
>8
lk`
vclomn
mlkbulbn
Onal usn mckbucsts Hjwnvnr ,
ijrg.
Gca hci
hlvn
cs
mlonmn`
lklmy scs
ilmsn
lssugptc jk.
tnrgs
lrn
knn`n`
ji
ct
thn
Phn Phn tj
l gcx tu rn ls
l
ji Irnka h
arnjmn
Gca hci
mlkbu lbn
trl`c tcjkl m
uk`nrstlk`
jr
lk` lk`
pc`bck shjws
olscs
ji
glky
mlkbulbn.
thcs thcs
`ni ckct cjks
thn
Arnn
ji
thcs
tj tj on l
thnsn
twj
gcsc`nktc-
icaltcjk4 L pc`bck cs l glrbcklm mlkbulbn whcah lrcsns tj iumicmm anrtlck rnstrcatn` ajggukcaltcjk knn`s lgj kb pnjpmn whj hlvn kj aj gg jk mlkbulbn. mlkbulbn. Ck thn thn ckctclm stlbns ji ajktlat thn ajggukcaltcjk cs jitnk mcgctn` tj trlkslatcjks whnrn l `ntlcmn` nxahlkbn ji c`nls cs kjt rnqucrn` lk` whnrn l sglmm vjaloumlry `rlwk lmgjst nxamuscvnmy irjg jkn mlkbulbn suiicans. Phn syktlatca struaturn ji pc`bck cs mnss ajgpmnx lk` mnss imnxcomn thlk thn struaturns ji thn mlkbulbn wh cah wnr n ck ajktlat, ajktlat, lk` lk` thjubh glky pc`bck inlturns amnlrmy rnimnat uslbns ck thn ajktlat mlkbulbn jthnrs lrn ukcqun tj thn pc`bck. L arnjmn lrcsns whnk l pc`bck onajgns thn gjthnr tjkbun ji l spnnah ajggukcty. Phn Phn scgpm n struaturn thlt ahlrlatnrczn` thn pc`bck cs alrrcn` jvnr cktj thn arn jmn ou t sckan l arnjmn, ls l gjth nr tjkb tjkbun un, , gus t on alplomn ji nxprnss ckb thn thn whjm n rlkbn ji ji hug lk nxpnrcnkans, thn thn mnxcajk cs nxplk`n` lk` irnqunktmy l gjrn nmlojrltn syktlatca systng nvjmvns." L
alrnium
lklmyscs
ncthnr
altnbjry. altnbjry.
bulbns
rlthnr
^kmcen
thn
thlt
Cts Cts vja lou mlr y
thlk
mjsn
shjws
onckb
`rlwk
syktlatca
Gcahci
`jns
kjt
cs cs l omnk `ck b
irjg
prcglrcmy
struaturn
ji
ji ji
jkn
pc`bck
ict
cktj
twj twj ml k mlkbulbn.
mlkbulbns,
Gcahci hls l alrniummy altnbjrczn` brlggltcalm lk` syktlatc alm
struaturn.
Ck hcs
lkl myscs mys cs
ji
thn thn
Gc ahci ah ci
mlkbulbn,
@r.
Arlwijr` strjkbmy ajktnk`s thlt ct cs kncthnr l arnjmn kjr l pc`bck
mlkbulbn mlkbulbn. .
Hn
glck tlck s
>3
thlt thlt
thn thn
prcg lry
lrbug nkt
>3
lblckst altnbjrczckb Gcahci ls ncthnr arnjmn jr pc` bck cs thlt
Gc ah ci
hls
aumturns.Phn twj
aumturns
l
strjkb
ajgpmn ajgpmnxct xcty y
ckstnl`
ji
olsn
ck
twj
vnry
hnlm thy
ji ji thn mlkb mlkbul ulbn bn cs glck glcktlc tlckn` kn`
jkn,
iurthnr
`nkyckb
thn
ck ck
pjsscocmcty
thlt Gcahci cs ncthnr arnjmn jr pc`bck. L thn
alrnium
Gcah ci
rnbu mlr cty lrn
kjt
mckbucstca
ml kbu lbn ck ck
thn thn
jr jr arnjmn
Gc ah ci
mlkbu lbn
cts cts
mlkbu lbn
jut
thlt
lg jk b
ijrgcty
Phn stru atu rn thn
ajrn
cs thn
kjuk
thlt Phn Phn ls
mlkbulbn. mlkbulbn. gly, gly,
ck
kltur n
mlkb ulb ns
lt
ajgockn`
ajg pjk nk ts
"th "thn
`ciinrnkans
rnvn lms
mlkbulbn. mlkbulbn.
hlphlzlr`my
pc`bck
nxlgckltcjk
ji
ji
thnrn
Phn Phn on
thn thn
Arnn Arnn
rn bum lrct y
wjrm`,
lk`
ck
on
wnrn
@r. gly
thn thn
phrlsns
nmngnkt
ji
Lgnr cal k
ajgplrcsjk
ji
l
Gcahci
Arnn Arnn. .
lrn
Onal usn
mlkbulbn,
thcs
mlkbulbn
ijrg
whc ah pjckts
`cl mna t
thlt
ukc-
thn
vnro
sjgn
L bjj`
thn thn usn ji
Nkbmcsh nx lgp mn
thn thn Irn kah
whcah
96
ji thcs kjuk
strua turn
strnkbthnks
l``n`
syktlatcalm
lmsj
out
thn thn vnro
Irnkah
ji
thn thn
ct ukcqun
ji
wcth
Irnkah,
Phn syktlx
scs
wcth
glen
rlkbn
phr lsn s ck cts cts ols ca glenup.
jaalscjklmmy.
ji ji
l
ajrn."<<
cs cs `ni ckc tnm y
lk`
Gcahci
Arl wij r`
lr bu gn kt thlt Gcah ci cs cs kjt l arnjm n jr pc`bck l kltcvn
ji
ajgpj knk ts
rnbum lrct y
cts cts
gckjr
struaturn
eny ahl rla tnr cs tca
ajgockn`.
nxtrngnmy
lk` lk`
wjum`
lrn
thn thn
thn
cs cs l brn lt `nlm ji
Irnk ah thny
ilat ilat, ,
ji
cs
iurthnr
thn
mlkbulbn, mlkbulbn,
out
Irnkah
cs lmsj
phrlsn. phrlsn.
kjuk kjuk
Arnn Arnn wct h
struaturns
ijuk`
cs cs
ck ck lk
Lm gj st
usn` lkl my-
lmm lmm
thn thn
96
Gc ah ci
kj uks
lrn
spjen k
sys tn g ji thn thn Irn kah Irnkah klkt kl kt
phjkjmjby
ijrg.
cts wly Irnkah
lk`
Phcs
cktj
Irn kah
thn thn
thn
Irnkah
mlkbulbn. mlkbulbn.
Ck kjuk
bnk`nr
whnk
systng
thn thn
Phn Phn ij mmj wck b
lrn
thn
nck pahc t inn
-
l mcttmn
bcrm
lck pahc blra jk
-
l mcttmn
ojy
lck ous
-
l ous
thn
`jgc
hls ijuk`
nxl gpm ns
kjuk
bnk `nr
phrlsns
lk Nkb mcsh mcs h kjuk
thn
lklym scs
ck
k j uk s , lk`
cs cs prn`j gcklkt .
cs trun nvnk
`jgcklkan
Ck hcs
ls
shjw
thn thn
struaturn4
ji G c a h c i , @r.
(i ng ck ck n) (glsaumckn) (glsau (gl saumck mckn) n)
Ar lwij lw ij r`
ajktnk`s4
Qckan thnsn ahlrlatnrcstcas lrn ajggjk tj thn mlkbulbn ji lmm spnlenrs ji Gca hc i, thny ajkstct utn l strjkb ck `ca ltcj k thlt ilr ilr irjg onckb hl ph lz lr `, Gca hci cs cs nxtrngn my struaturn`, struaturn`, lmgjs t ukonmcnvlomy sj onalusn onalusn ji thn thn uk us ul mk ns s ji thn thn gl kk nr ck wh ca h thn twj mlkbulbns hlvn ajgockn`. ? Phn cg pj rt lk t
pjckt
@r @r.
Arl wi jr`
gl ens
cs thlt
thn thn mlk
bulbn cs sj wnmm struaturn` thlt ct hls onajgn angnktn` cktj lk
ck` npn k`n kt
ijuk`ltcjk brlgs
jk
<32 <320. ji
cs
thn
thn
Phnsn
jrlm jrlm
lk`
`cs tck at
mlkbulbn. mlkbulbn.
`nvnmjpgnkt
ji
Purtmn
Gjuktlck
prj brl gs
ckamu` n
trl`ctcjks trl`ctcjks, ,
thn thn
L``ck b
mlkbulbn
lk`
_nsnrvltcjk mlkbu lbn
nkajur lbn gnk t
tj thcs thcs aumturlm
whcah
amlssns, amlssns, ji ji
sjmc` prj
onblk
ck
thn thn
tlpckb
trl`ctcjklm
ic``mn
gusca pmlyckb, lk` lk jvnrlmm niijrt tj prjgjtn ajg gukcty prc`n
ck
thn
nthkca
jrcbcks
ji
thn
Gcahci
pnjpmn.[1
Lt thn prnsnkt tcgn, thn Gcahci mlkbulbn cs thn `jgc klkt mlkbulbn ji thn Ck`clks mcvckb jk thn Purtmn Gjuktlck _nsnrvltcjk
ck
Kjrth
@lejtl
9<
lk`
lgjkb
thn
stltn
ahlrtnrn`
9<
gngonrs
ji
Gjktlkl. thn
thn
M.
thnjry
Mcttmn
B.
Enmmy
thlt
ci
pjckts l
aj gg uk ca lt cj k
wcth
mlkbulbn ,
ct ct
thnk
v c v n . P h c s
Qhnmm
Prcon jut
sglmm
Mlk`mnss
thlt gjs t
mlkbulbn
j t hn hn r
cs
ji
b r ju ju p s
mce nmy
thlt
mckb ucst s
brjup thlt
thn thn
Ck`clks
hls
th th n
mlk bul bn
s ur u r vc v c vl v l m ji thn m lk l k bu b u lb l b n hls
laanpt
laanss
spnle
ck
ji
slgn
wcmm
sur -
`n ` n ic i c kc k c tn t n my my
on onn k
trun ijr thn thn Mlk `mn ss Ah cp pn wl lk` cs cs ijr thn g thn gld jr eny tj
thncr
c`nktcty
Rct h
thcs thcs
ls
Ck`clks.
ck ck g c k ` , thn thn strjkb
`nv nm jp gn kt
ji thn thn Gc ahc i
aumturn ls snplrltn irjg ncthnr cts Ck`clk jr cts Nurjpnlk plrn kt
hls
l arctc alm Gcahci
hl`
nmn gn kt
pnjpmn
Lgnrcalk mlkbulbn
Phcs thn thn
thlk
whj
lrn
lrn
gjrn
lrn
thjsn
`jgcklkan
aumturns.
Phn Phn
thn thn
l
amjsnmy
gjrn
whj
gust
jaaupcns
ckimunkan.
thn thn `n vn mj pg nk t
Phnrnijrn,
aumturn Arnn
ck ck
olaebrjuk`
hnrctlbn. Lgnrcalk
l `ni ckct n
on
kjt
Gca hci
tcn`
tj
tj
spnle
rntlckn`
aumtur n
rnajbkczn`
vclomn
Ci Gc ahc i
aumturn
ji thn mlkbulbn. mlkbulbn.
mcenmy
hlvn
Gc ah ci
ls
thncr
wct h
l
Gc ahci aumturlm
cts cts
strjkb
splan
ontwnnk
thn
wnrn
tj on pmla n`
Phn Phn
kltcvn
thn
thncr
cs cs
kltcvn
nmngnkt.
Irnkah wcth
lk` jkmy
jkn ji thnsn tw j brjups, ct wj um ` thnk onm jkb wc th thn thn Ar nn , sckan thn thn
Arnn
cs
aumturn. aumturn.
thn Phn
`jgcklkt mlkbul bn
thnsn
strjkb
rjjts
ck
rnank t
ynlrs,
thnrn
hls
thn
Gcahci
mlkbulbn
ls
cts cts
nmngnkt wju m`
l
9?
kjt
kltcvn
onnk
ji
hlvn
mlkbulbn surv cvn `
Lgnr cal k
ajktcku n`
pjsscomn
thn
ji
tj thn
ji
wc thj ut
aumturn .[> .[>
nvc`n kan
`clmnat
lk`
dk
ajksc`n r Vmlcks
9?
Arnn Arnn. . thn
Nvc`n Nv c`n kan
Mcttmn
thlt th lt
Qhnmm
thcs thcs
brjup
cs cs
tj
trun
gly
vnrciy
on wh lt
thncr
cs cs knn`n`
amlcg
ijr
ijr
in`nrlm
`nkcn`
rnajbkc
Mcttmn
Qhnmm's
rnajbkctcjk.
tcjk
Phus,
`nspctn
ls
mn bc tc gl tn
Prcon
l
ji
thncr
Mlk`mnss
glky
Ck`clk
Ahcppnwl
ynlrs
ji
brjup, ajktckun
onckb Ahcni tj
spnle
l
mlkbulbn
whcah c`nktcicns thng ls Ck`clk lk` whcah alk kj mjkbnr on `cs gcss n`
ls
l hlmi-o rnn`
ajgoc kltc jk
wct h kj ijrg lm
struaturn. struaturn.
Ijr glky
ijr
gl ky
thny
m l k ` , ijr
ynlrs
ynlrs
hlvn
ji Irnkah
lk` lk`
thny hlvn thny
mcvn`
jk hjpn. hjpn.
Arnn Arnn
snlrahn` Pj`ly
thny `nsnrvn tj on rnajbkczn` oy thn in`nrlm bjvnrkgnkt ls Mcttmn
Qhnmm's
Prcon
ji
Ahcppnwl
91
Ck`clks
ji
Gjktlkl.
91
IJJPKJPNQ - AHLVPN_ 9 ),p. <32>),p.?1.
?Coc`.,p.?8.
[Jmcv n Vlt rcacl @caelsjk, "Irjg Jkn Kltcjk ck thn thn Kj rt hn ls t tj l Knw K ltcj k ck thn thn K j r t h w n s t 4 L Mjje lt thn thn Ngnrbnkan ji thn Gntcs," (Vrnsnktn` lt thn Gntcs ck Lgnrcal Ajkinr Ajk inrnka nkan, n, Ahcalbj, <38<) <38<) ,pp. ,pp.>>-9. 9.
[Djhk Arlwijr`, "Rh lt Qjrt ji ji Phckb Phckb cs cs Gcahci:," snktn` lt thn Gntcs ck Lgnrcal Ajkinrnkan, Ahcalbj, <38<),p.?.
(Vrn
[Coc`.,pp.?-1.
[@caelsjk,p.9.
[Arlwijr`,p.0.
[Mjr ntj Pj`` Pj``, , Vc`bcks lk` En bl k Vlum, C 32 0) ,p.? ,p.?.
lk` lk`
[Coc`.,p.1.
[ A r l w i j r ` ,p. 3.
[ C o c ` ., p. >.
[? C o c ` .,p.2.
<1C oc `. ,p .?. <0
Enmmy,p.?1.
90
Arn jmns (Mjk`j (Mjk`jk4 k4
_jutmn`bn
90
[ A r l w i j r ` ,p ,p. << .
9>
9>
OCOMCJB_LVHS
Arlwijr`, Djhk Djhk. . "Rhlt Qjrt ji ji Phckb cs cs Gca hc i:" i:" Vrnsnkt n` lt thn Gnt cs ck Lgnr Lg nr ca l Ajkinrnkan, Ajkinrn kan, Ahcalbj, Qnp Q np tn go nr <3`' <3`'C. @nkky, @nkky, Rlmtnr. C ktn rv cnw <> Dukn <322.
hnm`
jk
thn thn _jaey Ojy
_nsnrvltcjk,
@caelsjk, Jmcvn Vltrcacl. Vltrcacl. "Irjg Jkn Kltcjk ck thn thn Kjr thnls t tj Knw Kltcjk ck thn Kjrthwnst4 L Mjje lt thn Ngnrbnkan ji thn Gntcs ." Vrns nktn` nktn ` lt. thn Gntcs ck Lgnrc al Ajkinrnkan, Ahcalbj, Qnptngonr <38<. @u sn ko nr ry , Yn r k n . Phn G jkt lkl Arn n 4 L Qtu`y ck ck _nmcbcjus Vn rs cs tnka n. Qtjaehjmg4 Lmg quc st lk` R ce sn mm , <39? <39?. . Phn ------------------ "Phn _jaey Ojy Ck`clks," G jk tl kl 4 Phn Glb llc ks
ji ji Rls tlr k O cl t lr y , 0,
Rcktnr
<3>0 <3>0, ,
------------------ "Rlctckb ijr l @ly thlt Knvnr Ajgns," Gjktlkl4 Phl Hlbllcks si Rllclrk Hckckrx, 8, Qprckb <3>8. Ijur
Qjums, Qjums, Ck tn rvc nw Dukn <322.
hnm`
jk
thn thn
_jaey _jaey
Ojy Ojy
_nsnrvltcjk,
<>
B n t a h n s , @lvc`, H., @lkc @l kcnm nm G. G. _jsnkinmt, _jsnki nmt, lk` Ahlrmns Ahlr mns I. Rcmecks. In `n r lm Ck `c lk MlwMlw- Qt. Vlu Vlum, m, Gckkns Gc kknsjtl4 jtl4 Rnst Rns t Vuomc Vu omc shc kb Ajgplky, Ajgpl ky, < 323. 23. Brly, Brly,
_lygjk`. "Hcstjry "Hcst jry ji thn Arnn Ck`clks Ck`clks." ." ^kp uom csh n` Rjres Vrjbrnss L`gckcstrltcjk, Rrctnrs' Vrjdnat Glkusa rcpt, Gjktl kl Qtltn ^kcv nrs cty Mcorlry, <30? <30?. .
Hnmn Hn mn kl Ck `n pnk`nkt. pnk `nkt. H l m s k l Ck `l ps k ` lk c.
<6 Glrah Glr ah
<361, <361,
p. 1 , aj m. ?.
?< J a t j o n r < 363, p. C , ajm. 1. 1.
Hjwlr`, Dlgns H . "Phn Vmlcks Jdcow l jr jr O u k b c 4 Hukt nrs lk` Rlrrcjrs ji thn Kjrthnrk Vrlcrcns wcth Qpnaclm _ninrnkan tj thn Purtmn Gjuktlck Olk`." Lkthrjpjmjbcalm Vlpnrs, Qnrcns Kj Kj. C, C, ^kpuomc shn ` Glkusarcpt 4 ^kc vnrsc ty ji Qjuth @lejtl Gusnug Glkusarcpt Ajmmnatcjk, <39>.
99
99
Hj wl r` , Djsnph Eck sn y . Qtr lkbn Ng pcr n . Knw Sjre4 Sjre4 Gjrrjw lk` Ajgplky, <3>?.
Rcmmcl Rc mmcl g
Dj s np hy , Lmvck Lmv ck G. G. Dr. Phn Phn Banlc Qcj ux Kl t c j k . Onrenmny, Onrenm ny, Gjjk Gjj k Ojjes, <322. <322.
AL4
Enmmy, Enmmy, M.B. "Mlkbul "Mlk bulbn bn Glck tnkl tn klka kan n ck Alkl`l4 Alkl`l4 _nsnlr _ns nlrah ah Vrjomngs." ck Qjuk`s Alkl`clk Mlkbulbns lk` Aumturns ck Gu mt c- Nt hkca hk ca Qjac Qjacnt nty5 y5, , Vlum G. G. Gcbus, n`. Pjrjktj4 Alkl`clk Alkl` clk Nthkca Qtu`cns Lssjacltcjk, <32 <32>. K lu mt, mt, Irn`. Irn`. C kt nrvc nr vcnw nw Dukn <322. Jtcs Jtcs, ,
hnm` jk thn _jjey Ojy _nsnrvltcjk _nsn rvltcjk, ,
<>
@.s. Chs @ lwn s Lac lk` lk` chn ch n Lcm\c Lcm \cgn gn kc ji Ck`clk Mlk` Mlk`s. s. Kjrglk, Je mlhjgl4 mlhjgl 4 ^ kcvnr scty ji Jem lhjgl lhj gl Vrnss Vrnss, , <32 <321.
Vrjvc`nkacl, Qcstnr. Qcstnr. "Lojut Hcmm >2 >24 l ajg pcm ltc jk ji sjgn ji thn rnsnlrah `ltl lk` prjgjtcjklm wjre ijr thcs `nprnssn` ajggukcty." ^kpuomcshn` Glkusarcpt4 Ajmmnbn Ajmm nbn ji Brnlt Brn lt I lm m s, Gjktlkl, Mcorlry, <3> <3>?. Qlk`s, R.O. <31< <31<. . <31< .
tj thn Aj gg cs sc jk nr ji Ck`clk Ck`c lk Liilcrs. ?< Inorulr Inor ulry y Kltcjk Klt cjklm lm Lrahcvns, Lrahcvn s, Icmn Ojx Kj. 366 -6> 1-_ jaey ja ey Ojy, Ojy,
Qn l m n y , Oruan Orua n @. "Ck`c "C k`clks lks ji Alkl`l4 L Hcstjry Hcst jry Qentah." Qent ah." ck Ck`clk Ck` clks s Rc thjut th jut Pcp c s , Oruan Oru an @. @. Qnlmny Qnl mny lk` Ynrkl Ynr kl D . Ec r e kn ss , n`s. n`s. Jktlrcj4 Jktl rcj4 Phn Ojje Qjacnty Qjacnt y ji Alkl`l, Mt`., <321. Qhlrp, Qhlrp, Vlum I . "Omlae "Om laeinn innt t lt thn thn Ojr`nr4 Ojr`nr4 Jkn Vnjpmn @cvc`n`," Gjktlkl4 Gjktl kl4 Phn Phn Glbl Glblzck zckn, n, ji Rnsi Rn sink nkk k Hcstjry, ?6, ?6, Rcktnr Rck tnr <326. Quttjk, Quttjk, Cg pr n. Ck`c Ck `clk lk Mlk` Pnku rn . Knw Sjre4 Sjre4 Vuomcshc Vuom cshckb kb Ajg plk y/ Cka., Cka., <32> <32>. . Pj``, Pj``,
Amn lrwltnr lrwl tnr
Mj r n tj . V c`bcks lk` Arnj Ar njmn mns s . Mj k` j k4 _jutm _j utmn`b n`bn n lk` lk` Enbl En blk k Vlum, <320. <320.
Prnltcns lk` Lbrnngnkts &i chn Bhcknn wl Ck`clks. Rlshckbtjk, Rlshckbtjk, @.A.4 Phn Ckstct Cks tctutn utn ijr thn @n vn mj pg nk t ji Ck`clk Mlw, Mlw, <32>. ^.Q. @nplrtgnkt ji thn Cktnrcjr4 Lgnrcalk Ck`clk Vjmcay _nycnw Ajg g c ssc jk Ic kl m _npj rt. Rlshckbtjk , @.A @.A.4 ^.Q. Bjvnrkg Bjvn rkgnkt nkt Vrcktckb Jiican, <322.
92
92
^.Q. ^.Q.
@np lrt gn kt ji thn thn Ck tn rc jr 4 "Gckutns ji thn thn _jaey Ouscknss Ajukacm," ? Gly <306. Kltcjklm Lrahcvns, Rls hckb tjk, @.A.4 Icmn Icm n Ojx Kj. 18 81 8- 1> -6 >1 -_jaey -_ja ey <319.
Ojy Ojy Ojy, Ojy,
--------------------------------- Qcx.£y4-Icrsc Lkkulm Ospjrc ji ths Ajggcsscjknr ji Ck`clk Liilcrs. Rlshckbtjk, @.A.4 ^kctn` Qtltns Bjvn rkgnk t Vrcktckb Jiican, Jiican, <83? <83?. . --------------- ----- ------------------------ Plse Ijran Ijr an Pnk Pnk4 Ic klm kl m _npjrc _npj rc jk Plrgc Plrgckl klcn` cn`' ' lk` K jk 7Il `nr lmm y Osa jbk czl ` Ck`clks tj thn thn Lgnrcalk Ck`clk Vjmcay _nvcnw Ajggcsscjk. Rlshckbtjk, @ .A .4 ^kctn` Qtltns Bjv nrk gnk t Vrcktckb Jiican, <329 <329. . Rnssnm, Phj gls _. "L Hcs tjry tjr y ji thn thn ^kpuomcshn` Glkusarcpt4 Gjktlkl <321.
_jaey O j y –s _nsnrvltcjk." Qtltn ^kcvnrscty Mcorlry,
Tcgg nrgl k, Rcmmclg, Dr. Lssc stlkt Ajg gcs scj knr ji ji Ck`clk Ck`clk Liilc rs tj D ._ . @uss jgn lk` thn _jaey Ojy @nmnbltcjk. _jaey _ja ey O j y , <319. <319.
GJKPLKL QPLPN ^KCYN_QCPS MCO_L_CNQ
ste sK128.N`?8FPhnsns AhcniMcttmnQhn mm'strc onjimlk`mnssA
1 <29? 66<21000 3
_M
GJKPLKL QPLPN ^KCYN_QCPS MCO_L_CNQ
ste sK128.N`?8FPhnsns AhcniMcttmnQhn mm'strc onjimlk`mnssA
_M
1 <29? 66<21000 3
C
.v
e4aM [ [
