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1
^XGELP; PBM LVJAOLF ^MXV^MFPLUM A XMULMT Ahstraft
Pbls papmr prmsmits vlmws gi prgelt ergo Lsjaolf pmrspmftlvm hasm` gi tbrmm oali pglits. Elrstjy, lt fjarlelms tbm pmrolsslhljlty ge prgelt oaxlolzatlgi li Lsjao ai` li wbat way tbat Lsjao ajjgws egr prgelt pursuaifm. Pbm rmsujt egui` tbat m`ufatlgi rmdar`lid tbm lssum hmfgolid a suddmstm` sgjutlgi. Vmfgi`jy, prgelt ergo Lsjaolf pmrspmftlvm ls vlmwm` hy `leemrmitlatlid litmrmst ratm wblfb ls prgblhltm` li Lsjao wltb prgelt ratm. A fjmar mxpjaiatlgi ergo sfbgjars rmdar`lid tbm lssum ge parajjmjlso hmtwmmi litmrmst ratm ai` ai ` prgelt ratm ls rmvlmwm` li tbm smfgi` part. Jastjy, as prgelt pursuaifm ls ajjgwm` li Lsjao, tbls papmr rmvlmws tbm way tg afqulrm prgelt wltbgut livgjvlid li litmrmst, wblfb ls vla ^rgelt ai` Jgss sbarlid systmo. LIPXG@]FPLGI
Pbm ghtaliomit ge prgelt li huslimss ls imm`m` as huslimss faiigt survlvm wltbgut prgelt. Pbls statmomit ls affmptm` li Lsjaolf mfgigolf systmo as mfgigolf aftlvltlms ai` partlflpatlgi li huslimss bavm splrltuaj `lomislgi ` lomislgi li Lsjao. Bgwmvmr, Lsjao `gms `g ms bavm lts gwi prmsfrlptlgi ai` listruftlgi li fgi`uftlid tbm huslimss ai` lt ls hgui`m` hy tbm rujms tbat Ajjab ba` smt. Li rmfmit ymars, tbm stu`y ge prgelt oaxlolzatlgi li Lsjaolf fgitmxt `gms igt rmajjy mxlst. Pbmrmegrm, tbls stu`y ls fgi`uftm` li gr`mr tg a``rmss spmflelfajjy ahgut tbm fgifmpt ge prgelt oaxlolzatlgi li Lsjao ai` bgw lt ls appjlm` li tbm systmo. As a hrlme prmvlmw, tbls rmpgrt ls wrlttmi hy bldbjldbtlid tbrmm oali pglits. Pbm elrst ls tbm fgifmpt ge prgelt oaxlolzatlgi li Lsjaolf pmrspmftlvm, wbmrm tbm ways tg ghtali prgelt ls mxpjalim` li tbm fgitmxt ge Lsjaolf tmafblids. Vmfgi`, tbm usm ge prgelt ratm systmo tg rmpjafm tbm litmrmst ratm systmo li dalilid lifgom. Pbm jast pglit ls tbm appjlfatlgi ge tbm prgelt-jgss sbarlid systmo li eliaiflaj listltutlgi li gr`mr tg msfapm ergo tbm fgivmitlgiaj systmo prmvlgusjy.
8
1.> ^XGELP OARLOL[APLGI
^rg`uftlgi ls gim ge tbm fgopgimits ge oarcmt li mfgigolf systmo. ^rg`uftlgi“s dgaj ls tg oaxlolzm tbm prgelt ge tbm elro. Pbm rmvlmws hmjgw arm ahgut tbm tbmgry ge prgelt oaxlolzatlgi hasm` gi Lsjaolf pmrspmftlvm. Pbm papmrs tbat wljj hm rmvlmwm` arm; Lsjaolf ^mrspmftlvm gi ^rgelt Oaxlolzatlgi hy Ahhas K. Ajl, Ah`ujraboai Aj-Aajl ai` Ah`ujjab AjGwalbai, Ajjgfatlvm Meelflmify ge ^rgelt Oaxlolzatlgi; Ai Lsjaolf ^mrspmftlvm h y Xuzlta Ogb`. Aoli ai` Vmjaoab Ah`ujjab \usge, A`vmrtlsmomit & Lsjao; A Ousjlo Tgrj` ^mrspmftlvm hy A`mmj Harl ai` Xaia [aoli Ahhas. Li tbmsm papmrs, tbm autbgrs `lsfussm` ahgut tbm pmrolsslhljlty ge prgelt prgelt oaxlolzatlgi li Lsjao ai` tbm prgpmr way ge `glid lt. 1.1 Lsjaolf ^mrspmftlvm gi ^rgelt Oaxlolzatlgi
Pbm kguriaj hmdlis wltb tbm statmomit gi bgw rmjldlgi ai` mtblfs fguj` aeemft tbm hmbavlgr ge mfgigolf admits. Pbmrmegrm, li tbls papmr tbm autbgrs trlm` tg mxp jali tbm fgifmpt ai` praftlfm ge prgelt oaxlolzatlgi hy appjylid Lsjaolf tmafblids ai` mtblfs. Pbm autbgrs statm ahgut tbm lopgrtaifm ge Lsjaolf mtblfs li fgi`uftlid huslimss. Mtblfs arm `moai`m` li huslimss as lt `mtmrolims tbm hgui`arlms ge fgi`uft ai` `lftatms tbm jmdltloatlgi ge tbm mfgigolf aftlvltlms. Pbmrm arm egur egui`atlgis ge Lsjaolf mtblfs statm` hy Ajl (8>11) tbmy arm, Lbsai wblfb lopjlms dgg`imss ai` dmimrgslty li litmraftlgi ai` fgi`uft, mltbmr at pmrsgiaj gr grdailzatlgiaj jmvmj. Pbm smfgi` gim ls ‒Aj-@li ‒Aj-@li Aj-Oaaoaja“ Aj-Oaaoaja“ omais ku`dlid tbm aftlgi wbmtbmr lt ls rldbt gr wrgid affgr`lid tg lts hmimelt tg pmgpjm ai` sgflmty. Pbm tblr` gim ls mqulty, wblfb lopjlms tbm ealrimss appjlm` li tbm sgflmty sg tbat tbm oarcmt pjaymrs wljj bavm mquaj affmss tg oarcmt gppgrtuiltlms. Pbm jast gim ls rmspgislhljlty wblfb strmidtbmis oarcmt trust ai` rmliegrfms fgooltomit tg huslimss fgitrafts. 6
Pbmy ajsg omitlgi ahgut tbm prgelt marilid jmvmj li Lsjaolf tmafblid. Pbm oali pglit statm` hy tbm autbgrs rmdar`lid tbm prgelt marilid affgr`lid tg tbm fgitmopgrary sfbgjars ls tbat prgelt oaxlolzatlgi sbguj` igt hm tbm ujtloatm dgaj ge tbm huslimss, as tbm dgaj ge prgelt oaxlolzatlgi sgjmjy wljj jma` tg tbm likustlfm praftlfm li huslimss ai` mvmituajjy wljj igt smrvm tbm wmjearm ge tbm sgflmty. Pbm sfbgjars bavm adrmm` tbat prgelt afts as tbm mssmitlaj omais egr oai tg afblmvm tbm pjmasurm ge Ajjab as wmjj as aj-eajab li tbls wgrj` ai` bmrmaetmr. At tbm jast pbasm ge tbm papmr, tbm autbgrs bldbjldbt gi bgw ^rgpbmt Oubaooa` VAT statms tbm fgi`ltlgis egr oarcmt traisaftlgi tg hm kust. Pbm fgi`ltlgis arm, tbmrm sbguj` hm ig baro gr baro-`gmr li oarcmtlid oarcmtlid mxfbaidm, egr tbgsm wbg `mfjarm tblids eraicjy sbguj` igt jma` tg mafb gtbmr“s `mstruftlgi ai` lt ls igt ajjgwm` egr aiygim tg tacm gvmr tbm prgpmrty ge gtbmrs wltbgut tbmlr fgismit. 1.8 Ajjgfatlvm Meelflmify ge ^rgelt Oaxlolzatlgi
As tbm dgaj ge Lsjaolf Lsjaolf Mfgigolfs ls tg oaxlolzm tbm sgflmty“s wmjearm, tbmrm bas hmmi a frltlflso tbat tbm appjlfatlgi ge prgelt oaxlolzatlgi ls lifgislstmit wltb Lsjaolf hmbavlgr. Bgwmvmr, tbm fgifmpt fai aftuajjy hm appjlm` li tbm mfgigoy prgvl`m` ui`mr fmrtali fgi`ltlgis. Pbmrmegrm, tbm oali `lsfusslgi ge tbm autbgrs li tbls papmr ls gi bgw tbm Lsjaolf elro fai stljj afblmvm tbm `mslrm` gutfgom ge ai Lsjaolf mfgigoy wbljm misurlid tbm meelflmify ge tbm rmsgurfms ajjgfatlgi. Li wblfb, tbm ajjgfatlvm meelflmify fai hm `gim tbrgudb tbm vajuatlgi ge lts gppgrtuilty fgsts wbmrm tbm elro tacms litg affguit tbm iaturm ge tbm dgg` tg hm prg`ufm`. Pbm prg`uftlgi li Lsjaolf eraomwgrc ls vlmwm` as tbm omais igt gijy tg afblmvm oatmrlaj satlseaftlgi hut ajsg tg attali dgajs li tbm bmrmaetmr. Pbm autbgrs ajsg bavm qugtm` tbm dul`mjlims omitlgim` hy Vl``lql (1<<8) rmdar`lid tbm pattmri ge prg`uftlgi ai` ajjgfatlgi ge rmsgurfms tbat
0
oust hm egjjgwm`. Vgom ge tbm dul`mjlims arm, tbm prgblhltm` dgg`s ai` smrvlfms arm igt suppgsm` tg hm prg`ufm`, tbm prg`uftlgi ge rmelimomit dgg`s ls soajj, tbmrmegrm emwmr rmsgurfms arm suppgsm` tg hm ajjgfatm` tg tbmlr prg`uftlgi. As tbm rmsujt, ogrm rmsgurfms arm tg hm ajjgfatm` tg tbm prg`uftlgi ge imfmsslty dgg`s. Li tbls papmr, sgom slopjm tbmgrmtlfaj og`mjs arm prmsmitm` gi bgw Lsjaolf elro prg`ufms tbgsm gutfgoms wbljm stljj oalitalilid prgelt oaxlolzatlgi. Pbm autbgrs ajsg statm sgom fgifmpts li rmdar`s tg prg`uftlgi li Lsjaolf eraomwgrc. As gim ge tbm dgajs li Lsjaolf mfgigoy ls tg eujeljj tbm haslf imm`s ge buoai hmlids, tbmrmegrm tbm ajjgfatlgi ge rmsgurfms tg afblmvm tbgsm purpgsms ls dul`m` hy tbm sbarlab. Li sbarlab, Oasajlb Aj-‒Lha` Aj-‒Lha` (tbm wmjearm ge buoai hmlids) ls hmlid mopbaslzm`. Affgr`lid tg Aj-Dbazajl Aj-Dbazajl ai` AjVbatlhl, tbm sgflaj wmjearm ls jlstm` litg a tbrmm-jmvmj blmrarfby ge aftlvltlms gr dgg`s li gr`mr, iaomjy imfmssltlms, fgivmilmifms, ai` rmelimomits (Lhi ‒Asbur, 1<<2;81>). Imfmssltlms fgislst ge tbm aftlvltlms ai` dgg`s tbat arm mssmitlaj li gr`mr tg prmsmrvm ai` prgtmft tbm elvm egui`atlgis li buoai“s jlem wblfb arm rmjldlgi, jlem, oli`, geesprlid ai` wmajtb. Fgivmilmifms arm tbm aftlvltlms gr dgg`s tbat arm igt vltaj tg tbm prgtmftlgi ge tbm elvm egui`atlgis, hut arm imm`m` li gr`mr tg mjloliatm `leelfujtlms li jlem. Xmelimomits arm tbm aftlvltlms ai` dgg`s tbat dg hmygi` tbm jlolt ge fgivmilmifms, tbmy smrvm tg fgopjmomit ai` hmautley buoai“s jlem. Ai Lsjaolf prg`ufmr wljj trmat tbm rmsgurfms affgr`lid tg Ajjab“s fgooai` ai` wljj hasm bls prg`uftlgi `mflslgi gi tbm fgifmpt ge oasjabab, omailid bm fai stljj hm prgelt-`rlvmi hut hgui`m` hy tbm sbarlab rujms. Affgr`lid tg Lsjaolf eraomwgrc ge prg`uftlgi, tbm gppgrtuilty fgst ge prg`uflid dgg`s oust tacm litg affguit tbm iaturm ge dgg` prg`ufm` rmjatlvm tg tbm gtbmr ajtmriatlvm dgg`s. Egr mxaopjm, li prg`uflid imfmsslty dgg` tbat bas a bldb oasjabab, tbm gppgrtuilty fgst ls prg`uflid a rmelimomit dgg` wltb jgw oasjabab, tbmrmegrm tbm rmegrm tbm gppgrtuilty fgst ge prg`uflid imfmsslty dgg` wljj hm jgwmr ai` a bldbmr prgelt fai hm afblmvm`, ai` vlfm vmrsa. Lopgrtaitjy, tbm gijy
=
fgisl`mrm` dgg`s bmrm arm tbm pmrolsslhjm (bajaj) dgg`s. Li prg`uflid prgblhltm` dgg`s, tbm gppgrtuilty fgst wljj hm prgblhltlvmjy bldb, omailid tbat tbmy sbguj` imvmr hm prg`ufm` hy Lsjaolf elro. Li tbm imxt smftlgi, tbm autbgrs aiajyzm` tbm prgelt-oaxlolzlid jmvmj li tmros ge fgivmitlgiaj ai` Lsjaolf eraomwgrc. Pbm `leemrmifm li tbm fajfujatlgi ge prgelt hmtwmmi tbm fgivmitlgiaj ai` Lsjaolf systmo ls at tbm fajfujatlgi ge gppgrtuilty fgst, as li Lsjaolf eraomwgrc tbm iaturm ge tbm dgg` prg`ufm` hy tbm elro rmjatlvm tg tbm gtbmr ajtmriatlvm dgg` ls hmlid fgisl`mrm`, wblfb ls hasm` gi tbm oasjabab. Pbus, hy assuolid tbm saom `moai`, tbm fgsts li prg`uflid imfmsslty dgg`s arm jgwmr, tbm prgelt-oaxlolzlid gutput wljj hm bldbmr ai` tbm prlfm jmvmj wljj hm jgwmr li Lsjaolf eraomwgrc fgoparm` tg tbm fgivmitlgiaj. Pbls omais, ogrm imfmsslty dgg`s wljj hm prg`ufm` at a jgwmr prlfm wblfb dlvm ogrm hmimelt tg tbm sgflmty wltbgut `miylid tbm elro“s prgelt-oaxlolzatlgi prgelt-oaxlolzatlgi `mflslgi. Pbm saom rmsujt bappmi li tbm fgopmtltlvm oarcmt, egr prg`uflid imfmsslty dgg`s li Lsjaolf eraomwgrc, tbm tgtaj gutput prg`ufm` ls bldbmr ai` tbm prlfm ls jgwmr fgoparm` tg tbm fgivmitlgiaj. Lt ls hmfausm ogrm elros mitmr tbm li`ustry ge prg`uflid imfmsslty dgg`s `um tg lts jgwmr mfgigolf fgst, wblfb rmsujtlid li tbm jardmr oarcmt suppjy ge tbmsm dgg`s ai` pusblid tbm oarcmt prlfm jgwmr tbai tbm fgivmitlgiaj prlfm. Ergo tbm aiajysms, lt sbgws tbat tbm prgelt-oaxlolzlid hmbavlgr elro ui`mr Lsjaolf eraomwgrc misurms a hmttmr ajjgfatlgi ge rmsgurfms wltb rmspmft tg tbm imm`s ge tbm sgflmty. Pbm autbgrs fgifju`m tbm papmr hy statlid tbat prgelt-oaxlolzatlgi fai hm afblmvm` ogrm meelflmitjy li Lsjaolf eraomwgrc le tbm fgisuomr ajsg hmbavm affgr`lid tg tbm Lsjaolf vajums ai` tbm dgvmriomit ui`mrtacm fmrtali omasurms tg afblmvm tbm dgajs arm ajsg, sg tbat tbm prg`uftlgi ge imfmsslty dgg`s wljj rlsm li rmspgism tg bldbmr `moai` egr tbmsm dgg`s ai` bmifm, oaxlolzlid tbm hmimelt ge tbm sgflmty. 5
1.6 A`vmrtlsmomit & Lsjao; A Ousjlo Tgrj` ^mrspmftlvm
Pbm gvmrajj `lsfusslgi li tbls papmr rmvgjvm` argui` tbm lssum ge sgflaj ai` uimtblfaj prghjmo ralsm` `um tg tbm oatmrlajlstlf a`vmrtlsmomit `gim hy tbm elro wltb prgelt oaxlolzatlgi as lts oali ghkmftlvm. Pbm hafcdrgui` pjafm li tbls papmr ls spmflelfajjy statm` li ^aclstai. Bgwmvmr, tbm rmvlmw fai hm oa`m li tmros ge tbm Ousjlo fguitry, as ^aclstai ls a Ousjlo fguitry wltb <2% ge tbm pgpujatlgi ls Ousjlo. Pbm autbgrs hmjlmvm tbat tbm l`ma ge fapltajlso wbg prgogtms tbm ermm mfgigolfaj systmo ogtlvatm tbm huslimss vmiturms tg mari prgelt as oufb as pgsslhjm wltbgut fgisl`mrlid tbm mtblfaj ai` uimtblfaj aspmfts. A`vmrtlsmomit ls gim ge tbm ways tbm prg`ufmrs fai usm tg prgogtm tbmlr prg`ufts ai` frmatm tbm `moai` egr tbm prg`ufts. As wmstmrilzatlgi ls wl`msprma`, Ousjlo fguitrlms start tg a`gpt tbm way tbm fapltajlst fguitry `l` tbmlr a`vmrtlsmomit. Pbm autbgrs `melim` a`vmrtlsmomit as a uil`lrmftlgiaj ai` pal` egro ge fgoouilfatlgi tbat ls usm` tg `lssmoliatm tbm prg`ufts gr smrvlfms liegroatlgi, as qugtm` ergo (Tmjjs, mt aj. 8>>4). Pbm prloary egfus gi a`vmrtlsmomit ls tg mibaifm tbm huslimss prgeltahljlty, tbmrmegrm fgopailms `g igt bmsltatm li livmstlid bmavljy gi a`vmrtlsmomit ai` ldigrlid tbm sgflaj aspmfts. @um tg tbm imdjldmifm ge sgflaj aspmfts li a`vmrtlsmomit, tbm litmdratlgi ge mtblfaj fgi`uft li a`vmrtlsmomit ls imm`m`. Affgr`lid tg Vlidb (8>>2), tbm oali prghjmo ge fgitmopgrary a`vmrtlsmomit ls tbm ahsmifm ge aiy affmptahjm fg`m ge mtblfs, as mtblfs arm tbm ograj prliflpjms tbat `lstlidulsb hmtwmmi rldbt ai` wrgid as wmjj as dgg` ai` ha`. Pbm autbgrs adrmm` tbat tbm imm` egr litmdratlid mtblfs li huslimss ls fausm` hy tbm wmacimss ge tbm jaw li fgvmrlid tbm prghjmos.
4
Pbm autbgrs ajsg a``rmss tbm way ge tbm fgitmopgrary a`vmrtlsmomit hmlid prmsmitm` ls igt li jlim wltb tbm Lsjaolf mtblfs. As tbm meemftlvmimss ge tbm elro“s a`vmrtlslid stratmdy sgombgw `mtmrolims tbm suffmss ge tbm elro“s pmregroaifm, elros wljj try tg attraft tbm fustgomrs tgwar`s tbmlr prg`uft uslid tbm hmst way pgsslhjm. Bmrm arm sgom ge tbm uimtblfaj aspmfts fgi`uftm` li fgitmopgrary a`vmrtlsmomit. Elrstjy, tbm mxaddmratlgi ge tbm ematurms ge prg`uft a`vmrtlsm`. Pbls aftlgi ls fgisl`mrm` uimtblfaj as lt ls a egro ge `mfmptlgi tgwar`s tbm fustgomrs ai` wljj jma` tbmo litg olsajjgfatlid tbmlr rmsgurfms. Li Lsjaolf huslimss mtblfs bgimsty ls fgisl`mrm` as tbm ogst lopgrtait tblid ai` aiy egro ge `mfmptlgi faiigt hm affmptm`. Lt ls ajsg rmjatm` tg tbm lssum ge tbm ealrimss li tbm a`vmrtlsmomit. Pbm ealrimss omitlgim` omais tbm quajlty ai` ematurms ge tbm dgg`s tbat ls a`vmrtlsm` sbguj` hm tbmrm li tbm prg`uft. As Lsjao rmajjy upbgj`s tbm vajum ge kustlfm, olsjma`lid pmgpjm hy sbgwlid tbmo tbm gvmrratm` ematurms ls fgisl`mrm` as likustlfm ai` tbmrmegrm lt ls prgblhltm` li Lsjao. Vmfgi`jy ls ahgut tbm prmsmifm ge iu`lty mjmomits li tbm fgitmopgrary a`vmrtlsmomit. Egr mxaopjm, tbm livgjvmomit ge wgomi li a`vmrtlsmomit hy mxpgslid tbmlr hg`y parts li gr`mr tg oacm tbm a`vmrtlsmomit attraftlvm. Pbls ls fgitra`lfts tg tbm tmafblids ge Lsjao ai` ajsg fgisl`mrm` as a egro ge smxuaj stloujait ai` tbus liapprgprlatm egr tbm puhjlf prmsmitatlgi. Aigtbmr lssum ls tbm a`vmrtlsmomit ge fgitrgvmrslaj prg`ufts li Ousjlo fguitrlms. Fgitrgvmrslaj prg`uft omais tbm prg`uft prg`u ft tbat ls fgisl`mrm` smisltlvm hy tbm sgflmty sgflmt y ai` sgomtloms fgitra`lfts tg tbm igros ai` fujturm ge tbm sgflmty le lt ls tg hm a`vmrtlsm` puhjlfjy, egr listaifm tbm a`vmrtlsmomit ge fgi`go. Pbm autbgrs pglit sgom meemfts ge sgflaj prghjmos gi tbm Ousjlo fguitrlms fausm` hy tbm fgitmopgrary a`vmrtlsmomit wblfb imdjmft tbm Lsjaolf mtblfaj tmafblids. Elrst ls tbm jgss ge fujturaj ai` rmjldlgus vajums li tbm sgflmty. Pbm mxaopjm dlvmi li tbm papmr ls tbm ermm olxlid 2
hmtwmmi tbm gppgsltm dmi`mrs. Ermm olxlid ls fgisl`mrm` uisultahjm li tbm sgflmty, bgwmvmr as tbm om`la cmmp prgogtlid lt tbrgudb a`vmrtlsmomit, lt mvmituajjy hmfgom ai gr`liary tblid aogid tbm sgflmty. Pbm rmsujt ge g e tbm jgss ge tbm fujturm ai` rmjldlgus vajums jma`s tg tbm fgieuslgi aogid tbm imw dmimratlgi ahgut wbat ls Lsjaolf tmafblid ai` wbat ls igi-Lsjaolf tmafblid, gr tbm l`mitlty frlsms. Pbmrmegrm, tbm autbgrs bavm prmparm` sgom suddmstlgis li gr`mr tg loprgvm tbmsm sltuatlgis. Elrst, tbm sgflmty imm`s tg bavm a rm-mvajuatlgi ge lts m`ufatlgiaj systmo hy bavlid Lsjaolf m`ufatlgi hm litmdratm` as tbm syjjahus li mvmry suhkmft ai` at mvmry jmvmj ge m`ufatlgi. Jast hut igt jmast ls tbm rgjm ge tbm autbgrlty li oaclid pgjlflms tbat ls fgopatlhjm wltb tbm Lsjaolf huslimss mtblfs sufb as rmstrlftlid tbgsm a`vmrtlsmomits tbat fgitali tbm mjmomits tbat adalist tbm fujturm gr rmjldlgi. Li fgifjuslgi, prgelt oaxlolzatlgi ls igt prgblhltm` li Lsjao ai` li eaft lt ls mifguradm`. Bgwmvmr, lt imm`s tg hm `gim wltbli fmrtali hgui`arlms. Mtblfs ge huslimss sbguj` hm lopjmomitm` li gr`mr tg prmvmit aiy erau` ai` fgrruptlgi tg bappmi. Gtbmr tbai tbat, li oaclid prgelt tbm oasjabab ge tbm sgflmty imm` tg hm prlgrltlzm`. Jastjy, tbm omtbg` usm` li ghtalilid tbm prgelt imm` tg hm li jlim wltb tbm sbarlab. Pbm usm ge uimtblfaj a`vmrtlsmomit ai` tbm appjlfatlgi ge prgeltmmrlid sufb as bgar`lid dgg`s ai` ogigpgjy li gr`mr tg purpgsmjy lifrmasm tbm prlfm ge tbm dgg` mxfmsslvmjy arm rmajjy fgi`moim`, as lt wljj fausm baro tg tbm sgflmty. Pbmrmegrm, ajj mfgigolf admits sbguj` wgrc tgdmtbmr li afblmvlid tbm dgaj ge tbm Lsjaolf mfgigolf systmo.
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8.> XLHA' UV ^XGELP XAPM 8.1 AI LIPXG@]FPLGI PG PBM LVJAOLF ^MXV^MFPLUMV GE FGI@]FPLID H]VLIMVV
Aboa` B. Kuoa“b ai` Xam` I. Ahu-Oguims Ahu-Oguims (8>11) vlmws tbat tbm oali lssum arlsms ahgut bgw Lsjaolf ai` fgivmitlgiaj praftlfms arm `leemrmitlatm` ls tbm litmrmst ratm. Li tbm Qurai, litmrmst ls prgblhltm`. " Pbgsm wbg fgisuom litmrmst faiigt stai` Sgi tbm @ay ge Xmsurrmftlgi_ mxfmpt as gim stai`s wbg ls hmlid hmatmi hy Vatai litg lisailty. Pbat ls hmfausm tbmy say, "Pra`m ls Skust_ jlcm litmrmst." Hut Ajjab bas pmrolttm` tra`m ai` bas egrhl``mi litmrmst. Vg wbgmvmr bas rmfmlvm` ai a`ogiltlgi ergo bls Jgr` ai` `mslsts oay bavm wbat ls past, ai` bls aeealr rmsts wltb Ajjab . Hut wbgmvmr rmturis tg S`majlid li litmrmst gr usury_ - tbgsm arm tbm fgopailgis ge tbm Elrm3 tbmy wljj ahl`m mtmriajjy tbmrmli." (Aj-Haqarab; 84=)
Pbm autbgrs li tbm artlfjm statm` tbat litmrmst gr Xlha' li Arahlf ls ai lifrmasm li tbm grldliaj vajum ge a tblid. Egr mxaopjm, mx aopjm, a Voartpbgim fgst XO 2>> igw ls sgj` wltb aiiuaj litmrmst ratm ge =% wljj fgst XO 20> at tbm ymar mi`. Aiy `meaujt wljj lifrmasm tbm fgoputmr“s vajum ahsgjutmjy. Assuom tbm saom Voartpbgim ls sgj` egr XO 20> ai` lt wljj hm pal` at tbm mi` ge tbm ymar, tbls ls igt fgisl`mrm` as ‚Xlha‟ li Lsjao. ^rlfms ge hgtb arm tbm saom, hut li Lsjaolf vlmws tbm trmatomit ls uimquaj hmfausm tbm litmrmst `majlid fguj` vary tbm aoguit tg hm rmfmlvm` aetmr tbm ymar. Gi tbm gtbmr bai`, li tbm smfgi` sltuatlgi, tbm aoguit ls elxm` ai` tbm huymr sbguj` igt bavm tg pay ogrm rmdar`jmss ge bgw tbm fbaidm li oarcmt sltuatlgi bappmi. Ajj fgitrafts tbat fgitali litmrmsts arm prgblhltm`. Litmrmst ls fgisl`mrm` as a omai ge ha` huslimss fgi`uft ai` liejumifm tbm ealr `lstrlhutlgi ge wmajtb.
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Pbmrm arm gtbmr sfbgjars' vlmws ahgut litmrmst gr Xlha'. Ahhas Olracbgr ai` Lqhaj [al`l (1<24) `melim` Xlha' as tbm prmoluo tbat tbm hgrrgwmr oust pay tg tbm jmi`mr gi tgp ge tbm prliflpaj, ai` lt ls sgomtloms sgomtloms put li slopjm tmros as a ‒rmturi ge ogimy gi ogimy“ tg mopbaslzm tbm pglit hmtwmmi litmrmst ratm ai` ratm ge rmturi gi a fiiaiflaj livmstomit; rlha ls prgblhltm` li Lsjao, hut prgfits ergo tra`m ai` prg`uftlvm livmstomit arm aftuajjy mifguradm`. Pbmy Pbmy ajsg mopbaslzm` tbat tbm ghkmftlgi ls igt tg tbm payomit ge prgfits hut tg a prm`mtmrolim` payomit tbat ls igt a euiftlgi ge tbm prgfits ai` jgssms lifurrm` hy tbm firo gr mitrmprmimur. 8.8
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HMPTMMI
LIPMXMVP
XAPM
AI@
^XGELP
XAPM;
FGO^AXLVGI GE LVJAOLF HAICLID AI@ FGIUMIPLGIAJ HAICLID
Pbmrm arm sgom lssums pmrtalilid tbm `leemrmifms hmtwmmi litmrmst ratm tbat fai fgisl`mrm` as rlha' wltb prgelt ratm tbat usm` hy ogst ge tbm Lsjaolf haic. Pbls artlfjm attmopts tg aiajysm dmimraj arduomits ahgut Lsjaolf eliaifm ai` tg hm spmflelf gi tbm lssum tbat tbmrm ls ig i g `leemrmifm at ajj li praftlfms hmtwmmi Lsjaolf eliaifm ai` fgivmitlgiaj eliaifm slifm tbmrm mxlsts parajjmjlso hmtwmmi litmrmst ratm ai` prgelt ratm. Pbmi, tbls artlfjm ajsg trlms tg dlvm fjarlelfatlgi tg `guhts ge sgom pmgpjm fjalolid tbat Lsjaolf eliaifm omrmjy livgjvms kust fbaidm li iaom. Li gr`mr tg prgvm tbmlr arduomits adalist Lsjaolf eliaifm, tbmsm pmgpjm frmatm `guhteuj sltuatlgi wblfb statlid tbat tbmrm ls parajjmjlso hmtwmmi litmrmst ratm geemrm` hy fgivmitlgiaj haics ai` prgelt ratm tbat `lstrlhutm` hy Lsjaolf eliaiflaj listltutlgis. Tm fai rmjatm tbls wltb tbm blstgry. Pbm jatmst eliaiflaj frlsls smmos tg prgvm tbat fgivmitlgiaj eliaiflaj systmo ls igt pmremft. Lsjaolf eliaifm was hmfgolid vmry pgpujar aetmr tbm frlsls slifm lt bas hmmi `mfjarm` as ai ajtmriatlvm ge fgivmitlgiaj eliaifm hy sgom Ousjlo ai` igi-Ousjlo mfgigolsts. Aetmr tbat tbm Ousjlo pgpujatlgi li ajj fguitrlms startm` tg prmemr
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Lsjaolf eliaiflaj listltutlgis ogrm ratbmr tbai fgivmitlgiaj gims. Lt ls li jlim wltb a slopjm rujm li tbm li`ustry, tbmrm ls a suppjy wbmi tbmrm ls a `moai`. Lsjaolf eliaifm ls hmlid praftlfm` li gvmr 4= fguitrlms argui` tbm wgrj` wltb ahgut ==> Lsjaolf eliaiflaj listltutlgis lifju`m` li tbm smftgr. (Oubaooa` Ayuh, ]i`mrstai`lid Lsjaolf Eliaifm, 8>>4). Dmttlid hafc gi trafc, affgr`lid tg tbm autbgrs, tbm parajjmjlso hmtwmmi `lstrlhutm` prgelt ratms hy Lsjaolf haics ai` litmrmst ratms `mfjarm` hy fgivmitlgiaj haics ls mifguradlid tbmsm `mmp `guhts eurtbmr. Vlifm Lsjaolf eliaifm ls fgvmrlid vmry soajj part ge fgivmitlgiaj eliaifm wgrj` ai` lt ls trylid tg survlvm li tbls wgrj`, tbls lssum ls ai mxpmftm` rmsujt. Pbmy fgom gut wltb a rmsujt ghsmrvm` tbat Lsjaolf haic “ prgelt ratms ai` fgivmitlgiaj haics“ litmrmst ratms arm parajjmj. Pbmy sal` tbat tbm mxpjaiatlgis ahgut tbm parajjmjlso hmtwmmi prgelt ratms ai` litmrmst ratms arm igt fgivliflid pmgpjm ahgut Lsjaolf eliaifm li tbm fgitmopgrary furrmit fgi`ltlgis. Li tbls artlfjm, tbm autbgrs ajsg fjmarjy smism tbat tbm pmgpjm wbg bavm `guhts ahgut Lsjaolf eliaifm fguj` igt hm pmrsua`m` hmfausm ge tbls sloljarlty hmtwmmi prgelt ratms ai` litmrmst ratms. Pbmy bavm gplilgi ai` sufb oli` smttlid ahgut Lsjaolf eliaifm tbat lt ls kust aigtbmr iaom egr litmrmst-hasm` systmo. Pbmrm arm sgom Lsjaolf sfbgjars ai` kurlsts say tbat slifm Lsjaolf haics arm jlvlid li ai litmrmst-hasm` eliaiflaj systmo, igroajjy tbm sloljarlty hmtwmmi litmrmst ratms ai` rmturi ratms wljj mxlsts gtbmrwlsm tbmrm wljj hm ig fbaifms egr Lsjaolf eliaifm tg survlvm li tbmsm mfgigolf systmo. Lt ls trum tbat affgr`lid tg rmsmarfbms, tbm `mpgsltgrs wbg savm tbmlr ogimy li Lsjaolf eliaiflaj listltutlgis arm sloljar tg tbm fustgomrs ge fgivmitlgiaj haics li a way tbat tbmy arm wltb ai litmitlgi tg oaxlolzm tbmlr lifgoms ai` wmajtb. Lsjaolf haics arm awarm ge tbls eaft. Vg, tbm Lsjaolf haics tblic gut tg usm prgelt mquajlzatlgi rmsmrvm wblfb ls `gim tg prgtmft tbm `mpgsltgrs“ lifgom adalist tbm rm`uftlgi. Tbmi tbmy hmjlmvm tbm litmrmst ratms wljj hm vmry ahgvm 18
tbm rmturi ratms, tbmy fai utljlzm tbmlr rmsmrvm li gr`mr tg lifrmasm tbm ratm ge rmturis. Pbls rmsmrvm ls ajsg sldilelfait tg stahljlzm tbm ratm ge rmturi tg `mpgsltgrs hy Lsjaolf eliaiflaj listltutlgis. Vg tbat le tbm haic `mfjarms a smrlgus jgss aoguit gr mvmi li tbm fasm ge vmry jgw ratms ge prgelt, tbm fjlmits fai wltb`raw tbmlr ogimy savm` li tbm haic hmegrm. Pbm geemrm` smrvlfms hy Lsjaolf haics gr gtbmr Lsjaolf eliaiflaj listltutlgis bmrm oay hm qultm sloljar tg tbm fgivmitlgiaj eliaiflaj systmo. Lt ls `gms igt imfmssarljy omai tbat Lsjaolf eliaifm ls kust ololfclid fgivmitlgiaj systmo wbmi tbmrm mxlsts parajjmjlso hmtwmmi prgelt ratms ai` litmrmst ratms, hut ratbmr lt ls kust a iaturaj rmsujt ge tbm rmfmit sltuatlgi.
8.6 XLHA', ^XGELP XAPM, LVJAOLF XAPM, AI@ OAXCMP MQ]LJLHXL]O
Ogbaoom` H. \usgee (8>16) li bls artlfjm ajsg sal` tbat Ousjlo mfgigolsts bavm suddmstm` tbm prgelt ratm tg rmpjafm rlha' li ai Lsjaolf mfgigolf mfgig olf systmo. Hut mvmi tbls suddmstlgi ls fgisl`mrm` as a rldbt `lrmftlgiaj stmp, lt stljj bas prghjmo slifm igt ajj prgelts arm bajaj, as egr mxaopjm, prgelts ergo jlqugr ai` tghaffg huslimssms arm `meliltmjy barao. Pbm oali lssum tbat wm fai smm li tbls artlfjm `lsfussm` tbm fgifmpt ge Xlha' tbat `leemrmitlatm` ergo tbm prgelt ratm ai` Lsjaolf ratm. Vlifm rlha' ls uijaweuj li Lsjao ai` ls tgtajjy prgblhltm`, tbls artlfjm mxpjalis tbm fgifmpt ge prgelt ratm, wblfb ls pmrolttm` li Lsjao as lt ls `mrlvm` ergo tbm prgelts ge bajaj huslimss aftlvltlms `lrmftjy. Affgr`lid tg tbm autbgr, tbm prgelt ratm gr Lsjaolf ratm ls tbm fjmarlid omfbailso li tbm ogimy oarcmt ai` fapltaj oarcmt. Li ai Lsjaolf mfgigolf systmo, gim ge tbm haslf fbaraftmrlstlfs tbat bavm tg hm misurm` ls tbat lt ls ermm ge rlha' gr litmrmst ratm. Pbm prgelt ratm wljj `mpmi` gi tbm mfgigolf pmregroaifm ge tbm Lsjaolf mfgigoy gvmr tbm huslimss fyfjm. Le tbm 16
mfgigoy ls li tbm `gwi-swlid, tbm prgelt ratm ls mxpmftm` tg hm jgwmr ai` tbm rmvmrsm ls trum wbmi tbm mfgigoy ls li tbm up-swlid. Pbm Arahlf wgr` rlha' rmemrrlid tg Ogbaoom` H. \usgee (8>16) ls ai lifrmasm li gr a``ltlgi tg, hut li praftlfm rlha' rmemrs tg tbm a``ltlgiaj aoguit, li mxfmss ge tbm prliflpaj, tbat a jmi`mr fbardms a hgrrgwmr. Pbm rlha' systmo ba` hmmi praftlfm` li tbm jmi`lid ge ogimy ai` hartmr tra`m aftlvltlms slifm tbm prm-Lsjaolf pmrlg`. Egr mxaopjm `urlid tbls tlom, wbmimvmr a pmrsgi hgrrgwm` ogimy ergo a jmi`mr, tbm hgrrgwmr ascm` tbm jmi`mr tg mxtmi` tbm payomit pmrlg` ai` li rmturi tbm jmi`mr fbardm` tbm hgrrgwmr a elxm` aoguit ge ogimy li mxfmss ge tbm grldliaj prliflpaj tg hm pal`. @urlid tbm tlom wbmi Ajjab smit `gwi tbm rmvmjatlgis ge tbm Qurai gi rlha', tbmrm ls a fjmar `lstliftlgi hmtwmmi rlha' ai` tra`m. Lt ls fgisl`mrm` rlha' li tbls egjjgwlid mxaopjm3 wbmi a pmrsgi sgj` ai ltmo tg a huymr tbat wguj` hm oa`m awarm ge tbm pmrlg` ge payomit, tbmi tbm huymr ealjm` tg oacm rmpayomit wltbli tbat spmflelm` pmrlg`. Bm was tbmi dlvmi ogrm tlom tg oacm tbm payomit hut wltb a fbardm` ge ai a``ltlgiaj aoguit.
8.0
ELIAIFLAJ
PXAIVAFPLGIV
LI
LVJAOLF
HAICLID
AXM
ULAHJM
AJPMXIAPLUMV PG PBM FGIUMIPLGIAJ HAICLID PXAIVAFPLGIV
Pbm sfbgjars, @r. O`. Ah`uj Kajlj ai` Oubaooa` Cbajljur Xaboai (8>1>) li tbmlr artlfjm ajsg statm` tbat Lsjao bas prgblhltm` rlha (litmrmst). Tbmi a jmi`mr jmi`s ogimy tg aigtbmr pmrsgi, bm ls ajjgwm` tg dmt hafc tbm fapltaj aoguit gijy hut igt aiy a``ltlgiaj aoguit wblfb ls usuajjy elxm` litmrmst gi tbm fapltaj. ^rgelt fai hm ghtalim` ergo huslimss li a jaweuj way hut elxm` litmrmst ratm tacmi gi jgai dlvmi tg a pmrsgi ls rlha' ai` lt ls tgtajjy prgblhltm` li Lsjao.
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Affgr`lid tg tbmo, tbm `leemrmifm ge ‒rlha“ ai` ‒tra`m“ ls tbat li tra`m tbmrm ls a pgsslhljlty ai` gffurrmifm ge jgssms. Li gtbmr wgr`s tbmy sal` tra`m eafms uifmrtality li prgelt. Lt lopjlms tbat mvmi tbm fapltaj livmstm` li tra`m ls igt assurm` tg rmfgvmr. A rlha' fgitraft, gi tbm gtbmr bai`, bldbjldbtm` hy tbm autbgrs fai misurms tbm rmfgvmry ge fapltaj ai` eli`s a pgsltlvm rmturi wblfb ls a elxm` ratm litmrmst. Ogrmgvmr, aigtbmr eaft mopbaslzm` hy tbmo tbat sbguj` igt hm ldigrm` ls tbat prgelts arm igt prm`mtmrolim` as rmdar`s tbmlr slzm, uijlcm litmrmst wbgsm slzm ls prm`mtmrolim` ai` ls part ge tbm fgitraft. Pbmrm arm sgom fasms wbmi a fgitraft prgvl`ms a varlahjm litmrmst ratm, hut lt ls stljj fgisl`mrm` `leemrmit ergo prgelt ratm li tra`m tbat ls igt at ajj adrmmahjm tg fgitraftlid. Li gtbmr wgr`s, tbmrm ls ig fguitmr vajum tg litmrmst ai` tbmrm ls ajways a fguitmr vajum tg prgelt li tra`m. Li gur gplilgi, lt ls trujy uijaweuj tg jmi` gut gur ogimy hasm` gi litmrmst ratm wbmtbmr lt ls egr pmrsgiaj purpgsms gr huslimss purpgsms. Tm fai livmst tbm ogimy li tra`m, oaiueafturlid, prgvl`lid fapltaj tg gtbmrs wbg li imm` gr li`ustry ai` livgjvm li prgelt ai` jgssms ge tbm fgitraft mstahjlsbm`. 8.= AI AIAJ\VLV GE LVJAOLF HAICV' MR^GV]XM PG XAPM GE XMP]XI XLVC
[aligj & Casslo (8>1>) li tbmlr artlfjm oalitalim` tbat Lsjaolf haics ajsg eafm eliaiflaj rlscs sloljarjy as tbm fgivmitlgiaj haics hut wltb sgom varlatlgis `um tg spmflelf rmqulrmomits tg hm Vbarl'ab fgopjlaifm. Tltb rmdar` tg tbm litmrmst ratm rlsc, tbm Lsjaolf haics fguj` ajsg mx pgsm` tg tbm saom rlsc, cigwi as tbm prgelt ratm gr ratm ge rmturi rlsc as suddmstm` hy tbm Lsjaolf Eliaiflaj Vmrvlfms Hgar` (LEVH) (8>>=). Vg, tbm autbgrs li`lfatm` tbat Lsjaolf haics bavm tg egjjgw oarcmt trmi` wbmi tbm litmrmst ratm lifrmasms hy ajsg lifrmaslid tbm `mpgslt ratm. Pbmsm fjmarjy sbgw tbat tbmrm ls a rmjatlgisblp hmtwmmi fgivmitlgiaj haics' litmrmst ratm ai` tbm prgelt ratm ge Lsjaolf haics li wblfb as tbm mi` rmsujt wljj dlvm drmat lopjlfatlgis gi tbm oaiadmomit ge rlsc ge Lsjaolf haiclid systmo li Oajaysla. 1=
6.> ^XGELP AI@ JGVV VBAXLID (^JV)
Lsjao prgblhlts litmrmst hut `gms ajjgw tbm sbarlid ge hmimelts ge prg`uftlvm jgai hy tbm suppjlmr ge eui`s le lt ls tacmi li tbm egro ge prgelt. 1 Pbm saom vmrsm ge Bgjy Qurai wblfb prgblhlts litmrmst apprgvms prgelt (Aj-Haqarab; 84=). Pbmrmegrm, as fgivmitlgiaj systmo affmpts litmrmst (rlha) as a sgurfm ge prgelt, tbm vlmw gi prgelt ergo Lsjaolf pmrspmftlvm surmjy fgitra`lftlid ergo tbm prgelt tbat ls vlmwm` ai` affmptm` li fgivmitlgiaj systmo. As a way tg hm ermm ergo egrhl``mi mjmomits (rlha“, dbarar, oayslr) li fgivmitlgiaj haiclid systmo, Ousjlo sfbgjars tggc a jgid tlom tg `mvmjgp a haiclid systmo wblfb ls gpmratm` hasm` gi sbarlab prliflpjm. Pbm uilqum ematurm ge Lsjaolf haiclid wblfb ls prgelt-ai`jgss sbarlid (^JV) fgifmpt ls smmi tg hm ai l`maj og`m ge eliaiflid li Lsjaolf eliaifm8. Loai, Pgil ai` Kamiaj (8>1>) mopbaslzms tbat ^JV systmo ls igt mxfjuslvmjy Lsjaolf as sufb systmo fai hm egui` wl`mjy hmlid usm` rmdar`jmss wbmtbmr lt ls Lsjaolf fguitry gr igt. Hut as tbm systmo `gms fgopjy wltb tbm tmafblid ge Lsjao, lt ls a`gptm` litg tbm hasls ge Lsjaolf Eliaiflaj systmo. Hrga`jy, prgelt ai` jgss sbarlid (^JV) ls a fgitraftuaj adrmmomit hmtwmmi twg gr ogrm traisaftlid partlms, li wblfb tbmy adrmm tg mitmr rlscy mfgigolf aftlvltlms, ai` sbarm tbm rlsc. Pbm rmturis, wblfb oldbt hm prgelt gr jgssms, arm sbarm` hmtwmmi tbm partlms. Baile & Lqhaj, (8>1>) li tbmlr kgli papmr fatmdgrlzm` Lsjaolf og`ms ge eliaiflid litg sbarlab hasm` ai` sbarlab fgopjlait. Vbarla hasm` wblfb arm Ousbaraca (partimrsblp li fapltaj) ai` Ou`araha (partimrsblp li fapltaj ai` scljj) arm a`gptm` hy Lsjaolf Eliaiflaj Listltutlgis gi prgelt ai` jgss sbarlid hasls. ]i`mr tbls og`m, tbm rmturi ge eliaiflmr eliaiflmr ls igt elxm` as lt `mpmi`s gi tbm suffmsseujimss ge tbm prgkmft ai` jgss ls tg hm sbarm` affgr`lid tg fapltaj fgitrlhutlgi. 1
Atauj Buq ^raoailc, Lsjaolf Haiclid Haiclid Bgw Ear Bavm Tm Dgim , 8>>5, @r. O`. Ah`uj Kajlj, Eliaiflaj Praisaftlgis li Lsjaolf Haiclid arm Ulahjm Ajtmriatlvms tg tbm Fgivmitlgiaj Haiclid Praisaftlgis 8
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Tbljm sbarlab fgopjlait listruomits mxpjalim` hy Baile & Lqhaj (8>1>) omai tbm eliaiflid og`m wbmrm tbm rmturi gr prgelt ge eliaiflmr ls prm`mtmrolim` ai` elxm` hut wltbli sbarlab fgistralits. Lt fgislsts ge Ourahaba (fgst pjus prgelt sajm), Lkara (rmitaj arraidmomit), Hal sajaao (spgt payomit egr euturm `mjlvmry), Hal Ouakkaj (sajm gi `memrrm` payomit), Lstasia (gr`mr tg oaiueafturm) ai` @lolilsblid Ousbaraca (bguslid eliaifm).
6.1 DALILID ^XGELP EXGO LVJAOLF LIVPX]OMIPV
Pbls papmr wljj fgitlium rmvlmwlid kguriaj hy Baile ai` Lqhaj mitltjm` (Lsjaolf Eliaiflid ai` Huslimss Eraomwgrc; A Vurvmy; 8>1>) spmflelfajjy gi bgw prgelt ls dalim` hy uslid sgom Lsjaolf listruomits. 1. Ousbaraca (partimrsblp li fapltaj) Ula ousbaraca, a kgli partimrs ls egrom` tg fgi`uft a huslimss li wblfb partimrs sbarm tbm rlsc. Pbm prgelt ls sbarm` affgr`lid tg prm adrmm` ratlg wbljm jgss ls sbarm` affgr`lid tg tbm ratlg ge fgitrlhutlgi. @mspltm tbm fgi`ltlgis tbat oust hm eujeljjm`, tbm prgelt dalim` vla ousbaraca ls pmrolsslhjm li Lsjao as tbm tbm prgelt ai` jgss arm sbarm` aogid partimrs wltb ealr ai` kust. 8. Ou`araha Ou`araha ajsg ls a typm ge partimrsblp hut ogimy ai` scljj arm hrgudbt tgdmtbmr tg rui tbm huslimss. Vloljarjy, prgelt ls sbarm` affgr`lid tg adrmmomit hut jgss ls gijy hgri hy fapltaj prgvl`mr. ]i`mr Ou`araha, LELs prgvl`m fapltaj tg eliaiflajjy wmac hut scljeuj pmgpjm pmgp jm tg `g tbm huslimss ai` sbarm gutfgom wltb LELs. Pbls sfbmom ls ajsg usm` li `mpgslt fgjjmftlgi. Ou`araha fgitraft fai hm rmstrlftm` gr uirmstrlftm`. Ig gim fai fjalo a juop suo aoguit ge prgelt lt oust hm hasm` gi aftuaj gutfgom (Baile & Lqhaj, 8>1>)
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6. Ourahaba Ourahaba ls a fgst-pjus sajm li wblfb tbm fgst oust hm rmvmjm` tg huymr. ]i`mr tbls systmo, say pmrsgi R rmqumsts tg Lsjaolf Eliaiflaj Listltutlgi (LEL) tg purfbasm ai assmt egr blo ai` smjj gi `memrrm` payomit. Pbm fgi`ltlgi ls tbat LEL oust purfbasm tbm assmt elrst hmegrm smjjlid lt tg pmrsgi R. Haic fai fbardm fmrtali prgelt, ai` tbm rmfgvmry payomit p ayomit fai hm oa`m li listajjomits gr li juop suo. Pbm aoguit listajjomit faiigt hm stlpujatm`. ^miajty fai hm fbardm egr prgopt payomit hut tbm payomit faiigt hm lifju`m` li lifgom gr prgelt, ai` lt oust hm spmit egr fbarlty. 0. Lkarab (jmasms) ^rgelt ergo lkarab ls dalim` wbmi L^L jmasms ai assmt tg fjlmit ai` rmfmlvm elxm` rmit payomit fgistaitjy wbmtbmr ogitbjy, aiiuajjy mtf. Pbm gwimrsblp ge assmt hmjgids tg haic hut tbm usueruft hmjgids tg tbm jmssmm. Lkarab ls `leemrmit wltb sajm li tbm way tbat gwimrsblp rmoalis wltb jmssmr wbljm li tbm fasm ge sajms, tbm gwimrsblp ls traisemrrm` tg tbm purfbasmr. Ajsg, tbmrm arm fgi`ltlgis tbat hgtb partlms bavm tg ahl`m, hut lkarab ls gim ge tbm way egr ai li`lvl`uaj gr elro tg afqulrm prgelt.
6.8 FAI ^JV V\VPMO HM TMJEAXM LO^XGULID FGO^AXM@ PG LIPMXMVP HAVM@ HAICLID V\VPMO7
A kglit papmr hy Loai Vudmoa, Pgil Hacbtlar ai` Kamiaj Meemi`l li tbmlr kguriaj (Litmrmst vmrsus ^rgelt-Jgss Vbarlid Frm`lt Fgitraft; Meelflmify ai` wmjearm lopjlfatlgi, 8>1>)
attmopt tg aiswmr tbm eui`aomitaj qumstlgi ge wbmtbmr ^rgelt ai` Jgss Vbarlid (^JV) fai loprgvm tbm aspmft ge wmjearm as fgoparm` tg fgivmitlgiaj systmo wblfb ls hasm` gi litmrmst. Mvmi tbgudb tbm kguriaj egfus oalijy gi haiclid systmo, lt sgombgw rmjatm tg prgelt3 tbm oali `lsfusslgi ge tbls papmr as haic ajsg oaclid prgelt, ai` fustgomrs arm tra`lid wltb haics tg mari
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lifgom prgelt. Pbmlr papmr elrst fjarley tbat tbm mfgigolf fgislsts ge twg drgups3 fapltajlst (wbg gwi fapltaj dgg`s ai` `gms igt wgrc) ai` mitrmprmimur wbg gwis jahgr ai` ruis a elro. Pbmy fgoparm twg sltuatlgis li wblfb tbm elrst gim ls ui`mr prg`uftlgi fmrtality ai` fgopmtltlvm oarcmt, hgtb ^JV systmo ai` litmrmst hasm` frm`lt oarcmt rmsujtm` li tbm saom prlfm ge fapltaj. Omailid tg say, li tbm sltuatlgi assuolid tbat prg`uftlgi ls fmrtali, hgtb drgups arm imutraj rlsc admits ai` hgtb fapltaj ai` a i` jahgr arm li`lvlslhjm, tbmrmegrm ^JV ai` litmrmst hasm` systmo arm sal` tg hm kust ai` meelflmit. Pbm assuoptlgis hmlid oa`m tg oacm tbm rmsujts fjmar ai` slopjm as tbgsm sltuatlgis arm ear ergo rmajlty wbmrm hgtb drgups arm ogrm apprgprlatm tg hm sal` as rlsc avmrslgi admit, ai` tbm li`lvlslhljlty li `lvlslhljlty ge jahgr ai` fapltaj smmos uirmajlstlf. Bgwmvmr, wbmi lt fgoms tg prg`uftlgi ui`mr uifmrtality, wblfb ls `um tg prg`uftlvlty sbgfc, tbmy prgvm tbat gijy ^JV systmo ls kust, as lt `lstrlhutms tbm rlsc at li`lvl`uaj jmvmj aogidst jmi`mr ai` hgrrgwmr ealrjy. Hasm` gi tbmlr tbmgrmtlfaj ai` euiftlgiaj prgge, litmrmst ratm frm`lt fgitraft faiigt hm meelflmit ai` kust wbmi tbm sbgfc ls a`vmrsm gr eavgurahjm egr hgrrgwmr. Pbat ls hmfausm tbm hgrrgwmr wljj bavm tg pay ogrm ai` egr tbm jmi`mrs, li fasm ge eavgurahjm sbgfc, tbmy faiigt mxpjglt tbm mxfmss oardliaj vajum prg`uft mikgym` hy tbm hgrrgwmr. Oarcmt meelflmify ls ajsg lopgsslhjm tg hm afblmvm` li tmro ge li`lvl`uaj hgrrgwmr ai` frm`ltgr slifm tbm rlsc ls igt hmlid mquajjy sbarm` hmtwmmi tbmo. Pbm `lsfusslgi ahgvm hrlids ai lopgrtait lopjlfatlgi tgwar` lifgom `lstrlhutlgi. Pbm fgivmitlgiaj systmo ls typlfajjy eavgurahjm tg jmi`mrs as tbmy wljj igt hmar aiy rlsc. Hut tbls hrlids ai a`vmrsm lopaft tg lifgom `lstrlhutlgi ge hgrrgwmr. Pbgsm eaflid eavgurahjm sbgfc wljj mikgy, ai` tbgsm eaflid a`vmrsm sbgfcs sbguj` hmar ajj tbm olsegrtuim. Li fgitrast, ^JV systmo prgvl`ms tbm hasls ge rlsc sbarlid hut lt tbmi wljj a`vmrsmjy aeemft lifgom `lstrlhutlgi aogid jmi`mrs. Pbmrmegrm, tbls kguriaj faom gut wltb ai ajtmriatlvm tg gvmrfgom tbm prghjmo. Tltb
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suppgrtlvm arduomitatlgis, tbmy suddmst tg prgvl`m ai Lsjaolf haic tbat aft jlcm a rlsc pggjlid admits wblfb ahsgrhs ajj tbm rlscs eafm` hy h y fapltaj gwimr.
6.6 A@UAIPADMV GE ^JV
Apart ergo tbm kguriaj ahgvm, tbmrm arm oaiy fjalos wblfb `lsfussm` tbm a`vaitadms ge ^rgelt ai` jgss sbarlid systmo. Pbls para`ldo ls sal` tg hm ai l`maj systmo tg rmpjafm tbm fgivmitlgiaj gim. Abom` Cara li bls kguriaj tltjm` (Gi tbm Meelflmify ge tbm Eliaiflaj Listltutlgis ge ^rgeltai`-Jgss Vbarlid3 8>>1, 8>>8) assmrts tbat tbm prmsmifm ge eliaiflaj listltutlgis ge prgelt ai` jgss sbarlid wltbli eliaiflaj systmos ge fguitrlms fguj` hm fgisl`mrm` a pgtmitlaj sgurfm ge ajjgfatlvm ai` `yiaolf meelflmify. Pbm ratlgiajlty hmbli` tbls ls tbat, tbls ^JV ls ahjm tg hrlid litg tbm eliaiflaj systmo imw `mpgslt. As a systmo wblfb ls li jlim wltb Lsjao hmmi litrg`ufm`, tbls wljj mifguradm tbm pmrsgi gr sgflmty wbg hmmi aohlvajmit wltb prmvlgus eliaiflaj listltutlgis ai` tmi` tg savm tbmlr wmajtb li egr mxaopjm dgj` gr gtbmr vajuahjms egro, tg traisemr tbmlr ‒l`jm savlid“ litg tbm eliaiflaj systmo. Il`al Mj-Dbattls li bls artlfjm (Lsjaolf Haiclid“s Xgjm li Mfgigolf @mvmjgpomit; Euturm Gutjggc ; 8>11) ajsg pglits gut tbat tbm Lsjaolf prgelt sbarlid fgifmpt bmjps tg stloujatm mfgigolf `mvmjgpomit hy mifguradlid mquaj lifgom `lstrlhutlgi ai` wblfb rmsujts li drmatmr hmimelts egr sgflaj kustlfm ai` jgid tmro drgwtb. Pbm prgelt-jgss sbarlid sfbmom sfb mom loprgvms fapltaj ajjgfatlgi meelflmify as a rmturi gi fapltaj `mpmi`s gi prg`uftlvlty ai` tbm ajjgfatlgi ge eui`s ls hasm` gi tbm suffmss ge tbm prgkmft. Bm ajsg a``s tbat tbm lifrmasm li livmstomit wljj gffur as tbm ^JV systmo dlvms `mpgsltgrs sbarm li haic“s prgelt. Pbmrmegrm, lt wljj fgismqumitjy rmsujts li tbm lifrmasm li livmstomit.
8>
Tltbgut `miylid tbat Lsjao `gms ajjgw egr prgelt pursuaifm, tbm way wm fgi`uftlid lt oust hm li affgr`aifm wltb tbm tmafblid ge Lsjao. Lt ls vmry dratmeuj egr us tg bavm Lsjaolf Eliaiflaj systmo tg`ay li wblfb wm rmajlzm tbat tbm mstahjlsbomit prgfmss hmegrm, `l` rmqulrms a vmry drmat aoguit ge meegrts ai` bar` wgrc mspmflajjy ergo Ousjlo sfbgjars. Tltbgut ajj tbm meegrts, wm oldbt stljj hm trappm` li fgivmitlgiaj eliaiflaj systmo. Bgwmvmr, tbm systmo wm bavm tg`ay ls stljj li imm` egr loprgvmomit ai` hmttmromit. Buoaygi A. @ar ai` Kgbi X. ^rmsjmy li tbmlr artlfjm Jafc ge ^rgelt Jgss Vbarlid li Lsjaolf Haiclid; Oaiadmomit ai` Fgitrgj Lohajaifms ardum tbat wbatmvmr ls tbm `mdrmm ge suffmss ge li`lvl`uaj Lsjaolf haics, tbmy bavm
sg ear ealjm` li a`gptlid ^JV-hasm` og`ms ge eliaiflid li tbmlr huslimss. Pbmgrmtlfajjy, ^JV ls ai l`maj sgjutlgi hut tg-`atm aftuaj praftlfm ge Lsjaolf haiclid ls ear ergo tbmsm og`mjs. Buoaygi ai` Kgbi li oltldatlid tbm prghjmo suddmst tbat tbm lifmitlvm tg fbmat oust hm mjloliatm`, tbm `mslrm tg wltbbgj` liegroatlgi oust hm imdjldlhjm ai` systmos oust hm put li pjafm wblfb ajjgws meelflmit ai` gpmi prgelt ai` jgss sbarm listruomits tg tg `mvmjgp.
81
FGIFJ]VLGI
Li tbls papmr, tbm fgifmpt ai` praftlfm ge prgfit arm `lsfussm` ai` aiajysm` li aiajysm` li tmros ge Lsjaolf tmafblid ai` pmrspmftlvms. Vlifm Lsjaolf mfgigolfs systmo pjafm sldilelfait mopbasls gi tbm wmjearm ai` tbm fgitliulty ge tbm fgoouilty, prgfit oaxlolzatlgi gr oatmrlaj pursult ls igt ajjgwm` egr mxpjgltatlgi ai` olsfblme. Lsjao dmimrajjy dmimrajjy apprgvms prgfit dalis ai` jaweuj marilids wblfb `g igt jma` tg tbgsm olsfgi`ufts. Pbmrmegrm, prgeltmmrlid gr mxfmsslvm dalilid tbat wljj dlvm baro tg tbm sgflmty arm jggcm` upgi imdatlvmjy. Pbm mvl`mifms prgvl`m` li tbls artlfjm rmvlmw prgvm tbat prgfit ls ls li eaft a pgsltlvm gutfgom egr iurturlid mfgigolf wmjj-hmlid ai` mirlfblid tbm sgflmty's wmjearm. Eurtbmrogrm, Vbarl'ab wltb rmspmft tg mfgigolf aftlvltlms statms tbat aiy fgitrafts gr aftlvltlms assgflatm` wltb litmrmst ratm arm prgblhltm`. Lt ls hmfausm litmrmst prmvmits ealr `lstrlhutlgi ge wmajtb hmtwmmi livmstgrs, ai` bmifm lt ls adalist tbm hmimelt ge tbm sgflmty. Pbus, li tbls lssum wm suddmst tbat dgvmriomit as tbm autbgrlty sbguj` ui`mrtacm tbm aoaiab ge misurlid tbat tbls dgaj ls afblmvm` hy taclid dgg` omasurms, slifm li ai Lsjaolf mfgigolf systmo tbm dgvmriomit sbguj` fgmxlst wltb tbm oarcmt gi a pmroaimit ai` stahjm hasls. Lsjaolf eliaiflaj systmo ajsg imm` egr eurtbmr loprgvmomit ai` hmttmromit li tmro gi praftlfaj fgi`uft. Pbm listruomits sbguj` hm usm` wltb rmstrlftlgi ai` fautlgis tg prmvmit rmsmohjaifm tg litmrmst hasm` systmo, ai` tg prmvmit tbmo ergo hmlid olsusm` as a ‒hafc -`ggr“ tg litmrmst hasm` eliaiflid. Li a jgid-tmro pmrlg`, sufb omasurms sbguj` hm li fgohliatlgi wltb a oalitalim` meegrt tg m`ufatm ajj mfgigolf admits ai` frmatm awarmimss tg tbmo ge tbm prgpmr Lsjaolf vajums ai` eliajjy tgdmtbmr wltb tbm lopgrtaifm ge pjaflid a bldb prlgrlty gi eujeljjlid tbm sgflmty's imm`.
88
XMEMXMIFMV
1. K.Ajl, A., Aj-Aajl, A., & Aj-Gwalbai, A. (8>18). Lsjaolf pmrspmvtlvms gi ^rgelt Oaxlolzatlgi. K Hus Mtblfs 114;054-04= 8. Harl, A., & [aoli Ahhas, X. (8>11). A`vmrtlsmomit & Lsjao ; A Ousjlo Tgrj` ^rmspmftlvm. Austrajlai Kguriaj ge Huslimss ai` Oaiadmomit Xmsmarfb, 1(5), 1=8-1=4 6. Ogb` Aoli, X., & Ah`ujjab \usge, V. (8>>6). Ajjgfatlvm Meelflmify ge ^rgelt Oaxlolzatlgi; Ai Lsjaolf ^mrspmftlvm. Xmvlmw ge Lsjaolf Mfgigolfs , (16), =-81. 0. \usgee. Ogbaoom` H. (8>16) "XLHA', ^XGELP XAPM, LVJAOLF XAPM, AI@ OAXCMP MQ]LJLHXL]O." Litmriatlgiaj Kguriaj ge Mfgigolfs,Oaiadmomit ai` Affguitlid 81, ig. 1 (8>16); 66-56. =.
Ah`uj Kajlj, O`. ai` Xaboai, Oubaooa` Cbajljur. (8>1>) "Eliaiflaj Praisaftlgis li Lsjaolf Haiclid arm Ulahjm Ajtmriatlvms tg tbm Fgivmitlgiaj Haiclid Praisaftlgis." Litmriatlgiaj Kguriaj ge Huslimss ai` Vgflaj Vflmifm, Ugj. 1 Ig. 63 @mfmohmr 8>1>
5. Ahu-Oguims, Xam` I. ai` Kuoa'b, Aboa` B. (8>11)"AI LIPXG@]FPLGI PG PBM LVJAOLF ^MXV^MFPLUMV GE FGI@]FPLID H]VLIMVV." Xmvlsta Moprmsarlaj Litmr Omtrg / Litmr Omtrg Huslimss Kguriaj Vprlid 8>11 / Ugj. 4 Ig. 1 / p. =2 4. [aligj, [alry. ai` Casslo, Vajlia B. (8>1>) " Ai Aiajysls ge Lsjaolf Haics' Mxpgsurm tg Xatm ge Xmturi Xlsc." Kguriaj Kguriaj ge Mfgigolf Fggrpmratlgi ai` @mvmjgpomit, 61, 1 (8>1>), =<-20. 2. Baile, Oubaooa` ai` Lqhaj, Ah`ujjab Oubaooa`, Lsjaolf Eliaiflid ai` Huslimss Eraomwgrc; A Vurvmy (Igvmohmr 1>, 8>><). Murgpmai Kguriaj ge Vgflaj Vflmifms, Ugj. 1=, Ig. 0, 8>1>. Avaljahjm at VVXI; bttp;//ssri.fgo/ahstraft?1=>61<> <. Vudmoa, L., Hacbtlar, P., & Meemi`l, K. (8>1>). Litmrmst vmrsus ^rgelt-Jgss Vbarlid Frm`lt Fgitraft; Meeflmify ai` Tmjearm Lopjlfatlgis. Litmriatlgiaj Xmsmarfb Kguriaj ge Eliaifm ai` Mfgigolfs , LVVI 10=>-8224 (0=). (0=). Xmtrlmvm` ergo bttp;//www.murgkguriajs.fgo/eliaifm.bto 1>. Cara, A. (i.`.). Gi tbm Meelflmify ge tbm Eliaiflaj Listltutlgis ge ^rgelt-ai`-JgssVbarlid. Kguriaj ge Mfgigolf ai` Vgflaj Xmsmarfb , 6(8), <<-1>0. 11. Mj-Dbattls, I. (i.`.). Lsjaolf Haiclid's Xgjm li Mfgigolf @mvmjgpomit; Euturm Gutjggc . 18. A. @ar, B., & X. ^rmsjmy, K. (i.`.). JAFC GE ^XGELP JGVV VBAXLID LI LVJAOLF HAICLID; OAIADMOMIP AI@ FGIPXGJ LOHAJAIFMV. Litmriatlgiaj Kguriaj ge Lsjaolf Eliaiflaj Vmrvlfms, 8(6).
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