Literature of the Global North and Global South •
States, Canada Canada,, Western Europe, Europe, and developed parts of Asia of Asia,, as well Global North include the United States,
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as Australia and New Zealand, Zealand, which are not actually located in the eoraphical South but share si!ilar econo!ic and cultural characteris"cs as other northern countries# $he North !ostly covers the West and the %irst World, World, alon with !uch of the Sec Second ond World World## $he Global South is !ade up of Africa of Africa,, La"n A!erica, A!erica, and developin Asia Asia includin includin the &iddle East# East# $he South larely corresponds with the $hird World Countries# World Countries#
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Literature of Global North European Literature literature of of Europe Europe## European literature refers to the literature lanuaes'' a!on the !ost i!portant of the !odern wri(en European literature includes literature in !any lanuaes wor)s are those in Enlish Enlish,, Spanish Spanish,, %rench %rench,, *utch *utch,, +olish +olish,, Ger!an Ger!an,, talian talian,, &odern Gree), Gree), C-ech and .ussian and wor)s by the Scandinavians Scandinavians and and rish rish## La"n,, Ancient Gree), Gree), /ld Norse, Norse, &edieval %rench and !portant classical and !edieval tradi"ons are those in La"n the talian $uscan dialect of the renaissance# synony! for Western literature# literature# n collo0uial speech, European literature o1en is used as a synony! literature is a part of world literature# literature# European literature Epics are part of the oral literature which, later, later, was wri(en down# $hese are narra"ve in verse full of warli)e adventures#2 Four major Epics in Europe Ger!an3 Nibelunenlied %rance3 Son of .oland Spain3 El Cid taly3 *ivine Co!edy 4istory /f Enlish Literature $he Anlo3Sa5on +eriod 677839:;; A#*#< =Anlo3Sa5on2 is the ter! applied to the Enlish3spea)in inhabitants inhabitants of >ritain fro! around the !iddle of the ?1h century un"l the "!e of the Nor!an Con0uest, when the Anlo3Sa5on line of Enlish )ins ca!e to an end# /ld Enlish literature, or Anlo3Sa5on literature, enco!passes literature wri(en in /ld Enlish in Anlo3Sa5on Enland, in the period a1er the se(le!ent of the Sa5ons and other Ger!anic tribes in Enland a1er the withdrawal of the .o!ans and @endin soon a1er the Nor!an Con0uest@ in 9: ;;# $he Anlo3Sa5on inuenced Enlish Literature Literature when they brouht with the! a rich tradi"on of oral literature steeped in their custo!s, paan beliefs and rituals# $he lyric and epic poetry they wrote told of the hardships of survival and the i!portance of courae in perfor!in heroic deeds# t dini?ed the diBcul"es and daners faced by the warriors before they succeeded in their heroic feats# So!e sini?cant literary wor) in this period 9# Ecclesiascal History of the English People and Caedmon Hymn by Bede AngloSa!on Chronicle by Alfred the Great D# # "he #onderer 7# $eor%s &ament F# A $ream of the 'ood ;# "he (a)le of *aldon # (eo+ulf ,&one Sur-i-ing Epic of English &iterature. So!e sini?cant literary wor)s in this period ca!e fro! AN/NH&/US W.$E.S# •
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$he &edieval +eriod 69:;; A#*#397IF A#*#< So!e Sini?cant literary Wor)s of this period were 9# Sir Gawain and the Green Knight D# Morte *J Arthur by Sir $ho!as &alory Arthur by # The Vision of the Piers Plowman by Willia! Lanland 7# The Owl and the N ighngale F# Canterbury Tales by GeoKrey Chaucer $he Sini?cant Literary Genres were 9# Eley D# .eli .elii iou ouss Lit Litur ury y # Narr Narra a"ve "ve .o! .o!an ance ce •
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7# Lay or Lais F# Arthurian .o!ance ;# %abliau GeoKrey Chaucer3 %ather of Enlish Literature 3/utstandin in Enlish +oet before Willia! Sha)espeare whose Canterbury $ales ran)s as one of the reatest poe"c wor)s in Enlish# English 'enaissance or "he Eli/abethan Period 697IF39;DF< •
9# D# # 7# F# ;# •
9# D# # 7# F#
$he !ost splendid in the history of Enlish literature# Literary wor)s were characteri-ed by i!!ense vitality and richness# $he owerin of poetry and the olden ae of dra!a# $he !ost noted poet of the period was Willia! Sha)espeare# So!e sini?cant literary wor)s in this period were aerie !ueene" She#her$s Calendar by Ed!und Spenser %aws of &''lesias'al Polity by .ichard 4oo)er >oo) of &artyrs by ohn %o5e Muso#hilus by Sa!uel *aniel The Nym#h$s (e#lied to the She#herd by Sir Walter .aleih Willia! Sha)espeare Wor)s Sini?cant literary enre Sonnet Eli-abethan Lyric Eli-abethan *ra!a 4istorical +oe!s +astoral .o!ance
"he 01th Century or the Puritan Period ,02340155. •
9# D# # 7# F# ;# •
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Sini?cant literary wor)s durin this period Areopai"ca by ohn &ilton *evo"ons by ohn *one .eliio &edici by $ho!as >rown 4istory of 4enry M by %rancis >acon Wor)s by >en ohnson $he arden by Andrew &arvell Sini?cant literary enre .estora"on Co!edy and $raedy &etaphysical +oetry %alse +indaric or rreular /de Liht +rose
$he 9Ith Century or the +eriod of Classis! 69::39I::< *awnin of the ae of reason $he London beco!e the the center of of the bustlin city life# Literary !astered have their cra1s and have wri(en with sophis"ca"on and ?nesse# +rose wri"n beco!e popular# $he periodical and novel ained popularity and public acceptance# $he periodical beca!e the oriin of what we call now as clarity and public acceptance# Sini?cant literary wor)s durin this period 9# The %ondon Mer'hant by Geore Lillo D# Cons'ious %o)ers by .ichard Steels # The air Penitent* The Tragedy of +ane Shore* The tragedy of %ady Grey by Nicholas .owe 7# The ,istressed Mother by A!brose +hilip F# Cato by oseph Addison ;# The -est .ndian by .ichard Cu!berland # The Stoo#s to Con/uer by /liver Golds!ith I# The (i)als* S'hool for S'andals by .ichard >rinsley Sheridan •
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Sini?cant literary enre /pera >allad /pera +anto!i!e +rose $raedy
$he .o!an"c +eriod 69I::39I<
$he Golden ae of the lyric poetry belons to the youth# A literature of vior and courae, love and wisdo!, despair and hope# .o!an"c poets pointed to the wild, unfatho!able beau"es of nature, the elusive, supernatural vision of !ys"cs and the !ysterious at!osphere of reliion that had east such celes"al liht about the !iddle aes# Sini?cant literary enre 4eroic Couplet 4istorical Novel
$he Mictorian +eriod 69I398::< Sini?cant literary wor)s durin this period 9# The Pi'0wi'0 Pa#ers1 Oli)er Twist* ,a)id Co##er2eld* A Tale of Two Cies* Great &3#e'taons by Charles *ic)ens D# Vanity air by Willia! &a)epeace $hac)eray # Pilgrim$s Progress by ohn >unyan 7# The %ast Chroni'le of 4arset1 4ar'hester Towers1 The -arden by Anthony $rollope F# -uthering 5eights by E!ily >ront Sini?cant literary enre Novels &aa-ine Serial *ra!a"c *ialoue •
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$he D:th Century 698:: 3 9888< Literature of this periods e5e!pli?es the i!proved cra1s of !asters# $he novel has ourished and writers have risen not only to popularity but to dis"nc"on as well# $he e!erin values of the !odern "!es are e!bodied in the wor)s of authors who defy the conven"ons of the old world# Science and technoloy beca!e the basis for advance!ent# While /rthodo5 beliefs are considered standard criteria for e5cellence, the e!erin needs for radical chanes beca!e the order of the day# Sini?cant literary enre No-el (lan6 7erse •
Literature of Global South AfroAsian &iterature •
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Afro3Asian Literature is a ter! for wri"n' wri(en by people fro! !i5ed African3Arab ethnicity, or African3Asian ethnicity# n !odern "!es, part of world literature, Afro3Asian literature is a separate se!ent of wri"n of e5periences in African and Asia for further cultural understandin and world peace# Afro3Asian Literature !irrors not only the custo!s and tradi"ons of African and Asian countries but also their philosophy of life which on the whole are deeply and predo!inantly conte!pla"ve and haun"nly sweet# Afro3Asian Literature is the reec"on of the stor! and the stress of developin na"ons see)in a place under the sun which every student !ust understand so he !ay )now how this literature aKects the history and culture of a na"on# $he bac)round of Afro3Asian literature dates to the very beinnins of when the ?rst !i5ed race individual bean wri"n# An e5act date is harder to co!e by iven the wide topic this 0ues"on as)s to be answered# Li)e !ost literature you can be assured that earlier wri(en docu!ents were based on stories passed by word of !outh# Literature !ay have its roots fro! the pre3historic period#
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$he hierolyphs of Eypt, found around D:: >C to about 7:: A* for e5a!ple, is a syste! of wri"n which used sy!bols, have been used to record so!e thins about what had transpired in history# 4owever, these are not considered literature# Considered to be the earliest records of literature is the Egypan (oo6 of the $ead wri(en down in a papyrus in DF: (C8 &any of the literary wor)s are handed down by oral tradi"on# n Africa, the lac) of literacy did not !a)e it possible to write literature down# 4istories, !yths, leends, includin stories, dra!as, riddles, sons, proverbs and other literary wor)s were handed by !outh fro! enera"on to enera"on to entertain, educate and re!ind the people about t heir past, heroic deeds of their people, ancestry and culture#
Genres 9# +oetrySons 3 about the history and culture of the Afro3Asian people were wri(en and perfor!ed, and then passed down# $oday, Afro3Asians s"ll e5press their crea"vity, and honour their culture, by cra1in beau"ful poe!s, o o
such as hai)us, ballads, or sonnets# %reefor! poe!s with speci?c structures or !eters are also prevalent 3 these have a free3spirited, strea!
of consciousness feelin### D# +lays 3 +laywrihts use dialoue and !onoloue to reinforce ideas, e!o"ons and the!es# &any playwrihts celebrate their own culture and ancestry by seOn plays in the past, and referencin historical events in their storylines# +lays, when perfor!ed, will feature bac)drops, costu!es, and Paron that reects the culture and uni0ue spirit of Afro3Asian people# # +rose has no par"cular !eter 3 it ows naturally, and it is not poetry# +rose can be found in essays, in novels, and in le(ers to other people# n !any ways, prose is the purest e5pression of hu!an thouht 3 in literature, prose is used to e5pose truth, to describe obPects, places, and people, and todraw a reader deeper into a story# CH9NA
9# D# # 7# F#
$4E %ME CLASSCS $4E >//Q /% C4ANGES $4E >//Q /% 4S$/.H $4E >//Q /% .$ES $4E >//Q /% /*ES $4E S+.NG AN* AU$U&N ANNALS
Confucius3 perhaps the reatest philosopher of the world has )nown# /ne of the truly reat !en that China has
produced# &i Po ,150 : 120.; or &i tai Po, was one of the leadin Chinese poets of the eihth century# 4is wri"ns deal with the ood thins of life and with the pathos of hu!an des"ny# With a stri)in vividness they treat of love, friendship, wine, nature, and si!ple villae livin# +o R Chu R 6DD R I7;< was a well3)nown Chinese poet who represented the classical tradi"on in Chinese literature, poli"cs and !orality#
9N$9AN &9"E'A"<'E
$he ?rst characteris"c we no"ce about ndian literature is that it is based on piety, a deeply reliious spirit#
Sans)rit3 literature of ndia# $he word =sans)rit2 !eans cul"vated or perfected#
Medas R the bible of the ndians#
.a!ayana and &ahabharata are the !ost i!portant epics of ndia#
.a!ayana R is about the reincarna"on of the creator od Mishnu in the person of .a!a, who is the hero of the epic#
&ahabharata R deals with the other reincarna"on of Mishnu in the person of Qrishna# t is considered as the reatest epic of ndia# $he ndians believe in reincarna"on#
$he reincarna"on of Mishnu are called Avatars, descendin fro! the od#
N*AN *.A&A $he ?rst reat na!e in ndian dra!a is Bhasa. 678 #lays are a9ributed to him:; Kalidasa – the reatest writer of plays# 4e is the author of Shakuntala. Sha0untala < it is a story of a 0ing who goes hunng in the woods and meets a beauful maiden named Sha0untala with whom he falls in lo)e: Pan'hatantra 6i)e headings; < a boo0 that said to 'ontain the 2rst fables e)er wri9en: ables are stories of animals who beha)e li0e human beings: (abindranath Tagore < was a great .ndian #oet and dramast: 5e was awarded the Nobel Pri=e for literature in 7>78 and was 0nighted by the 4rish go)ernment in 7>7?: =apan
Also )nown as >"he &and of the 'ising Sun?8 $he earliest wri"ns fro! ancient apan are 9# $he .ecords of Ancient &a(ers in QoPi)o 6A#*# 9D< D# $he Chronicles of apan or Nihoni 6A#*# D:< apanese Literature t is one of the !aPor /riental Literatures# Katakana R basic alphabet in apan which consists 7 characters# Earliest apanese Literary wor)s 9# QoPi)i 6.ecords of Ancient &a(ers< D# Nihoni 6Chronicles of apan< $hree $ypes of apanese *ra!a 9# Noh play D# +oruri or puppet play # Kabu0i play =apanese Poetry
4ai)u
Shortest for! of apanese poetry but !ost popular# t has seventeen3syllable poe! in three lines of ?ve, seven, and ?ve syllables#
$an)a
A ?ve3line poe!# $he ?rst and third line lines have ?ve syllables each and the others seven, !a)in a total of thirty3one syllables per poe!#
Arabian literature is the wri"n, of both prose and poetry, produced by writers in the Arabic Lanuae# $he Arabic word used for literature is @Adab , which is derived fro! a !eanin of e"0ue(e, and which i!plies politeness, culture and enrich!ent# Arabic literature e!ered in the Fth century with only fra!ents of t he wri(en lanuae appearin before then# $he urTan, widely rearded by &usli!s as the ?nest piece of literature in the Arabic lanuae, would have the reatest las"n eKect on Arabic culture and its literature# /ne $housand and /ne Nihts, also )nown as $housand and /ne Nihts or Arabian Nihts Entertain!ent
