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List of English words of Persian origin From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search As Indo-European languages, English and Persian have many words of common Proto-IndoEuropean origin, and many of these [cognate] words often have similar forms. Examples of these include: English (Mother) and Persian (Mādar), English (Father) and Persian (Padar), English (Daughter) and Persian (Dokhtar), English (jungle) and Persian (jangal), English (Brother) and Persian (Barādar) and English (Name) and Persian (Nām). However, this article will be concerned with loanwords, that is, words in English that derive from Persian, either directly, or more often, from one or more intermediary languages. Many words of Persian origin have made their way into the English language through different, often circuitous, routes. Some of them, such as "paradise", date to cultural contacts between the Persians and the ancient Greeks or Romans and through Greek and Latin found their way to English. Persian as the second important language of Islam has influenced many languages in the Muslim world, and its words have found their way beyond the Muslim world. Persia remained largely impenetrable to English-speaking travelers well into the 19th century. Persia was protected from Europe by overland trade routes that passed through territory inhospitable to foreigners, while trade at Persian ports in the Persian Gulf was in the hands of locals. In contrast, intrepid English traders operated in Mediterranean seaports of the Levant from the 1570s, and some vocabulary describing features of Ottoman culture found their way into the English language. Thus many words in the list below, though originally from Persian, arrived in English through the intermediary of Ottoman Turkish language. Many Persian words also came into English through Urdu during British colonialism. Persian was the language of the Mughal court before British rule in India even though locals in North India spoke Hindusthani. Other words of Persian origin found their way into European languages— and eventually reached English at second-hand— through the Moorish-Christian cultural interface in the Iberian peninsula during the Middle Ages thus being transmitted through Arabic.
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A[edit source | editbeta] Afghanistan Literally "Land of Afghans" in Persian. Alfalfa Etymology: Spanish from Arabic al-faṣfaṣa : al-, the + faṣfaṣa, alfalfa (variant of fiṣfiṣa, ultimately (probably via Coptic p-espesta : p-, masculine sing. definite article + espesta, alfalfa) from Aramaic espestā from Middle Persian aspast, horse fodder.[1] Armand Etymology: Meaning "Man of Army / One With Army" "Ar" short for "Artesh" meaning (Army) + "Mand" which relates to conduct to the prior word. Assassins Etymology: Persian نيشاشح
B[edit source | editbeta] Babouche
Etymology: from French babouche and Arabic شَباب, from Persian pāpoosh ()شَپاپ, from pa "foot" + poosh "covering." a chiefly oriental slipper made without heel or quarters.[2][3] Babul Etymology: Persian لبابbābul; akin to Sanskrit , babbula, babbla (Acacia arabica). an acacia tree (Acacia arabica) that is probably native to the Sudan but is widespread in northern Africa and across Asia through much of India[4] Badian Etymology: French badiane, from Persian نایدابbādiyān 'anise.'[5] Baghdad naisreP elddiM morF ,ب غدادBhagadad (< baga 'god' and dāta 'given, gave') meaning "Gifted by God" Bakhtiar Etymology: Persian رایثخبBakhtyār, from bakhtyār fortunate, rich, from bakht fortune, prosperity + dār (> yār; cf. shayriyār 'sovereign, king' < xshatra 'dominion, country' > shahr 'country, city' + dār 'having power over s.th.) 'haver/having,' i.e., 'he/she who possesses fortune'. a member of the Bakhtiari people.[6] Baksheesh from Persian bakhshesh ()ششخب, lit. "gift," from verb ندیشخبbakhshidan "to give, to give in charity, to give mercifully; (hence, also) to forgive". a gift of money[7][8] Balaghat Etymology: probably from Hindi , from Persian الابbālā 'above' + Hindi gaht [9] 'pass.' tableland above mountain passes. Balkans (region) Etymology: from Persian الابbālā 'big, high, upper, above' + يناخkhāna 'house, upperhouse, room'.[10] Balcony Etymology: يناخالابbālākhāna from Persian الابbālā 'above' + يناخkhāna 'house, upperhouse, room' [11] Baldachin "Baldachin" (called Baldac in older times) was originally a luxurious type of cloth from Baghdad, from which name the word is derived, through Italian "Baldacco". Baghdad is a Persian word meaning 'Gifted by God'. Baluchi Etymology: Persian چَلب، بodnI na .ihculaB ,hculaB ن ُچی-Iranian people blended from a mixture of the Veddoid type isolated in the Hadhramaut and of the IranoAfghan type and located in Baluchistan in the southwestern part of Pakistan.[12] Baluchistan Etymology: from Baluchistan, country of western Asia, from Persian ناثشچَلب Baluchistaan. a rug in somber colors (as mulberry and deep blue) woven by nomad tribes in Baluchistan and especially Seistan.[13] Ban (title) "governor of Croatia," from Serbo-Croat. ban "lord, master, ruler," from Persian baan (" )نابprince, lord, chief, governor"[14] Barbican possibly from Persian ( يناخkhāneh "house").[15] Barsom
Etymology: Persian مشربbarsam, from Middle Persian مشربbarsum, from Avestan nairtsaoroZ ni stseirp yb desu sdor latem ro sgiwt dercas fo eldnub a .namsrab ب ار سمان ceremonies.[16] Bas
Etymology: Hindi स bas, from Persian شب. The word means Enough, Stop.[17]
Bazaar from Persian رازابbāzār (="market"), from Middle-Persian ب ٍا- زارbahâ-zâr ("The Place of Prices").[18] Bazigar Etymology: Hindi bazigar, from Persian رگیزاب. literally means a 'player' (< bāzi 'game, play' + participial suffix -gar; cf. English suffix -er, viz. "play-er")and it refers to a gypsylike nomadic Muslim people in India.[19] Bedeguar Etymology: Middle French bedegard, from Persian درَآدابbaadaaward. gall like a moss produced on rosebushes (as the sweetbrier or eglantine) by a gall wasp (Rhodites rosae or related species)[20] Begar Etymology: Hindi begaar, from Persian یب-ib ک ار-kār. Meaning 'without work', [21] forced labor. Begari Etymology: Hindi begaar, from Persian یب-ib ک ار-kār.. Meaning a person without work, a forced laborer.[22] Beige Etymology: French beige via Old French bege, perhaps from Italian bambagia cotton, from Medieval Latin bambac-, bambax, from Middle Greek βακβάθ bambak-, βάκβαμ bambax, probably from a Turkish word represented now by Turkish pamuk cotton, probably of Persian origin; akin to Persian ابماپpamba cotton. cloth (as dress goods) made of natural undyed wool. a variable color averaging light grayish yellowish brown. a pale to grayish yellow.[23] "beige" /bazh/ may derive from "camBYSES" (Gk. βίζζνο "byssos" fine cloth, "bysses.byses" fine threads. Persian princes' robe)
Etymology: from Persian ثشيبbihisht heavenly one. India: a water carrier especially of a household or a regiment.[29] Bhumidar Etymology: Hindi bhumidar, from bhumi earth, land (from Sanskrit bhuumi also Persian ب ُمیBumi and Old Persian � Bum) + ردdar holder (from Persian). India: a landholder having full title to his land.[30] Bibi Etymology: Hindi bibi, from Persian یبیب.[31] Bildar Etymology: Hindi beldar, from Persian ردلیبbildaar, from لیبbil spade + رد -dar holder. Digger, Excavator.[32] Biryani Etymology: Hindi, or Urdu biryaan from Persian نایربberyaan. roasted, grilled. Also an Indian dish containing meat, fish, or vegetables and rice flavored with saffron or turmeric.[33][34] Bobachee Etymology: Hindi babarchi, from Persian یچراَابbaawarchi. India: a male [35] cook Bombast Etymology: modification of Middle French bombace, from Medieval Latin bombac-, bombax cotton, alteration of Latin bombyc-, bombyx silkworm, silk, from Greek βόκβπθ bombyk-, βόκβπμ bombyx silkworm, silk garment, probably of Persian origin; akin to Persian اپمپpamba cotton. 1) obsolete: cotton or any soft fibrous material used as padding or stuffing 2) a pretentious inflated style of speech or writing.[36] Borax Etymology: Via Middle English boras, Anglo-Norman boreis, Medieval Latin baurach, and Arabic ب ُرقbáuraq; ultimately from Persian يربburah or Middle Persian būrak. the best-known sodium borate Na2B4O7·10H2O[37][38] Bostanji Turkish bostanci, literally, gardener, from bostan garden, from Persian ناثشَب bustaan flower or herb garden, from َبbo fragrance + ناثش-stan place. one of the imperial guards of Turkey whose duties include protecting the palace and its grounds, rowing the sultan's barge, and acting as imperial gardeners[39] Bronze Etymology: Perhaps ultimately from Pers. نربbirinj "copper.".[40] Brinjal Etymology: from Persian ناگنیدابbadingaan, probably from Sanskrit vaatingana. Eggplant.[41] Buckshee Etymology: Hindi स bakhsis, from Persian ششخبbakhshish.[42] Budmash Etymology: Persian شمدبbadma'sh immoral, from دابbad (from Middle Persian vat) + شمma'sh (Arabic) living, life. India: a bad character: a worthless person.[43] Bukshi Etymology: Persian یشخبbakhshi, literally, giver, from bakhshidan to give. India: a military paymaster.[44] bulbul
Etymology: Persian originally borrowed from Arabic "( لبلبnightingale"). a Persian songbird frequently mentioned in poetry that is a nightingale. a maker or singer of sweet songs.[45] Bund Etymology: Hindi band, from Persian. An embankment used especially in India to control the flow of water.[46] Bunder Boat Etymology: Hindi bandar harbor, landing-place, from Persian. a coastal and harbor boat in the Far East.[47] Bundobust Etymology: Hindi -ओ- स band-o-bast, literally, tying and binding, from Persian. India: arrangement or settlement of details.[48] Burka Etymology: Arabic عقربburqu' ("face covering with eye openings") via Russian бурка, probably from буры buryi dark brown (of a horse), probably of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish bur red like a fox; the Turkic word probably from Persian ربbur reddish brown;.[49] according to a book by Dr.Ajam ,Burqa is arabized of purda in Persian it means cover and curtain. Burkundaz Etymology: Hindi barqandz, from Persian, from قربbarq lightning (from Arabic) + زدناandz thrower. an armed guard or policeman of 18th and 19th century India.[50] Buzkashi from Dary زبbuz "goat" + یشکkashi "dragging"[51]
C[edit source | editbeta] Cafcuh from Persian qâfkuh ( فاقro (ک ُيkuh-e qâf ()فاق يَک Calabash possibly from Persian kharabuz, Kharbuzeh ( )يزبرخmelon.[52] Calean Etymology: Persian نایلقqalyaan. a Persian water pipe.[53] Calender or qalandar (dervish order) Etymology: Persian ردنلقqalandar, from Arabic ردنلاك, and from Persian ردنلق kalandar uncouth man. one of a Sufic order of wandering mendicant dervishes.[54][55] Camaca Etymology: Middle English, from Middle French camocas or Medieval Latin camoca, from Arabic & Persian ايکمک يخمكkamkha, kimkha. a medieval fabric prob. of silk and camel's hair used for draperies and garments.[56] Candy from Old French sucre candi, via Arabic و د قqandi "candied," derived from Persian ق ىدqand, meaning "sugar." Probably ultimately derived from Sanskrit khanda [57] sugar, perhaps from Dravidian. Carafe from Arabic gharafa ()يفارق, "to pour"; or from Persian qarabah, (" )يبارقa large flagon"[58]
Caravan Etymology: Italian caravana, carovana, from Persian ناَراکkārawān. a company of travelers, pilgrims, or merchants on a long journey through desert or hostile regions: a train of pack animals.[59] Caravansary Etymology: modification of Persian ارشناَراکkārwānsarā, from ناَراکkārwān caravan + ارشsarā palace, large house, inn; an inn in eastern countries where caravans rest at night that is commonly a large bare building surrounding a court.[60] Carcass Etymology: Etymology: Middle French carcasse, alteration of Old French carcois, perhaps from carquois, carquais quiver, alteration of tarquais, from Medieval Latin tarcasius, from Arabic ح رك يسيtarkash, from Persian ح رک صtirkash, from ح يرtir arrow (from Old Persian ����� tigra pointed) + شاک-kash bearing (from ندشک kashdan to pull, draw, from Avestan شراکkarsh-);[61] Carcoon Etymology: Marathi kaarkun, from Persian نکراکkaarkon manager, from ک ه+ ssenisub ,krow raak ک ار-kon doer. India: CLERK.[62] Cash Etymology: from Sanskrit karsa, a weight of gold or silver but akin to Old Persian ��� karsha, unit of weight (83.30 grams), a unit of value equivalent to one cash coin.[63] Cassock Etymology: Middle French casaque, from Persian دنغاژاکkazhaghand padded jacket, from ژک، جاکkazh, kaj raw silk + دناaaghand stuffed. a long loose coat or gown formerly worn by men and women.[64][65] Caviar from Fr. caviar, from Pers. khaviyar ()رایَاخ, from ایخkhaya "egg"+ ردdar "bearing, holder".[66] Ceterach Medieval Latin ceterah, from Arabic جاراثشshtaraj, from Persian خاراثیشshitarakh. A small genus of mainly Old World ferns (family Polypodiaceae) typified by the scale fern[67] Chador Hindi caddar, from Persian رداچchaddar. a large cloth used as a combination head covering, veil, and shawl usually by women among Muslim and Hindu peoples especially in India and Iran.[68] Chakar Hindi chakor, from Persian رکاچchaker. India: a person in domestic service: SERVANT; also: a clerical worker.[69] Chakdar From Panjabi
chakdar, from
chak tenure (from Sanskrit
cakra wheel) +
Persian - در-dar having. a native land tenant of India intermediate in position between the proprietor and cultivator.[70] Chalaza Old Slavic zledica frozen rain, Ancient Greek ράιαδα chalaza hailstone or lump, Persian يلاژzhaala hail. Either of a pair of spiral bands of thickened albuminous substance in the white of a bird's egg that extend out from opposite sides of the yolk to the ends of the egg and are there attached to the lining membrane.[71]
Chappow Persian َپچChapu pillage or لپاچChapaul raid. Word is Mongolian in Origin. Pillage/Raid.[72] Charka Hindi carkha, from Persian اخرچ, خرچcharkha, charkh wheel, from Middle Persian chark; akin to Avestan chaxra- wheel, Sanskrit cakra. Wheel. a domestic spinning wheel used in India chiefly for cotton.[73] Charpoy From Persian رايچ-rahC پ ای-pai. Literally meaning four-footed. a bed consisting of a frame strung with tapes or light rope used especially in India.[74] Chawbuck Hindi cabuk, from Persian کباچchabuk archaic, chiefly India: a large whip.[75] Check(and Cheque) check (cheque)(n.) from O.Fr. eschequier "a check at chess," from eschec, from V.L. *scaccus, from shah "king," the principal piece in a chess game (see shah). 1st Sassanid Empire. When the king is in check a player's choices are limited. Meaning widened from chess to general sense of "adverse event, sudden stoppage" and by c.1700 to (from Persian 'chek' (")كچa token used to check against loss or theft" (surviving in hat check) and "a check against forgery or alteration," which gave the modern financial use of "bank check, money draft" (first recorded 1798), probably influenced by exchequeur. Check-up "careful examination" is 1921, American English, on notion of a checklist of things to be examined.[76][77] Checkmate from Middle French eschec mat, from Persian ثام ياشshâh mât (="the King ("Shah") is dead")[78][79] Chess from Russian Шах Shach, from Persian ياشshah ("the King"), an abbreviation of ياشhâhS ماث-mât (Checkmate).[80] Cheyney Etymology: probably from Persian ینیچchini literally meaning Chinese. a woolen fabric in use during the 17th and 18th centuries.[81] Chick Hindi स ciq, from Persian قیچchiq. a screen used in India and southeast Asia especially for a doorway and constructed of bamboo slips loosely bound by vertical strings and often painted.[82] Chillum Etymology: Hindi cilam, from Persian ملچchilam.[83] Chilamchi Etymology: Hindi स cilamci, from Persian یچملیچchilamchi. India: a metal [84] wash basin. China From Chinese 秦 (referring to the Qin Dynasty), Sanskrit Chinas, and Latin; Modification (influenced by China, the country) of Persian نیچCin (Chinese) porcelain.[85] Chinar Hindi chinar, from Persian رانچchanar. A type of Oriental Tree.[86] Chobdar
Hindi cobdar. From Persian ربَچchubar. from بَچchub, chub staff, wood (from Middle Persian پچchup wood) + رد-dar having.[87] Cinnabar probably from Persian حرفیجنزzanjifrah[88] Coomb Middle English combe, from Old English cumb, a liquid measure; akin to Middle Low German kump bowl, vessel, Middle High German kumpf bowl, Persian دبمگ/دبنگ gumbed(Gonbad). an English unit of capacity equal to 4 imperial bushels or 4.13 United States bushels.[89] Culgee; Etymology Hindi kalg, from Persian یگلکkalgi jeweled plume. a jeweled plume worn in India on the turban.[90] Cummerbund from Hindi kamarband ()دنبرمك, from Persian رمکkamar (="waist") + دنب [91] band (="band") Cushy modification of Hindi khush pleasant, from Persian شَخkhush.[92]
D[edit source | editbeta] Daeva daeva, deva from Avestan daevo; dev from Persian َدdeev. Zoroastrianism: a maleficent supernatural being: an evil spirit.[93] dafadar From Persian راداءفادDaf'adaar. from Arabic يئفادdaf'ah time, turn + Persian رد-dar holder.[94] Daftar Hindi , record, office, from Persian د خرDaftar, from Arabic د خرdaftar, diftar, from Aramaic defter and Greek δηθζέξα diphthera prepared hide, parchment, [95] leather. Daftardar Etymology: Hindi daftardar, from Persian راداءفاد, finance officer, from در+ ratfad د خر-dar holder.[96] Dakhma Etymology: Persian يمخد, from Middle Persian dakhmak, from Avestan daxma- funeral place.[97] Daroga Etymology: Hindi daroga, from Persian اگردdaaroga. India: a chief officer; especially: the head of a police, customs, or excise station.[98] Darvesh Persian شیَردdarvish.[99] Darzi Hindi darzi, from Persian یزردDarzi. A tailor or an urban caste of tailors in Hindu society in India.[100] Dastur Hindi dastur custom, from Persian رَثشدDastur. customary fee.[101]
Dastur From Persian رَثشدDastur. a Parsi high priest.[101] Dasturi Hindi Dasturi from Persian رَثشدDastur. Gratuity.[102] Defterdar Turkish, from Persian رادرثفدdaftardar finance officer. a Turkish government officer of finance; specifically: the accountant general of a province.[103] Dehwar Persian رَيدdehwar= يیدDih(land)+َ رwar (having possession of). : a member of the Dehwar racial type usually having the status of a laborer or slave.[104] Dervish from Persian شیَردDarvish Middle Persian شَردDarweesh. a member of any Muslim religious fraternity of monks or mendicants noted for its forms of devotional exercises[105][106] Dewan Etymology: Hindi diwan, from Persian ناَد, account book.[107] Demitasse from Fr. demi-tasse, lit. "half-cup," from demi- + tasse, an O.Fr. borrowing from Arabic حظثtassah, from Pers. ثشثtasht "cup, saucer". Div See the Entry Daeva above.[108] Divan via French and Turkish divan, from Persian ناَیدdēvān (="place of assembly", "roster"), from Old Persian یپیدdipi (="writing, document") + َ مناياvahanam (="house")[109][110] Doab Etymology: Persian باَدdoab, from َدdo two (from Middle Persian) + بآ-ab water. a tract of land between two rivers: INTERFLUVE.[111] Dogana Etymology: from Persian يناگَد, account book. an Italian customhouse.[112] Douane Etymology: from Persian ناَیدDivan. CUSTOMHOUSE.[113] Dubber Etymology: from Persian ابدDabba. a large globular leather bottle used in India to hold ghee, oil, or other liquid.[114] Duftery Etymology: from رثفدDafter (Record)+ یi. A servant in an office whose duty is to dust and bind records, rule paper, make envelopes. An office boy.[115] Dumba Etymology: Persian, from بمدdumb tail. a fat-tailed sheep of Bokhara and the Kirghiz steppe that furnishes astrakhan.[116] Durbar Etymology: Persian, from ردdar door + رابbaar door, admission, audience. admission, audience of the King.[117] Durwan Etymology: Persian نَردdarwan, from ردdar door (from Middle Persian, from Old Persian رَدduvar-) + Persian َ نا-wan keeping, guarding.[118] Dustuck
Etymology: Hindi hand).[119]
dastak, from Persian کثشدDastak (handle, related to
E[edit source | editbeta] Emblic New Latin emblica, from Arabic جلمأamlaj, from Persian حالماaamlah. an East Indian tree (Phyllanthus emblica) used with other myrobalans for tanning.[120] Enamdar Hindi इ ' in'aamdaar, from Persian, from مءانیina'm (originally Arabic meaning Gift) + رد-dar holder. the holder of an enam (Gifts).[121] Euphrates From Old Persian Ufratu "Good to cross over"
F[edit source | editbeta] Farsakh Arabic خشرفfarsakh, from Persian farsang ot lauqe tinu cirtem naisreP a .ر س ىگ 10 kilometers or 6.21 miles.[122] Faujdar Hindi Fawjdaar from Persian, from Arabic جَفFawj Host (troops) + Persian .(ecilop fo egrahc ni eno sa) reciffo yttep .(redloh) raad [دار123] Faujdari from Persian, from رادجَفfawjdar. a criminal court in India.[124] Ferghan from Persian يناغرفFerghana. a region in Central Asia. a usually small heavy Persian rug chiefly of cotton having usually a web and a fringed end, a deep blue or rose field with an all over herati sometimes guli hinnai design and a main border with a turtle design, and being highly prized if antique.[125] Feringhee from Persian 'Farangi'- رو گی-: from the word Frankish: a person from Europe. The first encounter with Western Europe was during Charlemagne who was King of Franks. From that time the word Farangi means European, especially Western European. Also after the first Crusade this word appeared frequently in Persian and Arabic literature. (in Arabic as 'Faranji' because they could not pronounce /g/) . The Ottoman Turks pronounced it as Feringhee.[126] Fers Middle English, from Middle French fierce, from Arabic نازرفfarzan, from Persian moC .nizraf رزی هing from "Fares" a name given by Muslims to the Sassanid era cavalry.[127] Fida'i Arabic ةضيفfida (sacrifice) plus Persian suffix 'i'. ییادف, a member of an Ismaili order of assassins known for their willingness to offer up their lives in order to carry out delegated assignments of murdering appointed victims.[128] Firman from Persian ferman naisreP dlO morf , رمانframaanaa, a decree or mandate, order, license, or grant issued by the ruler of an Oriental country.;[129][130]FITNA (Persian)==lovable
G[edit source | editbeta] Gatch from Persian ( چگGach), a plaster used especially in Persian architectural ornamentation.[131] Galingale from Persian ناجنلخkhalanjan, a plant.[132] Ghorkhar from Persian ( رخ يرَگGureh Khar). a wild ass of northwestern India believed to be identical with the onager.[133] Giaour from Pers. رَگgaur, variant of gabr "fire-worshipper"[134][135] Gigerium from Latin gigeria, plural, entrails of fowl, perhaps of Iranian origin; akin to Persian .revil ragij [ج گر136] Gizzard earlier gysard, alteration of gysar, from Middle English giser, gyser, from Old North French guisier liver (especially of a fowl), gizzard, modification of Latin gigeria (neuter plural) cooked entrails of poultry, perhaps of Iranian origin; akin to Persian ;revil ragij [ج گر137] Gul Etymology: Persian Gol/Gul لگ. Rose.[138] Gulhinnai Etymology: Persian انح یلگguli hinna, from Persian لگgul flower, rose + Arabic dna mets lartnec htiw tnalp a fo gnitsisnoc ngised gur naisreP a .anneh/annih ح ىت/ٌ ىا attached star flowers.[139] Gulmohar Etymology: Hindi gulmohur, from Persian لعجgul rose, flower + ريمmuhr [140] seal, gold coin. Gunge Etymology: Hindi gãj, of Iranian origin; akin to Persian جنگganj treasure.[141] Gymkhana Etymology: probably modification (influenced by English gymnasium) of Hindi gend-khana racket court, from Persian يناخkhana house. a meet or festival featuring sports contests or athletic skills: as a: a horseback-riding meet featuring games and novelty contests (as musical chairs, potato spearing, bareback jumping).[142]
H[edit source | editbeta] Halalcor Hindi halalkhor, from Persian, from Arabic لالحhalal + Persian رَخkhor eating. a person in Iran and India to whom any food is lawful.[143] Havildar Hindi hawaldar, from Arabic ' لَحhawala' charge + Persian ' ردdar' having. a noncommissioned officer in the Indian army corresponding to a sergeant.[144] Hyleg
modification of Persian جالحhailaj 'material body'. The astrological position of the planets at the time of birth[145] Hindi
from Persian Hindu, derived from स Sindhu, the Sanskrit name for the Indus River. literary language of northern India usually written in the Devanagari alphabet and one of the official languages of the Republic of India.[146]
Hindu from medieval Persian word َدنيHindu (mod. یدنيHendi), from ancient Avestan hendava ultimately from Sanskrit स saindhava. "Indian"[147][148] Hindustan Hindi Hindustan, from Persian ناثشَدنيHindustan (mod. ناثشَدني Hendustan) India.[149] Hircarrah Persian اراکرايharkara, from har every, all (from Old Persian haruva-) + kaar work, deed, from Middle Persian, from Old Persian kar- to do, make.[150] Homa hom from Persian ميhom, from Avestan haoma. a stylized tree pattern originating in Mesopotamia as a symbol of the tree of life and used especially in Persian textiles.[151]
I[edit source | editbeta] India
from Persian دنيHind, from Sanskrit स Indus.[152]
Sindu, a river, in particular, the river
Iran from Middle Persian ریاIr (Aryan, Aria, Areia) + ناan (place)[153] Ispaghol literally, horse's ear, from پشاasp horse (from Middle Persian) + لَقghol ear. an Old World plantain (Plantago ovata) with mucilaginous seeds that are used in preparing a beverage.[154]
J[edit source | editbeta] Jackal from Persian لاغشshaghāl, ultimately from Sanskrit sṛgālaḥ. Any of several doglike mammals of the genus Canis of Africa and southern Asia that are mainly foragers feeding on plants, small animals, and occasionally carrion.[155][156] Jagir from Persian اجJa (place) + ریگgir (keeping, holding). a grant of the public revenues of a district in northern India or Pakistan to a person with power to collect and enjoy them and to administer the government in the district;[157] Jama from Persian يماجJama (garment). a long-sleeved cotton coat of at least knee length worn by men in northern India and Pakistan. Also used as suffix in the word Pajama.[158] Jasmine from نیمشایyasmin, the name of a climbing plant with fragrant flowers.[159][160]
Jemadar Hindi ' , jama'dar, jam'dar (influenced in meaning by Persian ثاءماج jam'at body of troops), from Arabic اماجjam' collections, assemblage + Persian ردdar having. an officer in the army of India having a rank corresponding to that of lieutenant in the English army. any of several police or other officials of the government of India.[161] Jasper The name means "spotted or speckled stone", and is derived via Old French jasrpe (variant of Anglo-Norman jaspe) and Latin iaspidem (nom. iaspis)) from Greek ἴαζπηο iaspis, (feminine noun)[162] from a Semitic language (cf. Hebrew שyashepheh, Akkadian ܝ ܫ ܦܗyashupu), ultimately from Persian ی طپyašp.[163] Jezail Persian لیءازجjaza'il. a long heavy Afghan rifle.[164] Jujube Greek δίδπθνλ zizyphon, Persian نَفازیازzayzafun, an Asiatic tree with datelike fruit.[165] Julep from بالگgulab (rose( لگgul)-water( بآab)).[166][167]
K[edit source | editbeta] Kabob or kebab, possibly from Persian kabab dna cibarA ni smrof lacitnedi morf ro ,ک باب Urdu[168] Kabuli : Persian یلباکkabuli, of or belonging to Kabul, Afghanistan.[169] Kaftan from Persian ناثفخkhaftân.[170] Kajawah from Persian ( يَاجکKajavah/Kajawah). a pannier used in pairs on camels and mules especially in India.[171] Kala-Azar from Hindi kala (black) + Persian رذآāzār (disease, pain). a severe infectious disease chiefly of eastern and southern Asia that is marked by fever, progressive anemia, leukopenia, and enlargement of the spleen and liver and is caused by a flagellate (Leishmania donovani) which is transmitted by the bite of sand flies (genus Phlebotomus) and which proliferates in reticuloendothelial cells – called also visceral leishmaniasis.[172] Kamboh Etymology: Unabridged Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines Kamboh as "a member of a low caste in the Punjab engaged chiefly in agriculture".[173] Karez Etymology: زراکkârez an underground irrigation tunnel bored horizontally into rock slopes in Baluchistan. a system of irrigation by underground tunnels.[174] Kemancha Etymology: from Persian يچنامکKamancheh. a violin popular in Middle East, Caucus and Central Asia. It has usually a single string and a gourd resonator and is held vertically when played.[175] Kerana
Etymology: modification of Persian karranâi یانرک, from ینnâi, reed, reed pipe. a long Persian trumpet.[176] Kenaf Etymology: Persian. a valuable fiber plant (Hibiscus cannabinus) of the East Indies now widespread in cultivation.[177] Khaki from Hindustani and Urdu / یکاخkhaki (="made from soil", "dusty" or "of the colour of soil"), from Persian کاخkhak (= "soil")[178] Khakhsar Etymology: Hindi स khâksâr, from Persian khâkâsr راشکاخhumble, probably from khâk dust + -sâr like. a member of a militant Muslim nationalist movement of India.[179] Khan Arabic ناخkhân, from Persian. (not to be confused by the Turko-Mongol Khan). a caravansary or rest house in some Asian countries.[180] Khankah Etymology: Hindi khânaqâh, from Persian يناخkhâna house + ياگgâh [181] place. Khawaja Etymology: originally from Persian khâwja يجاَخ. used as a title of respect.[182] Khidmatgar from Arabic ةمدخkhidmah service + Persian رگ-gar (suffix denoting possession or agency). In India: a male waiter[183] Khoja see khawaja Khuskhus Etymology: Persian & Hindi स स/ شخشخkhaskhas. an aromatic grass (Andropogon zizamoides) whose especially fragrant roots yield an oil used in perfumery and are also made into mats in tropical India – called also vetiver.[184] Kincob Etymology: Hindi , kimkhab, kamkhwab, from Persian. an Indian brocade usually of gold or silver or both.[185] Kiosk from ک ُ ضکkushk (="palace, portico, pavilion") or Middle Persian gōšak "corner"[186][187] Koftgari Hindi koftgar, from Persian یرگثفَکkoftgari, from ثفَکkoft blow, beating + رگ-gar doing. Indian damascene work in which steel is inlaid with gold.[188] Koh-i-noor from Pers. koh " يَکmountain" رَنNoor (light)." famous diamond that became part of the British crown jewels after the annexation of Punjab by Great Britain in 1849, from Persian رَن ہَکKh-i-nr, literally, mountain of light[189][190] Kotwal Hindi kotwal, from Persian. a chief police officer or town magistrate in [191] India. Kotwalee
Hindi India.[192]
kotwal, from Persian, from يلَثَکkotwalee. a police station in
Kran Persian نارقqran. the basic monetary unit of Persia from 1826 to 1932. a silver coin representing one kran.[193] Kurta Hindi & Urdu shirt.[194]
کرحاkurta, from Persian اثرکkurtâ. a loose-fitting collarless
Kusti Persian یثشک، یثشکkusti, kushti, from ثشکkusht waist, side, from Middle Persian ثشک، کثشَکkust, kustak. the sacred cord or girdle worn by Parsis as a mark of their faith – compare.[195]
L[edit source | editbeta] Lac Persian کلlak and Hindi lakh. Resinous substance secreted by the lac insect and used chiefly in the form of shellac. Any of various plant or animal substances that yield hard coatings resembling lac and shellac.[196] Lamasery French lamaserie, from lama + -serie (from Persian یارشsarāi palace, large house).[197] Larin Etymology: Persian یرالlārī. a piece of silver wire doubled over and sometimes twisted into the form of a fishhook that was formerly used as money in parts of Asia.[198] Lascar Urdu lashkarī < Pers, equiv. to راخشالlashkar army + -ī suffix of appurtenance]. an East Indian sailor. Anglo-Indian. an artilleryman.[199] Lasque Etymology: perhaps from Persian کشالlashk bit, piece. a flat thin diamond usually cut from an inferior stone and used especially in Hindu work.[200] Leucothoe legendary Persian princess supposed to have been changed by Apollo into a sweetscented shrub. a large genus of American and Asiatic shrubs of the family Ericaceae with herbage that contains a poisonous substance similar to that found in shrubs of the genus Kalmia and with flowers in terminal and axillary one-sided racemes.[201] Lemon Origin: 1350–1400; 1905–10 for def. 4; < ML lemōnium; r. ME lymon < ML līmō, (s. līmōn-) < Pers َمیل، نَمیلlīmū, līmun. Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006.[202] the yellowish, acid fruit of a subtropical citrus tree, Citrus limon. According to www.dictionary.com: Although we know neither where the lemon was first grown nor when it first came to Europe, we know from its name that it came to us from the Middle East because we can trace its etymological path. One of the earliest occurrences of our word is found in a Middle English customs document of 1420–1421. The Middle English word limon goes back to Old French limon, showing that yet another delicacy passed into England through France. The Old French word probably came from Italian limone, another step on the
route that leads back to the Arabic word للل لل ل للل للlaymūn or līmūn, which comes from the Persian word للل للlīmūn. Lilac from Pers. کلیلlilak, variant of کلینnilak "bluish," from
nil "indigo"[203]
Lungī Hindi lungī, from Persian. a usually cotton cloth used especially in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Burma for articles of clothing (as sarongs, skirts, and turbans).[204] Laari Etymology: probably from Divehi (Indo-Aryan language of the Maldive Islands) , from Persian اlr piece of silver wire used as currency, from Lārī, town in S Persia where the currency was first minted. a Maldivian monetary unit equal to 1/100 rufiyaa. a coin representing one laari.[205]
M[edit source | editbeta] Magic Middle English magik, from Middle French magique, from Latin magicus, from Greek magikos (καγηθόο), from magos magus, wizard, sorcerer (of Iranian origin; akin to Old Persian magush sorcerer). of or relating to the occult: supposedly having supernatural properties or powers.[206] Magus, magi from magus, from Old Persian maguš "mighty one", Priest of Zoroastrianism. A member of the Zoroastrian priestly caste of the Medes and Persians. Magus In the New Testament, one of the wise men from the East, traditionally held to be three, who traveled to Bethlehem to pay homage to the infant Jesus.[207][206] Malguzar Hindi malguzar, from Arabic لامmal property, rent + Persian رازگguzar payer. Equivalent to Malik in India.[208] Manichean Latin Manichaeus member of the Manichean sect (from Late Greek Μαληραίνο Manichaios, from Manichaios Manes died ab276A.D. Persian sage who founded the sect) + English -an. of or relating to Manichaeism or the Manichaeans. characterized by or reflecting belief in Manichaeism. Manicheanism was founded by Mani.[209] Manticore from O. Pers. word for "man eater," cf. یثرامmartiya- "man" + root of رَخkhvar- "to eat". a legendary animal having the head of a man often with horns, the body of a lion, and the tail of a dragon or scorpion.[210][211] Markhor Persian رامmār(snake)+ رَخkhōr(eating), consuming (from khōrdan to eat, consume). a wild goat (Capra falconieri) of mountainous regions from Afghanistan to India.[212] Mazdak Name of Persian reformer of Zoroastrian Faith. Mazdakite from کدزمMazdak (of belonging to Mazda), 5th century A.D. Persian religious reformer + English ite. a member of the sect of Mazdak.[213] Mazdoor
Hindi mazdur, from Persian رَدزمmuzdur. an Indian laborer.[214] Mehmandar Persian رادناميمmihmāndār, from ناميیمmihmān guest (from Middle Persian ناميم mehmān) + رد-dār holder. an official in India, Persia, or Afghanistan appointed to escort an ambassador or traveler.[215] Mehtar Persian رثحمmihtar prince, greater, elder, from mih great (from Middle Persian meh, mas) + -tar, comparative suffix (from Middle Persian, from Old Persian -tara-). A groom[216] Mesua New Latin, from Johannes Mesuë (Arabic ييَشام نب انحَيYuhanna ibn-Masawayah) died 857 Persian Christian physician Masawayah in the service of the Caliph. a genus of tropical Asiatic trees (family Guttiferae) having large solitary flowers with a 2celled ovary.[217] Mezereon Middle English mizerion, from Medieval Latin mezereon, from Arabic نيعرازم mazariyun, from Persian نازرَاشک. a small European shrub (Daphne mezereum) with fragrant lilac purple flowers that appear before the leaves, an acrid bark used in medicine, and a scarlet fruit sometimes used as an adulterant of black pepper.[218] Mirza Persian ازریمmirza, literally, son of a lord. a common title of honor in Persia prefixed to the surname of a person of distinction.[219] Mithra from the name of the Persian God Mithra.[220] Mithraeum from Persian اريطمMithra[220][221] Mithraism from Persian اريطمMithra[220][222] Mobed a Parsi priest. The word is cognate with Magian and Magus.[223] Mogul from لَغمmughul (="Mongolian")[224] Mohur Hindi muhur, muhr gold coin, seal, from Persian eht fo nioc dlog dlo na ;rhum مٍر Moguls that circulated in India from the 16th century. any one of several gold coins formerly issued by Indian states (as Bikaner, Gwalior, Hyderabad) and by Nepal and Tibet.[225] Mummy Middle English mummie, from Middle French momie, from Medieval Latin mumia, from Arabic ياييمَمmumiyah mummy, bitumen, from Persian مَمmum wax. a concoction formerly used as a medicament or drug containing powdered parts of a human or animal body.[226] Murra Etymology: Latin, probably of Iranian origin like Greek κόξξεία κὖξξα morrhia murra; akin to Persian یرمmori, muri little glass ball. a material thought to be of semiprecious stone or porcelain used to make costly vessels in ancient Rome.[227] Musk from Middle English muske, Middle French musc, Late Latin Muscus, and Late Greek μόσχος (moschos),[228][229] ultimately from Middle Persian کشمmusk, from Sanskrit
स muska (="testicle") from diminutive of स mus (="mouse"). a substance that has a penetrating persistent odor, that is obtained from a sac situated under the skin of the abdomen of the male musk deer, that when fresh in the pods is brown and unctuous and when dried is a grainy powder, that varies in quality according to the season and age of the animal, and that is used chiefly in the form of a tincture as a fixative in perfumes[230][231] Musth Hindi mast intoxicated, ruttish, from Persian ثشامmast; akin to Sanskrit madati he rejoices, is drunk. a periodic state of murderous frenzy of the bull elephant usually connected with the rutting season and marked by the exudation of a dark brown odorous ichor from tiny holes above the eyes- on must also in must: in a state of belligerent fury – used of the bull elephant.[232] Mussulman from Persinan ناملشمmusulman (adj.), from Arabic ملشمMuslim (q.v.) + Persian adj. suffix -an.[233]
N[edit source | editbeta] Naan Etymology: Hindi + Urdu + Punjabi + Persian
/نان/
/ نانnan bread; Hindi +
Urdu nan, from Persian nan; akin to Baluchi nayan bread, Sogdian nyny. a round or oblong flat leavened bread especially of the Indian subcontinent.[234] Nakhuda Etymology: Persian ادخانnākhudā, from َانnāv boat (from Old Persian) + āduhk خدا master, from Middle Persian khutāi. a master of a native vessel.[235] Namaz Etymology: Persian زامنnamāz. akin to Sanskrit स namas obeisance. Islamic [236] worship or prayer. Naphtha Latin, from Greek: Νάθζα, of Iranian origin; akin to Avestan napta moist, Persian neft naphtha; from Persian naft "naphtha". perhaps akin to Greek nephos cloud, mist. petroleum especially when occurring in any of its more volatile varieties.[237] Nargil Origin: 1830–40; < Turk nargile < Pers يلیگرانnārgīleh, deriv. of لیگرانnārgīl coconut, from which the bowl was formerly made.[238][239] Nauruz Persian زَرَنnauruz. literally, new day, from nau new + ruz. the Persian New Year's Day celebrated at the vernal equinox as a day of great festivity.[240] Nay Etymology: Arabic يانnay, from Persian: ین. a vertical end-blown flute of ancient origin used in Muslim lands.[241] Neftgil Etymology: German, from Persian ايثفن لیگادثفنnaftdagil naphtha clay[242] Numdah
Etymology: Hindi namda, from Persian دامنnamad, from Middle Persian ثمان namat; akin to Avestan namata. a thick felted rug of India and Persia usually made of pounded goat's hair and embroidered with bird or floral designs in colored wool yarn [243]
Nuristani Etymology: Persian nuristan ( ناثشرَنParsi رَنNoorr+Persian اثشعIstan(Place)), from Nuristan, region of northeastern Afghanistan.[239][244]
O[edit source | editbeta] Orange from Milanese narans (from Old French orenge, Italian arancia, and Spanish naranja), from Medieval Latin pomum de orange, from Arabic جنرانnāranj, from Persian و ارو گnārang, from Sanskrit nāraṅga, from some Dravidian language, [245] possibly Tamil or Malayalam
P[edit source | editbeta] Padishah Origin: 1605–15; < Pers (poetical form), equiv. to یدپpādi- (earlier یثاپpati) lord + naisreP :ygolomytE no eroM .hāhs ضايnaisreP elddiM morf ,hahsidāp پ اد ضاي yahsx ک طی+ itap پ اح یnaisreP dlO morf ,hahshkatāp پ اح اخ طاي- to rule; akin to Avestan xshayeti. great king; emperor (a title applied esp. formerly to the shah of Iran, the sultan of Turkey, and to the British sovereign as emperor in India).[246][247] Pagoda via Portuguese pagode, from a corruption of Pers. ک دي ثبbutkada, from but "idol" + kada "dwelling."[239] Pahlavi Etymology: Middle Persian Pahlavi. The Middle Persian language of Sassanid Persia. a script used for writing Pahlavi and other Middle Iranian languages.[248] Pajama from Urdu/Hindi paajaama, from Persian يماجياپpāë (pāÿ) jāmah, from pAy (="leg") + jAma (="garment"). of, pertaining to, or resembling pajamas: a pajama top; a lounging outfit with pajama pants[202][249][250] Pakistan From ;ناثشکاپthe Persian word of "Land of the Pure" Paneer Hindi & Urdu / رینپpanir, from Persian رينپpanir (general term meaning Cheese). a soft uncured Indian cheese.[251] Papoosh earlier papouch, from French, from Persian شَپاپpāpush. BABOUCHE.[252] Para Etymology: Turkish, from Persian يراپpārah. a Turkish monetary unit equal in modern Turkey to 1/4000 of a lira. any one of several units of value formerly used in countries at one time under the Turkish Empire.[253] Paradise
via French: "paradis" and Latin: "paradisus," from Greek paradeisos (παξάδεηζνο) (=enclosed park"), from the Avestan word pairidaeza (a walled enclosure), which is a compound of pairi- (around), a cognate of the Greek περί peri-, and -diz (to create, make), a cognate of the English dough. An associated word is the Sanskrit word paradesha which literally means supreme country.[254][255] Parasang Latin parasanga, from Greek Παξαζάγγεο parasanges, of Iranian origin; akin to Persian farsung ( )گنشرفparasang any of various Persian units of distance; especially: an ancient unit of about four miles (six kilometers)[250][256][257] Pargana Etymology: Hindi pargana, from Persian. a group of towns in India constituting an administrative subdivision of the zillah.[258] Parsee Etymology: from O.Pers. ���� parsi "Persian." In M.E., Parsees from یشراپPârsi. Meaning Persian. Also Zoroastrian of India descended from Persian refugees fleeing Islam in the 7th century and settling principally at Bombay[259][260] Pasar : Malay, from Persian رازابbāzār. See bazar. an Indonesian public market.[261] Pasha Turkish paşa possibly from Persian ياشداپpādshāh; see Padishah.[250] Pashm Etymology: pashm, pashim from Persian مشپpashm wool; pashmina from Persian pashmn woolen, from pashm. the under fleece of upland goats of Kashmir and the Punjab that was formerly used locally for the production of rugs and shawls but is now largely exported.[262] Pashmina from Pashmineh, made from مشپpashm; pashm (= "wool"). the fine woolly underhair of goats raised in northern India.[263] Pashto: Persian pashtu, from Afghan. According to Morgenstein the word is akin to Parthava, Persian, Pahlav. The Iranian language of Pathan people and the chief vernacular of eastern Afghanistan, North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan, and northern Baluchistan[264] Path Common Germanic. This word cannot be descended directly from Indo-European, as Indo-European words in p- become -f in Germanic. The most widely accepted theory sees this word as a borrowing from Iranian, in which Indo-European p- is preserved, and there is alternation between forms with -t- and forms with -θ- ; compare Avestan pantā (nominative), paθō (genitive) way, Old Persian pathi-. This explanation does however pose historical problems, given the limited distribution of the Germanic word.[265] Peach a corruption of the Latin word "Persicum." Peaches are called in Latin malum Persicum (Persian apple) prunum persicum (Persian plum), or simply persicum (pl. persici). This should not be confused with the more modern Linnaean classification Prunus persica, a neologism describing the peach tree itself (from the Latin prunus, -i which signifies "plum tree").[266][267] Percale Persian يلاگرپpargālah. a firm smooth cotton cloth closely woven in plain weave and variously finished for clothing, sheeting, and industrial uses.[268] Percaline
French, from percale (from Persian يلاگرپpargālah) + -ine. a lightweight cotton fabric made in plain weave, given various finishes (as glazing, moiré), and used especially for clothing and linings; especially: a glossy fabric usually of one color used for bookbindings.[269] Peri Persian ( يرپperi) or fairy, genius, from Middle Persian parik. Persian folklore: a male or female supernatural being like an elf or fairy but formed of fire, descended from fallen angels and excluded from paradise until penance is accomplished, and originally regarded as evil but later as benevolent and beautiful. Also a beautiful and graceful girl or woman.[270] Persepolis from ���� Pârsa+ Greek πόιεηο polis. Persia via Latin and Greek Πεξζίο, ultimately from Old Persian ���� Pârsa Persis via Latin and Greek Πεξζίο, ultimately from Old Persian ���� Pârsa Peshwa Hindi & Marathi pesva, from Persian يشپpeshwa leader, guide, from pesh before. the chief minister of a Maratha prince.[271] Pilaf Origin 1925–30; < Turk pilâv < Pers َلپpilāw. a Middle Eastern dish consisting of sautéed, seasoned rice steamed in bouillon, sometimes with poultry, meat or shellfish.[202] Pir Etymology: Persian ریپPir (Old Man). a religious instructor, esp. in mystical sects.[272][273] Pistachio from Latin pistācium, from Greek πιστάκιον, from Persian يثشپpistah. small tree (Pistacia vera) of southern Europe and Asia Minor having leaves with 3 to 5 broad leaflets, greenish brown paniculate flowers, and a large fruit. the edible green seed of the pistachio tree.[274] Posteen Persian pustin of leather, from pust skin, from Middle Persian. an Afghan pelisse made of leather with the fleece on.[275] Popinjay from O.Fr. papegai (12c.), from Sp. papagayo, from Ar. اغابابbabagha', from Pers. ",torrap" ahgbab ب ب قا Prophet Flower translation of Persian ربمغیپ یلگguli paighmbar flower of the Prophet (Muhammad died A.D.632 Arabian prophet and founder of Islam). an East Indian perennial herb (Arnebia echioides) having yellow flowers marked with five spots that fade after a few hours; also: a related annual[276] Punjab via Hindi Panjab, from Pers. جنپpanj "five" + آeht ot gnitaler ro fo .".retaw" ba ب Punjab or its inhabitants.[277] Purwannah Hindi parwana, from Persian: ينَرپ. a written pass or permit.[278] Pyke Hindi , pāyik, pāyak messenger, from Persian dialect England: a civilian at whose expense a soldier is treated or entertained.[279]
Pyjama Urdu/Hindi pajama from Persian: ( ہماجاپpajama, literally, feet-garments). These are loose lightweight trousers formerly often worn in the Near East, a loose usually two-piece lightweight suit designed especially for sleeping or lounging.[280]
R[edit source | editbeta] Rank from Persian گنرrang meaning "color", as the Sassanid army was ranked and dressed by color[281] roc from Persian خرrukh (name of a legendary bird) rook from Middle English rok, from Middle French roc, from Arabic خَرrukh, from Persian خرrukh (=chess piece)[282] rose from Latin rosa, probably from ancient Greek ῥόδνλ rhodon, possibly ult. from Pers. adrav* َاردي-.[283][284] Roxanne[disambiguation needed] fem. proper name, from Fr. Roxane, from L. Roxane, from Gk. Ρωμάλε Rhoxane, of Pers. origin (cf. Avestan ً راَخطىraoxšna- "shining, bright").[285]
S[edit source | editbeta] Sabzi
Etymology: Hindi स vegetable.[286]
sabz, literally, greenness, from Persian: سبسsæbz, a green
Saffian Etymology: Russian сафьян saf'yan, from Turkish sahtiyan, from Persian ح يه خاش sakhtiyn goatskin, from sakht hard, strong. a leather made of goatskins or sheepskins tanned with sumac and dyed with bright colors.[287] Samosa Etymology: Hindi स स samosa from Persian يشَبمشsambusa. a small triangular pastry filled with spiced meat or vegetables and fried in ghee or oil[288] Sandal Etymology: Arabic لدنظsandal, from Persian لدنظsandal skiff.[289] Saoshyant Etymology: Avestan, savior. one of three deliverers of later Zoroastrian eschatology appearing at thousand year intervals and each inaugurating a new order of things and a special period of human progress.[290] Sapindales from Persian Spand ()دنپشا Sarangousty Etymology: Persian یثشگنارشsar-angushti thin paste for painting the tips of fingers, from ثشگنا رشsar-e angosht, "fingertip", رشsar "head" + ثشگناangosht "finger", "toe". stucco made waterproof for protection against dampness.[291] Sard from Persian درزzard. Sarod
Etymology: Hindi स
sarod, from Persian: دَرش.[292]
Sarwan Etymology: Persian نابراشsaarbaan. a camel driver.[293] Satrap governor of a province of ancient Persia, from Latin satrapes, from Greek ζαηξάπεο satrapes, from Old Persian ������� kshathrapavan-, lit. "guardian of the realm,"[294] scarlet from Pers. ثالرقشsaqerlât "a type of red cloth". a rich cloth of bright color. a vivid red that is yellower and slightly paler than apple red[295] Scimitar Etymology: Middle French cimeterre, from Old Italian scimitarra, perhaps from Persian ریشمشshamshir. a type of blade.[296] Sebesten Etymology: Middle English, Medieval Latin sebestēn, from Arabic نيثشيبيش sibistn, from Persian ناثشیپگشsegpistan. an East Indian tree (Cordia myxa) with white flowers in loose terminal panicles.[297] Seer Etymology: Hindi स ser; perhaps akin to Persian ریشseer. a unit of weight.[298] Seerpaw Etymology: رشSar(head)+ اپpaa(feet). head to foot.[299] Seersucker Pers. رکش َ ریشshir o shakkar "striped cloth," lit. "milk and sugar".[300] Also from Sanskrit (kshirsharkara), or milk-sugar."[301] Sepoy Etymology: modification of Portuguese sipai, sipaio, from Hindi स sipah, from Persian یياپشSipahi, horseman, soldier of the cavalry, from sipah army. a native of India employed as a soldier in the service of a European power; especially: one serving in the British army.[302] Serai Etymology: from Persian یارشsaraay, palace, mansion, inn.[303] Seraglio from یارشsarây "inn"[304] Serang Etymology: Persian گنيرشsarhang commander, boatswain, from رشsar chief + گني hang authority. boatswain. the skipper of a small boat.[305] Serdab Persian بادرشsardab ice cellar, from درشsard cold + بآab water. a living room in the basement of a house in the Near East that provides coolness during the summer months[306] Serendipity from the Persian fairy tale The Three Princes of Serendip ل لل للل لللل للل لللل, from Persian Sarandip "=( للل لل للSri Lanka"), Sesban Etymology: French, from Arabic نابشيشsaisabaan, from Persian نابشیشsisabaan. Either of two East Indian plants of the genus Sesbania (S. aculeata and S. aegyptiaca).[307] Setwall
Etymology: from Persian .rawdaaz [زادَر308] Shabundar/Shabandar Etymology: From Persian رادنابيشshahbandar, from ياشshah King + ردنبbandar city, harbor.[309] Shah Etymology: from ضايshāh, from Old Persian � χšāyaþiya (="king"), from an Old Persian verb meaning "to rule"[310] Shahi Etymology: Persian یياشshahi. a former Persian unit of value equal to 1/20 silver kran; also: a corresponding coin of silver or copper or nickel[311] Shahidi Etymology: Arabic دييشShahid (one who bears witness) + Persian suffix یi.[312] Shahin Etymology: Persian نیياشShahin (Falcon). an Indian falcon (Falco peregrinus peregrinator) having the underparts of a plain unbarred ferruginous color, being related to the peregrine falcon, and used in falconry[313] Shahzada Etymology: Hindi shah-zada, from Persian, from ياشshah king + يدازzada [314] son. The son of a Shah. Shamiana Etymology: Hindi shamiyana, from Persian ينایماشshamyanah. a cloth [315] canopy Shawl Etymology: from Persian لاشshāl.[316] Sherristar Etymology: from Hindi स sarrishtadr, from Persian يثشررش sarrishta(sarreshteh) record office + رادdaar having. Registrar.[317] Sherry According to one theory, it is from Jerez in Spain, which itself comes from Pers .niapS ni eripme dimatsuR fo emit eht gnirud zarihS [ ض يراز318] The theory is also mentioned by Professor. T.B. Irving in one of his book reviews[319] Sherryvallies Etymology: modification of Polish szarawary, from Russian шаравары sharavary, from Greek ζαξβαξα sarabara loose trousers, probably of Iranian origin; akin to Persian راَلشshalwar, shulwar loose trousers. overalls or protective leggings of thick cloth or leather formerly worn for riding on horseback[320] Shikar Etymology: Hindi स sikar, from Persian راکشshikaar, Middle Persian راکش shkaar. The word means hunting.[321] Shikargah Etymology: Hindi स sikaargaah, from Persian ياگرکیشshikrgaah, from shikaar hunting + -gah place. A game preserve.[322] Shikari Etymology: From Persian راکشShikar+Persian suffix gib a .noissessop gnitoned (i) ی game hunter.[323] Shikasta Etymology: Persian ثشکشmorf ,kaerb ot ض ك س خهnatsakihs morf ,nekorb atsakihs ي Middle Persian shikastan.[324]
Shikra Etymology: from Persian ارکشshikara bird trained to hunt. a small Indian hawk (Accipiter badius) sometimes used in falconry.[325] Simurgh Etymology: from Pers. غرمیشsimurgh, from Pahlavi sin "eagle" + murgh "bird." Cf. Avestan saeno merego "eagle," Skt. syenah "eagle," Arm. ցին cin "kite.". a supernatural bird, rational and ancient, in Pers. mythology.[326] Sipahis See Spahi and Sepoy. Sircar Etymology: Hindi स sarkaar, from Persian راکرشsarkaar. a district or province in India under the Mogul empire. the supreme authority. used also as a title of respect. in Bengal a domestic servant having the functions of a steward.[327] Sitar Etymology: via Hindi स sitar, from Pers. راثشsitar "three-stringed," from sih/she "three" (O.Pers. thri-) + Persian. tar "string". an Indo-Iranian lute with a long broad neck and a varying number of strings whose various forms are used in Iran, Afghanistana and the Indian subcontinent.[328] Softa Etymology: Turkish, from Persian يثخَشsukhtah burnt, kindled (with love of knowledge).[329] Sogdian Etymology: Latin sogdianus, from Old Persian Sughuda. of, relating to, or characteristic of ancient Sogdiana.[330] Soorki : Etymology: Hindi स surkh, from Persian خرشsurkh, literally, redness, from surkh red, from Middle Persian رخشsukhr; akin to Avestan suXra- bright, Sanskrit sukra[331] Sowar Etymology: Persian راَشsuwar rider, from Middle Persian asbar, aspwar, from Old Persian asabra- horseman, from asa- horse + -bra- carried by, rider. a mounted orderly. Lancer.[332] Spahi Etymology: Middle French spahi, from Turkish sipahi, from Persian ياپشfrom Pahlavi spāh, from Old Persian taxma spāda, from Avestan spādha, meaning army, military. one of a corps of Algerian native cavalry in the French army normally serving in Africa. one of a corps of largely irregular Turkish cavalry disbanded after the suppression of the Janissaries in 1826.[333][334] Spinach Etymology: Middle French espinache, espinage, from Old Spanish espinaca, from Arabic خانبشي, خآنيفشيisbnakh, isfinaakh, from Persian خاپشاaspanakh.[335] Squinch Etymology: Persian يش+( )جنکش )=جنکpronounced sekonj)—A squinch in architecture is a construction filling in the upper angles of a square room so as to form a base to receive an octagonal or spherical dome. A later solution of this structural problem was provided by the pendentive. The squinch was invented in Iran. It was used in the Middle East in both eastern Romanesque and Islamic architecture. It remained a feature of Islamic architecture, especially in Iran, and was often covered by corbelled stalactite-like structures known as muqarnas. -Stan
,natsinahgfA sa hcus seman ecalp fo ecruos ,"yrtnuoc" ro "dnal" gninaem;ـ س خان Pakistan, Uzbekistan, etc., from Pers. -stan "country," from Indo-Iranian *stanam "place," lit. "where one stands,"[336] Subahdar Etymology: Persian رادابشsubadar, from suba province + -dar having, holding, from Old Persian dar- to hold. the chief native officer of a native company in the former British Indian army having a position about equivalent to that of captain[337] Sugar Etymology: The word is Sanskrit which is an Indo-Iranian language of the Indo-Aryan branch but Persian played a role in transmitting it. Middle English sugre, sucre, from Anglo-French sucre, from Medieval Latin saccharum, from Old Italian zucchero, from Arabic sukkar, from Pahlavi shakar, ultimately from Sanskrit sarkara[334][338] Suclat Etymology: Hindi स suqlaa, from Persian ثالقشsaqalaat a rich cloth. In India any of various woolens; specifically European broadcloth.[339] Surma Etymology: Persian امرشSurma. native antimony sulfide used in India to darken the eyelids.[340] Surnay Etymology: Persian یانرشSurnaay. a Middle Eastern and Central Asian oboe.[341] syagush Persian يایش-hayis گ ُش-gush, literally, black ear. Caracal.[342] Samosa Etymology: Hindi स स samos & Urdu ہشَمش، اشبمشsamosa, sambsa, from Persian يشَبنشsambusa.[343]
T[edit source | editbeta] Tabasheer Etymology: Hindi tabshr, from Persian. a siliceous concretion in the joints of the bamboo valued in the East Indies as a medicine.[344] Tabor Etymology: Middle English tabur, from Welsh Tabwrdd and Old French tabour/tabur, alteration of tambur. See tambour.[345] Taffeta Etymology: from Persian يثفاثtaftah meaning woven.[346] Tahsildar Etymology: Hindi स tahsildar, from Persian رادلیظحث, from Arabic درnaisreP + lishat ح ح ص يم-dar. a revenue officer in India.[347] Taj Etymology: Arabic جاثtaj, from Persian جاثtaj, crown, crest, cap. a cap worn in Muslim countries; especially: a tall cone-shaped cap worn by dervishes.[348] Taj Mahal from Persian: لحم جاث, lit. "the best of buildings;" or "the Crown's Place". Tajikistan xiffus naisreP htiw denibmoc kijaT ;ح اج ي ک س خان-stan.[349] Literally meaning "Land of Tajiks" in Persian. Talc
from Pers. کلاثtalk "talc." Tambour Etymology: French, drum, from Middle French, from Arabic رَبنطtanbur, modification (influenced by tunbur, a lute) of Persian ریبعثtabir.[350] Tambourine See above. Tanbur Etymology: Persian ربمثTambur.[351] Tangi Etymology: Persian یگنثTangi. a narrow gorge[352] Tandoori from رَنثtannur "oven, portable furnace,"+Persian suffix i. Tapestry probably from an Iranian source (cf. Pers. ناثفث، ندیباثtaftan, tabidan "to turn, twist").[353] Tar Etymology: Persian: راث. An oriental lute.[354] Tarazet from (Shahin-e Tarazu) َضاٌ يه ح راز Tass Etymology: Middle French tasse, from Arabic شعط/ حظثtass, tassah, from Persian .lwob ro puc gniknird a .tsat [ح سج355] Tebbad Etymology: perhaps from Persian باثtab fever + دابbad wind, from Middle Persian vat; akin to Avestan vata- wind, Sanskrit vata.[356] Temacha Etymology: Persian ارخاماثtamakhra joke, humor. a Persian comic or farcical interlude performed by traveling players.[357] Thanadar Etymology: Hindi thandar, from نايثthan + Persian رد-dar having. the chief [358] officer of a thana. Tiara via Latin tiara from Persian يراثtara Timar Etymology: Turkish timar attendance, care, timar, from Persian رمثtmr sorrow, care. a Turkish fief formerly held under condition of military service.[359] Tiger via Greek Τίγξηο tigris from an Iranian source Tigris From Middle Persian ح ي گرTigr "arrow", originally from Old Persian ��� Tigra "pointed" or "sharp" Toque from O. Pers. قاطtaq "veil, shawl." Tranky Etymology: Persian dialect یکنارثtranki. an undecked bark used in the Persian gulf.[360] Trehala Etymology: probably from French tréhala, from Turkish tgala, from Persian لاغیث tighal.[361]
Tulip Etymology: any of various plants belonging to the genus Tulipa. from French tulipe, from Persian دنبلدdulband.[362] Turan from Persian لل للل Turanian Etymology: Persian نارَثTuran ناثشکرثTurkistan (literally: "Land of the Turks"), the region north of the Oxus + English -ian. A member of any of the peoples of UralAltaic stock.[363] Turanite Etymology: from Persian نارَثTuran + Russian -it' -ite. a basic vanadate of copper prob. Cu5(VO4)2(OH)4.[364] Turanose Etymology: German turanos, from Persian نارَثTuran + German -os -ose; obtained by the partial hydrolysis of melezitose; 3-α-glucosyl-fructose[365] Turban from Persian دنبلدdulband Band = To close, To tie.[366] Turkmenistan ـ س خانxiffus naisreP htiw denibmoc nemkruT ;ح رک م ى س خان-stan.[349] Literally meaning "Land of Turkmens" in Persian. Typhoon Etymology: via Chinese 大风/大風, Hindi , Arabic نافَط, and Ancient Greek ηπθῶλ; ultimately from Persian word Toofaan ()نافَط
U[edit source | editbeta] Uzbekistan ـ س خانxiffus naisreP htiw denibmoc kebzU ;ازب ک س خان-stan.[349] Literally meaning "Land of Uzbeks" in Persian.
V[edit source | editbeta] Vispered Avestan vispa ratavo meaning all the lords. one of the supplementary ritual texts included in the Avestan sacred writings.[367] vizier َزی رcibarA morf ti evired netfo secnerefer lareneg ;detupsid ygolomyte َزی رwazir, "viceroy", lit. "one who bears (the burden of office)", lit. "porter, carrier", from Arabic َزارةwazara, "he carried". However, Jared S. Klein derives it from Middle Persian َري vichir, from Avestan vicira, "arbitrator, judge".
X[edit source | editbeta] Xerxes Gk. form (Ξέξμεο) of O. Pers. ������� Kshayarshan-, lit. "male (i.e. 'hero') among kings," from Kshaya- "king" (cf. shah) + arshan "male, man."
Y[edit source | editbeta]
Yarak Etymology: From Persian یارگیyaraki power, strength. good flying condition: FETTLE – used of a hawk or other bird used in hunting eagles ... are difficult to get into yarak – Douglas Carruthers.[368] Yasht Modern Persian ثشیfrom Avesta. Avestan yashtay adoration. one of the hymns to angels or lesser divinities forming part of the Avesta.[369] Yuft Etymology: Russian Йуфт, Йухт yuft', yukht', perhaps from Persian ثفجjuft pair.[370]
Z[edit source | editbeta] Zamindar Etymology: zamindar, from Persian, from نیمزzamin land + راد-dar holder meaning "Possessor of real estate" in Persian. A collector of revenues from the cultivators of the land of a specified district for the government of India during the period of Muslim rule[371] Zamindari Etymology: from Persian, from رادنیمزzamindar.[372] Zanza Etymology: Arabic جنشsanj castanets, cymbals, from Persian جنشsanj. an African musical instrument consisting of graduated sets of tongues of wood or metal inserted into and resonated by a wooden box and sounded by plucking with the fingers or thumbs.[373] Zarathushtra or Zarathustra the Persian prophet Zedoary Etymology: Middle English zeduarie, from Medieval Latin zeduria, from Arabic رَداز zadwr, from Persian. an East Indian drug consisting of the rhizome of either of two species of curcuma, Curcuma zedoaria or C. aromatica, used as a stimulant.[374] Zenana Etymology: From Persian نزzan woman. The literal meaning is Women-related. The part of a dwelling in which the women of a family are secluded in India and Persian.[375] Zena feminine given name from Persian نزZan (woman). Zerda Etymology: Arabic َادريزzerdaw, probably of Persian origin. Fennec.[376] Zircon Via German Zirkon and Arabic ئ ط ق ى عىzarkûn; ultimately from Persian لل للل zargun, "gold-colored" or from Syriac ܙܐܪܓ ܥ ܢܥZargono.[377] Zirconate zircon + the suffix -ate, from Latin -atus Zirconia zircon + the New Latin -ia suffix Zirconium zircon + the New Latin suffix -ium Zoroaster from Persian Zarathushtra
Zoroastrianism The religion brought forth by Zoroaster. Zumbooruk from Persian يرَبنزzanburah.[378]
