LINUX CONCEPTS TAUGHT IN ZOOM INSTITUTE INSTITUTE
SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION CONCEPTS: INTRODUCTION TO LINUX:Kernel:-
Kernel is nothing but the core part of an operating system which provides coordination coordination between user user and hardware. hardware. Example: vmlinuz for Linux. Shell:-
Shell is a mediator which is going to translate the human level language to machine level language (binary and vice versa. Examples: bash! csh! "sh History of Linux:-
#n $%%&! Linus torvalds! a graduate student from 'niversity 'niversity of elsin"y designed a ')#* li"e "ernel on +,- #ntel machine and gave this to open source foundation. Linux distributions:-
$. ed hat /. S'SE +. Linu Linux x 0and 0andra ra"e "e
1. 2upp 2uppy y Lin Linux ux 3. 'buntu -. 4ebain 5. 67SS ,. 8urbo urbo Linu Linux x %. Slac Slac" " ware ware Lin Linux ux Features Features of Linux:Open source:-
9ree software along with the source code and documentation. Multi tasking:-
apable of running multiple applications and process at the same time. Multi user:-
;llows multiple users to login and use the resources at the same time (default 5 users can login. Portability:-
an be installed on all hardware architecture. Scalability:-
Same operating system can be used on a des"top to a super computer. computer.
eliability:-
Large Large servers have been successfully being running without single second of down time. Security:-
#nbuilt firewall (ip tables and SELinux. File syste! hierarchy hierarchy standard:File syste!:-
9ile system is a mechanism used in the operating system for storing or arranging the data in a systematical manner in a particular storage device. "ypes of file syste!:-
$. 4is" 4is" base based d /. )etw )etwor or" " base based d +.
#t is a type ty pe of file system used for utilizing the individual storage device. Example: $. ext/ /. ext+ $et%ork based:-
'sing networ" file system we can transfer=share the data or resources from one system to a remote system. Example: $. )9S >)etwor" 9ile System? /. #9S >ommon #nternet 9ile System? &irtual based:-
'sing virtual file system we can improve the system performance performance by dedicating apart of hard dis" to act as a virtual ;0. Example: Swap File syste! hierarchy:hierarchy:':-
Slash is a top level wor"ing directory in Linux and 'nix platform. #t is also "nown as parent directory. 'root:-
8his is a default home directory of super user. #t #t contains the data generated by super user. Example: super user oot@@@=root 'ho!e:-
8his directory contains the profiles of all the normal users. Example:@ )ormal users $. user$@ user$@ =home= =home=use user$ r$
'boot:-
8his directory contains the static data which is used by 7S at the time of booting. Example:@ $. A'6 /.
8his directory contains the administrative commands used by super users. Example: fdis"! netconfig 'bin:-
8his directory contains the common commands used by both types of users (administrator B non@administrator. Example: ls! m"dir 'usr:-
'S stands for 'niCue System esources. #t contains all the program related files. '(ar:-
'de(:-
4ev contains all the device information connected to a particular system. Example: cd drive! 44! mouse etc. 'etc:-
etc contains all the configuration files related to the system and networ" resources. '!edia:-
8his directory is used for accessing the external devices li"e pen drive or cd Dom. 'opt:-
8his directory is basically used for installing the + rd party applications. Methods of installation:-
$. Standalone a cd b dvd /. )etwor" a nfs b ftp c http )onsole:-
onsole is a default location! where a user is going to interact with the operating system. 6y default there are 5 consoles.
9or graphical based: ;lt ctrl f5
9or text based:@ ;lt ctrlf;lt ctrlf3 ;lt ctrlf1 ;lt ctrlf+ ;lt ctrlf/ ;lt ctrlf$ Ftty is the command to chec" in which console we are wor"ing. Login pro!pt:-
>rootGlocalhostH?F ere root is the user name. Localhost is the machine name. H is the present wor"ing directory. F is the privilege mode. )ote: 8he administrative account in Linux or 'nix platform is given by IFJ to indicate that is a privilege mode. 9or all the normal users the IJ is being assigned. )o!!and:
#t is nothing but a script or a program used for providing instructions to the 7S.
$. 8o chec" the 7S name:@ Funame /. 8o chec" the release of 7S :@ Funame Dr +. 8o chec" the present wor"ing user account:@ Fwhoami 1. 8o chec" the present wor"ing location:@ Fpwd 3. 8o list the contents of present wor"ing directory:@Fls -. 8o list the properties:@ Fls Dl 5. 8o chec" the inode numbers:@ Fls @i ,. 8o chec" the hidden obects:@ Fls Da %. 8o list the files with all properties:@ Fls Dali $&.
8o chec" the system date:@ Fdate
$$.
8o change the system date:@
Fdate Ds M8hu un $% $+:/&:/& #S8 /&$$N $/.
8o chec" the calendar :@ Fcal
$+.
8o chec" the calendar of particular year :@ Fcal /&$$
$1.
8o chec" the calendar of specific month and year :@
Fcal / /&$$ $3.
8o perform calculations:@ Fgnome@calculator
For creating files:-
$. touch /. cat +. vi For creating file:- Ftouch file.txt #ra%back of touch co!!and:-
'sing this command we cannot insert the text! we cannot modify the text and delete the text. For creating a file %ith cat:-
Fcat OoptionP OfilenameP 7ptions:@ $. P to create a file /. O to view the content +. PP to append the content reating a file:@ Fcat P linux @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ trl d @@@for save and Cuit. 8o view the content of the file:@ Fcat O linux 8o append the content of already existing text:@
Fcat PP linux
For creating a single directory or folder:-
Fm"dir folder name For creating a !ultiple directories:-
Fm"dir
folder$
folder/
For changing the directory:-
Fcd directory name Fcd OpathP $. ;bsolute path:@ complete path /. elative path: @ used only when the file or directory is in the current directory. 8o change to previous directory: @ Fcd @ 8o change one level bac": @ Fcd .. 8o change two level bac": @ Fcd ..=.. 8o move to home directory: @ Fcd H For copying * pasting the ob+ects:-
Syntax:@ Fcp
OoptionsP OsourceP OdestinationP
7ptions: $. DrQrecursive
/.
DvQverbose
+.
DfQforcefully
9or copying a file: @ Fcp
=root=install.log
=opt
9or copying a directory:@ Fcp @r(v or f =root=unix =opt
For !o(ing the ob+ects:- (cut B paste
Syntax:@ Fmv OsourceP OdestinationP Fmv =root=unix
=opt
For rena!ing the ob+ects:-
Syntax:@ Fmv Oold nameP
Onew nameP
For deleting the ob+ects:-
Syntax:@ Frm OoptionsP O sourceP 7ptions:@ $. DrQrecursive /. DfQforcefully 9or deleting a file:@ Frm filename 9or deleting a directory:@ Frm @rf directory name 9or deleting empty directory:@Frmdir
directory name
8o remove all files and folders in present directory:@ Frm @rf R
,ditors:-
8here are two types of editors. n text based:-
$. vi (visual editor /. vim n graphical based:-
$. gedit /. emacJs (i .(isual editor/:-
vi editor was #ntroduced by M6ill oyN for performing a tas" li"e creating a file! modifying the content of a file and deleting the text of a existing file. Le(els of (i:$. ommand mode
/. #nsert mode +. Execution mode )o!!and !ode:-
8his is the default mode of vi editor in which we can perform the operations li"e deleting of lines! copying of lines! pasting of lines! edo and 'ndo. Operations of co!!and !ode:-
$. dd Q deletes a line /. nddQ deletes InJ lines +. yyQ copies a line 1. nyyQ copies InJ lines 3.
pQ put(pastes the deleted or copied text
-.
uQ undo (you can undo $&&& times
5. trl r Q redo ,. Shift g Q moves the cursor to the last line of the file. %. =Oword to findPQ finds a word (press n for text $&.
dwQ to delete a word
$$.
ywQto copy a word
nsert !ode:-
8his is the second mode of vi editor in which we can perform the operations li"e inserting the text and editing the text of a existing file. ,xecution !ode:-
8his is the last mode of vi editor in which we can perform the operation li"e saving a file or Cuitting a file without saving. $. :CQ Cuit without saving
/. :CQ Cuit forcefully with out saving. +. :wQ write(save 1. :wCQ save and Cuit forcefully 3. :se nuQ sets line numbers -. :se nonuQ removes line numbers 5. :,1Q the cursor goes to line ,1 ,. :wnQ to save B switch to next file %. :rewQ to switch to last file(without saving
Manipulation co!!ands:-
$. wc /. grep +. find 1. head B tail 3. man B info 8o count no of lines! words B characters:@ Fwc filename 8o count no of lines:@Fwc Dl filename 8o count no of words:@F wc Dw filename 8o count no of characters:@F wc Dc filename 8o search a word in a file:@ Fgrep OwordP OfilenameP 8o search a word in a / files:@
Fgrep OwordP Ofilename$P Ofilename/P 8o find a particular file:@ Ffind OlocationP OparameterP OfilenameP Example:@ Ffind
=
@name hosts
8o view top $& lines in a file:Fhead filename 8o view bottom$& lines in a file:@Ftail filename 8o view top n lines in a file:@F head Dn filename 8o view bottom n lines in a file:@F tail Dn filename 6y default head B tail shows $& lines. 8o get the manual page of m"dir:@Fman m"dir 8o get the information of m"dir:@Finfo m"dir 0ash:- (6ourne again shell Features of bash shell: @
$. ommand history /. ommand aliasing +. ommand completion 8o chec" the available shells:@Fcat =etc=shells 8o chec" the present wor"ing shell:@ Fecho SELL 8o chec" available aliases:@ Falias 8o set a alias:@Falias cQclear 8o remove a alias:@Funalias c 8o chec" the history of executed commands:@ Fhistory
8o recall a command from history:@ F1-1 @@@@ (1-1 is a line number 1ser:-
8echnically the individual who is going to use the available hardware and software resources is nothing but called a user. Syste! users:-
8his type of accounts is generally created by operating system. 8he '#4Js and A#4Js for this type of users and groups will be ranging from M& to 1%%N. $or!al users:-
8hese types of accounts are created by the super user (root account. 8he '#4Js and A#4Js for this type of users and groups will be ranging in between M3&& to -&!&&&N. #efault properties gi(en to a nor!al user:-
$. '#4 /. A#4 +. 0ail account@@ =var=spool=mail 1. ome directory@@ =home 5.
ShellTby default bash is used.
2(i 'etc'pass%d
'sername:x:'#4:A#4:comment:=home=username:=bin=bash *Qmas" password Example:@
2(i
'etc'shado%
'sername:encrypted password:no of days since $%5&:min life of password:max life of password:warning period::: Example:@
username
8o assign the password for a user:@Fpasswd username Aive password for the user. 8o login in user account:@Fgdmflexiserver @@xnest 7r
Fsu D username
8o chec" the user status:@F grep username =etc=passwd 8o change the default shell:@F useradd Ds =bin="sh ra 8o change the default home directory:@ Fuseradd
@d =opt=sunny
8o provide a comment to a user:@Fuseradd Dc manager ram 8o change an '#4 to a user:@Fuseradd Du 333 user3 2ut usermod instead of useradd when the user is already exists. 9or deleting a user account recursively:@Fuserdel @r user3 For !odifying user properties:-
Syntax:@ Fusermod OoptionsP
Oexisting usernameP
7ptions:@ $. DL@@@@to loc" an account
sunny
/. D'@@@@to unloc" an account +. Dl@@@@@to change login name 8o loc" an user account:@ Fusermod @L username 8o unloc" an user account:@ Fusermod @' username 8o change the login name:@ Fusermod @l Onew nameP Oold nameP 8o chec" the password status:@ Fpasswd DS username 9or managing user accounts in graphical mode:@ Fsystem@config@users 3roup ad!inistration:3roup:-
Aroup is nothing but collection of users basically used for assigning common setup permissions. "ypes of groups:-
$. 2rimary /. Secondary "ools:-
$. group add /. group del +. groupmod 1. gpasswd #atabase files:-
2(i 'etc'group
groupname:x:gid:members of groups example: color:x:3&&:red!yellow x is the mas" password. 2(i 'etc'gshado%
Aroupname:encrypted password:group admin information:members of a group color:hds:blac":red!yellow "o create a group account:-
Fgroupadd color "o create a pass%ord:-
Fgpasswd color For adding're!o(ing users into a group:-
Syntax:@ Fgpasswd OoptionsP Oexisting user nameP Oexisting group nameP 7ptions:@ $. DaQto add a single user /. DdQto delete a user +. D0Qto add multiple users 1. D;Qto ma"e a user as a group admin 9or adding a single user:@ Fgpasswd @a red color
9or removing a user:@Fgpasswd @d red color 9or adding multiple users:@ Fgpasswd @0 red!yellow!green color 9or assigning the group admin privilege:@ Fgpasswd @; blac" color 8o delete the group admin privilege:@ Fgpasswd @; M N color 9or deleting a group account:@ Fgroupdel color 9or modifying the group #d:@Fgroupmod @g %%% sales 9or changing the group name:@Fgroupmod Dn newname oldname Per!ission:-
2ermission is a process used in the system administration for granting the access or denying the access for users and groups on the particular resource. "ypes of per!issions:-
$. 6asic file permission /. ;L 8o list the properties of a file:@Fls @l
filename
8o list the properties of a directory:@F ls @ld directory name 0asic file and folderper!ission:-
@
rw@
r@@
r@@
d
rwx
r@x
r@x
types of obect
owner
group
others
4ccess !ode
4ccess le(el
ead(r @1
owner (u
Urite(w@/
group(g
Execute(x@$
others(o
8ools: $. chown /. chgrp +. chmod create a file:@ Ftouch filename 8o apply full permissions for group:@ Fchmod grw =filename 8o apply full permissions for others:@ Fchmod orw =filename 9or removing permissions from other B group:@ Fchmod
og@rw =filename
8o apply full permission for owner! group and others:@ Fchmod aQrw =filename )umeric values:@ $. execution>x? @ $ /. write>w?
@ /
+. execution write>xw? @ + 1. read>r? @ 1 3. read execution>rx? D 3
-. read write >rw? @ 5. read write execute>rwx? D 5 8o view the statistics of a file:@ Fstat =filename 9or modifying the permissions for others: @ Fchmod
- =filename
9or modifying the permissions for all (full permission:@ Fchmod --- =filename 9or changing the ownership of a file:@ Fchown
rau =filename
9or changing the group ownership of the file:@Fchgrp sales
=filename
4rawbac" of 6asic file permission:@ 'sing basic file permission we can apply permissions globally for one level individually. 4)L .4ccess )ontrol List/:-
#t is a mechanism used in the 7S environment for providing different set of permission! for different users and groups on a common resource. !ple!entation steps on 4)L:-
reate the resource and users:@ Ftouch
=filename
Fuseradd u$ V useradd u/ ;pplying the ;L permissions: Fsetfacl @m u:u$: @@@ =filename Fsetfacl @m u:u/:r@@ =filename
Fsetfacl @m o:r@@
=filename
8o chec" the ;L:@ Fgetfacl =filename 9or removing the ;L on particular user: Fsetfacl
@x u:u$ =filename
Switch with user account and chec" the access:@ Fsu @ u$ Fcat =filename Partitions:-
2artition is nothing but a boundary specified within a storage device! to utilize the available dis" space. "ools of partition:-
$. fdis" (max: $3 partitionsTpost installation /. parted(max : -+ partitionsTpost installation +. 4is" druid(pre installation For creating a partition in existing OS:-
Syntax: Ffdis" Odevice nameP 8o get the device name and to list the number of parttions:@ Ffdis" @l fdis" prompt: m D elp
d D 4elete a partition n D ;dding a new partition p D 2rint the partition table C D 8o Cuit without saving w D 8o Cuit with saving Ffdis" =dev=hda >fdis" prompt?:n >first cylinder?: press enter >last cylinder?: /A6 >fdis" prompt?:w "o update the partition table:- Fpartprobe =dev=hda For!atting:-
9ormatting is a process used for specifying a dis" base file system over a storage device. "ypes of file syste!:
$. ext/ /. ext+ D latest in EL +. ext1 D latest in fedora "ools:-
$. m"fs.ext/ /. m"fs.ext+
For for!atting a partition %ith ext5 file syste!:-
Fm"fs @t ext/ =dev=hda, or Fm"fs .ext/
=dev=hda,
For for!atting a partition %ith ext6 file syste!:-
Fm"fs @t ext+ =dev=hda, or Fm"fs .ext+
=dev=hda,
Mounting:-
0ounting is a mechanism used for mapping or creating a logical lin" between a storage device to a directory. 8o chec" the mounted partitions:@ Fmount 8o mount a partition:@ $. create a directory:@F m"dir
=directoryname
/. to mount the partition:@Fmount =dev=hda
=directory name
9or unmounting the partition:@ Fumount =dev=hda, 9or rebooting the system:@ Freboot 9or mounting a partition permanently:@Fvi =etc=fstab 8ype a new line:@ =dev=hda, :wC
=directory name ext+ defaults & &
8o update mount table:@ Fmount @a Label:-
Label is a process used for assigning individual identification for a particular partition. 8o chec" the label of a partition:@Fe/label =dev=hda$ 8o assign a label:@Fe/label =dev=hda,
songs
8o remove a label:@Fe/label =dev=hda, M N 9or mounting a partition with label:@ Fmount L;6ELQsongs =directory name 9or chec"ing the mount labels:@Fmount @l S%ap:-
#t is a virtual file system basically used for improving the system performance by dedicating a part of hard dis" to act as a virtual ;0. reating a swap partition:@ reate a partition:@ Ffdis"
=dev=hda
'pdate the partition table:@Fpartprobe =dev=hda 8o format a partition with swap file system:@Fm"swap =dev=hda% 8o enable a swap partition:@Fswapon =dev=hda% 8o chec" already existing swap memory:@Fswapon @s
L&M .Logical &olu!e Manager/:-
Logical volume manager is a mechanism used in the 7S environment for having a flexibility of increasing or decreasing the partition sizes of an existing drive. &olu!es of L&M:
$. physical volumes /. volume group +. logical volume nstallation steps of L&M after OS installation:Step no 7:-
reate the partition:@ Ffdis" =dev=hda >fdis" prompt?:n >first cylinder?: press enter >last cylinder?: $&A6 >fdis" prompt?:w reate the partition:@ Ffdis" =dev=hda >fdis" prompt?:n >first cylinder?: press enter >last cylinder?: $&A6 >fdis" prompt?:w "o update the partition table:- Fpartprobe =dev=hda
2rovide L<0 support:@ Fpvcreate =dev=hda$& Fpvcreate =dev=hda$$ 8o chec" the physical volume:@Fpvdisplay Step no 5:-
reate the volume group:@Fvgcreate zoom =dev=hda$& =dev=hda$$ 8o chec" the volume group:@ Fvgdisplay reate the logical volume:@Flvcreate @L $A6 Dn =dev=zoom=linux Step no 6:-
9ormat the logical volume:@Fm"fs.ext+ =dev=zoom=linux 9or mounting the logical volume:@ Fm"dir =data Fmount
=dev=zoom=linux
=data
Step no 8:- resi9ing For extending the logical (olu!e:-
Flvresize @L $A6 @n =dev=zoom=linux 7r Flvextend @L $A6 =dev=zoom=linux Fresize/fs =dev=zoom=linux For reducing the logical (olu!e:-
Flvresize @L @3&&06 @n =dev=zoom=linux 7r
Flvreduce @L @3&&06 =dev=zoom=linux Fresize/fs =dev=zoom=linux 9or chec"ing the logical size:@Flvdisplay =dev=zoom=linux uotas:-
; Cuota is a mechanism used for restricting the dis" consumption by a particular user or a group of users. #t is a method of allocating specific size of hard dis" for a particular user. Le(els of ;uota
$. user level Cuota /. group level Cuota Methods of ;uota
$. #node /. 6loc" "ools:-
$. Cuotachec" /. Cuotaon +. Cuotaoff 1. edCuota !ple!entation of ;uota
reate the partition:@ Ffdis" =dev=hda
>fdis" prompt?:n >first cylinder?: press enter >last cylinder?: /A6 >fdis" prompt?:w "o update the partition table:- Fpartprobe =dev=hda
9ormat the patition:Fm"fs.ext+
=dev=hda$/
Step no 5:-
Fm"dir =Cuota 0ount the partition with CuotaJs support:@ Fmount @o usrCuota!grpCuota
=dev=hda$/
=Cuota
2rovide full permission:@ Fchmod 555 =Cuota Step no 6:-
9or scanning the partition:FCuotachec" @cugv
=dev=hda$/
Enabling the CuotaJs:FCuotaon =dev=hda$/ 8o chec" whether it is 7) or 799:FCuotaon =dev=hda$/ @p Edit the CuotaJs file:@ FedCuota @u raiv 9ilesystem bloc"s soft hard inodes soft hard =dev=hda$/
&
&
&
&
/
1
:wC 9or verification:@ switch with a user account created:@F su @ raiv
Enter into the mount point:@Fcd
=Cuota
reate the files(upto hard value:@ touch W$..1X.txt 0lock !ethod:-
8o chec" the bloc" size of a partition:@Fbloc"dev @@getbsz =dev=hda$/ 8o change the bloc" size of a partition:@ Fm"fs.ext+ @b /&1, =dev=hda$/ 9or applying Cuotas in bloc" method:@ reate a user account:@ Fuseradd sandy Edit the CuotaJs file:@ FedCuota 9ilesystem bloc"s soft =dev=hda$/
&
@u sandy
hard inodes soft hard
/
1
&
&
&
:wC
=dev=hda+
8o get users Cuotas:@FrepCuota @a un le(els:-
init & @@@@@ shutdown or halt init $ @@@@@ safe mode or single user mode
=var
init / @@@@@ multiuser text mode without nfs support init + @@@@ multiuser text mode with support for all services init 1 @@@@ unused init 3 @@@@ A'# B multiuser mode with support for all services init - @@@@ reboot or restart 8o chec" the default run level:@ Frunlevel
For pro(iding ne% pass%ord for super user:•
eboot the machine to boot the machine in single user mode.
•
2ress IESJ "ey at booting time to stop the boot process.
•
2ress IeJ "ey to edit the title.
•
Select the second line I"ernelJ B press IeJ "ey B provide single space and type I$J or ISJ which indicates single user mode.
•
2ress IbJ to boot in single user mode.
•
Sh@+.$F passwd root Aive new password Sh@+.$Finit 3 @@@ to go to graphical screen
For assigning a pass%ord to a boot loader:-
Fgrub@md3@crypt 2assword:
etype password: nbds"s5,+%&,1rdsh"sd @@@@@ encrypted password. opy this encrypted password. Edit the boot loader configuration: Fvi =boot=grub=grub.conf 'nder $+th line hidden menu $1 password @@md3 paste the encrypted password. :wC 0ackup:-
#t is a method used for preventing the data loss in a system. #t is a method used for maintaining a *erox or duplicate copy of reCuired data. Methods of backup:-
$. Local bac"up /. External bac"up +. )etwor" bac"up "ools of backup:7= Local backup:
a. cp b. tar c. cpio 2.
,xternal backup:
a. dump b. "b ### c. nero 6= $et%ork backup:
a. scp b. rsync
For taking backup %ith tar:-
Syntax: Ftar OoptionsP Obac"up file nameP OsourceP 7ptions:@ $. Dc @@@ create a bac"up file /. Dv @@@ verbose +. Df @@@ forcefully 1. Dx @@@ to extract the bac"up reate the source:@ Fm"dir =linux Ftouch
=linux=sample.txtW$..$&X
9or ta"ing the bac"up:@Ftar @cvf =opt=bac"up.tar =linux 9or chec"ing the bac"up:@ Frm @rf =linux
9or extracting the bac"up:@Ftar @xvf =opt=bac"up.tar 8o restore the bac"up in reCuired location:@ Ftar @xvf =opt=bac"up.tar @ =var For taking backup %ith cpio:-
reate some your own files:@ Ftouch fileW$..$&X.txt Syntax:@ Fls iR Y cpio OoptionsP P Obac"uppath B file nameP
7ptions:@ o D output i D input v D verbose f D forcefully
Fls fileR Y cpio Dovf P =opt=file.cpio 9or chec"ing the bac"up:@ Frm @rf fileR 9or restoring the bac"up:@ Fcpio @ivf O =opt=file.cpio For taking backup %ith du!p:-
Syntax:@
Fdump OoptionsP Obac" up file or raw partition or tape driveP OsourceP 7ptions: &@% D level of bac"up u D update f @@forcefully Level of bac"up:@ & D full bac"up $@, D incremental bac"up % D differential bac"up Full backup:-
'sing this level of bac"up we can ta"e the complete file systems image in a bac"up file or special device (tape drive. ncre!ental backup:-
'sing this level of bac"up we can ta"e the bac"up of only newly generated data. #ifferential backup:-
4ifferential bac"up is also a type of full bac"up in which we are going to ta"e a full bac"up of all incremental bac"ups. For reco(ering the backup %ith restore:-
Syntax:@ Frestore OoptionsP Obac"up filenameP
7ptions: $. Dr D recursive /. Df D forcefully 9or ta"ing full bac"up:@ Fdump @&uf =opt=full.dump =dev=hda5 9or ta"ing incremental bac"up:@ Fdump @$uf =opt=first.dump =dev=hda5 'p to , we have to ta"e incremental bac"up. 9or ta"ing differential bac"up:@ Fdump @%uf =opt=diff.dump =dev=hda5 9or chec"ing the bac"ups:@ Fcd =home Frm @rf R 9or restoring the bac"up:@ Frestore @rf =opt=full.dump Frestore @rf =opt=first.dump Frestore @rf =opt=diff.dump )o!pression tools:-
$. gzip>.gz? /. bzip/>.bz/? #eco!pression tools:-
$. gunzip /. bunzip/ syntax:
Fgzip filename Fgunzip filename with extension Fbzip/ filename Fbunzip/ filename with extension "o check the P address:-
Fifconfig >interface configuration? "o assign P address:->te!porarily?
Fifconfig Odevice nameP O#2 addressP Fifconfig eth& $%/.$-,.&.$ "o assign a per!anent address:-
Fnetconfig 8o update the service:@ Fservice networ" restart 8o chec" the L;) connectivity:@ Fmii@tool 8o disable the L;) card temporarily:@ Fifdown eth& 8o enable the L;) card:@ Fifup eth& 8o chec" the database information of #2:@ Fcd =etc=sysconfig=networ"@scripts
Fcat ifcfg@eth&
Package !anage!ent:-
2ac"age management is a process used in Linux platform for installing! upgrading! uninstalling and Cuerying a pac"age. "ools:-
$. rpm /. yum rp!:-
ed hat 2ac"et 0anagement is a default 2ac"et 0anagement tool up to EL1 which is used for installing or uninstalling an application. For installing or uninstalling a rp!:-
Syntax:@ Frpm OoptionsP Opac"age nameP 7ptions: $. Di D install /. Dv D verbose +. Dh D hash 1. De D to erase a pac"age 8o install or uninstall a pac"age forcefully:@ Frpm OoptionsP Opac"age nameP @@force
8o install or uninstall a pac"age without dependencies:@ Frpm OoptionsP Opac"age nameP @@nodeps For installing the application in stand alone !ethod:-
9irst mount the media:@Fmount =dev=cdrom =mnt Enter to location of rpmJs:@Fcd =mnt=Server 9or installing the pac"age forcefully:@Frpm @ivh sCuid@R @@force 9or uninstalling the pac"age:@Frpm @e sCuid 9or removing the reCuired pac"age without supporting:@ Frpm @e sCuid @@nodeps For ;uerying a package:-
Syntax: Frpm OoptionsP Opac"ageP 7ptions: $. DC D to Cuery a single pac"age /. DCa D to Cuery all pac"age +. DCi D to Cuery information 1. DCc D to Cuery all configuration 3. DCd D to Cuery all documentation 8o Cuery a single pac"age:@ Frpm DC sCuid 8o Cuery all installed pac"age:@ Frpm DCa sCuid 8o Cuery the information pac"age:@ Frpm DCi sCuid
8o Cuery documentation:@ Frpm DCd sCuid 8o Cuery configuration:@ Frpm DCc sCuid For installing the package %ith $et%ork !ethod %ith $FS:-
8o chec" the shared content:@Fshowmount @e $%/.$-,.&.* 9or creating lin" to server:@Fmount $%/.$-,.&.*:=var=ftp=pub =mnt 9or installing the pac"age:@Fcd =mnt=Server Frpm Divh vsftpdR @@force
For installing a package using F"P !ethod:-
Frpm @ivh ftp:==$%/.$-,.&.x=pub=Server=nfsR @@force @u!:- .@ello%dog 1pdates Modifier/
yum is a interactive pac"age installation tool newly added in EL3. 'sing yum we can install or uninstall a pac"age with the userJs confirmation. 9or installing=uninstalling a pac"age:@ Syntax:@ Fyum OoptionsP Opac"ageP 7ptions: $.install /. remove +. list
1. info 9or installing a pac"age using yum:@ Edit the configuration file of yum:@ Fvi [email protected] Line + baseurlQftp:==$%/.$-,.&.x=pub=Server 1 enabledQ$ :wC 9or installing a pac"age:@Fyum install sendmailR 9or removing a pac"age:@Fyum remove sendmailR 9or chec"ing the pac"age:@Fyum list sendmailR 9or installing or uninstalling a pac"age in graphical mode:@ Fpirut
$,"AOK 4#M$S"4"O$ )O$),P"S
File server:'sing file servers mechanism we can share the resources from one centralized location to all the clients connected in a same networ".
Types of File servers:$. )9S Server >)etwor" 9ile System? /. 982 Server >9ile 8ransfer 2rotocol?
+. Samba >Smb? Server >Server 0essage bloc"?
7= $FS Ser(er: >$et%ork File Syste!?
)9S service is a platform dependant service used for sharing the resources only between ')#* and L#)'* clients. #ra%backs for $FS:
)9S uses a session protocol called 2 >emote 2rocedure all? which in turn generates a lot of networ" traffic by providing individual connections for every client.
e;uire!ents:Packages:-
$. portmapR /. nfsR Port nu!bers:-
$. portmap@$$$ /. nfs@/&1% )onfiguration files:-
vi =etc=exports Ser(ices:-
$. portmap /. nfs
nstallation steps for $FS Ser(er:-
2rovide the hostname
Step $o 7:-
F hostname nfs.zoom.com 0a"e the hostname permanent:@ Fvi
=etc=sysconfig=networ"
Line +: 7S8);0EQnfs.zoom.com :wC 2rovide the #2 address:@ Fnetconfig Aive #2 address. 0ap the #2 with host name:@ Fvi =etc=hosts $%/.$-,.&.x
nfs.zoom.com
nfs
:wC 1pdate the ser(ice:
Fservice networ" restart Step no 5:- #nstall the pac"ages.
Fyum install nfsR portmapR reate the shared resource:@ Fm"dir =redhat Ftouch =redhat=W$..$&X.rpm
•
Fvi
Edit the configuration file:@ =etc=exports
=redhat
R(rw
:wC Step no 6 :- 'pdate the services
Fservice portmap restart Fservice nfs restart )lient side configuration:-
Fshowmount @e $%/.$-,.&.x Fmount $%/.$-,.&.x:=redhat Fcd
=opt
=opt
Fls
4uto !ounting:-
#t is a mechanism used in the )9S client for mounting the shared content of )9S server automatically or on the reCuest. !ple!entation of 4uto !ounting at client side:•
Edit the first mapper file:@
Fvim =etc=auto.master Erase all the lines except this line. $ auto.master
/ =@ :wC •
=etc=auto.misc @@timeoutQ$&
Edit the second mapper file:@ Fvi =etc=auto.misc emove all the lines. 8ype $ =share @fstypeQnfs :wC
$%/.$-,.&.x:=redhat
1pdate the ser(ice:
Fservice autofs restart )ote: x means the serverJs #2. 5= F"P Ser(er:- >9ile 8ransfer 2rotocol?
982 is a one of the oldest 82=#2 protocol used for transferring the data from one machine to another machine in the form of uploading and downloading. Methods of F"P ser(er:-
$. Standard mode (needs authentication /. ;nonymous mode (no need of authentication any body can access. e;uire!ents:Package:-
vsftpdR Port nu!bers:-
9or data transfer@/&
lient connection@/$ )onfiguration file:-
vi =etc=vsftpd=vsftpd.conf #ata base directory:-
=var=ftp Ser(ice:-
vsftpd #ebugging tool:-
vsftpd !ple!entation steps for F"P ser(er:Step no 7:-
2rovide the hostname and #2.
Step no 5:- #nstall the pac"age
Fyum install vsftpdR •
Edit the configuration file:
F
Fcd
=var=ftp=pub
Ftouch fileW$..$&X 1pdate the ser(ice:
Fservice vsftpd restart )lient side configuration:-
Fftp $%/.$-,.&.x 'sername:ftp 2asswd: press enter "ey ftpPcd pub ftpP get file$ ftpPbye
For uploading per!ission:-
#n server side:@ reate the folder in server for uploading. Fm"dir @p =var=ftp=upload Fchmod 555 =var=ftp=upload 1pdate the ser(ice:
Fservice vsftpd restart )lient side configuration: @
Fftp $%/.$-,.&.x
'sername:ftp 2asswd: press enter "ey ftpPcd upload ftpP put filename ftpPbye +. S4M04 Ser(er:- >Server 0essage bloc"? Server 0essage 6loc" is an open source protocol used for performing file sharing between different platforms of operating system. S06 was introduced by ;ndrew 8ridgell which uses ommon #nternet 9ile System >#9S?. Features:-
$. 9ile sharing /. 4evice sharing +. 24 1. 64 e;uire!ents:Packages:-
SambaR Port nu!bers:-
$+5 $+, $+%
)onfiguration file:-
vi =etc=samba=smb.conf Ser(ice:-
smb #ebugging tools:-
$. testparm /. findsmb !ple!entation steps for sa!ba ser(er:Step no 7:- 2rovide the hostname and #2. Step no 5:- #nstall the pac"age.
Fyum install sambaR •
Fvi
Edit the configuration file: =etc=samba=smb.conf
Ao to the line number /-3 and ma"e the commented lines to enable. >share? omment Q this is samba shared drive 2ath Q =samba
Uor"inggroup Q sales mar"eting :wC •
reate the shared resources and users:
Fm"dir =samba Ftouch =samba=W$..$&X.tar Fchmod 555 =samba Step no6:)reate the users
Fuseradd ram Fuseradd pavan 9or providing universal password: Fsmbpasswd @a ram Fsmbpasswd @a pavan 1pdate the ser(ice:
Fservice smb restart )lient side configuration:-
9or linux as a client: Fsmbclient ==$%/.$-,.&.x:=share @' ram 9or windows as a client: Frdes"top $%/.$-,.&.xx @' username Dp passwd B )ow you will get a remote windows des"top and do the below wor".
0ycomputer D0apdrive@assign letter@#2@0y letter@#2@0y networ" places@view wor" group computers@0icrosoft windows networ"@my group@samba server. server. 9or accessing windows shared folder in linux system: Fnautilus
@@browser smb:==Owindows #2P
8= #H)P Ser(er:- >4ynamic ost onfiguration 2rotocol?
42 is a type of networ" service used for assigning #2 addresses addresses for all the clients connected in a same networ" using dynamic method (automatic. 8he communication between 42 server and 42 client is also called as andsha"ing 2rocess or 47; 2rocess.
e;uire!ents:Packages:-
dhcpR Port nu!bers:-
-5 -, )onfiguration file:-
vi =etc=dhcpd.conf Ser(ice:
dhcpd
#ebugging tool:-
dhcpd !ple!entation steps for #H)P ser(er:ser(er:Step no 7:- 2rovide the hostname and #2. Step no 5:- #nstall the pac"age.
Fyum install dhcpR opy the sample file: Fcd =usr=share=doc=dhcp@+.&.3= Fcp •
Fvi
dhcpd.conf.sample dhcpd.conf.sample
=etc=dhcpd.conf =etc=dhcpd.conf
Edit the configuration file: =etc=dhcpd.conf
Line no /$: range dynamic@bootp $%/.$-,.&.$ $%/.$-,.&./31V //:
default@lease@time default@lease@time /$-&&V
/+: max@lease@time max@lease@time 1+/&&V :wC 1pdate the ser(ice:
Fservice dhcpd restart )lient side configuration:-
Fdhclient Dr >for releasing the past #2? Fdhclient
eser(ation:-
eservation is a mechanism used in the 42 server server for assigning a static address to the client from a 42 server. 8o chec" the connectivity: Fping $%/.$-,.&.$& (clientJs (clientJs #2 Farp Da 0ac address will display opy the 0ac address you want. •
Edit the configuration file:
Fvi =etc=dhcpd.conf Edit the /- to +& lines host nsW )ext server name flat name or 9[4) ardware Ethernet@@ paste the copied mac addressV 9ixed address @ give your desired #2V X :wC 1pdate the ser(ice:
Fservice dhcpd restart
3. #$S Ser(er:4omain )aming System is one of the important networ" service used for providing naming resolution in a networ". 4)S is a responsible for converting given names to a particular #2 address and vice versa. Bone of #$S:-
$. 9orward 9orward Loo" Loo" up zone. >conver >converting ting )ames )ames to #2? /. everse everse Loo" up zone. zone. >converti >converting ng #2 to )ame )ames? s? esource records:-
$. S7; D Start Start 7f ;uthor ;uthority ity /. )S D )ami )aming ng Ser Server ver +. ; D ;dd ;ddre ress ss 1. 28 28 D 2oin 2ointe ter r 3. 0* D 0ail 0ail Exchan Exchange ge -. );0E e;uire!ents:Packages:-
bindR cachingR Port $u!ber:-
)amed @ 3+
)onfiguration files:-
$. vi =etc=named.rfc$%$/.zones /. vi [email protected] 1pdate ser(ice:-
named #ebugging "ools:-
$. named@chec"zone
=etc=named.rfc$%$/.zones
/. named@chec"conf
[email protected]
#ata base #irectory:-
cd =var=named=chroot=var=named $. vi localhost.zone /. vi named.local !ple!entation steps for #$S Ser(er:Step no 7:- 2rovide the hostname and #2. Step no 5:- #nstall the pac"ages.
Fyum install •
bindR cachingR
Edit the first configuration file: Fvi =etc=named.rfc$%$/.zones Line /$ zone Mzoom.comN #)W type masterV file Mlocalhost.zoneNV XV
:wC •
Edit the second configuration file: Fvi [email protected] Line $3 listen@on port 3+ W$%/.$-,.&.x VXV /+ allow@Cuery Wany V XV +/ match@clients Wany VXV :wC
Step no 6:-
reate the zone data base file Fcd =var=named=chroot=var=named Fvi
localhost.zone
Line / G
#n S7; dns.zoom.com.
%
#n )S dns.zoom.com.
$& dns #n ; $%/.$-,.&.x :wC 1pdate the ser(ice:
Fservice named restart )lient side configuration:-
2rovide the 4)S address: Fvi =etc=resolv.conf Line $ nameserver :wC
$%/.$-,.&.x
root(
1pdate the ser(ice:
Fservice networ" restart Fdig dns.zoom.com
C= A,0 Ser(er:-
Ueb service is basically used for sharing the information of a particular organization in the form of website. 4pplications of %eb ser(er:-
$. 8'* /. ;2;E Method of %ebsite hosting:-
$. )ame based /. #2 based +. 2ort based e;uire!ents:Package:-
httpdR Port nu!bers:-
http D ,& https @ 11+ )onfiguration files:-
vi =etc=httpd=conf=httpd.conf #ata base directory:-
=var=www=html 1pdate ser(ice:-
httpd #ebugging tool:-
httpd @S !ple!entation steps for %eb ser(er:Step no 7:- 2rovide the hostname and #2. Step no 5:- configure the 4)S server with 9L\ only. Step no 6:- #nstall the pac"ages.
Fyum install httpR Edit the configuration file:
•
F vi
=etc=httpd=conf=httpd.conf
Line /3& Server;dmin /-1 Server)ame
rootGzoom.com www.zoom.com:,&
/,& 4ocumentoot M=var=www=htmlN +%& 4irectory#ndex
zoom.html
:wC •
#n 4)S server:
Fcd =var=named=chroot=var=named
F vi localhost.zone ;t last type Ueb
#n ; $%/.$-,.&.webserverJs #2
www #n );0E web :wC 1pdate the ser(ice:
Fservice named restart Step no 8:- #n web server
reate the web page. F cd =var=www=html F vi zoom.html Urite the your own data. :wC 1pdate the ser(ice:
Fservice httpd restart )lient side configuration:-
2rovide the 4)S address: Fvi =etc=resolv.conf Line $ nameserver
$%/.$-,.&.x
:wC Fservice networ" restart
9or accessing the web page: Ffirefox www.zoom.com B !ple!enting authentication for a %ebsite:•
Edit the configuration file:
Fvi =etc=httpd=conf=httpd.conf Ao to the last line O4irectory M=var=www=htmlNP ;uth)ame zoom.com ;uth'ser9ile =etc=httpd=passwd ;uth8ype eCuire
basic valid@user
O=4irectoryP :wC reate the valid user: Fuseradd user$ 2rovide the htpassword for users: Fhtpasswd @c =etc=httpd=passwd user$ 1pdate the ser(ice:
Fservice httpd restart
D= &irtual Aeb Hosting:-
;pache can serve multiple sites easily "nown as I
$. )ame based /. #2 based +. 2ort based n #$S Ser(er:-
Fvi =etc=named.rfc$%$/.zones Line /$ zone Mzoom.comN #)W type masterV file Mlocalhost.zoneNV XV ;dd new lines for new web. zone Mgoogle.comN #)W type masterV file MgoogleNV XV :wC
Fvi [email protected] Line $3 listen@on port 3+ W$%/.$-,.&.x VXV /+ allow@Cuery WlocalhostV any V XV +/ match@clients WlocalhostV any VXV :wC Fcd
=var=named=chroot=var=named
Fcp @p localhost.zone google Fvi
google
Line / G
#n S7; dns.google.com.
%
#n )S dns.google.com.
root(
$& dns #n ; $%/.$-,.&.x Ueb
#n ; $%/.$-,.&.webserver #2
www #n );0E web :wC
1pdate the ser(ice:
Fservice named restart n %eb ser(er side:-
Fvi =etc=httpd=conf=httpd.conf Ao to line number %5/ and remove the comment. ;nd go to line number %,1 Ovirtualhost R:,&P
Server;dmin
rootGzoom.com
Server)ame
www.zoom.com
4ocumentoot M=var=www=htmlN 4irectory#ndex O=virtualhostP
zoom.html
Ovirtualhost $%/.$-,.&.x:,&P
(@@#2 based
7r Listen 3&&& Ovirtualhost $%/.$-,.&.x:3&&&P
Server;dmin
Server)ame
(@@2ort based
rootGgoogle.com www.google.com
4ocumentoot M=var=www=htmlN 4irectory#ndex
google.html
O=virtualhostP :wC reate the web page: Fcd =var=www=html Fvi google.html Urite the data. :wC 1pdate the ser(ice:
Fservice httpd restart )lient side configuration:-
2rovide the 4)S address: Fvi =etc=resolv.conf Line $ nameserver
$%/.$-,.&.x
:wC 1pdate the ser(ice:
Fservice networ" restart 9or accessing the web page: Ffirefox www.google.com B Ffirefox www.google.com:3&&& B
(@@@2ortbased
E= PO@ Ser(er :-
2roxy is a type of networ" service used for sharing the internet access coming from one connection to the entire clients connected in a L;). Features of Proxy ser(er:-
$. #nternet sharing /. aching of website +. 9irewall e;uire!ents:Packages:-
sCuidR Port nu!ber:-
sCuid D +$/, )onfiguration file:-
=etc=sCuid=sCuid.conf
#ata base directory:-
=var=spool=sCuid Ser(ice:-
sCuid #ebugging tool:-
sCuid !ple!entation steps for proxy ser(er:Step no 7:- 2rovide the hostname and public B private #2. Step no 5:- #nstall the pac"age.
Fyum install sCuidR •
Edit the configuration file: Fvi =etc=sCuid=sCuid.conf Ao to line /1$& acl rule$ src $%/.$-,.&.&=/33./33./33.& httpZaccess allow rule$ acl rule/ urlZregex www.yahoo.com httpZaccess deny rule/ :wC 1pdate the ser(ice:
Fservice sCuid restart )lient side configuration:7pen the web browser Ffirefox B
#n fire fox clic" edit@select preferences D advanced @networ"@clic" connection settings@select manual proxy and give the #2 address B port number@clic" o". G= M4L Ser(er:-
0ail server is basically used for sending and receiving mails within the #ntranet as well as #nternet. ;gents of 0ail server:@ $. 0'; D 0ail 'ser ;gent /. 08; D 0ail 8ransport agent +. 04; D 0ail 4elivery ;gent M14:-
0ail 'ser ;gent is mostly used in the client side for providing a connectivity to mail server to view! delete and composed the mail. Example: 9or 'nix and Linux $. 0ozilla /. Evolution +. 8hunder bird M"4:-
8echnically a mail server is also called as 0ail 8ransport ;gent. 8he ob of 08; is to send and receive mails based on Mto addressN.
Example:
$. Send mail /. 2ost fix +. [mail M#4:-
0ail 4elivery ;gent is basically used for redirecting the mails stored in M08;N to a specific userJs #nbox. Example: $. 2rocmail e;uire!ents:Packages:-
$. sendmailR /. m1R
Port nu!bers:-
S082@/3 272@$$& #0;2@$1+ )onfiguration files:-
vi =etc=mail=sendmail.cf vi =etc= mail=sendmail.mc #ata base directory:-
=var=spool=mail 1pdate ser(ice:-
sendmail #ebugging tool:-
sendmail !ple!entation steps for Mail ser(er:Step no 7:- 2rovide the hostname and #2. Step no 5:- configure the dns server with forward loo"up zone only.
Fcd =var=named=chroot=var=named F vi localhost.zone Line %
#n 0* $ mail.zoom.com.
Line $/ mail
#n ; $%/.$-,.&.mailserver #2
:wC 1pdate the ser(ice:
Fservice named restart Step no 6:- #nstall the pac"ages.
Fyum install sendmailR m1R •
Edit the configuration file: Fvi =etc=mail=sendmail.mc omment line $$- by adding dnl F Ao to line $33 LocalZdomain(Izoom.comJdnl $-& 0;S['E;4EZ;S(Izoom.comJdnl
$-1 9E;8'E (masCueradeZenvelope dnl :wC )o!pile the configuration:
Fcd =etc=mail Fm1 sendmail.mc P sendmail.cf Step no 8:-
reate the user account Fuseradd ra Fpasswd ra 1pdate the ser(ice:
Fservice sendmail restart Fmail ra Subect: mail server 8his is mail server . c: Fsu D ra Fmail Step no :- 8o chec" the mail in graphical mode.
Fyum install sCuirrelmailR dovecotR perl php curl httpR cyrusR 1pdate the ser(ices:
Fservice httpd restart Fservice dovecot restart Fservice cyrus@imapd restart estart only either dovecot or cyrus@imapd service. 9or accessing the mail server in web browser: Ffirefox
mail.zoom.com=webmail B
7I= $S Ser(er:
)etwor" #nformation Service is basically used for providing centralize authentication for the clients. )#S is a platform dependant service which can provide authentication to Linux or 'nix client. e;uire!ent:Packages:-
$. ypR /. nfsR +. portmapR Port nu!bers:-
nfs@/&1% portmap@$$$ ypserv uses random port numbers above $&/1. )onfiguration files:-
vi =etc=exports vi =var=yp=0a"efile 1pdate ser(ice:-
$. portmap /. nfs +. ypserv 1. yppasswdd Step $o 7:-
2rovide the hostname B nisdomain name
F hostname nis.zoom.com Fnisdomainname central 0a"e the hostname permanent:@ Fvi =etc=sysconfig=networ" Line +: 7S8);0EQnis.zoom.com
)#S470;#));0EQcentral
:wC 2rovide the #2 address:@ Fnetconfig Aive #2 address. 0ap the #2 with host name:@ Fvi =etc=hosts $%/.$-,.&.x
nis.zoom.com
nis
:wC Fservice networ" restart Step no 5:- #nstall the pac"age.
Fyum install nfsR portmapR ypR •
Edit the )9S configuration file:@
Fvi =etc=exports =home
R(rw
:wC •
Edit the )9S configuration file:@
Fvi =var=yp=0a"efile Line +/ 0#)'#4 Q 3&& ++ 0#)A#4 Q 3&& $&%
all: passwd group mail ]V
:wC Step no 6:-
reate the user account Fuseradd user$ Fpasswd user$ 1pdate the user data base:
Fcd
=var=yp
Fservice portmap restart
Fservice ypserv restart Fma"e 1pdate the ser(ices:
Fservice portmap restart Fservice nfs restart Fservice ypserv restart Fservice yppasswdd restart )lient side configuration:-
2rovide )#S server authentication. Fauthconfig@gt" Fmount $%/.$-,.&.x:=home
=home
7r Fvi =etc=fstab $%/.$-,.&.x:=home
=home
nfs defaults & &
:wC 77= K)KS"4":-
Kic" start is a networ" service used for installing or deploying the entire image of the operating system from one centralized location to all the clients.
Methods:-
$. Standalone a. cd b. dvd /. )etwor" a. nfs b. ftp c. http e;uire!ents:-
$. 9ile sharing /. 42 server +. 4ump or #mage of 7S Packages:-
$. vsftpdR /. dhcpR +. system@config@"ic"startR Port nu!bers:-
ftp D /&!/$ dhcp D -5!-, )onfiguration files:-
vi =etc=vsftpd=vsftpd.conf vi =etc=dhcpd.conf
"s.cfg #atabase directory:-
=var=ftp=pub Ser(ices:-
vsftpd dhcpd !ple!entation steps for kick start ser(ice:Step no 7:- 2rovide the hostname and #2. Step no 5:- #nstall the pac"ages.
Fyum install vsftpdR •
dhcpR
R"ic"startR
Edit the configuration files of 42 B
2rovide the execution permission Fchmod x =var=ftp=pub="s.cfg 1pdate the ser(ices:
Fservice vsftpd restart Fservice dhcpd restart $ote:8he client needs to be booted with the help of bootable media for the first time to perform the networ" installation. )lient side configuration:;fter putting the bootable 4 or 4<4. boot: linux "sQftp:==$%/.$-,.&.x=pub="s.cfg #ra%back:Kic" start service is a platform dependant service which can install same flavor of 7S from Kic" start server to a client. 4#
;#4JS is a technology used for utilizing multiple hard drives as an array or 0eta device. Features:-
$. 6etter performance /. Storage capability +. 9ault tolerance 4# Le(els:-
;#4& (Striping without parity ;#4$ (4is" mirroring ;#41 (2arity ;#43 (Striping with parity 4#7:-
#isk Mirroring e;uire!ents:-
0inimum / dis"s 0aximum / dis"s Features:-
$. Urite speed is slow B ead speed is fast. /. $&&^ fault tolerance +. 3&^ over head >wastage? !ple!entation steps to 4#7:Step no 7:-
reate the two partitions. Ffdis"
=dev=hda
Fpartprobe =dev=hda reate the meta device. Fmdadm @ =dev=md& @n/ =dev=hdaW$&!$$X @l$ Step no 5:-
9ormat the meta device. Fm"fs.ext+
=dev=md&
0ount the meta device Fmount
=dev=md&
=mnt
8o chec" the properties
Fmdadm
@4 =dev=md&
Step no 6:-
9or verifying the ;#4 array Fmdadm @S =dev=md& @@@@@@ for stopping 0ount the drives Fmount
=dev=hda$& =opt
Fmount
=dev=hda$$ =mnt
•
S,&),S PO" $1M0,S : (for Cuic" reference
$. 882 (,& /. 882S (11+ +. )9S (/&1%! 2780;2 ($$$ 1. 982 (/&!/$ 3. S;06; ($+5! $+,B$+% -. 42 (-5!-, 5. 4)S (3+ ,. S['#4 >27*_? (+$/, %. 8EL)E8 (/+ $&.
0;#L Server
a. S082 (/3 b. 272 ($$&
