LENGUA INGLESA TEORÍA Y PRÁCTICA
Ped ro Civera Civera Colom a
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ÍNDICE Conc epto s gr gram am aticales To b e To ha ve To d o Prono mb res y ad jetivos jetivos d em o strativos tra tivos Ha b er imp imp ersona ersona l Som e, any, no y sus sus c om p uesto uestoss Pronom on om b res y pa rticulas tic ulas inte rrog a tivas Conta bles e inconta bles El género El p lura lura l Forma c ión de p a la b ra s c om p uesta uesta s Func ione s d el nom b re La p o se sión El a rtíc tíc ulo ulo ind ete rmina d o El a rticulo d ete rmina d o Bot h, neithe r, either Adjetivos La co mp arac arac ión Preposiciones Adverbios Yet , stil still,l, alrea alrea d y, duri d uring ng y a g o El imperativo El p rese rese nte nt e simp le Be g oing to El p resen resen te c o ntinuo El pa sa d o simp le El p a sa d o c ont inuo El present present e p erfec to El p resente esente p erfec to c ontinuo El pa sad o p er erfec fec to El pa sa do pe rfec to c ontin ontinuo uo El fut uro simp le El futuro futuro c on tinuo El futuro p erfec to El c ond iciona l si simp le El c ond ic iona l p erfec erfec to Cua d ro resumen resumen d e los tiemp os Tipos ipo s d e or o ra c iones on es La s ora c iones on es d e rela tivo 3
ÍNDICE Conc epto s gr gram am aticales To b e To ha ve To d o Prono mb res y ad jetivos jetivos d em o strativos tra tivos Ha b er imp imp ersona ersona l Som e, any, no y sus sus c om p uesto uestoss Pronom on om b res y pa rticulas tic ulas inte rrog a tivas Conta bles e inconta bles El género El p lura lura l Forma c ión de p a la b ra s c om p uesta uesta s Func ione s d el nom b re La p o se sión El a rtíc tíc ulo ulo ind ete rmina d o El a rticulo d ete rmina d o Bot h, neithe r, either Adjetivos La co mp arac arac ión Preposiciones Adverbios Yet , stil still,l, alrea alrea d y, duri d uring ng y a g o El imperativo El p rese rese nte nt e simp le Be g oing to El p resen resen te c o ntinuo El pa sa d o simp le El p a sa d o c ont inuo El present present e p erfec to El p resente esente p erfec to c ontinuo El pa sad o p er erfec fec to El pa sa do pe rfec to c ontin ontinuo uo El fut uro simp le El futuro futuro c on tinuo El futuro p erfec to El c ond iciona l si simp le El c ond ic iona l p erfec erfec to Cua d ro resumen resumen d e los tiemp os Tipos ipo s d e or o ra c iones on es La s ora c iones on es d e rela tivo 3
La s c onjunc iones on es Los verbo s m od a les Can Ma y, might might Must Ha ve to Should , oug ht t o Will, would, shall Cua d ro resum resumen en d e los verbo verboss mo d a les Coletilllas Sa y y te t e ll Make y do La s exclam a c iones one s Las oraciones condicionales La vo z p a siva El estilo estilo ind ire ire c to El g e rund io El inf inf initivo init ivo Estruc tura s d e interés El c a usa usa tivo ha ve Verboss c on p rep os Verbo osiic ión Verb Verb os y a d jetivos c on p rep osi osic ión Contracciones Ca mb ios ortográfic ortográfic os Verbos Verb os irirreg ulares Conectores Falsos amigos Exp res esiione s p a ra la c om uni unicc a c ión o ra l Exp resi esione s p a ra la c om unic unic a c ión o ra l lic itac iones. iones. Saludos y fe lic Pa ra d irigirs girse a un d esc esc ono c id o. Presentaciones Cuand o no entend emo s algo b ien Pa ra p reg unta r la hora Ha bland o p or teléfono Para ag rad ec er algo Expresiones de cortesía Día Día s d e la la sem a na Día Día s d e fiesta fiesta Me ses d el año a ño Estaciones Punto s c a rd ina les 4
Los co lores Adjetivos Signo s d e l zod iac o La ho ra Números c a rd ina les Los núm eros ero s o rd inales inale s Eq uiva uivallenc ia d e p esos esos y med id a s Pa ises y na c iona lid lid a d es La fa m ilia ilia Profesiones La c a sa La c oc ina El c uarto d e b a ño El do d o rmito rio rio El sa sa lon lo n Muebles La c iuda d Pa rtes te s d el c uerpo uerp o Comida En la m e sa Sabores Bebidas Fruta s y verdu ve rduras ras Postres Pescados Carnes Fruto s se c o s Me d ios d e transp transp orte Ac tivi tividd a d es d ia ria s Ac tivi tividd a d es d e tiemp o lib lib re Ropa Co mp lem ento s y joye joyerria Tejido s y m a te riales A d jec tivos tivos p a ra la d esc esc rip c ion Ad jetivos p a ra d esc esc rib ir el ca ra c ter La esc esc uela ue la La ofic ina Deportes Dolencias Ta rea s d om estic esticaa s Tiem p o a tm osferi osfericc o Animales 5
Arbo les, les, flo flo res y plant p lantaa s Politica Religion Banco Símiles Refranes Exp resione esioness idiom á tica tic a s Trabalenguas Citas Abreviaturas Orac ione s y vil villa nc ic os
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Pa is ises es y nac na c ion onaa lid a d es Ad jec tivos tivos p a ra la d esc esc ripc ión Símiles Refranes Exp resione esioness idiom á tica tic a s Trabalenguas Citas Abreviaturas Orac ione s y vil villa nc ic os
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C O NC EPTO S G RA M A TIC ICA A LES •
Para po de r dom inar una lengua extr extranjer anjeraa es funda menta l que estem estem os famil fa miliia riza d os c on la te rminolog ía g ra ma tica l d e la Leng Leng ua Es Esp a ñola , q ue c om o t od a s la s leng uas, uas, está está c om p ue sta p or un c onjunto d e si signo s q ue tiene tie nenn sus sus p rop ias reg las. las.
Lenguaje.
Fa c ulta ulta d q ue nos p ermite comunicarnos.
Lengua.
Está c o m p ues ue sta p or signo signo s y reglas reg las..
Habla.
Uso q ue ha h a c en los ind ivid ivid uos d e la lengua.
Norma.
Esta b lec e las reg las d e uso. uso.
El leng ua je tiene va rias func ione s:
FUNCIONES DEL LENGUAJE Representativa
Se transmite transmite a lg o ob jetivo.
Expresiva
Se trans t ransm m ite a lgo sub jetivo
Apelativa
Inte nt a p rovoca r una una reac reac ción
Poética
En ella se usan recursos lingüísticos y literarios terarios que c a mb ia n e l sentido sentido norma l d el me nsa nsa je.
CATEGORÍAS GRAMATICALES DEL ESPAÑOL Pa rtes vari va riaa b les
Sustantivo. Adjetivo. Artículo. Pronombre. 8
Pa rtes invariab inva riables les
Sujeto. Atributo . Complemento d irec irec to. Comp lemento indir indirec ec to.
Verbo Adverbio. Preposición. Conjunción Para conocerlo preguntamos al verbo ¿quién? Ap a rec e c on verbos c op ula ula tivo tivo (ser, (ser, estar, estar, etc ) se se c onc e p reg untad o ¿qué e s? Se conoce preguntando ¿qué es lo que? ¿A q uién? uién? o ¿pa ra q uién? uién?
Comp lemento c irc irc unstancial. unstancial.
Modo: ¿có ¿có mo? Luga r: ¿d ¿d ónd e? Tiem p o: ¿c ¿c uánd uá nd o?
Comp lemento age nte. nte.
En orac o rac ione s p a sivas iva s. Fue Fue e sc rito rito p o r él.
Es b ueno ue no q ue este estem m os c onoz on ozcc a m os el signifi significc a d o d e los sig uiente s tér té rm inos: inos: Lexema.
A nte s se le d eno mina b a ra íz.
Morfema.
Nos informa d el gene ro, núme ro, etc .
Fonética.
Estudia los sonidos.
Fonología.
Estud tu d ia los lo s fone fo nem m a s.
Lexicología.
Estudia el léxico o vocabulario de una lengua.
Fonema.
División ivisión d e las co nsona nsona ntes seg seg ún el modo de articul articulac ac ión. ión.
Es la unidad más pequeña. La lengua española tienen 24: cinco vocales y diec inueve c onsona onsona ntes Oclusivas. Fricativas. Africadas. Líquidas.
División ivisión d e las co nsona nsona ntes seg seg ún
Bilabiales. 9
el luga luga r de articulac articulac ión.
Labiodentales. Linguodentales. Linguointerdentales. Linguoalveolares. Linguopalatales. Linguovelares.
Seg ún su su sono sono rid rid a d se c lasifica lasifica n e n.
Sonoras. Sordas.
Morfología.
Estud ia la forma d e la s p a la b ra s.
Semántica.
Estud ia el signifi significc a d o d e las p a lab ra s.
Morfema.
Unid nid a d lingüís ngüístic tic a q ue se se a ña d e a l lexema o ra ra íz p a ra forma r una pa la b ra .
Sintaxis.
Parte arte d e la gramá tic tic a que se se oc upa de las reglas mediante las cuales se c om b ina n las unida d es ling üís üística s p a ra forma forma r la la orac orac ión .
Sintagma.
Es una o má s p a la b ra s relac iona d a s e ntre nt re sí sí.
Oración.
Unida d ling ling üís üística tic a m ínima , c ons on stituida p or dos d os sinta gm a s: el nom ina l y el verba l q ue rea liza n la la func ión d e sujeto sujeto y predic predic ad o.
Sujeto.
Es la persona u objeto del que se dice algo.
Predicado.
Exp resa esa tod to d o lo q ue se d ic e d el sujeto sujeto..
Orac Orac ión simp simp le.
Tiene como núcleo del predicado un solo ve rb o.
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Sustantivo. Verbo.
Se refiere a nombres, Pedro come pan. animales, cosas, etc. Ind ic a n la s ac c ione s q ue Comer, Ba ilar, Ir. ealzan los sujeto s.
Adjetivo.
Ca lific a al nom bre.
Inm a es rubia.
Pronombre.
Sustituye a l no mb re.
Pep e es mi amigo , él nunc a me falla.
Adverbio.
Mod ific a a l verb o.
Ella c om e mucho.
Conjunción.
Une o ra c ione s y Hab la inglés y francés. palabras. Pued en ser c oo rdinada s y subordinadas.
Determinante.
Ma tiza a l nomb re.
Mi hermana. Un coche.
Preposicion.
Relac iona p a la b ra s.
Vive en Sa x.
Artículo
Pued e ser d ete rminad o o inde terminad o: El, la, los, las Un, una , unos, una s
El libro es útil.
La s ora c iones p ued en t ener la s siguient es p a rte s: Sujeto.
Es q uien rea liza la Yo c om o a las 2. acción. Se c onoc e preguntand o ¿quién? al verb o.
Verbo
Indica lo que ha c e el Ella estudia mucho. sujeto. Se c onoc e preguntand o Ellos comen bocadillos. a l verb o ¿qué es lo qué?
Complemento directo .
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Comp lemento Indirec to. Se c onoc e preguntand o La s c a rtas son p a ra a l verbo ¿a q uién o pa ra María. quién ? Complemento Circunstancial de tiempo.
Se c onoc e preguntand o Ayer vi a Jua n. a l verb o ¿cuándo?
Complemento Se c onoc e preguntand o Me d uele la c ab eza Circ unstanc ial de m od o. a l verb o ¿cómo? terriblemente. Complemento c irc unstanc ial de luga r.
Se c onoc e preguntand o Se c aso en Monóva r. a l verb o ¿dónde?
Loc uciones ad verbiales.
Puede n apa rac er al principio, en me d io o al final de la frase.
Atributo.
Ac om p a ña a l verb o ser, Ella es guapa . esta r y a lguno s ot ros c om o e xistir, pa rec er.
Persona.
Ha y tres en singular: yo, tú, él, ella y ello. Tres en p lural: nosotros, vo sotros y e llos. Puede ser masculino, feme nino o neutro.
Él es Pep e. Nosotrossomos de Elda Ellosson a ltos.
Número.
Puede ser singular o plural.
Teng o u n coche. Ellos tienen d os coches.
Determinantes.
Pueden ser: posesivos, demostrativos, numerales, ca rd inales, partitivos, indefinidos .
Mi casa. Algunas personas Esta habitación.
Artículo.
Pued en ser d ete rminad os o indeterminados
El libro e s bueno . Un lib ro e s un b uen regalo.
Genero.
La vi esta ma ñana . Esta mañana la vi.
Peric o e salto. Gloria e salta .
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Pronombres.
Pueden ser p ersonales, demostrativos, posesivos, relativos, interrogtivos, numerales, indefinidos.
La m ias es rá pida . rápida. ¿Quién vive aq uí? Algunos vendrán luego .
Verbo transitivo.
Pued e lleva r complemento directo
Compro el pa n ca da día
Verbo intransitivo.
No llevan c omp lem ento Viven en A sp e. directo.
Verbo regular.
Forma el pa sad o y el pa rtic ipio a ñad iend o la misma desinencia. En inglés “ -ed ” .
To p la y, played , played .
Verbo irregular.
Forma el pa sad o y el pa rtic ipio pa sad o d e otra forma .
Go, went, go ne.
Infinitivo.
Es la fo rma verba l Ca nta r, c om er, reir. ac aba da en en “ –ar” , “ - To c om e, to p lay er” , “-ir” . Must, c a n. En inglés suelen llevar la p a rtíc ula to .
Participio d e presente.
En inglés a c a b a e n “ ing”.
Partic ipio d e p asad o.
En c astellano a c ab a en Comido, contad o. “ -ado” “ -ido” .
Modo.
Es una c a ra c te ristic a de l verbo. Pued e ser: ind ic a tivo, sub juntivo, imp erativo y condicional.
Tiempo.
Situa tem p oralmenta la acción. Presente,
Playing, singing.
Yo c omo. To c om í. 13
p a sa d o y futuro. Pued en Yo c om eré ser simp les, c ontinuos y Yo he c om id o. perfectos. Voz.
Existe n d os: a c tiva y pasiva.
Ernesto vend e p iel La s pieles son vend ida s p or Ernesto .
Afirmativas.
Yo vivo en Elda .
Negativas.
No c om o c a rne roja.
Interrogativas.
¿Eres d e Villena ?
Interrog ativa neg ativa.
¿ No eres tú la p rima d e O lga ?
Transitiva.
Pepe c ome c arne.
Intransitiva.
Ellos viven en Logroño
Reflexiva.
Ella se lava sola.
Reciproca.
Pep e y Raquel se o dia n.
Impersonal.
Llueve muc ho e n Leto nia .
Enunciativa. Interrogativa. Exclamativa.
Teng o muc ho ham b re Nunca bebo ca fé. ¿Cuá nto va le e l d isc o? ¡Qué b onito!
Imperativa.
¡Cá lla te ya !
Desiderativa.
Ojalá llueva m aña na.
Tipo s de orac iones simp les Atributivas
Exp resa n c ua lid ad es d el sujeto , y suelen usa r los ve rbo s ser y estar.
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Predicativas
Expresan acciones con verbos predicativos. Pueden ser activas y pasivas.
Transitivas
Llevan c om plemento direc to: Yo c om o bo c ad illos d e c a lam ares.
Intransitivas
No tienen c om pleme nto direc to.
Reflexivas
El sujeto rea liza y rec ib e la a c c ión.
Recíprocas
Los sujetos rea liza n y rec ib en la a c c ión mutua men te: Ellos se mira n.
Personales
Lleva n sujeto g ra ma tica l.
Impersonales
Ca rec en d e sujeto . Hac e sol.
Pasivas
El sujeto rec ibe la a c c ión ve rb al y el verbo está en forma pa siva.
Pasivas reflejas
Tiene n el sujeto en voz a c tiva: Se venden po llos de c am po. iva s o
Enunciativas
Pued en ser afirma tivas o ne g a tivas.
Interrogativas
Se ut iliza n p a ra p reg unta r.
Exclamativas
Expresan emociones.
Imperativas
Expresa n ma nd a to s y ruegos.
Desiderativas
Expresan d eseos.
Dubitativas
Indic a n posib ilid ad es o prob a bilida d es.
COORDINADAS 15
Copulativas.
Estud ia y trab a ja.
Adversativas.
Estud ia m uc ho sin emb a rgo no a p rueb a .
Disyuntivas.
Entra o sa l.
SUBORDINADAS Temporales.
Mientra s c am inab a mo s iba mo s c a ntand o.
Modales.
Debes hac erlo c omo dice la guia.
Consecutivas.
Ha a proba d o, po r lo ta nto se m at ric ulará en derecho.
Condicionales.
Lo ha ré si no te q uejas má s.
Causales.
Puesto q ue lo sab e to do que c onteste M anuel.
Finales.
Irem os p a ra q ue te revisen la vista .
Concesivas.
Aunque no m e g usta lo ha ré.
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TO BE •
El ve rbo t o b e significa “ser” o “estar”. Comparte con t o d o y t o h a v e la caractereristica de ayudar a formar otros tiempos verbales, por eso se le denomina verbo auxiliar. Puede contraer con sujetos, demostrativos y también con: w ho, w here, how , etc .
I’m Pete r.
Peter’s here.
Tha t’s Ma noli.
Who’s that girl?
Yo soy Ped ro.
Ped ro está a q uí.
Esa es Ma noli.
¿Quién es esa chica?
•
•
•
La s c ontrac c iones se suelen usa r en las c onversa c iones. Interviene en la forma c ión d e los tiemp os c on tinuos o p rog resivos. Las formas negativas las hace añadiendo no t y las interrogativas por me dio d e la inversión, es d ec ir, po niend o prime ro e l verbo y lueg o el sujeto . Esta estructura la comparte con el verbo t o h a v e c uano indic a posesión y c on los verbos mo dales.
PRESENTE
PASADO
FUTURO
I am/ I'm. Yo soy o yo estoy.
I was. Yo e ra o yo esta ba .
I will/ shall be . Yo seré o yo esta ré.
You a re/ you're.
You were.
You will b e.
He is/ he's.
He wa s.
He will be.
She is/ she 's
She wa s.
She will be.
It is/ it's.
It w a s.
It w ill b e.
We a re/ we 're.
We we re.
We will/ shall b e.
You a re/ you're.
You were.
You will b e.
They a re/ the y're.
They were.
They will b e.
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Are not c ontrae Are ontrae en aren’t. Was not contrae wasn’t Is not c ontrae en isn’t. Were not contrae weren’t
Are you Elda?
from He is not from from Elc he
¿Eres ¿Eres d e Elda ld a ?
Él no es d e Elche. lch e.
en La c ontrac ontrac c ión es ‘ll. Wil Will not c ontrae en won’t. en Shall not contrae en shan’t.
Were they in the c inem a? ¿Es ¿Esta b a n ellos e n el c ine?
PRINCIPALES USOS Pa ra p reg untar la ed ad .
How o ld are you? ¿Qué e d a d t ienes? enes? I am forty. Teng o c ua renta a ños. ños.
Ind ica r la p rofe sión.
I am a teac her. her. So y profe p rofe so r.
La id eo log ía .
He is a soc ialis ia list.t. El es socialista.
El c red o religioso eligioso .
He is a c atholic. El es c a tó lico .
Forma r lo lo s tiem p o s c ontinuo on tinuoss.
I am writing writing with a c om puter. Estoy to y esc esc rib iend o c on un o rd ena d or. I was swimm swimm ing ye sterday . Estuve nad a ndo aye r. I will will be w alking on the the be ac h. Esta ré c a minand o p or la p la ya.
La forma forma c ión d e la vo z p a siva .
The b oo k was w as written written b y Em Em ilio. Este lib lib ro lo e sc rib rib ió Em Em ilio. ilio. 18
Este lib lib ro fue fu e e sc rito rito p o r Em Em ilio. ilio. Pa ra me d id a s.
I am six feet tall. ta ll. Mido seis pies. How big is the town? ¿Cóm o es de grande el pue blo? It is q uite b ig. Es b a sta nte g ra nd e. How wide wid e is the river Vinalop Vinalop ó? ¿Qué a nc hura hura tiene el rírío Vinalop ó? It is 200 m etres etre s wid e. Tiene 200 200 metros me tros d e a nc ho. How high is Boló n? ¿Qué a ltura tura tiene Bolón? Bolón? It is nea ne a rly 1.000 1.000 metres me tres high. hig h. Tiene c a si 1.0 1.000 00 m e tros d e a ltura. How sma ll is is an a tom ? ¿Cóm o es un átom o de p eq ueño? It is very ve ry sm sm a ll Es muy p eq ueño .
Ind ic a ta lla s.
I am size ize 8. Ga sto la ta lla 8
Co n a d jetivos. etivos.
I am happy and you are right right.. Yo e sto y c ont ent o y t ú tiene s ra zón.
Unid nid o a : Where Where (¿Dónd (¿Dónde?) e?) What (¿Qué?) Who (¿Quién?) Why, (¿P (¿Po r qué?) qu é?) etc, Co n c ierta ierta s expr exp resione esioness.
Where’s the b oy ? ¿Dónd e e stá el niño? niño? When’s hen’ s your yo ur birthda y? ¿Cuá ndo es tu c ump lea ños? ños? I am right. Teng en g o ra zón . I am c old. 19
Te ng o frío frío . Contrae c on d em ostr ostraa tivos tivos y adverbios.
That’s right. Así es. How’s ow ’s that? tha t? ¿Có mo es eso? eso?
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1) I ......................s ......................sure ure I will. a - Am b - Are c - Is 2) I ......... .............. .......a ..a tea te a c her. he r. a - Am b - Is c - Are 3) Camara.......in Elda. a - Is b - Are c - Am 4) Where...........you from? a - Is b - Are c - Am 5) How old o ld ..... ........ ...yo you? u? a - Is b - Are c - Am 6) It.........hot today. a - Is b - Am c - Are 7) It.......a telephone. a - Am b - Are c - Is 8) They........students. a - Is b - Am c - Are 9) This dog.......................white. a - Am b - Is c - Are 10) The houses.........old. a - Am b - Is c - Are 11) 11) ...... ........thes ..thesee book bo okss interes intere sting? ting ? 21
a - Is b - Are c - Am 12) 12) What..... hat....... ...thos .thosee peo p eople ple d oing? oing ? a - Is b - Am c - Are 13) 13) The ba b y..... y.......eating ..eating the food . a - Am b - Is c - Are 14) The window........open. a - Am b - Is c - Are 15) 15) Cats Ca ts............... ...bla bla c k or white. a - Is b - Are c - Am 16) Don't .............cheeky. a - Be Be b - Ha ve c - Do 17) How old a re you? yo u? I.... I....... ...... ....... ........ a -H Haa ve 20 yea rs b - Am 20 yea rs c -H Haa ve 20 yea rs 18) That ha t is Mr. Pe Pe d ro Cive Civ e ra . How ........ ............ ........ .....he? .he? a - Old Old is b - Many Ma ny yea rs is c - Ma ny yea rs ha s 19) 19) He ...... ......... ...... ...in in Mad Ma d rid last week we ek.. a - Was b -W Were ere c - Be 20) 20) ...... ......they they in the sa sa m e c lass a s you yo u at Az A zorín High Sc Sc hool? ho ol? a - Was b -W Were ere c - Be 22
21) 21) Yes, they... they ...... .....interes ..interesting ting b ooks. oo ks. a - Is b - Are c - Am 22) 22) Manolo... Ma nolo..... .... ..aa boy . a - Am b - Is c - Are 23) I...........a teacher. a - Is b - Am c - Are 24) Manuela.......tall. a - Am b - Are c - Is 25) The tables........not small. a - Is b - Am c - Are 26) 26) ...... ........the ..the Plaza Plaza Ma yo r very ve ry big? big ? a - Am b - Is c - Are 27) You.........the limit. a - Are b - Is c - Am 28) I ....................tall. a - Is b - Am c - Are 29) My friends..........very nice. a - Am b - Is c - Are 30) 30) Horac ora c io ...... ......in in Elc Elc he. a - Am b - Is c - Are 23
31) 31) Juan Carlos a nd Clem ente.... en te....... ....fr .friend iend s. a - Am b - Is c - Are 32) She......... he .........36 36 ye a rs o ld. ld . a - Are b - Is c - Am 33) My sister.......happy. a - Am b - Is c - Are 34) What......your name? a - Is b - Am c - Are 35) How.............you? a - Am b - Is c - Are 36) Elda........in Alicante. a - Is b - Are c - Am 37) My name........Pedro. a - Am b - Is c - Are 38) I....... I.........in ..in the cla c lasssroom roo m . a - Am b - Is c - Are 39) Jose Jose Pére Pérezz ...... ......... ....... ....... ...... ....a .a mec m ec hanic ha nic . a - Is b - Are c - Am 40) My mothe m othe r ...... ......... ...... ....... ......very ..very good go od . a - Is b - Am c - Are 41) You.....................tall. 24
a - Is b - Are c - Am
25
Soluciones 1. A 11.B 11. B 21.B 21. B 31.C 31. C 41.B 41. B
2. A 12.C 12. C 22.B 22. B 32.B 32. B
3. A 13.B 13. B 23.B 23. B 33.B 33. B
4. B 14.B 14. B 24.C 24. C 34.A 34. A
5. B 15.B 15. B 25.C 25. C 35.C 35. C
6. A 16.A 16. A 26.B 26. B 36.A 36. A
7. C 17.B 17. B 27.A 27. A 37.B 37. B
8. C 18.A 18. A 28.B 28. B 38.A 38. A
9. B 19.A 19. A 29.C 29. C 39.A 39. A
10.C 10. C 20.B 20. B 30.B 30. B 40.A 40. A
26
TO HAVE •
Se trad uce p or tener. Pued e ir ac om p aña do de la p artíc ula “ go t” . No se produc e a lterac ión d el signific ad o si apa rec e o no, pero c uando ap arece el verbo p ued e ir co ntraido. Ta mp oc o se usa en la s resp uesta s b reve s.
PRESENTE
PASADO
FUTURO
I have/ l've. To ten g o.
I had . Yo tuve o yo t enía .
I will have. Yo tend ré.
You ha ve/ you've.
You ha d .
You will ha ve.
He ha s/ he's.
He ha d .
He will ha ve.
She ha s/ she's.
She ha d .
She w ill ha ve .
It ha s/ it's.
It ha d .
It w ill ha ve .
We ha ve/ we 've.
We had .
We will ha ve.
You ha ve/ you've.
You ha d .
You will ha ve.
They ha ve/ the y've.
They ha d .
They will ha ve.
Have + not c ontrae en haven’t. Ha s + not c ontrae en hasn’t.
Had + not c ontrae en hadn’t.
I have a c ar. Teng o un co c he. I have g ot a c ar. Teng o un co c he.
PRINCIPALES USOS Ind ica r p osesión.
I have a white c ar. Tengo un c oc he blanco . I have g ot a white ca r. 27
Tengo un c oc he blanco . Pued e indic ar otro tipo de ac tivida d es. I have break fast at 7:45. Ingestión de alimentos tanto sólidos Desayuno a las 7:45. c om o líquid os. I have a drink on Frida y. Me tom o una c op a los viernes. Otros.
I have a bath and my wife has a shower. Yo m e b a ño y mi mujer se d uc ha . We ha ve a wa lk on Sunda y. Damo s un paseo los dom ingos. We had a g ood time there. Lo p asamos muy bien allí.
Co nstruc c ión d e t iem p os pe rfec tos.
I have b een in New York. He e sta d o e n Nueva York. I have had a headac he. He tenido un d olor de c ab eza. I will have g one to Ma drid. Hab ré ido a Ma drid.
Obligación.
I have to go to Alica nte tom orrow. Teng o q ue ir a A lic a nte ma ñana .
Combinado c on b e t t e r indica c onsejo. You had be tter buy a ne w p air of shoes. Sería me jor que te c om pra ses un p a r d e La c ontrac c ión es You’d better . zapatos. La construcción causativo have , se I’m going to have m y hair c ut. utiliza cuando alguien hace algún Me voy a c ortar el pe lo. servicio p a ra nosotros. Con el significado de tener puede tener dos modos de hacer la forma interrog a tiva. La seg und a e s má s usa da e n inglés a me ric a no. Have yo u got a c ar? ¿Tienes un c oc he? •
Do you have a c ar? 28
¿Tienes un c oc he? •
Utiliza de igual modo “do” para hacer la interrogativa cuando hace refe renc ia a usos id iomá ticos.
Did you have a ba th? ¿Te b a ña ste ?
29
1) I..........a white c ar. a - Ha ve b - Has c - Is 2) Mary.........a German boyfriend. a - Has b - Ha ve c - Are 3) We .....................a nic e park nea r Sagasta Sqaure. a - Has b - Ha ve c - Is 4) My flat.......................seven room s. a - Has b - Ha ve c - Ha ving 5) My sister ...................a white c ar. a - Has b - Ha ve c - Ha veen 6) Pep ita ........three d aughters. a - Has b - Ha a ve c - Ha ving 7) My mother .......a lot of pic tures. a - Ha ve b - Has c - Ha ving 8) Susana.......two cars. a - Is b - Ha ve c - Ha s 9) Mr and Mrs García ........a house on the bea c h. a - Has b - Ha ve c - Ha veing 10) You..................two dictionaries. a - Has b - Ha ve c - Ja f 11) My sister.....a new TV set and a DVD playe r. 30
a - Has b - Ha ve c - Ha ving 12) Elda......................six parks. a - Ha ve b - Has c - Ha ving 13) ......................she g ot a boyfriend ? a - Has b - Ha ve c - To ha ve 14) We ......................three cinemas in Plaza Mayo r. a - Has b - Ha ve c - Ha ven 15) Manuela ..............a c at. a - Ha ve b - Has c - Ha ving 16) I........................to go to Madrid last month. a - Ha ve b - Ha d c - Must 17) Hey...........a look, Roc io Jurad o is there with her husband. a - Ha ve b - Ta ke c - Put 18) I'd rather ..............paella than gazpachos . a - Ha ve b - Has c - Ha d 19) "Do you have " a c ar and "Have y ou got a c ar " are: a - The sa me b - Not the sa me c - It d ep ends 20) I ................................a headache. a - Has b - Ha ve c - Is 21) She.................got a cold . 31
a - Is b - Ha ve c - Ha s
32
Soluciones 1. A 11.A 21.C
2. A 12.B
3. B 13.A
4. A 14.B
5. A 15.B
6. A 16.B
7. B 17.A
8. C 18.A
9. B 19.A
10.B 20.B
33
TO DO Se traduce por hacer. En presente tiene dos formas, “d o ” y “ does ”, esta última se usa en la Tercera Persona del Singular (He, she, it). La forma del p a sa d o e s “ d id ” . Tod a s se usa n c om o a uxilia res p a ra la forma interrog a tiva y la negativa del presente y del pasado simple de los verbos no modales. Rec uerd a q ue siem p re que a pa rezc a n, el verbo irá en infinitivo.
PRESENTE
PASADO
FUTURO
I do. Yo hag o.
I did. Yo hic e.
I will do . Yo ha ré.
You d o.
You d id .
You will d o.
He doe s.
He did.
He will d o.
She does.
She d id.
She will d o.
It d oe s.
It d id.
It will d o.
We do.
We did.
We will do.
You d o.
You d id .
You will d o.
They d o.
The y d id.
They will d o.
Do not co ntrae en don’t. Did not c ontrae didn’t. Doe s not c ontrae en
en
Will no t do
contrae en
won’t d o.
doesn’t.
Co nstruir la s forma s negativas.
PRESENTE
PASADO
He d oesn’t eat m eat. No co me c arne.
I didn’t go to cinema. Yo no fui a l c ine.
the
I don’t want to go to the cinema. No q uiero ir a l c ine. Co nstruir las forma s
Do you love her?
Did yo u go to Engla nd? 34
inte rrog a tiva s.
¿La quieres?
¿Fuiste a Ing lat erra ?
Does he spe ak Valenciano? ¿Ha b la va lenc ia no? Tiene también un uso He d oe s love running. Le enc a nta c orrer. enfático.
He did say what he wanted to say. Dijo lo q ue q uería d ec ir.
PRINCIPALES USOS Otros usos idiomáticos.
I did the shop ping in Carrefour. Hic e la c om pra e n Ca rrefo ur. I do the w ashing up e very night. Frieg o los pla tos c ad a noc he. I never do the clea ning. Nunca hag o la limp ieza . Som etimes I do the c ook ing. A vec es c oc ino. She ha tes do ing the ironing. Ella od ia p la nc ha r.
Con la expresión “ Yo tam bién” .
-I like María Ca llas. Me gusta Ma ría C a lla s. -So d o I. Y a mí ta mb ién.
Con la expresión “ Yo ta mp oc o” .
I do n’t smo ke. Yo no fum o. Neither do I. Yo tamp oc o.
35
LOS PRONOMBRES Y ADJETIVOS •
•
En inglés se ha c e nec esario usar los prono mbres persona les, ya q ue d e no ha c erlo y usa r sólo la forma verba l existiría a mb igüed ad . En el ejem plo: Go to London, no sabríamos quién va, podría ser yo, tú, nosotros, nosotras, vo sotros, vosotra s, ellos o ella s. En castellano no pasa lo mismo. Si decimos Vamos a Alicante, las d esinenc ias verba les nos sa c a n d e d ud a s. Está c laro q ue som os nosot ros.
PRONOMBRES PERSONALES SUJETO
PRONOMBRES PERSONALES COMPLEMENTO
ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS
PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS
PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS
I . Yo.
Me. A m í, me.
My. Mi.
Mine. El mío.
Myself. Me.
You . Tú.
You. A ti, te.
Your. Tu.
Yours. El tuyo.
Yourself. Te.
He. Él.
Him. A é l, le.
His. Su d e él. His. El suyo. (de él). She. Ella. Her. A ella , le. Her. Su d e Hers. El suyo. ella. (d e ella). It. Ello. It. A ello, le. It. Su d e e llo. Its. El suyo. (de ello). We. Nosotros o Us. A nosotros, a Our. Ours. El Nuestro, nosostras. no sotra s, nos. nuestro. nuestra. You .Vosotros You. A vosotros, Your. Yours. El Vuestro, o vo sotras. a vo sotras, os. vuestro. vuestra. They. Ellos o Them. A ellos, a Their. Su d e Theirs. El suyo. ellas. ellas, les. ellos, su d e ellas.
Himself. Se.
•
Herself. Se. Itself. Se. Ourselves. Nos.
Yourselves. Os. Themselves. Se.
Los pronombres personales pueden funcionar dentro de la frase como sujeto s o c om p lem ento s
SUJETO Ella es a lta .
COMPLEMENTO Dale esto a ella.
36
You a re a te a c he r.
• • •
This is for you.
“ I” siem pre se e sc ribe c on m a yúsc ula . “ You” se p ued e trad uc ir p or Tú, Vd, vosot ros, vosot ra s y Vd s. “ You” e “ it” tienen la misma forma c om o sujetos que c omo c omp leme ntos.
You are yo ung. Tú e res joven. I love y ou. Te q uiero. •
No utiliza n p rep osic ión d elante d el ob jeto ind irec to, pe ro sí, si sigue a l Ob jeto Direc to.
She g ave m e a kiss. Ella m e d io un b eso. She g ave a kiss to m e. Ella m e d io un b eso a mí. •
El c om plem ento Ind irec to sin t o se c oloc a d elante d el Com plemento Directo
I ga ve Sarah a kiss. Yo le d i a Sa ra un b eso. •
El Co mp lem ento indirec to c on t o se c oloc a d etrás d el Co mp lem ento Directo
I gave a kiss to Inma . Le d i un b eso a Inma . •
It se
usa g eneralment e p a ra c osa s y a vec es ta mb ién pa ra b eb és.
Loo k at the baby, it is smiling. Mira a l b eb e, está sonriend o. •
La d iferenc ia entre un a d jetivo y un p rono mb re p osesivo e s q ue e l ad jetivo a c om p a ña a l nom bre y el pronom b re lo substituye.
ADJETIVO
PRONOMBRE 37
Mi c asa es grand e.
La m ía también.
My house is b ig.
Mine is a lso big.
•
Los p ronom b res reflexivos indic an:
Acciones que recaen sobre el mismo He wa shes himself every morning. Se lava ca da maña na. sujeto. Enfatizan.
He himself ca n go. Él pued e ir solo.
Pueden ir precedidos de b y , en cuyo I went to Ma drid by my self. Fui yo solo a M a d rid . c aso signific an “ yo solo” , “tú solo..”
Ea c h other. “ El uno a l ot ro”
They love e ac h other. Se q uieren.
One Ano ther. “ A tod os”
They ga ve p resents one ano ther. Se ha c en reg alos.
One.
She is the prettiest one. Ella es la má s gua p a . I was the sec ond one in the rac e Fui el seg und o en la c a rrera.
38
ADJETIVOS Y PRONOMBRES DEMOSTRATIVOS SINGULAR
PLURAL
THlS este , esta , esto .
THESEesto s, e sta s.
THAT ese, esa, eso, aquel, aquella, THOSEesos, esas, aquellos, aquellas. aquello.
•
Com o a djetivos c onc uerda n co n el nomb re.
This man is my te ac her of English. Este homb re es mi p rofesor d e ing lés. That w om an is my w ife. Esa mujer es mi esp osa . These books are inte resting. Esto s libro s son inte resa ntes. Those girls are from Italy. Aq uella s c hica s son d e Italia . Se usan teléfono.
cuando
hablamos
por This is Peter. Éste es Ped ro.
En c ierta s expresione s.
That’s right. Es c orrec to .
En present a c iones
This is Ma ry, m y friend Ésta es Ma ría , mi am iga .
39
1) Let me introd uc e.......... a - Me b - Myself c - Mine 2) I hop e you enjoy..........stay. a - You b - Your c - Yourself 3) .......am sorry. a -I b - Me c - My 4) I will show .........the house. a - Yours b - Your c - You 5) What's............name? a - You b - Your c - Yours 6) What is...........motto? a - Your b - You c - Yours 7) Peter and Mary have ................house in Villajo yosa. a - The ir b - The y c - The m 8) Sara is very ha ppy with .........new d oll. a - She b - Her c - Hers 9) Osc ar is at home pla ying with...............toys. a - His b - He c - Him 10) Carlos is in Elche. .............works there in a shoe fac tory. a - Him b - He c - His 11) ..................says that Isabel is her best friend . 40
a - She b - Her c - Hers 12) Felip e is very proud of ..................new c ar. a - Him b - His c - He 13) Pila r and Pac o a re p aying for...................new house. a - The m b - The ir c - The y 14) Barbie ha s ...........hair blond e. a - Her b - She c - Hem 15) The doo r is op en bec ause...............is very hot. a - It b - It s c - It t 16) .....................play tennis with their sons. a - The y b - The m c - Theirs 17) The girls are playing with ..................dolls. a - The m b - The ir c - The y 18) Ma ría is pretty and..............is also ve ry tall and slim. a - She b - Her c - Hers 19) ...............doe sn't like writing with a founta in pen. a - He b - She c - Me 20) ...............alwa ys play footb all in Castelar Square. a - The m b - The irs c - The y 21) Pep e is poor but he says that...............is happy. a - He 41
b - Him c - Hers 22) The c om puter is old ...........was bought in 1980. a - It b - It s c - Him 23) My sister is working with ..................new c om puter. a - Her b - His c - She 24) Excuse....... a - Me b - My c - Mine 25) I am looking a t.......... a - Your b - You c -I 26) Plea sed to meet ............ a - Yours b - Us c - You 27) How do ............do? a - You b - Yours c - Him 28) Help .............., Pepe. a - You b - Yourself c - Yours 29) Here ...........are. a - We b - Us c - Our 30) Shut up and mind your ........business. a - Our b - Ours c - Own 31) ................Goodness. a - My b - Me 42
c -I 32) ...........sounds great. a -I b - Tha t c - Me 33) Give..........a ring whe n you get home p lease. a - Mine b - Me c - My 34) Didn't .............say yo u wanted to c om e with us? a - Yours b - Us c - You 35) Thank ......very muc h. a - You b - Yours c - Youm 36) Plea se give ............a hand. a - Us b - We c - Our 37) Give.............reg ards to your fam ily. a - Me b - My c -I 38) Let ........take a p hotog raph of yo u. a - Me b - My c - Us 39) Let ...........introd uc e myself. a - Me b -I c - My 40) I like............ a - She b - Her c - Hem 41) I play footba ll with......... a - He b - Him c - His 43
42) The b oo k is............ a - My b - Mine c - Me 43) She is ..................sec reta ry. a - Me b - My c - Mine 44) I am................father. a - He b - His c - Him 45) Inmita is ..................daughter. a - Me b - My c - Mine 46) The dic tionary is............ a - Me b - My c - Mine 47) The um brella is.......... a - He b - Her c - Hers 48) He is..................teacher. a - Our b - We c - Us 49) .........live in Elda. a - Us b - We c - Our 50) If you work for......you will not have to suffer a b oss. a - You b - Yours c - Yourself 51) Many people nowa da ys live by ....... a - The m b - The mselves c - The ir 44
52) We enjoyed ..........in our honeymoon. a - Us b - Ours c - Ourselves 53) Help ................Feel at hom e. a - Yourself b - You c - Yours 54) The ke ys on the table are.........Mine are here. a - You b - Your c - Yours 55) I am ve ry proud o f this town of...... a - Me b - My c - Mine 56) ........faithfully. a - Your b - Yours c - Yourself 57) Ma ika is a friend of......................... a - Me b -I c - Mine 58) It wa s a p roblem o f.........that made us arrive late. a - Hers b - She c - Her 59) I like swimming . -.......too. a -I b - My c - Me 60) Visit...........whe n you c om e to Elda . a - Us b - Our c - Ours 61) ....................wife's name is Inma. a -I b - Me c - My 62) .....................father wa s the Ma yor. 45
a - He b - His c - Him 63) She is ...................new teac her, her name is Laura. a - Us b - Our c - Ours
46
Soluciones 1. B 11.A 21.A 31.A 41.B 51.B 61.C
2. B 12.B 22.A 32.B 42.B 52.C 62.B
3. A 13.B 23.A 33.B 43.B 53.A 63.B
4. B 14.A 24.A 34.C 44.B 54.C
5. B 15.A 25.B 35.A 45.B 55.C
6. A 16.A 26.C 36.A 46.C 56.B
7. B 17.B 27.A 37.A 47.C 57.C
8. A 18.A 28.B 38.A 48.A 58.A
9. B 19.B 29.A 39.A 49.B 59.C
10.B 20.C 30.C 40.B 50.C 60.B
47
HABER IMPERSONAL. THERE IS •
Se usa p a ra ind ic a r q ue ha y una o m á s c osa s. Al forma rse c on e l verbo t o b e hac e las forma s interrog a tiva s y nega tiva s c om o el menc iona d o verbo .
AFIRMATIVA
INTERROGATIVA
NEGATIVA
There is a c ar. Hay un c oc he.
Is there a c ar? ¿Hay un c oc he?
There is not a c ar. No hay un c oc he.
There was a boy . Ha b ía un niño.
Was there a bo y? ¿Había un niño?
There was not a b oy. No hab ía un niño.
PRESENTE
PASADO
There is.
There wa s.
There are.
There we re.
FUTURO There will be.
CONDICIONAL There wo uld be.
There's. There is som eo ne w aiting for you. Hay a lguien esp eránd ote . There a re four bisc uits on the p late . Hay c uatro g alleta s en e l plato . Is there a nything I ca n do for you? ¿Hay a lgo que p ued a hac er por tí?
48
1) Crevillente is a ve ry modern town. There.....................not many old building s. a - Is b - Are c - Am 2) There.......................a pho tog raph of the Ma yor in the new spape r! a - Is b - Are c - Am 3) Exc use m e, ..............there a restaurant nea r here? a - Is b - Are c - Am 4) There........................five peo ple in my fam ily. a - Is b - Are c - Am 5) There.....not a film in the c amera. a - Is b - Are c - Am 6) How many c inem as…………………….. there in Villena ? a - Is b - Are c - Am 7) .........................there a c oncert next Sunday? a - Is b - Are c - Am 8) ..........................there a bus from Alic ante at 7.00? a - Is b - Are c - Am 9) There...........two trains to Ma drid eve ry da y. a - Is b - Are c - Am 10) There.......som e c om puters in this University. a - Is b - Are c - Am 11) .......there a nice pa rk in Alic ante? 49
a - Is b - Are c - Am 12) ................there a supermarket near here? a - Is b - Are c - Am 13) There...........................two letters from the bank. a - Is b - Are c - Am 14) There.............ma ny people in the club now. a - Is b - Are c - Am 15) There.................a parad e next Saturday. a - Is b - Are c - Am 16) There........a football matc h on TV tonight. a - Is b - Are c - Am 17) ..............there a swimming- poo l in your hote l? a - Is b - Are c - Am 18) There...............ma ny restaurants in Benidorm . a - Is b - Are c - Am 19) There.............a c onc ert next June in Santa Pola . a - Is b - Are c - Am 20) .....................there ma ny peo ple in the Festivities in Villena? a - Is b - Are c - Am
50
Soluciones 1. B 11.A
2. A 12.A
3. A 13.B
4. B 14.B
5. A 15.A
6. B 16.A
7. A 17.A
8. A 18.B
9. B 19.A
10.B 20.B
51
LOS PRONOMBRES INDEFINIDOS SOME, ANY, NO y SUS COMPUESTOS •
Exp resa n c a ntida d es ind efinid a s.
Some. I have some magazines from the Se usa con oraciones afirmativas. Se library. Teng o va rias revista s d e la b ibliot ec a . trad uce po r algo, algún, algo d e. En inte rrog a tivas c ua nd o respuesta que se espera afirmativa.
la Do you wa nt som e c hoc olates? es ¿Quieres bom bone s?
Any. Have you a ny good book to lend me? Se usa en oraciones interrogativas y ¿Tienes algún buen libro para nega tivas. Se traduc e p or “na da ” , dejarme? “ ningún” , “a lgún”. I haven’t any mo ney. No tengo dinero. No. I have no m oney. Se usa en oraciones con el verbo en No te ngo d inero. afirmativa pero el sentido de la frase es neg a tivo.
•
Los c om pue stos d e som e, a ny y no se c om p ortan d e la misma ma nera .
Something. Algo.
Anything. Algo , nad a.
Nothing. Nada.
Everything. Todo.
Somebody. Alguien.
Anybody. Alguien , nadie.
Nobody. Nadie.
Everybody. Todos.
Somewhere. Algún lugar.
Anywhere. Alguna parte, ninguna parte.
Nowhere. Ninguna parte.
Everywhere. Todas partes.
Someone. Alguien.
Anyone. Alguien , nadie.
No one. Nadie.
Everyone. Cada uno.
52
Is there a nybod y who wa nts to c om e with me to Ma drid? ¿Hay a lguien que q uiera v enir c onm igo a M a d rid ? There is nothing more to say. No hay nad a m ás que d ec ir.
53
1) I wa nt..........water plea se. a - Som e b - Any c - Som eb od y 2) I want...........................ice. a - Myself b - Any c - Some 3) I haven't got...........................pets. a -A b - Som e c - Any 4) I have.............................money. a - Som e b - Any c - Do 5) Do yo u wa nt..............................bread? a - Som e b - Bo th c - Any 6) I wa nt...........................coke. a - Any b - Thre e c - Some 7) I haven't ......................................money. a - Som e b - Any c - Som et hing 8) We ha ven't......................................matches. a - Som e b - Eve rything c - Any 9) We have......................................Frenc h wines. a - Any b - Som e c - Much 10) There aren't.................................biscuits. a - Som e b - Any c - Anything 11) I have.............................old p ic tures of Elda. 54
a - Me b - Som e c - Any 12) Are there.....................................letters? a - Som e b - Any c - No 13) Would you like .........................choc ola tes? a - Any b - Will c - Some 14) Have y ou seen ................love film lately? a - Som e b - Any c - No 15) Have you got...........................brothers or sisters? a - Any b - My c - Some 16) There are.....................................boys play ing football outside. a - These b - Som e c - Any 17) Is there.........................................cinema in town? a - Any b - Som e c - Six 18) Is there .....................................swim ming pool in Petrel? a - Som e b - Any c - Big 19) I've go t ....................................books on com puters a - Any b - Som e c - Me 20) I wa nt...........................ap ples. a - Som enod y b - Any c - Some 21) They haven't........................relatives in Seville . 55
a - Som e b - Any c - Theirs 22) Have you ........brothers or sisters? a - Som e b - Any c - No 23) ..............understands me. a - Onebody b - Nobo dy c - Anybob y 24) ...................smells nic e! a - Anything b - Som et hing c - Noth ing 25) There's ...............like a siesta. a - Nothing b - Som et hing c - Anything 26) is there .........we c an do to help? a - Anybo dy b - Anything c - Anywhe re 27) I would like to b uy him .........typic al of Spa in. a - Som et hing b - Nothing c - Anything 28) There is......milk in the fridg e. a - No b - Som e c - Many 29) I wa nt..........to eat. a - Som e b - Som et hing c - A nywhere 30) There is .......whic h is not very c lea r in this. a - Som et hing b - Anything c - Noth ing
56
31) Would you like ..............more c hoc olates? I know they a re your favourite ones. a - Any b - Muc h c - Some
57
Soluciones 1. A 11.B 21.B 31.C
2. C 12.B 22.B
3. C 13.A 23.B
4. A 14.B 24.B
5. C 15.A 25.A
6. C 16.B 26.B
7. B 17.A 27.A
8. C 18.B 28.A
9. B 19.B 29.B
10.B 20.C 30.A
58
OTROS INDEFINIDOS A ll. ll . Hac e referenc referenc ia a má s de do s.
All my friends friends c am e to my pa rty. Tod os m is a m igo s vinieron vinieron a m i fies fiesta ta .
Both. Both . Se refiere a dos.
Both ot h are a re 14. Los d os tienen c a tor to rc e a ños. ños.
Each. Cada.
Eac h and every d ay I sleep sleep siesta. iesta. To d o s los d ía s d uermo ue rmo la siesta iesta .
Either. O.
Either you yo u stay stay here o r com co m e with w ith us. us. O te q ued a s o viene s c on no sotr ot ros. os.
Every. Cada.
Every d a y I go running. To d o s los d ía s vo y a c o rre rre r.
Neither. Ni.
Neither Neither of them a re hap py. Ninguno Ninguno d e e llos está está c onte nto.
Neither…nor Ni..ni.
I neither neither like like c offee offee nor tea tea . No me g usta usta ni el ca fé ni el té.
None. Ning Ninguno uno d e los d os. os.
None wanted c offee. offee. Ning Ninguno uno q uis uiso c a fé. fé .
59
PRONOMBRES Y PARTICULAS INTERROGATIVAS Who. ¿Quién? Se Se us u sa c o n personas. Whom. ¿A quién? Se usa compañado por preposiciones.
Who c am e ye sterda terda y? ¿Quién vino a yer?
Whose ¿De q uién? Se usa usa en la forma posesiva.
Whos ho se c a r is this Fo Fo rd Fies ie sta? ta ? ¿De q uién e s este este Fo rd Fiesta iesta ?
Which. ¿Qué o Cuá l?
Which hic h is your fav ourite singe singe r? ¿Quién es tu c a nta nte fa vorito? vorito?
What ¿Qué ? Se Se usa usa c uand ua nd o no hay a nteced entes. entes.
What d o y ou think of him? ¿Qué p iensa ensa s d e él?
How. ¿Cómo?
How is your yo ur mother? mo ther? ¿Cóm o está está tu m ad re?
How m any. ¿Cúantos?
How m any b ooks do y ou read read a ye ar? ¿Cuá nto s lib lib ro s lees lee s a l a ño? ño ?
How m uc h. ¿Cuánto?
How m uc h is that CD? ¿Cuá nt o c uesta uesta e se d isc o?
How long. ¿Cuánto tiemp tiemp o? How far. ¿A q ué d ista nc ia ?
How long w ill ill itit take to go to Mad rid by plane ? ¿Cuánto tiemp tiemp o ta rda rá en irir a Ma drid drid en avión? How far fa r is Elc he from Sa nta Pola ? ¿Qué d ista ista nc ia ha y entre Elche Elche y Sa Sa nta Pola ?
How fast. ¿A qué veloc veloc id ad ?
How fast fast ca n you type ? ¿A q ué veloc veloc ida d mec anog rafías afías??
Whom d id you spe spe ak to? ¿Co n quién esta esta b a s hab la nd o? The m an w ith whom you yo u spo spo ke is Pep e. El hom hom bre c on q uien uien e st a ba s hab land o es Pep e.
60
How often. ¿Con q ué frec frec uencia?
How o ften ften do you p lay footba ll? ll? ¿Co n qué frec frec uenc ia jueg a s al fútbo l?
Why. ¿Por qué?
Why wa s he late? la te? ¿Por qué lleg ó ta t a rd e?
When. ¿Cuándo?
When did you g o there? ¿Cuá Cu á nd o fuis f uiste te a llí llí?
Where. ¿Dónde?
Where do you live? ¿Dónd Dón d e vives vive s?
What k ind. ¿Qué c la se?
What kind of music music do you like? ¿Qué c la se d e m úsi úsic a te g usta usta ?
61
1) .... ...... .... ..do do you yo u spe spe nd your y our free free time? a - How How b -W When hen c -W Whi hicc h 2) .... ...... ....your ..your p hone numbe num be r? a - What is b - Where Where is c -H How ow is 3) ...... ........do ..do you yo u live with? a - Who b -W Where here c - How How 4) ...... ........do ..do yo u do on o n Sund Sundaa ys? ys? a -W Where here b - What What c - How How 5) ...... ........were ..were you born? bo rn? a -W Where here b - Whic Whic h c - Wha Wha t 6) ...... ......... ....s .spp orts d o you yo u prac tise. tise. a - Whic Whic h b -W Where here c - How How 7) ...... ......... ...... .....do ..do yo u live live?? a -W Where here b - Whic Whic h c - How How 8) ............ ................s ....saa ys this is a go g o od film? film ? a - Who b -W Where here c - Wha Wha t 9) He is the one o ne ....is in Lon Londd on , isn't isn't he? he ? a - Who b - Whic Whic h c - Whe Wherre 10) 10) .... ...... .... .... .... .... ..did did you yo u know it wa s m y bir b irthda thda y tod ay ? a -W Where here b - What What c - How How 11) 11) What .... ...... .... ..go go od id ea ! 62
a -A b - Som Som e c - Fe Fe w 12) Wow! ....... ...........a ....a sig sight. ht. a - How How b -W Where here c - Wha Wha t 13) ............silly! a - How How b -W Where here c -W Whi hicc h 14) ........ ............ ........ ......de ..delic liciou iouss sweets we ets you yo u have hav e in Eld Eldaa . a - How How b -W Where here c - Wha Wha t 15) 15) …….. is A rgu iña no?, - He is a m arvellous arve llous c ook, oo k, he c a m e to Eld Eldaa in 1997. 1997. a - Who b -W Where here c -W Whi hicc h 16) We b oth realis rea lisee ...... ......... .....imp ..importa ortant nt it is. is. a - How How b - Whic Whic h c - Whe Wherre 17) ...............interesting! a - What What b - What What a n c - How How 18) 18) Merce Me rcede de s is .... ........................................cc am e to the pa p a rty rty wea w ea ring ring the red d ress ress. a - The o ne w ho b - What What c - One w hich hich 19) 19) Juan, ua n, ..... ........ ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .....did ..did you yo u have ha ve lunc h with, w ith, last last Sa Sa turday? turda y? a - Who b - Whose Whose c -W Whi hicc h 20) …….is …….is Sa lva d o r? - The The b oy I m et yesterday. yesterda y. a - Who b - What What c - Tha Tha t 21) .................came yesterday? 63
a - Who b - Whom c - Whose Whose 22) ....................love opera a - Whom b - Who c - Whose Whose 23) 23) And this is ……..hap ……..hap p ene d that tha t night. a - What What b - Who c - Tha Tha t 24) 24) Is that boo b ookk ...... ................. ....you .you wa nted to buy? b uy? a - The The o ne b - Tha Tha t c - Wha Wha t 25) 25) Look oo k at a t those those boy b oyss, Mary....one Mary....one is your yo ur brother? a - Who b -W Where here c -W Whi hicc h 26) This is the Harley Ha rley .........I .........I wa nt to b uy. uy . a -W Where here b - What What c -W Whi hicc h 27) ............ ............is is this p enc en c il? a - How How b - Whose Whose c - Who Musulma ne s ? 28) ........fath ........fathee r is the Preside President nt of The Mo ros Musulma a - Whose Whose b - What What c -W Whi hicc h 29) 29) ... ...... ......wrote ...wrote sev several eral b oo ks on g ram m a r? a - Who b -W Where here c -W Whi hicc h 30) ……is the restaurant? a -W Where here b - Whic Whic h c - Wha Wha t 31) .........celebrate Sa n A ntón all toge ther? ther? a - What What a bo ut 64
b - Why Why don't w e c - How How a bo ut 32) 32) .... .............very .very nice c ar is a Me rcede rce de s. a - What a b - How How c - How How a 33) 33) ...... ........I ..I a rrive rrive in Mos Mo sc ow I will sen sendd a fax. fax . a - As b -W When hen c - Now 34) 34) ...... ......aa pretty p retty girl. a - What What b - What a c - How How 35) ......pretty girls. a - What What b - What a c - How How 36) 36) ...... ......... ...ta tallll is the c a thed ral? a - What What b - How How c - Whe Wherre 37) .......... ..........ssilly of o f yo u is to sa sa y tha t! a - What What b - How How c - What a 38) 38) ..... ....... ...long .long ha ve you y ou b een ee n study study ing Eng Englis lish? h? a -W Where here b - How How c - Wha Wha t 39) 39) .... ...... .... ..horr horrible ible wea ther yo u have in Eng Eng la nd ! a - What a b - What What c - How How 40) ........paid the bill? a -W Where here b - Who c - How How 41) 41) ...... ......dd id you yo u see see a t the the fair? a -W Where here b - Who 65
c - Whose Whose 42) 42) ...... ........is ..is your yo ur fa fa vourite vo urite film? a - What b - Whic Whic h c - Who 43) 43) .... ...... .... ...hap .happp ened ene d when we went? we nt? a - What What b -W Where here c - How How 44) .......... ..........dd oe s she want? wa nt? a -W Where here b - What What c – Who 45) ....... .......is is this old c a r? a - Whose Whose b - Who c - Whom 46) 46) .... ...... .... ...did .did yo u g ive the p arc el? a - Whose Whose b - Whom c - How How 47) 47) ...... ......... ...wa wa s that tha t pretty g irl who w a s with yo u in the Plaza Ma yor ? a - Who b - Whose Whose c - Whom 48) 48) .... ...... ...ca .ca me w ith Pep e? a - What What b - Who c - Whe Wherre 49) …... ….......dd id he h e sa sa y? a - Who b - Whic Whic h c - Wha Wha t 50) ……….. ………..is is this c a r? a - Who b - Whom c - Whose Whose 51) …... …...........dd id you y ou g ivethe firs first prize prize in the c ontes onte st? a - Whose Whose b - Who 66
c - Whom 52) ........ ..........a ..a pretty girl! g irl! a - What What b - How How c - What a 53) 53) ...... ........s ..stup tupid id of o f him! him ! a - What What b - How How c - What a
67
Soluciones 1. A 11.A 21.A 31.B 41.B 51.C
2. A 12.C 22.B 32.A 42.B 52.A
3. A 13.A 23.A 33.B 43.A 53.B
4. B 14.C 24.A 34.B 44.B
5. A 15.A 25.C 35.A 45.A
6. A 16.A 26.C 36.B 46.B
7. A 17.C 27.B 37.B 47.A
8. A 18.A 28.A 38.B 48.B
9. A 19.A 29.A 39.A 49.C
10.C 20.A 30.A 40.B 50.C
68
El NOMBRE CONTABLES E INCONTABLES •
•
Los nom bres se p ued en c la sific ar en c ontab les e inc onta bles. Co nta b les son a q uéllos que p od em os c onta r c on la a yuda d e un numeral. Tiene n forma d e plura l y p ued en lleva r el a rtíc ulo a / a n o t h e , some , fe w etc.
One boo k.
Two penc ils.
Three boys.
Four c ars.
Un libro.
Dos lap ice ros.
Tres niños.
Cua tro c oc hes.
•
Los inc ont a b les no t iene n p lura l, a lgunos d e e llos p ued en ser ta nto c onta b les c om o inco nta b les. Existe un c a mb io en el signific a d o.
I bought a pa pe r. Give m e som e pa pe r to write. Com pré un periód ic o. Dam e p a pe l p ara esc ribir. She has a new iron. This is made o f iron. Tiene una nueva p la nc ha . Ésto está hec ho d e hierro. Give me a glass. This is Bohem ian g lass. Dame un va so. Esto es c rista l d e Bohem ia. I drink coffee. Give me two c offees. Beb o c afé. Dame d os c afés. •
Alguno s nom b res inc ont a b les:
Butter. Mantequilla.
Help. Ayuda .
News. Noticias.
Tea. Té
Chocolate. Chocolate.
Homework. Deberes.
Paper. Papel.
Time. Tiempo.
Coffee. Café.
Hope. Esperanza.
Physics. Físic a.
Toothpaste. Pa sta d e d ient es.
Crea m.
Hung er.
Rub bish.
Trouble. 69
Crema .
Hambre.
Basura.
Problema.
Dirt. Suciedad .
Information. Información.
Sand. Arena .
Water. Agua .
Flour. Harina.
Mathematics. Matemáticas.
Sky. Cielo.
Food. Comida .
Milk. Leche.
Soap. Jabón.
Weather. Tiempo atmosférico. Work. Trabajo.
Fun. Diversión.
Money. Dinero.
Wine. Vino.
Silver. Plata.
Furniture. Mobiliario .
Music. Música .
Sugar. Azúcar.
Advice. Consejo.
70
MUCH, MANY, FEW, LITTLE, A LOT OF CONTABLES Many. Muc hos o muc has.
I have m any friends. Teng o m uc hos a migo s.
Few. Poc os o p oc as.
She has rea d few b ooks. Ella ha leído poc os libros.
A few. Unos poc os o unas poc as.
I have a few go od friends. Teng o unos p oc os b ueno s a migo s.
So Many. Tantos.
We have so many books that I don’t know whe re to put them. Tenemos tantos libros que no sé dónde ponerlos.
So Few. Ta n p oc os.
He is alone, he has so few friends. Está solo, tiene ta n p oc os a migos.
Too Ma ny. Demasiados.
Too ma ny c ook s spo il the broth. Dema sia do s c oc ineros ec han a pe rde r el caldo.
Too Few. Dema sia d o p oc os.
There were too few to start the party. Ha bía d em a siad o p oc os pa ra em p eza r la fiesta .
INCONTABLES Much. Mucho.
I don’t drink m uch c oke. No beb o mucha C oca-cola .
Little. Poco.
He e ats little fruit. Come p oc a fruta.
A little Un po c o.
With a little milk please. Con un poc o de leche.
So Little. Ta n p oco .
He drinks so little wa ter. Bebe tan poc a ag ua. 71
Too Muc h. Dema siad o. “ má s de lo ne c esario” . Too Little. Demasiado necesario”. So Muc h. Tanto.
poco.
“menos
de
They ea t too muc h me at. Com en dema siad a c arne. They have too little m oney . lo Tienen de ma siad o p oc o dinero. They spend so m uc h on c lothes that they never have enough mo ney. Gastan tanto en ropa que nunca tienen sufic iente d inero.
CON CONTABLES E INCONTABLES A lo t of. Muc ho, muc hos.
We have a lot of bo oks. Tenemos muc hos lib ros. We d rink a lot of water. Beb emo s muc ha ag ua.
Lots of. Montones de . Muc ho, Mucha .
Lots of peo ple c am e yesterda y. Muc ha g ente vino a yer.
Plenty of. Muc ho, muc hos. Tiene el ma tiz d e “ d e sob ra ” .
There are p lenty of go od bo oks in the library. Hay muchos buenos libros en la biblioteca. I don’t have to hurry, I’ve got plenty of time. No tengo que apresurarme, tengo mucho tiemp o.
•
Pa rtitivos má s utiliza d os c on los nomb res inconta b les.
A ba r of. Una b a rra d e.
A ba r of c hocolate. Una b arra de choc olat e.
A bottle of. Una b otella de .
A bottle of wine. Una bo tella de vino.
72
A c an of. Una lata de beb ida .
A ca n of co ke. Un lata de Coc a-cola.
A c up of. Una ta za d e.
A c up of coffe. Una ta za d e c afé.
A piece of. Un trozo d e, una p orción d e.
A piec e of pap er. Un trozo d e p a p el.
A tin of. Una lata de .
A tin of tuna. Una lata de atún.
A pac ket of. Una b olsa d e.
A pac ket of crisps. Una b olsa d e p a pa s.
73
1) Only ....................live in the c ountry nowadays. a - Few b - Little c - Much 2) There is....................noise in this c ity. a - Few b - Ma ny c - Much 3) There are ........sc hools in Salinas.Only two. a - Little b - Few c - Much 4) I'll have........................coffee. a - Few b -A c - Any 5) In Petrel the re a re...................mountains. a - Ma ny b - Muc h c - Litt le 6) There's...........................................whisky in the bottle a - Few b - Little c - Many 7) ....................good friend s are better than m any. a - Little b - Few c - Much 8) I have .........................money left. a - Little b - Few c - Many 9) I wa nt..........................milk in my c offee p lea se. a - Som e b - Any c - Few 10) I spend.........................time wa tching TV. a - Muc h b - Ma ny c - Few 11) We have to study.........................books. 74
a - Muc h b - Ma ny c - Any 12) There are .................................desks in this class. a - Muc h b - Little c - Many 13) Not ...................peop le smoke in this University. a - Ma nys b - Ma ny c - Few s 14) They pay Zidane .......................money. a - Muc h b - Ma ny c - Few 15) There aren't ..............................towns in Terue l. a - Ma ny b - Muc h c - Litt le 16) I didn't drink ............................wine ye sterday. a - Muc h b - Ma ny c - Few 17) There are only ..........................peop le in the concert. a - Few b - Little c - Many 18) I wa nt to have ............................friends. a - Little b - Ma ny c - Much 19) Now I ha ve .................................money. a - Few b - Ma ny c - Litt le 20) They asked m e ...........................questions. a - Ma ny b - Little c - Much 21) I don't have ................................time. 75
a - Muc h b - Ma ny c - Litt le 22) I'll try .............English tea. a - Som e b - Ma ny c - Any 23) Don't ask me so ..........questions. a - Ma ny b - Muc h c - Less 24) How ..............shirts are you going to b uy? a - Ma ny b - Muc h c - Often 25) I have .....time. a – Litt le b - Muc h c - Yet 26) How ...........peop le are living in Villena? a - Muc h b - Ma ny c - Some 27) ...............muc h is the English book ? a - How b - Whic h c - Where 28) I drink........................coke. a - Ma ny b - Muc h c - Few 29) My wife eats ..................oranges. a - Ma ny b - Little c - So 30) My brother has...................CDs. a - A lot o s b - A lot of c - Much 31) I study.......... 76
a - Few b - Ma ny c - Much 32) Is there ..................wa ter in the bottle? No, there isn't. a - Ma ny b - Lot c - Much 33) There is .................milk in the jug. a - Ma ny b - Muc h c - Lot of 34) We have.................magazines and boo ks about Elda. a - A lot b - A lot of c - Lo ts 35) There are...................boys wa iting for yo u outside. a - Muc h b - A few c - Fewing 36) I don't ea t..........................meat. a - Ma ny b - Muc h c - Few 37) We eat ...............fish. a - Ma ny b - Muc h c - Few 38) Lorenzo has ....................money. a – Muc h b - Ma ny c – Few
77
Soluciones 1. A 11.B 21.A 31.C
2. C 12.C 22.A 32.C
3. B 13.B 23.A 33.B
4. B 14.A 24.A 34.B
5. A 15.A 25.A 35.B
6. B 16.A 26.B 36.B
7. B 17.A 27.A 37.B
8. A 18.B 28.B 38.A
9. A 19.C 29.A
10.A 20.A 30.A
78
EL GENERO •
Un gran número de nombres carecen de él, por eso tenemos la misma pa lab ra p ara ma sc ulino y fem enino.
Tea c her. Profesor.
Doctor. Médico.
Student. Estudiante.
Lawyer. A b o g a d o.
Artist. Artista.
Reader. Lector.
Musician. Músico.
Driver. Conductor.
•
Otras p a la b ra s tienen una fo rma p a ra el ma sc ulino y otra p a ra el fem enino y neutro.
MASCULINOS
FEMENINOS
NEUTROS
Father. Padre.
Mother. Madre.
Flower. Flor.
Brother. Hermano.
Sister. Hermana.
Cat. G a t o.
Boy. Chico.
Daughter. Hija .
Door. Puerta.
•
Otros tienen fo rma m a sc ulina y feme nina
MASCULINO
FEMENINO
A male doc tor. Un do c tor.
A woma n doc tor. Una doc t ora.
Actor. Actor.
Actress. Actriz.
Bachelor. Soltero.
Spinster. Soltera.
Boy. Chico.
Girl. Chica.
79
Brother. Hermano.
Sister. Hermana.
Bull. Toro.
Cow. Vaca.
Cock. Gallo.
Hen. Gallina.
Duke. Duque.
Duchess. Duquesa.
Emperor. Emperador.
Empress. Emperatriz.
Father. Padre.
Mother. Madre.
God. Dios.
Goddess. Diosa.
Horse. Caballo.
Mare. Yegua.
Host. Anfitrión.
Hostess. Anfitriona.
Husband. Esposo.
Wife. Esposa.
Lion. León.
Lioness. Leona.
Lord. Señor.
Lady. Señora.
Man. Hombre.
Woman. Mujer.
Nephew. Sobrino.
Niece. Sobrina.
Poet. Poeta.
Poetess. Poetisa.
80
Prince. Príncipe.
Princess. Princesa.
Son. Hijo.
Daughter. Hija.
Steward. Auxilia r de vuelo.
Stewardess. Azafata.
Tailor. Sastre.
Dressmaker. Modista.
Uncle. Tío.
Aunt. Tía .
Waiter. Camarero.
Waitress. Camarera.
Widower. Viudo.
Widow. Viuda.
•
•
Curiosamente, “Baby ” puede llevar el pronombre “ it ” y los gatos y los perros “ he ” o “ she ” . Los países, los barc os y los c oc hes se c onsideran femen inos y a vec es se personifican.
- Do you like m y c ar? ¿Te g usta mi c oc he? - She is bea utiful. Es b onito .
81
EL PLURAL DE LOS NOMBRES •
La reg la general es a ña dir ( -s).
Car. Coche.
•
Cars.
Book. Libro.
Books.
Pen. Boli.
Pens.
En los nomb res que a c ab an en , s, z, ch, x, sh y o se a ñade ( -es)
Potato. Patata.
Potatoes.
Brush. Cepillo.
Brushes.
Box. Caja.
Boxes.
Kiss. Beso.
Kisses.
Pouc h. Bolsa.
Pouches.
Church. Iglesia.
Churches
Bush. Arbusto.
Bushes.
Box. Caja.
Boxes.
Church. Iglesia.
Churches.
•
Sin embargo, las palabras de origen extranjero que terminan en “-o” solame nte a ñad en una “ -s“ .
Kilo. Quilo.
Kilos.
Kimono. Kimono.
Kimonos.
Piano. Piano.
Pianos.
Photo. Foto.
Photos.
Soprano. Soprano.
Sopranos.
Solo. Solo.
Solos.
Piano. Piano.
Pianos.
Radio. Radio.
Radios.
Tomato. Tom a te .
Tomatoes.
Los nomb res a c ab a do s en “ -y” p rec ed id a d e voc a l sigue n la regla g eneral, pero si la “-y” va precedida de consonante se transforma en “-i” y se añad e “ -es” . Toy. Toys. Boy. Boys. Monke y. Monkeys. •
82
Jug uet e.
Chic o.
Lady. Señora.
•
Ladies.
City. Ciudad.
Mono. Cities.
Country. País.
Countries.
Hay doce susta ntivos q ue te rmina n e n “ -f” o “ -fe” , c uyo plural camb ia por “ - ve s ” .
Wolf. Lobo.
Wolves.
Thief. Ladrón.
Thieves.
Sheaf. Gavilla.
Sheaves.
Loaf. Barra pan.
Loaves.
Leaf. Hoja.
Leaves.
Half. Mitad.
Halves.
Wife. Esposa.
Wives.
Shelf. Shelves. Estantería.
Self. Selves. Uno mismo.
Life. Vida.
Lives.
Knife. Cuchillo.
Calf. Ternero.
•
de
Calves.
Las de má s pa lab ras que terminan e n “ -f” o “ -fe” aña de n una “ -s“ .
Safe. Caja de seguridad.
•
Knives.
Safes.
Chief. Jefe.
Chiefs.
Cliff. Cliffs. Acantilad o.
Existen plurales irregulares.
Man. Hombre.
Men.
Woman. Mujer.
Women.
Mouse. Ratón.
Mice.
Foot. Pie.
Feet.
Goose. Ganso.
Geese.
Ox. Buey.
Oxen.
Child. Niño.
Children.
Tooth. Diente.
Teeth.
83
•
Alguno s a nima les o p ec es no c a mb ia n en p lural:
Sheep. Oveja.
Deer. Ciervo.
Trout. Trucha.
Cod. Bacalao.
Squid. Mackarel. Calamar. Caballa.
Salmon. Salmón.
Carp. Carpa.
Plaice. Platija.
Duck. Pato.
Partridge. Perdíz.
Shorts. Jeans. Pantalone Pantalones s cortos. vaqueros. Thanks. Gracias.
•
Al ig ual que o tra s p a la b ra s c om o:
Aircraft. Aeronave.
•
Spacecraft. Hovercraft.
Nave espacial.
Aerodeslizador.
Otros ta n sólo t iene forma p lura l
People. Gente.
Cattle. Ganado.
Police. Policia.
Folk. Gente.
Pyjamas. Pijama.
Glasses. Gafas.
Scissors. Tijeras.
Binoculars. Prismáticos.
Trousers. Pantalones.
Stairs. Escaleras.
•
Algunos d e los ac ab a d os en “ -s” va n siemp re e n singular.
Mathematics. Gymnastics Politics. Matemáticas Gimnasia. Política .
•
Phonetics. Fonética .
Los nombres c olec tivos, police , crew , family , t e a m , etc ., pue d en lleva r el verbo en singula r o en p lural, seg ún el sentido q ue le d em os a la fra se:
Our polic e is very efficient. Nuestra p olic ía e s muy efica z.
Our team is the best. Nuestro eq uipo es el me jor.
The p olice are loo king for the thief. La p olic ía esta b usc a ndo a l la d rón.
Our tea m are we aring the new T-shirts. Nuestra equipo lleva la nueva camiseta. 84
•
Penny tiene dos posibles plurales. Pennies hac e pence a la c antida d tota l.
referenc ia a las mo ned as y
I have 4 pennies.
I pa id 50 pe nc e.
Teng o c ua tro p enique s.
Pa gué c inc uenta p eniques.
•
Las palabras compuestas formadas con preposiciones o adverbios forman el plura l en la p rime ra p a rte d el nomb re
Maid of honour. Dama de honor
•
Ma ids of honour.
Brother in law . Cuñado.
Brothers in la w.
Las pa lab ra s q ue inc luyen ma n o w om a n forma n el plura l mo d ific and o las do s pa rtes
Manservant.
Menservants.
PRONUNCIACION DE LA DESINENCIA DE PLURAL. / s/ . Ca ts.
/ z/ Wind ows.
/ iz/ Houses.
Cuando los nombres Cuando los nombres Cuando los nombres acaban en consonante acaban en consonante a c a b a n e n s, z, x, ch, ss, ... sorda .. p , t, k, f sono ra o vo c a l. b, d, g, v, m, n, l, r, w, j
85
1) El plural de d ish es........ a - Dishes b - Dishs c - Dishen 2) Las pa labras ac ab ad as en voc al "+ y " c om o b oy, hac en el plural...... a - Añad iendo s b - Ca mb iand o la "y " p or i y aña diendo s c - Añad iend o -es 3) Las palab ras "glass, dish, church , fox y b uzz " hac en e l plural........ a - Añad iend o -s b - Añad iend o -es c - Añad iend o -ies 4) What are you.........? a - Hob by b - Hob bies c - Job is 5) What .......have you visited ? a - Co untry b - Co untries c - Ca ntris 6) I wa nt two ......................of Fanta. a - Glass b - Glassves c - Glasses 7) I like tomato .............. a - Sa nd wic hes b - Sa nd wic hs c - Sa nd wic heve s 8) In the sea there are many ................. a - Fishess b - Fishs c - Fish 9) I bought three ............ a - Sa lmons b - Salmon c - Salmone s 10) I like ........................................... a - Pota tos b - Pota toe s c - Poto ta ves 11) I do not like........... 86
a - Mo uses b - Mouse c - Mic e 12) My pe nthouse has two. a - Roo ves b - Roo fs c - Roo fes 13) This tree has many .................................................. a - Lea fs b - Lea ves c - Leafss 14) I use paper ....................................................... a - Ha nd kerc hiefs b - Ha ndkerchieves c - Ha nd kerc hiefes 15) In the zoo I saw four ..... a - Sheep b - Shee ps c - Shep pes 16) I never go to ............................................... a - Disc oe s b - Disc os c - Disc oo es 17) In my kitchen there are ma ny .............................. a - Shelves b - She lfs c - She lving 18) Europ e has many different............................. a - Co untrys b - Co untries c - Count ris 19) I prefer ghost ............................. a - Sto ries b - Sto ryes c - Storis 20) She ha s many ............................. a - Worries b - Worrys c - Worryes 21) We alwa ys use silver ................ 87
a - Knives b - Knifes c - Knifs 22) The forest has many ........... a - Dee rs b - Deer c - Deeres 23) Las palabras " kilo , photo , piano , solo , dynamo y magneto " hac en el plural...... a - Añad iend o -s b - Añad iend o -es c - Añad iend o -ves 24) Las palab ras " glass , dish , church , fox y buzz " hac en e l plural........ a - Añad iend o -s b - Añad ienod -es c - Añad iend o -ies 25) Sheep , deer , swine , fish , trout , salmon , aircraft hac en el plural........ a - Añad iend o -es b - Esa misma forma les sirve p a ra el p lura l c - Añad iend o -s 26) The polic e ........co ming very soon. a - Is b - Are c - Be 27) This mountain is more that 1500 ..........high. a - Foo t b - Fo o ts c - Fee t 28) Whic h .................are you from? a - Co untry b - Co untri c - Ka ntry 29) She g ave him four .........of bread. a - Loa fs b - Loa ves c - Loa vings 30) The indians had m any....... a - Chiefs b - Chieves c - Cifs 88
31) My favourite.........were a ball and the Sc alextrix. a - Toys b - Toyes c - Tois 32) In the Tarzan films there a re many......... a - Monkeis b - Monkeys c - Ma nkis 33) A fam ous English king had six........ a - Wifes b - Wives c - Wive ss 34) We always buy three.......of bread in Perete. a - Loa fs b - Loa ves c - Loavess 35) All of us have two....... a - Fee t b - Foo t c - Fo o ts 36) The p lural of goo se is... a - Gooses b - Geese c - Gees 37) The p lural of mouse is... a - Mo uses b - Mic e c - Mic es 38) The plural of carp is... a - Ca rps b - Ca rpe diem c - Ca rp 39) The p lural of pa rtridg e is a - Pa rtrid g es b - Pa rtdrig ess c - Pa rtrid g e 40) Para d ec ir que ha y muc hos pe c es en el ma r diremo s...... a - There's a lot of fishes in the sea b - The re's a lot of fish in the sea c - There a re a lot of fishes in the sea 41) I like........................with c ream. 89
a - Straw b erries b - Straw b erryes c - Straub erries 42) Before my d aughters we re born I visited many....................with my wife. a - Co untries b - Co untryes c - Ca untries
90
Soluciones 1. A 11.C 21.A 31.A 41.A
2. A 12.B 22.B 32.B 42.A
3. B 13.B 23.A 33.B
4. B 14.B 24.B 34.B
5. B 15.A 25.B 35.A
6. C 16.B 26.B 36.B
7. A 17.A 27.C 37.B
8. C 18.B 28.A 38.C
9. B 19.A 29.B 39.C
10.B 20.A 30.A 40.B
91
FUNCIONES DEL NOMBRE. FORMACIÓN DE PALABRAS COMPUESTAS •
Algu nos nomb res surge n d e la c om binac ión d e d os p alab ras.
Ad jetivo + nom b re.
Handful.
Puñado.
Nomb re + nomb re.
Toothpaste.
Pa sta d e d ientes.
Ing + nom b re.
Washingmachine.
Lavadora.
Prono mb re + nom bre.
Shegoat.
Cabra.
Verbo + nomb re.
Breakfast.
Desayuno.
Prep osic ión + nom bre.
Overwork.
Exc eso d e trab a jo.
Prep osic ión + verbo.
Income.
Ingresos.
•
Tod os los nomb res p ued en tener las siguient es func iones
Sujeto.
María is a tea c her. Ma ría es p rofe sora.
Predicado.
Ma ría is a soc iab le wom an. Ma ría es una mujer soc iab le.
Com plemento Direc to.
I saw a w om an there. Ví una mujer allí.
Complemento Indirecto.
This present is for that wo man. Este reg a lo es p a ra esa mujer.
•
Algunos sufijos nos p ued en a yud a r a id entific a r a los nombres.
-er.
-er.
-ee.
-tio n.
-ist.
Profe siones. Co sa s.
Persona s.
Profesione s. Id eo log ía s.
Nom b re.
Bak er.
Emp loyee .
Nom b res Verbos. Pollution.
Vio linist.
Hap iness.
Op ene r.
-ism.
Com unism.
-ness.
92
Pana d ero.
Ab ridor.
Emp lead o.
-a nc e.
-h ood .
Nombre. Abundance Abundancia .
Nombre. Nombre. Nombre. Childhood. Shipment. Education. Niñez. Envío . Educación.
•
-m ent.
Co nta mina ción.
-tion.
Comunism o
Felicidad.
-ity. Nombre. Ability. Habilidad.
Alguno s sufijos nos p ued en a yud a r a ide ntific a r a los a d jetivos o a dverbios.
-a l.
-ic.
-ive.
Practical. Práctico.
Historic. Histórico.
Exclusive. Faithful. Exc lusivo . Leal.
Hopeless. Industrious Friendly. Sin Tra b a ja d or Amistoso. esperanza
-e d.
-e n.
-a nt.
- ible.
Excited. Excitado.
Wooden. De madera
Irrelevant. Compreh Sensible. Irrelevant ensive. Sensato. Comprensi e vo .
•
-ive.
-less.
-ous.
-ly.
-like.
-wo rthy.
Childlike. infantil
Trustworthy.
Fiable
Algunos prefijos negativos.
Dis-
Il-
Dishonest. Illegal. Deshonesto Ilegal.
•
-ful.
Im-
In-
Ir-
Non-
Un-
Impolite. Ma l educado.
Invisible. Invisible.
Irregular. Irregular.
Nonsmoker. No fumador.
Unthinkable Impensable
Super-
Post-
Under
Alguno s prefijos de los má s usad os.
Anti-
Over-
Pre-
Sem i-
Antibiotic. Overdose Predictable Semiprofe Supernat ssional. ural. Antibiótic Sobredosis . Predecible. Semiprofe Supernat o
Postpone. Undermin Posponer. e Socavar. 93
sional.
ural.
94
GENITIVO SAJÓN •
•
Es una c onstrucc ión esp ec ial que se utiliza p a ra ind ica r posesión. La estructura d el ge nitivo sa jón es: Posee d or + ‘s + cosa poseíd a . Norma lme nte la utiliza mo s c on p ersona s y ra ra vez c on o b jetos.
Añadir apóstrofo y una “s “es la regla Peter’s bike. La b ic i de Ped ro. general. Aca ba do s en s, com o nom bre propio Pits’ c ar. El co c he d e Pit. añade sólo “ ’ ” . Plurales irregulares no terminados en A me n’s c lub. Un c lub p a ra hom b res. “ s” o “ -es” siguen la regla g ene ral. Má s d e un sujeto.
My brother and sister’s friends. Los amigos de mi hermano y de mi hermana. My brother’s and sister’s friend s. Los amigos de mi hermano y las am iga s de mi herma na.
Algunas expresiones.
A da y’s break. Un d esc a nso d e un d ía . Tod ay ’s pap er. El periód ic o de hoy. The c ar’s engine . El motor de l coc he. A stone’s throw. A tiro d e p ied ra .
Ca sas y tiend a s.
I went to my sister’s Fui c a sa d e m i hermana . She was at the bak er’s. Esta b a en la p a na d ería .
Tiend as, hosp ita les e iglesias.
He g oes to his friend’s. 95
Él va a c a sa d e su a migo . He got married in Sant Louis’. Él se c a só en la Iglesia d e Sa n Luis. I was at the d entist’s. Yo e sta b a en e l dent ista . Los plura les reg ulares ac a b ad os en “ s” A girls’ sc hoo l. Una e sc uela d e c hic a s. sólo aña den el ap óstrofo .
96
1) This is the .............., isn't it? a - Balls' boys b - Boys' the b a ll c - Boys' ball 2) La c asa de Ma noli. a - House's manoli b - Ma noli's house c - The ma no li's ho use 3) El c oc he de mi am igo. a - The my friend 's c a r b - My friend 's c a r c - Ca r's my friend 4) La c asa d e los Torres. a - The Torres' house b - Torres'ss house c - The ho use of Torres' 5) Las ob ras de Cervantes. a - Cervante s' wo rks b - Cervante 's wo rks c - The c ervante s's works 6) El teorema de Pitág oras. a - Pytha g ora s's the the rom b - The p ytha g ora's theo rem c - Pytha g oras's the orem 7) La ma dre de m i sueg ra. a - My mo ther-in-la w's mother b - My m other's- in- law mot her c - My m ot her's-in -la w's mother 8) Vamo s a ca sa de Clemente. a - We a re g oing to Clemente's b - We are going to the Clemente's c - We are going to Clementes 9) Ella está en la pelu. a - She 's a t the ha ird resser's b - She is a t ha ird resser c - She is the ha ird resser
97
Soluciones 1. C
2. B
3. B
4. A
5. A
6. C
7. A
8. A
9. A
98
EL ARTÍCULO INDETERMINADO Los a rtíc ulos p rec ed en y d etrem inan a los susta ntivos. •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Su tra d uc c ión e s “ un” , “ una ” . Tiene d os forma s “ a ” y “ a n ” . Es invariable en género y número, por lo tanto la misma forma sirve para masculino y femenino. Carece de plural. Se suele usar “ some ” para expresar el signific a do de unos. “ A ” se em plea c on pa la bras q ue co mienza n p or sonido c onsoná ntic o. “ An ” va c on la s q ue c om ienzan p or son ido voc á lic o. La s p a la b ra s q ue c om ienza n po r “ h” mud a c om o hone st, lleva n “ a n ” . La s p ala bra s q ue c om ienzan por sem ic onsona ntes c om o “ university ” lleva n “ a ” . Hace las misma funciones que el artículo español. Designa personas y cosas. Se p ued e usa r c on e l sentido d e “ un ta l”
There is a Mr. Pérez wa iting for yo u. Ha y un ta l señor Pérez esp erá nd ote.
A
AN
A house. Una c a sa .
An apple. Una ma nza na .
A c ar. Un c oc he.
An hour. Una hora.
A university. Una universida d .
An honest person. Una p ersona honrad a .
A uniform. Un uniforme .
An honor. Un ho no r.
A union.
An umb rella . 99
Un sind ic a to .
Un p a ra g ua s.
A Europe an. Un europ eo .
An MP. Un m iem b ro d el Pa rla me nto.
Acompaña a ciertos números expresiones d e c antida d .
y A hundred . Cien. A c ouple of hours. Un p a r d e horas.
Para ind ica r el prec io d e las c osa s.
It is 10 euros a kilo.. Cuesta 10 euros el kilo.
Usamos “ a ” o “ a n ” cuando es la The wo ma n had a nic e house nea r the primera vez que hablamos de un beach. La m ujer tenía una b onita c a sa c erc a d e la p laya . objeto. Cuand o la referenc ia no está c lara.
I want a book but I don’t want an English book. Quiero comprar un libro pero no quiero un libro inglés.
Co n profesiones, religione s, e idea s políticas.
I am a la wye r and he is a nurse. Yo soy a b og a d o y ella e s enferme ra . He is a Ca tholic and I am a Jew. Él es c atólic o y yo soy jud ío. He was a socialist and now he is a conservative. Él era soc ialista y a hora es conservador.
Con enferme da d es.
Last week I had a terrible c old. La semana pasada tuve un resfriado horrible. My wife has a toothac he. A m i mujer le d uele un d ient e
Co n expresiones.
As a rule. Por reg la g ene ral. 100
On a diet. A dieta. Con exc lam ac iones.
What a p retty wom an. Qué m ujer má s gua pa !
Co n a d verbios.
Once a ye ar. Una vez a l a ño.
•
“ A ” puede ser c amb iad o p or “ o ne ” en alguno s c a sos.
One m orning I saw him here. Una ma ñana le vi aq uí.
101
EL ARTÍCULO DETERMINADO THE •
Es p a rte invaria b le d e la o ra c ión y va ta nto c on no mb res en singular co mo con nombres en plural. Se puede traducir por: el, la los y las. Tiene dos pronunciac iones seg ún vaya p rec ed iend o a voc ales o c onsona ntes.
The girl.
The girls.
The c ar.
The c ars.
La c hic a .
Las c hicas.
El c oc he.
Los c oc hes.
USOS Ríos.
The Nile. El río Nilo.
Mares.
The Blac k Sea. El ma r Neg ro. The Atlantic O c ea n. El Oc éa no Atlántico .
Montañas.
The Alps. Los Alp es.
Isla s.
The Canary Islands. La s Islas Ca na ria s.
Desiertos.
The Saha ra. El de sierto d el Sa ha ra.
Países en plural.
The Ne therlands. Los Países Bajos.
Co sas únic as.
The Universe. El Universo. The Sun. El Sol. The Moon. La luna .
102
The Earth. La Tierra . Co n instrume nto s musica les.
I play the piano. Yo to c o el violín.
Junto a un ad jetivo ha c e referencia a The b lind . Los c ieg os. un c olec tivo, a un tipo d e p ersona s. The ric h. Los ricos. The poo r. Los pobres. The British. Los b ritá nicos. Con los superlativos.
Water is in my o pinion the best drink. El agua es en mi opinión la mejor bebida.
Ta mb ién c on a lguna s exp resiones.
He w as in the na vy. Él estuvo en la m a rina. The po lice . La p olic ía. I went to the Post Office. Yo fui a la oficina de c orreo s. They we re in the rad io this mo rning. Ellos estuvieron e n la rad io é sta mañana. I went to the c inema last Sunda y. Yo fui al c ine el pa sa d o d om ingo . I have spe nt very g ood mo me nts in the theatre. Yo he pa sad o m uy buenos mom entos en el tea tro.
Co n fec has se lee pero no se esc ribe.
30th Novemb er is my birthda y. El día treinta de noviembre es my 103
cumpleaños.
Esto
debe
November the thirtieth thirtieth of Novem b er.
leerse o
t h e
Con algunas palabras modifica el In hospital. En el hosp ital. (ho sp italiza d o) significado Bed , class , court , college , church , hospital , market , prison , university , In the hospital. En e l hosp ita l. (d e v isita) t o w n . Junto a la s p alab ra s Republic , S t a t e, The United Kingdom . El Reino Unid o. Kingdom . The Arab Rep ublic. La Rep úblic a Ára b e. The m oo n isn’t red . La luna no es roja .
Co n c osas única s.
Con contables en singular hace The o range is an exc ellent fruit. La na ra nja es una exce lente fruta . referenc ia a la to talid ad . Co n los a d jetivos p asa lo m ismo.
The ric h also c ry. Los ric os ta mbién lloran. The b lind . Los c ieg os.
Con a pellidos.
The Barrym ore. Los Ba rrimore The Parker. Los Parker.
NO SE UTILIZA Co n día s d e la sem ana .
I play tennis on Mo nday . Yo jueg o a l tenis los lunes.
Meses.
In July I go to San Juan b ea c h. En el mes de julio voy a la playa de Sa n Jua n. 104
Estaciones y fiestas.
Easter is a grea t holiday. Pa sc ua es una g ra n fiesta .
Idiomas.
Italian is very roma ntic. El ita lia no es muy rom á ntico.
Me ses, esta c iones, sem a na s, a ños.
On Monda y El lune s Red is my favo urite c olour. El color rojo es mi co lor favo rito.
Colores. Dep ortes, a c tivid a d es y jueg os.
Swimm ing is go od for you. La nata c ión es bue na p a ra ti. I don’t play c ards. Yo no jueg o a la s c a rta s.
Comidas.
Lunch, breakfast and supper are the me als of the d ay. La comida, el desayuno y la cena son las c om id as del día .
Expresiones.
At night. Por la noc he. At dawn. Al anoc hece r. At sunrise. Al am anec er.
Cuando nos referimos al sentido Wine is good for you. El vino es b ueno p a ra ti. general de algo. The wine from Pinoso is the b est. El vino de Pinoso es el mejor. Co n las p a rtes d el cue rpo .
Wash your hair. Lá vat e el pe lo.
Ca nales hec hos por el hom bre.
Suez ca nal. El cana l de Suez
Con las palabras “ b ed ” , “ school ” , He is in b ed . 105
“ hospital ” , “ prison ” , “ university ” . Con las c om idas. Con “ ver la te le” . Co n p ersonas.
college ” ,
El está en c a ma . I have lunch a t home. Como en ca sa. I neve r watch TV. Nunc a veo la te le. Doc tor Ferreira no The d oc tor Ferreira. El d oc to r Ferreira .
106
1) He......... boy. a - An b - The c - Tha t 2) Tod ay I ate..........apple. a - An b -A c - Any 3) My sister is ..........doctor. a - An b -A c - Som et hing 4) Mr. Ga rcía is...........honest man. a -A b - An c - Bo th 5) I like drinking .........c oke. a - An b -A c - Many 6) Is he ........architec t? a -A b - An c - Lit tle 7) Is Salina s............big c ity? a -A b - An c - These 8) I went to the swimming po ol.......hour ag o. a - An b -A c - The 9) He has ........ca t. a - An b -A c - Many 10) I wa nt to be ........lawyer. a - Som e b -A c - An 11) Do you like .......English lang uage? 107
a -A b - The c - Some 12) He's ........engineer. a - An b -A c - Some 13) I would like to b e ........law yer. a -A b - An c - Some 14) What ........................relief to get rid of him . a - An b -A c - Some 15) They only c ost 30 euros ...........hour. a - An b -A c - The 16) I never listen to...radio at night. a -A b - The c -17) .......mo on goe s round the Earth. a -A b - The c -18) My father-in- law likes wa tching......TV. a -A b - The c -19) Why don't you eat..........breakfast? a -A b - The c -20) Tabarca is........island ne ar Santa Pola . a - The b -A c - An 21) Tom ás lives in........country. a - The 108
b -c -A 22) Before......lunc h we pla yed ATAJOS. a - The b -c -A 23) .......c apita l of Spain is Ma drid. a - The b -c -A 24) ...........Vinalop ó is the only river we ha ve. a -b - The c -A 25) ........USA is a very big c ountry. a -b - The c -A 26) I wo uld like to live nea r........sea . a -b - The c -A 27) .......wine is go od if you drink prop erly. a -b - The c -A 28) ........wine from Rioja is my favourite. a -b - The c -A 29) ......po lice me n have a ha rd life. a - The b -c -A 30) My m other-in- law is alwa ys with........telep hone in hand . a - The b -A c -31) I didn't learn to p lay .......guitar in don Emilio's. a -b - The 109
c -A 32) .............ric h also c ry. a -b -A c - The 33) ......French d rink m ore wine than w e d o. a -b -A c – The 34) ......wome n like g oing to the ha irdresser more than m en. a -b - The c -A 35) Pep e had a n ac c ide nt so he is in ......hospital. a -b - The c -A 36) I went to.......hospital to vist my friend Enrique who had a hea rt attac k. a - The b -c -A 37) Sarah goes to......church every Sunday with my w ife. a -b - The c -A 38) He wa s in........prison bec ause he killed a c at. a -b -A c - The 39) I studied a t......Alic ante University wih Bryn Moody. a -b - The c -A 40) Vlad i has go ne to........work now. a - The b -A c -41) I prefer to stay...........hom e. a - The b -A 110
c -42) Before .......work we g o running. a -A b -c - The
111
Soluciones 1. B 11.B 21.A 31.B 41.C
2. A 12.A 22.B 32.C 42.B
3. B 13.A 23.A 33.C
4. B 14.B 24.B 34.A
5. B 15.A 25.B 35.A
6. B 16.B 26.B 36.A
7. A 17.B 27.A 37.A
8. A 18.C 28.B 38.A
9. B 19.C 29.B 39.A
10.B 20.C 30.A 40.C
112
BOTH, ALL, NONE, NEITHER, EITHER, EACH, EVERY, NO. Both. Ambos.
Both Peter and Sarah like c onfetti. Ta nto a Ped ro c om o a Sa ra les gusta n los c onfe tis. We b oth like ja zz. A lo s d os no s gusta el ja zz. Both of the children ha ve b een to Paris. Los d os niños ha n esta d o en Pa rís. The c hildren ha ve b oth b ee n to Paris. Los d os niños ha n esta d o en Pa rís.
Both….and. Tanto c om o.
Give m e b oth. Dame los dos. I like both the film a nd the b ook . Me g usta t a nto la p elíc ula c om o e l lib ro.
Both of them . Ellos dos.
Both of them are hap py . Los dos son felices.
Neither. Ninguno. Neither of them c am e to my p arty. Ning uno d e los d os vino a mi fiesta . Ni. -I don’t like c offe. A m í no me gusta e l c afé. -Neither do I. Ni a mí tamp oc o. Either....or. O…..o. Either you c om e w ith me or go with him. O vienes c onm igo o va s c on é l. Neither....nor. Ni….ni.
I like neither c offee nor tea. No me gusta ni el té ni el c a fé.
All the students were happ y a fter the exa m. All. Todos. Más de Todos los estudiantes estaban contentos después del examen. dos. None.
None of my friends wa nted to buy my c ar. 113
Ninguno. Más de Ninguno d e mis a migo s quiso c om prar mi co c he. dos Most of them a re from Canad a. Most. La mayoría, la Los d os son d e C a nad á . ma yor pa rte. Each. Cada uno. Every. Todos cad a uno No. Nada .
Eac h student m ust buy a d ictiona ry. Ca da estudiante de be c omp ra r un dicc iona rio. y Every c itizen p aid the taxes. Tod os los c iuda d a nos p a ga ron los imp uestos. I have no m oney now. Ahora no teng o d inero.
114
LOS ADJETIVOS. •
Los adjetivos tiene la misión de modificar al sustantivo y normalmente le preceden.
A red c ar. Un c oc he rojo. A bea utiful woma n. Una m ujer gua p a . •
Al ser en inglés parte invariable, sólo tiene una forma para masculino, fem enino, singular y p lural.
I have a red c ar. Yo teng o un c oc he rojo. She has a red dress. Ella tiene un ve stid o rojo. My d aug hter wea rs red shoes. Mi hija lleva za p a to s rojos. They have red skirts. Ella s tienen fa lda s rojas.
USOS Detrás d e los verbos c op ula tivos: b e , look , sound , t a s t e, a p p e a r, seem , g et , feel , stay , fall , etc.
She is nic e. Ella es a grad a b le. You look b ea utiful. Tú tiene s b uen a sp ec to . He feels strong . Él se siente fue rte.
Algunos adjetivos preposición.
siempre
llevan I am interested in politics. A m í me interesa la p olítica .
Los participios de presente y pasado He is tired . pue d en ha c er la s vec es d e a d jetivos. El está c a nsa d o. He is tyring. 115
El ca nsa . (es un p esa d o) Los adjetivos que se colocan delante A b ea utiful song . de los sustantivos se llaman Una c anc ión b onita. atributivos.
atributivos.
The m ain road is c losed tod ay . La carretera principal está cerrada hoy.
Afraid , awake , asleep , ashamed , upset , alive , alone , asleep son
She is still alive. Ella está to d a vía viva .
Principal , sheer , chief y m a i n . son
p red ic a tivos y van d etrás. El signific ad o d e l a t e y early depende We caught an early plane to London. Cogimos un vuelo temprano para de su p osición. Londres. They were e arly at the p arty. Ellos lleg a ron temp ra no a la fiesta .
•
Alguno s nom b res p ued en func iona r c om o a d jetivos.
A gold c hain. Una c ad ena d e oro. A leather ca se. Una m aleta de piel. •
Muc hos ad jetivos son rec onoc ib les por sus terminac iones.
-Y
-A l
Happy. Feliz.
Professional Industrial. Profesional. Industrial.
-Ful Careful.
-Ive
-Ia l
-Ent
Competitiv Urgent. Cuidadoso . e
-Ous
-Ary
Famous. Famoso.
Voluntary. Economic. Voluntario. Económico
-Ible
-Ab le
Legible.
Profitable. Limited.
Beneficioso.
-Ed
-Ic
-Less Useless. 116
Competitivo .
•
Urgente. Legible.
Limitado. Inútil.
Los sig uientes p refijos indica n lo c ont ra rio d el ad jetivo q ue a c om p a ña n.
Un-
In-
Unhappy. Triste.
Incompeten Dishonest. Illegible. t Deshonesto Ilegible. Incompeten te .
•
Dis-
Il-
Im-
Ir-
Impatient. Irregular. Impaciente Irregular.
Otros p refijos ta mb ién no s ind ic a n q ue e sta mo s d elante d e un a d jetivo.
Auto-
Bi-
Extra -
Hyp er.
Inter-
Automatic. Bisexual. Automático Bisexual.
Extraordinary Hypersensitive Interchangeable. Extraordinario . Hipersensible Intercambiable .
Mo no-
Multi-
Pre-
Monochrom e
Multilingual. Predominant. Superstitious. Multilingüe. Predominante Supersticioso .
Monocromo •
Super-
Ultra Ultrasonic. Ultrasónico .
Los a d jetivos p ued en e sta r forma d os p or do s p a la b ra s unida s p or un guión.
Top -q uality. De c alida d suprema . Tax-free. Libre d e imp uesto s. •
Cuando aparecen varios adjetivos en una frase el orden debe ser el siguiente:
Op inión.
Dime nsione s.
Co lor.
Orige n.
Ma teria l.
Cheap. Barato.
New. Nuevo.
Blue. Azul.
French. Francés.
Plastic. Plástico.
117
Cua lida d .
Ta ma ño .
Forma .
Ed ad .
Co lor.
Famous. Famoso.
Big. Grande.
Round. Redondo.
Old. Viejo.
Blue. Azul.
118
LA COMPARACIÓN CON ADJETIVOS •
Pued e ser de igualda d , inferiorid ad y superioridad .
IGUALDAD As... As. Ta n c om o. En los p unto s va el a d jetivo. So.....as. No tan com o.
•
•
•
I am as tall as you a re. Yo soy ta n alto c om o tú. He is not so intelligent as his brother Mike. Él no es tan listo como su hermano Miguel.
Los mo nosiía bos y bisílab os aña d en “ -er ” en el c omp arativo. Los monosílabos acabados en una consonante precedida de una única voc al, dup lic an la c onsonante. Como en fa t . Fatter . Si ac ab an en “ -y ” se sustituye p or “ i ” .
GRADO POSITIVO
COMPARATIVO
SUPERLATIVO
Tall. Alto.
Taller. Má s a lto.
The tallest. El má s a lto
He is taller than yo u. Él es má s a lto q ue tú. Big . Grande.
Bigger . Má s grande .
The biggest. El má s gra nd e.
My c ar is bigg er than yours. Mi co c he es má s grand e que el tuyo. Happy. Feliz.
Happier. Má s feliz.
The happiest El más feliz.
119
He is hap pier now. Él es má s feliz a ho ra.
•
Algunos adjetivos de dos sílabas y todos los que tiene más de dos usan mo re ...than y the most.
GRADO POSITIVO
COMPARATIVO
SUPERLATIVO
Comfortable. Cómodo.
More co mfortable. Más c ómod o.
The most co mfortable. El má s c óm od o.
Interesting. Interesante.
More interesting. Má s interesa nte .
The most interesting. El má s interesa nte .
COMPARATIVO “ -Er ” .
I am taller now. Aho ra soy m á s a lto.
More….than .
It is more interesting tha n the film. Es má s interesa nte q ue la p elíc ula.
Comp arativo + and + com pa rativo.
I am ge tting fatter and fatter. Cada vez me estoy poniendo más gordo.
+ comparativo, comparativo. The
t h e
+ The richer, the sillier. Cua nto m ás ric o, má s tonto .
SUPERLATIVO ad jetivos de una o d os The ric hest peop le in Elda . Los má s ric os d e Elda . silabas. Se utiliza in p ara luga res y pe riod os d e tiempo. The .....est c on
The + m ost + ad jetivo
c on los d e dos o The m ost bea utiful girl in tow n. 120
má s silab as.
La c hic a má s guap a d el pueb lo.
COMPARATIVO DE INFERIORIDAD Less +
adj + than .
The
le a st
+
She is less intelligent tha n Rose. Ella es menos intelige nte q ue Rosa . adjetivo
inferioridad.
indican The le ast importa nt of a ll his novels. La me nos imp orta nte d e sus nove las.
GRADO POSITIVO
COMPARATIVO
SUPERLATIVO
Busy. Ocupado.
Less busy. Menos oc upa do .
The lea st busy. El me nos oc upad o.
LOS IRREGULARES Algunos hacen la comparación de forma irregular y no siguen reglas concretas. Good. Better. The best. Bueno. Mejor. El mejor •
Bad. Malo.
Worse. Peor.
The worst. El peor.
Little. Poco.
Less. Menos.
The least. El meno s.
Much / Many. Mucho.
More. Más.
The most. El má s.
Far.
Farthe r.
The farthest. 121
Lejos.
Más lejos.
Lo más leja no.
Old. Viejo.
Elder. Má s viejo.
The eldest. El más viejo.
Eld er y eld est se utiliza n c ua nd o ha c em os refe renc ia a miem bros d e una misma familia . My sister Berta is eld er than m e. Mi herma na Berta es ma yor que yo . •
122
1) This is ......than this? a - Long b – Long er c - Longest 2) How.............are you? a - Ta ll b - Ta lling c - Tallest 3) Isabel is ...........................than last year. a - The thinnest b - Thine r c - Thinne r 4) Everybod y says that Jorge is ..............................tha n his brother. a - More clever b - The m ore c leve r c - The most c lever 5) Alic ante is .......................................................than Elda. a - Ho tt ing b - Hottest c - Hot ter 6) I am .............................tea cher here. a - The olde st b - Olde r c - Old erest 7) This park is ...............................................than the one in Almagro. a - Nic er b - Nic eer c - Nic est 8) This sweater is ...........................................than the one we saw yesterd ay. a - Old -fashione st b - Old-fashioned est c - More old -fashion 9) A Mercedes is .....................................than a Seat Ma rbella. a - Mo st e xpe nsive b - Mo re e xp ensive c - Expe nsiver 10) He's ......................................................tha n he was a ye ar ago. a - Hea lthier b - Hea lthiest c - Hea lthiere 11) Do you think English is ..............................than Frenc h? 123
a - More d iffic ult b - The most d iffic ult c - Difficulter 12) He e ats a lot - he's getting ...................... a - Fa tt ing b - Fa tte r c - Fa tt est 13) I think that Pilar is ..................................than Ma noli. a - More ma ture b - The m ost m a ture c - More m a turest 14) He wa s the..................person I have ever met. a - The most d ishonest b - More dishonet c - Most d ishone st 15) My mother was getting ................ a - Red de r and red de r b - The more red est c - Most red 16) A bed is ..........................a sofa. a - More c omfortab le than b - The m ore c om fortab le c - The c om forta b lest 17) I think that Harry Potter's books are .....................................than the film s. a - More inte resting b - The most int eresting c - Inte resting er 18) Have you got a ........................size? a - Bigg est b - Bigger c - Biger 19) My exam wa s ..........................................than I had thought. a - Bad d er b - Ba d d ing c - Worse 20) Now I have ...............................time than whe n I was single. a - Less b - Lesser c - Mucher 21) My neig hbour Ma ría is ................................now that she ha s a new kitc hen. a - Hapiest 124
b - Hap pier c - Hap pyer 22) This exercise is .......................................than the previous one. a - Easier b - Easyer c - Easiest 23) Mari Carmen is ........................................than her sister. a - Polite st b - Mo re p olite c - The m ore p olite 24) It is .....................................to wa lk after having dinner. a - Bet te r b - The g oo d c - The g oo de r 25) When I wa s yo ung Ag ustina wa s the .......................................swim mer in Elda. a - Fa ste st b - Fa te sr c - The ffa ste rest 26) Sarah is ..........................................in the c lass. a - Ta llest b - The ta llest c - The ta ller 27) Pac o w as the................................of my friends. a - Craziest b - Cra zier c - Crasiest 28) This is ........................................book I have ever rea d. a - The g oo d est b - The b este r c - The b est 29) Barcelona is .....................................than Ma drid. a - Farer b - Fa rest c - Furthe r 30) You should ea t ....................................c hocolate. a - Littler b - Less c - Littlest 31) Home.......home. a - Good 125
b - Swee t c - Nic e 32) I wa s ..........cross with him . a - So b - As c - The 33) Do yo u have to ha ve the music ..........loud? a - As b - So c - Some 34) He's the ...........person I kno w. a - Meanest b - Mea n c - Meaner 35) You'll need it when it gets .......... a - Coldest b - Colde r c - Co lding 36) I'd ............say go od by e to yo u now. a - Good b - Bet te r c - Best 37) I don't mind, .......................the hours are rea sona ble and the pay is goo d. a - Long so b - As long as c - As long So 38) That sounds .........................! a - Exciteing b - Exciting c - Exc ite 39) He is as busy ............a bee . a - So b - The c - As 40) That is the ............com pliment you c an p ay to a girl like he r. a - Grea t b - Grea ter c - Grea test 41) So they have the ............of both worlds. a - Best b - Bett ee r 126
c - Good est 42) The ..........he starts Spanish lessons the better. a - Soo n b - Soonest c - Soo ner 43) They are ............than p ea rs. a - Big b - Bigg est c - Bigger 44) I was .................sorry tha t I felt a sha med . a - So b - As c - So as 45) Everything is ........wond erful in Spain!! a - So b - As c - As so 46) The plac e I enjoyed .............was the museum of Mod er Art. a - Most b - Mo re c - Litt le 47) This quic k test is.................than the o ne we did yesterday. a - Easiest b - Easier c - Mo re easy 48) My m other's dress is.......................than my a unt's. a - Long er b - The long est c - Mo re long 49) Loli wa s ill, but now she ........................... a - Looks best b - Loo ks b etter c - Is best 50) You ha ve to b e muc h .....................when you use this. a - More ca reful b - Ca refuler c - Ca refulest 51) The Vinalopó is ....................river in Elda. a - The long est b - Long er than c - Long est t ha n 127
52) Ma ny pe op le say Barc elona footba ll tea m is .............than Rea l Mad rid. a - Bet te r b - Best c - Good 53) This pullove r is too big. I nee d a ...........one. a - Smallest b - More sma ll c - Smaller 54) All these c hildren are nic e, but ours are ................ a - Niec erest b - Nic er c - Nic est 55) I think he is the ......................in the c lass. a - Good b - Bet te r c – Best 56) I think tha t "The Pillars of the Earth " is .........boo k I ha ve read in my life. a - The best b - Best t ha n c - The b et ter 57) This film is ........I have e ver see n in my life. a - Badd est b - The worst c - The m ost b a d 58) What a p ity he is in Almeria. I wish he live d ............... a - Most nea r b - Nearer c - Nearest 59) She is very pretty but my g irlfriend is ........ a - Prett ier b - Prettiest c - The p re tt y 60) I am .............tall as Pac o Ca brera. a - As b - So c - So as 61) I am .............than last yea r. a - More a nd m ore fat b - More fat c - Fa tt er 128
62) You'd ..........buy a be tter c ar. a - Best b - Bet te r c - Good 63) My .......sister is married . a - Olde r b - Elder c - Old esr 64) Novelda is.......than Monóvar. a - Fa r b - Furthe r c - Furthest 65) Pep e is .......ric h as Ma nolo. a - So b - As c - Tha n 66) I am not......tall as a basketball player. a - As b - So c - Tha n 67) The.........of a party is having to tidy the house. a - Ba d b - Worse c - Worst 68) She is.................now than when she wa s 28. a - Prettyer b - Prett ier c - Pritt ier 69) There are...............bo oks in Martin Fierro for us. a – Mo st e xpe nsive b - Expensive c - Expe nsiver 70) You must buy these……….. pills. a - Good b - Gooder c – The g oo d 71) She love s ........... a - Ta ll b – The ta llest c - Tallerst 72) They drank..........................bottle of whisky. 129
a - The m ost exp en sive b - Expe nsiver c – The expe nsiver 73) They said he wa s a ...................tea c her. a - Bored b - Boring c - Borerst 74) I wa s .....................bec ause the film was boring . a - Boring b - Borest c - Bored 75) In a c oup le we will be ......... a - Riche r b – The ric h c - Riching 76) They serve ..................c offee in town. a - Bad d er b - Gooder c – The w orst 77) There a re a lways ……….................. trees in the park. a - Greener b - Gree nest c – Gren 78) All the Chinese have .................smiles. a – Lovelier b - Lovely c - Lovlyest 79) Pete r felt ..................of what he had done. a - Asha me d b - A sha me r c - A sha mest 80) The porter is a..................man. a - Hap pier b - Hap piest c - Hap py 81) Felipe wa s the....................President. a - Form b - Formerst c - Forme r 82) His .....................brother works in Perú. 130
a - Elder b - Old c - Olde r 83) The ..................part of the b ook is not good . a - Major b - May c - Most o f 84) He is a lonely man, he feels............ a - Ao ner b - Alone c - Alonest 85) Parents are happy when their c hildren are.............. a - Alepp est b - Aslep pe r c - Asleep 86) Som etim es she drives me............. a - Madd er b - Mad c - Ma d est 87) I found a ................bottle on the beac h. a - Broker b - Brokenest c - Broken
131
Soluciones 1. B 11.A 21.B 31.B 41.A 51.A 61.C 71.B 81.C
2. A 12.B 22.A 32.A 42.C 52.A 62.B 72.A 82.A
3. C 13.A 23.B 33.B 43.C 53.C 63.B 73.B 83.A
4. A 14.C 24.A 34.A 44.A 54.B 64.B 74.C 84.B
5. C 15.A 25.A 35.B 45.A 55.C 65.B 75.A 85.C
6. A 16.A 26.B 36.B 46.A 56.A 66.B 76.C 86.B
7. A 17.A 27.A 37.B 47.B 57.B 67.C 77.A 87.C
8. C 18.B 28.B 38.B 48.A 58.B 68.B 78.B
9. B 19.C 29.C 39.C 49.B 59.A 69.B 79.A
10.A 20.A 30.B 40.C 50.A 60.A 70.A 80.C
132
LAS PREPOSICIONES •
Aunque la gramática inglesa es bastante simple, tiene partes que p resenta n c iert a d ific ulta d c om o la s prep osic ione s. Por ejemp lo, pa ra d ec ir “ en” , se puede n emp lea r “ in ” , “ on ” y “ a t ” . Por lo ta nto se les d eb e p resta r mucha atención.
AT Punto s c onc retos.
We stoppe d a t the zoo. Param os en e l zoo. He was at the station. Él esta b a en la esta c ión. I was at home and my wife wa s at a mee ting. Yo estaba en casa y mi mujer estaba en una reunión.
Ca fés y resta urantes
We'll ea t at M ac Dona ld's, in San Juan Bea c h. Comeremos en el MacDonald’s de la Playa de San Juan.
Sitios dond e se e st ud ia I was at sc hool and then at university later on I worked at IBM. o trab aja. Fui al colegio, luego a la universidad y después trab a jé en IBM. Nomb res d e ac tivida de s de grupo
He was at a meeting, then at the theatre and later at a concert and at a lecture, afterwards at a match and finally a t the c inema. Él estaba en una reunión, luego fue al teatro, después a un concierto y a una conferencia, d esp ués a un p a rtid o y, fina lme nte, a l cine.
Con el número de la I lived at 35 Prínc ipe de Asturias. calle Yo vivía en la c a lle Prínc ipe d e A sturias 35. Horas
I wake up a t six. Me leva nto a las seis.
Navida d y Pa sc ua
At Christma s I buy many presents and at Easter I go to 133
the beac h. En Navida d c om pro m uc hos reg a los y en Pa sc ua voy a la p laya. Expresiones
At present I’m rea ding a novel. Ahora estoy leyend o una no vela. He d ied a t the a ge of 81. Él fallec ió a la ed ad de 81 años.
At night. Por la noc he.
At sunrise. Al am anec er
At noon. Al me d iod ia
At sunset. Al atardec er
At first sight. A p rim era vista .
At midnight. Al me d iod ia
At this mo ment. At last. En este mo me nto . Al fín.
At the b us-stop. At the office . En la parada del En la oficina . autobús.
At the top. At work. En la parte de En el tra b a jo. arriba.
At the station. En la esta c ión.
At the b ottom. En la parte de abajo.
Otros.
At lea st. Al menos.
It was love a t first sight. Fue a mo r a p rime ra vista . She is always at hom e. Ella siemp re está en c a sa . At least it is a very good bo ok. Al me nos es un b uen lib ro. At present they a re working a lot. En este m om ento e stá n tra ba ja ndo muc ho. They were at war. 134
Ellos estuvieron en g uerra. The boss is at work El jefe está tra b a ja nd o.
•
ON
Algo q ue está toc and o We ha ve a house o n the river. o c erc ano a una línea, Tene mo s una c asa a l la do d el río. o a lgo p arecido a una Benidorm is on the c oa st. línea. Benido rm está en la c osta . Elche is on the roa d to Murcia. Elc he e stá en la c a rrete ra d e M urc ia . Cua ndo a lgo está tocando una superficie.
The keys are on the ta ble. La s lla ves está n en la mesa . They fish on the la ke. Ellos pesc an e n el lago. The ne w p icture is on the wa ll. El nuevo c uad ro e stá en la p a red .
Con transportes públicos, caballos, mo tos y bic ic leta s. Co n p isos.
I saw her on the pla ne/ on the train/ on the b us. Yo la vi en el a vión, tren, aut ob ús.
Días.
I study French o n Mond ay . Yo estud io franc és los lunes.
I live on the sec ond floor. Yo vivo en el seg und o p iso.
On St. Valentine’s ma ny pe op le buy d iam ond s. El día de San Valentín mucha gente compra diamantes. Expresiones.
The train a rrived on tim e. 135
El tren lleg ó en p unto. He is on a business trip. Está d e viaje d e ne goc ios. The sold ier is on duty. El solda d o está de servic io. He c am e on foot. Vino a pie. The house is still on sale. La c asa está tod a vía en venta . On the other hand , I don’t like it. Por otra p a rte no me gusta. On the whole, It was a very good play. En resumida s c uenta s, fue una b uena ob ra . On p ag e 26 you will find the e xercises. En la p á g ina 26 enc ontraréis los ejerc ic ios.
Páginas.
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IN está My friends are in the cuartelillo . Mis a migos está n en e l c ua rte lillo.
Cuando algo dentro d e a lgo.
The bo ttles are in the fridg e. La s b ot ella s está n en la nevera. Co n p a íses.
I live in Spain. Yo vivo e n Esp a ña .
Co n reg ione s.
They a re in the Saha ra. Ellos está n e n e l de sierto d el Sa ha ra.
Co n g rand es islas.
We spent the summer in the Ca nary island s. Ellos p a sa ron e l vera no en las Islas Ca na ria s.
Pa rtes del c uerpo .
I have a pa in in my stoma c h. Me d uele la b arriga .
Con
coche,
taxi
y I saw him in a new Merced es. 136
a vione ta .
Yo le vi en un nuevo Me rc ed es.
Co n a lgunos lugares.
In bed . En c a ma In hospital. En el hosp ita l. In court. En el juzgad o. In church. En la iglesia. In prison. En la c árc el.
Nombres de c alles.
I lived in Onesimo Red ond o street. Yo viví en la c a lle O nésimo Red ond o.
Pa rtes d el día
I read the pa pe r in the mo rning. Yo p or las ma ñanas leo el pe riód ic o.
Meses.
I got ma rried in Oc tober. Yo m e c a sé en e l me s d e Oc tubre.
Años.
I met my wife in 1982. Con oc í a mi mujer en e l a ño 1982.
Estaciones.
I go to San Juan be ac h in summ er. Voy a la p laya d e Sa n Juan e n vera no.
Siglos.
In he l9th ce ntury pe op le did no t wear jeans. En el siglo XIX la gente no llevaba pantalones vaqueros.
Períod os d e tiemp o.
Spain was very ric h in the Midd le Ag es. Esp a ña e ra muy ric a en la Ed a d Me d ia .
Expresiones.
He is alwa ys in a hurry. Siemp re tiene p risa . In any ca se, you can c ome. De c ualquier ma nera p ued es venir. 137
He w as in d ang er. Estuvo e n p elig ro. They are in lov e Est án ena mo ra d os. Everything is in order. Tod o e stá en o rd en. In other words, I love you. En otras p a la b ra s, te q uiero. I will tell you in private. Te lo d iré e n p riva d o. She wa s in tears Esta b a llora nd o.
138
PREPOSICIONES MAS USADAS. Aboard . A bordo.
I was ab oard a ya tch. Estuve a b ordo d e un ya te.
About. Sobre.
I wa s talking a bo ut music. Estuve ha b la nd o d e m úsic a .
Above. Por enc ima de.
Above all I love my family. Quiero a mi fam ilia po r enc ima de tod o.
Across. A travé s d e.
I walked a c ross the p ark. Ca miné a través de l pa rq ue.
After. Después.
After the m eeting I went to the do c tor. Después d e la reunión fui al méd ic o.
Against. Contra.
It was ag ainst the pub lic op inion. Tod o fue e n c ontra de la op inión p úblic a.
Along. A lo largo d e.
I found many go od p eople along the way. Me encontré mucha buena gente a lo largo del camino.
Among. Entre.
I found a letter among the boo ks. Entre los lib ros enc on tré una c a rta .
Around. Alred ed or de.
I travelled a round the world. Viajé a lred ed or del mundo.
At. En.
I was at the zoo. Estuve en el zoo.
Before. Antes d e.
Before eating I rea d the press. Antes de c om er leo el periód ic o.
Behind . Detrás d e.
There wa s a mo use b ehind the do or. Ha b ía un ra tón d etrás d e la p uerta .
Below. Por deb ajo d e.
The tempe ratures were be low zero. Las temp eraturas estab an po r deb ajo d e c ero.
139
Beside. Al lad o d e.
I was beside the Ma yor at the tab le. Estuve a l la d o d el alca ld e e n la me sa .
Between. Entre (2).
Betwee n you and me there is ma gic . Entre tú y yo hay ma gia.
Beyond. Ma s allá d e.
I live be yond the roa d. Vivo m á s a llá d e la c a rrete ra .
By. Por.
“ Ham let” wa s written by Shakespe are. Sha kespeare esc ribió Hamlet . I always trave l by plane. Siem p re viajo en a vión. He c ome s everyda y b y bus Él viene to d os los d ía s en a uto b ús. He did it by chanc e. Lo hizo p or ca sua lid ad . By far he is the b est. Él es el me jor c on m uc ho. You m ust lea rn this by he art Debe s a p rend erte esto d e me mo ria . He d id it by m istake . Lo hizo por error. He g ot m e b y surprise. Me c og ió p or sorpresa .
Down. Abajo.
Go d own the street. Ve ca lle ab ajo.
During. Durante.
During the summ er I have a great time . Dura nte e l vera no m e lo p a so m uy bien.
Except. Excepto.
Exc ep t for the p ric e, I like it very m uch. Exc ep to p or el p rec io me gusta m uc ho.
For.
I have live d in this flat for 20 yea rs. 140
Dura nte, d esd e, hac e.
He vivid o en este piso durante veinte año s.
From . Desde.
From June to September I go swimming to the salt lake. Desde Junio a Septiembre voy a nadar al lago de sal.
In front of. Delante d e.
She wa s sittting in front o f me . Esta b a senta d a d elante d e m í.
In. En.
I was in Greec e in 1992. Estuve en Grec ia en el a ño 1992.
Into. En, Dentro d e. Near. Cerca.
I went into a taxi. Sub í a un t a xi.
Next to. Al lad o d e.
I live next to the theatre. Vivo a l la do de l tea tro.
Of. De.
The son of Pete r and Ma ry is tall. El hijo d e Ped ro y Ma ría es alto.
Off. En frente y sep a ra d o.
Tabarca is off the c oa st of Santa Pola. Ta ba rc a está en frente d e la c osta d e Sa nta Pola.
On. En. (Sob re).
My ke ys are on the tab le. Mis lla ves está n e n la mesa .
There wa s a d isc o near my house. Hab ía una disc otec a c erc a de mi ca sa.
I jumpe d onto the ca r. Onto. En. (ind ic a mo vimiento ) Sa lté sob re el c oc he. Opposite. Enfren te d e.
I live op po site the c inema Vivo e nfrente d el cine.
Out of. Fuera d e.
Please g o out of the c lass. Por favor sa l fuera de c lase. He was out of co ntrol. Esta b a fue ra d e sí.
141
At the mo me nt he is out of work. Ahora no tiene trab a jo
Over. Sobre.
Out of sight out of m ind . Ojos que no ven, c orazón q ue no siente . There is a bridg e ove r the Vinalop ó river. Ha y un p uente sob re e l río Vinalop ó.
Past. Por al lado d e.
I walk p ast your house in the m orning. Paso p or al lad o d e tu c asa po r la m aña na.
Round. Alrededor.
We we nt round the p ark. Fuimo s alred ed or de l pa rque.
Since. Desde.
She ha sn’ t written to me sinc e la st January. No me ha esc rito d esd e el pasad o m es d e Enero.
Through. A través d e.
He c am e in through the ga te. Entró a tra vés d e la p uerta.
Till. Hasta.
Til now I’ve lived in Mono var. Ha sta aho ra yo he vivid o e n Mo nóva r.
To. A.
I go to Sax every Saturda y. Voy a Sax ca d a Sáb a d o.
Towards. Hacia.
The WC is tow ards the end. El aseo está ha c ia el fina l.
Under. Deba jo de .
The c hildren are unde r the tab le. Los niños está n d eb ajo d e la me sa .
Until. Hasta.
Until I wa s ten, I live d in Petrel. Ha sta q ue tuve d iez a ños viví en Pet rel.
Up . Arriba
They a re up the stairs. Ellos está n a rriba d e las esc a leras.
Upon. Sobre
It wa s upo n a c ushion. Esta b a sob re un c ojín.
Once up on. Hace
One upo n a time a little rabb it ca lled Peric o…. Érase una vez un peq ueño c one jo llama d o Peric o.. 142
With. Co n
I was with him in the military service . Estuve c on é l en “ la mili”.
Within. Dentro d e.
It is within two kilom etres. Está a nte s d e d os kilóm et ros.
Without. Sin.
I c an’t live without you. Yo no p ued o vivir sin ti.
143
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Existen en inglés una gran cantidad de adjetivos que siempre van ac omp aña do s po r una preposic ión.
To.
With.
Ab out.
At.
Of.
For.
Married to. Angry w ith. Worried Good at. Casado Enfadado about. Bueno en. Preocupado con. con.
Proud of. Rea dy for. Orgulloso d e. Listo p a ra.
Polite to. Educado con.
Asham ed of. Suitable for. Avergonzado Adecuado d e. para.
p or.
Satisfied with. Satisfecho con. Hap py with. Feliz c on.
Sorry about. Bad at. Triste p or. Ma lo en.
Surprised at. Sorprendido por.
Afraid of. Temeroso de.
144
1) I will meet her.................the station. a - At b - In c - On 2) Plea se hang it................the wall. a - On b - At c - In 3) This happened ...................Saturda y. a - On b - In c - At 4) ...................the past things were different. a - On b - At c - In 5) My grandmother wa s always.................hom e. a - At b - In c - On 6) You must c hange ................Alba c ete. a - In b - On c - At 7) I prefer to stay ........the right hand side. a - In b - On c - At 8) Plea se look...............the m irror. a - At b - In c - On 9) We live ...................the sec ond floor. a - In b - On c - At 10) Monforte is .................the roa d to Alic ante. a - On b - In c - At 11) He alwa ys pays.................c ash. 145
a - On b - In c - At 12) Arenales del Sol is .................the coast. a - On b - In c - At 13) He is very good .............music. a - In b - On c - At 14) I will see you........Mond ay. a - In b - On c - At 15) I saw you............television. a - In b - On c - At 16) I heard it........Radio Elda. a - In b - On c - At 17) He is alwa ys ......a ba d mo od . a - In b - On c - At 18) ......the mom ent things are very different. a - In b - At c - On 19) .......Christma s we ea t a lot of nouga ts. a - In b - At c - On 20) ........Christmas day we eat relleno . a - In b - On c - At 21) He wa s ........the Navy. 146
a - In b - On c - At 22) They w ere......both side s of the road. a - In b - On c - At 23) She drives ........full spee d. a - At b - In c - On 24) The house is ........good c ondition. a - In b - At c - On 25) It wa s always........my mind. a - In b - On c - At 26) My g randm other died ........the ag e of 80. a - At b - In c - On 27) ........present they are ve ry busy. a – In b - On c - At 28) Most people ............Elda prefer to g o to the b ea c h. a - In b - On c - At 29) Plea se don't spea k................the same time. a - At b - In c - On 30) I don't work............Sunday. a - In b - On c - At 31) I wa ke up.........8.00. a - At 147
b - In c - On 32) Aida was born.......1934. a - In b - On c - At 33) I run..............night. a - In b - On c - At 34) My da ughte rs play with me .........hom e. a - In b - On c - At 35) I look a t the stars..................night. a - At b - In c - On 36) My b irthda y is .......Novemb er. a - On b - In c - At 37) The bo ok is.......the table. a - On b - In c - At 38) The coke is.........the kitc hen. a - In b - On c - At 39) I am writing .........the blac kb oa rd. a - In b - On c - At 40) The c hoc alates are ............the box. a - On b - At c - In 41) I am.................Spain. a - For 148
b - From c - Foreign 42) They are .............the theatre now. a - At b - On c - In 43) The train arrives......................Victoria station. a - At b - In c - On 44) Please tell me..........................onc e. a - In b - At c - On 45) I waited for half an ho ur, and .......................last he c ame. a - On b - In c - At 46) He is sitting ...........................an arm chair. a - In b - On c - At 47) The pic ture is .......................the wa ll. a - At b - In c - On 48) I put my hands ..................my po c kets. a - On b - At c - In 49) The shop is ........................Juan Carlos I street. a - In b - At c - On 50) We go to churc h ......................Sund ays. a - At b - In c - On 51) It is .............................the foot of the page. a - At b - On 149
c - In 52) .....................my op inion, it is a very good b ook. a - In b - At c - On 53) He is...........................the garde n. a - On b - In c - At 54) I am living .................a hotel near here. a - In b - On c - At 55) The milk's .......................................the fridge. a - In b - At c – On 56) The y sat ...........................the wall. a - On b - At c - In 57) They made the film ....................Petrel. a - In b - At c - On 58) I saw them ......................................the station. a - In b - At c - On 59) Ma ry's not here - she's....................the office. a - On b - In c - At 60) They were sitting ............................the floor. a - In b - On c - At 61) The ham is...................................the shelf in the kitc hen. a - On b - In 150
c - At 62) The money's.....................................my pocket. a - At b - On c - In 63) They are all......................................the ga rde n. a - At b - In c - On 64) The papers are................................my desk. a - In b - At c - On 65) They a re all.....................................the car. a - On b - At c - In 66) He's not..........................................work today. a - On b - In c - At 67) I'll see you ........................................Monday. a - In b - At c - On 68) I met him .........................................the holid ays. a - At b - In c - On 69) I'll pick you up ..........................eight o'c loc k. a - At b - In c - On 70) I'm going home.................................four. a - On b - In c - At 71) They c ame to visit us ....................my birthda y. a - In 151
b - At c - On 72) I c an work ................the mo rning. a - At b - In c - On 73) Did you have a goo d time ......................Christmas? a - In b - At c - On 74) School finishes ..................................three o'c lock. a - On b - In c - At 75) We a rranged to m eet ..........................Seven. a - At b - In c - On 76) I'll mee t yo u............................the station. a - At b - In c - On 77) He's still..........................................school. a - At b - In c - On 78) That pic ture....................the wall wa s painted by Vlad i Monzó. a - In b - At c - On 79) He's................................................the b uild ing somewhere. a - On b - At c - In 80) You c ould phone me.....................work. a - On b - In c - At 81) Why d on't you stay........................hom e? a - At b - In 152
c - On 82) He'll be...........................................prison for rob bery. a - In b - At c - On 83) I'm studying law..............................University. a - In b - On c - At 84) Is he...............................................hospital? a - In b - On c - At 85) I'll see you......................................the meeting tomorrow. a - At b - In c - On 86) We're meeting...............................7.00 on Tuesday. a - At b - On c - In 87) We usually g o .................................holiday to Tabarca. a - At b - On c - In 88) What are you doing .........................Christmas? a - On b - In c - At 89) I don't sleep m uc h.............................night. a - In b - On c - At 90) What about g oing to see 'Ham let "....................the 15th. a - At b - In c - On 91) I’ll wa it for yo u............the airpo rt. a - At b - In c - On 153
92) My wife is........the kitc hen. a - In b - On c - At 93) I was .......the station. a - In b - On c - At 94) The water is..........the fridge. a - On b - In c - At 95) They are........the floor. a - In b - On c - At 96) The boo k is ..........the tab le. a - In b - On c - At 97) My m other is.........home. a - On b - In c - At 98) My house is..............the roa d to Sax. a - In b - On c - At 99) I work..................Villena. a - In b - On c – At 100) The TV is… a - In b - On c - At 101) Come ........., let's go and watc h TV. a - On b - In c - At 154
102) Teresa's ...........the phone. a - In b - On c - At 103) Please hurry ............. a - Dow n b - In c - Up 104) ...............last. a - At b - In c - On 105) Hold ......................a m om ent. a - In b - At c - On 106) It's alwa ys better to try new c lothes .......... a - On b - In c - At 107) .........cash. a - In b - On c - At 108) ..............credit card. a - By b - With c - In 109) I have to be..............home. I must study. a - At b - In c - On 110) Would you like to co me ............a c onc ert with me? a - To b - From c - At 111) Come ..............ab out ten o'cloc k. a - At b - In c - On 155
112) I was sitting .........the ga rden rea ding the news ab out Elda . a - At b - In c - On 113) I'll ring ..............a p izza. a - For b - From c - To 114) There wa s a very be autiful woman ...................the c rossroads nea r Castelar Square. a - In b - On c - At 115) What .......a T-shirt? a - Around b - About c - Aga in 116) Yes I went ........a tour in Mexic o. a - On b - In c - At 117) The c ar is .............sale now. a - In b - On c - At 118) I'm really loo king ...............to the conc ert! a - For b - Forwa rd c - Up 119) They are .................High Sc hool. a - At b - In c - On 120) That dep ends .....your grad es. a - On b - In c - At 121) I intend to g et a job ........weekends. a - In b - On c - At 122) It looks great ......! 156
a - On b - In c - At 123) This is c elebrated ......the fourth Thursday of Novem ber. a - On b - In c - At 124) We c an have a pic nic ..................the beac h. a - In b - On c - At 125) He's 10 and he's mad ................Harry Potte r. a - In b - At c - On 126) He is the exp ert ......................com puters. a - In b - On c - At 127) How ..............going out for a d rink. a - Around b - Aside c - About 128) I'll bring you a present ........the journey. a - In b - Up c - On 129) I'm really looking ..........to visiting Berna . a - Forwa rd b - For c - Fast 130) We loo k ............him a s one of the fam ily. a - On b - In c - At 131) Can I pa y ........c redit ca rd? a - With b - By c - As 132) I must go ...........a diet. a - On 157
b - At c - In 133) If you d on't know the m ea ning of the word loo k it ........in the d ictiona ry. a - Up b - For c - Forwa rd 134) Perhaps I should g ive ............smok ing. a - Up b - At c - On 135) Ma ny are ope n ........the public. a - Up b - To c - In 136) It's great while you are .....................holiday. a - On b - In c - At 137) Where d id yo u park the c ar? It's .............Ped rito Rico Roa d. a - In b - On c - At 138) Tom my, don't sit on the floor, sit..................the c hair. a - On b - In c - At 139) Where is the supe rma rket? It's ...............Dahellos Roa d. a - In b - Int o c - On 140) Inma, please sit.....................the c hair. a - On b - By c - At 141) They arrived ................Elda yesterday. a - In b - On c - At 142) I was listening to the news .........................TV when the baby beg an to scream. a - On 158
b - In c - At 143) We wa ited a c oup le of hours......the airpo rt. a - At b - In c - On 144) We play tennis.......the club e very Mond ay . a - In b - On c - At 145) We were.......theatre last night. a - In b - On c - At 146) I studied ........don Emilio's sc hool from 1968 to 1975. a - In b - On c - At 147) I met her ..........a lec ture. a - On b - In c - At 148) She studied........Oxford. a - On b - At c - Of 149) She lives.....Oxford. a - In b - On c - At 150) We live......the frontier. a - On b - In c - At 151) Elda is ......the road to Alba c ete. a - In b - On c - At 152) All the pic tures are......the wa ll. a - On b - In 159
c - At 153) I live ......the sec ond floor. a - In b - At c - On 154) I wa s born......Eld a . a - On b - In c - At 155) We have a house......the c oa st. a - In b - On c - At 156) I met her..........the croosroa ds. a - At b - In c - On 157) I lived ......a desert island like Rob inson Crusoe for a m onth. a - On b - In c - At 158) I always travel ..........the plane . a - On b - At c - In 159) I met her......the bus. a - On b - In c - At 160) I found a wallet.......taxi. a - In b - On c - At 161) I studied Shakespeare.........college. a - At b - In c - On 162) We a rrived .......Franc e in 1990. a - At b - In 160
c - On 163) We a rrived ........Paris in 1991. a - At b - On c - In 164) I live........1 Plaza Ma yo r. a - In b - On c - At 165) .......the weekend we go to Rab osa. a - At b - In c - On 166) ......lunch time we d rink co ke. a - In b - On c - At 167) ......the age of 11 I went to Alic ante. a - In b - On c - At 168) ......the beginning of the boo k I did n't like very muc h. a - In b - On c - At 169) ........first sight I fell in love with her. a - At b - In c - On 170) We be c ame friend s.......last. a - In b - On c - At 171) We go shopping..................Mond ays. a - On b - In c - At 172) ........Christma s da y m y fam ily co me hom e. a - In b - On c - At 161
173) ........the morning I neve r drink c offee. a - At b - In c - On 174) .......1998 I got married . a - In b - On c - At 175) I like g oing to the mounta ins......spring. a - In b - On c - At 176) .......the Middle Ag es many ca thed rals were built. a - On b - In c - At 177) I'll be ba c k.......five hours. a - In b - On c - At 178) Trains in Spain now a rrive........time . a - In b - On c - At 179) You m ust be ......time for the p lane. a - In b - On c - At 180) In the USA everybo dy works.......nine to five. a - For b - From c - Sinc e 181) Holid ays in Spain are.......July to Sep tem ber. a - For b - From c - At 182) All the trains c om e......Alica nte. a - From b - For c - Up 183) We are going .................the c inem a tonight. 162
a - At b - To c - In 184) They went .......the ca r. a - In b - Int o c - On 185) We all ran ....................the c hurch bec ause it was raining c ats and d og s. a - In b - Int o c - At 186) When we g o to Ma drid we alwa ys go ......train. a - By b - On c - In 187) The safest wa y to travel is.......roa d. a - On b - In c - By 188) We got.......the bus at 8.00. a - In b - On c - By 189) I go to work........foot. a - In b - On c - By 190) Most students at the University work ......part time jobs suc h as Tele Pizza and so on. a - As b - On c - In 191) A ca r c am e.......the right. a - For b - From c - By 192) A lorry c rashed .......my c ar. a - Int o b - Up c - To 193) .......Christmas Eve we have dinner togethe r. 163
a - In b - At c - On 194) Everybod y in Elda is loo king.......to the Moo rs and Christians festivities. a - For b - Forwa rd s c - Forwa rd 195) My fac tory pa ssed ........the hand s of my uncle. a - In b - Int o c - To 196) The shop op ene d......the pub lic in 1989. a - At b - For c - To 197) She is alwa ys worried ........money. a - Around b - Aside c - About 198) You m ust always look........ a - Ahea d b - Hea d c - Hea d ing 199) ......Lent people many p eople do n't ea t me at. a - At b - On c - In 200) She won't be b ac k......the end of May. a - As b - Unt il c - At 201) In the middle ....................Aug ust we organise many BBQs. a - From b - Of c - On 202) People .......the be ac h should drink wate r all the time . a - In b - On c - At 203) I c ouldn't pla y tennis be c ause I had to look...........my daug hter. a - For 164
b - After c - Up 204) I went for a wa lk........Castelar Square. a - About b - Afloa t c - Around 205) Antonio Pove da ga ve a lec ture.................Rom an c ulture. a - For b - Of c - On 206) The g irl........the window is Ma ría. a - By b - In c - On 207) You should send the letters ......advanc e. a - On b - At c - In 208) My father-in-law a rrived...........Alica nte airpo rt from Italy yesterday. He went to Linea pe lle. a - In b - At c - On 209) The tick ets for the opera must be booked we ll........ad vanc e. a - In b - On c - At 210) Sarah has a roo m ........her own and so d oe s Inmita. a - Of b - From c - For 211) You m ust be very goo d if you w ant to get........one these c ollege. a - In b - Int o c - To 212) It will depend ....................the amount of mo ney. a - In b - On c - At 213) We always play bad minton......wee kend s. a - On 165
b - In c - At 214) Why don't we p repa re a BBQ........San Juan b eac h. a - On b - In c - At 215) My friend is mad......books. a - In b - On c - At 216) He told her to shut......her mo uth. a - Up b - At c - By 217) My house is ..................the cinemas. a - Near b - Near of c - Nea r off 218) The park is......................the hospital. a - Next b - Ne xt to c - Next a b out 219) Sol y Nive is.....................the bookshop . a - Op p osite b - Op p osite o f c - Off op p osite 220) Jesús Ángel is.......Palencia a - From b - On c - At Soluciones 1. 11. 21. 31. 41. 51. 61. 71. 81. 91.
A B A B B B B C A A
101. A
2. 12. 22. 32. 42. 52. 62. 72. 82. 92.
A A B A C B C B A A
102. B
3. 13. 23. 33. 43. 53. 63. 73. 83. 93.
A C A C A B B B C C
103. C
4. 14. 24. 34. 44. 54. 64. 74. 84. 94.
C B A C B A C C A B
104. A
5. 15. 25. 35. 45. 55. 65. 75. 85. 95.
A B A A C A C A A B
105. C
6. 16. 26. 36. 46. 56. 66. 76. 86. 96.
A B A B A A C A A B
106. A
7. 17. 27. 37. 47. 57. 67. 77. 87. 97.
B A C A C A C B B C
107. A
8. 18. 28. 38. 48. 58. 68. 78. 88. 98.
A B A A C C B C C B
108. A
9. 19. 29. 39. 49. 59. 69. 79. 89. 99.
B B A B A C A C C A
109. A
10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90.
A B B C C B C C C
100. B 110. A
166
111. A 121. B 131. B 141. A 151. B 161. A 171. A 181. B 191. B 201. B 211. B
112. B 122. A 132. A 142. A 152. A 162. B 172. B 182. A 192. A 202. B 212. B
113. A 123. A 133. A 143. A 153. C 163. C 173. B 183. B 193. C 203. B 213. A
114. C 124. B 134. A 144. C 154. B 164. C 174. A 184. B 194. C 204. C 214. A
115. B 125. C 135. B 145. C 155. B 165. A 175. A 185. B 195. B 205. C 215. B
116. A 126. B 136. A 146. C 156. A 166. C 176. B 186. A 196. C 206. A 216. A
117. A 127. C 137. C 147. C 157. A 167. C 177. A 187. C 197. C 207. C 217. A
118. B 128. C 138. A 148. B 158. A 168. C 178. B 188. B 198. A 208. B 218. B
119. A 129. A 139. A 149. A 159. A 169. A 179. A 189. B 199. A 209. A 219. A
120. A 130. A 140. A 150. A 160. A 170. C 180. B 190. C 200. B 210. A 220. A
167
ADVERBIOS •
Son mo d ific ad ores de ad jetivos, ad verbios y orac ione s. Co n el verbo ser y los verbo s d efec tivos, se c oloc a n de trá s. Alguno s se forma n a ña d iend o “ – ly ” al ad jetivo, otros c om o: fast , hard , l a t e, early tienen la misma forma q ue los a d jetivos.
Modificando adverbios.
He writes q uite quic kly. Esc rib e b a sta nte d ep risa .
Modificando adjetivos.
It is very c heap. Es muy b a ra to .
Mod ific ando frases.
Perha ps they will win. Quizá s g a nen.
I am just going to sleep for half an ho ur. Voy a d ormir me d ia hora. He runs fast. Él co rre rápido. •
Los ad verbios d e luga r y tiem p o se suelen c oloc ar al princ ip io o a l final de una fra se.
Yesterda y I bought a CD. Ayer c om p ré un CD. I will go tom orrow. Yo iré m a ñana . •
Los d e luga r suelen p rec ed er a los d e tiem p o
I met Pilar at Castelar yesterda y. Me enc ontré a Pila r ayer en Ca stelar. •
El co mp a ra tivo y supe rla tivo lo ha c en ig ual q ue los a d jetivos.
Soon. Pronto.
Sooner. Má s p ronto .
The soonest. Lo m á s p ront o.
Quickly.
More quic kly.
The mo st quic kly. 168
Rápidamente.
Má s ráp id o.
Lo má s rá p id a me nte.
Co n los tiem po s c om pue stos se c oloc a de la nte d el verb o p rinc ipa l. They ha ve nearly finished our swim ming p oo l. Ellos c a si ha n a c a b a d o nue stra p isc ina . •
•
Already , just , no w y then , pue d en
ir entre d os forma s verba les.
I have alread y seen her. Ya la he visto . I have just c ome ba c k from India. Ac a bo de reg resa r d e India. •
Los de frec uenc ia: always , never , usually , sometimes , se c oloca n entre e l sujeto y el verbo, pero c ua nd o e s el verbo t o b e , se c oloc an detrás.
I never drink c offee. Nunca bebo ca fé. I alway s go to Alica nte in the summ er. Siem p re vo y a Alic a nte e n verano.
CLASIFICACIÓN FRECUENCIA
LUGAR
MODO
GRADO
TIEMPO
Often. Con frecuencia.
Away. Fuera.
Fast. Rápido.
Enough. Suficiente.
Yesterday. Ayer.
Frequently. Frecuenteme n t e.
There. Allí.
Well. Bien.
Very. Mucho.
Daily. Diariamente.
Sometimes. A vec es.
Near. Cerca.
Slowly. Almost. Lentamente. Casi.
Last week. La sem ana pa sad a.
Always. Siempre.
Here. Aquí.
Undoubtedly Hardly. Sin d ud a . A p ena s.
Tomorrow. Mañana .
Never. Nunca .
Rather. Bastante. 169
INTERROGATIVOS Where. ¿Dónde? Why. ¿Por qué?
•
When. ¿Cuándo?
How. ¿Cómo?
How far. ¿A q ué distancia?
How long . ¿Cuánto tiempo?
How o ften. ¿Con qué frecuencia?
Which. ¿Cuál?
Ojo c on enough , p ues pued e te ner d os posic iones:
I have enough mo ney. Tengo suficiente d inero. I am rich enough to buy a c ar. Soy lo sufic ientem ente ric o c om o p a ra c om p ra r un co c he.
•
•
Recuerda RICH ENOUGH MONEY . Enough lleva delante a los adjetivos y d etrá s a los nomb res. El orden d e los a dverbios suele ser mo d o, luga r y tiempo.
I walk fast there in the m orning. Yo a ndo allí ráp ido po r la ma ñana . •
Muc hos a d verbios tienen la m isma forma q ue los a d jetivos.
A fast motorbike Una m oto rápida . A m otorbike that runs fast. Una m oto q ue c orre rá pida .
170
1) That's ............. a - Eno ug h b - Enoug her c - Eno ug hing 2) It's not ..........................long. a - To b - Too c - As 3) It's .........fair. a - No b - None c - Not 4) In the USA there are ...........public and p rivate universities. a - Bo th b - All c - Eve ry 5) ...............is the University? a - Where b - When c - Whom 6) ............all c ars here are automatic. a - Nea rly b - Near c - Close 7) It says .......diving ! a - Not b - No c - Any 8) ............would I. a - So b - As c - Some 9) I suppose ....... a - As b - So c - So as so 10) My wife fee ls ..........nervous ab out d riving in England . a - Too b - To c - To o th 11) There is ...........a variety of things. 171
a - Suc h b - So c - Very 12) Tha t girl is ............................pretty. a - As b - So m a ny c - So 13) I............smoke......drink alcohol. a - Eithe r-nor b - Neither-nor c - Neithe r-nir 14) They we nt he c inem a….. a - Now b – Yeste rda y c - Tomorrow 15) ¿Cuál es la correc ta? a - The house is b ig e noug h b - The house is enoug h b ig c - The house e nough b ig 16) ¿Cóm o se d enom inan a los siguientes ad verbios: almost , only , nearly , enough , fa r , just , quite , rather , so , too , very , etc? a - De frec uenc ia b - De grad o c - De mod o 17) ......Horac io and Pep e g o to Elche on Mo nda y. a - All b - Bo th c - None 18) This wine is........Rioja or Ribera del Duero. a - Eithe r b - Neither c - So 19) We ..................spea k Va lenc iano nor Frenc h. a - Eithe r b - Neither c - Nor 20) I ....................smoke no r drink wine. a - Neither b - Eithe r c - So 21) His Frenc h is very..... 172
a - Well b - Good c - Bet te r 22) My daug hters are .......sleep ing . a - Quietly b - Quiet c - Quiete r 23) They p repare the ga zpa c hos...... a - Perfect b - Perfec tly c - Perfec ting 24) My friend Tom ás is a .........drive r. a - Ca refully b - Ca re c - Ca reful 25) Tom Cruise a nd Nic ole Kidm an were.......married until they g ot a divorce. a - Hap py b - Ha ppily c - Hap ili 26) He is alwa ys very......and send s me a Jab ugo ham on Novemb er the 30th. a - Kindly b - Ka ind c - Kind 27) She is ve ry......in Eng lish. a - Fluently b - Fluent c - Flue nt s 28) We never spea k..........about our friend s. a - Bad d er b - Badly c - Worse 29) Inma likes Nesquick b ec ause it melts................. a - Quic k b - Quic kly c - Quicker tha n 30) She never has.........to buy wha t she need s. a - Money enough b - Enoug h mo ney c - Enoug h mo nei 31) Eve ryb od y has ..........to ma ke the beds. a - Now 173
b - Yeste rda y c - Best 32) There are.......good and ba d m ethods of learning a lang uag e. a - All b - Neither c - Bo th 33) Everyb od y spe nt the afternoon... a - Hap pier b - Hap py c - Happ ily 34) It wa s.............unde rstood b y all the students. a - Easy b - Easily c - Ea sier tha t 35) It had b een .........dec ided that a Ford Fiesta wa s the best option. a - Quic k b - Quicker c - Quic kly 36) The party was.........planned. a - Wond erfully b - Wonde r c - Wond erful 37) ........it is not very c lear if you a re entitled or not to inherit the m oney. a - Leg ally b - Leg a l c - Leg aly 38) I don't think so...... a - Persona lly b - Persona l c - Persona ly 39) He drives.......... a - Fast b - Fa sting c - Fa ste st 40) We alwa ys arrive............... a - Ea rly b - Earliest c - The ea rlier 41) My p arents work.............. a - Ha rd b - Ha rd er than 174
c - The ha rd 42) Ma ría Callas sang .................... a - Bea utifully b - Bea utiful c - Bea tifuler
175
Soluciones 1. A 11.A 21.B 31.A 41.A
2. B 12.C 22.A 32.C 42.A
3. C 13.B 23.B 33.C
4. A 14.B 24.C 34.B
5. A 15.A 25.B 35.C
6. A 16.B 26.C 36.A
7. B 17.B 27.B 37.A
8. A 18.A 28.B 38.A
9. B 19.B 29.B 39.A
10.A 20.A 30.B 40.A
176
YET, STILL, ALREADY, DURING Y AGO Yet. I haven't finished the job yet. Va al final de la oración en No he a ca ba do el trab ajo todavía. interrogativas y negativas. Con el Have yo u seen her yet? pretérito p erfec to, aún, tod a vía . ¿La ha s visto ya ? Still. Va d etrás d el verbo to be . Tod a vía .
My sister is still working . Mi herma na e stá tod avía trab ajando .
Va e ntre sujeto y verb o e n afirma tivas I still love he r. Tod a vía la q uiero. e interrog a tiva s Do they still live in Sax? ¿Viven ellos to d a vía en Sa x? He still hasn’t pa id. Va d etrás d el sujeto en neg a tivas. Da Él tod avía no ha p ag ad o. énfasis Already. This c ar is alrea dy too o ld. Va d etrás de t o b e . Este c oc he e s ya dem a siad o viejo. Already. En posición final enfa tiza .
He has the tick ets already . Él ya tiene las entrad a s.
Already. I have alread y b oug ht the grap es. Se coloca entre el auxiliar y el verbo Ya he c om p ra d o las uvas. en a firma tivas e inte rrog a tivas. Have you a lread y b ought the book s? ¿Has c om prad o ya los libros? During. During the summer I go to Santa Pola . Indica un período de tiempo dentro Dura nte e l verano voy a Sa nta Pola. de otro. Ago. Se c oloca al final de la orac ión.
I went to Elche two d ays ag o. Fui a Elche ha c e d os día s.
177
1) He is ..........in bed . He ha s bee n sleeping all night long. a - Yet b - Still c - Alrea d y 2) She is ................wa iting for the b us. a - Yet b - Still c - Sinc e 3) They ..................go to the m ounta ins althoug h they are 80. a - Still b - Yet c - Alrea d y 4) Have you done your hom ework...................? a - Still b - Yet c - Alrea d y 5) I am .............working there but I will c hang e very soon. a - Still b - Yet c - Alrea d y 6) Has he c om e..............? a - Yet b - Still c - Alrea d y 7) They are.....................playing football. a - Yet b - Still c - Alrea d y 8) He ha s.....................c om e bac k from sc hool. a - Alrea d y b - Yet c - St ill 9) I' ve worked in Elche ...................six yea rs. a - Sinc e b - For c - Ag o 10) l lived here in San Franc isc o ...................three months. a - For b - Sinc e c - Ag o 11) I've wo rked in the same fac tory ...................1970. 178
a - Sinc e b - For c - Ag o 12) He's been ab road ...................five yea rs. a - For b - Sinc e c - Ag o 13) I studied Frenc h .............twelve yea rs. a - Sinc e b - For c - Ag o 14) I' ve known her ..............1982. a - Ag o b - Sinc e c - For 15) I've lived in Elda ...................I was a c hild. a - Sinc e b - For c - Ag o 16) We ha ve not been in Rom e ...........we we re ma rried . a - For b - Sinc e c - Ag o 17) I've kno wn them ................years. a - Ag o b - For c - Sinc e 18) We have b een pa inting the roo m ...........2 months. a - Ag o b - Sinc e c - For 19) I studied Italian ........a c oup le of months. a - For b - Sinc e c - Ag o 20) She ha s bee n working here ...................she left sc hool. a - For b - Sinc e c - Ag o 21) I have b een working in the restaurant ................six months. a - For 179
b - Ag o c - Sinc e 22) He ha s been in prison..................nine yea rs. a - Ag o b - Sinc e c - For 23) I haven't b ee n to Taba rca .................I was at the University. a - Sinc e b - For c - Ag o 24) I haven't see n my friend María ...................several ye ars. a - Sinc e b - For c - Ag o 25) We live d in Villena ........................1950. a - For b - Sinc e c - Ag o 26) I have bee n writing a nove l .................seven years. a - Ag o b - For c - Sinc e 27) They ha ve b ee n going to England ...................1983. a - Sinc e b - Ag o c - For 28) Horac io has been wa iting for his wife......................8 o'c loc k. a - Sinc e b - For c - Ag o 29) Pepic a ha s lived in Salina s........................................she was ten years old. a - For b - Sinc e c - Ag o 30) They are ma rried . They got married six mo nths ........ a - For b - Sinc e c - Ag o 31) My sister ha s bee n rea ding a boo k ...........................a long time. a - Ag o b - For 180
c - Sinc e 32) I've bee n swim ming every Frida y ............................I wa s thirteen. a - Sinc e b - For c - Ag o 33) She is in London now . She a rrived there four days ................ a - For b - Sinc e c - Ag o 34) Clem ente has bee n writing a n article ........................Sep tem ber. a - Ag o b - For c - Sinc e 35) Ana has bee n working in Elche..................................9 o'c loc k. a - For b - Sinc e c - Ag o 36) Rosi ha s been buying presents...................................Christmas. a - Sinc e b - For c - Ag o 37) Ma ríano ha s bee n pla ying tennis ...............................he was thirty. a - Ag o b - Sinc e c - For 38) Jesús has bee n wo rking in this projec t..............Oc tober. a - Sinc e b - Ag o c - For 39) She's bee n in London .....................Monday. a - For b - Sinc e c - Ag o 40) It is raining . It started an hour ............... a - Ag o b - For c - Sinc e 41) He has been ill .........a lo ng tim e. a - For b - Sinc e c - Ag o 181
42) Ma nolín has lived in Aspe ..................................15 yea rs. a - Sinc e b - For c - Ag o 43) That old house has been empty .............ma ny years. a - Ag o b - Sinc e c - For 44) Pili is in her office. She's bee n there ..............7 o'c loc k. a - Ag o b - For c - Sinc e 45) The bus is late. We've been waiting .........................20 minutes. a - Sinc e b - For c - Ag o 46) Tere is here. She ha s bee n in Majorca ..........6 months a - For b - Ag o c - Sinc e 47) I know Pep e. I first met him two yea rs .............. a - Sinc e b - For c - Ag o 48) I have a c amera. I have it .............................................1985. a - Sinc e b - Ag o c - For 49) Laura is studying M edic ine ............................1987. a - Ag o b - For c - Sinc e 50) I've been learning English.............................January. a - For b - Ag o c - Sinc e 51) My b rother's been working in Alic ante ................2 years. a - For b - Sinc e c - Ag o 182
52) We've been trying to buy a house..................yea rs now. a - Sinc e b - For c - Ag o 53) I've only b een cyc ling to work......................two months. a - For b - Sinc e c - Ag o 54) Haven't you do ne it ....................? a - Ag o b - Yet c - For 55) It's very ea rly, are yo u in bed …..? a - Yet b - Alrea d y c – Still 56) We haven't see n the new Harry Potte r film ... a - Yet b - Alrea d y c - Still 57) It's late and Juan is ...........in be d. a - Alrea d y b - Still c - Yet 58) It's very late a nd your brothe r is...... a - Still in b ed b - Still in the b ed c - Alrea d y in be d 59) How long ha s Pep e been in hospital? ........seven days. a - Ag o b - For c - Sinc e 60) It rained a lot.......the night. a - For b - Sinc e c - During 61) ........our stay in Lond on we visited many museums. a - Sinc e b - During c - For 183
62) He ...........works in the same com pany. a - Still b - For c - Yet 63) Are they.........waiting for the doc tor? a - Still b - Yet c - Alrea d y 64) I have n't read the b ook ab out Garzon...... a - Yet b - Still c - Alrea d y 65) I haven't written my Christmas c ards...... a - Still b - Yet c - Alrea d y 66) My ford fiesta is.........very old . a - Alrea d y b - Still c - Yet 67) I ................know the answe r. a - Still b - Alrea d y c - Yet 68) The lea thers c ame five minutes... a - Sinc e b - For c - Ag o 69) It's at least five month s ......I met her for the last time . a - Sinc e b - For c - Ag o 70) I ha ven't finished........ a - Yet b - Alrea d y c - Still
184
Soluciones 1. B 11.A 21.A 31.B 41.A 51.A 61.B
2. B 12.A 22.C 32.A 42.B 52.B 62.A
3. A 13.B 23.A 33.C 43.C 53.A 63.A
4. B 14.B 24.B 34.C 44.C 54.B 64.A
5. A 15.A 25.B 35.B 45.B 55.A 65.B
6. A 16.B 26.B 36.A 46.A 56.A 66.A
7. B 17.B 27.A 37.B 47.C 57.B 67.B
8. A 18.C 28.A 38.A 48.A 58.A 68.C
9. B 19.A 29.B 39.B 49.C 59.B 69.A
10.A 20.B 30.C 40.A 50.C 60.C 70.A
185
EL IMPERATIVO •
Se usa para dar órdenes y hacer sugerencias o consejos. Carece d e forma interrogativa.
AFIRMATIVA
NEGATIVA
Infinitivo sin t o .
Do not + Inf sin t o .
Go home. Ve a c asa.
Don’t drink too muc h. No beb as d ema siad o.
Come here. Ven a quí. Let’s go hom e, it’s late. Vaya mo s a c a sa es ta rd e.
FORMA ENFÁTICA Do go hom e. Vete a c asa ya.
•
El imp erat ivo p ued e servir pa ra ha c er sugerenc ias, invitac iones, rueg os.
•
Do se
p ued e usar c on e l verbo t o b e
Do be quiet. Está te q uieto . Don’t be c ruel to her. No sea s c ruel c on e lla . •
Si utiliza mos you ind ica irrita c ión.
Don’t you g o. No se te oc urra ir. •
El imperativo de la primera persona de plural se hace con let’s. La nega tiva con let’ s not .
186
Let’s go. Vayamos
187
1) Let's ....... a - Thinks b - Thinking c - Think 2) ..............that music d own plea se. a - Play b - Turn c - Put 3) Let's ..............a go od restaurant, I am very hung ry. a - Find ing b - Found c - Find 4) Why don't we g o to the bea c h and ..............a swim. a - Ha ve b - Has c - Ha d 5) Let's .........home. a - Went b - Go c - Gone 6) Boys, ......................here. a - Come b - To c om e c - Comes 7) Manolo, .................go to the d isc o tonight. a - Let us b - We let's c - We let 8) Pep ita, ...down here. a - Sitt ing b - Sit s c - Sit 9) ........here at onc e. a - Come b - Co ming c - To c ime 10) …….the roo m b efore 7.00. a - Clea n b - Clea ning c - Cleans 11) Let.................come. 188
a - Her b - She c - Hers 12) Let................go. a - Him b - He c - His 13) Let's......go to the c inem a, it's better a d isc o. a - Not b - No c - None 14) ......a g irlfriend who share your hobbies. a - Choose b - To c hoose c - Choo sing 15) ......your mouth c lose a ll the time , only answer if the tea c hes asks you. a - Keep b - To kee p c - Keep s 16) Please.......................on the lights. a - To switc h b - Switc h c - Sw itc hing 17) Don't forget ...............the letters. a - Poste d b - To p ost c - Po sts
189
Soluciones 1. C 11.A
2. B 12.A
3. C 13.A
4. A 14.A
5. B 15.A
6. A 16.B
7. A 17.B
8. C
9. A
10.A
190
EL PRESENTE SIMPLE •
Eq uivale a l present e d e ind ic a tivo. Se fo rma c on el sujeto má s el infinitivo. La te rce ra p ersona d el singular, ( he , she , e it ) aña d en “ -s” o “ -es” . Las reg la s ortog ráfic a s q ue a prend iste en la forma c ión d el plura l son la s misma s q ue se aplican en este caso a los verbos. Los verbos que terminan en “-ss”, “sh”, “ -c h”, “-“x, “ -o“ añad en “ -es” en la terc era p ersona de l singular:
AFIRMATIVA
Sujeto + Inf sin to He , she , it
(es)
I play tennis. Yo jueg o a l tenis.
añaden (s) o He kisses his mother. Él be sa a su mad re. He watches TV everyda y. Él ve la tele todos los días.
NEGATIVA
Sujet o + d o + no t + Inf sin I don’t like c oc ido. No me g usta el c oc ido . to . He , She , It usan does.
He d oesn’t love her. Él no la q uiere. He doesn’t want to co me. Él no q uiere venir. He d oesn’t rea d m uc h. Él no lee muc ho.
+ no t contrae en We don’t smo ke. Nosotros no fuma mos. don’t. Do
Does + no t doesn’t .
INTERROGATIVA
contra en He doesn’t co ok. Él no c oc ina .
Do + S + Inf sin t o .
Do you love m e? ¿Me q uieres?
191
PRINCIPALES USOS Indicar hábitos o costumbres.
I never go to the university by c ar. Yo nunca voy en coche a la Universidad.
Pa ra indic a r verda d es universa les.
The sun rises eve ryday. El sol sa le tod os los d ía s.
Pa ra p lanes futuros.
The play beg ins at 8 and end s at 10.30. La ob ra c om ienza a las 8 y ac a b a a las 10.30.
Pa ra c onta r histo ria s, c uento s, c histe s, A wa iter asks a c ouple. Un ca ma rero le p reg unta a la p a reja. ac ontec imientos d ep ortivos, etc . En e l lla ma d o presente històric o.
Colom bus disc ove rs Am erica in 1492. Co lón d esc ubre Am éric a en 1492.
Horarios.
The p lane leaves at 7.00. El avión sa le a las 7.00.
Co n refranes.
Time flies. El tiemp o vue la .
•
Se suele usar co n a d verb ios o frases a dverb iales ta les c om o
Always. Siempre.
Never. Nunca.
Often. Con frecuencia. Frequently. On Sundays. Sometimes. Frecuentemente. Los domingos. A vec es.
Occasionally. Every d ay . Ocasionalmente. Cada día. Seldom. Ra ra ve z.
In winter. En invierno.
Usually. Normalmente. He alwa ys goes to Benido rm in summer. Siem p re va a Benidorm en ve ra no. She never tells me wha t to do. Ella nunc a m e d ic e lo q ue tengo que ha c er. 192
We p lay footba ll every da y. Jug a mo s a l fútbo l tod os los d ía s. •
Cuand o un verbo termina en “ -y” d etrás de una c onsonante, cam biamos la “ -y” e n “ -i” , y aña dimos “ -es” .
I c opy , he copies. Yo c op io, él c op ia. I try, he tries. Yo lo intent o, él lo inten ta . •
Sin em b a rgo , los verbos q ue te rminan e n “ y” d etrás d e una voc a l sig uen la reg la ge neral.
I play, he p lays. Yo jueg o, él jueg a . I ob ey, he ob eys. Yo o bed ezc o, él ob edec e. •
Deb id o a su signific a d o, algunos verbo s usa n siem p re la fo rma ha b itua l a l no a d mitir la s forma s c ontinuas.
I love y ou. Te q uiero. She likes me. Me g usta I believe y ou. Te c reo.
193
1) I ......................like liver. a - Does b - Doing c - Do not 2) ...........you like to go to the cinema? a - Does b - Do c - Are 3) What........your brother do? a - Do b - Does c - Is 4) Where .........you live? a - Is b - Do c - Does 5) What lang uag es ........you spea k? a - Does b - Are c - Do 6) He............to the University. a - Goes b - Go c - Is g o 7) The Harry Potter film.........150 minutes. a - Ta kes b - Ta ke c - Ta king 8) My wife.............at Azorín High Sc hool. a - Tea c hes b - Tea ch c - Is tic hing 9) Som etim es he.......his girlfriend w ho is stuying in England. a - Missing b - Misses c - Miss 10) There.......not sharks in Tabarca. a - Is b - Are c - Am 11) We........friend s during our holidays. 194
a - Visiting b - Visit c - Is visiting 12) In summer, my da ughter ...........her friend Roc ío. a - Miss b - Misses c - Is missed 13) Laura ........magazines at night. a - Rea d ing b - Rea d c - Rea d s 14) The Ma ths tea c her never.......late. a - Come b - Comes c - Is c om eing 15) He............the best playe r in Elda. a - Is b - Are c - Am 16) I ...............................living in Elda. a - Likes b - Like c - Liking 17) Mike .........potatoes and tomatoes in his c ottage s. a - Grow b - Grow s c - Grou nig 18) Where........? a - Doe s he lives b - Does he living c - Does he live 19) Whic h c ar ................................at the mom ent? a - Are you have ing b - Do you have c - Is ha ving yo u 20) What ..........................................for a living? a - Doe s you d o b - Do you do c - Do you do es 21) I ...............................that this President will win again. a - Doe s not think 195
b - Do no t thinks c - Do no t think 22) He .............most of the homework with his mother. a - Does b - Doing c - Do 23) I ..........................like Opera, I prefer Jazz. a - Dis b - Do c - Do not 24) You ............................................know him . a - Don b - Do not c - Doe s not 25) I .............................enjoy the film . a - Doe s not b - Do not c - Am 26) I .............................want to study Frenc h. a - Does b - Do c - Do not 27) Teresa ..........................................smoke. a - Do b - Doe s not c - Did w ill 28) My mother .................................wear glasses. a - Do b - Does c - Doe s not 29) Pepi..............................swim very fast. a - Do b - Doe s not c - Do 30) .........................you like football? a - Does b - Do c - Are 31) ...................Pep e read the paper? a - Do b - Does 196
c - Is 32) Julia...........................drink wine. a - Do b - Does c - Doe s not 33) The doc tor ...................................smoke at all. a - Do b - Doe s not c - Are 34) Vladimir.......................................run a lot. a - Doe s not b - Do not c - Is no t 35) My sister.......................................travel muc h. a - Doe s d o b - Doe s not c - Are no t 36) José Luis.......................................visit his rela tives very often. a - Doe s not b - Do not c - Is w ill 37) I ............................eat mea t. a - Do not b - Doe s not c - Will d o 38) Where ...................................? a - Do he lives b - Doe s he lives c - Does he live 39) I ...............................…..........muc h of him as a writer. a - Doe s not think b - Do no t think c - Thinking 40) I ............................to the swim ming p oo l every da y at 5.00. a - Go ing b - Goes c - Go 41) I think he ................................too ha rd at the m om ent. a - Works b - Is w orking c - Does working 197
42) ............................wha t he's saying? a - Do yo u und ersta nd b - Doe s you und ersta nd c - Did you und ersta nd 43) I ca n't answe r the p hone right now , I .................................a bath. a - Am ha veing b - Am having c - Ha ving 44) Excuse me...........................................Italian? a - Sp ea king b - Doe s you spea k c - Do you spea k 45) They ...............................television very ofte n. a - Doe s not wa tc h b - Do not wa tches c - Do not wa tch 46) Somebody...............................to us. a - Is listens b - Liste ns c - Is listening 47) She..........................to go home now. a - Is w a nts b - Is w a nte d c - Wa nts 48) How often ........................................a magazine? a - Do you read b - Doe s you read c - Did you rea ds 49) I'm sorry, I ............................................ a - Am not unde rsta nd b - Doe s not und ersta nd c - Do not unde rsta nd 50) Peter.............................................National Geographic? a - Doe s you rea ds b - Do you rea d s c - Do you rea d 51) What time ......................................work every day? a - Doe s she finishes b - Do she finish c - Does she finish 198
52) They.............................................lots of beer in Grea t Britain. a - Drinks b - Drink c - Drinking 53) He ..............to the University. a - Goes b - Go c - Go ing 54) The film ..........................................sixty -one minutes. a - Ta king b - Ta kes c - Ta ke 55) Elia...........................at Azorín High Sc hool. a - Tea c h b - Tea c hing c - Tea c hes 56) Sometimes he ...............................his girlfriend . a - Misses b - Misse c - Missing 57) It ..................................always sunny in Alic ante. a - Are b - Is c - Were 58) We ...........................friends during our holidays. a - Visiting b - Visit c - Are visit 59) Ma nolo and Ana ......................the festivities a lot. a - Are like b - Like c - Liking 60) I .......................................................living in Elda. a - Likes b - Is like c - Like 61) I ..............................to the San Juan Bea c h every July with my family. a - Goes b - Go c - Go ing 199
62) Malena ........................................a lot of icec reams. a - Ea ting b - Ea t s c - Ea t 63) I'm ........I will. a - Sure b - Suring c - Here 64) I ...........like kid ney p ie. a - Don't b - Doesn't c - Ha s 65) ..........you like bacon? a - Does b - Do c - Are 66) ............you like hamburguers? a - Does b - Is c - Do 67) Don't ...............to him. a - Liste ne d b - Liste n c - Liste ning 68) What do you do for a .............? a - Living b - Live c - Liver 69) What does your father ...........? a - Do b - Does c - Doing 70) You really .........celebrate Christmas. a - Do b - Does c - Not 71) I ............you like it. a - Hop e b - Hop es c - Hop ing 72) I ..........hope you've go t everything now, Pep e. 200
a - Did b - Do c - Does 73) Everyone ...........paella and ham in Spa in. a - Loves b - Lo ve c - Loving 74) 5.900 ...............insuranc e a nd unlim ited mileage . a - Inc luding b - Inc lud es c - Inc lud e 75) Juan, ...........................champagne on Christma s day? a - Are you g oing to d rink b - Drink you c - You d rink 76) Every day he ....................after he finishes at the office. a - Is g oing to run b - Run c - Runs 77) How muc h money ........................you spe nd on c lothes ? a - Do b - Don't c - Does 78) She usually ...................fresh bread every da y. a - Buys b - Boug ht c - Buying 79) Ismael ..............20 Kms a wee k. a - Run b - Ra n c - Runs 80) Oscar alwa ys ...................tennis a - Play b - Plays c - Is p lay 81) It ..............a lot in winte r in Boc airente. a - Sno w s b - Is sno wed c - Is sno wing 82) What ..............you do on Mond ay eve ning? 201
a - Don't b - Do c - Does 83) I wa nt you to .................to my party. a - Came b - Co ming c - Come 84) I c an't .......c hoc olate. a - Resist b - Resisting c - Resisted 85) I ................................a letter to my friend onc e a month. a - Write b - Writing c - Am w rite
202
Soluciones 1. C 11.B 21.C 31.B 41.B 51.C 61.B 71.A 81.A
2. B 12.B 22.A 32.C 42.A 52.B 62.B 72.B 82.B
3. B 13.C 23.C 33.B 43.B 53.A 63.A 73.A 83.C
4. B 14.B 24.B 34.A 44.C 54.B 64.A 74.A 84.A
5. C 15.A 25.B 35.B 45.C 55.C 65.B 75.A 85.A
6. A 16.B 26.C 36.A 46.C 56.A 66.C 76.C
7. A 17.B 27.B 37.A 47.C 57.B 67.B 77.A
8. A 18.C 28.C 38.C 48.A 58.B 68.A 78.A
9. B 19.B 29.B 39.B 49.C 59.B 69.A 79.C
10.B 20.B 30.B 40.C 50.C 60.C 70.A 80.B
203
BE GOING TO •
•
Su estruc tura e s Sujeto + Be + Going t o + Inf sin to . Básicamente se usa para indicar acciones planeadas en un futuro cercano.
Cuando se tiene intención de hacer I am go ing to visit my friend. Voy a visitar a m i a migo . algo. Para prede c ir algo . Con un inmediato.
futuro
It’s go ing to rain. Va a llove r. relativamente She is going to get married next Sunday. Se va a c asa r el próximo sá ba d o.
204
EL PRESENTE CONTINUO •
Al igua l que tod os los tiem p os c ontinuos, está formad o p or t o b e e “ -ing ” .
Afirmativa.
Sujeto + Am, Is, Are + I am read ing. Estoy leyendo. Verbo + Ing .
Negativa.
Sujet o + Am , Is, Are + Not I am not c ooking. No estoy co c inand o. + Verb o + Ing .
Interrogativa.
Am, Is, Are + Sujeto + Are you listening to m e? ¿Me e stá s esc uc ha nd o? Verbo + Ing .
PRINCIPALES USOS Acciones no acabadas enc uentra n en proc eso.
que
se I am p aying my flat. Estoy p a g a nd o m i c a sa . I am reading a good b ook. Esto y leye nd o un b uen libro.
Ac c iones planific a d as.
I'm playing golf with my friend Edua rdo next Sunda y. Voy a jugar al golf con mi amigo Edua rd o e l próximo d om ingo .
Quejas sob re ac c ione s q ue se rep iten. They a re a lways com plaining and asking for more. Siem p re se e stá n quejand o y p id iend o más. Situaciones temporales.
•
I’m staying at a hotel because I’m having m y house b uilt. Estoy viviend o e n un ho tel p orque me está n c on struyend o m i c a sa .
Suele ir a c om pañado d e expresione s c om o:
205
Now. Ahora .
At the mo me nt. En este mo me nto.
Right now. Justo a hora.
206
1) The dog......now. a - Is b a rking b - Is b a rks c - Ba rking 2) Roc ío ............the potatoes. a - Is c ut ting b - Is c utt ed c - Is c ut s 3) Ma rta..................in the street. a - Is d a nc ed b - Is d a nc e c - Is d a nc ing 4) I..................to my mother's house. a - Am g o b - Are go ing c - Am go ing 5) Isabel...............a chocolate cake. a - Is ea ting b - Is ea t c - Is a te 6) We..................a film on Tele Elda. a - Are w at c hing b - Are w atc hed c - Wa tc heing 7) You..................too muc h. a - Are wo rk b - Are w orking c - Are wo rked 8) I am .................my c om position. a - Coe ing b - Doing c - Duing 9) Ma ría Teresa................a new b oo k. a - Are w riting b - Is w rite ing c - Is w riting 10) Som eo ne ...............................ca n you open the d oor? a - Ring b - Is ring ing c - Are ring 11) I ..................................a shower. 207
a - Am having b - Has c - Ha s ha ving 12) Be careful, a lorry ...............................................very fast. a - Come b - Com eing c - Is c om ing 13) Can you spe ak up, please? My e lder daughter................a terribe noise. a - Is ma king b - Ta king c - Is ma keing 14) I ................................at the m om ent. a - Am smoking b - Smokeing c - Smoking 15) He is ......................of getting married soon. a - Think b - Thinking c - Tho ug ht 16) All this noise ....................................................your grandmother now. a - Annoys b - Is a nno ying c - Annoyed 17) He .....................................fat. a - Get b - Is g et ting c - Ge ts 18) Ca rol ..........................................................................a lot of ic ecrea ms lately. a - Are e a ting b - Is ea ting c - Ea t 19) We.....................................to the new restaurant next month. a - Are go ing b - Go c - Will go 20) We ..................................chess in the new tournament. a - Are g oing to p lay b - Plays c - Would p lays 21) They ................................her at the a irport tom orrow morning . 208
a - Meet b - Are m ee ting c - Meets 22) I ...................................a Harley in Nove mber. a - Am d riving b - Is d riving c - Driving 23) I ..............................him a Ma ría Callas CD for his birthda y. a - G ive b - Giving c - Am g iving 24) The new tea cher.................................at seven. a - Come b - Is c om eing c - Is c om ing 25) We ...........................som e money to c harities. a - Gives b - Are g iveing c - Are g iving 26) You .................................................a motorbike if you p ass your exa ms. a - Ha s ha ve b - A re ha ving c - Ha s 27) They ...........................to Ma jorc a with all their friend s. a - Are go ing b - Goes c - Are g o 28) He ...............smoking next year. a - G ive b - Is g iveing up c - Is g iving up 29) I ..........................her a new Polo for her birthd ay. a - Buys b - Am b uying c - Buy 30) My friend ...............................................next summer with his family. a - Is c oming b - Come c - Co ming 31) I ............................lunc h with him in La Sire na . a - Ha ve 209
b - Am having c - Ha s 32) My friend ....................................a party next Saturday. a - Is c eleb ra ting b - Is c eleb ret eing c - Is c eleb rate 33) Ma ría José and Ma rcia l ..............................ma rried next week in Santa Ana 's. a - Get b - Are g etting c - Are g eting 34) The King............................................Elda during the Festivities. a - Is visiting b - Is visitt ing c - Is visit 35) We ........................................the car on Sund ay. a - Cleans b - Are c lea ning c - Are c lea nning 36) Mike .................................................a new book. a - Write b - Is w riting c - Is w rtitte ing 37) I ............................with the new boss tomorrow. a - Ea t b - Ea ting c - Am ea ting 38) The sun ...............................................this afternoon. a - Shine b - Is shineing c - Is shining 39) The wa iter ..............................................a b ottle of Rioja wine. a - Bring b - Bring ed c - Is b ring ing 40) Alejandro Sanz ...............................................a new album in Ma rch. a - Relea se b - Is relea seing c - Is relea sing 41) The weather forec ast says it .....................................this afternoon. a - Ra ins b - Is raining 210
c - Would rain 42) Teresa and Horac io .........................................friend s for dinner tonig ht. a - Has b - Are ha ving c - Ha veing 43) My wife...............................................a party for our daughters. a - Prep a re b - Is p rep a re c - Is p rep a ring 44) He .....................................a new CD now. a - Liste ns b - Is liste ning c - Are liste ning 45) Horatio ..........................................a shower at the moment. a - Is ha s b - Is ha ving c - Ha s 46) I .....................a good CD. a - Am liste ning t o b - I a m liste n c - Liste ning 47) I .........................................................how to get to Alic ante. a - Am explaining b - Expla ins c - Doe s expla in 48) He ......................................the vio lin in another orchestra. a - Play b - Is p laying c - Played s 49) I can't, I .....................................a shower. a - Am ha ve b - Am having c - Am has 50) Sarah, be q uiet I ............................on the phone. a - Ta lk b - Am ta lks c - Am ta lking 51) A motorbike .............................................................very fast. a - Comes b - Come 211
c - Is c om ing 52) These children .........................a terribe noise. a - Are m ake b - Are ma keing c - Are ma king 53) He is .....................of buying a house. a - Thinks b - Thinking c - Think 54) This music .................................................................your father. a - Is a nno ying b - Annoy c - Annoyeind 55) My friend Juan ............................................fat. a - Are g etting b - Ge tting c - Is g e tt ing 56) We ..............................................................to the new restaurant. a - Go ing b - Are go ing c - Goes 57) My sister ...........................................................a c hocolate cake for my birthday. a - Ma ke b - Is ma king c - Is ma keing 58) I ..........................tennis lessons in sum mer. a - Ta kes b - Is ta king c - Am ta king 59) She .................................with us next April in Cazorla. a - Is fishing b - Fishes c - Fish 60) They ................................her at the a irport tom orrow morning . a - Meet b - Are m ee ting c - Meet 61) The football ma tc h ................................at 6:00. a - Sta rts b - Are sta rting c - Is sta rt 212
62) I ................................her a new watch in the party. a - G ive b - Gives c - Am g iving 63) We ....................................som e books to the Public Library. a - A re g iving b - Gives c - Giving 64) The c hild ren ............................................their holidays in Benidorm. a - Are g oing to be gin b - Is b eginning c - Beg ins 65) She.........................to visit us in May. a - Is c om eing b - Comed c - Is c om ing 66) They .................................to Alpera with all their friends. a - Are g o b - Are go ing c - Is g oing 67) He................................................smoking next year. a - Is g ive u p b - Is g iveing up c - Is g iving up 68) I ..........................her a dia mond ring. a - Am b uy b - Am b uying c - Am buyed 69) Pep e a nd Ma nolo ...................................in Plaza Ma yor at 8.00. a - Mee ting b - Is m ee ting c - Are m ee ting 70) Ca lixta and Ma rcial ...................................ma rried next week. a - Are g et b - Are g etting c - Are g eting 71) He ...............his girlfiend a lot at the m om ent. a - Misses b - Miss c - Is missing 72) I ...............................the grass on Sund ay. 213
a - Am c uting b - Am c utt c - Am c ut 73) They ...............................the c uartelillo . a - Are c lea n b - Are c lea ning c - Are c lea ned 74) I like ..........................................fresh air in the mounta ins. a - Brea the s b - Brea th ing c - Brea the d 75) I'm............for a cup of tea . a - Dyeing b - Dieing c - Dying 76) You are ....................me a lot. a - Anno ying b - Annoy c - Annoys 77) I'm .........to rep ort a traffic ac c ident. a - Ring b - Ring ing c - Ra ng 78) He likes ........and c yc ling. a - Swim b - Swimm ing c - Swims 79) They 'll drive you crazy .............questions about your family. a - Asks b - Asking c - Asked 80) No, I ............................to have a nything to e at today. a - Am no going b - Don't g o c - Am not g oing 81) What ..................wine o r bee r? Wine, please. a - You d rink b - Are you g oing to d rink c - Drinks you 82) The sun is......tod ay 214
a - Shine ing b - Shining c - Sha ining 83) I am ............a Spanish omelette for the pic nic . a - Ma keing b - Ma king c - Meiking 84) I like..........eve ryda y in La Ciud ad Dep ortiva . a - Swim b - To swim c - Swimm ing 85) She hates...........the plates a - Wa shing b - Wash c - To w a sh 86) It is worth.........the Shoe museum, Castelar Square and taste the c hoc ola tes of Totel. a - Go b - To g o c - Go ing 87) ........to write in English is not easy a t the beg inning. a - Ha ve b - Ha ving c - To ha ve
215
Soluciones 1. A 11.A 21.B 31.B 41.B 51.C 61.A 71.C 81.B
2. A 12.C 22.A 32.A 42.B 52.C 62.C 72.A 82.B
3. C 13.A 23.C 33.B 43.C 53.B 63.A 73.B 83.B
4. C 14.A 24.C 34.A 44.B 54.A 64.A 74.B 84.C
5. A 15.B 25.C 35.B 45.B 55.C 65.C 75.C 85.A
6. A 16.B 26.B 36.B 46.A 56.B 66.B 76.A 86.C
7. B 17.B 27.A 37.C 47.A 57.B 67.C 77.B 87.B
8. B 18.B 28.C 38.C 48.B 58.C 68.B 78.B
9. C 19.A 29.B 39.A 49.B 59.A 69.C 79.B
10.B 20.A 30.A 40.C 50.C 60.B 70.B 80.C
216
CONSTRUCCIÓN DE LA FORMA –ING •
Los verbo s q ue ac a ba n en “ -e“ , la sustituyen po r “ -ing “ exc ep to d ye.
Have. Tener.
Having.
Come. Venir.
Coming.
Live. Vivir.
Living.
Practise. Practicar.
Practising.
Dye. Tintar.
Dyeing.
•
Cuand o el verbo ac ab a e n “ -ie” la “ -i” se c onvierte en “ -y”.
Die. Morir
Dying.
Lie. Mentir, pone r la me sa , poner huevos.
Lying.
•
Cuando los verbos acaban en “-y” siguen la regla general, es decir, añad en “ –ing” .
Try. Intentar
Trying.
Study. Estudiar
Studying.
Play. Jugar.
Playing.
Buy.
Buying. 217
Comprar.
•
Ciertos verbos no se suelen usar en los tiempos continuos. Son los d eno minad os verbos d e los sentido s.
Believe. Creer.
Feel. Sentir.
Appear. Aparecer.
Consider. Considerar.
Smell. Oler.
Belong to. Pertenecer.
Depend. Depender.
Love. A m a r.
Have. Tener.
Doubt. Dudar.
Fear. Temer.
Like. Gustar.
Guess. Adivinar.
See. Ver.
Forget. Olvidar.
Hope. Esperar.
Taste. Probar.
Owe. Deber.
Imagine. Imaginar.
Want. Querer.
Cost. Costar.
Prefer. Preferir.
Sound. Sonar.
Know. Saber.
Realise. Darse cuenta.
Dislike. Disgustar.
Own. Poseer.
Remember. Recordar.
Doubt. Dudar.
Wish. Desear.
Suppose. Suponer.
Hear. Oír.
Seem. Parecer.
Think. Pensar.
Hate. Odiar.
Possess. Poseer.
Understand. Comprender. 218
219
EL PASADO SIMPLE •
Equivale a l imp erfec to y el indefinido y se usa c on ac c ione s c onc luida s. Los verbo s reg ulares lo ha c en d e la sig uiente fo rma :
Afirmativa.
I played c hess. Suje to + Inf sin t o + Ed Los acabados en “-e” Jugué a l ajed rez. solo I loved he r. “-d”. Yo la q uería .
Negativa.
Sujet o + Did not , + Inf sin I didn’t go o ut. No salí. t o Did + Not contrae en d i n ’ t .
Interrogativa.
Did + Sujeto
+ Inf sin t o .
Did yo u buy the new CD? ¿Co mp raste el d isc o?
LOS VERBOS IRREGULARES Afirmativa.
S+ 2 columna de la lista I ate the cake . Me c om í el pa stel. d e verbos irregulares. I bought a new house. Compré una nueva casa.
Negativa.
S+ Did + Not + Inf .
I didn’t eat the c ake. No me c om í el pa stel.
Interrogativa.
Did + S + Inf.
Did you eat the c ake ? ¿Te c om iste el p a ste l?
•
Para forma r el pa sa d o d e un verbo regular se a ña d e “ -ed ” a l infinitivo.
I worked . Yo t ra b a jé You wo rked. 220
Tú trab a jaste . •
Los verbos monosílabos, y los bisílabos que terminan en consonante, con a c ento en la última síla b a , dup lic a n la c onsona nte fina l:
Stop , Stop ped Parar.
•
Adm it, Admitted Admitir.
Prefer, Preferred Preferir.
El verbo travel es una exce p c ión, pue s a c entúa en la p rime ra síla b a .
Travel, Travelled Viajar.
•
Si el verbo te rmina en “ -e” sólo se aña de “ -d ” .
I lived in Petrel b ut now I live in Elda . Yo viví en Petrel, p ero a hora vivo e n Elda . •
Los verbo s q ue terminan en “-y” d etrás de una c onsona nte c am bia la “ -y” por “ -i” al añad ir la “ -ed ” :
Try, Trie d. Intentar.
Cry, Cried. Llorar.
Carry, Carried . Llevar.
Study, Studied . Estudiar.
Acciones que se completaron en el We went to Paris last year. Fuimo s a Paris el año pa sa do. pasado Acciones consecutivas
•
I boug ht a c ar and went to Paris. Co mp ré un c oc he y fui a Paris.
Pued e ir a c om p aña d o d e e xp resiones tem p orales d el tip o:
Ago. Hace.
Yesterday. Ayer.
Last winter. El invierno pasado.
In 1984. En 1984.
I went to Paris when I wa s five yea rs old . 221
Fui a Pa ris c ua nd o tenía c inc o años. •
Con d id , d o , does el verbo va siempre en infinitivo. Por lo ta nto la s forma s interrogativas y negativas del presente siempe y pasado simple siempre lleva rá n el verbo en infinitivo.
1) I ..........................danc ing lessons every summer, but now I don't.. a - Ta ke b - Took c - Ta ken 2) She ................................with me to Petrel two days ago. a - Comes b - Came c - Is c a ming 3) They ...........................to Disneyla nd Paris la st April. a - Went b - Goes c - Will go 4) The food ............................................horrible. a - Am b - Was c - Are 5) Last summer the weather ......................................worse than in England. a - Is b - Was c - Will be 6) The Frenc h ...................................Spanish very bad in the past. a - Sp ea ks b - Spoke c - Sp ea king 7) We ............................Tarifa last summer. a - Visited b - Visits c - Vistt ing 8) Sarah ......................a present for her friends in her last visit to Terra Mític a. a - Is b uy b - Boug ht c - Buys will 9) Inmita ..........to a swimm ing poo l in the evening s whe n she wa s 3 yea rs old . a - Went 222
b - Go c - Wenting 10) When we lived in A lic ante m y wife ...........................her mother eve ry night. a - Phone b - Phoned c - Phones will 11) My aunt ...........................................gazpac hos in the Culebrón. a - At e b - Ea t c - Will ea ts 12) Pep i .............................to Alic ante to buy some new c lothe s. a - Go b - Went c - Go will 13) We ...........................her in the ma rket buying m ea t last Saturda y. a – Saw b - See s c - Seeing 14) I ..............................to her and I told her everything. a - Spoke b - Sp ea ks c - Sp ea king 15) We.....................................a lot in England la st summer. a - Enjoying b - Enjoys c - Enjoyed 16) I ...............................in love with her when I saw her. a - Fa ll b - Fell c - Fallen 17) Mr. Ga rcía.....................................a new c om puter for his fac tory. a - Boug ht b - Buy c - Buying 18) Lady Herná ndez...............................her old b oy friend in a restaurant. a - Met b - Mee ting c - Meets 19) Manuel ..................................the lesson w hen I explained it. a - Und ersta nd s b - Und ersto od 223
c - Und ertsa nd ing 20) Ma risa ..............................your boyfriend in Petrel last night. a - Saw b - See s c - See n 21) I ...............................more than eve r last sum mer. a - Swim b - Swimm ing c - Sw a m 22) They .................................to Alic ante when they were young. a - Will go b - Goes c - Went 23) She.........................in the o pera with m e. a - Were b - Was c - Be 24) We ............................many m useums in Japan. a - Seen b - Saw c - See n 25) The doc tor ...........................................us hat it wa s nothing important. a - Tolds b - Telling c - Told 26) My wife and I .....................................in Madrid at 12:00. a - Arrived s b - Arrive d c - Arriving 27) We ............................to buy the house b ut it was too expensive. a - Tryes b - Tried c - Tryed 28) She ................................it wa s hotter than in Alic ante. a - Finds b - Found ing c - Found 29) They ..........................all the night during the Festivities. a - Danc es b - Danc ing 224
c - Danc ed 30) The bus ...........................................in every city. a - Stop p ed b - Sto p p ing c - Stop s 31) It ................................................during the festivies a - Ra ined b - Ra ining c - Ra ineing 32) They ............................to dinner but she feel ill. a - Has c om e b - Came c - Will c om e 33) I ........................................................Valle the Elda last Friday. a - Rea d b - Were read ing c - Red 34) They ..............................to the c inema at 9.00. a - Goes b - Wenting c - Went 35) My parents ...................................................me some money when I got married. a - Giving b - Gaven c - Ga ve 36) Before I ................................they ha d c om e. a - Went b - Go c - Will go 37) When we.....................everything was rea dy at the party. a - Arrive d b - Arrives c - Am a rriving 38) We .................................the present until you rang us. a - Saw b - Did no t see c - Will saw 39) The girls .....................................................a present for their parents. a - Boug ht 225
b - Was b uy c - Wa s buys 40) I .......................................................French before stud ying English. a - Stud ied b - Stud yied c - Stud ies 41) We............................................with him the night before. a - Ea t s b - Ateing c - At e 42) We .......................................your friends that you were out. a - Tells b - Told c - Wa s te eling 43) We.............................in Tele pizza and Tele fónic a until I dec ided to quit. a - Inve ste d b - Nvesting c - Invest 44) We .......................................all morning in Rabosa. a - Walked b - Walking c - Wa s wa lking 45) I ..........them yesterda y. a - Took b - Ta ke c - Ta ken 46) You .........them in the kitc hen this morning. a - Left b - Lea ve c - Lea ves 47) That was the first pla c e I ................. a - Loo k b - Loo ked c - Looking 48) I didn't ..........you. a - Rec og nize b - Rec og nised c - Rec ognising 49) what time did you .......................to the cinem a last night? a - Go b - Went 226
c - Go ing 50) Lázaro. ........................in time yesterda y. a - Arrive d b - Goes c - Arrives 51) Mr. Martínez ......................for a loan, but then, he won the lotte ry. a - Asked b - Asking c - Askeing 52) When d id you ..................your summary of English gra mmar for Ped ro ? a - Finish b - Finishe s c - Finishe d 53) Did yo u ..................in the San Silvestre rac e la st year? a - Run b - Rune d c - Running 54) There ..................only a little c offee in the cup. a - Ha d b - Was c - Were 55) I was go ing to write but the com puter ...............do wn. a - Brea k b - Brea ks c - Broke 56) Ma ry, ..........................to the Co sta Brava last year. a - Went b - Go c - Goes 57) ......yo u born in Elda ? a - Ha d b - Are c - Were 58) The shop w as op en this morning . It ...at 4:45. a - Open b - Was op en c - Opened 59) I ...............at the University from 1980 to 1985. a - Stud ied b - Stud yed c - Stud yed 227
60) I ...............at the traffic light bec ause it was red. a - Sto p ed b - Stop p ed c - Stop p ee d 61) She.......the big bags in our last trave l. a - Carryed b - Carried c - Ca rryeed 62) We........bec ause it wa s getting late. a - Hurryed b - Hurried c - Hurred 63) The thief........he had rob bed all the jewe ls. a - Ad nited b - Ad mitted c - Admited d 64) I ................to London in 1987. a - Go b - Went c - Gone 65) I..........my friend Javi last Sunday. a - See b - Seen c - Sa w 66) He ...................arrive late yesterda y. a - Do b - Does c - Did
228
Soluciones 1. B 11.A 21.C 31.A 41.C 51.A 61.B
2. B 12.B 22.C 32.B 42.B 52.A 62.B
3. A 13.A 23.B 33.A 43.A 53.A 63.B
4. B 14.A 24.B 34.C 44.A 54.B 64.B
5. B 15.C 25.C 35.C 45.A 55.C 65.C
6. B 16.B 26.B 36.A 46.A 56.A 66.C
7. A 17.A 27.B 37.A 47.B 57.C
8. B 18.A 28.C 38.B 48.A 58.C
9. A 19.B 29.C 39.A 49.A 59.A
10.B 20.A 30.A 40.A 50.A 60.B
229
EL PASADO CONTINUO Afirmativa.
Sujet o + Wa s , Were + Ing . I wa s read ing Time . Yo e sta b a leyend o la revista Time .
Negativa.
Sujet o + Wa s , Were + Not I was not sleeping. No estab a d urmiendo. + Ing . Wa s , We re + Sujeto + Ing . Were they p laying c hess? ¿Esta b an juga nd o a l ajedrez?
Interrogativa.
PRINCIPALES USOS Para hab lar ac erc a d e lo q ue estab a I wa s reading w hen she c am e. Yo esta ba leyend o c uand o ella lleg ó. sucediendo. Cuand o d os ac c iones estab an oc urriend o a l mismo tiem p o.
I was reading a novel while she was wa tc hing TV. Yo estaba leyendo una novela mientras ella esta b a viend o la tele.
En d esc rip c iones.
I was riding a c ar and then... Estab a c onduc iendo cua ndo…
•
Cua ndo hab la mo s de d os ac c iones pa sa d as, la má s la rga se e xpresa c on p a sa d o c ontinuo y la m á s c orta en p a sa d o simp le
It wa s raining w hen I went to b ed . Estab a lloviend o c uand o me fui a la c am a . •
Para indica r que una a c c ión suc ed ió d espué s de otra, usam os el pa sa d o simp le en ambos c asos.
Yesterda y I g ot up and had a shower. Ayer me levanté y me d uché . •
Pued e ir co n expresione s tem porales d el tipo :
230
All night. Tod a la noc he.
The who le day . Tod o el d ía .
The whole afternoon. Tod a la ta rd e.
For a long time. Durante muc ho tiempo
1) My wife .................................................a b ath when her mother phoned. a - Wa s ha ving b - Were ha ving c - Wa s to ha ve 2) Inma .................................................to the radio when I came ho me. a - Was liste n b - Was liste ning c - Were liste ning 3) Mike ...............................in the sofa reading a magazine. a - Sit b - Were siting c - Was sitting 4) We ....................................in Almansa whe n my son was born. a - Was living b - Were living c - Living 5) It ................................................dark, so we went home. a - Get d arker b - Go t d a rking c - Was g et ting 6) The dog .....................................when a cat appea red. a - Was runing b - Wa s running c - Were runing 7) They ...............................in a karaoke when the ir friends arrived. a - Was singing b - Were song c - Were singing 8) I ......................................................whe n my mother ca me. a - Wrot e b - Wa s w riting c - Were w riting 9) I .........................................................when the phone rang. a - Got ting d ress b - Wa s get ting d ressed c - Were g et d ressed 231
10) The alarm clock...............................................but I couldn't stop it. a - Ring ing b - Rings c - Was ring ing 11) He ..................................................................TV when his girlfrie nd c ame. a - Were w a tc hing b - Was wa tc hing c - Wa tc hing 12) We....................................and it began to snow. a - Riding b - Were rid ing c - Rod ing 13) She.........................the food before she served it. a - Ta stes b - Ta st e c - Was te sting 14) Yesterday the y ..................................................siesta when I phoned . a - Was sleep ing b - Sleep c - Were sleeping 15) We ................................tennis when she c ame. a - Plays b - Were p laying c - Wil p lay 16) She ...............................letters before you rang . a - Wa s w riting b - Were w riting c - Write s 17) I ......................................................the p ress an hour before. a - Were read ing b - Rea ds c - Wa s rea d ing 18) I ..........wonde ring if you would like to m arry me. a - Be b - Is c - Was 19) I was ................of going abroad. a - Think b - Thinking c - Thinks 232
Soluciones 1. A 11.B
2. B 12.B
3. C 13.C
4. B 14.C
5. C 6. B 15.B 16.A
7. C 17.C
8. B 18.C
9. B 19.B
10.C
233
EL PRESENTE PERFECTO •
•
Este tiempo, al igual que el resto de los tiempos perfectos, hacen referencia a acciones ya acabadas, aunque también se use para ac c iones que c om enzaron en el pa sad o y tod avía tienen co ntinuida d en el p resente. Co mo to d os los tiem p os p erfec to s, se forma c on el verb o t o h a v e y el Pa rticipio Pasa do.
Afirmativa
Sujet o + Have , Has + Pa rticipio Pa sa d o.
I have playe d tennis. He juga d o a l tenis. I have ea ten paella. He c omido p ae lla.
Negativa
Sujet o + Have , Has no t + I have not p layed c hess. No he juga d o a l a jed rez. Pa rticipio Pa sa d o. I have not eaten gazpachos . No he c omido gazpachos.
Interrogativa
Have , Has + Sujeto
+
Pa rticipio Pa sa d o.
Have y ou played golf? ¿Ha s juga do al golf? Have yo u eaten octopus? ¿Has c om id o p ulpo?
PRINCIPALES USOS Ac c iones q ue o c urrieron en e l pa sad o I have ea ten paella. pero se desconoce o no interesa el He c omido p ae lla. mo mento exac to en que oc urrieron. I have visited Paris. He visitado Paris. Acciones que se han repetido en el He ha s visited Ma drid m any times. 234
pa sad o.
Ha id o a Ma d rid muc has vec es.
Con just , indica que la acción ha I have just seen my wife. Aca bo de ver a mi mujer. oc urrido rec ienteme nte.
Con ever . (alguna vez)
Have you ever bee n to Rom e? ¿Ha s esta d o en Rom a a lguna vez?
Con always .
I have a lway s liked the c ountry. Siemp re m e ha gustad o e l c am po .
Con already .
We have alread y finished. Ya hemos ac ab ad o.
•
For y since suelen ac om pa ñar a é ste tiemp o p ara referirse a ac c ione s que emp ezaron en el pa sad o y q ue c ontinuan hasta el mome nto p resente.
How long. Se utiliza para preguntar How long have you been wearing glasses? po r la durac ión. ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que llevas gafas? For. Se e mp lea c on p eríod os de tiemp o. Desde hac e. Since. Nos remo nta a un punto c onc reto en el pa sad o. Desde o d esde q ue.
I have lived in Elda for 40 yea rs. Ha c e 40 años q ue vivo e n Eld a . She ha s had the same c ar sinc e 1987. Tiene e l mismo c oc he d esd e 1987. I have been wearing glasses since October. Llevo ga fas d esd e o c tub re .
235
1) My sister ............................................a c hoc ola te c ake for my b irthday. a - Ha s ma d e b - Ha s b e m a de c - Ha s b ee n ma keing 2) He ha s never ................................................ "Gone with the wind ". a - Seen b - See c - Sa w 3) I have ..........................................................paella every Saturda y for years. a - At e b - Ea t c - Ea te n 4) They have just ............................................around Spain. a - Trave l b - Traveled c - Trave lled 5) He has ............................................Diet Coke sinc e he wa s at University. a - Being d rinking b - Bee n d runk c - Been d rinking 6) Flavio has ............................................his girlfriend. a - Forga ve b - Fo rgive c - Forgiven 7) My mother has ........................................in Petrel all the morning. a - Be b - Been c - Was 8) Their friend s have .......................................a new job in Elc he. a - Finde d b - Found ed c - Found 9) Toni has ...............................................fireworks for the summer party. a - Buyed b - Boug ht c - Boug hting 10) Ca ye tano has ..........................................a new house for his family. a - Build b - Built c - Bou g hts 11) Mario has ........................................................ for the beers in the bar. 236
a - Pa yed b - Pa id c - Paying 12) I ........................................................for this mom ent sinc e I was a child. a - Ha ve w a it b - Ha ve b ee n wa iting c - Ha ve b eing wa iting 13) We ............................in this house sinc e 1997. a - Lived b - Ha ve b eing living c - Ha ve b ee n living 14) He .......................in Terra sinc e 1999. a - Is inve ste d b - Is invest c - Ha s b ee n investing 15) He ......................a bo ok for a lo ng time. a - Writes b - Is w rot e c - Ha s b ee n w riting 16) Luc as .................................................sinc e last summer in this project. a - Ha s b ee n w orking b - Ha s working c - Ha d b ee n wo rking 17) I ....................................................this question ma ny times. a - Ha ve a nswe red b - Ha s a nswer c - Ha d a nswering 18) They ..............................in the same house sinc e they got m arried . a - Ha ve living b - Ha ve lived c - Ha s live d 19) We .....................................a single match this year. a - Ha ven't played b - Ha sn't p lay c - Ha ve p lay 20) They .............................a lot with this tea cher. a - Ha s lea rnt b - Ha ve lea rnt c - Ha ve lea rned 21) We.........................................ma ny g ood film s, but this is the b est one . a - Has see 237
b - Has seen c - Ha ve see n 22) I ......................................................a new TV set this week. a - Have buy b - Have b oug hted c - Have bo ught 23) We .................................. "El Cid " many times in sum mer. a - Ha ve c limb t b - Have c limb ed c - Ha ve c limb ing 24) He ...............................some shoes for his brother. a - Ha s b oug ht b - Ha s b uy c - Have bo ught 25) They ..............................the news in Hello magazine. a - Have rea de d b - Ha ve read c - Ha ve rea dt 26) He has.................................................on we ight sinc e he go t married. a - Put s b - Put c - Put ting 27) Pep e ha s......................................a ne w a partment in Santa Pola. a - Buying b - Boug hte d c - Bought 28) Ma ri Puri has.....................................all the c hoc ola te c akes in the fridg e. a - At e b - Ea ting c - Ea te n 29) Our new neig hbours have ............................with us abo ut their prob lems. a - Spea ken b - Spoken c - Sp ea king 30) My brother- in-law has...................................football in Alic ante. a - Plays b - Played c - Pla yed ing 31) I have.............................four faxe s today to the Consellería. a - Sent 238
b - Send ed c - Sen te d 32) He .................................his book yet. a - Had finished b - Has finishing c – Hasn’ t finishe d 33) Pep e.................................sinc e last summer in this book. a - Ha s b eing wo rking b - Ha s b ee n w orking c - Ha s b e w orking 34) Ma ry ......................................an affair with John sinc e she got her divorce. a - Ha s b ee n ha ving b - Ha ve b eing having c - Ha s b ee n ha veing 35) The ne ighb our's c hildren ...................a terrible noise sinc e we m oved he re. a - Ha s b ee n ma king b - Ha ve b eing ma king c - Ha ve b een m aking 36) Olga ..........................................a pic ture of her da ughter for a month. a - Ha ve b eing p a inting b - Ha s b ee n p a int c - Ha s b ee n p a inting 37) Javi....................................................a lot of money in Russia sinc e 1995. a - Ha s b eing m a king b - Ha s b ee n ma king c - Ha s b e m a king 38) Fermina....her journey sinc e she kne w that we w ere also going the re. a - Ha s b e p rep a ring b - Ha s b eing p rep a ring c - Ha s b ee n prep a ring 39) We...........................................football this morning in "La Sirmat ". a - Has b eing p la ying b - Ha ve b ee n playing c - Ha d b e p la ying 40) Alb erto Na va rro .................................his last book for over fifteen years. a - Ha s b ee n w riting b - Ha s b e w riting c - Ha s b eing writing 41) l have ..........my first ma rathon at the ag e of 42. a - Runing b - Run 239
c - Rune d 42) I..........................Antonio Maestre sinc e we went to don Emilio's sc hool together. a - Know b - Ha ve known c - Ha s b ee n know ing 43) I..........................a lot with these q uic k tests. a - Ha s lea rnt b - Ha ve lea rnt c - Ha ve lea rning 44) They.........................................................me that she has won the lottery. a - Ha ve te ll b – Ha s to ld c – Ha ve to ld 45) We .......................................to mo ve to a b igger house. a - Have d ec ide d b - Has d ec ided c - Will dec id ed 46) How lon g have you ....................there? a - Be b - Being c - Been 47) He's .............. a - Arrive d b - Arrive c - Arrives 48) I've just....................to the manager. a - Spea k b - Spoke c - Spoken 49) Have you ...........my g lasses? a - Seen b - See c - Sa w 50) Have you .............in the be droom ? a - Loo ked b - Loo k c - Looking 51) They have just ...................... a - Disap p ea red b - Disa p p ea r 240
c - Disap p ea reing 52) There has ........a c ar c rash in Juan Carlos I street. a - Be b - Was c - Been 53) What ................happene d to him? he loo ks very sad. a - Is b - Has c - Ha ve 54) A little boy called Jaime .………….....bee n here. a - Is b - Ha ve c - Ha s 55) You ha ve ........a g reat help to a ll of us, thanks a lot. a - Been b - Be c - Was 56) I've .............the CD, but I prefer to see them live. a - Boug ht b - Buy c - Buys 57) I've often ............them on TV, but this is som ething e lse! a - Seen b - See c - Sa w 58) Well, I've ..............packing. a - Finishe d b - Finish c - Finishing 59) He has ...........teac hing m e Spanish. a - Been b - Be c - Was 60) Jaime has never ..................late before. a - Come b - Came c - Comes 61) The Sax train ...........................It’s been ha lf an ho ur la te. a - Arrived ha s just b - Ha s just a rrived c - Ha s a rrived just 241
62) -“ Have ano ther c hoc olate” . -No, thank you very muc h indee d, .............too much. a - I've ea ten b - I ea ten c - I a te 63) Hello, darling , ha ve y ou ..........................dinner yet? a - Coo ked b - Cooken c - Do 64) My daughter hasn't ....................from sc hool yet. a - Comed b - Co ming c - Come 65) It wa s nic e to see him again. I .........him for ag es. a - Ha ven't see n b - Ha ven t see c - Sa w 66) ................you done your hom ework? a - Ha ve b - Has c - Ha ve t o 67) It ...........for ages in Alm eria. a - Doe sn't rain b - Did rain c - Ha sn't rained 68) -Where is Clem ente? -He ......to the bank. a - Is b - Ha s gone c - Ha s went 69) I ..........to London since 1993. a - Ha ven't bee n b - Ha ven't go ne c - Ha ven't g o 70) "Tres Superhom bres en Toky o " was the worst film I've ever ...... a - See b - Saw c - See n 71) I.........a cigarette sinc e last Christmas. a - Ha ven smoked b - Ha ven't smo ked 242
c - Ha sn't smoked 72) All flights to Madrid...........bec ause of the fog . a - Has b een c anc elled b - Have b een c anc elled c - Ca nc elled 73) He ha s...................to b ed bec ause he wa s a little tired. a - Go b - Went c - Gone
243
Soluciones 1. A 11.B 21.C 31.A 41.B 51.A 61.B 71.B
2. A 12.B 22.C 32.C 42.B 52.C 62.A 72.B
3. C 13.C 23.B 33.B 43.B 53.B 63.A 73.C
4. C 14.C 24.A 34.A 44.C 54.C 64.C
5. C 15.C 25.B 35.C 45.A 55.A 65.A
6. C 16.A 26.B 36.C 46.C 56.A 66.A
7. B 17.A 27.C 37.B 47.A 57.A 67.C
8. C 18.B 28.C 38.C 48.C 58.A 68.B
9. B 19.A 29.B 39.B 49.A 59.A 69.A
10.B 20.B 30.B 40.A 50.A 60.A 70.C
244
EL PRETÉRITO PERFECTO CONTINUO •
Co mo to d os los tiemp os c ont inuos, indica a c c iones en p roc eso.
Afirmativa.
Sujet o + Have , Has + Bee n + Ing .
Negativa.
Sujet o + Have , Has no t + I have not been c ooking. No he esta d o Been + Ing . cocinando.
Interrogativa.
Have , Has + Sujeto Been + Ing .
+
I have bee n read ing the paper. He e stad o leyendo el periódico.
Have y ou bee n walking? ¿Ha s esta d o d a nd o un paseo?
PRINCIPALES USOS Indica acciones muy recientes que She ha s be en swim ming. Ella ha e stad o na da ndo . ac ab an d e terminar. He ha s be en c rying Él ha esta d o llorand o. A c c iones que emp ezaron en el I have b een w aiting for half an hour. Llevo esp erando me d ia hora. pa sad o y que tod avía c ontinuan. Pued e ir a c om pa ñad o d e expresiones He has been wo rking the whole d ay. Ha estad o trab ajand o todo el día. como: t h e w h o le d a y, all we ek , etc.
245
EL PASADO PERFECTO Afirmativa.
Sujet o + Had + Participio I had see n her. Yo la ha b ía visto . Pasado.
Negativa.
Sujet o + Had no t + Pa rticipio Pa sa d o.
Interrogativa.
Had + Sujeto
Pasado
•
I had no t gone. Yo no ha b ía id o.
+ Pa rticip io Had she b een w ith you? ¿Ha b ía esta d o ella contigo?
Eq uivale a l plusc uam p erfec to. Es el tiem po má s rem oto en e l pa sa d o.
PRINCIPALES USOS Acciones que ocurrieron antes que When I had finished all my work, I went to the swimm ing po ol. otra. Cuando hube acabado mi trabajo me fui a la p isc ina .
•
Suele usar expresione s d el tip o:
Since. Desde.
For. Desd e ha c e.
Till. Until Hasta.
When. Cuando
Before. Antes.
By the time. Para c uando.
Always. Siempre.
246
EL PASADO PERFECTO CONTINUO •
Expresa acciones que habían estado ocurriendo en el pasado hasta un mom ento c oncreto.
Afirmativa.
Sujet o + Had been + Ing . I had be en sleep ing siesta. Ha b ía e sta d o d urmiend o la siesta.
Negativa.
Sujet o + Hadn't been + Ing .
She ha d no t bee n reading. Ella no ha b ía esta d o leyendo.
Interrogativa.
Had + Sujeto Ing .
Had you be en working? ¿Ha b ía s esta d o trabajando?
+ Been +
We ha d b een studying until her mother ca me . Ha b ía mo s esta d o e stud ia nd o ha sta q ue vino su ma d re.
247
EL FUTURO SlMPLE Afirmativa.
Sujet o + Will + Inf sin t o .
Negativa.
Sujet o + Will no t , + Inf sin I will not pa y for that. No pa ga ré eso. t o .
Interrogativa.
Will + Sujeto
•
+ Inf sin t o .
I will go with you. Iré c ontigo.
Will you ma rry m e? ¿Te c asa rá s c onmigo?
Se puede usar shall en la prime ra p ersona d el singula r y del plura l, aunq ue su uso qued a c a d a vez má s restring id o a la expresión d e ofrec imiento s. Se pued e usar will en to d a s las p ersona s d e singular y plura l. Ta nt o shall como will c ontrae n en “ -‘ ll ” .
PRINCIPALES USOS En sug erenc ias.
Shall we g o to the cinem a? ¿Vam os al c ine?
En p rom esas.
I will buy yo u the c ar. Te c om praré el co c he.
Determinaciones.
I will go with you. Iré c ontigo.
Énfasis.
I will never do it ag ain. No lo volveré a ha c er.
Predicciones.
They will win the ma tc h. Ellos g a na rá n el pa rtido .
Lógicamente, indica acciones que I will buy a Harley next yea r. Me compraré una Harley el año que ocurrirán. viene. Con a d vertenc ias y c ond ic iónes.
If you don’t hurry, you’ll be late. Si no te d a s p risa lleg a rá s ta rde .
Para expresar deseo o rechazo ante Don’t drink too much or you’ll get drunk. algo. No bebas demasiado o te 248
emborracharás. Ofrecimientos.
I'll help you with yo ur exercises. Te ayudaré c on los ejercic ios.
BE GOING TO •
Indica planes para el futuro, también hace referencia a acciones que se ve q ue va n a oc urrir.
I’m going to visit my m other. Voy a visita r a mi ma d re. It’s go ing to rain. Va a llove r.
249
1) She ..................................with us next April in Ca zorla. a - Will go fishing b - Would go fishing c – Went fishing 2) She .................................to Petrel next week. a - Is m oving b - Is moved c - Is g oing to m oving 3) We.........................................a new c om puter for the students. a - Are b uy b - Are g oing to buy c - Will buys 4) I .......................................................in Aspe tomorrow. a - Will be b - Will is c - Will am 5) I ......................................................my c ousin in Madrid next we ek. a - Visited b - Will visit c - Visit 6) They ...........................a new roa d in 2007. a - Build b - Will build c - Builded 7) She .................................in the tea m ne xt year. a - Played b - Playing c - Will play 8) I .............................with them to Toledo next March. a - Will go b - Go c - Went 9) They ...........................back at 8.00. a - Is b - Was c - Will be 10) He .................................her in Alicante in 2005. a - Will ma rry b - Married c - Would m arried 11) I ....................................to the Yelm o Cineplex c inem as tom orrow. 250
a - Went b - Go c - Will go 12) I .............................all my friends to a paella next Saturday. a - Inv ite b - Will invite c - Would invite 13) I..........with you if yo u pa y. a - Will eat b - Would e at c - Had eaten 14) I will ........you your roo m. a - Sho w s b - Sho w c - Sho wing 15) I won't .............long. a - Be b - Ha ve c - Do 16) I'll .......the wa iter if they have Co ke instead of Pep si. a - Asks b - Ask c - Asking 17) He will ........you a p arc el for me. a - Bring s b - Bring c - Broug ht 18) We will ......imm ed iately. a - Come b - Comes c - Cam 19) I will ...............the car tonight. a - Wash b - Wa shed c - Washing 20) Next Sund ay I ....................play tennis with Eduardo. a - Was played b - Will plays c - Am going to play 21) How .......................you g o to Sax tom orrow? 251
a - Does b - Sha ll c - Will 22) -Where.......tonight? -Why don't we go to the new Ma m m a Luna ? a - Sha ll we g o b - We g oing c - Go c an we 23) We ..................go to Ma drid to see Bea uty and the Bea st next m onth. a - Will b - Would c - Need 24) If you can't water the plants, I ........do it for you. a - Would b - Will c - go ing 25) ......you look after my da ughters while I go to buy the p ap er? a - Will b - Must c - Need 26) I..........send a letter as soon as I arrive. a - Ha ve b - Will c - Would
252
Soluciones 1. A 11.C 21.C
2. A 12.B 22.A
3. B 13.A 23.A
4. A 14.B 24.B
5. B 15.A 25.A
6. B 16.B 26.B
7. C 17.B 27.
8. A 18.A 28.
9. C 19.A 29.
10.A 20.C 30.
253
EL FUTURO CONTINUO •
Exp resa a c c ione s q ue c on seg urid a d tend rá n luga r en el futuro.
Afirmativa.
Sujet o + Will b e + Inf sin to + Ing .
I will be d riving to Alicante. Esta ré c ond uc iend o hac ia a Alic ante.
Negativa.
Sujet o + Will no t + Inf sin t o + Ing .
I will not be e ating there. No esta ré c om iend o a llí.
Interrogativa.
Will + Sujeto Ing .
Will you b e study ing in Elx? ¿Esta rás estud iand o e n Elx? What will you b e do ing at 7 o’c lok tomorrow? ¿Qué esta rá s ha c iend o ma ñana a las 7?
Suele ir ac omp aña do de expresiones temporales c om o: At 7 o’ c loc k, this time next year/month/week.
+ Be + Inf +
254
EL FUTURO PERFECTO •
Indica acciones que habrán acabado en el futuro. Normalmente son sup osiciones o presunc iones.
Afirmativa.
Sujet o + Will ha ve + Pa rticipio Pasado.
I will have ea ten. Hab ré c omido.
Negativa.
Sujet o + Will ha ve + Not + Pa rticipio Pasad o.
I will not have e aten. No hab ré c omido.
Interrogativa.
Will + Sujeto
+ Will ha ve + Will you ha ve e aten? ¿Habrás c om ido? Pa rticipio Pa sa d o.
I will have read the boo k next mo nth. Habré leido el libro e l próximo m es. •
Pued e ir ac om p a ñad o de referenc ia s tem po ra les
Tomorrow. Mañana.
In the yea r 2050. En e l año 2050.
Next week. La p róxima sem a na .
Soon. Pronto.
The d ay after tomorrow. Pasa do m aña na.
In the next ye ar. El a ño q ue viene .
In the future. En e l futuro
In a m onth. Dentro d e un me s.
At 7 o’c lock. A la siete en p unto.
This time ne xt yea r: By 8.30. A esta hora el año que Pa ra las 8.30. viene.
255
1) Barc elona............against Manc heste r United in June . a - Will be p laying b - Will play b e c - Will be p layed 2) Everybody..........at Christmas. a - Will have e at c oc ido b - Will b e ea ting c oc id o c - Will c oc ido be ea ting 3) I .................................a new c ar by 2005. a - Will buy b e b - Will ha ve b oug ht c - Will ha ve b e b uying 4) She .................5 kilos with this new diet. a - Will ha ve lost b - Will have loose c - Will have loste d 5) I..................my first novel in 2007. a - Will have writte n b - Will ha ve w rite c - Will have w rot e 6) We ................our house by 2018. a - Will ha ve p a y b - Will have b e p ayd c - Will ha ve p a id 7) My mother............her new portrait next week. a - Will ha ve p a int b - Will be p a int c - Will ha ve p a inted 8) We.............the c uartelillo in Sep tem ber. a - Will b e b oug ht b - Will ha ve b oug ht c - Will be b uy 9) My friend ............his lec ture in Feb ruary. a - Will have given b - Will ha ve g a ve c - Will ha ve g ive 10) I ........................................................in a new offic e next year. a - Will b e w orking b - Will working b e c - Will ha ve working 11) They ...........................in La Sirena next Saturday. 256
a - Will b e ha ving d inner b - Will d inner hav e c - Will b e d inner 12) I..........to Berlín in August. a - Will flying b - Will flying be c - Will be flying 13) We .....................................our daughter next Christmas. a - Will visitt b - Will visitting c - Will b e visiting 14) They ................................for you at the a irport. a - Will be wa ited b - Will b e w a iting c - Will be w ait 15) I .......................................................som e new books tom orow. a - Will be b uying b - Will buying b e c - Will bo ught 16) She...........................in the new disco next Saturda y. a - Will da nc ing b - Will d a nc ing b e c - Will be d a nc ing 17) It...........in Madrid. a - Will be snow b - Will be snowing c - Will snow be 18) I ......................tennis this evening . a - Will be p laying b - Played c - Will be pla y 19) I hop e I ...................................................the rep ort on Monday. a - Will ha ve finished b - Will finished c - Will be finish 20) By this time next year they .............................a lot with tha t teac her. a - Will lea rnt h a ve b - Will ha ve learnt c - Will ha ve lea rn 21) We ............................all the beer before winter. a - Will d ra nk 257
b - Will b e d ranking c - Will ha ve d runk 22) He ...............................many c ountries in April. a - Will have see n b - Will seen c - Will be see n 23) I .............................everything before 12:00. a - Will ea ten b - Will ha ve e a ten c - Will b e a te 24) My friend ..........................................before Christmas. a - Will be c om e b - Will c ome b e c - Will ha ve c om e 25) Juan ...............................................a new com puter in June. a - Will ha ve b oug ht b - Will boug ht c - Will be b oug hting 26) His friend s ........................................the new baby on Monday m orning. a - Ha ve will visit b - Will ha ve visited c - Will visite d 27) The teac hers .....................................all the exa ms this evening . a - Will have c orrec ted b - Will be c orrec t c - Will co rrec ting b e 28) Tom orrow m y sec retary ......................all the me mos. a - Will have typ ed b - Will typ es c - Had typed 29) By twe lve o'c loc k they will ...................studying English for two hours. a - Ha ve b - Been c - Have b een 30) By the end of the yea r I will .........twenty b ooks. a - Ha ve w ritte n b - Ha d writte n c - Writing 31) We..........by nine o'c loc k tomorrow night. a - Will ha ve finished b - Will finished 258
c - Finish
259
Soluciones 1. A 11.A 21.C 31.C
2. B 12.C 22.A
3. B 13.C 23.B
4. A 14.B 24.C
5. A 15.A 25.A
6. C 16.C 26.B
7. C 17.B 27.A
8. B 18.A 28.A
9. A 19.A 29.C
10.A 20.B 30.A
260
EL CONDICIONAL SIMPLE •
El condicional se forma igual que el futuro, anteponiendo al infinitivo la partícula: wo uld o should . •
•
La partícula should sólo se usa en inglés muy formal. Normalmente se em p lea p a ra e xp resa r c onsejos o a d vertenc ia s. Pued e c ontrae r c on e l sujeto : I wo uld en I’d
Afirmativa.
Sujet o + Would + Inf sin t o .
I would g o with you. Yo iría c ont ig o. I’d g o to the c inema . Yo iría a l cine.
Negativa.
Sujet o + Would no t + Inf sin t o .
I would not pa y that. Yo no p a ga ría e so. I wouldn’t buy it. Yo no lo c om p ra ría .
Interrogativa.
Would + Sujeto t o .
+ Inf sin
Would yo u ma rry m e? ¿Te c asarías c onmigo?
261
EL CONDICIONAL PERFECTO Afirmativa.
Negativa.
I would have gone with you. Yo ha bría id o c ontigo. I would not have pa id Sujet o + Would not/ won't + Have + Participio that. Yo no ha bría pa ga do Pasado. eso.
Interrogativa.
Would + Sujeto
Sujet o + Would + Have + Pa rticipio Pa sa d o.
+ Have + Pa rticipio Pa sa d o.
Would yo u have m arried her? ¿Te ha b ría s c asad o c on ella?
262
CUADRO RESUMEN DE LOS TIEMPOS VERBALES EL PRESENTE SIMPLE Afirmativa.
Negativa. Interrogativa. Usos.
Otros.
Sujeto + Inf. 3ª p. ( He , She , It ) añade “ -s” o “ -es Sujeto + Don’t o Doesn’t + Inf Do o Does + S + Inf?
I live in Elda. He kisses her. She washes up e very d ay.
I don’t like c offee. She d oesn’t smoke. Do you love m e? Does he go to sc hool? Ac c ione s ha b itua les. I get up a t 7.45. Verdades universales. Snow is c old . The m atc h starts at 6.00. Horarios. The train le aves at 6.00. Ac c ione s en el futuro sujeta s a un ho ra rio. Le suelen a c om pa ñar: every d a y , always , usually , o f t e n , never , generally , etc .
EL PRESENTE CONTINUO Afirmativa.
I am read ing.
Negativa.
S + Be ( a m , is , a re ) + Ing. S + Be + Not + Ing .
Interrogativa.
Am , Is, Are + S + Ing ?
Are yo u running?
Usos.
Ac c iones en p roc eso Planes futuros. Ac c iones rep etida s.
I am readind a boo k. I am p laying tennis tomorrow. He is alwa ys talk ing.
Otros.
Le suelen a c om pa ñar: a t present , nowadays , now, at the moment, etc.
She is not sm oking .
263
EL PRESENTE PERFECTO Afirmativa. Negativa. Interrogativa. Usos.
Otros.
S + Have ( have o ha s ) + I have played tennis. I have ea ten paella. Pa rtic ip io p a sa d o I have not wa shed the dishes. S + Have + Not + I have no t seen her. Partic ip o p a sad o. Have you b een there? Have o Has + S+ Partic ip o p asa d o? I have read the boo k. Acc iones ac aba da s de las que no se d ic e c uand o suce dieron. Pued e lleva r just , for, sinc e, alrea dy, yet, etc .
EL PASADO SIMPLE Afirmativa.
I played . S + Vb. Regular + ed S + Vb Irr ( 2ªColumna ). I ate.
Negativa.
S + Did + N o t (d i d n ’ t ) + I did not play . I did not eat. Inf.
Interrogativa
Did + S + Inf?
Usos.
I went to Barc elona. Ac c iones q ue I was read ing the pa per and then oc urrieron en el it be ga n to rain. pasado. A veces ac ompa ña al pa sad o c ontinuo Le suelen a c om pa ñar: la st ye a r , yesterday , t w o days a g o etc.
Otros.
Did you p lay? Did you eat?
EL PASADO CONTINUO Afirmativa.
S + Be ( Wa s , Were ) +
I was writing a letter.
Ing.
Negativa.
S + Was, Were + No t +
I was not writing a letter.
Ing 264
Interrogativa.
Wa s , Were + S+ Ing?
Were yo u writing a letter?
Usos.
Ac c iones en p roc eso en el pa sa do . En na rra c iones. Para d esc ripc ione s.
I was pa inting the ga te. The girls were smiling.
EL PRESENTE PERFECTO CONTINUO Afirmativa. Negativa. Interrogativa. Usos.
Otros.
S + Have o Has + Been I have be en lea rning English for 20 years. +Ing . S + Have o Has+ no t + I have not be en sleep ing. Been + Ing . Ha ve o Has + S+ Been Have y ou bee n read ing? + Ing? Ac c iones q ue c om enzaron en el pa sad o y to da vía co ntinuan o ac ab an d e suc ed er, Resalta la durac ión de la ac ción. For y sinc e le suelen ac om p aña r.
EL PASADO PERFECTO Afirmativa. Negativa. Interrogativa. Usos.
Otros.
I had gone. S + Had + Participio Pasado. I had not gone. S + ha d + Not + Pa rticipio Pa sa d o. Had she g one? Had + S + Partic ipio Pasado?. Ac c iones q ue oc urrieron a ntes q ue otra ac c ión pasad a. Le suelen a c om pa ñar: when , before , b y t h e t i m e etc.
EL PASADO PERFECTO CONTINUO Afirmativa.
S + Had + Bee n + Ing.
I had b ee n wa tching TV.
265
Negativa. Interrogativa. Usos.
S + Ha d + Not + Bee n + I had not be en wa tching TV. Ing. Had + S+ Been + Ing?. Had she b een ironing? Ac c iones que e stab a n en p roc eso a ntes que otra a c c ión pa sad a ocurriera.
EL FUTURO SIMPLE Afirmativa.
S + Will o Sha ll + Inf.
I will go .
Negativa.
S + Will + Not + Inf.
I will not go.
Interrogativa.
Will + S + Inf?
Will she c om e?
Usos.
Ac c iones futuras. Predicciones Le suelen a c om pa ñar: t o n i g h t , tomorrow , next year , in a m o n t h.
Otros.
EL FUTURO CONTINUO Afirmativa.
S + Wil b e + Ing
I will be rea ding Valle d e Elda .
Negativa.
S + Will + Not + Be + Ing. Will + S+ Be + Ing?
I will not be wa tching TV.
Interrogativa. Usos.
Will you b e w orking?
Ac c ione s futura s en progreso.
EL FUTURO PERFECTO Afirmativa. Negativa. Interrogativa.
I will have a rrived at 7.00. S + Will ha ve + Pa rticipio Pasa d o. S + Will + Not + Have + I will not have finished . Pa rticipio Pasa d o. Will she ha ve p aid ? Will + S+ Have + Pa rticipio Pasa do? 266
Usos.
Acc iones ac aba da s en el futuro.
EL FUTURO PERFECTO CONTINUO Afirmativa. Negativa. Interrogativa. Usos.
S + Will ha ve + Been + I will have b een wo rking. Ing. S + Will + Not + Have + Been + Ing. Will + S+ Have + Been + Ing.
I will not have b een w orking. Will you have be en working?
Acciones que estarán finaliza d a s en e l futuro.
EL CONDICIONAL SIMPLE Afirmativa.
S + Would + Inf.
I would go to Lond on.
Negativa.
S + Would + Not + Inf.
I would not g o to Londo n.
Interrogativa.
Would + S + Inf?
Would you go to Lisbon?
Usos.
Deseos en el presente o e n el futuro.
EL CONDICIONAL PERFECTO Afirmativa. Negativa. Interrogativa.
Usos.
I would ha ve g one to Lond on. S + Would + Have + Pa rticipio Pasa d o. S + Would + Not + Have I would not have go ne to Londo n. + Particip io Pasa d o. Would you have go ne to Paris? Would + S+ Have + Pa rticipio Pasa do? La mento s sobre ac c iones pa sad as.
267
TIPOS DE ORACIONES •
•
Podemos establecer dos grandes grupos: Las coordinadas y las subordinadas. Las primeras son oraciones compuestas independientes entre sí. En c ua nto a la s sub ordinad a s una d ep end e d e la o tra . Los nexos más usados son los siguientes:
Copulativas.
Disyuntivas.
And . Y.
He is tall and inte lligent. Él es a lto e intelig ent e.
Both…and. Tanto...como.
They b oth tea c h Frenc h and Italian. Ellos d os enseña n franc és e italiano .
Moreover. Además.
It rained a lot, moreove r it snowe d. Llovió muc ho, ad em á s nevó.
Likewise. De igual mod o.
I bought a ham ; likewise d id m y neighbo ur. Co mp ré un jam ón, al igua l que mi vec ino.
Besides. Además.
I have no money , besides I don’t wa nt to b uy anything else. No tengo dinero, además no quiero co mp rar nada má s.
Or. O.
You c an stay o r com e with us. Pued es qued a rte o ve nir c on no sotros.
Either…or. O…o.
They are e ither Italian or Greek . Ellos son o ita liano s o g riegos.
Neither…nor. Ni...ni.
I neither like Wag ner nor the Rolling Stones. Ni me g usta Wagne r ni los Rolling Sto ne s.
Adversativas But. Pero. Not only…but also.
I like Verdi but I prefer Puc c ini. Me gusta Verdi pe ro p refiero Puc c ini. Not only I read Valle de Elda but I also read Vivir en Elda. 268
Causales.
No sólo...sino también.
No sólo leo Valle de Elda sino que también leo Vivir en Elda .
Yet. Aunque.
She is pretty, yet nob od y loves her. Ella es gua p a , aunq ue na d ie la q uiere.
Although. Aunque.
Althoug h he is rich, he ha sn’t many friend s. Aunq ue es ric o no tiene muc hos a migo s.
Because. Porque.
I be c am e ric h bec ause I saved a lot. Me hice ric o p orque a horré muc ho.
For. Para .
She studies for being a lawyer. Estud ia p a ra ser a b og a d o
As. Como.
As I had studied French I could travelled alone. Com o ha bía estudiad o franc és pud e viajar solo.
Since. Puesto que.
Since they are adults they c an g o. Ya q ue son a d ultos p ued en via jar solos.
Owing to. The rec ital wa s c anc elled owing to lac k of Ya que, debido audience. El recital se canceló debido a falta de a. público. Finales.
In order to. Para .
In order to b e a c c epted you have to p ay first. Pa ra q ue te a c ep ten, de be s pa ga r primero.
So as to. Con el fin d e.
They voted so a s to elec t the new Preside nt. Vota ron p a ra elegir a l nuevo p resid ente .
In ca se. I have a n insuranc e in c ase I need it. En el caso de Tengo un seg uro p or si lo nec esito. q ue. Por si. 269
For fea r. Por mied o a .
Consecutivas. So.
Por eso. Therefore. Por lo ta nto.
He eats a lot of oranges for fear of getting a cold. Com e muc has naranjas po r miedo a c og er un c ata rro. He won the p ools so he bo ught a new house. Ganó las quinielas y por eso se compró una nueva c asa. He has many friends therefore he is never alone. Tiene muc hos a migo s y p or eso nunc a está solo.
Which is why. He is bo ring, whic h is why he’s alwa ys alo ne. Esa es la razón Es aburrido, esa es la razón por la que po r la que. siempre está solo. So…that. Para q ue. Comparativas. As.
I boug ht a p resent so that you liked it. Com pré un reg a lo p ara q ue te g usta ra
Como.
He is as intelligent as his sister. Él es ta n intelig ente c om o su herma na .
As…as. Ta n co mo .
He is not as honest as his brother. Él no e s ta n honrad o c om o su hermano .
So…as. No tan c omo.
He is not so ta ll as me. Él no e s ta n a lto c om o yo .
Similarly. Petrel ha s nic e parks, simila rly Elda has nic e Del mismo mo do. museums. Petrel tiene parques muy bonitos, de igual mo d o Eld a tiene m useo s muy b onitos. Modo.
As. Como.
As a pianist she is the b est. Co mo pianista el es el me jor. 270
Concesivas.
Like. Como.
He eats like a lion. Come c omo un león.
Although. Aunque.
Although I prefer to stay I have to go now. Aunque p refiero q ued arme teng o q ue irme.
Though. Aunque.
Thoug h he is ill, he ne ver co mplains. Aunque e stá ma lo, nunca se q ueja .
Even thoug h. Incluso .
Even though he is rich he ne ver show s off. Aunq ue es ric o, nunc a p resume.
Even if. Inc luso si.
Even if it rains I will go . Inc luso si llueve iré.
However. Sin em b a rgo .
I liked it, however, I didn’t b uy it. Me g ustó, sin em b argo no lo c om p ré.
No ma tter. No imp orta.
No matter if you love her, she doen’t love you. No imp orta si la q uieres, ella no te quiere.
In spite of. A p esa r d e .
In spite of having lived in France she doesn’t spe ak Frenc h. A pesar de haber vivido en Francia no hab la franc és.
Despite. A p esa r d e.
Despite all the efforts he d idn’t win. A p esa r d e tod os los esfuerzos, no g a nó.
Condicionales If. . Si.
Tiempo.
When. Cuando.
If you need me, phone me . Si me nec esitas, llám a me . When y ou want to visit us, let us kno w. Cua nd o q uieras visitarno s, há zno slo sa b er.
271
While. Mientras.
While I wa s in Italy I ate a lot of pasta. Mientras estuve en Italia comí mucha pasta.
Before. Antes.
Before I worked in Elda, I worked in Crevillente . Antes de trabajar en Elda, trabajé en Crevillente.
Since. Desde.
I have lived here since 1962 Vivo a q uí d esd e 1962
Whenever. Ca da vez que
Whenever he c om es I visit him. Ca d a vez q ue viene le visito .
Until. Hasta.
Until I found it I was sad. Ha sta q ue lo enc ont ré e sta b a triste .
Now. Ahora.
Now I am hungry. Ahora teng o ham bre.
Once. Una ve z.
Once I pay the house I will buy a c ar. Una vez que haya pa ga do el piso c omp raré un co che.
No sonne r…than. No sooner had they g one than I wa s asleep. Apenas. Ape nas se ha bían ido me qued é d ormido.
Lugar.
Finally. Finalmente.
Finally I rea d the bo ok. Finalme nte leí el libro.
In short. En b reve .
In short they w ill be he re. En b reve e sta rá n a q uí.
Where. Donde.
This is the house w here we lived until 1996. Esta es la c a sa d ond e vivimos ha sta 1996.
Wherever. Dondequiera
Wherever she goes she b uys som e c lothes. Dondeq uiera q ue vaya se c omp ra rop a. 272
que.
273
ORACIONES DE RELATIVO •
•
Este tipo de oraciones suelen añadir información a lo que ya se ha dicho en la o ra c ión p rinc ipa l. Usa n los siguient es p rono mb res relativo s: Who.
This is the man who c ame here yesterday. Este es el hom b re q ue vino a yer.
That.
This is the m an that c am e yesterda y. Este es el hom b re q ue vino a yer.
Whic h.
This is the bo ok whic h I boug ht in Ma rtín Fierro. Este es el libro que compré en Martín Fierro.
Tha t.
The house tha t I sold. La c a sa q ue vend í.
Posesión.
Whose.
The boy whose bike is this is Mike. El c hico d e q uien es esta b ic i es Mike.
Lugar.
Where.
This is the sc hool whe re I studied . Esta es la esc uela d ond e estud ié.
Tiempo.
When.
This is the day when I wa s born. Este es el d ía en el q ue na c í.
Personas.
Whom .
The girl who m I love d. Es la c hic a a q uien a mé .
Why.
The rea son why I bought this is yo u. La ra zón p or la q ue c om p ré e sto e res tú.
What.
And this is wha t he said. Esto es lo que él dijo.
The thing that.
This is the thing that we should do. Esto es lo q ue d eb ería mo s ha c er.
Personas.
Cosas.
274
•
Tha t p ued e
ut iliza rse e n luga r d e w ho o which en la s orac ione s d e relativo esp ec ific a tivas ( defining )
This is the girl that I love. This is the girl who I love. Esta es la c hic a a q uien q uiero. This is the c ar whic h I told you. This is the c ar that I told yo u. Este es el c oc he q ue te d ije. •
Las orac ione s d e relativo se d ivid en en:
NON-DEFINING O EXPLICATIVAS. •
•
Van entre comas. Añaden información extra que podría omitirse y no a lteraría el signific a d o d e la fra se. No son imp resc indibles pa ra c om prend er el sig nific a d o. Se trata d e una explic a c ión. Nunc a lleva n “ t h a t ” y nunca se p ued e o mitir el relativo.
My wife , who is a teac her, rea ds a lot. Mi mujer, que es profe sora, lee muc ho. DEFINING O ESPECIFICATIVAS.
Son m á s frec uente s y no va n entre c om a s. Definen al ante c ed ente . The wo ma n who c am e is my wife. La mujer que vino e s mi esposa •
Wh o , which
y t h a t se pueden omitir cuando no son los sujetos de la
oración. The g irl (who ) he m et is Ma ry. La c hic a que c onoc ió e s Ma ría . The CD (whic h) I bought is very g ood. El disc o q ue c om pré e s muy b ueno.
275
CONJUNCIONES Acc ording to.
Según.
I did it ac c ording to his instruc tions. Lo hice seg ún él me dijo.
After.
Después.
They c am e a fter I arrived . Lleg aron d espués de q ue yo lleg ué.
Although.
Aunque.
Although It rained a lot the ma tch wasn’t c anc elled. Aunque llovió muc ho, no se c anc eló el pa rtido .
And.
Y.
I like wine and be er. Me g usta el vino y la c erveza .
As.
Mientras q ue, a sí como.
As he c am e I saw him. Le vi mien tras venía .
As a result.
Como consecuencia.
He bec am e poor as a result of spend ing too m uch. Se em po breció c omo c onsec uencia de ga star dem asiad o.
As if.
Co mo si.
He b ehaves as if he d oesn’t know m e. Él se c om porta c om o si no me conociera.
As long as.
Mientra s q ue.
As long a s you study yo u c an p lay. Mientra s q ue e stud ies p ued es juga r.
As soon as.
Ta n pronto c om o.
As soon as I found it I co mp lained . Ta n p ronto c om o lo d esc ubrí me quejé.
As thoug h.
Co mo si.
Ac t as though nothing hap pe ns. Ac túa c omo si no pa sara nad a.
As well as.
Al igua l q ue.
She, as well a s me, will go to Ma drid. Ella , al igual que yo, irá a Ma d rid.
Because.
Porque.
We wo n’t go b ec ause it is very c old. No iremo s p orq ue ha c e m uc ho frio. 276
Bec ause o f
Debido a.
Bec ause o f her behaviour nobod y likes her. Debido a su c om po rtam iento na die la quiere.
Before.
Antes.
I rea d the pa per before we e at. Leo el periód ic o a ntes d e c om er.
But.
Pero.
It is exp ensive b ut I will buy it. Es c aro p ero lo c om praré.
Despite.
A p esa r.
He c am e de spite feeling b ad . Él vino a p esa r de sentirse ma l.
Either..or.
o….o.
We c an e ither go hom e o r to the cinema. Pod em os o b ien ir a c asa o a l c ine.
Even thoug h.
Aunque.
Even though it’s late y ou c an watc h TV. Aunq ue e s ta rd e, p ued es ver la tele.
Except.
Salvo.
I will go exc ep t if I have to work. Iré sa lvo q ue teng a q ue trab a ja r.
Furthermore.
Además.
He doesn’t study a nd futhermo re he doesn’t work. Él no e stud ia y ad em á s no trab a ja .
However.
Sin em b argo.
He d idn’t study, howe ver he passed his exams. Él no e stud ió, sin emb a rgo ap rob ó sus exámenes.
If.
Si.
If he c om es tell him to visit me. Si viene, d ile q ue me visite.
In ca se of.
En c aso d e.
In ca se o f fire ring the fire b riga de . En c a so d e incend io llam a a los bomberos.
In order to.
Para.
In orde r to p ass you have to study a lot. Pa ra a p rob a r d eb es estud ia r muc ho.
Moreover.
Además.
I went to Lond on, moreover I went to 277
Scotland. Fui a Londres y a d em ás a Esc oc ia. Neither…nor.
Ni…ni.
I neither like c offee nor tea . No me g usta ni el té ni el c a fé.
Nevertheless.
Sin em b argo.
I didn’t wa nt to go, neve rtherless I enjoyed the trip. No q uise ir, sin emb argo d isfruté d el viaje.
Notwithstanding. No ob sta nte.
I like the shoes, notwithstand ing they are very exp ensive. Me g usta n los za p a to s, no o b sta nte son muy caros.
Or.
O.
Phone or fax. Telefonea o ma nda un fax.
Otherwise.
De otra ma nera.
Send us the m oney, otherwise we won’t send you the shoes. Má nd enos el dinero, d e o tra m a nera no le m a nd a rem os los zap a tos.
Provided.
Siem p re q ue.
Provided you p ay I ac c ept the offer. Siemp re q ue pa gue a c epto la oferta.
Since.
Ya q ue.
Since I have b een invited I have to g o. Ya que me han invitad o, tengo que ir.
So as to.
Para.
I save m oney so a s to buy a ne w house. Ahorro d inero p ara p od er c omp rar una nueva c asa.
Therefore.
Por lo ta nto.
There is a c onc ert next Mond ay, therefore I’ll buy the tickets. Hay un c onc ierto el p róximo lunes, po r lo t anto c om praré la s entrad a s.
Though.
Aunque.
He is rich though not very intelligent. Aunq ue e s ric o no es muy inteligent e.
To.
Para.
I we nt to England to learn English. Fui a Ing la terra p a ra a p rend er ing lés. 278
Unless.
A me nos que .
Unless they p ay we won’t send them anymo re shoes. A me nos que p a guen no les ma nd a rem os má s za p a tos.
Until.
Ha sta q ue.
Until I notic ed I liked o pe ra I listened to classical music. Hasta q ue me d i c uenta de que m e gustab a la óp era yo esc ucha ba músic a c lásic a .
Whenever.
Ca da vez que.
Whenever they feel like, they go to Madrid. Ca da vez que les ap etec e, van a Madrid.
Where.
Donde.
They stoppe d where they saw a light. Ellos p a ra ron d ond e vieron una luz.
Whereas.
Mientras.
He is shy whereas she is not. Él es tímido mientras q ue ella no.
Whether..or.
Si…o.
Whether you like it or not, we ha ve to go. Te g uste o no, tene mos q ue irnos.
Yet.
Sin em b argo.
She is the m ost intelligent, ye t she d idn’t win the c ontest. Ella es la m á s intelige nte , sin em b a rg o no g a nó el co nc urso.
279
LOS VERBOS MODALES •
Los verbos mod ales se l am an así a l c arec er d e las ma yoría d e las forma s verbales. Se usan para hacer suposiciones, sacar conclusiones, hablar de p osib ilid a d es y esta blec er c onjeturas. No tiene n to d os los tiemp os verba les, por ejemplo, “ must ” y “ ought t o ” sólo tienen presente. Can, m a y , dare y need , tienen p resente y pa sa d o.
Can, c ould. Poder.
May , might. Poder.
Must. Deber.
Would. Auxiliar del condicional.
Dare. Atreverse.
Need. Necesitar.
•
Ought to. Deber.
Will, shall. Auxilia res d e futuro.
Tiene n una única forma p a ra tod a s las persona s en p resente:
I can. He c an.
•
No lleva n “ -s” en la te rc era p ersona d el sing ular.
•
Va n seg uidos d e Infinitivo sin t o .
I ca n ski. He m ust study. •
Hac en la nega c ión y la interrog ac ión c omo el verbo t o b e .
Can you ski? •
No se c onstruyen c on t o d o , t o h a v e y t o b e .
Can she go? •
No tienen imperativo, ni infinitivo, ni participio de presente ni de pasado p or lo ta nto no forma n tiem p os c ontinuos ni p erfec tos. Ta mp oc o a pa rec en en fo rma s pa sivas.
She c an swim . 280
Ella sa b e na d a r. He must stud y everyd ay . Él de b e estud iar tod os los d ía s. •
Usan otros verbos para suplir sus carencias temporales, ya que no tienen forma p ara t od os los tiemp os. No tienen p a rticipio ni infinitivo.
He wa s ab le to go . Él pud o ir. I had to go a lone. Yo tuve q ue ir solo. I must not ea t so much choc olate. No d ebo co mer tanto chocolate. Can yo u tell me the time ? ¿Me p uede de c ir la hora? •
Va n seg uido s d e infinitivo sin t o , a excep ción de o u g h t t o, h a v e t o y used t o .
I used to go to the disco. Yo solía ir a la d isc ot ec a .
281
CAN •
Sólo se usa en el p resente , pa ra e l resto d e tiem p os se utiliza to be ab le to . En algunos casos puede ser sustituido por t o k n o w h o w t o. Se puede tra d uc ir p or p od er o sa b er.
I ca n swim. Sé na d a r. I know how to swim. Sé c omo nad ar. l'll be a ble to g o tonight. Pod ré ir esta noc he. Will he be ab le to co me in time? ¿Pod rá venir a tiem p o? I have b een ab le to finish it in time. He pod ido a c ab ar a tiemp o. Expresa c onoc imiento y c ap ac ida d físic a e intelec tua l.
I ca n play the violin. Sé to c a r el violín. I can read . Sé lee r.
Posibilidad.
I can g o with you. Pued o ir co ntigo .
Ta mb ien p a ra d ar y rec ib ir p ermiso.
Can I go with you? ¿Pued o ir c ontigo?
Puede indicar prohibición en la forma You c an’t smo ke here. No p ued es fuma r a q uí. negativa. Deducc ión neg a tiva.
They c an’t be at hom e. No de be n de estar en ca sa.
Habilidad.
I ca n swim. Sé na d a r.
Ofrecimientos.
Can I help yo u? ¿Pued o a yuda rte? 282
Solame nte se usa p a ra el presente d e She c an d o it alone. Lo pue d e ha c er sola. indicativo. Could se
usa p ara el pa sad o y el condicional.
I could g o ye sterda y. Pud e ir ayer. I could g o tomorrow. Pod ré ir ma ña na.
Sugerencias.
•
You c an c om e with us. Pued es venir c on nosot ros.
El verbo to know how le p ued e sustituir
I know how to g o. Sé ir.
COULD Ind ic a hab ilida d en el pasad o.
I could translate Italian at the a ge of 9. Sa b ía trad uc ir ita liano a los 9 año s.
Peticiones formales.
Could I go w ith you? ¿Pod ría ir c ontigo ?
MAY Posibilidad.
It ma y rain during the weeke nd. Pued e llove r d ura nte la sem a na .
Permiso.
May I com e in ? ¿Puedo pasar?
Prohibiciones.
You m ay not stay here. No p ued es esta r a q uí.
Especulaciones.
He m ay be in Italy. Pued e q ue e sté e n Ita lia .
283
Sugerencias.
If I ma y say so I will buy it. Si se me permite decirlo, yo lo compraría.
MIGHT Expresa una posibildad más remota It might snow in Benidorm but I doubt it. que may. Podría nevar en Benidorm, pero lo dudo. Especulaciones.
He m ight be working in a new b ook. El podría estar trabajando en un nuevo lib ro.
MUST Obligaciónes morales.
I must visit my friend , he is ill. Debo ir a visitar a mi amigo que está enfermo.
Consejos.
You must visit the museum, it is one of the b est in Spain. Debes visitar el museo, es uno de los mejores d e Espa ña . He must be out because nobody answers the phone. Debe de haber salido, pues nadie c onte sta el teléfono .
Deducciónes.
Prohibiciones.
You must not co me here ag ain. No d eb es volver a ve nir aq uí.
HAVE TO Ob liga c ión normalmente imp uesta .
You have to drive with a helme t. 284
Debe s c ond uc ir c on c asc o. Pa ra ind ic a r co stum b res.
I have to ta ke a n aspirin every night. Me tengo que tomar una aspirina cad a noche.
En negativa, indica que algo no es You don't have to stay if you have som ething to do. necesario. No tienes que quedarte si tienes algo que hac er.
SHOULD, OUGHT TO •
Son p rá c tica me nte sinónimo s.
Para dar consejos.
You should go to the Yemo Cineplex cinemas. Deb ería ir a los c ines Yelmo Cinep lex. You ought to spend more time with them. Deb ería s p asar más tiempo c on e llos.
WILL Auxiliar del futuro simp le.
I will buy a sandw ic h when I finish this. Me compraré un bocadillo cuando ac ab e esto.
Pred ic c iones sob re el futuro.
It will be sunny. Ha rá sol.
Decisiones.
I will buy a new c ar. Me c omp raré un coc he nuevo.
Ofrecimientos.
I will do it. Lo ha ré.
Peticiones.
Will you p ass me the salt? ¿Me pasas la sal?
285
WOULD Peticione s y o frec imientos.
Would you like to c om e with me? ¿Te g usta ría venir c onmig o?
Há b ito s y rutinas en el pa sa d o.
In 1998 I would walk a lot. En 1998 yo p asea b a m uc ho.
Como a I would g o out to the c inema with my friend s in the summ er nights when I wa s 6 Ib a a l c ine c on m is a migo s en las noc hes d e ve rano c ua nd o te nía seis años.
SHALL •
Es a uxilia r de futuro, p ero sólo p a ra las primeras p ersona s d el singular y del plural I , w e . I shall go. Iré.
Pued e expresa r cierta d ete rminac ión
We shall never surrender. Nunc a nos rend irem os.
USED TO Há b itos en el pa sa d o.
•
I used to sing in the shower. Yo solía c a ntar en la d uc ha.
Los há b itos en e l present e se p ued en e xp resa r c on la estruct ura To b e used to +Ing.
286
I am used to reading. Suelo leer.
NEED •
•
Puede a c tuar c om o verbo mod al o verbo o rdinario. Como modal no añade “-s“ en la tercera persona del singular y no admite ni a uxilia res en la interro g a tiva y ne g a tiva .
He nee ds a lot of money to ge t ma rried. Nec esita muc ho d inero p a ra c a sa rse. •
Needn't se usa pa ra indica r que no ha y ob liga c ión.
You need n’t c om e tomo rrow. No es nec esa rio q ue veng a s ma ñana . •
Need to indica ne c esid ad .
I need to c onsult a g ood doc tor. Nec esito c onsulta r a un b uen mé d ic o. He needs to have m ore money to b uy this c ar. Nec esita te ner má s d inero pa ra c om p ra r este c oc he. Pa ra la forma ne g a tiva e interrog a tiva ha y do s op c ione s: Need you b uy so m uch? Do you need to buy so m uc h? You needn't c om e with us. No es nec esa rio q ue ve nga c on no sotros. You do n't need to c om e with us. No es nec esa rio q ue ve nga c on no sotros. •
Para el p a sa d o sólo hay una.
You d idn't need to wa it for them . No era nec esario que les esperases.
287
1) You ..........................study everyday. a - Can b - Must c - Are 2) The Town Hall ...........................................a ne w street to Alb erto Nava rro. a - Should d ed ic a te b - Sha ll de d ic a ting c - Should to d ed ic a te 3) There's nothing in the fridg e. They..............all. a - Must ha ve ea ten b - Must ha s a te c - Must had ea ten 4) You ............try everything. a – Can t o b - Must c - Need 5) you ..........the rec eipt here please? a – Ca n b - Mu sts c - Sha ll 6) You ............cry, it's not worth. a - Should no t b - Sha ln't c - Won't 7) I...........quit smoking. a - Wills b – Ha ve s to c – Ha ve t o 8) ..........I spea k to Jorge? a - Cans b - Can c - Was 9) He ..........be very rich, he is driving a n exp ensive c ar. a - Is b - Must c - Sho uld 10) We ........ be unite d. a - Ought b - Must c - Ha d 11) He wa sn't .........to see the driver. 288
a - Can b - Ab le c - May 12) Will we ...........buy a dic tiona ry? a - Must b - Ha ve t o c - Can 13) That ........be eno ugh. a - Sho uld b - Cans c - Must s 14) I .........send him som ething for his new ba by. a - Must b - Has to c - Ha ve 15) We .............................send the p hoto graph to you. a - Will b - Do c - Did 16) I ...........like a window-sea t please. a - Will b - Would c - Can 17) Yes, I guess we ...........buy them no w. a - Sha ll b - Sho uld c - Would 18) There's Marc elo and tha t ...........be his father. a - Must b - Has c - Mays 19) People of your ag e ............not drink be er. a - Sha ll b - Will c - Sho uld 20) Girls, yo u ......................say those thing s about your friend s. a - Ha ven 't to b - Mustn't c - M ustn 21) I........................write to Ge ma I haven't written to he r for ages. a - Must 289
b - May c - Ha d 22) I think my brother ..................to com e next month. a - Cans b - Could c - Will be a ble 23) I don't spea k Valenciano ..................you spea k Castellano ? a - Would b - Ca n't c - Are a b le 24) You ..................have a passport to travel to Petrel. a - Needn't b - Must c - Can 25) Felix, the Ma ths tea c her ..................correc ting the e xams bec ause he is not here. a - Must b e b - Must ha s c - May have 26) Mic hae l wa s dictating too fast, so I ...............co py what he said. a - Were a ble b - Could n't c - Won't b e a ble 27) Jesús you'd like to go to buy a new c om puter, .............you? a - Would b - Wouldn't c - May 28) He ..............understand the problem if you explained it to him. a - Would b - Sha ll c - Will 29) What ....................hap pen if we did n't go to work? a - Will b - Would c - Must 30) The loc al Counc il ...........do som ething a bout those houses! a - Mu st t o b - Ha ve t o c - Must 31) When y ou c om e a gain, you .........visit The Plaza Mayor and the m useum s. a – Has to 290
b - May c - Sho uld 32) Come on, boy s. We .........win them this time. a - Must b - Ha ve t o c - Ha ve 33) They d idn't com e to the me eting I supp ose they ..........have g one to the beach. a - Must b - Has c - May 34) I didn't go to the c onc ert I.............have g one. a - Sha ll b - Sho uld c - Must 35) This paella ta stes very well. Lorenzo ...have m ade it. a - Must b - Ha d c - Ha s 36) I haven't see n Ma ría Luisa sinc e Christmas. She.................be in New York. a - Must b - Can c - Sha ll 37) He........to find the restaurant after asking two or three times. a - Was able b - Could n't c - Co uld 38) This boo k ..........at hom e. a - Must b e rea d b - Have to b e rae d c - Ha s to b ee rea d 39) It .......snow in "El Cid " but it is not ve ry probable. a - May b - Might c - May be 40) It........rain tomorrow. a - May b - Must c - Can 41) We........som e m oney to buy a new fridge. Can we bo rrow from yo u? a - Need 291
b - Must c - May 42) You .......spea k like this to your pa rents. a - Sha lls b - Shouldn't c - Sha ll 43) I would........to have a b etter bike. a - Like b - To like c - Liking 44) Elda Shoes, .......I help you? a - Need b - Can c - Must 45) I .....................buy the bread if you d on't give m e the mo ney. a - Must b - Ca n't c - Can 46) You ........teac h me how to prep are a pa ella. a - Ought b - Must c - Need 47) Your aunt is ill. We ........visit her. a - Can b - Sho uld to c - Sho uld 48) You ......go to bed . You look very tired . a - Sho uld b - Sho uld to c - Ought 49) We ought not to visit her. She........study. a - Has b - Must c - Ha ve 50) “ Thou........not kill” is one of the ten c om mandm ents that God ga ve us. a - Will b - Sha ll c - Sha n't 51) ........we go to Panoramis? a - Ab le to b - Sa hll 292
c - Sha ll 52) I promise that yo u ........have a motorbike if you pa ss all your exa ms. a - Sha ll b - Would c - Wont 53) Stud ents .........not use mobile phones during the lessons. a - Will b - Sha ll c - Wont 54) No smoking.........be allowed in all the prem ises. a - Will b - Sha ll c - Is 55) He ...........to have g one to Menorca instead o f Ibiza. a - Ought b - Ouhgt c - Outhg t 56) You.........to visit your grandmother more often. a - Sha ll b - Sho uld c - Ought 57) ........you like to c om e with us to the cinema ? a - Will b - Sha ll c - Would 58) When my m other was young my grand mo ther ........look a fter her. a - Used b - Would c - To 59) You........trea t eve rybody with respec t. a - Has b - Sho uld c - Will 60) If you.......see her tell her to pho ne me. a - Sho uld b - Will c - Would 61) You ........visit the de ntist twice a year. a - Would b - Sho uld c - Sha ll 293
62) Why......yo u wa nt to buy this? if it is of no use. a - Sha ll b - Will c - Sho uld 63) The m an w ith the m oustac he a nd the g olde n wa tch........be his father. a - Must b - Can c - Need 64) You ..................smoke in the c lasses, it is forbidden. a - Must no t b - Must c - Can 65) It .................rain tonight. It is very dark. a - May b - Mays c - Mig hts 66) I .................................not go bec ause I have not bee n invited . a - May b - Mei c - Can
294
Soluciones 1. B 11.B 21.A 31.C 41.A 51.C 61.B
2. A 12.B 22.C 32.A 42.B 52.A 62.C
3. A 13.A 23.B 33.A 43.A 53.B 63.A
4. B 14.A 24.A 34.B 44.B 54.B 64.A
5. A 15.A 25.A 35.A 45.B 55.A 65.A
6. A 16.B 26.B 36.A 46.B 56.C 66.A
7. C 17.B 27.B 37.A 47.C 57.C
8. B 18.A 28.A 38.A 48.A 58.B
9. B 19.C 29.B 39.B 49.B 59.B
10.B 20.B 30.C 40.A 50.B 60.A
295
TABLA RESUMEN DE LOS VERBOS MODALES Can.
Could.
May.
Might. Will. Would.
Shall. Should Ought to. Must.
Habilidades. Petic ión de permiso. Imposibilidad. Hab ilid ad en el pasado. Posibilidad. Imposibilidad. Sugerencias. Posibilidad. Permiso. Prohibición Posib ilida d rem ota . Predicciones. Decisiones. Peticiones forma les. Ac c iones pa sad a s. Preferencias. Peticiones forma les. Ac c iones futuras. Consejos.
Obligación. Prohibiciones. Have to. Obligaciones impuestas. Be a ble to. Habilidades. Must, can’t have + Deducciones. PP. May, might Could, + Have + Participio Pasado. Need. Needn’t.
Deducciones donde no tenem os muc ha seguridad. Necesidad. Ausenc ia d e necesidad.
I ca n swim. Can I c ome in? He c an’t go now. He c ould read Russian. They c ould be in Toky o. I couldn’t buy the ca r. You c ould try next yea r. It ma y rain tomo rrow. May I com e in? You m ay not smoke here. It might snow . They will co me. I will buy a Harley. Would yo u ma rry m e? I would pla y tennis when I was 10. I would rather go to the c inema . Shall I ope n the wind ow? I shall visit her. You should buy her a diam ond. I must study. You m ust not go with that bo y. You ha ve to drive on the right. He is able to m ak e a c ak e. They m ust have b oug ht a ne w house. They c an’t have c ome here this morning. They m ay have g one. She c ould have seen her. You a re g oing to need a lot of help. You need n’t c om e tomo rrow.
QUESTION TAGS (COLETILLAS) 296
•
Son p reg unta s q ue sirven p a ra c onfirma r una sup osic ión. Tiene n d os p a rte s, si la p rimera es a firma tiva, la seg und a será neg a tiva. Si la p rimera es nega tiva , la seg und a será a firma tiva . La s frases c on verbo s a uxilia res o d efec tivos forma n la c oletilla c on e l mismo v erbo .
You a re from Petrel, aren't y ou? Tú eres d e Petrel, ¿no es c ierto? You a ren’t from Petrel, are y ou? Tú no eres d e Pet rel, ¿verda d ? She isn’t from Sax, is she? Ella no es d e Sa x, ¿verd a d ? He has a Harley, ha sn't he? El tiene una Ha rley, ¿no es c ierto? You c an swim, c an't you? Tú sa bes na d ar, ¿verda d ? She c ould n't run fast, co uld she? Ella no pod ía c orrer dep risa, ¿no es c ierto? •
Co n los d em á s verbo s se usa n las p a rtíc ulas d o , does , en p resente .
You study every da y, don't you? Tú estud ia s tod os los días, ¿no? She p lay s golf, do esn't she? Ella jueg a a l golf ¿verda d ? You d on't spe ak Chinese, do you? Tú no sa b es ha b la r c hino ¿verda d ? She d oesn't write very well, doe s she? Ella no esc ribe muy bien. ¿verd a d? •
En p a sa d o se usa d id .
You went to Milan, did n't you? Fuiste a Milán, ¿no e s verda d ? She p repa red a paella , didn't she? 297
Ella hizo la p aella, ¿verd ad ? •
En futuro se usa will y won't .
They w ill c om e tom orrow, won't they? Vendrán m a ñana , ¿no e s c ierto? They w on't c om e tom orrow, will they? No vendrán ma ñana, ¿verda d? •
En c ond iciona l se usa would .
They w ould b uy it if they c ould, wo uldn't they? Ellos lo c om pra ría n si pud iera n, ¿verda d ? She w ouldn't buy it, would she? Ella no lo c om p raría , ¿verda d ?
298
SAY Y TELL •
Tienen el mismo siginificado, decir y contar. To te ll debe ir ac ompa ñado de un complemento indirecto, mientras que to say tan solo necesita un c o m p le m e n t o d i re c t o .
I told her your story Le c onté a ella tu histo ria . I told your story to he r. Le c onté tu histo ria a ella . I said tha t I was going to m ove to Sax. Dije q ue m e ib a a ir a vivir a Sa x.
299
1) What did the tea c her ........yesterday? a - Sa y b - Tell c - Said 2) What did yo ur mother .......to you? a - Sa y b - Tell c - Sp ea k 3) Plea se ...............what happene d? a - Sa y b - Tell c - Sp ea k 4) I will never....................a lie. a - Sa y b - Tell c - Count 5) Will you plea se ................us all the truth? a - Sa y b - Tell c - Sp ea k 6) He didn't ...................anything . a - Sa y b - Tell c - Count 7) Yesterda y Mr García .......it was going to rain. a - Sa y b - Sa id c - Tells 8) .........a joke. a - Sa y b - Tell c - Count 9) You've ........me that at least six times tod ay. a - Tell b - Tollen c - Told 10) She is alwa ys asking yo u to .........her words in Italian. a - Sa y b - Tell c - Sp ea k 11) My m other wa nts to see Sarah.................to c om e her at onc e. 300
a - Tell her b - Let her c - Let she 12) Did Ped ro Civera ........anything a bo ut the exam s? a - Tell b - Spea k c - Sa y 13) ........me w hat happe ned yesterday. a - Sa y b - Tell c - Sp ea k 14) Don't..........you don't like go od wine. a - Sa y b - Tell c - Sp ea k 15) I........my m other I wanted to be a n artist. a - Sa id b - Told c - Spoke 16) What did she........? a - Sa y b - Tell c - Sp ea k 17) He.........that he wants to go to Alicante. a - Tells b - Says c - Spea ks 18) Don't ........it to your friends. a - Sa y b - Tell c - Sp ea k 19) I.........my daughter a story every night. a - Spea k b - Sa y c - Tell 20) She never..........lies. a - Says b - Tells c - Spea ks 21) We always...............the truth. 301
a - Tell b - Spea k c - Sa y 22) I ...............them I was going to Australia. a - Told b - Tell c – Sa id 23) He........his wife he had had a n affair with her best friend . a - Sa id b - Told c - Spoke 24) .......me the truth plea se. a - Sa y b - Spea k c - Tell 25) They.......................that it was very c old in Disneyla nd Paris. a - Sa id b - Sayd c - Told 26) He ...........to the wa iter that the wine was not very goo d. a - Told b - Sa id c - Sayd 27) He......so. a - Sa id b - Sa y c - Told 28) She a lwa ys......us the story of her childho od in Salinas. a - Tell b - Tells c - Says 29) It is not easy to.........how it all began. a - Sa y b - Count c - Sp ea k 30) He ...........the sec retary to send the faxes. a - Told b - Sa id c - Orde r 31) My mother ....... "Let's visit the c ousins " 302
a - Sa id b - Told c - Sayd 32) I know two twin sisters in the Plaza Ma yor who a re very d ifficult to...................one from the other. a - Tell b - Sa y c - Mutte r 33) Life is not easy. You c an neve r..........what is go ing to hap pen. a - Sa y b - Tell c - Know s 34) When I went to England , a friend .....................me my fortune. a - Sa id b - Told c - Explaind 35) "It has been the best day of my life "......my sister. a - Told b - Sa id c - Gueses 36) The tea c her......to the class that they should wo rk more. a - Sa id b - Told c - Manded 37) It goes without........ a - Telling b - Sa ying c - Explainig
303
Soluciones 1. A 11.A 21.A 31.A
2. A 12.C 22.A 32.A
3. A 13.B 23.B 33.B
4. B 14.A 24.C 34.B
5. B 15.B 25.A 35.B
6. A 16.A 26.B 36.A
7. B 17.B 27.A 37.B
8. B 18.B 28.B
9. C 19.C 29.A
10.B 20.B 30.A
304
MAKE Y DO •
Estos d os verbo s c om pa rten e l signific a d o d e ha c er y p a ra c uyo uso no existe n reg las a unq ue t o m a ke tiene e l ma tiz d e fa b ric a r, co nstruir y t o d o se e mp lea c on un sentido m ás ge nera l. Por lo t a nto se d eb en a p rend er c ierta s expresione s.
MAKE
DO
Everybod y m ak es mistakes. Tod o el mund o c om ete errores.
I alway s do the ironing. Siem p re p la nc ho.
He is always making friend s. Siem pre e stá ha c iend o a migo s.
How do you do? ¿Có mo está s?
He m ak es a lot of noise. Hac e m ucho ruido .
I do the cook ing. Cocino.
I´m g oing to m ake you m y last offer. Te vo y a ha c er mi última ofe rta .
We do b usiness with Jap an. Ha c em os nego c ios c on Ja pó n.
I ma ke ma ny telepho ne ca lls. Yo ha g o muc ha s lla ma d a s.
His son is do ing b ad ly a t university. A su hijo le va ma l en la universid a d .
I mak e the b ed s in the m orning. Hag o las c am as po r la ma ñana .
He d oes well in his job. Lo ha c e b ien e n su tra b ajo.
Make m e a promise. Prométemelo.
I do the d usting on Tuesday. Quito el polvo los ma rtes.
She is ma king c offee. Está prepa rand o c afé
My sister do es the w ashing up. Mi herma na la va los p la tos.
She m ad e a fortune in Cuba . Hizo una fortuna en C uba .
She d id her hair yesterda y. Se a rreg ló e l pelo a yer.
These shoe s are m ade in Elda . Esto s za p a to s está n he c ho s en Elda .
She d oe s the housework. Ella ha c e las ta rea s d el hog a r.
They have ma de a lot of money. Han hec ho m ucho d inero.
We d o the shop ping on Saturda y. Hac em os la c om pra el sá ba do .
They mad e a good choice. Hic ieron una b uena elecc ión.
They d id m e a favour. Me hic ieron un favo r. 305
They m ad e fun of the new p upil. Se rieron d el nuevo alumno .
This will do yo u g ood . Esto te sent a rá b ien .
They ma de us wa it. Nos hicieron esperar.
This pill wo n’t do yo u any harm. Esta p a stilla no te ha rá ma l.
We m ad e a c omp laint yesterda y. Nos quejamos a yer.
I will do the c leaning. Ha ré la limpieza .
We m ad e sure eve rything wa s OK. Nos a seg ura mo s d e q ue to d o e sta b a bien.
Everyd ay I do the w ashing. Cad a d ía hago la c olad a.
You have to ma ke a dec ision. Tienes q ue d ec id irte.
Englishme n do the g arde ning on Sunday Los ingleses arreglan el jardín los domingos. He d oesn’t do any exercise. No hac e nad a d e ejercicio.
You w ill have to m ake a n effort. Tend rá s q ue ha c er un esfuerzo. Mak e a rrang em ents, we are go ing to Paris. Ha z los p rep a ra tivos, nos va mos a Paris.
She is doing up the ho use. Está d ec orand o la c a sa .
The Ma yor ma de a g ood speec h. El alca lde hizo un b uen d isc urso. Make up your mind and b uy the house. Dec íd ete y có mp ra te el piso. They m ad e love . Hic ieron e l am or. They m ad e wa r. Hic ieron la guerra .
306
1) What is she.....................in summer? a - Ma king b - Does c - Doing 2) Is there a nyhing to.....................here in this city? a - Do b - Ma ke c - Ma king 3) I hate ........................the housework. a - Doing b - Ma king c - Do 4) I am .........................my exerc ises now. a - Doing b - Ma king c - Does 5) I alwa ys.....................my bed . a - Ma ke b - Do c - Doing 6) They were....................a fire yesterda y. a – Mad e b - Ma king c - Doing 7) If you wa nt to................progress you have to study a lot. a - Mad e b - Ma ke c - Do 8) The first thing that you must.....................is yo ur hom ew ork. a - Do b - Ma ke c - Does 9) I never..................coffee. a - Do b - Ma ke c - Does 10) I prefer...................the shopping. a - Doing b - Making c - Did ing 11) Elena alwa ys.....................the ironing. 307
a - Does b - Ma kes c - To ma ke 12) You have to......................room for another desk. a - Do b - Ma ke c - Does 13) They always...................so muc h noise!!! a - Ma ke b - Do c - Does 14) He ............a very g ood spe ec h in Novelda ab out Gaudí. a - Made b - Did c - Do 15) Why do n't we.....................a cake? a - Do b - Ma ke c - Does 16) They..................friend s very soon. a - Do b - Ma ke c - Does 17) Hippies said. "...............love no t war " a - Do b - Ma ke c - Does 18) I wa s................the washing up w hen my bo ss phoned me. a - Doing b - Ma king c - Did ing 19) It will ............you go od to go to the be ac h. a - Do b - Ma ke c - Does 20) You must .........it for us. a - Ma ke b - Ma kes c - Mad e 21) I'm ..............the Christmas cake. a - Ma king 308
b - Doing c - Mad eing 22) .................sure you have everything yo u need . a - Is b - Ma ke c - Do 23) All right, but .........sure you p ut plenty o f sunc ream on or you will ge t burnt. a - Do b - Are c - Make 24) I'm going to ....................c offee. a - Made b - Do c - Make 25) You should ......an effort now. a - Ma ke b - Do c - Mad e 26) Peo ple ...........a lot o f mo ney selling shoes to The USA in the 60s. a - Made b - Ma ke c - Did 27) ......sure eve rything is in order. a - Ma ke b - Do c - Is 28) I have................the de c ision of go ing bac k to tea c hing ag ain. a - Do b - Done c - Mad e 29) She is always........................friends. a - Doing b - Made c - Ma king 30) My daughters..................so muc h noise! a - Do b - Ma ke c - Ma king 31) I............som e c akes for my guests. a - Did 309
b - Made c - Maded 32) What are y ou..................? -Just reading the paper. a - Ma king b - Doing c - Make 33) The doc tor always .................wa it a lot. a - Does b – Ma kes c - Ma king
310
Soluciones 1. C 11.A 21.A 31.B
2. A 12.B 22.B 32.B
3. A 13.A 23.C 33.B
4. A 14.A 24.C
5. A 15.B 25.A
6. B 16.B 26.A
7. B 17.B 27.A
8. A 18.A 28.C
9. B 19.A 29.C
10.A 20.A 30.B
311
EXCLAMACIONES •
Las oraciones exclamativas pueden tener alguna de las siguientes estructuras.
What a . Se usa c on susta ntivos.
What a ya c ht. Qué yate.
Tam bién c on a djetivos
What a pretty g irl. Qué chica tan guapa.
What. Se usa c on p lurales e inco nta b les.
What pretty girls. Qué c hic a s ta n guap as. What horribe films. Qué p elíc ulas má s malas. What weather. Qué tiemp o.
How. Se usa c on a d jetivos y ad verbios.
How beautiful. Qué guapa . How fast. Qué ráp ido .
Orac iones interrog ativa s neg ativa s.
Isn’t he the perfec t football playe r? ¿No es él el perfecto jug a d or de fútb ol?
312
ORACIONES CONDICIONALES •
Describen situaciones hipotéticas. Podemos distinguir básicamente tres tipos de oraciones condicionales: el primer tipo plantea situciones reales. El seg und o, ind ica hipótesis, deseos difíc iles d e c onseg uir pero posibles. El tercer tipo, hace referencia a situaciones e hipótesis irreales e imposibles en el pa sa do, imp osibles d e c onseg uir.
PRIMER TIPO
SEGUNDO TIPO
Ac c iones p rob a bles q ue Ac c ione s imp rob a bles y se refieren a l presente o situa c iones hipo té tica s. a l futuro. Si llueve me mojo. Si lloviera me mojaría .
•
TERCER TIPO Ac c iones imposibles.
Si hub iera llovid o m e hab ría mojad o.
No imp orta q ué o rac ión se p one prime ro, pero sí la c ond ic ión e s la p rime ra se d eb en sep a ra r entre c om a s.
If you play tennis, buy go od tennis shoes. Si jueg a s a l tenis, cóm p ra te una b uena s za p a tilla s. Primer tipo: If + presente + presente. If I eat c hocolate, I get fat. Si com o c hoc olate engordo. Ta mb ién p od em os tene r: If + present e + futuro. If I eat c hocolate, I will get fat. Si como c hoc olate engordaré. Segundo tipo: If + pasado simple + If I ate choc olate, I would g et fat. Si c om iera c hoc olate e ngo rd a ría . c ond itional simp le. Tercer tipo: If + pasado perfecto + If I had eaten c hoc olate, I would ha ve get fat. c ondicional perfecto . Si hubiera c om id o c hoc olate hab ría engordado.
313
•
En el prime r tipo se trata d e una referenc ia a l futuro d ond e c ua lq uiera d e las dos acciones puede ir en primer lugar. Indica verdades universales y c onsec uc iones lóg ic as de ac ontec imietos. Son a c c iones que p ued en ocurrir.
If he d oesn’t pay, he’ll have to fac e the music. Si no p a g a , tend rá q ue a fronta r la s c onsec uenc ia s.
Existen ot ra s posibles c om b inac iones: If +
presente + m od al.
should +
imp erativo.
Imp erativo + conjunction + clause Unless se not.
If I finish ea rly I c an go. Si a c a b o p ronto p od ré ir. Should you see her give her my regards. Si la ves, da le rec uerdo s. Stop shouting or I will get a ngry. Pa ra de gritar o m e enfad aré.
suele emplear en lugar de if We wo n’t go out unless you pa y. No nos iremos a menos de que pagues.
Con imp era tivo.
If you a re hungry, eat som ething ! Si tiene s ha mb re, c om e. Travel the world if you w ant to b e wise. Si quieres ser sa b io, via ja.
•
Cua lq uiera d e las d os orac ione s pued e ir c oloc a d a e n prime r lugar, pero si la subordinada que empieza con if va la primera, debe ir seguida de coma.
Las oraciones del segundo tipo expresan acciones que pueden ocurrir. Expresan deseos y anhelos. If el Fari c am e here, I would a sk for an auto graph. Si el Fa ri viniera le p ed iría un a uto gráfo . •
Ta mb ién se usa n pa ra d a r c onsejos.
314
If I were you, I wouldn’t go out with him. Yo d e tí no iría c on él. •
Were se puede usar en lugar de w a s . No hay diferencia en pero were es má s forma l, y se usa pa ra posibilida d es rem ota s:
el significado,
If I were rich, I would not buy a y ac ht. Si fuera ric o no me c om praría un yate . •
También expresan esperanzas y deseos.
If I c ould, I would g o to Mexic o. Si pud iera, iría a Mé jic o. •
Este tip o suele refe rirse a l presente.
•
Could y m i g h t se
•
p ued en usa r en luga r d e w ould.
Las oraciones del tercer tipo hacen referencia a acciones imposibles de rea liza r, pue s son hipó te sis en el pa sa d o, lam ento s, etc .
If I had m et her, I would have told you. Si la hub iera visto, te lo ha b ría d icho .
OTRAS FORMAS DE CONDICIONALES: Suppose.
Suppose you are rich, would you live in a big house? Suponiendo que fueras rico, ¿Vivirías en una c asa grand e? Suppose he comes, would you visit him? Sup ón q ue viene, ¿le visita ría s?
Supposing.
Supposing you find a wallet with money, what will you do ? Suponiendo que encuentras una c artera c on d inero, ¿Qué ha rías?
As long a s.
You c ould go as long as you p ay y our part. Pod rá s ir mientras p a g ues tu p a rte . 315
On the c ondition tha t.
On the c ondition that you pay you c an be with us. Con la condición de que pagues p ued es esta r co n no sotros.
Provided.
Provided you wa nt it I will give it to yo u. Si lo q uieres te lo d a ré.
316
1) If you ea t all these c ake s you...............................................ill. a - Are b - Will be c - Is 2) If I want to go with you I ...............................................you tonight. a - Would telep hone b - Will telep hone c - Had telep honed 3) If you had read Mortade lo you.........a good time. a - Would ha ve had b - Will ha ve ha d c - Will ha d ha ve 4) If you clean my bike I .............................you to go to the c inem a. a - Invite s b - Inv ite c - Invite d 5) I .........................you m y c ar if you p ay the p etrol. a - Would lend b - Will lend ing c - Lend 6) If you say that again she...........................................c rossed with you. a - Is b - Will be c - Would be 7) Unless you study everyday you ....................................ab le to p ass the exa m. a - Would not b e b - Will not b e c - Sha ll be not 8) If you put ic e in the sun it..............................................to water. a - Turn b - Turns c - Turning 9) If the house...........................................on fire c all the firemen. a - Go b - Go ing c - Goes 10) If you...........................................this one I'll bring yo u another. a - Doesn't like b - Did n't like c - Don't like 11) British peop le .....................................to Alic ante b ec ause of the c limate. 317
a - Come b - Comes c – Co ming 12) If I had m oney I.........................................a new c om puter and a Harley. a - Will b uy b - Would b uy c - Would bo ught 13) If he ...............................................eating c hoc olates he will ge t fat. a - Don't sto p b - Doesn't sto p c - Didn't sto p 14) If I ................................................studied I would g et a better job. a - Has b - Ha ve c - Ha d 15) If it ............more we c ould grow m ore trees. a - Ra in b - Ra ined c - Ra ining 16) If I had known that you wanted to eat out I ......to book a tab le in a restaurant. a - Will has telep hone d b - Would have te lep honed c - Will ha ve t elep hone 17) I.............................you som ething if I had know n tha t yo u wanted a drink. a - Would ha ve b roug ht b - Ha d b roug ht c - Will b ring 18) If I had known that you had a new house I..............................to visit you. a - Will have g one b - Would ha ve go ne c - Would have w ent 19) If the boss ha d been a good one, this shop................................. a - Wouldn't ha ve c losed b - Would ha s c losed c - Will have c lose 20) If you had studied more you.......................................your deg ree last year. a - Would have g ot b - Would has go t c - Will had go t 318
21) If you...........................here this morning you would have seen m y new c ar. a - Had been b - Had be ing c - Had be 22) If I had boug ht lottery yesterday, today I..............................................rich. a - Would have be ing b - Will ha ve b een c - Would ha ve be en 23) If they had offered him to be the President of the c lub he ............................... a - Would have a c c epte d b - Will have a c c ep ted c - Had ac cep ted 24) If I had k nown that they were in Elda l...............them to have lunc h in La Sirena. a - Willl ha ve invite d b - Would ha ve invited c - Ha d invite d 25) If I had known that Penelope Cruz wa s invited to this pa rty I ..........................earlier. a - Would ha ve c ome b – Ha ve t ohave c am e c - Will had c om e 26) If I had know tha t Benid orm had so many d isc oe s I....................... a - Would ha s go ne b - Would have w ent c - Would ha ve go ne 27) If you ........the b ea n, it means you a re going to pay "the rosc ón ". a - Find b - Found c - Had found 28) Well, you have to study a lot, if you ...........to get into a g ood university. a - Want b - Wanted c - Wa nts 29) Don't ring ...........................there is anything you need . a - Unless b - Or c - Bo th 30) If I could , I ......................go to Continente w ith you, d arling. a - Went b - Must 319
c - Would 31) What ....................if you won the lottery? a - You d o b - Would you do c - Had you done 32) If I were you, I .............wo rk in that ba nk anym ore. a - Would b - Wouldn't c - Can 33) If I were you I ........buy the house today . a - Will b - Would c - Must 34) If you study, you...............pa ss all the subjec ts with flying c olours. a - Will b - Can c - Would 35) If you ...............worried, tell yo ur mother about it. a - Were b - Are c - Had bee n 36) If you................ea rlier tonight, we c ould go to the c inema. a - Come b - Came c - Comes 37) If I ............too m uc h choc olate I ge t fat. a - Ea t b - At e c - Would ea t 38) ......he rich he would b uy a Merced es. a - Was b - Were c - Is 39) ......you tell me the truth you will be punished . a - As long a s b - Unless c - In o rd er to 40) I pa id a lot of money ......that you rep aired m y c ar. a - On c ondition that b - With the c ond ition that 320
c - At the co ndition of 41) ......you pay there is no prob lem . a - As long a s b - So long c - With a s 42) .........Antonio had w on the elec tions wha t would have ha pp ened? a - Sup pose b - Sup p oning c - Sup posing 43) ........that Pep e we re rich he would not be here. a - Provide s b - Provide d c - Providind 44) ..........Mano lo the May or, nothing of this kind would ha ppen. a - Is b - Are c - Were Soluciones 1. B 11.A 21.A 31.B 41.A
2. B 12.B 22.C 32.B 42.C
3. A 13.B 23.A 33.B 43.B
4. B 14.C 24.B 34.A 44.C
5. C 15.B 25.A 35.B
6. B 16.B 26.C 36.B
7. B 17.A 27.A 37.A
8. B 18.B 28.A 38.B
9. C 19.A 29.B 39.B
10.C 20.A 30.C 40.A
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LA VOZ PASIVA •
•
•
Se usa para resaltar más la acción que el sujeto. Puede que d esc onozc am os al auto r d e la a c c ión o q ue no nos interese. La voz pa siva en ing lés se usa muc ho má s q ue en c a stella no. Se fo rma c on el a uxilia r t o b e en el mismo timep o q ue el verbo de la forma ac tiva y e l pa rtic ipio p asad o d el verbo que se c onjuga . En la transformación a pasiva se produce un cambio de sujeto, que lóg ic am ente, de be mos hac er c onc orda r c on el verbo .
ACTIVA
PASIVA Presente Simple Bread with olive o il is ea ten. El pan con aceite es comido.
I ea t b rea d with olive o il.
Pasado Simple Bread with olive oil was eaten. El pan con aceite fue comido.
I a te b rea d with olive o il.
Futuro Sim ple A c ar will be b ought. Un c oc he será c omp rad o.
I will b uy a c a r.
Cond icio nal Simp le A sandw ich would be eaten. Un bo c adillo será c om ido.
I wo uld ea t a sand wich.
Presente Perfecto I have mad e a photograp h.
A photograph has been made. Una fotografía ha sido hecha.
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Pasado Perfecto A wallet had be en found. Se había encontrado una cartera.
I had found a wa llet.
Futuro Perfecto I will have see n the sea .
The sea w ill have be en see n. El ma r ha b rá sido visto .
Condiciona l Perfec to I would have bought a Cadillac.
•
A Cad illac would have been b ought. Un Cad illac hab rá sid o c om p rad o.
Usamos la preposición b y pa ra indica r el c omp lemento a gente
It was done by my mo ther. Fue hec ho p or mi ma d re. •
Los siguientes verbos llevan complemento directo e indirecto. Con estos verb os se p ued e usa r el c om p lem ento ind irec to c om o sujeto a l tra nsforma r las orac iones a p a siva. Esto no o c urre e n espa ñol.
Give. Dar.
Lend. Prestar.
Offer. Ofrecer.
Pay. Pagar.
Promise. Prometer.
Refuse. Negarse a .
Send. Enviar.
Show. Mostrar.
I g a ve Ma ry a kiss.
Mary was given a kiss. Le d ieron un b eso a Ma ría .
I show ed my friend my ho use.
My friend wa s shown my house. A mi am iga le fue e nseña da la c asa.
•
Si el co mp lem ento es un pronom b re c om pleme nto. Him, them , her, etc ., en la o ra c ión p a siva, éste c om p lem ento p a sa rá a la fo rma d e sujeto .
323
He gave her a rose.
•
She wa s give n a rose. Se le d io una rosa .
Ta mb ién se sue len usa r los siguient es ve rbo s en estruc turas p a sivas:
To kno w. Saber.
To b elieve. Creer.
To think. Pensar.
To c onsider. Considerar.
To say. Decir.
It is said that he is go ing to b e p rom oted . Se d ic e q ue le van a a sc end er. 1) The boo k ..........by Emilio Maestre. a - Wa s w rite b - Was written c - Was to w ritte n 2) Those pictures .....................by my m other. a - Were ta ken b - Took c - Tooks 3) The streets ...........dec orated . a - Are b - Is c - Will 4) Shoes are traditionally .............with leather. a - Made b - Ma kes c - Mad es 5) Ham in Spain is .......as a starter. a - Ea t b - Ea te n c - At e 6) I was........a very nice present in my last birthday . a - Ga ve b - Given c - To g ive 7) The b oy is .........Pep et a nd his sister María. a - Ca lles b - Ca lled c - Ca lling 8) "The Rosc ón " has things ..........in it. 324
a - Hid e b - Hid c - Hidden 9) It's very d ifficult to get ...............in a sc hool like tha t. a - Acc ept b - Acc epted c - Ac c pe ting 10) When we stay up late studying we phone a nd ha ve o ne p izza .......... a - Delivered b - Deliveres c - Delive ring 11) My brother-in- law Jesus wrote this article. It ...................by him. a - Is w itte n b - Wa s w rlte c - Wa s w ritte n 12) Plaza Mayo r .......in 1996. a - Wa s built b - Will b e b uilt c - Built 13) Barcelona sc ored seven go als yesterday. All ........by Rona ldo. a - Were sc ored b - Sc ored c - Will be sc ored 14) She's .........to watc h TV on Frida y. a - Allow ed b - Allow ee d c - Alow ed 15) All the shoe s we re........during the shoe fair in Milan. a - Sell b - Sold c - Selling 16) Many bo xes are..........due to ba d ha ndling. a - Dama ged b - Dam ag e c - Dama ging 17) Peo ple from Elda are........to be very hardworking. a - Sa y b - Says c - Said 18) The b est shoes are......here in Elda. 325
a - Ma ke b - Ma king c - Mad e 19) The fire wa s......by an elec trica l fault. a - Ca using b - Ca uses c - Ca used 20) The leathers we re.........from Italy as usual. a - Imp ort b - Imp ortted c - Imp orted 21) Hote ls for the shoe fairs must be......we ll in ad vanc e. a - Boo k b - Boo ked c - Boked 22) Som eo ne has......................the book from the library. a - Ste a l b - Sto le c - Sto len
326
Soluciones 1. B 11.C 21.B
2. A 12.A 22.C
3. A 13.A
4. A 14.A
5. B 15.B
6. B 16.A
7. B 17.C
8. C 18.C
9. B 19.C
10.A 20.C
327
EL ESTILO INDIRECTO •
Para contar lo que dijo alguien, podemos hacerlo de dos maneras, rep itiend o las p a la b ra s exac ta s, o usa nd o e l estilo indirec to.
•
Co mo se utiliza p a ra c ontar lo que suc ed ió, los verbo s suelen ir en p a sa do.
•
En estilo indirec to la frase suele emp eza r c on un verbo c om o:
Say. Decir
Tell. Contar.
Ask. Preguntar.
Inquire. Solicitar.
Think. Pensar.
Explain. Explicar.
Complain. Quejarse.
Warn. Advertir.
Point out. Señalar.
Remark. Remarcar.
Declare. Declarar.
State. Afirmar.
Announce. Anunciar.
Protest. Protestar.
Claim. Reclamar.
•
El tiempo de lo narrado da un salto hacia atrás y las preguntas dejan de serlo. Ta mb ién d eb em os d e tene r en c uenta una serie d e c a mb ios: en expresiones temporales, en los tiempos verba les y en los pronom bres.
Presente Simp le.
Pasad o Simp le.
I live in Elda.
He said he lived in Eld a.
Present e Co ntinuo.
Pa sa d o Co ntinuo.
I am rea ding a bo ok.
He said he was read ing a book .
Presente Perfec to Simp le.
Pasad o Perfec to Simple.
I have boug ht a c ar.
He said he had boug ht a c ar.
Present e Perfec to Co ntinuo.
Pasa do Perfec to Cont inuo.
I have be en wo rking with him.
He said he had be en working with him. Pasad o Perfec to.
Pasado Simp le.
328
I went to Lond on.
He said he had go ne to Lond on.
Pa sa d o Co ntinuo.
Pasad o Perfec to Co ntinuo.
I was writing a letter.
He said he had be en writing a letter.
Pa sa do Perfecto.
Pasad o Perfec to.
I had be en there.
He said he had be en there.
Pa sa d o Perfec to Co ntinuo.
Pasad o Perfec to Co ntinuo.
I had be en wa iting for you.
He said he had be en wa iting for him.
Futuro Simp le.
Co nd ic ional Simp le.
I will live in Alicante.
He said he would live in Alic ante .
Futuro Co ntinuo.
Co ndic iona l Co ntinuo.
I will be singing in a ka rao ke.
He said he would be singing in a karaoke.
Can.
Could.
I c an swim .
He said he c ould swim .
Shall.
Should.
I shall do it.
He said he should do it.
May.
Might.
It ma y rain toda y.
He said it might rain that da y.
Must. Ha ve To.
Ha d To.
I must study.
He said he had to study .
Now.
Then.
I am hap py now.
He said he was happ y then. 329
Tod a y.
Tha t d a y.
I am sad today .
He said he wa s sad that da y.
Yeste rda y.
The d a y b efo re, The p revious d a y.
Yesterday I went to Madrid.
He said he had gone to Ma drid the previous da y.
Tomorrow.
The next d a y. The fo llow ing d a y. The d a y aft er.
I will go to Valenc ia tomo rrow.
He said he would go to Valenc ia the da y a fter.
Next wee k.
The follow ing we ek.
Next week I will be in Milan.
He said he would be in Milan the following week .
La st week.
The p revious week.
I c ooke d pa ella last week.
He said he had c ook ed pa ella the previous wee k.
A Wee k Ag o.
The Week Befo re.
A wee k ag o I pla yed tennis in Alme ria. He said he had pla yed tennis in Almería the week before. This.
Tha t .
I am go ing to buy this.
He said he wa s go ing to buy that.
These.
Those.
These are my friend s.
He said that those were his friends.
Here.
There.
I live here.
He said he lived there.
330
Now.
Then.
Now I wa nt a c offee.
He said that then he wa nted a c offee.
•
Las ordenes tambien sufren modificaciones: Debemos cambiar el imp erativo p or infinitivo
Go out.
He told us to go out. Nos d ijo q ue nos fueramo s.
Drink the mik.
He ordered me to drink the milk. Me ordenó que m e b ebiera la lec he.
Go out.
He invited me to go out. Me invitó a q ue sa liera.
•
La s órdene s neg a tivas g ene ra lme nt e se e xpresa n c on no t + infinitive .
Don’t smo ke in the c orridor.
•
He ordered us not to smo ke in the corridor. Nos ordenó que no fumaramos en el pasillo.
Las sugerencias con let’s se intoducen con el verbo suggest que puede tener dos construcciones. Seguido de gerundio o con una oración subo rdinad a introd ucida po r that .
Let’s take a taxi.
He suggested tak ing a taxi. Él sug irió c oger un ta xi. He suggested that we should take a taxi. Sugirió q ue d eb eríamos c og er un taxi.
•
En las preguntas, además de cambiar los tiempos se omite el signo de interrog a c ión y se usa el orden d e la a firma tiva.
What does she do?
He asked wha t she did . 331
El preg untó q ué ha c ía . When did you go to Petrel?
•
He asked me when I had go ne to Petrel. Me preguntó cuándo había ido yo a Petrel.
Cuando en el estilo directo se hagan preguntas, en el indirecto debemos utilizar inquire, wond er, wa nt to know , etc.
Where's Mary?
He asked where Mary wa s. Me p reg untó dónd e estab a M aría.
How c an I go to Elche?
He asked me how he c ould go to Elche? Me p reg untó c óm o p od ría ir a Elc he.
Why do you smo ke?
He wa nted to know why I smo ked . El quería sa be r por qué fuma b a yo.
•
Cua ndo no em p lee mo s un prono mb re interrog a tivo usa rem os if o whether .
Is anyone interested in co ming? ¿Está a lg uien inte resa d o en venir? He a sked w hether anyo ne wa s interested in going . El p reg untó si a lguien e sta b a interesa d o e n ir.
332
EL GERUNDIO •
En inglés se puede usa r co mo
Sujeto d e una orac ión.
Swimm ing is very g ood . La nata c ión e s muy bue na.
Comp lemento direc to.
I like read ing the p ap er. Me g usta lee r el periód ic o.
Co n c iertos verbo s.
I avo id go ing out at night alone. Evito sa lir solo p or la noc he. I keep on da ncing o n Saturda y. Sigo b aila ndo el sáb ad o.
En prohibiciones.
No cyc ling. Prohibido ir en b ic ic leta .
Detrás d e las prep osicione s.
I ga ve up smo king in 1998. Dejé d e fum a r en 1998.
Detrás de a f t e r , before , sinc e , when , Before e ating I have a c oke. Antes de c omer tomo una co c a-cola. while . After ea ting I sleep siesta. Después de c om er due rmo la siesta .
333
1) There's sure ................a long line for the c onc ert. a - To b e b - To ha ve c - The re is 2) Wasn't it worth .................all those cars? a - Wa shing b - Wash c - Washed 3) ...............in a pub o r a p izzeria is good for me. a - Work b - Working c - Works 4) It was diffic ult at first..........to live a lone in England. a - Ha ve b - Has c - Ha ving 5) I don't mind ............the sam e c lothes eve ryda y. a - Wea ring b - Wea r c - Weared 6) I hate go ing ............on Saturda y. a - Shops b - Shop p ing c - Shop per 7) I will get ............to living in Alic ante very soon. a - Use b - Used c - Uses 8) I just love ..............all the pe op le and listening to the music. a - Watc hing b - Watc h c - Watc hed 9) I will not get ...........to living in Eng land in winter. a - Use b - Using c - Used 10) Ima gine .........to wo rk in the Sahara. a - Ha ve b - Ha ving c - Ha s 11) I've got ...........to it. 334
a - Used b - Use c - Using 12) I am g oing to get ............to getting up e arly willy nilly. a - Used b - Use c - Using 13) I like........in the kitc hen. a - Help b - Helping c - To helping 14) My wife ha s never liked .........to the op era. a - Gone b - Go ing c - Went 15) I like........ a - Rea d b - To rea d c - Rea d ing 16) She hates....... a - Wash b - Wa shing c - Washed 17) I prefer...... a - Swimm ing b - Swim c - Going swim 18) I went to England.............English. a - To lea rn b - Lea rn c - Lea rning 19) My sister wa nts......a cottage. a - To b uy b - Buy c - Buying 20) They ha ve now here........ a - To g o b - Go c - Go ing 21) My sister is not ea sy ....... 335
a - Co nvinc ing b - To c onvince c - Convince 22) May I....... a - To g o b - Go c - Went 23) Does she ......c hoc olate? a - To like b - Likeing c - Like 24) Do........hom e now it's very late! a - Go b - To g o c - Goed 25) Pac o Claros ........me laugh. a - Ma kes b - To m a ke c - To m a d e 26) We'd rathe r.........home. a - To sta y b - Sta y c - Sta ying 27) Why .......him ab out the ac c ident? a - To te ll b - Tell c - Telling 28) My ke ys are ........found . a - Be b - To b e c - Beeing 29) There are many letters........written. a - Be b - To b e c - Being 30) I went to the d isc o....... a - To d a nc e b - Danc e c - Da nc ing 31) My fam ily co uldn't...................to buy a car. a - Afford 336
b - To a fford c - Afford ing 32) I ...............................to b uy the house for a cuartelillo. a - Ag ree b - To a gree c - Ag ree ing 33) You ..................to go tom orrow to the m eeting. a - Are b - Be c – Was 34) I have d ec ided .................a new b ike. a - Buying b - Buy c - To b uy 35) They deserve .......................treated better. a - Be b - To b e c - Being 36) My b rother hap pe ned .......................Paloma in the c inema. a - Meet b - To m ee t c - Me eting 37) I have planned ....................on holida ys to Menorc a In spring. a - Go b - To g o c - Go ing 38) She p retended not ........................them in the street. a - To see b - See c - Seeing 39) I refused .............the bill be c ause it was very expensive. a - Paying b - Pa y c - To p a y 40) In court yo u must ........................the truth. a - Swea r b - Swea ring c - To swea r 41) Plea se remind me...................the new c ustom ers. a - Ca ll 337
b - Ca lling c - To c a ll 42) You ha d b etter...........................the c ar now. Next year the p rices will go up. a - To b uy b - Buy c - Buying 43) She c an ............bette r than last ye ar. a - Swim b - To swim c - Swimm ing 44) He m ust......................hard if he wa nts o p ass the e xams. a - To stu d y b - Stu d y c - Stud ying 45) She would rather........................the night in Alicante tha n in London. a - Sp ent b - Sp end c - Soe nd ing 46) Yo m ust avoid........................to him . a - Sp ea king b - To sp ea k c - Sp ea k 47) He admitted.......................the jewels. a - Ste a ling b - Ste a l c - To ste a l 48) We can't help.....................cho c olate after lunc h. a - Ea t b - To e a t c - Ea ting 49) My sister hates..........................to the be ach. a - To g o b - Go c - Go ing 50) I finished................the novel last summer. a - Writing b - To w rite c - Write 51) I do n't m ind..........................to wait. a - To ha ve b - Ha ving 338
c - Ha ve 52) She m isses..........................to the mounta ins now that she is 89. a - Go b - Goes c - Go ing 53) I suggest.............................to a goo d restaurant. a - To g o b - Go ing c - Go 54) I am used to............................at night. a - Drive b - Driving c - To d rive 55) They boa st of.............................the be st beac hes in the provinc e. a - Ha ve b - To ha ve c - Ha ving 56) It consists of.............................ma ny p rob lems. a - So lve b - Solving c - To so lve 57) She dreams of.................................an actress. a - Bec om ing b - Bec om e c - To b ec om e 58) I ga ve up......................last year. a - Smoking b - To smoke c - Smoke 59) They e nded by ...........that the g oa l was sc ored when the m atc h had finished. a - Sa y b - Sa ying c - To sa y 60) We are looking forward to........................to Mad rid. a - Go ing b - To g o c - Go 61) Refrain from........................... a - Smoke b - Smoking 339
c - To smoke 62) We are thinking of...........................a bigger flat. a - Buy b - To b uy c - Buying 63) I will never forget........................in London. a - Walk b - Walking c - To w a lk
340
Soluciones 1. A 11.A 21.B 31.A 41.C 51.B 61.B
2. A 12.A 22.B 32.A 42.B 52.C 62.C
3. B 13.B 23.C 33.A 43.A 53.B 63.B
4. C 14.B 24.A 34.C 44.B 54.B
5. A 15.C 25.A 35.B 45.B 55.C
6. B 16.B 26.B 36.B 46.A 56.B
7. B 17.A 27.B 37.B 47.A 57.A
8. A 18.A 28.B 38.A 48.C 58.A
9. C 19.A 29.B 39.C 49.C 59.B
10.B 20.A 30.A 40.C 50.A 60.A
341
EL INFINITIVO •
Se e mplea
Detrás de algunos verbos: afford I learnt to d rive in 1977. (permitirse), agree (estar de ac uerdo ), Ap rend í a c ond uc ir en 1977. learn (aprender), w a n t (querer), w ish (desear), prepare (preparar). Detrá s d e a d jetivos c om o: sa d , ready , It is difficult to translate Latin. Es d ifíc ill trad uc ir La tín. easy . It is sad to say Es triste decirlo. It is ea sy to mem orize. Es fá c il d e mem oriza r. Detrás de “ enough” .
He ha s enough to live on his own. Tiene suficiente para vivir por su cuenta.
Con: order, i n v i t e, t e l l , etc
They invited m e to p arad e inVillena. Me invitaron a d esfila r en Villena .
Co n los verb os mo dales.
I ca n swim. Sé na d a r. I must go . Deb o ir.
Co mo sujeto .
To w alk is go od . And a r es b ueno .
VERBOS SEGUIDOS DE GERUNDIO O INFINITIVO •
Algunos verbos siempre van en gerundio y otros siempre van en infinitivo. Otros como: advise (aconsejar), allow (permitir), permit (permitir), begin (empezar), continue (continuar), intend (tener la intención de), love
342
(amar), prefer (preferir), hate (odiar) etc , pued en ir seg uid os d e g erundio o d e infinitivo sin c a mb ia r el signific a d o. I started smoking a t 17. Emp ec é a fuma r a los 17. I started to smoke a t 17. Emp ec é a fuma r a los 17. •
Otros, como: stop (parar), remember (recordar), forget (olvidar), regret (lamentar), pueden ir seguidos tanto por un gerundio como por un infinitivo, p ero c on sent id os diferent es.
Stop.
I stopped to smo ke. Pa ré p a ra fum a r. I stopp ed smoking. Dejé d e fuma r.
Forget.
I forgot to p ost the letter. Olvidé ec har la c arta. I will never forget visiting my unc le. Nunca olvid a ré visita r a m i tío.
Regret.
I reg ret doing this. La m e nto hac er esto. I reg ret to tell yo u this. La me nto te ner q ue d ec irte e sto.
Remember.
I rem em be r swimm ing in the lake . Rec uerdo cuand o nad ab a en el lag o. Rem em ber to buy b rea d. No te o lvid es de c omp rar el pa n.
Try.
I tried to buy it. Intenté c om p ra rlo. I tried working as a lawyer but I didn’t like it. Intenté trab ajar de ab oga do pero no me g ustab a. 343
VERBOS SEGUIDOS POR INFINITIVO Afford. Permitirse.
Arrange. Preparar.
Care. Cuidar.
Decide. Decidir.
Forget. Olvidar.
Agree. Esta r d e acuerdo. Appear. Aparecer.
Ask. Pedir.
Claim. Reclamar.
Deserve. Merecer.
Hope. Desear.
Beg. Suplicar.
Consent. Consentir.
Expect. Esperar.
Manage. Arreglarselas.
Mean. Querer decir.
Offer. Ofrecer.
Pretend. Fingir.
Refuse. Negar.
Remember. Recordar.
Need. Necesitar
Stop. Parar.
Swear. Jurar.
Wait. Esperar.
Want. Querer.
Seem. Parecer.
Wish. Desear.
VERBOS SEGUIDOS POR GERUNDIO Admit. Admitir.
Avoid. Evitar.
Dislike. Disgustar.
Enjoy. Disfrutar.
Finish. Acabar.
Advise. Aconsejar.
Complete. Completar.
Forget. Olvidar.
Quit. Abandonar.
Anticipate. Anticiparse.
Delay. Retrasar.
Regret. Lamentar.
Miss. Ec ha r d e menos. Resist. Resistir.
Understand. Comprender.
344
ESTRUCTURAS DE INTERES WHAT IS LIKE? •
Se utiliza p ara rec a b a r informa c ión sob re e l a sp ec to físic o de alguien pue s pa ra sab er cóm o e s alguien d e c arác ter usam os h o w .
What is your girlfriend like? ¿Có mo es físic a me nte t u c hic a ? She is very pretty. Ella es muy gua p a . How is she? ¿Có mo está ella ? Very well, thank yo u. Muy bien g ra c ia s. •
Las siguientes estructuras nos serán de utilidad a la hora de formular deseo s, quejas etc .
Wish. I wish I had lived in Ame ric a. Expresa d eseo s, pa ra su trad uc c ión se Ojalá hubiera vivido en Am éric a . d eb e usa r el sub juntivo. I wish you w ould b e rich. Ojalá fuera s ric o.
Would like.
I wish you were quiet. Ojalá te estuviera s q uiet o. I would like to go to Paris. Me gusta ría ir a Pa ris. I would like you to com e with me . Me gusta ría q ue vinieras c onm igo . I would like a sand wic h. Me g usta ría c om erme un bo c a d illo.
345
Would prefer.
I’d prefer a c offee. Prefe riría un c afé. I would prefer to go with you. Preferiría ir contigo.
Prefer.
I prefer tea to coffee. Prefiero el té a l ca fé. I prefer swim ming to running. Prefiero na d a r a c orrer. I prefer to stay at hom e. Prefiero q ued a rme en c a sa.
If only.
If only she wo uld stop c om pla ining. Co n ta n sólo que de ja ra d e q ueja rse. If only he would d o wha t he has to do . Con tan sólo que hiciera lo que tiene que hac er.
Would rather.
I’d rather not go . Prefe riría no ir. I’d rather not go now . Preferiría no ir a ho ra.
Had better.
I had better go to have a drink. Prefe riría ir a t om a r una c op a .
It's time.
It's time to ea t. Es hora d e c om er. It's time for us to eat. Es hora d e q ue c om amo s. It's time we a te. Es hora d e q ue c om amo s.
It's ab out time .
It’s ab out time he c am e. Ya e s hora de que venga .
Used to.
He used to drink quite a lot. Él solía beb er muc ho. 346
I used to wear glasses, but now I use contact lenses. Yo solía llevar gafas pero ahora uso lentillas. To be used to.
Enoug h.
I am used to read ing the pa pe r. Estoy acostumbrado a leer periódico.
el
I have enoug h mo ney. Teng o sufic ient e d inero. I am rich enoug h. Soy lo suficientement e ric o.
Too.
She is too old to c limb the mountain. Es demasido vieja para subir las montañas.
Fairly.
He spea ks English fairly we ll. Él hab la ing lés b a sta nte b ien.
Quite.
He spea ks English quite we ll. Él ha b la inglés muy b ien.
Rather.
He spea ks English rathe r we ll. Él ha b la inglés muy b ien.
Pretty.
He spea ks English pretty well. Él ha b la inglés muy b ien.
347
EL CAUSATIVO HAVE •
Esta estructutura se usa para indicar que el que realiza la acción no es el sujeto sino otra persona. Se usan los verbos causativos have y g et . Indica acciones como cortarse el pelo, hacerse un empaste donde lógicamente el sujeto no se ha c e un e mp a ste ni se c orta e l pelo, sino q ue c ontrata un servicio.
I have m y hair c ut every m onth. Me c orto el pelo c ad a m es. I have my c ar repa ired when it breaks dow n. Me rep aran el c oc he c uand o se estrop ea . •
Esta estructura se p ued e usa r en tod os los tiem p os.
•
En la interrog ra tiva y ne g a tiva utiliza n los a uxilia res, d o , does , did.
Did yo u have your tooth fill? ¿Te hic ieron un e mp a ste? Do yo u have your ca rpe ts c leaned every yea r? ¿Te limp ia n la s a lfom bra s c a d a a ño?
348
VERBOS CON PREPOSICÓN •
Muc hos verbo s ing leses va n a c om p a ña d os de p rep osic iones o ad verbios. Si ob servam os por ejemplo el verbo look y sus posibles c om bina c iones nos d a rem os c uenta d e q ue e n muc hos c a sos nos sería d ifíc il averigua r el significado.
I'm looking for a new job. Estoy b usc and o em p leo . I am g oing to look up a word in the dic tionary. Voy a b usc a r una p alab ra e n el dicc iona rio. We are looking forwa rd to the festivities. Esta mos esp erand o c on d eseo q ue lleg uen las fiesta s. •
Los verbos con prep osic ión se p ued en d ividir en: sep a rables e insep a ra bles. Serán sep a rab les si pod em os c oloc ar los c om p lem ento s entre e l verbo y la preposición.
I am going to put my c oat on. Me voy a p oner la cha queta. I am going to put on my c oat. Me voy a p oner la c haq ueta . •
Algunos ejemp los c on e l verbo t o c o m e .
Come ac ross.
Come along .
Come off.
Enc ontrarse.
Venir.
Desp rend erse. Pub lic a r.
•
Com e out.
Algunos ejemplos c on t o g e t .
Get on.
Get up.
Get over.
Get into.
Get at.
Lleva rse b ien. Leva nta rse.
Rec up erarse.
Ent ra r.
Lleg a r.
Look up .
Look forward to .
Look for.
Loo k into.
Look after.
349
Mira r el Cuida r. signific a do d e una pa lab ra en el diccionario.
Esp erar c on deseo.
Buscar.
Investigar.
350
VERBOS Y ADJETIVOS CON PREPOSICIONES •
Muc hos verb os y a d jetivos va n siem pre seg uid os por una p rep osic ión:
About.
He is alwa ys drea ming ab out be ing rich. Siemp re sueña c on ser ric o. He is worried ab out the future. Está p reo c up a d o p or el futuro.
After.
He is always looking after his da ughter. Siem p re c uid a a su hija .
At.
He is go od at Maths. Es b ueno e n ma tem á tica s. He is bad at History. Es ma lo e n histo ria . Look at me p lease. Míra me p or fa vor. Don’t shout at me . No m e c hilles.
For.
I am read y for the party. Esto y listo p a ra la fiesta . He is respo nsible for the d am age s. Es responsable d e los daños.
In.
I be lieve in God . Creo en Dios.
Of.
He is fond of running. Le g usta c orrer. She is afraid of spiders. Le a susta n las a raña s. She is proud o f her daughter. 351
Está orgullosa d e su hija. This consists of three parts. Tiene tres partes. I will rem ind him of his duties. Le rec ordaré sus ob ligac iones. On.
That de pe nds on you. Eso d ep end e d e ti. He insisted on g oing . Insistió en ir.
To.
He wa s married to Hele n. Esta b a c a sa d o c on Helen. He wa s polite to the old m a n. Fue ed uca do c on el viejo. You m ust listen to me. Debes esc uc harme.
With.
He wa s angry with me. Estab a enfada do c onmigo. I was satisfied with the work. Esta b a sa tisfec ho c on el tra b a jo. I agree with you. Estoy de a c uerd o c ontigo.
352
CONTRACCIONES •
Norma lme nte se usa n en el leng uaje hab la d o. Rec uerd a q ue “ -s” pue d e c orrespond er a t o b e o to ha ve p ero sólo seg uido d e g ot o pa rtic ipio.
He’s a boy. He is a bo y Él es un c hic o He’s got a c ar. He ha s go t a c ar. Él tiene un c oc he. Del mismo m od o “ -d ” pued e ser la c ontrac c ión d e ha d o wo uld. I’d go ne there. I had go ne there. Yo ha b ía id o. I’d like to g o. I would like to g o. Me g usta ría ir. I’ m.
I a m.
I’ ve.
I ha ve.
I’ll.
I w ill.
I’ d .
I had o I wo uld .
You’ re.
You a re.
You’ ve.
You ha ve.
You ’ ll.
You will.
You’ d .
You had o you wo uld.
He’ s.
He is o he ha s.
He’ ll.
He will.
He’ d .
He had o he would.
She ’ s.
She is o she ha s. 353
She ’ ll.
She will.
She’ d .
She had o she wo uld .
It’ s.
It is o it ha s.
It’ ll.
It w ill.
It’ d .
It had o it would.
We’re.
We are.
We’ve.
We have.
We’ ll.
We will.
We’d .
We had o we would.
The y’ re.
They a re.
The y’ ve
They ha ve.
The y’ ll.
The y will.
They’ d .
They ha d o they wo uld .
Let’ s.
Let us.
Isn’ t .
Is no t.
Aren’ t.
Are not.
Wa sn’ t.
Wa s no t.
Weren’ t.
Were not.
Don’ t.
Do not.
Doe sn’ t.
Doe s no t.
354
Did n’ t.
Did not.
Ha ven ’ t.
Ha ve not.
Hasn’ t.
Ha s no t.
Ha d n’ t.
Had not.
Ca n’t .
Ca n not.
Co uld n’ t.
Could not.
Won ’ t.
Will not .
Wouldn’ t.
Would not.
Sha n’ t.
Sha ll no t.
Sho uld n’ t.
Sho uld no t.
Oug htn’ t.
Ought not.
Mustn’ t.
Must no t.
Needn’ t.
Need not.
Mightn’ t.
Might not.
Daren’ t.
Dare not.
355
CAMBIOS ORTOGRÁFICOS •
El plura l de la s p a la b ra s q ue terminan en “-y” se forma c a mb ia ndo la "-y" p or "-ies" c uand o va p rec ed id a d e c onsona nte.
Lady. Señora.
Ladies.
City. Ciudad.
Cities.
•
Si la “ -y” va preced ida de voc al no se p rod ucen c am bios.
Boy. Chico.
Boys.
Day. Día
Days.
•
Lo mismo sucede a los verbos que acaban en “-y” al formar la tercera persona d el singula r del present e d e ind ica tivo.
Carry. Llevar.
He c arries.
Study. Estudiar.
She stud ies.
Play. Jugar.
Mary plays.
Annoy. Molestar.
John a nnoys.
•
La s p a lab ra s q ue t erminan en “ -s” , “ -ss” , “ -zz” , “ -sh” , “ -x” a ña d en “ -es” p a ra formar el plural si son nombres o la tercera persona del singular si son verbos.
NOMBRES Bus.
Buses. 356
Autobús. Glass. Vaso.
Glasses.
Dish. Plato.
Dishes.
Church. Iglesia.
Churches.
VERBOS Pass. Pasar.
Passes.
Buzz. Zumbar.
Buzzes.
Wash. Lavar.
Washes.
Fix. Fijar.
Fixes.
Algunos nomb res ac ab ad os en “ -o” aña de n “ -es” pa ra forma r el plural. Potato. Patata.
Potatoes.
Tomato. Tom a te .
Tomatoes.
Piano. Piano.
Pianos.
Biro. Bolígrafo.
Biros.
•
El pasado y el Participio Pasado de los verbos regulares se froman aña diendo “ -ed ” al infinitivo. Solo se a ñad e “ -d” si el verbo ac ab a en “ -e” . 357
Answer. Contestar.
Answered.
Listen. Escuchar.
Listened.
Ask. Pedir.
Asked.
Live. Pedir.
Lived.
Practise. Practicar.
Practised.
Love. Amar.
Loved.
•
Si el verbo ac ab a e n “-y” prece dido d e c onsonante se c am bia p or “-ied ” . Si ac ab a en vocal se añad e “ -ed ” .
Carry. Llevar.
Carried.
Study. Estudiar.
Studied.
Play. Jugar.
Played.
Die. Morir
Died.
Dye. Teñir.
Dyed.
•
Al aña d ir “ -ing” a l infinitivo la “ -e” de sap arece exc ep to en dye .
Live. Vivir.
Living.
Practise.
Practising. 358
Practicar. Dye. Teñir
•
Dyeing.
Cuand o el verbo ac ab a e n “ -ie” la “ -i” se c onvierte en “ -y”.
Die. Morir.
Dying.
Lie. Mentir.
Lying.
•
Cuand o los verbo s ac ab an en “ -y” se aña d e “ -ing” .
Try. Intentar.
Trying.
Study. Estudiar.
Studying.
Play. Jugar.
Playing.
Buy. Comprar.
Buying .
•
Al añadir cualquier sufijo “-ful”, “-ness”, “-er”, “-est”, la “-y” se convierte en “-i”.
Beauty. Guapa.
Beatiful.
Steady. Listo.
Steadily.
Happy. Feliz.
Happiness.
Pretty.
Prettier, Prettiest. 359
Guapa. Sly. Astuto.
•
Slyly.
Los a d jetivos ac a b ad os en “ -a l” , do b la n la “ -l” a l formar los ad verb ios.
Practical. Práctico.
Practically.
Economical. Económico.
Economically.
Historical. Histórico.
Historically.
•
Lo mismo suc ed e c on los ac abados en “ -ful” .
Beautiful. Bonito.
Beautifully.
Faithful. Fiable.
Faithfully.
•
La s siguiente s p a la b ra s p ierde n una “ -l” a l tom a r un sufijo
Skill. Destreza.
Skilful.
Well. Bien.
Welcome.
Will. Deseo.
Wilful.
•
La t ermina c ión “ -re” pe rtene c e a l inglés b ritá nic o y “ -er” a l a me ric a no
BRITÁNICO Centre.
AMERICANO Center. 360
Centro. Theatre. Teatro.
•
Theater.
La t ermina c ión “ -our” p ertenec e a l inglés b ritá nic o y “ -or” a l a me ric a no
BRITÁNICO
AMERICANO
Favour. Sabor.
Favor.
Honour. Honor.
Honor.
Colour. Color.
Color.
•
Alguna s pa la b ra s c am b ia n.
Británico
Americano
Aerial. Antena.
Antenna.
Angry. Enfadado.
Mad.
Anywhere. Cua lquier pa rte.
Anyplace.
Autumn. Otoño.
Fall.
Bill. Cuenta d el resta ura nte.
Check.
Car park. Aparcamiento.
Parking lo t.
Chemist’s. Farmacia.
Drugstore.
361
Film. Película.
Movie.
Holiday. Vacaciones.
Vacation.
Label. Etiqueta.
Tag.
Lorry. Camión.
Truck.
Mad. Loco.
Crazy.
Motorway. Autopista.
Freeway.
Nappy. Pañal.
Diaper.
Petrol. Gasolina.
Gas.
Queue. Cola.
Line.
Rubber. Borrador.
Eraser.
Shop. Tienda.
Store.
Single ticket. Billete d e id a .
One way ticket.
Sunglasses. Ga fas de sol.
Shades.
Sweets. Caramelos.
Candy.
Taxi. Ta xi.
Cab.
362
Tin. Lata.
Can.
Trousers. Pantalones.
Pants.
Underground . Metro.
Subway.
Wire. Teleg ra ma .
Telegram.
•
Alguna s p a la b ra s usa n “ -c ” en el nom bre y “ -s” en e l verbo
NOMBRE
VERBO
Advice. Consejo.
Advise.
Practice. Practicar.
Practise.
Licence. Permiso.
License.
•
Los monosilabos acabados en una sola consonante y precedidos de una sola vo c al, dob la n la c onsona nte final al aña d ir un sufijo.
Plan. Planear.
Planning.
Dad. Papa.
Daddy.
Let. Permitir.
Letting.
Beg. Suplicar.
Beggar.
Sit.
Sitting. 363
Sentarse. Put. Poner.
Putting.
Fat. Gordo.
Fatter.
Star. Estrella.
Starring.
Stir. Remover.
Stirring.
Fur. Piel.
Furry.
364
VERBOS IRREGULARES Infinitivo Arise Be Bear Bea t Bec om e Beg in Bend Bet Bid Bind Bite Bleed Blow Brea k Bring Build Burn Burst Buy Catch Cho ose Come Cost Creep Cut Deal Dig Do Dra w Drea m Drink Drive Eat Fall Fee d Fee l
Pasado Aro se Was Bore Bea t Bec ame Beg a n Bent Bet Ba de Bound Bit Bled Blew Broke Broug ht Built Burnt Burst Boug ht Caught Cho se Ca me Cost Crep t Cut Dealt Dug Did Drew Drea mt Drank Drov e Ate Fell Fed Felt
Particip io Pasado Arisen Were, Bee n Borne Bea ten Bec om e Beg un Bent Bet Bidd en Bound Bitte n Bled Blow n Broken Broug ht Built Burnt Burst Boug ht Caught Chosen Come Cost Crep t Cut Dealt Dug Done Dra w n Drea mt Drunk Driven Ea ten Fallen Fed Felt
Trad uc c ión Surg ir, p resenta rse Ser, esta r Lleva r, sop orta r Ba tir, go lp ea r, la tir Lleg ar a , ser, ha c erse Emp eza r Dob la r Ap osta r Ma nd a r, ordena r Ata r, enc ua d ernar Morde r Sa ng rar Soplar Romper Tra er Ed ifica r Arde r, q uem a r Esta lla r Co mp ra r Atrap ar Esc og er Venir Co sta r Arrra strarse Cortar Trat a r Ca var Hac er Dib uja r, sa c a r, tira r Soña r Beb er Co nd uc ir Comer Ca er Alime nta r, Sentir, p a lpa r, to c a r 365
Fig ht Find Fling Fly Forbid Forget Fo rgive Freeze Get Give Go Grow Hang Ha ve Hea r Hide Hit Hold Hurt Keep Knee l Know La y Lea d Lea p Lea rn Lea ve Lend Let Lie Light Lose Make Mea n
Foug ht Found Flung Flew Forba d e Forgot Fo rga ve Froze Got Ga ve Went Grew Hung Ha d Hea rd Hid Hit Held Hurt Kep t Knelt Knew La id Led Lea p t Lea rnt Left Lent Let La y Lit Lost Mad e Mea nt
Foug ht Found Flung Flown Forbidd en Forgo tte n Forgiven Frozen Got Given Gone Grown Hung Had Hea rd Hid Hit Held Hurt Kep t Knelt Know n Laid Led Lea pt Lea rnt Left Lent Let La in Lit Lost Made Mea nt
Meet Mow Pa y Put Quit
Met Mowed Paid Put Quit
Met Mown Paid Put Quit
Luc har Enc on tra r La nzar Volar Prohibir Olvid a r Perdo na r Hela r Conseg uir, ob tener Dar Ir Crec er, c ultivar Colgar Hab er, tener Oir Esc onder Go lpea r Soste ne r, a g a rra r Hac er daño, doler Gua rd a r, c onseg uir Arrod illarse Sab er, c onoc er Poner G uiar Sa ltar Ap rend er Deja r, sa lir Presta r Deja r, p ermitir Tum ba rse Ilumina r Perder Hacer Querer dec ir, significar Encontrar Sega r Pa ga r Poner Aba ndonar 366
Rea d Rid e Ring Rise Run
Rea d Rod e Ra ng Rose Ra n
Rea d Ridd en Rung Risen Run
Sa y See Sell Send Set Sew Sha ke Shine Shoo t Show Shrink Shut Sing Sink Sit Sleep Sling Smell Spea k Spell Sp end
Sa id Sa w Sold Sent Set Sewed Shook Sho ne Shot Show ed Shra nk Shut Sa ng Sa nk Sat Slep t Slung Smelt Spoke Spelt Sp ent
Sa id See n Sold Sent Set Sewn Sha ken Sho ne Shot Show n Shrunk Shut Sung Sunk Sa t Slep t Slunk Smelt Spoken Spelt Sp ent
Sp ill Spoil Sp rea d Sta nd Ste a l Stic k Sting Strike Swea r Swim Ta ke Tea ch
Sp ilt Spoilt Sp rea d Stoo d Sto le Stuc k Stu ng Struc k Sw ore Sw a m Took Ta ug ht
Spilt Spoilt Sp rea d Stoo d Sto len Stuc k Stu ng Struc k Sworn Sw um Ta ken Ta ug ht
Leer Mo nta r, c a b a lg a r Sona r, to c a r el timb re Leva nta rse Co rrer, d irigir un negocio Dec ir Ver Vend er Envia r Pone r, esta blec er Coser Ag ita r Brillar Disp a ra r Mo strar Enc ogerse Ce rra r Ca nta r Hund ir, sum ergirse Sent a rse Dormir La nzar, tira r Oler Ha b lar Deletrea r, hec hiza r Pa sar el tiemp o, gastar Derra ma r Estrop ea r Exte nd er Ponerse de pie Rob a r Peg a r Pic ar Go lpear Jurar Nad a r Toma r, lleva r Enseña r 367
Tea r Tell Think Throw Und ersta nd Wake Wea r Win Wind Write
Tore Told Tho ug ht Threw Unde rstoo d Woke Wore Won Wound Wrote
Torn Told Tho ug ht Throw n Und erstoo d Woken Worn Won Wound Writt en
Ra sg a r Dec ir, c onta r Pensar, c ree r Arrojar Com prender Desp erta r Lleva r p uesto , usa r Ga na r un p rem io Dar c uerd a a l reloj Esc ribir
368
CONECTORES •
•
•
•
A la ho ra d e red a c ta r un texto ne c esita rá s usa r p a la b ra s o e xp resione s q ue t e p ermita n unir id ea s en forma d e frases y orga niza r el texto. Prime ro d eb es tene r c la ro q ué te pide n y haz un esque ma d ond e a pa rezc a n la s id ea s q ue q uieres d esa rrolla r. Usa un p a p el y anó ta lo tod o. Lueg o ta c ha la s id ea s que no te gusten y orde na la s y c la sifíc a las. Rec uerda que p uede ser una b uena idea que la c om po sic ión teng a tres pa rtes d iferenc ia d a s: introd uc c ión, d esa rrollo y c onc lusión. A c ontinuac ión enc ontrarás a lguna s expresione s q ue t e p ued en servir p a ra orga niza r tus id ea s.
Para introduc ir. In the first plac e.
En p rimer luga r.
To beg in.
Pa ra em p eza r.
First of all.
Lo p rime ro d e to do .
It is obvious.
Es ób vio q ue.
It is c ertain tha t.
Es c ierto q ue.
It is a c om monly held b elief am ong peo ple that.
Es una c ree nc ia b asta nte extendida entre la ge nte q ue.
It goes without saying that.
Ni q ue d ec ir tiene q ue.
A c ontroversial que stion fac ing our soc iety is.
Un asunto c ontrovertid o q ue afe c ta a nuestra soc ied a d es.
Whether we like it or not.
Nos guste o no .
As regards.
Por lo q ue resp ec ta .
369
Exp resar op inión. In my op inion.
En m i op inion.
In my view.
Tal y com o yo lo veo.
Personally.
Personalmente.
As far as I’m c onc erned.
Por lo q ue a mí resp ec ta .
From my po int of view.
Desd e m i p unto d e vista .
I would like to po int out a c ouple of things.
Me g usta ría p untua a liza r un pa r d e aspectos.
I believe/ c onsider/ think.
Creo que.
I feel very strongly that.
Estoy c onvenc id o d e.
I’m ab solutely c onvinc ed that.
Estoy a bsolutam ente c onvenc id o de .
I’m inclined to be lieve that.
Tiend o a p ensa r q ue.
I am totally opp osed to.
Estoy to talmente en d esa c uerd o c on.
I am in favo ur of.
Esto y a fa vor de.
I strong ly disagree with.
No estoy nad a de ac uerdo c on.
It seem s/ ap pears to me that.
Me parece que.
There is no d oubt that.
No hay duda d e que.
One thing that is sure is.
Alg o q ue e s seg uro es.
It is true tha t.
Es c ierto q ue.
I very muc h doub t that.
Dudo mucho d e que.
We should a ll have to ta ke into ac c ount that.
Deberíam os tener en c uenta que .
Every now and then.
De vez en c uand o.
370
A favor y en c ontra. One o f the strong est argum ents in favour of... Is that.
Uno d e los a rgument os mas sólido s a favo r d e ...
On the other hand .
Por otra p a rte.
There a re several arguments against... Ha y va rios a rgument os en c ont ra de ... Yet there is another side to the pic ture.
A unq ue ha y otros a sp ec tos que se deb en tener en cuenta.
There is bitter c ontrove rsy ove r.
Existe g ra n c ontroversia p or lo q ue respe c ta a.
On the one ha nd.
Por una p a rte.
On the other hand .
Por otra p a rte.
While there a re many suppo rters of the Mientras que hay muc ha gente que ide a, there a re also pe ople w ho have ap oya esta ide a, ha y otros que tienen reservations about it. c ierta s reservas. There a re va lid a rgum ents for...
Ha y argum ento s muy va lid os a favo r de.
There a re also o ther good reasons against.
Aunq ue ta mb ién existen buena s ra zone s en c ontra d e.
...has bo th advanta ge s and disadvantages.
...tiene ta nto ve ntajas c om o desventajas.
Para expresar la op inión d e otros. An inc reasing numb er of pe op le believe that.
Un gra n número d e p ersona s c ree que.
Tod ay ma ny pe ople are worried about.
Hoy en d ía muc ha g ente e stá preocupa da co n.
371
Half the pop ulation are in favour/ against of...
La mitad d e la po blac ión está a favor/e n co ntra d e...
These peo ple firmly believe that...
Esta s p ersona s c ree n firmem ent e e n...
Para c ontinuar. In the sec ond p lac e.
En seg und o lug a r.
Secondly.
En seg und o lug a r.
Next.
Después.
Besides.
Además.
In ad dition.
Además.
Apart from that.
Adem ás de.
Moreover.
Y a d em á s.
What is more.
Además.
Futhermore.
Además.
Another aspec t to be c onsidered c an be.
Otro a spe c to p ara tener en c uanta es.
Para exp resar c ontraste. On the one ha nd.
Por una p a rte.
On the other.
Por otra p a rte.
While.
Mientra s q ue.
Whereas.
Mientras. 372
In spite o f the fac t that.
A p esa r d e.
Although.
Aunque.
In spite of.
A p esa r d e.
However.
Sin em b argo.
Given the differences be tween.
Teniendo en c uenta la s d iferenc ia s entre.
At the sam e time
Al mismo tiemp o
Para c om parar. At the sam e time.
Al mismo tiem p o.
Similarly.
Del mismo mo do.
Likewise.
Del mismo mo do.
Para exp resar c ausa. Because.
Porque.
Bec ause of.
A c ausa d e.
The main p urpose of...is...
El prop ósito p rincipa l es.
The reason is very simple.
La razón es b ien senc illa.
For this reason.
Por esta razón.
Para exp resar resultad o. Therefore.
Por lo t a nto .
373
As a result.
Co mo resulta d o.
Consequently.
Como c onsec uencia.
In consequenc e.
En c onsec uenc ia.
Thus.
Por lo t a nto .
So.
Así.
Para ejemplificar. A g ood ilustration o f this is.
Un b uen ejem p lo d e e sto e s.
Nothing c ould b etter dem ostrate this that.
Nad a p od ría d em ostra e sto m ejor.
We ha ve a n ob vious proo f of this in... This is best exemplified by.
Tene mo s una p rueb a c la ra d e esto en. Esto está muy b ien e xp lic a d o c on.
This is best shown in the following example.
Esto se p ued e a prec iar muc ho m ejor c on e l siguiente ejemplo.
In other wo rds.
En ot ras p a lab ras.
That is to say.
Es d ec ir.
For instanc e.
Por ejem plo.
For exa mp le.
Por ejem plo.
Para inc luir datos y estadísticas. Rec ent studies have found tha t. Resea rches c laim that.
Estud ios rec iente s ha n d em ostrad o que. Los investiga d ores a firma n que.
Ac c ording to recent studies.
Según estudios recientes
374
Para na rrar. When.
Cuando.
While.
Mientra s q ue.
Before.
Antes.
After.
Después.
By the time.
Por esas fec ha s.
During.
Durante.
It all beg an when.
Tod o em pe zó c uando .
It all hap pe ned.
Tod o oc urrió.
Once upon a time.
Érase una ve z.
Suddenly.
De rep ente
All of a sudd en.
De rep ente.
First.
Al princ ipio.
At first.
Al princ ipio.
Later.
Má s ta rd e.
Afterwards.
Depués de tod o.
Meanwhile.
Mientras ta nto.
In the mea ntime .
Mientras.
Finally.
Finalmente.
In the end .
Al final.
Para c onc luir. The c onc lusion to b e d rawn from this is La c onc lusión q ue p od em os sac a r es. that. 375
We c an c onc lude by saying that.
Pod em os c onc luir afirma ndo que .
To sum up .
Pa ra resum ir.
Sum m ing up .
Resumiendo.
In brief.
En b reve.
In c onc lusion.
Com o c onc lusión.
In short.
En b reve.
Finally.
Finalmente.
All th is suggests that.
Tod o esto nos sug iere q ue.
We should a ll work e lbow to elbo w in this respec t. In c onc lusion.
Creo que tod os d eb ería mos trab ajar de forma c onjunta e n la misma dirección. Com o c onc lusión.
Although there are two sides to a pic ture I believe that.
Aunque hay d os c aras d e la m oned a yo tiendo a c reer que.
All things c onsidered, I am in favour of/against...
Teniend o e n c uenta tod os los aspe c tos, estoy a favor/e n c ontra de .
Lastly.
Por último.
As wa s previously state d.
Com o ya se ha d ic ho.
376
FALSOS AMIGOS Son p a la b ra s q ue p ued en fá c ilme nte induc ir a e rror. Muc has son d e orige n la tino y han c a mb ia do e l signific ad o. Un buen c onsejo es no d ejarse lleva r p or las a parienc ia s y com prob a r siemp re el significa d o en el dic c ionario. Pues en la leng ua inglesa la s a p a rienc ia s eng a ñan. Abuse.
Insultar.
Actually.
En rea lid a d .
Advertise.
Anunciar.
To advise.
Aconsejar.
Agenda.
Ord en d el día.
Anxious.
Nervioso. Deseoso.
Apology.
Disculpa.
Apparent.
Evidente.
Application.
Solicitud.
Argument.
Discusión.
To assist.
Ayudar.
To assume.
Asumir.
Avocado.
Aguacate.
Cabinet.
Ga b inete d e m inistros, vitrina.
Career.
Carrera.
Carpet.
Alfombra.
Cartoon.
Dibujos anima dos.
Casual.
Informal.
Casualty.
Baja militar.
377
Character.
Personaje.
Collar.
Cuello.
Collector.
Coleccionista.
Complexion.
Color de la piel.
Conductor. Conference.
Cob rad or de auto bús. Direc tor de orquesta. Congreso.
Conservatory.
Invernadero.
Constipated.
Estreñido.
Disgust.
Asco.
Embarrassed.
Avergonzado.
Eventually.
Finalmente.
Exit.
Salida.
Fabric.
Tejido.
Firm.
Empresa.
Idiom.
Exp resión id iom á tica .
Insane.
Loco
Intoxicated.
Borracho.
Large.
Grande.
Parents.
Padres.
Physician.
Médico
Policy.
Política
To presume.
Suponer.
To p retend.
Fingir.
Quiet.
Callado. 378
Rare.
Poc o frec uente.
To rem ove.
Quitar.
Sensible.
Sensato.
Signature.
Firma.
Spectacles.
Gafas.
Suburb.
Ba rrio reside nc ial.
Success.
Éxito.
Sympathy.
Compasión.
To p retend.
Fingir.
Tramp.
Vagabundo.
Vicious.
Malvado.
379
EXPRESIONES PARA LA COMUNICACIÓN ORAL Sa lud os y Felic itac ione s.
How do you do? ¿Có mo e stá s?
How a re y ou? ¿Có mo está s?
Very we ll thank y ou. Muy bien g ra c ia s.
Fine thanks, and you? Bien y tú?
Good morning. Buenos días.
Hi. Hola.
Good afternoon. Buena s ta rde s.
Congratulations. Enhorabuena.
Good evening. Bue na s ta rde s- noc hes.
So lo ng . Ha sta lueg o.
Good night. Buena s noc hes.
See you. Nos vemos.
Hello. Hola.
Hap py birthday. Feliz c umplea ños.
Good bye. Adiós.
Hap p y Christmas. Feliz Navida d .
How are things? ¿Có mo te va n las c osa s?
Well. Bien.
See you tomo rrow. Hasta m aña na.
So lo ng . Ha sta lueg o.
Happy anniversary. Feliz a nive rsa rio.
How is it go ing? ¿Cómo te va?
Up a nd d own. Así así.
380
Para d irigirse a u n desc onoc ido. Exc use me. Disculpe .
I beg your pa rdo n. Disculpe.
Presentaciones Peter, this is Ma ry. Ped ro esta es Ma ría .
Mary, do you know Michael? ¿Ma ría, co noc es a Miguel?
Let m e introd uc e my friend Pa ul. Permítem e q ue te p resente a m i a migo Pab lo.
Cuando no entendemo s algo b ien Can yo u repe at it please? ¿Pued e rep etirlo po r fa vor?
Can yo u spea k m ore slowly? ¿Pued e ha b lar má s despac io?
I’m sorry I d on’t und erstand Lo siento , p ero no lo entiend o.
Para p regunta r la ho ra Would you m ind telling m e the time? Me d ic e la hora po r favor?
What’s the time p lease? ¿Qué hora lleva ?
Hab lando p or teléfono Hello, co uld I spe ak to Manuel? ¿Hola, po d ría hab lar c on M a nuel? Para a gradec er algo Thank yo u.
Thank yo u very muc h. 381
Gracias.
Muchas gracias.
That’s very kind of you. Es muy a ma b le po r su p a rte.
Thanks. Gracias.
You’re welc ome . De nada .
Don’t m ention it. No hay de q ué.
Expresiones de cortesía Exc use me. Disculpe .
Sorry Lo siento
I be g yo ur pa rdon. Perdón.
382
DÍAS DE LA SEMANA A d iferenc ia de en espa ñol en inglés se esc riben en ma yúsc ula s. Wednesday. Thursday. Friday.
Monday. Lunes.
Tuesday. Martes.
Día d e la luna.
Tiw e ra u n Día d e d ios d e la Odín. guerra.
Miércoles.
Saturday. Sáb ad o.
Jueves.
Viernes.
Día d e Thor.
Frig era la Día d e esp osa d e Saturno. Odín.
Sunday. Domingo. Día d el sol.
DÍAS DE FIESTA Easter. Pascua.
Whitsun. Pentecostes.
Hallowe en.
Boxing d ay . 26 de d ic iem bre.
New yea r’s da y. New ye ar’s eve. Día d e a ño nuevo. Nochevieja.
Christma s da y. Día de navida d. Midsumm er’s eve. Noc he de san Juan.
MESES DEL AÑO Al igua l que los d ías ta mb ién se e sc riben en m ayúsc ulas. January. Enero.
February. Febrero.
March. Marzo.
April. Abril.
May. Mayo.
June. Junio.
July. Julio.
August. Agosto.
September. Septiembre.
October. Octubre.
November. Noviembre.
December. Diciembre.
ESTACIONES Spring.
Summer.
Autum m. Fall (USA) Winter 383
Primavera.
Verano.
Otoño.
Invierno.
East. Este.
West. Oeste.
PUNTOS CARDINALES North. Norte.
South. Sur.
LOS COLORES White. Blanco.
Black. Negro.
Pink. Rosa.
Green Verde.
Orange. Naranja.
Purple. Morado.
Yellow. Amarillo.
Red. Rojo.
Brown. Marrón.
Blue. Azul.
Navy blue. Azul marino.
Beige. Beige.
Chestnut. Castaño.
Colored. Coloreado.
Grey. Gris.
Lilac. Lila.
Blond. Rubio.
Dark. Oscuro.
384
ADJETIVOS Big. Grande.
Cheap. Barato.
Clean. Límpio.
Easy. Fácil.
Good. Bueno.
Long. Largo.
Nice. Agradable.
Fair. Justo.
Fat. Gordo.
Hot. Caliente.
Cold. Frio.
Short. Corto.
Angry. Enfadado.
Happy. Feliz.
Ill. Enfermo.
Thirsty. Sediento.
SIGNOS DEL ZODIACO Aquarius. Acuario.
Pisces. Pisc is.
Aries. Aries.
Taurus. Tauro.
Gemini. Geminis.
Cancer. Cancer.
Leo. Leo.
Virgo. Virgo.
Libra. Libra.
Scorpio. Escorpio.
Sagittarius. Sagitario.
Capricorn. Capricornio.
385
LA HORA Usa mo s el verb o t o b e p a ra indica r la s horas junto a las siguient es estruc turas: Pa ra p reg unta r la hora usa mo s What’s the time? What time is it? Could you tell me the time plea se? O’clock. En p unto . Proviene d e la expresión o f the c loc k.
It is 8 o’c loc k.
Half pa st. Y me d ia .
It is half past 9.
A q uarter to. Me nos c uarto.
It is a quarter to 6.
A qua rter past. Y c ua rto
It is a quarter pa st 7.
To. Menos
It is twenty to 4.
Past. Y
It is twenty p ast 4.
Usamo s a .m y p.m p ara indic ar a ntes d el med iod ía y d espués d el med iod ía . Ta mb ién p od em os usa r In the m orning. In the afternoon. At night. Midday= 12.00 am Midnight= 24.00 Los hora rios d e los med ios d e transporte se rigen p or el sistema d e 24 horas. I took the 18.30 plane to Lond on .
386
NÚMEROS CARDINALES One. Uno.
Eleven. Once.
Two. Dos.
Twelve. Doce.
Three. Tre s.
Thirteen. Trece.
Four. Cuatro.
Fourteen. Catorce.
Five. Cinco.
Fifteen. Quince.
Six. Seis.
Sixteen. Dieciséis.
Seven. Siete.
Seventeen. Diecisiete.
Eight. Ocho.
Eighteen. Dieciocho.
Nine. Nueve.
Nineteen. Diecinueve.
Ten. Diez.
Twenty. Veinte.
Thirty. Treinta.
Eighty. Ochenta.
Forty. Cuarenta.
Ninety. Noventa.
Fifty. Cincuenta.
A hundred. Cien.
Sixty. Sesenta.
A thousand . Mil. 387
Seventy. Setenta. •
A m ilion. Un m illón.
Se usa un g uión entre los números c om p rend id os ent re el 21 y 99. A p a rtir d el 100 se usará a nd .
Twenty -one. Veintiuno. One hundred and three. Cient o t res. En Esta d os Unid os 1 billón eq uiva le a 1,000,000,000. En Europ a 1 b illón eq uiva le a 1,000,000,000,000. •
Hund red , thousa nd , million y billion c om o son a d jetivos no a ña d en “ -s”
I pa id three m illion pesetas in 2001 for a c ar. Pa gué tres millone s d e p eseta s en e l año 2001 p or un c oc he. •
La s fec has se indic a n d e d os en d os
I wa s born in 1962. Nac í en e n el a ño 1962. My grand mo ther Berta was born in 1900. Mi ab uela Berta na c ió en (ninetee n hund red ). El 00 es hundred . •
Los núme ros d e te léfo no d e uno en uno
My phone num ber is 965436789. Mi número d e te léfono e s... •
Se usa c oma c on los núm eros: 1,000.
•
Se usa el p unto c on los d ec ima les: 4.5.
•
En las horas se p ued en usa r uno o d os p untos: 3.45 o 3:45.
•
El 0 se p ronnc ia / ou/
388
LOS NÚMEROS ORDINALES •
•
Con la e xc epc ión de first , second y third , los núm eros ordina les se forma n a ña diendo “ -th” a los ordina les. Existe n a lguno s q ue sí q ue se ve n mod ific a d os:
5t h
8t h
9t h
12t h
20t h
Fifth.
Eig hth.
Ninth.
Twelfth.
Twentie th.
First. Primero.
Eleventh. Undécimo.
Second. Segundo.
Twelfth. Duodécimo.
Third. Tercero.
Thirteenth. Decimotercero.
Fourth. Cuarto.
Fourteenth. Decimocuarto.
Fifth. Quinto.
Fiftteenth. Decimoquinto
Sixth. Sexto.
Sixteenth. Decimosexto.
Seventh. Séptimo.
Seventeenth. Decimoséptimo.
Eighth. Octavo.
Eighteenth. Decimoctavo.
Ninth. Noveno.
Nineteenth. Decimonoveno.
Tenth. Décimo.
Twentieth. Vigésimo.
389
•
En las d ec ena s “ y” c a mb ia p or “ -ie” . Hundred , thousand y million añaden “-th”
Twenty.
Thirty.
Forty.
Fifty.
Sixty.
Seventy .
Twentieth.
Thirtieth.
Fortieth.
Fiftie th.
Sixtieth.
Seventieth.
USOS En fec ha s.
Novembe r 30th.
Capítulos.
Chapter III.
Monarcas.
Juan Carlos I. ( The first)
EQUIVALENCIA DE PESOS Y MEDIDAS 1 ounce .
28,35 gram os.
1 pound.
454 g ra mos.
1 inc h.
2,45 c entímetros.
1 foot.
30 ce ntímet ros.
1 mile.
1.610 metros. Milla te rrestre.
1 mile.
1.852 me tros. Milla ma rina .
1 pint.
0,57 litro s.
1 gallon.
4,54 litro s.
1 stone
6’ 356 kilos.
12 inc hes = 1 foot.
30,48 c entimet ros.
3 feet = 1 yard.
91,44 c entimet ros. 390
1760 ya rds= 1 mile =.
1,61 kilometres.
16 ounc es= 1 pound
0,454 kilos.
PAISES Y NACIONALIDADES Brazil. Brasil.
Brazilian.
Britain. Gran Breta ña .
British.
Canada. Canadá.
Canadian.
China. China.
Chinese.
Denmark. Dinamarca.
Danish.
Egypt. Egipto.
Egyptian.
Europe. Europa.
European.
Finland. Finlandia.
Finnish.
France. Francia.
French.
Germany. Alemania.
German.
Greece. Grecia.
Greek.
391
Holland. Holanda.
Dutch.
Ireland. Irlanda.
Irish.
Italy. Italia.
Italian.
Japan. Japón.
Japanese.
Mexico. Méjico.
Mexican.
Norway. Noruega.
Norwegian.
Poland. Polonia.
Polish.
Scotland. Escocia.
Scottish.
Spain. España.
Spanish Spaniard.
Portugal. Portugal.
Portuguese.
Sweden. Suecia.
Swedish.
Switzerland. Suiza .
Swiss.
Turkey. Turquía.
Turkish.
Wales. Gales.
Welsh.
392
LA FAMILIA Ancestor. Antepasado.
Grandfather. Abuelo.
Grandmother. Abuela.
Relative. Pariente. Twin. Gemelo.
Father. Padre Son . Hijo.
Mother. Madre. Daughter. Hija.
Mum. Mamá.
Brother. Hermano.
Sister. Hermana.
Dad. Papá.
Husband . Esposo
Wife. Esposa.
Cousin. Primo.
Uncle. Tio.
Aunt. Tia .
Nephew. Sobrino.
Grandson. Nieto.
Granddaughter. Nieta.
Niece. Sobrina.
Brother-in-la w. Cuñado.
Sister-in-law. Cuñada.
Widow. Viuda.
Father-in-law. Suegro.
Mother-in-law. Suegra.
Widower. Viudo.
Son-in-law. Yerno.
Daughter-in-law. Nuera.
393
PROFESIONES Lawyer. Abogado.
Teacher. Profesor.
Actor. Actor.
Farmer. Agricultor.
Bricklayer. Albañil.
Mayor. Alcalde.
Artist. Artista.
Housewife. Ama d e ca sa.
Barber. Barbero.
Librarian. Bibliotecario.
Waiter. Camarero.
Singer. Cantante.
Butcher. Carnicero.
Carpenter. Carpintero.
Surgeon. Cirujano.
Driver. Conductor.
Janitor. Conserje.
Accountant. Contable.
Conductor. Cobrador de autobus. Priest. Sacerdote.
Headmaster. Direc tor de un colegio. Manager. Gerente.
Economist. Economista.
Nurse. Enfermera.
Chemist. Farmacéutico.
Blacksmith. Herrero.
Researcher. Investigador.
Jeweller. Joyero.
Judge. Juez.
Cleaner. Limpiador.
Sailor. Marinero.
Typist. Mecanógrafo.
Dressmaker. Modista.
Baker. Panadero.
Hairdresser. Peluquero.
Painter. Pintor.
Secretary. Secretario.
Soldier. Militar.
Grocer. Tendero.
Shoemaker. Zapatero.
Salesman. Vendedor.
394
LA CASA Bedroom. Dormitorio.
Hall. Entrada.
Door. Puerta.
Bathroom. Cuarto de ba ño.
Kitchen. Cocina.
Corridor. Pasillo.
Air c ond itioning. Aire acondicionado.
Lift. Ascensor.
Central he ating. Calefacción central.
Water heater. Ca lentad or de agua.
Diningroom. Comedor.
Garage. Garaje.
Curtains. Cortinas.
Study. Despacho.
Loft. Desván
Attic. Ático.
Stairs. Escaleras.
Doorbell. Timbre.
Letterbox. Buzón.
Aerial. Antena.
Garden. Jardín.
Roof. Tejado.
Window. Ventana.
Chair. Silla.
Shelf. Estantería.
Wall. Pared.
Light. Luz.
Toilet. Aseo.
Heating. Calefacción.
Corridor. Pasillo.
Basement. Sótano.
Ceiling. Tec ho.
395
LA COCINA Tin opener. Abrelatas.
Refrigerator. Nevera.
Sink. Fregadero.
Knife. Cuchillo.
Microwave oven. Horno microondas. Fork. Tenedor.
Spoon. Cuchara. Saucepan. Cacerola.
Freezer. Congelador.
Pantry. Despensa.
Broom Escoba.
Oven. Horno.
Tap. Grifo.
Washing machine. Lavadora.
Washing up liquid. Liquid o p ara frega r los p lato s.
Dishwasher. Fregaplatos.
Iron. Plancha.
Saucer. Platillo.
Corkscrew. Sacacorchos.
Ironing b oa rd. Ta b la d e planchar.
Cup. Taza.
Mug. Tazón.
Tele phone . Teléfono.
Teapot. Tetera.
Cloth. Trapo.
Glass. Vaso.
Dishes. Platos.
Litter. Basura.
Coffe pot. Cafetera.
Pan. Sartén.
Toaster. Tostadora.
396
EL CUARTO DE BAÑO Toilet. Ta za d el WC.
Towel. Toalla.
Mirror. Espejo.
Washbasin. Lavabo.
Bath. Bañera.
Bidet. Bidé.
Shower. Ducha.
Plug. Enchufe.
Soap. Jabón
Towel. Toalla.
Toothbrush. Cepillo d e dientes.
Razor. Ma q uinilla d e afeitar.
Toothpaste. Pa sta d ent ífric a .
Comb. Peine.
Shower. Ducha.
Eme rgenc y k it. Botiquín.
Brush. Cepillo.
Shampoo. Champú.
Hairspray. Laca.
Comb. Peine.
Dryer. Secador.
Cologne. Colonia.
Compresses. Compresas.
Makeup. Maquillaje.
Sponge. Esponja.
Lipstick. Lap iz d e labios.
Tissue. Papel higiénico .
Nail p olish. La c a d e uña s.
Eyeliner. Rímmel.
Eyeshadow. Som bra d e ojos.
Comb. Peine.
Eye-shadow. Som bra de ojos.
Lipstick. Ba rra d e lab ios.
Mirror. Espejo.
Nail varnish. Esma lte d e uña s.
Perfume. Perfume.
Aftershave. Loción.
Hairbrush. Cepillo.
Deodorant. Desodorante.
To shave. Afeitarse.
To ha ve a ba th. Bañarse.
To ha ve a shower. To dry. Ducharse. Secar.
Showergel. Gel.
397
Sanitary tow el. Compresa.
El DORMITORIO Alarm c lock. Despertador.
Bed. Cama.
Duvet. Edredón.
Bedclothes. Ropa d e ca ma.
Sheet. Sá b a na.
Dressing tab le. Toc a d or.
Alarm c lock. Despertador.
Television. Television.
Tele phone . Teléfono.
Lamp. Lampara
Sofa. Sofa.
Bokcase. Librería.
Window. Ventana.
Ashtray. Cenicero.
Fireplace. Chimenea.
Cushion Cojín.
Picture. Cuadro
Roc king c hair. Mecedora.
Table. Mesa
Carpet. Alfombra.
Wallpaper. Pap el pintad o.
Lampshade. Pantalla.
Clock. Reloj.
Chair. Silla.
Sofa. Sofá.
Chest of drawers. Cómoda.
Bed. Cama.
EL SALON
MUEBLES Wardrobe. Armario.
Sideboard. Aparador.
Table. Mesa.
398
LA CIUDAD Airport. Aeropuerto.
Bus station. Esta c ión d e autobuses.
Car park. Parking.
Cinema. Cine.
Hospital. Hospital.
Hotel. Hotel.
Market. Mercado.
Police station. Comisaría.
Post office. Ofic ina d e Correos.
Toilets. Aseos.
Restaurant. Restaurant.
Station. Estación
Bank. Banco.
Beach. Playa.
Book shop . Libreria.
Library. Biblioteca.
Chemist. Farmacia.
Church. Iglesia.
Petrol station. Gasolinera.
Phone bo x. Cab ina de teléfono.
Sea. Mar.
River. Río.
Supermarket. Supermercado.
Street. Calle.
Cathedral Catedral.
Cementery. Cementerio.
Building. Edificio.
School. Escuela.
Sculpture. Escultura.
Stadium. Estadio
Statue. Estatua.
Fair. Feria.
Art ga llery Ga lería d e a rte.
Hospital. Hospital.
Garden. Jardín.
Monastery. Monasterio.
Museum. Museo.
Pavilion. Pabellón.
Palace. Palacio.
Park. Parque.
399
Square. Plaza.
Bridge. Puente.
River. Río.
Ruins. Ruinas.
Theater. Teatro.
Zoo. Zoológico.
Cinema. Cine.
Baker. Panadería.
Butcher. Carnicería.
Drugstore. Droguería.
Delicatessen.
Fishmonger. Pescadería.
Greengrocer. Verdulería.
Grocer. Ultramarinos.
Hardwa re store. Ferretería.
Newsagent. Prensa.
Off-licence. Bodega.
Post office. Oficina p osta l.
TIENDAS
400
PARTES DEL CUERPO Eye. Ojo.
Mouth. Boca.
Nose. Nariz
Hair. Pelo.
Chest. Pecho.
Leg. Pierna.
Elbow. Codo.
Knee. Rodilla.
Stomach. Estómago.
Head. Cabeza.
Ear. Oreja.
Chin. Barbilla.
Foot. Pie.
Arm. Brazo.
Hand. Mano.
Throat. Garganta.
Fist. Puño.
Thumb. Ded o pulga r.
Finger. Dedo.
Mouth. Boca.
Moustache. Bigote.
Tongue. Lengua.
Brain. Cerebro.
Heart. Corazón.
Lung. Pulmón.
Kidney. Riñon.
Muscle. Músculo.
Neck. Cuello.
Biscuits. Galletas.
Cakes. Pasteles.
Chewing gum. Chicle.
Sweets. Golosinas.
Fruit juic e. Zumo.
Milk. Leche.
Sugar. Azúcar.
Tea. Té.
Eggs. Huevos.
Butter. Mantequilla.
Bread. Pan.
Cheese. Queso.
Rice. Arroz.
Spaghetti. Espaguetis.
Chips. Pa ta ta s frita s.
Meat. Carne.
Fish. Pescado.
Chicken. Pollo.
Sandwich. Bocadillo.
Meatballs. Albóndigas.
Lam bc hop s.
Fillet.
Hamb urgue r.
COMIDA
401
Chuleta s d e cordero.
Filete.
Hamburguesa.
Suga r cad dy. Azucarero.
Bottle. Botella.
Cafetera. Coffepot .
Glass. Vaso.
Table c loth. Mantel.
Bread. Pan.
Salt. Sa l.
Napkin. Servilleta.
Cup. Taza.
Fork. Tenedor.
Teapot. Tetera.
Vinager. Vinagre.
Oil. Aceite.
Garlic. Ajo.
Cinnamon. Canela.
Hot p epp er. Guindilla.
Butter. Mantequilla.
Mustard. Mostaza
Parsley. Perejil.
Pepper. Pimienta.
Salt. Sal.
Vinegar. Vinagre.
Smoked. Ahumado.
Grilled. Asado.
Breaded. Empanado.
Fried. Frito.
Boiled. Hervido.
Rare. Poc o hec ho.
Well do ne. Bien pa sa do.
Medium. Al p unto.
Baked. Cocinado.
Roasted. Asado.
Acid. Ácido.
Bitter. Amargo.
Hot. Caliente.
Sweet. Dulce.
Fresh. Fresco.
Cold. Frío.
Tasty. Sabroso.
Spicy. Picante.
EN LA MESA
SABORES
402
BEBIDAS Water. Agua.
Tap wa ter. Agua d el grifo
Mineral wate r. Agua mineral.
Spa rkling wa ter. Agua c on gas.
Tonic wa ter. Tónica.
Blac k c offee. Ca fé solo.
Short coffee. Cortado.
Decaffeinated coffee. Descafeinado.
Espresso. Ca fé exprés.
Long c offee. Ca fé largo.
Coffee with milk. Café c on lec he.
Tea. Té.
Beer. Cerveza.
White wine. Vino blanc o.
Rose wine. Vino rosad o.
Red wine. Vino t into .
Orang e juice . Hot c hocolate. Zumo d e na ra nja . Chocolate.
Soda. Gaseosa.
Gin. Ginebra.
Whisky. Whisky.
Rum. Ron.
Draft beer. Caña.
Soft drink. Refresco.
Coke. Coca c ola.
Juice. Zumo.
FRUTAS Y VERDURAS Apple. Manzana.
Musrhroom. Champiñón.
Broccoli. Brécol.
Asparagus. Espárragos.
Tomato. Tom a te .
Artichokes. Alcachofas.
Escarole. Escarola.
Cucumber. Pepino.
Cabbage. Repollo.
Endives. Endivias.
Lettuce. Lechuga.
Avocado. Aguacate.
Brussels sprouts. Coles de Bruselas.
Peas. Guisante.
Carrot. Zanahoria.
Apricots. Albaricoques.
Spinachs. Espinaca.
Radishes. Rábanos.
Potato. Patata.
Plums. Ciruelas. 403
Leeks. Puerros.
Onion. Cebolla.
Banana. Plátano.
Coconut. Coco.
Carrot. Zanahoria.
Orange. Naranja.
Zucchinni. Calabacín.
Date. Dátil.
Raspberries. Frambuesas.
Strawberries. Fresas.
Lemon. Limón.
Mandarin. Mandarina.
Mango. Mango.
Peaches. Melocotones.
Quince. Membrillo.
Orange. Naranja.
Pear. Pera.
Pineapple. Piña.
Watermelon. Sandía.
Melon. Melón.
Raisin. Pasa.
Aubergine. Berengena.
Celery. Apio.
Pudding Pudin.
Icecream Helado.
Custard. Natillas
Marmalade. Mermelada.
Honey. Miel.
Honey. Miel.
Cake. Tarta
Yogurt. Yogur.
Chocolate. Chocolate.
Cookies. Galletas.
POSTRES
PESCADOS Anchovy. Anchoa.
Elver. Angula.
Octopus. Pulpo.
Shrimps. Gambas.
Angler. Rape.
Hake. Merluza.
Oysters. Ostras.
Sole. Lenguado.
Clam s.
Herring.
Prawn.
Squids. 404
Almejas.
Arenq ue.
La ng ostino.
Ca lama res.
Cockle. Berberecho.
Lobster. Langosta.
Razor c lam . Navajas.
Swo rd fish. Pez esp a da .
Cod. Bacalao.
Mackerel. Caballa.
Salmon. Salmón.
Turbot. Rodaballo.
Crab. Cangrejo.
Mussels. Mejillones.
Sardine. Sardina.
Cuttlefish. Sepia.
Norway lobster. Cigala.
Sea brea m . Besugo.
Bacon. Tocino.
Deer. Ciervo.
Hen. Gallina.
Partridge. Codorniz.
Chicken. Pollo.
Goose. Ganso.
Lamb. Cordero.
Pork. Cerdo.
Cow. Vaca.
Hare. Liebre.
Ox . Buey.
Rabbit. Conejo.
CARNES
Turkey. Pavo.
FRUTOS SECOS Almonds. Almendras.
Hazelnuts. Avellanas.
Sunflowerseeds. Pipas.
Pistachios. Pistachos.
Chestnuts. Castañas.
Pinenuts. Piñones.
405
MEDIOS DE TRANSPORTE Car. Coche.
Bus. Autobús.
On foot. A pie.
Plane. Avión .
Taxi. Ta xi.
Ship. Barco.
ACTIVIDADES DIARIAS Wake up. Despertarse.
Get up. Levantarse.
Have a showe r. Ducharse.
Get dressed . Vestirse.
Have breakfast. Desayunar.
Go to wo rk. Ir a l trab a jo.
Have lunc h. Comer.
Watch TV. Ver la TV.
Buy the newspaper. Com prar el periódico.
Go for a walk. Dar un pa seo .
Have dinner. Cenar.
Go to bed. Irse a la c a ma .
ACTIVIDADES DE TIEMPO LIBRE Meet friends. Reunirse c on amigos.
Go to the c inema . Go to the mountains. Ir a l c ine. Ir al ca mp o.
Go to the pub. Ir al pub .
Go to the disco. Ir a la disc ote c a .
Go shop ping. Ir d e c om p ra s.
ROPA Coat.
Cap.
Pocket.
Skirt. 406
Ab rig o.
Gorra .
Bolsillo
Fa lda .
Belt. Cinturón
Clogs. Zuecos.
Purse . Monedero.
Sleeve. Manga
Bikini. Bikini.
Dress. Vestido
Pyjamas. Pijama.
Stockings. Medias.
Blouse . Blusa.
Dressing gow n. Bata.
Ring . Sw imm ing trunks.
Tie. Corbata.
Boots. Botas.
Handbag. Bolso.
Sandals. Sandalias.
Trainers. Zapatillas de deporte.
Bow. Lazo.
Hat. Sombrero.
Shirt. Camisa.
Trousers. Pantalones.
Bra. Sujetador.
Jacket. Chaqueta
Shoes. Zapatos.
T-shirt. Camiseta
Bracelet. Pulsera
Jeans. Vaquero.
Shorts. Pa ntalón c orto.
Umbrella. Paraguas.
Braces. Tirantes.
Knickers. Bragas.
Size. Talla.
Underpants. Calzoncillos.
Vest. Camiseta.
Slippers. Zapatillas de ir po r c asa.
Jacket. Chaqueta.
Wellingtons. Bota s de a gua .
Socks. Calcetines.
Cap. Gorra.
Raincoat. Gabardina.
Zipper. Cremallera.
Scarf. Bufanda.
Glasses. Gafas.
Gloves. Guantes.
Watch. Reloj d e p ulsera.
Ear-rings. Pendientes.
Bracelet. Pulsera.
Necklace. Collar.
Handkerchief. Pañuelo.
Jacket. Chaqueta.
Scarf. Bufanda.
Socks. Calcetines.
Vest. Chaleco. 407
Belt. Cinturón.
Zipper. Cremallera.
Slip. Enagua.
Gloves. Guantes.
COMPLEMENTOS Y JOYERIA Bracelet. Pulsera.
Brooch. Broche.
Earring. Pendiente.
Necklace. Collar.
Watch. Reloj.
Ring. Sortija.
Chain. Cadena.
Pendant. Colgante.
TEJIDOS Y MATERIALES Acrylic. Acrílico.
Cotton. Algodón.
Leather. Piel.
Knitted. De punto.
Wool. Lana.
Corduroy. Pana.
Silk. Seda.
Velvet. Terciopelo.
Cloth. Tela.
Fur. Piel.
Glass. Cristal.
Leather. Cuero.
Oil. Aceite.
Silver. Plata.
Stone. Piedra.
Wire. Alambre.
Bronze. Bronce.
Canvas. Lona.
China. Porcelana.
Corduroy. Pana.
Iron. Hierro.
Linen. Lino.
Porcelain. Porcelana.
Steel. Acero.
Vervet. Terciopelo.
Aluminium. Aluminio.
Brass. Latón.
Clay. Arcilla.
Clay. Arcilla.
Denim. Tela va q uera.
Marble. Mármol.
Plaster. Yeso. 408
Suede. Ante.
Tinfoil. Pap el de aluminio.
Wax. Cera.
409
ADJECTIVOS PARA LA DESCRIPCION FIGURE
FACE
Tall. Alto. Short. Bajo.
HAIR
EYES
Round.
Long. Redonda. Larga.
Straight. Liso.
Bright. Pale. Brillantes. Pálido.
Oval. Flat. Ovalada. Chata.
Wavy. Rizado.
Large. Tanned. Proud. Grandes. Bronceado Orgulloso.
Stout. Long. Robusto. Larga.
NOSE
SKIN
CHARACTER Humble. Humilde.
.
Prominent Tangled. Small. Flecked. Greedy. . Enredado Pequeños Con Avaricioso. Prominente . pecas
Thin. Small. Delgado. Pequeña.
Brown. Marrón
Athletic. Atlético.
Auburn. Grey. Castaño. Grises.
Miserable. Triste.
Golden. Rubio.
Honest. Honrado.
Muscular. Musculoso .
Wrinkled. Arrugada.
Blue. Azules.
Merry. Alegres.
Selfish. Egoista.
Silky. Sedoso.
Mean. Ta c a ño.
Blonde. Rubio.
Stubborn. Cabezota. Enthusiastic. Entusiasta.
410
ADJETIVOS PARA DESCRIBIR EL CARACTER Boring. Aburrido.
Pleasant. Agradable.
Cheerful. Alegre.
Ambitious. Ambicioso.
Adventurous. Audaz.
Greedy. Avaricioso.
Bright. Brillante.
Loving. Cariñoso.
Gossipy. Chismoso.
Sympathetic. Compasivo.
Polite. Cortés.
Careful. Cuidadoso.
Determined. Decidido.
Amusing. Divertido.
Boastful. Fanfarrón
Childish. Infantil.
Clever. List o
Crazy. Loco.
Proud. Orgulloso.
Vain. Presumido.
Wise. Sabio.
Stubborn. Testarudo.
411
LA ESCUELA Book. Libro.
Desk. Pupitre.
Blackboard. Pizarra.
Paper. Papel.
Teacher. Profesor.
Bulletin boa rd. Ta b lón d e anuncios.
School. Colegio.
University. Universidad.
Pen. Bolígrafo.
Notepad. Bloc de no ta s.
Notebook. Cuaderno.
Sheet of paper. Hoja de pa pel.
Pencil. Lapicero.
Eraser. Borrador.
Paste. Pegamento.
Ruler. Regla.
Sharpener. Sacapuntas.
Chalk. Tiza .
College. Universidad.
Essay. Trabajo.
Exam. Examen.
Fountain pen. Pluma estilográfica.
Holidays. Vacaciones.
Lecture. Conferencia.
Homework. Deberes.
Lesson. Lección.
Map. Mapa.
Mistake. Error.
Question. Pregunta.
Reading. Lectura.
Rubber. Borrador.
Schoolbag. Cartera.
Time tab le. Horario.
Break Recreo.
Dictation Dictado.
Janitor. Conserje.
To pass. Aprobar.
To fail. Suspender.
Term. Trimestre.
Blot. Borrón.
Canteen Cantina.
Calculator. Calculadora.
Spelling. Ortografía.
Nursery scho ol. Parvulario.
Primary sc hoo l. Esc uela p rima ria.
Infants sc hoo l. Junior sc hoo l. Esc ue la (5-7 año s) (7-11 a ño s)
Gram ma r sc hool. Secondary m ode rn sc hool. Instituto d e Forma c ión p rof. bach.
University. Universidad.
High sc hool. Instituto. Polythecnic. Universidad politécnica. 412
Playground. Patio.
Geography. Geografía.
Chemistry. Química.
Mathematics. Matemáticas.
Physics. Físic a .
Exam. Examen.
Degree. Licenciatura.
Teacher. Profesor.
Principal. Director.
To revise. Repasar.
Subject. Asignatura.
Letter. Carta.
Envelope. Sobre.
Computer. Ordenador.
Label. Etiqueta.
Printer. Impresora.
Keyboard. Tec la do.
Basketball. Baloncesto
LA OFICINA
INSTRUMENTOS
DEPORTES Tennis. Tenis.
Football. Fútbol.
Handball. Balonmano.
Swimming. Natación.
Ice hockey. Jockey sobre hielo.
Billiards. Billar.
DOLENCIAS Headache. Dolor de c ab eza.
Toothac he. Dolor de muelas
Backache. Sore throat. Dolor de espa lda . Dolor de 413
Brea k a leg . Rom p erse una pierna.
Temperature. Fiebre.
Stomachache. Dolor de ba rriga .
garganta. Measles. Sarampión.
TAREAS DOMESTICAS To d o the washing. La va r la rop a .
To d o the wa shing To d o the ironing. up . Planchar. La va r los p latos.
To do the cleaning. Limpiar.
To m ake the beds. Hac er las c a ma s.
To d o the dusting. Quitar el p olvo.
To do the gardening. Arreglar el jard ín.
To tidy. Ordenar.
TIEMPO ATMOSFERICO Fine. Bueno.
Sunny. Soleado.
Hot. Caluroso.
Wet. Humedo
Warm. Tem p la d o.
Windy. Ventoso.
Swony. Nevado.
Frosty. Helado.
Freezing. Muc ho frio.
Centigrades. Centígrados.
Sunny. Soleado.
Degree. Grados
Foggy. Con nieb la.
Hot. Caluroso.
Cold. Frio.
Cloudy. Nublado.
Rainy. Lluvioso.
Windy Ventoso.
EL DOCTOR
414
ANIMALES Cow. Vaca.
Calf. Ternero.
Horse. Horse . Caballo.
Duck. Pato
Bull. Toro.
Pig. Cerdo.
Goat. Cabra.
Chicken. Pollo.
Dog. Perro.
Bitch. Perra.
Hen. Gallina.
Tortoise. Tortuga.
Goldfish. Pez de c olores. olores.
Pelican. Pelícano
Swan. Cisne.
Seagull. Gaviota.
Cod. Bacalao.
Herring. Arenque.
Shark. Tiburón.
Sole. Lenguado.
Trout. Trucha.
Hake. Merluza.
Crab. Cangrejo.
Mussel. Mejillón.
Prawn. Gamba.
Squid. Calamar.
MEDIOS DE TRANSPORTE
ARBOLES, FLORES Y PLANTAS Daisy. Margarita.
Tulip. Tulipán.
Carnation Clavel.
Thistle. Cardo.
Oak. Roble.
Elm. Olmo.
Ash. Fresno.
Pine. Pino.
Palm. Palmera.
Cedar. Cedro.
Geranium. Geranio.
Jasmine. Jazmín.
Orc hid .
Rose. ose.
Violet. Viole t. 415
Orq uíd uíd e a .
Ro sa .
Violeta Violet a .
HERRAMIENTAS POLITICA Prime m inister. inister. Prim rim e r minis m inistro tro..
M P. Diputado.
Parliament. Parlamaento.
Cabinet. Gobierno.
Hous ou se o f commons. Cáma ra d e los los comunes.
House of lords. Cám ara ara d e los los lores.
President. Presidente.
Governor. Gobernador.
Congress. Congreso.
Senate. Senado.
Mayor. Alcalde.
Council. Ayuntamiento.
Councillor. Concejal.
To vote. vo te. Votar.
Conservative party. Partido conservador.
Liberal. Liberal.
Faith. Fe .
God. Dios.
Virgin Virgin Mary. M ary. Vir Virg en M a ría .
Angel. Ángel.
Devil. Demonio.
Saint. Santo.
Priest. Sacerdote.
Vicar. Vicario.
Bishop. Obispo.
Monk. Monje.
Nun. Monja.
Heaven. Cielo.
Democracy. Democracia.
RELIGION
416
Abbey. Abadía.
Cathedral. Catedral.
Monastery. Monasterio.
Church. Iglesia.
Temple. Templo.
Synagogue. sinagoga
Mosque. Mezquita.
To p ray . Rezar.
Prayer. Oración.
Holy. Sagrado.
BANCO Bank. Banco.
Account. Cuenta.
Withdraw. Reintegro.
Savings. Ahorros.
Cash. Dinero en metálico.
Profit. Beneficio.
Loss. Perdida.
Loan. Préstamo.
417
SIMILES As ag ile ile a s a m onkey .
Muy á gil. gil.
As bitter a s ga ll.
Má s am argo q ue la la retama .
As blac k as c oa l.
Má s negro que el ca rbó n.
As blind a s a b at.
Má s c ieg o q ue un top o.
As brave brav e a s a lion.
Má s valiente valiente q ue un león.
As brow n as a b erry.
Muy moreno.
As busy busy a s a b ee. ee .
Ocupadísimo.
As c lean a s a ne w p in.
Má s limp limp io q ue el e l ja sp e.
As clea r as crystal. crystal.
Má s c laro que el ag ua.
As c ool as a c uc umb er.
Má s fres frescc o q ue una lec huga .
As c unning a s a fox.
Má s a stut o q ue una zorra orra .
As de ad as a d oornail.
Com pletam ente muerto. muerto.
As de af as a s a d oorpos oo rpost. t.
Má s sordo q ue una ta pia.
As different different as a s c halk to c heese.
Difer Diferente ente c omo de la noc he a l día. día.
As dry as a s a b one.
Má s sec o q ue la la m ojama .
As eas ea sy a s AB ABC. C.
Muy fác il.
As fit as a fidd fid d le.
En fo rma .
As flat flat a s a p anc ake .
Liso c om o una ta b la .
As fres freshh as a s a d a isy. isy.
Má s fres frescc o q ue una lec huga .
As go od as go ld.
Muy bueno.
As green gree n as a s g rass. rass.
Verde Verde c omo la hier hierba ba .
As happ y a s a king.
Má s a legr leg re q ue una un a s Pa sc ua s.
418
As ho t as a s fire. fire.
Muy c a liente .
As light a s a feathe r.
Ligero c omo una p luma .
As like a s two p ea s.
Como do s gota s de ag ua.
As ma d a s a ha tter. tter.
Más loc o q ue una c ab ra.
As old a s the hills. hills.
Má s viejo viejo q ue M a tusa tusa lén.
As pa le as death.
Má s blanc o q ue la la p ared.
As pa tient as Job .
Má s pa c iente q ue el sa sa nto Job Job .
As po or as a c hurc hurc h mo use. use.
Má s po bre que una rata.
As proud proud a s a p eac oc k.
Má s orgullos orgullosoo q ue un p a vo rea l.
As q uiet as a mous m ouse. e.
Más c allad allad o q ue nunc nunc a.
As red a s be troo troot.t.
Má s rojo q ue un p imiento .
As rig right ht as a s rain. rain .
Má s de rec ho que una vela. vela.
As round a s a ba rrel. rrel.
Má s go rd o q ue un b a rril.
As sha sharp rp a s a razor.
Muy inge nioso. nioso.
As silent a s the g rave. rave .
Má s c allad allad o que una tumb a.
As slipp ery a s an e el.
Esc urr urrid izo c om o una a ng uila uila .
As slow slow a s a tortoise. tortoise.
Má s lento q ue una tortuga tortuga .
As sm ooth oo th as velvet.
Má s suave q ue un gua nte.
As sweet we et as a s honey. hone y.
Má s dulce que la miel. miel.
As thin as a rake. rake .
Má s de lga do q ue un pa lo.
As timid a s a mo use. use.
Má s tímido tímido q ue na d ie.
As white a s snow .
Má s blanc o q ue la la nieve.
As wise wise a s a n ow l.
Muy sa sa b io.
419
REFRA NES A b ird ird in the ha nd is wort wo rthh two in the bush.
Má s vale pá jaro en ma no q ue c iento volando.
A c at may look at a king.
Nad a e s impos imp osible. ible.
A friend friend in need is a friend friend indee d.
Un a migo en la nec esi esid a d es un amigo amigo d e verda verda d.
A m a n is known kno wn b y his friend friend s.
Dime Dime c on q uién uién a nda s y te d iré q uién uién eres. Quien no a rreg la la g ote ra , arr arreg la la c asa asa entera. entera.
A stic stichh in time sa ves nine. nine.
Ac tions spe ak louder loud er than words. words. All roa roa ds lea lea d to Rom e.
Ob ra s son a mo res y no b uena s razones. Tod os los c a minos c ond uc en a Rom a .
All that g litters litters is not g old. old .
No es oro tod o lo que reluce .
All work and no p lay m ake s Jac k a Debe de hab er tiemp tiemp o pa ra tod o. dull boy . Amo ng the b lind lind the one-ey ed is king. king. En e l pa ís d e los c iegos ieg os el tue rto es el rey. An apple a d ay kee ps the the doc tor Una m anzana anzana a l d ía , mantiene a l away. d oc tor en la la lejanía lejanía . Barking d og s seldo m b ite. Perr erro lad ra do r, poc o m orded or. Better be a lone than in ill ill com pa ny.
Má s vale sol soloo q ue ma l ac omp aña do .
Better late than ne ver.
Má s vale tard tard e q ue nunca .
Birds irds of a fea ther floc floc k toge to ge ther.
Dios los c ría ría y ell e lloo s se junta junt a n.
Blood is thick er than wa ter.
La famil fa miliia es lo q ue m á s tira tira .
Constant Constant d ripp ripp ing we ars the stone stone..
La c onstanc onstanc ia lo pued e tod o.
Cour Co urtes tesyy c ost ost nothing.
La a ma bili biliad no c uesta uesta na da .
Cut your c oat ac c ording ording to your cloth. Amó ld a te a tu presupue presupue sto.
420
Don’t c ount your c hickens hick ens until until they are hatc hatc hed.
No haga s c omo en el c uento de la lechera.
Early to be d, ea rly rly to rise rise m ak es a m an Ac osta osta rse p ront o y leva nta rse hea lthy, wea lthy lthy and w ise. ise. tem p ra no hac en al homb re sa sa no, riric o y sa sa b io. Exam ple is be tter than p rece pt. El ejem ejem p lo es el me jor pr p rec ep to. God helps help s those those who w ho help thems them selves elve s. Dios Dios a yuda a los q ue se se a yuda n a sí mismos. He who laug hs last last laug hs longe r. El que qu e ríe ríe el último , ríríe m ejor. ejo r. He who w ho p ay s the pip er calls c alls the tune.
El que p ag a mand a.
It’s no use use c rying over o ver spilt spilt milk. m ilk.
Agua pa sad a no mueve m oli olino.
Look after the penc e a nd the po unds will look after themselves.
C uida uid a d e los p e nique niqu e s y las lib lib ras se c uida rá n sola solass.
Make Ma ke hay while the sun shines shines..
Dis Disfruta fruta m ientras p ued a s.
Never look a gift hors horse in the m outh.
A c ab allo allo rega la do no le mires mires el diente. Un bue n favor se se p a ga c on ot ro.
One g ood turn turn d eserves eserves another ano ther.. Out of sight, sight, out of m ind. Prac tic tic e m akes ak es per pe rfect.
Ojos q ue no ven, co ra zón q ue no siente. La p rá c tic tic a ha c e ma estr estros os..
Suc h a father, fathe r, suc h a son.
De ta l pa lo, ta l astil astillla .
The ea rly rly b ird ird c atc hes the worm .
A q uien uien m ad ruga Dios Dios le a yuda .
Too m a ny c ooks ook s spoil po il the the b roth.
Dema sia d os c oc ineros ec han ha n a pe rde r el c aldo. Cua tro ojos ven m á s q ue d os. os.
Two hea ds are be tter than than o ne.
What’s worth doing is worth do ing w ell. Lo q ue va le la p ena hac er, vale la la pe na hac erl erlo b ien. When the c at is aw ay the mice will play.
Cua ndo el ga to e stá ausente, ausente, los los ra to nes ne s se d ivierte ivierte n.
Where there the re is a will, there there is a wa y.
Que rer es p od er. 421
You c an not have your c ake and have it.
No p uede s tenerl tenerlo tod o.
EXPRESIONES IDIOMATICAS A c lose lose shave shave .
Por los pelos.
A c rying sham sham e.
Una ve rg üen za .
A da y off. off.
Un d ía lib lib re.
A d ish. ish.
Esta r co m o un tren.
A slip slip of the tong ue.
Un lapsus.
All alone.
Má s solo q ue la una .
All in all.
En resum resum ida s c uenta ue nta s.
All over the world.
Por todo el mundo .
All the sam sam e.
A p esar esar de tod o.
Ap ril ril foo foo l.
Inocente.
As a m atter of fac fac t.
De hec ho.
As goo d a s done.
Dar algo p or hec ho.
Be in a hurry. hurry.
Tener prisa.
Be in the red. red .
Esta r en núm n úm e ros rojos rojo s.
Be mo ody .
Esta r d e m a l hum o r.
Be the ta lk of the town.
Ser la la c om id illa d el pue b lo.
Be yo ur ag e.
No sea sea s niño. niño. Co mp órtate .
Brand new
Nuevo.
By hea rt.
De mem oria oria . 422
By the wa y.
A p rop ósi ósito.
Call a spa spa de a spa de.
Al p an p a n y al vino vino vino. vino.
Crac Cr ac k a joke.
Co nta r un c histe. histe.
Every now and then.
De vez en c uand o.
Fee l ho m esick. esick.
Se ntir nt ir mo rriña rriña..
First things first.
Lo p rimero ime ro es lo pr p rimero. ime ro.
Follo w suit.
Seg uir el ejem p lo.
Get rid of.
Librarse de.
Give som som eone a c old shoul shoulde de r.
Dar de lad o a alguien. alguien.
Give som som eone the sac sac k.
Despe Despe d ir a a lguien d el tra tra b a jo.
Go out on a spree.
Irse d e m a rc ha .
Go to he ll. ll.
Irse a la p orra orra .
Goodness.
Cielos.
Have a g ood time.
Pasarlo bien.
Have av e a sweet tooth. too th.
Ser goloso.
Ha ve forty winks.
Dar una c ab ezad ezad ita.
Ha ve fun.
Pasarlo bien.
Have the the kna c k of.
Tene r ha b ilid a d p a ra a lg o.
Hit the the jac kpot. kp ot.
Toc a rle a uno e l g ordo .
I don’t give a da mn.
Me imp imp orta orta un bled bled o.
If the c ap fits fits wear we ar it.
Si te p ic a , te a gua nta s.
In blac k and white. white.
Por escrito.
In the the twinkling of an ey e.
En un a b rir y c erra erra r de ojos. ojos.
423
In time .
A tiem po.
Inside out.
Al revés.
It goe s without say ing.
Ni q ue d ec ir tiene.
It’s up to you.
Depe nde d e ti.
Jump to c onc lusions.
Sacar conclusiones.
Keep one’s fingers c rossed .
Toc ar ma d era .
Last but no lea st. Love at first sight.
El último pero no p or eso me nos importante. Am or a p rimera vista .
Many hap py returns of the da y.
Que c ump las muc hos má s.
Mind your own business.
Mé te te en t us a sunto s.
Off the bea ten trac k.
Fuera d e lo c om ún.
On lea ve.
De permiso.
On sec ond thoughts.
Pensándolo m ejor.
On time.
Puntual.
Once and for all.
De una vez p or tod a s.
Once in a blue moon.
De uva s a p eras.
Once upon a time.
Érase una ve z.
One’s c up of tea.
Santo d e d evoc ión.
Out of the blue.
De rep ente.
Over and o ver ag ain.
Una y ot ra vez.
Owe som eone a grudge .
Tené rsela jura d a a a lg uien.
Play host.
Hac er los honores.
Rac k one’s brains.
Devanarse los sesos.
Ring a be ll.
Ser fa miliar. 424
Show off.
Presumir, ostentar.
Sleep on it.
Consultarlo c on la a lmo had a.
Talk shop .
Ha b la r d el tra b a jo fuera d e ho ras.
The c oa st is c lea r.
No ha y moros en la c osta .
The last but one.
El p enúltimo .
There’s no a c c ounting for taste.
Sob re g ustos no ha y na d a esc rito.
Third time luc ky.
A la te rc era va la venc id a.
Time is money .
El tiemp o es oro.
Tim e is up .
Ser la hora.
To b e like a bull in a c hina shop .
Ser un de sma ña d o.
Turn over a new lea f.
Borrón y c uenta nueva.
Two hea ds are be tter than o ne.
Cua tro ojos ven m á s q ue d os.
425
TRABALENGUAS •
•
•
•
•
She sells sea -she lls o n t he se a -sho re, a nd the she lls she sells a re sea -she lls, I’ m sure. Wha t kind of no ise a nno ys a n o yste r?. A no isy no ise a nno ys a n o yste r mo st. When a d oc tor get s sic k, and a nother do c tor do c tors him, d oes the d o c t o r d o in g t h e d o c t o rin g h a v e t o d o c t o r t h e d o c t o r t h e w a y t h e do c tor be ing d oc tored wa nts to b e d oc tored , or do es the do c tor do ing the do c toring of the d oc tor, d oc tor as he wa nts to d oc tor? Work while yo u w ork, play w hile yo u p la y. Tha t is the wa y to b e c hee rful and gay Whether the we a ther is c old, or whe ther the we a ther is ho t, we ha ve to put up with the w ea ther, we ther we like it or not
CITAS Even God c an not c hange the pa st.
Agathon.
Eureka.
Archimedes.
Man is by nature a po litic al a nimal.
Aristotle.
The p ric e of wisdom is ab ove rubies.
The Bible.
A living d og is better than a de ad lion.
The Bible.
There is no new thing und er the sun.
The Bible.
When thou d oest alm s, let not thy left hand know what thy right hand d oeth.
The Bible.
Where your treasure is, there will your heart be also.
The Bible.
Veni, vidi, vic i.
Julius Ca esa r.
Cog ito, ergo sum.
Descartes.
It is a c ap ital mistake to theorize b efore one ha s da ta.
Sir Arthur Conan 426
Doyle. Good fences ma ke g ood neighbours.
Ro b ert Frost.
It is better to d ie on your feet than to live on y our knees.
La Pasiona ria .
When a m an is tired of London, he is tired of life; for there is in Sa muel Johnson. Lond on a ll that life ca n afford. One should ea t to live, and not live to e at.
Moliere.
All animals are eq ual b ut som e a re more e qua l than o thers. Ge orge Orwell. Brevity is the soul of wit.
Shakespeare.
Neither a bo rrowe r or a lender be .
Shakespeare.
427
ABREVIATURAS a.m.
Befo re noo n.
A/c.
Account.
AD.
Anno Dom ini .
B.A.
Ba c helor of Arts.
B.C.
Before Christ.
B/ E.
Bill of exc ha ng e.
B.B.C.
Brit ish Broa d c a sting Co rp oration.
Bros.
Brothers.
c.a.d.
Ca sh ag a ints d oc ume nts.
C.O.D.
Ca sh on d elivery.
C.W.O.
Ca sh w ith o rd er.
Cfm.
Confirm.
CIA.
Central Intellige nc e Ag enc y.
Co.
Company.
Dept.
Department.
e.g.
For exam ple.
FBI.
Fed eral Burea u of Investiga tion.
G.M.T.
Greenw ic h Me a n Time .
GCE.
Gene ral Ce rtific a te of Ed uc a tion.
H.M.
Her Majesty.
H.R.H.
His or Her Royal Highness.
I.O.U.
I ow e you. 428
IBM.
Inte rnat iona l Business Ma c hine.
IRA.
Irish Rep ub lic a n Army.
ISBN.
Int erna tiona l Sta nd a rd Boo k Numb er.
K.
A thousa nd .
K.O.
Knock-out.
L/C.
Lett er of c red it.
Ltd.
Limited.
m.p.h.
Miles per ho ur.
MP.
Me mb er of Pa rlia me nt.
NASA.
National Astrona utic a nd Sp a c e Administration.
NATO.
North Atlant ic Trea ty O rg a niza tion.
NHS.
Nat iona l Hea lth Servic e.
o.n.o.
Or nea rest o ffer.
P.
Pence.
p.a.
Per annum.
P.T.O.
Plea se t urn over.
Pls.
Please.
POB.
Post O ffic e Box.
R&D.
Resea rc h and d evelopm ent.
R.S.V.P.
Rép ond ez s’ il vous p lia t.
Rgds.
Regards.
SOS.
Save our souls.
Thx.
Thanks. 429
U.N.O.
United Nat ions Orga niza tion.
U.S.A.
United Sta te s of A me ric a .
U.S.S.R.
Union of Soviet Soc ialist Rep ub lic s.
UFO.
Unidentified Flying Object.
V.A.T.
Value Ad d ed Ta x.
V.I.P.
Very Imp orta nt Person.
Y.M.C.A.
Young Me n’ s Christian Assoc iation.
430
ORACIONES y VILLANCICOS EL PADRE NUESTRO Our fa the r, who a rt in Hea ven Hallow ed be thy nam e Thy kingd om c om e Thy will be d one o n ea rth a s it is in hea ven Give us this d a y our d a ily b rea d And forg ive us our tresp a sses A s we forgive those w ho trep a ss a g a ints us And lea d us not into te mp ation But d eliver us from evil
AVE MARÍA Ha il. Ma ry, full of gra c e The Lord is with The e Blessed a rt tho u a mo ng wo me n And b lessed is the fruit of thy w omb , Jesus. Holy Ma ry. Mothe r of G od Pray for us sinne rs Now and at the hour of our de ath. Amen
HAPPY BIRTHDAY Hap py b irthda y to you Hap py b irthda y to you Ha p p y birthd a y, d ea r…. Hap py b irthda y to you For he’ s a jolly good For he’ s a jolly good For he’ s a jolly good A nd so say all of us And so sa y a ll of us And so sa y a ll of us For he’ s a jolly good And so sa y a ll of us
fellow fellow fellow
fellow
431
HOLY NIGHT Silent night, holy night All is c a lm, a ll is b right Round you Virg in mo the r a nd c hild Holy infa nt so tend er and mild Slee p in heavenly pea c e Sleep in hea venly p ea c e Silent night, holy night Son o f God , oh how b right Love is smiling from thy fa c e Pea ls for us the our of g ra c e Christ o us Sa viour is b orn Christ o us Sa viour is b orn
JINGLE BELLS Jing le b ells, jing le b ells Jingle all the w a y Oh w ha t fun is to rid e In a one-horse o pen sleigh Dashing th roug h the snow In a one-horse o pen sleigh Ove r the fields we go La ughing a ll the w a y Bells on bob -ta il ring Ma king sp irits b rig ht Wha t fun it is to ride a nd sing A sleig hing song to night. Oh Jing le b ells, jing le b ells Jing le all the w a y Oh w ha t fun is to rid e In a one-horse o pen sleigh
432
433
1) Mary.........a German boyfriend. a - Has b - Ha ve c - Are 2) We .....................a nic e park nea r Sagasta Sqaure. a - Has b - Ha ve c - Is 3) Yesterda y Mr García .......it was going to rain. a - Sa y b - Sa id c - Tells 4) They were....................a fire yesterda y. a - Made b - Ma king c - Doing 5) My grandmother wa s always.................hom e. a - At b - In c - On 6) Monforte is .................the roa d to Alic ante. a - On b - In c - At 7) He is very good .............music. a - In b - On c - At 8) He is alwa ys ......a b ad mo od . a - In b - On c - At 9) ......the mom ent things are very different. a - In b - At c - On 10) He wa s ........the Navy. a - In b - On c - At 11) She drives ........full speed 434
a - At b - In c - On 12) I am .............working there but I will c hang e very soon. a - Still b - Yet c - Alrea d y 13) ¿Qué pala bra tiene un sonido d iferente? a - Thre e b - Sheep c - Ship 14) El verbo " to be " significa ....... a - Tener b - Ser o esta r c - Parecer 15) Si hablam os de un perro usaremos el prono mbre........ a - It b - He c - She 16) ¿A qué c ateg oría gram atic al p ertenec e: " My , yo ur, his, her, its, our, yo ur y their "? a - Pronom bres personales b - Pronombres posesivos c - Ad jetivo s p osesivos 17) ¿Qué prep osición d eb em os usar c uando hab lamo s de los dias de la semana? a - On b - In c - At 18) El verbo to have se usa p ara forma r los tiem pos......... a - Simp les b - Continuos c - Perfec tos 19) How.............you do? a - Do b - Am c - Is 20) Let me introduc e.......... a - Me b - Myself c - Mine 435
21) I hope y ou enjo y..........stay. a - You b - Your c - Yourself 22) Here you.......... a - Are b - Is c - Am 23) He.........a boy. a - Am b - Is c - Are 24) Isabel...............a chocolate cake. a - Is ea ting b - Is ea t c - Is a te 25) You..................too muc h. a - Are wo rk b - Are w orking c - Are wo rked 26) Ma ría Teresa................a new boo k. a - Are w riting b - Is w rite ing c - Is w riting 27) My sister is ..........doctor. a - An b -A c - Som et hing 28) Is Salina s............big c ity? a -A b - An c - The se 29) I went to the swim ming po ol.......hour ago. a - An b -A c - The 30) He has ........ca t. a - An b -A c - Many 436
31) I don't work............Sunday. a - In b - On c - At 32) I wa ke up.........8.00. a - At b - In c - On 33) I look at the stars..................night. a - At b - In c - On 34) I ......................like live r. a - Does b - Doing c - Do not 35) Where...........you from? a - Is b - Are c - Am 36) What........your brother do? a - Do b - Does c - Is 37) How old ........you? a - Is b - Are c - Am 38) What lang uag es ........you spe ak ? a - Does b - Are c - Do 39) ........were you bo rn? a - Where b - Whic h c - Wha t 40) He............to the Unive rsity. a - Goes b - Go c - Is g o 41) My w ife.............at a High Sc hoo l. 437
a - Tea c hes b - Tea c h c - Is Is tic hing 42) 42) In sum summ m er, my d aug hter ... ..... ..... ..... ...her .her fri friend end Ma rta rta . a - Miss Miss b - Mis M issse s c - Is m iss isse d 43) He ........ ............ ....the the best b est p laye la ye r in Eld Eldaa . a - Is b - Are c - Am 44) I ........... .................. .............. .............. .........a ..a showe show e r. a - Am having b - Ha s c -H Haa s ha ving 45) I ..... ......... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .......at ...at the m om ent. en t. a - Am sm sm oking b -S Sm m o keing c -S Sm m o king king 46) He .....................................fat. a - Get b - Is g et ting c - Get s 47) 47) My sister ister ...... ......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .....a ..a c hoc olate ola te c a ke for my m y b irthday. irthda y. a - Ha s b ee n ma king king b - Ha s b e m a de c - Ha s b ee n ma keing keing 48) They are.....................playing football. a -Y Yee t b -S Stt ill c - Alr Alrea d y 49) He ha h a s.... .....................................c .com om e bac b ac k from from sc hool. hoo l. a - Alr Alrea d y b -Y Yee t c -S Stt ill 50) She ................. ....................... ............ ...........with .....with us next ne xt Ap ril in Ca zorla. zorla . a - Will fish fish b - Would fishing fishing c - Would b ee n fis fishing 51) 51) They ...... ......... ...... .......... ...... .......... ...... .........her ..her a t the a irpo irp o rt tom o rrow m o rning . a - Meet 438
b - Are Are m ee ting ting c - Meets 52) I .......... ................ ............ ........... .......... ........a ...a Ha Ha rley in Nove Nov e m b er. a - Am d riving iving b - Is Is d riving c - Driving Driving 53) I ...... .......... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ......him ...him a Ma ría ría Calla Ca llass CD for his b irthda y. a - G ive b - Giving c - Am g iving ving 54) The new ne w tea c her... he r........ .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .....aa t sev sevee n. a - Come b - Is Is c om eing c - Is Is c om ing 55) We ....... ............ .......... ......... ......... ......s .som om e mon m oney ey to c harities. ha rities. a - Gives b - Are g iveing c - Are g iving iving 56) They ...... ......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...to to Majo Ma jorc rcaa with a ll their the ir friend friend s. a - Are go ing b - Goes c - Are Are g o 57) He ...... .......... ....... .....s ..sm m oking ok ing next ne xt yea ye a r. a - G ive b - Is Is g iveing up c - Is g iving up 58) I ..... ........ ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ......her ..her a ne w Polo Polo for her birt b irthd hd a y . a - Buys Buys b - Am b uying uying c - Buy Buy 59) The sun ...................... .................................. ....................... .............this ..this a fterno fte rnooo n. a -S Shin hinee b - Is Is shine hin e ing c - Is shining hin ing 60) The wa iter ite r ....... ............ .......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .......a ..a b ottle ot tle of Rio Rioja ja wine. win e. a -B Bring ring b - Bri Bring ng e d c - Is Is b ring ring ing 61) 61) Ba rcelo rc elo na... na ...... ...... ...... ...aa g a inst inst Ma nc hester United in June June a - Wil Willl be p la ying ying b - Wi Will play b e 439
c -W Wiill b e p la yed 62) Aleja Ale jand ndro ro Sa Sa nz ..... ........ ....... ........ ........ ........ ....... ....... ........ ........ ....... ....... .....a .a new n ew a lbum lb um in Ma rch. rc h. a - Re Re lea se b - Is Is relea rele a se ing c - Is Is relea rele a sing 63) What Wha t ....................... .................................. ....................... ...............for ...for a living livi ng?? a -D Doe oe s you d o b - Do you do c - Do you you do es 64) I .............. ..................... ............. ..........tha ....thatt this Preside nt will win ag a g a in. a - Doe Doe s not think b - Do no t thinks c - Do no t think 65) 65) He ...... ......... ...... ....mo .mosst of the hom ho m ework ew ork with w ith his m other. othe r. a - Does b -D Doing oing c - Do 66) I have ha ve ............ ................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......pa ..pa e lla eve e very ry Sa Sa turda turd a y for yea ye a rs. rs. a - At e b -E Eaa t c - Ea te n 67) They he y ha h a ve just ....... ............. ............ ............ ........... .......... .......... .........aro ....around und Sp a in. a -T Tra rave ve l b -T Trav ravee led c - Trave ra ve lle lle d 68) Flavi la vioo has ha s ............................................his ............................................his g irlfriend irlfrie nd.. a - Forga ve b - Fo Fo rgive c - Forg Forgiven iven 69) To ni ha h a s ............. .................. ......... ........ ......... ......... ........ ......... ........f ...firew irewoo rks for for the th e summ um m e r pa p a rty. a -B Buye uyedd b - Bo ug ht c - Boug Boug hting 70) Ca ye tano ta no ha s .......... ................ ............ ............ ............ ............ ........a ..a new ne w hous ho usee for his fam fa m ily. a -B Build uild b - Built Built c - Bou Bou g hts 71) Ma rio has ha s ........ ............ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ....... ....... ....... ....... ......the ..the b eers ee rs in the b a r. a - Pa Pa id b -P Paa yed c -P Paa ying 440
72) 72) My mothe m other. r.... ...... ...... .....her ..her new p ortrait next nex t week we ek.. a - Wil Will ha ve p a int b -W Wiill be p a int c - Wil Will have p a inted 73) We ........... ................. ............ ...........in .....in this house ho use sin sincc e 1997. a - Lived Lived b - Ha Ha ve b eing livi living ng c - Ha Ha ve b ee n livi living ng 74) He ....... .......... ...... ....... ....... .....a ..a bo ok for fo r a long lo ng tim e. a - Writes Writes b - Is w rot e c - Ha s b ee n w riting iting 75) 75) ...... ........thes ..thesee book bo okss interes intere sting? ting ? a - Is b - Are c - Am 76) 76) The ba b y..... y....... ..ea ea ting the foo foodd . a - Am b - Is c - Are 77) 77) Cats Ca ts............... ...bla bla c k or white. a - Is b - Are c - Am 78) Pep ita ..... ........thr ...three ee da ughtres. ug htres. a - Ha s b - Ha a ve c - Ha ving 79) Carlos Ca rlos is in Elc Elche he.. .... ....... ....... ......work ..workss there the re in a sho shoee fac fa c tory. a - Him Him b - He He c - His His 80) ........... ................. .......s .saa y s that tha t Is Isa b e l is her he r b e st frien friendd . a -S She he b - Her Her c - Hers Hers 81) I haven hav en't't ....... ........... ......... ......... ......... .......... .......... ........mo ...mone ney. y. a - Som Som e b - Any c -S Som om et hing 441
82) 82) Would ou ld you y ou like ...... ......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....c .cho hocc ola tes? a - Any b - Will Will c -S Soo m e 83) 83) Ha ve y ou seen ....... .......... ...... ...... ...love love film film lately? late ly? a - Som Som e b - Any c - No 84) 84) There a re....... re.......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...bb oys oy s p lay ing footb foo tbaa ll outs ou tsid ide. e. a - These b - Som Som e c - Any 85) Is there...... the re........... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... ......... ......c ..cine inem m a in to wn? wn ? a - Any b - Som Som e c - Six Six 86) I've got g ot ....... ........... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .....bo .book okss on com c om p uters ute rs.. a - Any b - Som Som e c - Me 87) ...... .......... ....... ...... ...... ...... ....... ....there there a b us from from Alic a nte a t 7.00? 7.00? a - Is b - Are c - Am 88) 88) There....... here.......... ....two .two trains to Ma d rid eve ry da y. a - Is b - Are c - Am 89) 89) ...... ......... ...... ...... ....there .there a superma supe rmarket rket nea ne a r here? a - Is b - Are c - Am 90) There...... he re.......... ........ .......a ...a p a rad e next Sa Sa turda turd a y. a - Is b - Are c - Am 91) There...... he re.......... ........ .....m .maa ny resta restaura urants nts in Benid en idorm orm . a - Is b - Are c - Am 92) 92) There... here ...... ...... ...... ....a .a c onc on c ert next nex t June June in Sa Sa nta Pola . 442
a - Is b - Are c - Am 93) Pe p i......................... i..............................s .....sw w im very ve ry fas fa st.. a - Do b - Doe Doe s not c - Do 94) ........ ............. .......... ........... .......yo .youu like footb foo tbaa ll? a - Does b - Do c - Are 95) ....... ........... ........ ........ ....P Pep e rea rea d the pa p er? a - Do b - Does c - Is 96) I ...... .......... ........ ........ ........ ........ ......ea ..eatt mea m ea t. a - Do not b - Doe Doe s not c - Will Will d o 97) I wa nt two ......... ............. ........ .........of .....of Fa Fa nta . a - Glass Glass b - Glas Gla ssves ve s c - Glas Gla sse s 98) This tre tre e ha h a s m a ny .................... .............................. .................... .................... .......... a - LLea ea fs b - Lea ves c - Le Le a fss fss 99) In the zoo zoo I sa sa w four ..... ..... a -S She heep ep b - Shee p s c - Shep p es 100) She ha h a s m a ny ........ ... .......... .......... .......... .......... ....... a - Worries Worries b - Worrys Worrys c - Worr Worryes yes 101) 101) There he re are a re ........ ........ssc hoo ho o ls in Sa Sa linas lina s. Only two. tw o. a - Litt Little le b - Fe Fe w c - Much 102) 102) I have ha ve .......... ............... .......... .......... .....m m o ney ne y left. a - Litt Little le 443
b - Fe Fe w c - Many 103) We ha ve to stud y...... y......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....bo .book okss. a - Muc Muc h b - Ma ny c - Any 104) 104) Not ........ ........... ...... ...... .....pe ..peop op le smoke smo ke in this Univers nive rsity. ity. a - Ma nys nys b - Ma ny c - Fe w s 105) 105) They he y pa p a y Zid Zidaa ne ......... ............. ........ ........ ......mo ..mone ney. y. a - Muc Muc h b - Ma ny c - Fe Fe w 106) The re a ren' re n'tt ...... .......... ........ ......... ......... ......... .......tow ..towns ns in Te Te ruel. a - Ma ny b - Muc Muc h c - Litt Litt le 107) 107) They he y as a ske d m e ............ ................. .......... ......... .....q .que uesstions tion s. a - Ma ny b - Litt Little le c - Much 108) 108) I d on't on 't have hav e ......... ............. ......... .......... .......... .........time ....time.. a - Muc Muc h b - Ma ny c - Litt Litt le 109) Everyb ve rybod od y sa sa ys that tha t Jo Jo rge is i s ........... ................ ........... ........... ........tha ...thann his b rothe roth e r. a - More clever b - The m ore c leve r c - The m ost ost c lever 110) 110) I a m ......... .............. .......... .......... ......... .....tea .tea c her he r here. he re. a - The The o lde st b - Olde Olde r c - Old erest erest 111) This exe e xerc rcis isee is ......... ............. ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ......... ......tha .thann the p revious revio us one. on e. a - Ea Ea sier b -E Eaa syer ye r c - Ea Ea sies ie st 112) 112) When he n I wa s yo ung Ag ustina ustina wa s the ....... .......... ....... ........ ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....sswim m er in Eld Eldaa . a - Fa Fa ste st b - Fa Fa te sr 444
c - The The ffa ste rest rest 113) This is .......... ............... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .....bb oo k I ha ve eve ev e r re re a d . a - The g oo d est est b - The b este este r c - The The b e st 114) 114) You sho should uld ea t .......... ............... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......c ..cho hocc ola ol a te. te . a - Littler Littler b - Le Le ss c - Litt Little lesst 115) The p ic ture is .............. ................... .........the ....the wa ll. a - At b - In c - On 116) 116) We go g o to churc c hurc h ....... ............. ........... .........S ....Sund und a ys. a - At b - In c - On 117) The milk m ilk's 's ....................................... .......................................the the fridg frid g e . a - In b - At c - On 118) 118) They he y sa t ......... ............. ........ ........... ..........the ...the w a ll. a - On b - At c - In 119) 119) They he y m a d e the th e film ........ ............ ........ ........ ....P Petrel. etre l. a - In b - At c - On 120) 120) Ma ry's not here he re - she's... he's.......... .......... .......... .......the the offi o fficc e. a - On b - In c - At 121) 121) The ha h a m is....... is........... ......... .......... .......... .......... .........the ....the shelf she lf in the k itc hen. he n. a - On b - In c - At 122) They he y are all....... a ll............. ........... ........... ............ ............ ........the ..the ga g a rde n. a - At b - In c - On 445
123) 123) The pa p a p e rs a re............. re.................. .......... .......... .........my ....my d e sk. a - In b - At c - On 124) He's not................. no t........................ .............. .............. ...........wo ....work rk tod to d a y. a - On b - In c - At 125) 125) I'll see see you yo u ......... ............. ........ ......... ......... ........ ........ ........ ......Mo ..Mond ndaa y. a - In b - At c - On 126) 126) They he y c a m e to vis v isitit us ........ ............ ........ ........ ....m m y birthda b irthda y. a - In b - At c - On 127) Did you yo u have a g ood oo d time tim e ....... .......... ....... ....... ...... .....Chris ..Christm tmaa s? a - In b - At c - On 128) 128) Sc hool ho ol finishe finishess .......... ............... ......... ......... .......... .......... .....three three o 'c loc lo c k. a - On b - In c - At 129) 129) I'll m e et you....... yo u............ .......... .......... .......... ......the .the sta statio tion. n. a - At b - In c - On 130) He 's still...................... till............................... .................. ...........s ..scc hoo ho o l. a - At b - In c - On 131) 131) That ha t pic ture...... ture......... ...... ...... ...... .....the ..the wall wa ll was p a inted b y Vlad i Monzó. a - In b - At c - On 132) 132) We're e' re mee me e ting..... ting .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......7.0 .7.000 o n Tue Tuessd a y . a - At b - On c - In 446
133) I ............................to the swim ming p oo l every da y at 5.00. a - Go ing b - Goes c - Go 134) ............................what he's saying? a - Do yo u und ersta nd b - Doe s you und ersta nd c - Did you und ersta nd 135) Horatio ..........................................a shower at the mom ent. a - Is ha s b - Is ha ving c - Ha s 136) Somebody...............................to us. a - Is listens b - Liste ns c - Is listening 137) She..........................to go ho me now. a - Is w a nts b - Is w a nte d c - Wa nts 138) How often ........................................a ma gazine? a - Do you read b - Doe s you read c - Did you rea ds 139) The Town Hall ...........................................a new street to Alberto Na va rro. a - Should d ed ic a te b - Sha ll de d ic a ting c - Should to d ed ic a te 140) I .......................................................in Aspe tomorrow. a - Will be b - Will is c - Will am 141) I .........................................my c ousin in Madrid next we ek. a - Visited b - Will visit c - Visit 142) They ...........................a new roa d in 2007. a - Build b - Will build c - Builded 143) I ........................................to the Yelm o Cineplex c inem as tom orrow. 447
a - Went b - Go c - Will go 144) They ...........................in La Sirena next Saturday. a - Will b e ha ving d inner b - Will d inner hav e c - Will be dinner 145) I..........to Berlín in August. a - Will flying b - Will flying be c - Will be flying 146) They .............................a lot with that teacher. a - Will lea rnt h a ve b - Will ha ve learnt c - Will ha ve lea rn 147) He ...............................many countries in Ap ril. a - Will have see n b - Will seen c - Will be seen 148) I .............................everything before 12:00. a - Will ea ten b - Will ha ve e a ten c - Will b e a te 149) Next summer he ............................................a new car. a - Will boug ht b - Will buying c - Will ha ve b ee n d riving 150) In May he .......................................with a new team in Franc e. a - Will played b - Will ha ve b ee n playing c - Will playing b e 151) We.........................................ma ny g ood films but this is the b est. a - Has see b - Has seen c - Ha ve see n 152) He ...............................some shoes to his brother. a - Ha s b oug ht b - Ha s b uy c - Have bo ught 153) The food ............................................horrible. a - Am 448
b - Was c - Are 154) The Frenc h ...........................Spanish very bad in the past. a - Sp ea ks b - Spoke c - Sp ea king 155) Inmita .......to a swim ming poo l in the evenings whe n she wa s 3 years old . a - Went b - Go c - Went 156) When we lived in Alic ante m y w ife ....................her mother every night. a - Phone b - Phoned c - Phones will 157) My aunt ............................gazpachos i n the Culeb rón. a - At e b - Ea t c - Will ea ts 158) We.....................................a lot in England last summer. a - Enjoying b - Enjoys c - Enjoyed 159) Lady Herná ndez...............................her old boyfriend in a restaurant. a - Met b - Mee ting c - Meets 160) I ...............................more than ever last summer. a - Swim b - Swimm ing c - Sw a m 161) They .................................to Alic ante when they were young. a - Will go b - Goes c - Went 162) The doc tor .......................us hat it wa s nothing important. a - Tolds b - Telling c - Told 163) The bus ...........................................in every city. a - Stop p ed 449
b - Sto p p ing c - Sto p 164) It ..........................................during the festivies. a - Ra ined b - Ra ining c - Ra ineing 165) The alarm cloc k...............................................but I c ouldn't stop it. a - Ring ing b - Rings c - Was ring ing 166) He has............................................on weig ht sinc e he got married . a - Put s b - Put c - Put ting 167) Pep e ha s...................................a new apartment in Santa Pola . a - Buying b - Boug hte d c - Bought 168) My brother- in-law has...................................football in Alic ante. a - Plays b - Played c - Pla yed ing 169) Manuela ..........................................................aspirins for a long tim e. a - Is ta kes b - Is to ok c - Ha s b ee n ta king 170) Alberto Na varro ...........................his last book for over fifteen years. a - Ha s b ee n w riting b - Ha s b e w riting c - Ha s b eing writing 171) There's nothing in the frid ge. They..............all. a - Must ha ve ea ten b - Must ha s a te c - Must had ea ten 172) My parents .............................me some m one y when I got m arried . a - Giving b - Gaven c - Ga ve 173) I ............................................that she had won the lottery. a - Ha ve knew b - Ha ve known 450
c - Has know 174) Last summer they .......................................siesta before six. a - Was sleep ing b - Sleep c - Were sleeping 175) I .........................................................how to get to Alic ante. a - Am explaining b - Expla ins c - Doe s expla in 176) I' ve worked in Elche ...................six yea rs. a - Sinc e b - For c - Ag o 177) I've live d in Elda ...................I was a c hild. a - Sinc e b - For c - Ag o 178) We have not been in Rom e ...........we were ma rried . a - For b - Sinc e c - Ag o 179) I've known them ................yea rs. a - Ag o b - For c - Sinc e 180) She ha s bee n working here ...................she left sc hool. a - For b - Sinc e c - Ag o 181) He ha s been in prison..................nine ye ars. a - Ag o b - Sinc e c - For 182) Pep ic a has lived in Salinas.............................she w as ten years old . a - For b - Sinc e c - Ag o 183) He has bee n ill .........a long time. a - For b - Sinc e c - Ag o 451
184) Pili is in her offic e. She's bee n there ..............7 o'c loc k. a - Ag o b - For c - Sinc e 185) The bus is late. We've bee n wa iting .........................20 minutes. a - Sinc e b - For c - Ag o 186) Laura is studying Medic ine ............................1987. a - Ag o b - For c - Sinc e 187) I've b ee n learning English.............................January. a - For b - Ag o c - Sinc e 188) I've only b een cyc ling to work......................two months. a - For b - Sinc e c - Ag o 189) If you put ic e in the sun it..............................................to water. a - Turn b - Turns c - Turning 190) If yo u...........................................this one I'll bring you another. a - Doesn't like b - Did n't like c - Don't like 191) If I ................................................studied I would g et a better job. a - Has b - Ha ve c - Ha d 192) If it ............more we c ould grow more trees. a - Ra in b - Ra ined c - Ra ining 193) If I had bought lottery yesterday, today I..............................................rich. a - Would have be ing b - Will ha ve b een c - Would ha ve be en 452
194) If I had kno wn that they were in Elda l............................................ the m to have lunc h in La Sirena. a - Willl ha ve invite d b - Would ha ve invited c - Ha d invite d 195) Indicativo, Subjuntivo e Im pe rativo son: a - Mod os verb ales b - Forma s d el a d jet ivo c - Tip os d e a d verbios 196) ¿Qué nombre rec ibe n los siguientes verbos: "to be , to h ave y to do "?. a - Auxilia res b - Moda les c - Ord ina rios 197) My w ife is........the kitchen. a - In b - On c - At 198) I wa s .......the station. a - In b - On c - At 199) The water is..........the fridg e. a - On b - In c - At 200) The boo k is ..........the table. a - In b - On c - At 201) My mother is.........hom e. a - On b - In c - At 202) My house is..............the road to Sax. a - In b - On c - At 203) The football matc h ................................at 6:00. a - Sta rts b - Are sta rting c - Is sta rting 453
204) We ....................................some boo ks to the Public Library. a - Are g iving b - Gives c - Giving 205) He................................................smoking next year. a - Is g ive u p b - Is g iveing up c - Is g iving up 206) They ............................... "the c uartelillo ". a - Are c lea n b - Are c lea nig c - Are c lea ned 207) I like ..........................................fresh air in the mounta ins. a - Brea thes b - Brea thing c - Brea the d 208) Plea sed to mee t ............ a - Yours b - Us c - You 209) I'll try .............English tea . a - Som e b - Ma ny c - Any 210) Don't ...............to him. a - Liste ne d b - Liste n c - Liste ning 211) You m ust .........it for us. a - Ma ke b - Ma kes c - Mad e 212) How long have yo u ....................learning English? a - Be b - Being c - Been 213) That's ............. a - Eno ug h b - Enoug her c - Eno ug hing 214) Teresa's ...........the phone. 454
a - In b - On c - At 215) Please hurry ............. a - Dow n b - In c - Up 216) How ..............shirts are you going to b uy? a - Ma ny b - Muc h c - Often 217) .........cash. a - In b - On c - At 218) ..............credit card. a - By b - With c - In 219) Shut up and mind y our ........business. a - Our b - Ours c - Own 220) The streets ...........decorated . a - Are b - Is c - Will 221) Come ..............ab out ten o'cloc k. a - At b - In c - On 222) Let's ..............a g oo d restaurant, I am very hung ry. a - Find ing b - Found c - Find 223) There has ........a c ar crash in Juan Ca rlos I. a - Be b - Was c - Been 224) What ................happene d to him, he is very sad. a - Is 455
b - Has c - Ha ve 225) A little boy c alled Jaime ......be en knoc ked off by a b ike. a - Is b - Ha ve c - Ha s 226) That ........be enough. a - Sho uld b - Can c - Must 227) Thank ......very much. a - You b - Yours c - Youm 228) You'll need it when it gets .......... a - Coldest b - Colde r c - Co lding 229) I ..........hope you've got eve rything now, Pep e. a - Did b - Do c - Does 230) I'm really loo king ...............to the conc ert! a - For b - Forwa rd c - Up 231) Wasn't it worth .................all those c ars? a - Wa shing b - Wash c - Washed 232) I intend to g et a job ........weekends. a - In b - On c - At 233) I don't mind, .......................the hours are rea sona ble and the p ay is goo d. a - Long so b - So long as c - As long a s 234) It was diffic ult at first..........to live a lone in England. a - Ha ve b - Has 456
c - Ha ving 235) ............all c ars here are autom atic. a - Nea rly b - Near c - Close 236) This is c elebrated ......the fourth Thursday of Novem ber. a - On b - In c - At 237) Give.............regards to your fam ily. a - Me b - My c -I 238) Everyone ...........paella a nd ha m in Spain. a - Loves b - Lo ve c - Loving 239) It says .......diving! a - Not b - No c - Any 240) I don't m ind ............the sam e c lothes everyday. a - Wea ring b - Wea r c - Weared 241) I'll bring you a present ........the journey. a - In b - Up c - On 242) I suppose ....... a - As b - So c - So as so 243) That is the ............com pliment you c an p ay to a girl like he r. a - Grea t b - Grea ter c - Grea test 244) José Luis says yo u are a very go od ......... a - Cooker b - Co oking c - Cook 457
245) 5.900 ...............insuranc e a nd unlimited mileage . a - Inc luding b - Inc lud es c - Inc lud e 246) ...............interesting! a - What b - What a n c - How 247) I was .................sorry that I felt ashamed . a - So b - As c - So as 248) You c an ..............a taxi and go sightsee ing. a - Sp end b - Hire c - Loo k up for 249) Can I .........a b ike? a - Hire b - Sp end c - Ren ting 250) Ima gine .........to wo rk in the Sahara. a - Ha ve b - Ha ving c - Ha s 251) People of your ag e ............not drink bee r. a - Sha ll b - Will c - Sho uld 252) The plac e I enjoyed .............was the museum of Moder Art. a - Most b - Mo re c - Litt le 253) At wha t time d id you .......................to the c inem a la st night? a - Go b - Went c - Go ing 254) I play football with......... a - He b - Him c - His 458
255) She is ..................secretary. a - Me b - My c - Mine 256) My wife eats ..................oranges. a - Ma ny b - Little c - So 257) The um brella is.......... a - He b - Her c - Hers 258) If I could, I ......................go to the c inema with you, darling. a - Went b - Must c - Would 259) Girls, you ......................say those thing s about your friend s. a - Ha ven 't to b - Mustn't c - M ustn 260) Have a nother choc olate. No, thank you very muc h indee d, ....................too much. a - I've ea ten b - I ea ten c - I at e 261) I think my brother ..................to c om e next month. a - Cans b - Could c - Will be a ble 262) Mr. Martínez ......................for a loan, but then, he won the lotte ry. a - Was a sking b - Asking c - Askeing 263) Tha t girl is ............................pretty. a - As b - So m a ny c - So 264) How .......................you g o to Sax tom orrow? a - Does b - Sha ll c - Will 459
265) My d aug hte r ha sn't ....................from sc hool yet. a - Comed b - Co ming c - Come 266) Have n't you d one it ....................? a - Ag o b - Yet c - For 267) Manolo, .................go to the disco tonight. a - Let us b - We let's c - We let 268) You ha ve to b e muc h .....................when you use this. a - More ca reful b - Ca refuler c - Ca refulest 269) It wa s nic e to see him again. I .........him for ag es. a - Ha ven't see n b - Ha ven t see c - Sa w 270) Those are the one s .................came ye sterday. a - Who b - Whom c - Whose 271) It ...........for ag es in Almeria. Said the wea ther forec ast yesterday. a - Doe sn't rain b - Did rain c - Ha sn't rained 272) I was going to write but the c om puter ...............do wn. a - Brea k b - Brea ks c - Broke 273) Oscar alwa ys ...................tennis a - Play b - Plays c - Is p lay 274) ......you bo rn in Elda ? a - Ha d b - Are c - Were 275) Jesús you'd like to go to buy a new c om puter, .............you? 460
a - Would b - Wouldn't c - May 276) My grandmo ther died at the .......of 89. a – Ag e b - Yea rs c - Yea rs of 277) Hey ...........a look, Roc io Jurado is there with her husband. a - Ha ve b - Ta ke c - Put 278) Plaza Ma yor .......in 1996. a - Wa s built b - Will b e b uilt c - Built 279) What ....................hap pen if we d idn't go to work? a - Will b - Would c - Must 280) The loc al Counc il ...........do something about those houses! a - Mu st t o b - Ha ve t o c - Must 281) All these c hildren a re nice, but ours are ................ a - Niec erest b - Nic er c - Nic est 282) The shop wa s op en this morning . It ...at 4:45. a - Open b - Was op en c - Opened 283) It ..............a lot in winter in Boc airente. a - Sno w s b - Is sno wed c - Is sno wing 284) We ha ven't see n the new Harry Potte r film ... a - Yet b - Alrea d y c - Still 285) It's late a nd Juan is ...........in bed . a - Alrea d y 461
b - Still c - Yet 286) I think tha t "The Pillars of the Earth " is .........boo k I ha ve read in my life. a - The b est b - Best t ha n c - The b et ter 287) If I were you, I .............work in that bank a nymore. a - Would b - Wouldn't c - Can 288) Come on, boy s. We .........win them this time . a - Must b - Ha ve t o c - Ha ve 289) She is very pretty b ut my g irlfriend is ........ a - Prett ier b - Prettiest c - The p re tt y 290) I was listening to the news ...........TV when the b ab y b eg an to sc ream . a - On b - In c - At 291) This is the boy ........father is the President of "The Moros Musulmanes ". a - Whose b - What c - Whic h 292) I ..........to London since 1993. a - Ha ven't bee n b - Ha ven't go ne c - Ha ven't g o 293) She doe sn't live in Noveld a, ...she? a - Do b - Does c - Doesn't 294) It........rain tomorrow. a - May b - Must c - Can 295) I am .............tall as Pac o Ca brera. a - As b - So 462
c - So as 296) This is the restaurant.........we c elebrate our anniversary every yea r. a - Where b - Whic h c - Wha t 297) We........som e m oney to buy a new fridg e. Can we bo rrow from yo u? a - Need b - Must c - May 298) What's yo ur new girlfriend like ? a - Very nic e b - Very p ret ty c - Dema nding 299) It's very late a nd your brothe r is...... a - Still in b ed b - Still in the b ed c - Alrea d y in be d 300) There is......milk in the fridge. a - No b - Som e c - Many 301) .........very nice car is a Merce de s. a - What a b - How c - How a 302) I wa nt you to .................to my party. a - Came b - Co ming c - Come 303) She g ave him four .........of bread . a - Loa fs b - Loa ves c - Loa vings 304) She had .......mone y that she did n't know wha t to do . a - So m uc h b - So m a ny c - So 305) He got married o n the ...........of May. a - 3rd b - 3nd c - 3st 463
306) My uncle has never been to Jam aic a. a - Neithe r has mine b - Neithe r ha s me c - Neithe r ha s I 307) I never listen to...radio at night. a -A b - The c -308) Why don't you eat..........break fast? a -A b - The c -309) Before......lunch we playe d ATAJOS. a - The b -c -A 310) ...........Vinalop ó is the only river we ha ve. a -b - The c -A 311) .......wine is goo d if you d rink prop erly. a -b - The c -A 312) ........wine from Rioja is my favourite. a -b - The c -A 313) I went to.......hospital to visit my friend Enrique who had a hea rt attac k. a - The b -c -A 314) Sarah goes to......c hurch eve ry Sunday with my w ife. a -b - The c -A 315) There is .......whic h is not very c lea r in this. a - Som et hing b - Anything c - Noth ing 464
316) The indians had m any....... a - Chiefs b - Chieves c - Cifs 317) My favourite.........were a ball and the Sc alextrix. a - Toys b - Toyes c - Tois 318) A famous English king had six........ a - Wifes b - Wives c - Wive ss 319) The p lural of goose is... a - Gooses b - Geese c - Gees 320) .........live in Elda. a - Us b - We c - Our 321) La c asa de Ma noli. a - House's Ma noli b - Ma noli's house c - The ma no li's ho use 322) El c oc he de mi amig o. a - The my friend 's c a r b - My friend 's c a r c - Ca r's my friend 323) La c asa d e los Torres. a - The Torres' house b - Torres'ss house c - The ho use of Torres' 324) We we re.......the thea tre last night. a - In b - On c - At 325) I studied ........don Emilio's sc hoo l from 1968 to 1975. a - In b - On c - At 326) I met her ..........a lec ture. 465
a - On b - In c - At 327) She studied........Oxford. a - On b - At c - Of 328) She lives.....Oxford. a - In b - On c - At 329) Elda is ......the road to Alba c ete. a - In b - On c - At 330) I live ......the sec ond floor. a - In b - At c - On 331) I was born......Elda. a - On b - In c - At 332) We have a house......the c oa st. a - In b - On c - At 333) I met her..........the croosroa ds. a - At b - In c - On 334) We a rrived .......Franc e in 1990. a - At b - In c - On 335) We a rrived ........Paris in 1991. a - At b - On c - In 336) ......lunch time we drink c oke. a - In 466
b - On c - At 337) ......the beginning of the boo k I did n't like very muc h. a - In b - On c - At 338) ........first sight I fell in love with her. a - At b - In c - On 339) We be c ame friend s.......last. a - In b - On c - At 340) ........Christma s da y m y fam ily co me hom e. a - In b - On c - At 341) You m ust be ......time for the p lane. a - In b - On c - At 342) Holid ays in Spain are.......July to Sep tem ber. a - For b - From c - At 343) All the trains c om e......Alica nte. a - From b - For c - Up 344) We are going .................the c inem a tonight. a - At b - To c - In 345) The safest wa y to travel is.......roa d. a - On b - In c - By 346) We got.......the bus at 8.00. a - In b - On 467
c - By 347) I go to work........foot. a - In b - On c - By 348) ¿Qué forma verba l exp resa intención? a - Go ing to b - Must c - Need 349) Let.................come. a - Her b - She c - Hers 350) Los ad vervios de frec uenc ia se c oloc an .......de l verbo to be . a - Detrá s b - Dela nte c - Cerc a 351) The thief........he had robbed all the jew els. a - Ad nited b - Ad mitted c - Admited d 352) I ................to London in 1987. a - Go b - Went c - Gone 353) She hates....... a - Wash b - Wa shing c - Washed 354) She never..........lies. a - Says b - Tells c - Spea ks 355) ........long ha ve you b een study ing English? a - Where b - How c - Wha t 356) Novelda is.......than Monóvar. a - Fa r b - Furthe r 468
c - Furthest 357) Pep e is .......ric h as Ma nolo. a - So b - As c - Tha n 358) ..........doe s she want? a - Where b - What c - Who 359) .......is this old c ar? a - Whose b - Who c - Whom 360) .........was that p retty g irl who was with you in the Plaza Mayo r? a - Who b - Whose c - Whom 361) She play tennis. a - So d o she b - So d oes she c - Does she so 362) Are they.........waiting for the doc tor? a - Still b - Yet c - Alrea d y 363) I haven't read the b ook ab out Garzon...... a - Yet b - Still c - Alrea d y 364) I haven't written my Christmas c ards...... a - Still b - Yet c - Alrea d y 365) How m uc h is two + three ? a - Five b - Six c - Seven 366) We have.................ma gazines and books a bout Elda. a - A lot b - A lot of c - Lo ts 469
367) Good....... a - Ivining b - Eve ning c - Eve nning 368) Thank yo u very muc h ind ee d. -You're....... a - Welc ome b - Welc ome d c - Welc am e 369) .......Christmas Eve we have dinner togethe r. a - In b - At c - On 370) .........wa y, how is your fam ily? a - In b - By c - Upon 371) You never know........he is happ y or sad. a - Whenever b - Whea ther c - Whether 372) My fac tory pa ssed ........the hand s of my uncle. a - In b - Int o c - To 373) If you ...............worried, tell your mother about it. a - Were b - Are c - Had bee n 374) If you................ea rlier tonight, we c ould go to the c inema. a - Come b - Came c - Comes 375) We never unde rstood ......he wa nted to say . a - Who b - Whic h c - Wha t 376) ......mind, I have a nother one . I will rep air it. a - Never b - All c - Bo th 470
377) If you work for......you will not ha ve to suffer a b oss. a - You b - Yours c - Yourself 378) Many peo ple nowa da ys live by ....... a - The m b - The mselves c - The ir 379) We enjoyed ..........in our honeymoon. a - Us b - Ours c - Ourselves 380) My friend Tomás is a .........driver. a - Ca refully b - Ca re c - Ca reful 381) He is alwa ys very......and send s me a Jab ugo ham on No vem be r the 30th. a - Kindly b - Ka ind c - Kind 382) We never spea k..........ab out our friend s. a - Bad d er b - Badly c - Worse 383) ......Lent people many p eople do n't ea t me at. a - At b - On c - In 384) In the middle ....................Aug ust we organise many BBQs. a - From b - Of c - On 385) People .......the be ac h should drink wate r all the time . a - In b - On c - At 386) We ought not to visit her. She........study. a - Has b - Must c - Ha ve 387) I went for a walk........Ca stela r Square. 471
a - About b - Afloa t c - Around 388) ......your mo uth close a ll the time, only answer if the tea c her asks you. a - Keep b - To kee p c - Keep s 389) My father-in-law a rrived...........Alica nte airpo rt from Italy yesterday. He went to Lineape lle. a - In b - At c - On 390) I have n't finished ........ a - Yet b - Alrea d y c - Still 391) If you can't water the pla nts, I ........do it for you. a - Would b - Will c - Won't 392) All the shoe s were........during the shoe fair in Mila n. a - Sell b - Sold c - Selling 393) Hallowen is...... a - Oc tob er 31st b - Oc tob er 1rd c - Octo be r 1nd 394) ........faithfully. a - Your b - Yours c - Yourself 395) Everybo dy ..........to ma ke the bed s. a - Has b - Ha ve c - To ha ve 396) There are.......good and ba d m ethods of learning a langua ge . a - All b - Neither c - Bo th 397) No smoking.........be allowed in all the premises. 472
a - Will b - Sha ll c - Is t o 398) When my m other was young my grand mo ther ........look after her. a - Used b - Would c - To 399) Why......you want to buy this? if it is of no use. a - Sha ll b - Will c - Sho uld 400) He........his wife he ha d ha d a n affair with her best friend . a - Sa id b - Told c - Spoke 401) He ...........to the waiter that the wine wa s not very goo d. a - Told b - Sa id c - Sayd 402) Life is not easy. You c an neve r..........what is go ing to hap pen. a - Sa y b - Tell c - Know s 403) "It has been the best day of my life "......my sister. a - Told b - Sa id c - Gueses 404) It goes without........ a - Telling b - Sa ying c - Explainig 405) ........stupid of him! a - What b - How c - What a 406) I like swim ming . -.......too. a -I b - My c - Me 407) ........that Pep e were rich he would not be here. a - Provide s 473
b - Provide d c - Providing 408) It was.............understood b y all the students. a - Easy b - Easily c - Ea sier tha t 409) The party was.........planned. a - Wond erfully b - Wonde r c - Wond erful 410) I don't think so...... a - Persona lly b - Persona l c - Persona ly 411) The m an w ith the m oustac he a nd the go lden w atc h........be his father. a - Must b - Can c - Need 412) Do........hom e now it's very late! a - Go b - To g o c - Goed 413) Why .......him ab out the ac c ident? a - To te ll b - Tell c - Telling 414) I went to the disc o....... a - To d a nc e b - Danc e c - Da nc ing 415) Is Rea l Madrid go ing to w in the lea gue?- I think....... a - Suc h b - So c - Some 416) .......to speak. a - So b - Suc h c - As 417) She lives ........ a - The fifth floo r b - On the fifth floo r 474
c - On the fivefth floo r 418) English people c elebrate ..........................twelve days after Christma s' day. a - Tw elfth's nig ht b - Tw elve nig ht c - Tw e lves nig ht s 419) He ...................arrive late yesterday. a - Do b - Does c - Did 420) He ha s...................away bec ause he wa s a little b it tired. a - Go b - Went c - Gone 421) Before my daughters were born I visited many....................with my wife. a - Co untries b - Co untryes c - Ca untries 422) Please.......................on the lights. a - To switc h b - Switc h c - Sw itc hing 423) Don't forget ...............the letters. a - Poste d b - To p ost c - Po sts 424) The park is......................the hospita l. a - Next b - Ne xt to c - Next a b out 425) Som eo ne has......................the boo k from the library. a - Ste a l b - Sto le c - Sto len 426) She is always........................friend s. a - Doing b - Made c - Ma king 427) My daughters..................so muc h noise! a - Do b - Ma ke c - Ma king 475
428) What are you..................? -Just reading the paper. a - Ma king b - Doing c - Make 429) I have finished the b oo k.- He said .................finished the book. a - He ha s b - He ha d c - He ha ving 430) We alwa ys arrive............... a - Ea rly b - Earliest c - The ea rlier 431) My p arents work.............. a - Ha rd b - Ha rd er than c - The ha rd 432) It .................rain tonight. It is very dark. a - May b - Mays c - Mig hts 433) At 9.00 am you must say good................... a - Nig ht b - Afternoon c - Mo rning 434) Am eric an peop le often say..................instead of bye a - So long b - So long as c - As b y 435) We eat ...............fish. a - Ma ny b - Muc h c - Few 436) I smoke..........................c iga rettes than b efore. a - Few b - Fewerst c - Few er 437) ....................wife's name is Inma. a -I b - Me c - My 476
438) They said he was a ...................teacher. a - Bored b - Boring c - Borerst 439) I wa s .....................be c ause the film wa s boring . a - Boring b - Borest c - Bored 440) In a c oup le of hours the fac tory wa s......... a - Ab laze b - Ab la se c - Ab lasing 441) He alwa ys says that ll the Chinese look.................. a - Like b - Alike c - Likes 442) His .....................brother works in Perú. a - Elder b - Old c - Olde r 443) Som etim es she d rives me............. a - Madd er b - Mad c - Ma d est 444) Ma ny peo le are....................during the Moo rs and Christians Festivities. a - Drink b - Dra nk c - Drunk 445) The....................ag e of pop was the 60s. a - Go ld b - Golgind c - Golden 446) I have d ec ided .................a new b ike. a - Buying b - Buy c - To b uy 447) They deserve.......................treated better. a - Be b - To b e c - Being 448) You ha d b etter...........................the c ar now. Next ye ar the p rices will go up. 477
a - To b uy b - Buy c - Buying 449) Yo m ust avoid........................to him . a - Sp ea king b - To sp ea k c - Sp ea k 450) I don't mind..........................to wa it. a - To ha ve b - Ha ving c - Ha ve 451) ¿Qué c lase de c onjunción es " so "? a - Consec utiva b - Co p ula tiva c - Ad ve rsa tiva 452) ¿Qué c lase de conjunc iónes son " if, unless, as long a s, provid ed that "? a - Cond ic iona les b - Ca usa les c - Finales 453) ¿Cóm o se llama n las pa labrass que llevan a c ento? a - Átona s b - Tónic a s c - Agud as 454) ¿Cóm o se llama n las pa lab ras que no llevan ac ento? a - Átona s b - Llana s c - Esd rújulas 455) ¿Cóm o se llama n las pa lab ras que lleva n el ac ento en la última silaba ? a - Agúd a b - Llana c - Esdrújula 456) ¿Cóm o se de nom inan a los verbo s ser y estar ? a - Transitivo s b - Cop ula tivos c - Moda les 457) ¿Qué pa lab ra tiene un sonido d iferente? a - Pa ul b - John c - Four 458) ¿Qué pa lab ra tiene un sonido d iferente? 478
a - Ha d b - Hea d c - Said 459) ¿Qué pa lab ra tiene un sonido d iferente? a - Pen b - Bed c - Pa n 460) ¿Qué pala bra tiene un sonido diferente? a - At b - Art c - Hat 461) ¿Qué pa lab ra tiene un sonido d iferente? a - Pat b - Matc h c - Pa rt 462) ¿Qué pa lab ra tiene un sonido d iferente? a - Shop b - Sp ort c - Fox 463) ¿Qué pa lab ra tiene un sonido d iferente? a - Full b - Fool c - Pull 464) ¿Qué pa lab ra tiene un sonido d iferente? a - Bat b - But c - Cup 465) ¿Qué pa lab ra tiene un sonido d iferente? a - Run b - Rung c - Sa nk 466) ¿Qué pa lab ra tiene un sonido d iferente? a - Hea rd b - Turn c - Deb t 467) ¿Qué p ala bra tiene un sonido d iferente? a - Plac e b - Plays c - Prize 468) ¿Qué pa lab ra tiene un sonido d iferente? a - Bus 479
b - Once c - Buzz 469) ¿Qué pa lab ra tiene un sonido d iferente? a - Sea t b - Sell c - She ll 470) ¿Qué palab ra tiene un sonid o diferente? a - Thin b - Sin c - Thing 471) ¿Qué pa lab ra tiene un sonido d iferente? a - Ha m b - Hum c - Bun 472) ¿Qué pa lab ra tiene un sonido d iferente? a - Was b - Wash c - Ship 473) ¿Qué pa lab ra tiene un sonido d iferente? a - Sw a n b - Bald c - Ba ll 474) ¿Qué pa lab ra tiene un sonido d iferente? a - Want b - Wallet c - Salt 475) ¿Qué pa lab ra tiene un sonido d iferente? a - Sc a r b - Pa rty c - Dolla r 476) ¿Qué pa lab ra tiene un sonido d iferente? a - Daughter b - Fa ult c - Bec ause 477) ¿Qué pa lab ra tiene un sonido d iferente? a - Bea ns b - Brea d c - Dead 478) ¿Qué pa lab ra tiene un sonido d iferente? a - Dry b - Big 480
c - City 479) ¿Qué pa lab ra tiene un sonido d iferente? a - Bore b - Canoe c - Sho e 480) Yes, they........interesting b ooks. a - Is b - Are c - Am 481) I...........a teacher. a - Is b - Am c - Are 482) You.........the limit. a - Are b - Is c - Am 483) I ....................tall. a - Is b - Am c - Are 484) Horac io ......in Elc he. a - Am b - Is c - Are 485) I.........in the classroom. a - Am b - Is c - Are 486) You.....................tall. a - Is b - Are c - Am 487) Tres. a - Zrui b - Tree c - Three 488) Cinco. a - Fa if b - Five c - Fife 481
489) Diez. a - Tenn b - Ten t c - Ten 490) Trece. a - Thirte n b - The rtee n c - Thirteen 491) Dieciséis. a - Sixten b - Sisteen c - Sixte en 492) Diecisiete. a - Seve nte en b - Seve nte n c - Seve teen 493) Madre. a - Sister b - Daugher c - Mother 494) Abuelo. a - Fa the r in law b - Grand father c - Granp a rentes 495) Abuela. a - Mo therold b - Grand mother c - Mo ther inla w 496) Hija. a - Daughter b - Sister c - Mother 497) Pariente. a - Rela tive b - Pa rent c - Pa renting 498) Chaleco. a - Coat b - Waistc oa t c - Tie 482
499) Vaqueros. a - Jins b - Jea ns c - Troussers 500) Macarena lives........Ronda. a - In b - On c - At
483
