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Punctuaton: Major Marks

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CONTENTS PART 1. Grammar, Usage, and Style SECTION 1. SECTION 2. SECTION 3. SECTION 4. SECTION 5. SECTION 6. SECTION 7. SECTION 8. SECTION 9. SECTION 10. SECTION 11.

Punctuation: Major Marks Punctuation: Other Marks Capitalization Numbers Abbreviations Plurals and Possessives Spelling Compound Words Word Division Grammar Usage

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THE PERIOD ¶101a. Use a period to mark the end of a sentence that makes a statement or expresses a command. Statement: I question the need to merge the two companies. Command: Make sure that the doors open at 10 a.m. Slide 1-1


THE QUESTION MARK ¶110a. Use a question mark at the end of a direct question. ¶104. Use a period at the end of an indirect question. Direct question: Why is the policy being changed? Indirect question: I would like to know why the policy is being changed. Slide 1-2


THE EXCLAMATION POINT ¶119a. Use an exclamation point at the end of a sentence to express enthusiasm or some other strong feeling. Exclamation: Your article about the Internet was the best I’ve ever read!

Slide 1-3


THE PERIOD AND THE QUESTION MARK ¶103. Use a question mark at the end of a sentence that asks a favor. Use a period at the end of a sentence that expresses a polite command. Favor: Will you please let me borrow your Corvette? Polite command: Will you please let me know whether you plan to stay overnight. Slide 1-4


THE PERIOD, THE QUESTION MARK, AND THE EXCLAMATION POINT ¶¶101b, 111, 119a. Use a period, a question mark, or an exclamation point (as appropriate) at the end of an elliptical expression—a word or phrase that represents a complete sentence. When am I leaving? In a week or so. I heard that you’re resigning. Why? What a great job! Congratulations! Slide 1-5


THE PERIOD ¶107a. Use periods after elements displayed on separate lines in a list when they are long or are essential to the grammatical completeness of the statement that introduces the list. This software will help you to: 1. Maintain your checkbook. 2. Prepare a realistic monthly budget. 3. Monitor your monthly expenses. Slide 1-6


THE PERIOD ¶107b. No periods are needed after elements in a list if the introductory statement is grammatically complete. We can provide the following kinds of software: • Customer information systems • Product information systems • Decision support systems Slide 1-7


THE PERIOD ¶102a. As a general rule, use one space after the period or any other mark at the end of a sentence, but switch to two spaces whenever a stronger visual break between sentences is needed. One space after the period: Let’s meet on Friday. How does 10 a.m. sound? Two spaces after the period: Let’s meet on Friday. How does 10 a.m. sound? Slide 1-8


THE PERIOD ¶102e. When an abbreviation ends one sentence and begins the next, the use of one space after the period that ends the sentence may be inadequate. Use two spaces for a stronger visual break. One space after the period: Lunch begins at 1 p.m. F. J. Rae will be the speaker. Two spaces after the period: Lunch begins at 1 p.m. F. J. Rae will be the speaker. Slide 1-9


COMMAS THAT SET OFF ¶122. Use commas to set off nonessential expressions—words, phrases, and clauses that are not needed to complete the meaning or the structure of a sentence. Nonessential: Let’s ask Muriel Spock, who is familiar with this type of transaction. Essential: Let’s ask someone who is familiar with this type of transaction. Slide 1-10


COMMAS THAT SET OFF ¶122. Use commas to set off nonessential expressions—words, phrases, and clauses that are not643,346,Slide needed to346complete the meaning or the structure of a sentence. Nonessential: I have decided, therefore, to withdraw my bid. Essential: I have therefore decided to withdraw my bid. Slide 1-11


COMMAS THAT SET OFF ¶122a. Use commas to set off interrupting elements—words, phrases, and clauses that break the flow of a sentence from subject to verb to object or complement. Interrupting: We could meet this Thursday or, if you prefer, next Tuesday. Interrupting: We can wait for a week, can’t we, to see what happens? Slide 1-12


COMMAS THAT SET OFF ¶122b. Use commas to set off afterthoughts —words, phrases, and clauses loosely added onto the end of a sentence. Afterthought: The merger took place last July, if I remember correctly. Afterthought: It’s not too late to enroll, is it?

Slide 1-13


COMMAS THAT SET OFF ¶122c. Use commas to set off transitional expressions and similar elements that are not essential to the meaning or the structure of a sentence. Nonessential: It is true, nevertheless, that Carl supplied us with useful information. Essential: It is nevertheless true that Carl supplied us with useful information. Click the mouse button or press the Slide 1-14

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COMMAS THAT SET OFF ¶122c. Use commas to set off independent comments and similar elements that are not essential to the meaning or the structure of a sentence. Nonessential: It is our plan, of course, to get a second opinion. Essential: It is of course our plan to get a second opinion. Slide 1-15


COMMAS THAT SET OFF ¶122d. Use commas to set off descriptive expressions and similar elements that are not essential to the meaning or the structure of a sentence. Nonessential: Many thanks for your letter of May 1, in which you reviewed my manuscript. Essential: Many thanks for the letter in which you reviewed my manuscript. Slide 1-16


COMMAS THAT SET OFF ¶122e-f. Use commas to set off descriptive expressions and similar elements that are not essential to the meaning or the structure of a sentence. Dates: The meeting planned for November 5, 2003, will have to be rescheduled for February 2004. Names: Ann Garcia, M.D., is moving to Logan, Utah. Names: Paul Poe Jr. is leaving Green Inc. next week. Slide 1-17


COMMAS THAT SEPARATE ¶123b. Use a comma to separate three or more items in a series. The Foxes, the Perrys, and the Joneses have said yes. I’m still waiting to hear from the Sheas and the Poes. Slide 1-18


COMMAS THAT SEPARATE ¶123c. Use a comma to separate two or more adjectives that modify the same noun. Gillian is a thoughtful, considerate person. But: I would like to thank you for your thoughtful editorial comments.

Slide 1-19


COMMAS THAT SEPARATE ¶123d. Use a comma to separate the digits of large numbers into groups of thousands. 10,575

200,000

3,500,000

But:

3000

3.14159265

Slide 1-20


COMMAS THAT SEPARATE ¶123e. Use a comma to indicate the omission of key words. Employees with at least one year of service are entitled to two weeks of vacation; those with at least three years of service, three weeks. Slide 1-21


COMMAS THAT SEPARATE ¶123e. Use a comma to indicate unusual word order. How that happened, we’ll never know.

Slide 1-22


COMMAS THAT SEPARATE ¶123e. Use a comma to preserve clarity. All an insurance policy is, is a contract for services.

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COMMAS THAT SEPARATE ¶124. Use a comma after most introductory elements that begin a sentence and precede the subject and verb of the main clause. Introductory word: Well, what can we do? Introductory phrase: To start a successful business, you need to do a lot of planning. But: To start a successful business requires a lot of planning. Slide 1-24


COMMAS THAT SEPARATE ¶124. Use a comma after most introductory elements that begin a sentence and precede the subject and verb of the main clause. Introductory clause: Before we invest more money in the company, we need to see an updated financial analysis. Introductory verbal phrase: In reviewing the sketches, I noticed several problems. Slide 1-25


COMMAS THAT SEPARATE ¶124. Use a comma after most introductory elements that begin a sentence and precede the subject and verb of the main clause. Introductory adverb: Tomorrow I’ll give you our decision. Introductory phrase: In 2003 I may retire. Introductory phrase: In the morning I’ll have more time. Slide 1-26


COMMAS THAT SEPARATE ¶124b. Use a comma after a transitional expression or an independent comment that begins a sentence. Transitional expression: In any case, we don’t have to decide right away. Independent comment: In my opinion, she needs help. Slide 1-27


COMMAS IN COMPOUND SENTENCES ¶¶126-128. Use a comma to separate two main clauses when they are joined by and, but, or, or nor. Compound sentence: I finished the report last week, and I will now write a one-page executive summary. Compound predicate: I finished the report last week and will now write a one-page executive summary. Slide 1-28


COMMAS IN COMPOUND SENTENCES ¶¶126-128. Do not use a comma to separate two main clauses when they are not joined by and, but, or, or nor. Run-on sentence: I finished the report last week, I will now write a one-page executive summary. (A comma is incorrect.) Correct alternatives: . . . last week. I will . . . . . . last week; I will . . . . . . last week, and I will . . . Slide 1-29


COMMAS IN COMPLEX SENTENCES ¶130. Use a comma to separate a dependent clause that precedes the main clause. Before we meet with the sales staff, we need to complete this study.

Slide 1-30


COMMAS IN COMPLEX SENTENCES ¶¶131, 132. Use a comma to separate a nonessential dependent clause that follows the main clause. Nonessential: We need to complete this study by Friday, before we meet with the CEO. Essential: We need to complete this study before we meet with the CEO. Slide 1-31


THE SEMICOLON ¶176. Use a semicolon to separate two independent clauses when the clauses are not linked by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, or nor). Sheila wants to buy an SUV; Paul would rather get a convertible. Also correct: Sheila wants to buy an SUV. Paul would rather get a convertible. Slide 1-32


THE SEMICOLON ¶178. Use a semicolon to separate two independent clauses when the clauses are linked by a transitional expression (such as however, moreover, or therefore). My partners want to sign the contract; however, I have some misgivings. Also correct: My partners want to sign the contract. However, I have some misgivings. Slide 1-33


THE COLON ¶187a. Use a colon to separate two independent clauses (1) when the second clause explains the first clause and (2) the clauses are not linked by a coordinating conjunction or a transitional expression. It has been said that a successful project goes through three stages: it won’t work, it costs too much, and I always knew it was a good idea. Slide 1-34


THE COLON ¶187b. Compare the use of the colon and the semicolon in these examples: Colon: This job sounds very attractive: the salary, the benefits, and the opportunities for advancement seem excellent. (The second clause explains the first clause.) Semicolon: This job sounds very attractive; it is the kind of job I have been looking for. (Also correct: This job sounds very attractive. It is the . . . . ) Slide 1-35


FOR EXAMPLE, NAMELY, AND THAT IS ¶181a. Ordinarily, use a semicolon to separate two independent clauses when they are linked by for example, namely, or that is. Semicolon: Pamela Hearst is well qualified for this sales job; for example, she spent three years working as a sales representative for one of our major competitors. Slide 1-36


FOR EXAMPLE, NAMELY, AND THAT IS ¶181b. Use a colon before for example, namely, or that is if (1) the first independent clause directs attention to the second independent clause and (2) the second clause carries the real emphasis in the sentence. Colon: Your proposal covers all but one point: namely, who is going to foot the bill? Slide 1-37


FOR EXAMPLE, NAMELY, AND THAT IS ¶182a. Use a semicolon before for example, namely, or that is if (1) the preceding part of the sentence expresses a complete thought and (2) what follows is an afterthought, providing additional information that is nice to know but nonessential. Semicolon: Always use figures with abbreviations; for example, 6 ft, 8 lb, 11 a.m. Slide 1-38


FOR EXAMPLE, NAMELY, AND THAT IS ¶182b. Use a colon before for example, namely, or that is if (1) the preceding part of the sentence leads up to what follows and (2) the real emphasis of the sentence is to fall on what follows. Colon: There are two things I’d like you to do while I’m away: namely, answer all my phone calls and don’t let anyone know that I’m away. Slide 1-39


FOR EXAMPLE, NAMELY, AND THAT IS ¶182c. Use a comma before for example, namely, or that is if it introduces a word or phrase that explains an expression immediately preceding. This batch of mail will be processed by an OCR, that is, an optical character reader.

Slide 1-40


DASHES ¶¶183, 201. When for example, namely, or that is introduces an expression within a sentence, use dashes to set off the complete expression if you want to give it special emphasis. Three of our customers—namely, Foley, Florio, and Gabor—have not reordered.

Slide 2-1


PARENTHESES ¶¶183, 219. When for example, namely, or that is introduces an expression within a sentence, use parentheses to set off the complete expression if you want to de-emphasize it. Three of our customers (namely, Foley, Florio, and Gabor) have not reordered.

Slide 2-2


COMMAS ¶183. When for example, namely, or that is introduces an expression within a sentence, use commas to set off the complete expression if (1) no special treatment is required and (2) the expression does not contain a series of items separated by commas. A few of our customers, for example, Foley and Florio, have called to complain. Slide 2-3


QUOTATION MARKS ¶227. Use quotation marks to enclose a direct quotation, that is, the exact words of a speaker or writer.

Jack simply said, “I have decided to resign.”

Slide 2-4


QUOTATION MARKS ¶228. Do not use quotation marks for an indirect quotation, that is, a restatement of a person’s exact words.

Jack simply said that he had decided to resign.

Slide 2-5


QUOTATION MARKS ¶253a. When a quoted statement falls at the beginning of a sentence, insert a comma (not a period) before the closing quotation mark. “Let’s try to meet next Thursday,” Jean suggested.

Slide 2-6


QUOTATION MARKS ¶254. When a quoted question falls at the beginning of a sentence, insert a question mark (not a comma) before the closing quotation mark. “Why do we need to meet?” Steve asked.

Slide 2-7


QUOTATION MARKS ¶254. When a quoted exclamation falls at the beginning of a sentence, insert an exclamation point (not a comma) before the closing quotation mark. “I don’t believe it!” Burt shouted.

Slide 2-8


QUOTATION MARKS ¶256a. When a quoted sentence falls at the end of a larger sentence, insert a comma before the opening quotation mark if the quotation is introduced by a simple phrase like She said. Marsha said, “We need to make a decision today.”

Slide 2-9


QUOTATION MARKS ¶256b. When a quoted sentence falls at the end of a larger sentence, insert a colon before the opening quotation mark if the quotation is introduced by a complete sentence like She said this. Marsha’s reaction was fierce: “We need to make a decision today.”

Slide 2-10


QUOTATION MARKS ¶¶247a, 257. When a quoted statement falls at the end of a statement, insert a period before the closing quotation mark. Marsha said, “We need to make a decision today.”

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QUOTATION MARKS ¶¶249a, 257. When a quoted question falls at the end of a statement, insert a question mark before the closing quotation mark. Ralph replied, “Why do we have to decide today?”

Slide 2-12


QUOTATION MARKS ¶¶249b, 257. When a quoted statement falls at the end of a question, insert a question mark after the closing quotation mark. Did Marsha really say, “We need to make a decision today”?

Slide 2-13


QUOTATION MARKS ¶257. When a quoted question falls at the end of a question, insert a question mark before the closing quotation mark.

Did Marsha really say, “Why do we need to make a decision today?”

Slide 2-14


QUOTATION MARKS ¶242. Use quotation marks to enclose titles that represent only part of a complete work (such as an article in a magazine or a chapter in a book). I’m enclosing a copy of an article entitled “Reinventing Retailing to Compete With E-Tailing.” Slide 2-15


ITALICS AND UNDERLINING ¶289a. Use italics or underlining to set off titles that represent complete works (such as a magazine or a book). For an excellent book on conflict resolution, read Getting to Yes. (Or: Getting to Yes.)

Slide 2-16


ITALICS AND UNDERLINING ¶285a. Use italics or underlining to set off words used as words.

What does the term mouse potato mean?

Slide 2-17


ITALICS AND UNDERLINING ¶287. Use italics or underlining to set off foreign expressions unless they are considered part of the English language. What they said is true, n’est-ce pas? (Or: n’est-ce pas?) But: I’m all for preserving the status quo. Slide 2-18


CAPITALIZATION—FIRST WORDS ¶301a. Capitalize the first word of every sentence. We didn’t know that. How did you find out?

Slide 3-1


CAPITALIZATION—FIRST WORDS ¶301b. Capitalize the first word of an expression used as a sentence.

Slide 3-2

Really?

Unbelievable!

Indeed.

So much for that.


CAPITALIZATION—FIRST WORDS ¶301c. Capitalize the first word of a quoted sentence. Mr. Potter asked, “When can we expect a decision?”

Slide 3-3


CAPITALIZATION—FIRST WORDS ¶301d. Capitalize the first word of an independent question within a sentence. The question is, What should we do now?

Slide 3-4


CAPITALIZATION—FIRST WORDS ¶301e. Capitalize the first word of each item displayed in a list or an outline. This problem-solving tool will help you: • Become an effective leader. • Improve your relations with colleagues. • Cope with stressful situations on the job. Slide 3-5


CAPITALIZATION—FIRST WORDS ¶301g. Capitalize the first word of the salutation and the complimentary closing of a letter. Dear Ms. Porcini:

Slide 3-6

Sincerely,


CAPITALIZATION—PROPER NOUNS ¶¶303, 311, 320. Capitalize every proper noun, that is, the official name of a particular person, place, or thing. Persons: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Eleanor Roosevelt Organizations: Cisco Systems the Red Cross Slide 3-7


CAPITALIZATION—PROPER NOUNS ¶¶303, 325, 335. Capitalize every proper noun, that is, the official name of a particular person, place, or thing. Governmental units: the House of Representatives But: the federal government the Vermont State Board of Education But: the state of Vermont Slide 3-8


CAPITALIZATION—PROPER NOUNS ¶¶303, 331. Capitalize every proper noun, that is, the official name of a particular person, place, or thing. Places: the Holiday Inn

Bath, Maine

Lake Champlain

O’Hare Airport

Slide 3-9


CAPITALIZATION—PROPER NOUNS ¶¶303, 331, 356, 360, 364. Capitalize every proper noun, that is, the official name of a particular person, place, or thing. Things: the Statue of Liberty

Kleenex

Gone With the Wind

an Oscar

Slide 3-10


CAPITALIZATION—PROPER NOUNS ¶¶303, 342. Capitalize every proper noun, that is, the official name of a particular person, place, or thing. Days: Wednesday

Saturday

Months: February 14

October 31

Holidays: the Fourth of July

Mother’s Day

Slide 3-11


CAPITALIZATION—PROPER NOUNS ¶¶303, 344a-b. Capitalize every proper noun, that is, the official name of a particular person, place, or thing. Events: World War II

the Middle Ages

the Holocaust

the Renaissance

Slide 3-12


CAPITALIZATION—PROPER NOUNS ¶¶303, 348. Capitalize every proper noun, that is, the official name of a particular person, place, or thing. Races: Caucasians

Native Americans

Peoples: the Koreans

African Americans

Languages: speak Swedish

read Japanese

Slide 3-13


CAPITALIZATION—COMMON NOUNS ¶307. Do not capitalize common nouns, that is, nouns that refer to a class of things. books

Slide 3-14

all books

every book


CAPITALIZATION—COMMON NOUNS ¶308. Do not capitalize common nouns, that is, nouns that refer to a particular person, place, or thing without using the full official name. my book

Slide 3-15

this book

these books


CAPITALIZATION—COMMON NOUNS ¶309. Capitalize a common noun when it is part of a proper noun but not when it is used as a short form in place of the complete official name. Proper nouns: Common nouns: Dr. Milano my doctor Professor Piasecki the professor the Poe Company the company Slide 3-16


CAPITALIZATION—COMMON NOUNS ¶309. Capitalize a common noun when it is part of a proper noun but not when it is used as a short form in place of the complete official name. Proper nouns: Common nouns: Boston University the university Hotel Pierre the hotel Logan Airport the airport Slide 3-17


CAPITALIZATION—COMMON NOUNS ¶¶309, 331, 346a. Capitalize a common noun when it is part of a proper noun but not when it is used as a short form in place of the complete official name. Proper nouns: Common nouns: the Hudson River the river Fifth Avenue the avenue the Civil Rights Act the act Slide 3-18


CAPITALIZATION—TITLES ¶312a. Capitalize a title when it precedes a person’s name. Personal titles: Mr. Arnst

Ms. La Voix

Executive titles: President Roy Fox Slide 3-19


CAPITALIZATION—TITLES ¶312a. Capitalize a title when it precedes a person’s name. Professional titles: Dr. Cheng Professor Romero Governmental titles: Governor Foy Senator Cohen Slide 3-20


CAPITALIZATION—TITLES ¶313a. In most cases, do not capitalize these titles when they follow a person’s name or are used in place of a person’s name. Roy Fox, president of the Century Club, asked . . . The president of the Century Club asked . . . Slide 3-21


CAPITALIZATION—TITLES ¶313b. Always capitalize the titles of high-ranking officials and dignitaries, even when they follow a person’s name or are used in place of a person’s name. National officials: the President the Vice President State officials: the Governor Slide 3-22

the Lieutenant Governor


CAPITALIZATION—TITLES ¶313b. Always capitalize the titles of high-ranking officials and dignitaries, even when they follow a person’s name or are used in place of a person’s name. Foreign dignitaries: the Queen the Prime Minister International figures: the Pope the Secretary General Slide 3-23


CAPITALIZATION—TITLES ¶313c-d. Ordinarily, do not capitalize the titles of local officials or company officials when they follow or are used in place of a person’s name. The mayor announced . . . The treasurer of the club . . .

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NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE ¶401a. Spell out numbers from 1 through 10. Use figures for numbers over 10. Please make ten copies of this article. Please make 11 copies of this article.

Slide 4-1


NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE ¶402. Express related numbers the same way. If some are above 10 and some below 10, put them all in figures. Please send 10 copies of this article to our Boise office and 11 copies to our Topeka office. Slide 4-2


NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE ¶401d. Always spell out numbers at the beginning of a sentence.

Forty men showed up.

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NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE ¶401c. Always spell out indefinite numbers and amounts.

a few thousand brochures hundreds of acres

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NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE ¶401d. Always spell out nontechnical or nonemphatic references to age, periods of time, and measurements. when I turn forty sixty years ago lose fifty pounds Slide 4-5


NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE ¶401d. Some numbers are usually spelled out. Ordinal numbers: my twenty-fifth birthday Fractions: over one-third of the callers Slide 4-6


NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE ¶¶401b, 410. In expressions of dates, where numbers have technical significance or need to stand out for quick comprehension, use all figures—even for the numbers 1 through 10. On April 8, 2003, we will . . . (Not: April 8th) In April 2003 we will . . . the May 2003 issue Slide 4-7

But: the May 2, 2003, issue


NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE ¶¶401b, 403a, 413a, 418a. In expressions of money, where numbers have technical significance or need to stand out for quick comprehension, use all figures—even for the numbers 1 through 10. from $4.95 to $9 $5,000,000

Or: $5 million

10 cents

But: not worth two cents

Slide 4-8


NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE ¶¶401b, 453. When numbers precede abbreviations and symbols, use all figures—even for the numbers 1 through 10. 8 a.m. 7.5 lb

Slide 4-9

250 MB


9°F

NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE ¶401b. With technical or emphatic references to age, use all figures— even for the numbers 1 through 10. Technical: a study of 2-year-olds Nontechnical: my two-year-old son

Slide 4-10


NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE ¶¶401b, 436. With technical or emphatic references to periods of time, use all figures—even for the numbers 1 through 10. Technical: a 20-year mortgage Nontechnical: over twenty years ago

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NUMBERS—FIGURE STYLE ¶¶401b, 429. With technical or emphatic references to measurements, use all figures—even for the numbers 1 through 10. Technical: packages over 5 pounds Nontechnical: need to lose five pounds

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NUMBERS—WORD STYLE ¶404. Spell out numbers from 1 through 100. Also spell out numbers above 100 that require only one or two words. sixty-five (one word) three hundred (two words) But: 350 (would require three words) ninety-five million Slide 4-13

But: 125 million


NUMBERS—WORD STYLE ¶405. Express related numbers the same way. If some numbers require one or two words and others require more than two words, put them all in figures. We sent out 350 invitations and have already received over 300 acceptances. Our corporation projected revenues of $125 million last year but earned only $95 million. Slide 4-14


ABBREVIATIONS ¶502a. Avoid using abbreviations except on business forms, in catalogs, in tables, and in informal documents shared with your colleagues. When in doubt, spell it out.

Slide 5-1


ABBREVIATIONS ¶502b. Some abbreviations are always acceptable, such as those that accompany a person’s name.

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Mr.

Ms.

Jr.

M.D.

Esq.

Mrs.

Sr.

Ph.D.


ABBREVIATIONS ¶502b. Some abbreviations are always acceptable, such as those that are part of an organization’s name. Co.

Slide 5-3

Corp.

Inc.


Ltd.

ABBREVIATIONS ¶502c. Some abbreviations are always acceptable, such as those used in place of a long organizational name. NAACP

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SEC

IRS


NBC

ABBREVIATIONS ¶502b. Some abbreviations are always acceptable, such as those used in expressions of time. a.m.

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p.m.

PST


EDT

ABBREVIATIONS ¶503. When alternative forms are available, use the form that is the shortest without any sacrifice of clarity. cont. (rather than contd.) 2 lb (rather than 2 lbs) Enc. 2 (rather than Encs. 2 OR Encl. 2) 2d (rather than 2nd) Slide 5-6


ABBREVIATIONS—PUNCTUATION ¶506a. Use a period after the abbreviation of a single word.

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Mrs.

Corp.

pp.

Wed.

Jr.

Inc.

Nos.

Dec.


ABBREVIATIONS— PUNCTUATION AND SPACING ¶507. When a small-letter abbreviation consists of single initials representing two or more words, insert a period after each initial but insert no space after each internal period.

Slide 5-8

a.m.

i.e.

BUT: rpm

p.m.

e.g.

mph


ABBREVIATIONS— PUNCTUATION AND SPACING ¶508. As a general rule, do not use periods in all-capital abbreviations consisting of single initials representing two or more words.

Slide 5-9

CBS

CEO

ASAP

MIT

FYI

CD-ROM


ABBREVIATIONS— PUNCTUATION AND SPACING ¶508. As an exception to the general rule, insert periods in all-capital abbreviations when they consist of single initials and they represent: • Geographic names:

U.S. N.J. D.C.

• Academic degrees:

B.A. M.S. M.D.

• Miscellaneous expressions: A.D. B.C. P.O. Slide 5-10


ABBREVIATIONS— PUNCTUATION AND SPACING ¶509. When an abbreviation consists of more than single initials, insert a period and a space after each element in the abbreviation. N. Mex.

Lt. Col.

Rt. Rev.

loc. cit.

Exceptions: • Academic abbreviations: Ph.D. LL.B. • Units of measurement: Slide 5-11

sq ft


cu cm

ABBREVIATIONS—PUNCTUATION ¶510. Do not use a period after shortened forms of words.

Slide 5-12

deli

temp

hype

demo

typo

condo

fax

info

co-op


ABBREVIATIONS— PUNCTUATION AND SPACING ¶516a. Insert a period and a space after each initial in a person’s name. M. A. Devine

F. E. Hollings

W. E. B. Du Bois

B. J. Malone

Slide 5-13


ABBREVIATIONS—PUNCTUATION ¶516b. As a rule, omit periods when a person’s name is expressed entirely in initials. JFK

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FDR


ABBREVIATIONS—PUNCTUATION ¶522a. Do not use periods in acronyms (all-cap initials that are pronounced like a word). PIN

BOGSAT

NIMBY

MEGO

WOMBAT

PEBCAK

Slide 5-15


PLURALS ¶601. To form the plural of most words, simply add s. ideas

committees

taxis

menus

combs

rhythms

depths

rights

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PLURALS ¶602. To form the plural of words that end in s, x, ch, sh, and z, add es. businesses

boxes

crashes

summonses

matches

brushes

faxes

sketches

buzzes

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PLURALS ¶605. To form the plural of words that end in a vowel plus y, add s. holidays

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attorneys

joys


guys

PLURALS ¶604. To form the plural of words that end in a consonant plus y, change the y to i and add es. policy → policies copy → copies

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liability → liabilities rally → rallies


PLURALS ¶606. To form the plural of words that end in a vowel plus o, add s.

stereos

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ratios

shampoos


duos

PLURALS ¶607. To form the plural of words that end in a consonant plus o, add s to some words and es to others. (Check your manual or a dictionary to be sure.) photos memos potatoes echoes macros twos

Slide 6-6

heroes


fiascoes

PLURALS ¶608a. To form the plural of most words ending in f, fe, or ff, add s.

beliefs

proofs

safes

sheriffs

chiefs

reefs

cafés

tariffs

Slide 6-7


PLURALS ¶608b. To form the plural of some words ending in f, fe, or ff, change the ending to ve and add s. wife → wives life

Slide 6-8

→ lives

self → selves shelf → shelves


PLURALS ¶¶609-610. Some words have an irregular plural. Check your manual or a dictionary if you are not sure of the correct form. man

→ men

woman → women child Slide 6-9

→ children

foot

→ feet

goose → geese mouse → mice


PLURALS ¶611. Solid Compound Nouns. Pluralize the final element in the compound as if it stood alone. crossroads

hatboxes

birthdays

eyewitnesses hairbrushes

bookshelves

blueberries

Slide 6-10


handkerchiefs photocopies

PLURALS ¶612a. Spaced or Hyphenated Compound Nouns. To form the plural, add s or es to the chief element of the compound. mothers-in-law

editors in chief

runners-up

accounts payable

Slide 6-11


PLURALS ¶612b. Spaced or Hyphenated Compound Nouns. When this type of compound does not contain a noun as one of its elements, simply add s or es to the final element to form the plural. hang-ups

get-togethers

go-betweens

run-throughs

Slide 6-12


PLURALS ¶614. When words of foreign origin have acceptable English plurals, add s or es as appropriate. agenda → agendas

stadium → stadiums

census → censuses

appendix → appendixes

Slide 6-13


PLURALS ¶614. Some words of foreign origin require foreign plurals. Check your manual or a dictionary for the correct forms. alumnus (m.) → alumni alumna (f.)

Slide 6-14

criterion → criteria

→ alumnae analysis → analyses Click the mouse button or press the space bar to advance the presentation.

PLURALS ¶619. To form the plural of most abbreviations, add s.

Vol. → Vols.

Slide 6-15

No. → Nos.


Dr. → Drs.

PLURALS ¶620. Abbreviations of measurements use the same form in the singular and the plural. oz

Slide 6-16

ft

in

lb


km

mL

PLURALS ¶621. To form the plural of a few abbreviations, double the singular form. p. → pp.

Slide 6-17

l. → ll.


¶ → ¶¶

PLURALS ¶622. To form the plural of abbreviations that end in a capital letter, add s. VIPs

Slide 6-18

CEOs

M.D.s


Ph.D.s

PLURALS ¶623. To form the plural of abbreviations that end in a small letter, add an apostrophe plus s. received four c.o.d.’s minding one’s p’s and q’s

Slide 6-19


SINGULAR POSSESSIVES ¶630. To form the possessive of singular nouns that do not end with an s sound, add an apostrophe plus s. my attorney’s advice

Illinois’s highways

the committee’s vote

Arkansas’s lakes

Slide 6-20


SINGULAR POSSESSIVES ¶631a. To form the possessive of singular nouns that do end with an s sound, be guided by your pronunciation. If you create a new syllable when you pronounce the possessive, add an apostrophe plus s. your boss’s approval

Dallas’s parks

our coach’s strategy

Phoenix’s suburbs

Slide 6-21


SINGULAR POSSESSIVES ¶631b. To form the possessive of singular nouns that do end with an s sound, be guided by your pronunciation. If adding an extra syllable makes the word hard to pronounce, add only an apostrophe. for goodness’ sake

New Orleans’ chefs

Massachusetts’ roads Los Angeles’ freeways Slide 6-22


SINGULAR POSSESSIVES ¶634. To form the possessive of singular compound nouns, add an apostrophe plus s to the last element of the compound. an eyewitness’s story

my stockbroker’s advice

my son-in-law’s job

the attorney general’s plan

Slide 6-23


PLURAL POSSESSIVES ¶632. To form the possessive of regular plural nouns (those that end in s or es), add only an apostrophe. attorneys’ fees

the witnesses’ testimony

ten dollars’ worth

our bosses’ decisions

Slide 6-24


PLURAL POSSESSIVES ¶633. To form the possessive of irregular plural nouns (those that do not end in s or es), add an apostrophe plus s. men’s ties

children’s toys

women’s skirts

the alumni’s contributions

Slide 6-25


PLURAL POSSESSIVES ¶635a. To form the possessive of plural compound nouns that end in s, add only an apostrophe. the stockholders’ votes the vice presidents’ jobs

Slide 6-26


PLURAL POSSESSIVES ¶635b. To form the possessive of plural compound nouns that do not end in s, add an apostrophe plus s. the editors in chief’s judgments my sons-in-law’s Internet start-up

Slide 6-27


POSSESSIVES—PRONOUNS ¶636. To form the possessive of personal pronouns, never use an apostrophe. Use the special possessive forms. my idea

your bills

the idea was mine

these bills are yours

Slide 6-28


POSSESSIVES—PRONOUNS ¶636. To form the possessive of personal pronouns, never use an apostrophe. Use the special possessive forms. his palmtop

our CD collection

that palmtop is his

those CDs are ours

Slide 6-29


POSSESSIVES—PRONOUNS ¶636. To form the possessive of personal pronouns, never use an apostrophe. Use the special possessive forms. her e-mail

their summer cottage

this e-mail is hers

that cottage is theirs

Slide 6-30


POSSESSIVES—PRONOUNS ¶636. To form the possessive of personal pronouns, never use an apostrophe. Use the special possessive forms. Each group uses its own forms. (NOT: it’s) The decision has to be yours. (NOT: your’s) The responsibility is theirs. (NOT: their’s) Slide 6-31


POSSESSIVES—PRONOUNS ¶637. To form the possessive of singular indefinite pronouns, add an apostrophe plus s. anybody’s guess

someone else’s problem

no one’s fault

one another’s children

Slide 6-32


POSSESSIVES—PRONOUNS ¶637. To form the possessive of singular indefinite pronouns, add an apostrophe plus s. someone’s chance

each other’s rights

BUT: the needs of each (NOT: each’s needs) Slide 6-33


SURNAMES—PLURAL FORMS ¶615a. To form the plural of most surnames, just add s. Mr. and Mrs. Carter → the Carters Mr. and Mrs. Shea

Slide 6-34

→ the Sheas


SURNAMES—PLURAL FORMS ¶615b. To form the plural of surnames ending in s or x, add es. Mr. and Mrs. Bass → the Basses Mr. and Mrs. Fox → the Foxes

Slide 6-35


SURNAMES—PLURAL FORMS ¶615b. To form the plural of surnames ending in ch, sh, or z, add es. Mr. and Mrs. French → the Frenches Mr. and Mrs. Marsh → the Marshes Mr. and Mrs. Perez Slide 6-36

→ the Perezes


SURNAMES—PLURAL FORMS ¶615b. If adding es makes the plural surname hard to pronounce, use the singular form for the plural. Mr. and Mrs. Hastings → the Hastings (NOT: the Hastingses)

Slide 6-37


SURNAMES—PLURAL FORMS ¶615c. When forming the plural of a surname, do not change the spelling. Simply add s or es. the Kennedys (NOT: the Kennedies) the Wolfs (NOT: the Wolves) the Fairchilds (NOT: the Fairchildren) Slide 6-38


SURNAMES—POSSESSIVE FORMS ¶631a. To form the singular possessive of a surname, add an apostrophe plus s. Mrs. Jones’s article Mr. Harris’s report

Mr. and Mrs. Marx’s house Mr. and Mrs. Hertz’s car

Note that Mr. and Mrs. is followed by the singular form of the possessive.

Slide 6-39


SURNAMES—POSSESSIVE FORMS ¶631b. To form the singular possessive of a surname, add only an apostrophe if the addition of an apostrophe plus s makes the name hard to pronounce. Mrs. Hodges’ fax (NOT: Mrs. Hodges’s fax) Mr. and Mrs. Hastings’ party (NOT: Mr. and Mrs. Hastings’s party) Slide 6-40


SURNAMES—POSSESSIVE FORMS ¶632a. To form the plural possessive of a surname, add only an apostrophe. the Joneses’ farm the Harrises’ son the Hodges’ condo

Slide 6-41

the Marxes’ house the Hertzes’ car the Hastings’ party


SPELLING ¶701. When a word of one syllable ends with a single consonant (bag) preceded by a single vowel (bag), double the final consonant before a suffix beginning with a vowel or before the suffix y. baggage bagged

Slide 7-1

bagging


baggy

SPELLING ¶702. When a word of two or more syllables ends in a single consonant (refer) preceded by a single vowel (refer), double the final consonant before a suffix beginning with a vowel (referred) if the accent falls on the last syllable of the root word (reFERred or reFERring).

Slide 7-2

forBIDden

beGINning

ocCURred

reGRETtable


SPELLING ¶703. When a word of one syllable ends with a single consonant (bad) preceded by a single vowel (bad), do not double the final consonant before a suffix beginning with a consonant (badly). joyful

Slide 7-3

joyless

gladly


gladness

SPELLING ¶704. When a word of two or more syllables ends in a single consonant (total) preceded by a single vowel (total), do not double the final consonant before a suffix beginning with a vowel (totaled) if the accent does not fall on the last syllable of the root word. CANceled

DIFferent

BENefiting

Exceptions:

PROgrammed

FORmatting

Slide 7-4


SPELLING ¶705. Do not double the final consonant of the root word before a suffix if the root word ends in a single consonant preceded by two vowels.

gainful

Slide 7-5

chiefly

dreaming riotous


SPELLING ¶706. Do not double the final consonant of the root word before a suffix if the root word ends in two consonants.

climbing selfish

Slide 7-6

backward warmly


SPELLING ¶707. Words ending in a silent e usually drop the e before a suffix beginning with a vowel. storage BUT: mileage

Slide 7-7

managing manageable


SPELLING ¶708. Words ending in a silent e usually retain the e before a suffix beginning with a consonant. hopeful BUT: awful

Slide 7-8

management judgment


SPELLING ¶710. Words ending in y preceded by a consonant change the y to i before most suffixes. happiness defiant BUT: countrywide

Slide 7-9

heavier fiftieth shyly


SPELLING ¶710. Words ending in y preceded by a consonant retain the y before a suffix beginning with i. trying

thirtyish

BUT:

academy → academic economy → economic

Slide 7-10

lobbyist


SPELLING ¶712. The letter i usually comes before e. believe relief

field yield

friend view

BUT:

either

foreign

Slide 7-11


SPELLING ¶712. The letter e usually comes before i when these letters follow c. receive deceitful

perceive ceiling

conceit receipt

BUT:

ancient

science

Slide 7-12


SPELLING ¶712. The letter e comes before i when these two letters are pronounced like ay (as in day). freight

neighbor

eight

their

weight

vein

sleigh

heir

Slide 7-13


SPELLING ¶715a. Most words that end with the sound of eyes are spelled with the ending ize. authorize

emphasize

realize

specialize

criticize

organize

recognize

visualize

prize

Slide 7-14


SPELLING ¶715b. Some common words that end with the sound of eyes are spelled with the ending ise. advertise

compromise

enterprise

supervise

advise

devise

exercise

surprise

televise

Slide 7-15


SPELLING ¶715c. A few words that end with the sound of eyes are spelled with the ending yze. analyze

Slide 7-16

paralyze


SPELLING ¶716c. When words end with the sound of seed, they usually end with cede.

accede

intercede

recede

concede

precede

secede

Slide 7-17


SPELLING ¶716b. Three words that end with the sound of seed are spelled with the ending ceed.

exceed

Slide 7-18

proceed

succeed


SPELLING ¶716a. Only one word that ends with the sound of seed is spelled with the ending sede. supersede

Slide 7-19


COMPOUND NOUNS ¶801a. Some compound nouns are written solid, some are spaced, and some are hyphenated. checklist goodwill trademark

Slide 8-1

check mark good sense trade name


check-in good-bye trade-in

COMPOUND NOUNS AND VERBS ¶802. Distinguish between compound nouns that are solid or hyphenated and verb phrases (which are always spaced). COMPOUND NOUN

VERB PHRASE

a follow-up on my memo

follow up on my memo

a breakdown in the talks

when talks break down

Slide 8-2


COMPOUND NOUNS AND VERBS ¶802. Distinguish between compound nouns that are solid or hyphenated and verb phrases (which are always spaced). COMPOUND NOUN

VERB PHRASE

plan a get-together

plan to get together

to reduce staff turnover

to turn over the deed

Slide 8-3


COMPOUND VERBS ¶811. Compound verbs are usually hyphenated or solid. To be sure of the spelling of compound verbs, check your manual or a dictionary. to air-condition

to download

to double-click

to highlight

to spot-check

to proofread

Slide 8-4


GENDER-FREE NOUNS ¶809a. When referring generally to men and women, avoid compound nouns ending in man or men. IN PLACE OF:

USE:

laymen

laypersons

businessmen

business owners business executives business managers business people

Slide 8-5


GENDER-FREE NOUNS ¶809a. When referring generally to men and women, avoid compound nouns ending in man or men. IN PLACE OF:

USE:

mankind

people, humanity, human beings

salesman

salespeople, salespersons, sales representatives

foremen

supervisors

Slide 8-6


GENDER-FREE NOUNS ¶840. Avoid feminine suffixes like ess and ette. author (NOT: authoress) flight attendant(NOT: stewardess)

Slide 8-7


GENDER-FREE NOUNS ¶840. A few terms ending with feminine suffixes like ess and ette are still widely used. hostess

Slide 8-8

heroine

fiancée


waitress

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES ¶813. A compound adjective consists of two or more words that function as a unit and express a single thought. They are derived from adjective phrases or clauses. ADJECTIVE PHRASE OR CLAUSE loans made for a long term an actor who is well known a sale exempt from taxes Slide 8-9

COMPOUND ADJECTIVE long-term loans a well-known actor a tax-exempt sale


COMPOUND ADJECTIVES ¶813. A compound adjective consists of two or more words that function as a unit and express a single thought. They are derived from adjective phrases and clauses. ADJECTIVE PHRASE OR CLAUSE

COMPOUND ADJECTIVE

a vacation for two weeks a woman who speaks softly

a two-week vacation a soft-spoken woman

Slide 8-10


COMPOUND ADJECTIVES ¶814. Hyphenate a compound adjective when it comes before a noun. long-range plans

an eye-catching display

a 40-hour week

an old-fashioned gown

Slide 8-11


COMPOUND ADJECTIVES ¶815a. When the elements that make up a compound adjective come elsewhere in a sentence, do not hyphenate them if they occur in a normal form and in a normal word order. an all-day seminar a seminar that lasts all day a part-time job Slide 8-12

I work part of the time. BUT: I work part-time.


COMPOUND ADJECTIVES ¶815b. When the elements that make up a compound adjective come elsewhere in a sentence, retain the hyphen if these elements are in an inverted word order or an altered form. high-priced items

These items are high-priced. BUT: They carry a high price.

state-owned lands

These lands are state-owned. BUT: They are owned by the state.

Slide 8-13


COMPOUND ADJECTIVES ¶816. Adjective + Noun. Hyphenate before but not after.

a high-speed printer

It runs at high speed.

red-carpet treatment

Roll out the red carpet.

Slide 8-14


COMPOUND ADJECTIVES ¶817. Compound With Number or Letter. Hyphenate before but not after.

a three-hour job

a job that took three hours

a 20-year mortgage

a mortgage running for 20 years

Slide 8-15


COMPOUND ADJECTIVES ¶818. Compound Nouns as Adjectives.

a life insurance policy word processing software a real estate agent

Slide 8-16

income tax payments


COMPOUND ADJECTIVES ¶819. Proper Names as Adjectives. Do not hyphenate before or after.

a Park Avenue address

a Supreme Court decision

an L. L. Bean catalog

Mickey Mouse procedures

Slide 8-17


COMPOUND ADJECTIVES ¶820. Noun + Adjective. Hyphenate before and after. (Some words following this pattern are written solid.) a toll-free call

You can call toll-free.

a cost-effective plan

must be cost-effective

BUT: worldwide, storewide waterproof, fireproof Slide 8-18


COMPOUND ADJECTIVES ¶821. Noun + Participle. Hyphenate before and after.

market-tested products This has been market-tested. mind-boggling details

Slide 8-19

The report was mind-boggling.


COMPOUND ADJECTIVES ¶822. Adjective + Participle. Hyphenate before and after. half-baked ideas

All his ideas are half-baked.

a friendly-looking dog

That dog is friendly-looking.

Slide 8-20


COMPOUND ADJECTIVES ¶823. Adjective + Noun + ed. Hyphenate before and after.

a quick-witted driver She was quick-witted. deep-seated problems These problems are deep-seated.

Slide 8-21


COMPOUND ADJECTIVES ¶826. Participle + Adverb. Hyphenate before but not after.

filled-in forms

forms to be filled in

a cooling-off period

a time for cooling off

Slide 8-22


COMPOUND ADJECTIVES ¶831. Phrasal Compounds. Hyphenate before but not after.

up-to-date figures

figures that are up to date

down-to-earth ideas

needs to come down to earth

on-the-job training

was trained on the job

Slide 8-23


COMPOUND ADJECTIVES ¶831. Phrasal Compounds. Hyphenate before but not after.

off-the-shelf software

bought it off the shelf

before-tax earnings

earnings before taxes

after-dinner speeches speeches after dinner Slide 8-24


PREFIXES ¶833. As a rule, do not use a hyphen to set off a prefix from the root word. aftereffects antitrust hypersensitive

Slide 8-25

misspell multipurpose nonessential


prerequisite retroactive semiannual

SUFFIXES ¶833. As a rule, do not use a hyphen to set off a suffix from the root word. freedom

trustful

happiness

fivefold

likelihood

hardship

Slide 8-26


PREFIXES ¶835a. In most words beginning with re, pre, or de, the hyphen is omitted. reeducate

preeminent

defraud

reelect

preempt

deregulate

reemphasize

preexisting

BUT: de-emphasize

Slide 8-27


PREFIXES ¶835b. In most words beginning with co, the hyphen is omitted. coauthor

copartner BUT: co-op

cooperate

cosigner

co-opt

coordinate

coworker

co-owner

Slide 8-28


PREFIXES ¶836. Use a hyphen when self is a prefix but not when self is the root word. self-addressed self-paced

BUT: selfish

self-confident

self-study

selfless

self-evident

self-supporting

selfsame

Slide 8-29


WORD DIVISION ¶¶901-902. Divide only between syllables. Do not divide a one-syllable word.

planned

Slide 9-1

through

straight


rhythm

WORD DIVISION ¶903a. Do not set off a one-letter syllable at the beginning or at the end of a word. ideal (NOT: i- deal) media (NOT: medi- a)

Slide 9-2


WORD DIVISION ¶904. Do not divide a word unless you can leave at least two letters and a hyphen on the upper line. re- new

Slide 9-3

under

ad- mit


in- ert

WORD DIVISION ¶904. Do not divide a word unless you can carry a syllable of at least three characters to the next line. (The last may be a punctuation mark.) de- ter

Slide 9-4

ad- mit

set- up,


happily.

WORD DIVISION ¶¶905-906. Do not divide an abbreviation or a contraction.

UNICEF

Slide 9-5

approx.

haven’t


shouldn’t

WORD DIVISION ¶¶907-908. Try to divide compound words between elements (not within). eyewitness

(NOT: eyewitness)

cross- reference

(NOT: cross-reference)

Slide 9-6


WORD DIVISION ¶913. Divide after a one-letter syllable within a word (not before it). nega- tive

(NOT: neg- ative)

congratu- late

(NOT: congrat- ulate)

Slide 9-7


WORD DIVISION ¶914. Divide between two vowels when they are pronounced separately (but not when they represent one sound).

BUT:

Slide 9-8

patri- otic

situ- ated

trea- sure

neu- tral


WORD DIVISION ¶916. Try not to end more than two consecutive lines with a hyphen.

Slide 9-9


WORD DIVISION ¶917. Try not to divide at the end of the first line or at the end of the last full line of a paragraph.

Slide 9-10


WORD DIVISION ¶918. Do not divide the last word on a page.

Slide 9-11


WORD DIVISION ¶919. Do not divide between certain types of word groups. page 191

May 13

Ms. Raeburn

11:40 a.m.

June 2003

250 miles

Slide 9-12


WORD DIVISION ¶920g. In an enumerated list, divide before (not after) an introductory number or letter. . . . these points: (1) All cards should . . . NOT:

Slide 9-13

. . . these points: (1) All cards should . . .


WORD DIVISION ¶920h. Divide after a dash (not before it). . . . Early next year— say, in March—let’s . . . NOT:

Slide 9-14

. . . Early next year —say, in March—let’s . . . Click the mouse button or press the space bar to advance the presentation.

PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON REGULAR VERBS (¶1030a)

PRESENT

PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

ask confirm need reveal

asked confirmed needed revealed

asked confirmed needed revealed

Slide 10-1


PRESENT PARTICIPLE

asking confirming needing revealing


PRESENT

PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

maintain taxi plan ship

maintained taxied planned shipped

maintained taxied planned shipped

Slide 10-2


PRESENT PARTICIPLE

maintaining taxiing planning shipping


PRESENT

PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

occur compel offer travel

occurred compelled offered traveled

occurred compelled offered traveled

Slide 10-3


PRESENT PARTICIPLE

occurring compelling offering traveling


PRESENT

PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

receive agree die tie

received agreed died tied

received agreed died tied

Slide 10-4


PRESENT PARTICIPLE

receiving agreeing dying tying


PRESENT

PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

carry hurry obey annoy

carried hurried obeyed annoyed

carried hurried obeyed annoyed

Slide 10-5


PRESENT PARTICIPLE

carrying hurrying obeying annoying

PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS (¶1030b)

PRESENT

PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

am, is, are become begin break

was, were became began broke

been become begun broken

Slide 10-6


PRESENT PARTICIPLE

being becoming beginning breaking


PRESENT

PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

bring buy catch choose

brought bought caught chose

brought bought caught chosen

Slide 10-7


PRESENT PARTICIPLE

bringing buying catching choosing


PRESENT

PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

come do draw drink

came drew did drank

come drawn done drunk

Slide 10-8


PRESENT PARTICIPLE

coming drawing doing drinking


PRESENT

PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

drive eat fall feel

drove ate fell felt

driven eaten fallen felt

Slide 10-9


PRESENT PARTICIPLE

driving eating falling feeling


PRESENT

PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

find fly forget forgive

found flew forgot forgave

found flown forgotten forgiven

Slide 10-10


PRESENT PARTICIPLE

finding flying forgetting forgiving


PRESENT

PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

get give go grow

got gave went grew

got OR gotten given gone grown

Slide 10-11


PRESENT PARTICIPLE

getting giving going growing


PRESENT

PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

hear hold keep know

heard held kept knew

heard held kept known

Slide 10-12


PRESENT PARTICIPLE

hearing holding keeping knowing


PRESENT

PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

lay (place) lie (recline) lie (fib) lead

laid lay lied led

laid lain lied led

Slide 10-13


PRESENT PARTICIPLE

laying lying lying leading


PRESENT

PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

lend lose make mean

lent lost made meant

lent lost made meant

Slide 10-14


PRESENT PARTICIPLE

lending losing making meaning


PRESENT

PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

pay ring rise run

paid rang rose ran

paid rung risen run

Slide 10-15


PRESENT PARTICIPLE

paying ringing rising running


PRESENT

PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

say see sell send

said saw sold sent

said seen sold sent

Slide 10-16


PRESENT PARTICIPLE

saying seeing selling sending


PRESENT

PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

set shake shrink sing

set shook shrank sang

set shaken shrunk sung

Slide 10-17


PRESENT PARTICIPLE

setting shaking shrinking singing


PRESENT

PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

sit speak swim swing

sat spoke swam swung

sat spoken swum swung

Slide 10-18


PRESENT PARTICIPLE

sitting speaking swimming swinging


PRESENT

PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

take teach tell think

took taught told thought

taken taught told thought

Slide 10-19


PRESENT PARTICIPLE

taking teaching telling thinking


PRESENT

PAST

PAST PRESENT PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE

throw understand wear write

threw understood wore wrote

thrown understood worn written

Slide 10-20


throwing understanding wearing writing

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ¶1001. A verb must agree with its subject in number and person. I am as pleased with the outcome as you are. She is not as competent as she thinks. We do a lot more work than he does. He has more experience than they have. Slide 10-21


SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ¶1002a. If the subject consists of two or more words connected by and, the subject requires a plural verb. My brother and I are likely to get better test scores than my mother and father expect.

Slide 10-22


SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ¶1002c. If the subject consists of two or more words connected by and, the subject requires a plural verb. However, if the two subjects connected by and are preceded by each, every, or many a, the subjects require a singular verb. A copier and a fax machine are what I need. Every copier and fax machine is on sale. Slide 10-23


SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ¶1003. If the subject consists of two or more words connected by or, either . . . or, neither . . . nor, or not only . . . but also, use a singular verb if the two subjects are each singular. Either Fran or Bob has the Kellerman file.

Slide 10-24


SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ¶1004. If the subject consists of two or more words connected by or, either . . . or, neither . . . nor, or not only . . . but also, use a plural verb if the two subjects are each plural. Neither the Kellys nor the Bonos want our tickets. Slide 10-25


SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ¶1005. If the subject consists of two or more words connected by or, either . . . or, neither . . . nor, or not only . . . but also, make the verb agree with the nearer subject if one subject is singular and the other is plural. Neither the office manager nor the assistants like the new policy. Neither the assistants nor the office manager likes the new policy. Slide 10-26


SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ¶1005. If the subject consists of two or more words connected by or, either . . . or, neither . . . nor, or not only . . . but also, make the verb agree with the nearer subject if one subject is singular and the other is plural. Neither the assistants nor I am happy about the new policy. Neither I nor the assistants are happy about the new policy. Slide 10-27


SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ¶1006. When establishing agreement between subject and verb, ignore intervening phrases and clauses. The bill for these spreadsheet programs seems high. The prices shown in our catalog do not include sales taxes. Slide 10-28


SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ¶¶1006-1007. When establishing agreement between subject and verb, ignore intervening phrases and clauses. This study, along with earlier reports, proves that our high prices, rather than poor service, are responsible for our falling sales.

Slide 10-29


SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ¶¶1006-1008. When establishing agreement between subject and verb, ignore intervening phrases and clauses. Mrs. Swenson, together with her husband and her daughter, is going to Arizona. One of the reasons for falling sales is our high prices. Slide 10-30


SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ¶1009a. Use a singular verb when the subject includes such words as each, every, either, or neither. Every employee has been informed of the new policy. Each is now responsible for adhering to that policy. Slide 10-31


SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ¶1010. Use a singular verb when the subject consists of such words as anyone, everybody, something, or no one. Everyone is required to attend the seminar. Nothing surprises me anymore.

Slide 10-32


SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ¶1012. Use a plural verb when the subject includes such words as both, few, many, others, or several. Both books are out of print, but several other titles on the same subject are still available.

Slide 10-33


SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ¶1013. Words like all, none, any, some, more, or most may be singular or plural as subjects, depending on what they refer to. All of the work has been completed. None of the cartons were damaged.

Slide 10-34


SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ¶1018a. When the subject is a noun with a foreign plural ending, be sure to use a plural verb. The criteria that we use are out of date. BUT: The criterion that we use is out of date.

Slide 10-35


SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ¶1018a. When the subject is a noun with a foreign plural ending, be sure to use a plural verb. The analyses of the research data do not agree. BUT: The analysis of the data is incomplete.

Slide 10-36


SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ¶1019a. When the subject is a collective noun (like jury or committee), use a singular verb if the group is acting as a unit. The jury has agreed on a verdict.

Slide 10-37


SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ¶1019b. When the subject is a collective noun (like jury or committee), use a plural verb if the members of the group are acting separately. The jury have not yet agreed on a verdict. BETTER: The members of the jury have not yet agreed on a verdict. Slide 10-38


SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ¶1023. When the subject is the number, use a singular verb. When the subject is a number, use a plural verb. The number of accidents at the corner is alarming. A large number of accidents have occurred there. Slide 10-39


SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ¶1025a. When the subject includes a phrase like one-half of, a percentage of, or the rest of, use a singular verb if a singular noun follows of or is implied. Two-thirds of the job has been completed; the remaining third is scheduled for completion by this Friday. Slide 10-40


SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ¶1025b. When the subject includes a phrase like one-half of, a percentage of, or the rest of, use a plural verb if a plural noun follows of or is implied. A large percentage of the voters support your plan. Slide 10-41


SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ¶1027. When the verb comes before the subject, make sure that they agree. What procedures am I expected to follow? Enclosed is a copy of the e-mail sent by Mr. Polk.

Slide 10-42


SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ¶1028a. When a sentence begins with there is, here are, or a similar phrase, the real subject follows the verb. Use a singular verb if the subject is singular. There is a vast difference between the two plans. Here is the first draft of my manuscript. Slide 10-43


SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ¶1028a. When a sentence begins with there is, here are, or a similar phrase, the real subject follows the verb. Use a plural verb if the subject is plural. There are over 50 applicants for this job. Here are the budget analyses you asked for. What are theClickcriteria we should use? the mouse button or press the Slide 10-44

space bar to advance the presentation.

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ¶1029. When a sentence contains a linking verb (such as become or some form of to be), make sure that the verb agrees with the subject. Bicycles are the only product we make. The only product we make is bicycles. The key issue is higher wages. Higher wages are the key issue. Slide 10-45


PERSONAL PRONOUNS ¶1054a. Use one of the following forms when a personal pronoun is the subject of a verb.

Singular: Plural:

FIRST PERSON

SECOND PERSON

THIRD PERSON

I we

you you

he, she, it they

Marcia and I can do it. (NOT: Marcia and me.) Slide 10-46



Singular: Plural:

FIRST PERSON

SECOND PERSON

THIRD PERSON

I we

you you

he, she, it they

Ted and she did a fine job. (NOT: Ted and her.) Slide 10-47



Singular: Plural:

FIRST PERSON

SECOND PERSON

THIRD PERSON

I we

you you

he, she, it they

The Levys and we met yesterday. (NOT: The Levys and us.) Slide 10-48


PERSONAL PRONOUNS ¶1055a. Use one of the following forms when the personal pronoun is the object of a verb.

Singular: Plural:

FIRST PERSON

SECOND PERSON

THIRD PERSON

me us

you you

him, her, it them

They invited my wife and me. (NOT: my wife and I.) Slide 10-49


PERSONAL PRONOUNS ¶1055a. Use one of the following forms when the personal pronoun is the indirect object.

Singular: Plural:

FIRST PERSON

SECOND PERSON

THIRD PERSON

me us

you you

him, her, it them

They gave Jim and me free tickets. (NOT: Jim and I.) Slide 10-50


PERSONAL PRONOUNS ¶1055b. Use one of the following forms when the personal pronoun is the object of the preposition.

Singular: Plural:

FIRST PERSON

SECOND PERSON

THIRD PERSON

me us

you you

him, her, it them

They gave free tickets to Jim and me. (NOT: Jim and I.) Slide 10-51


PERSONAL PRONOUNS ¶1055c. Use one of the following forms when the personal pronoun is the subject of an infinitive.

Singular: Plural:

FIRST PERSON

SECOND PERSON

THIRD PERSON

me us

you you

him, her, it them

She asked Sue and me to help her. (NOT: Sue and I.) Slide 10-52


PERSONAL PRONOUNS ¶1055c. Use one of the following forms when the personal pronoun is the object of an infinitive.

Singular: Plural:

FIRST PERSON

SECOND PERSON

THIRD PERSON

me us

you you

him, her, it them

Sam plans to invite the Kellys and me. (NOT: the Kellys and I.) Slide 10-53


PERSONAL PRONOUNS ¶1056b. Use one of the following possessive forms when the pronoun immediately precedes the noun it modifies.

Singular: Plural:

FIRST PERSON

SECOND PERSON

THIRD PERSON

my our

your your

his, her, its their

my computer Slide 10-54

his daughter


our children

PERSONAL PRONOUNS ¶1056b. Use one of the following possessive forms when the pronoun immediately precedes the noun it modifies.

Singular: Plural: your report Slide 10-55

FIRST PERSON

SECOND PERSON

THIRD PERSON

my our

your your

his, her, its their

her son Click the mouse button or press the space bar to advance the presentation.

their parents

PERSONAL PRONOUNS ¶1056c. Use one of the following possessive forms when the pronoun stands apart from the noun it refers to.

Singular: Plural:

FIRST PERSON

SECOND PERSON

THIRD PERSON

mine ours

yours yours

his, her, its theirs

This computer is mine. Is this his or hers? Slide 10-56


PERSONAL PRONOUNS ¶1056c. Use one of the following possessive forms when the pronoun stands apart from the noun it refers to.

Singular: Plural:

FIRST PERSON

SECOND PERSON

THIRD PERSON

mine ours

yours yours

his, hers, its theirs

That car is ours. Is this car yours or theirs? Slide 10-57


PERSONAL PRONOUNS ¶1056e. Do not confuse certain possessive forms with certain contractions that sound like personal pronouns. POSSESSIVES

CONTRACTIONS

its

it’s (it is OR it has)

The firm is wasting its time.

It’s (It is) time to come to a decision.

Slide 10-58



CONTRACTIONS

your

you’re (you are)

Your approach makes sense.

You’re (You are) approaching the problem wisely.

Slide 10-59



CONTRACTIONS

their

they’re (they are) OR: there’re (there are)

What do you think of their plan? Slide 10-60

They’re (They are) planning to close.



CONTRACTIONS

theirs

there’s (there is OR there has)

Theirs is the car I like best.

There’s (There has) been a change in Ben.

Slide 10-61


PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT ¶1049a. A pronoun must agree with its antecedent (the word for which the pronoun stands) in number, gender, and person. I have my reasons, just as you have yours. The company needs to review its discount policy. Slide 10-62


PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT ¶1049a. A pronoun must agree with its antecedent (the word for which the pronoun stands) in number, gender, and person. Amy says that she needs her own computer. We must establish our position before they release their report. Slide 10-63


PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT ¶1049b. Use a plural pronoun when the antecedent consists of two nouns joined by and. Wendy and Sue say that they will make their presentations next Monday.

Slide 10-64


PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT ¶1049c. Use a singular pronoun when the antecedent consists of two singular nouns joined by or or nor. Neither Wendy nor Sue will be ready to make her presentation before next Monday.

Slide 10-65


PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT ¶1049c. Use a plural pronoun when the antecedent consists of two plural nouns joined by or or nor. Either the Foxes or the Ryans will bring their VCR.

Slide 10-66


PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT ¶¶1049a, 1051, 1052a, 1053. When the antecedent of a personal pronoun is a singular noun or pronoun that could be either masculine or feminine, use one of the following forms as appropriate. he or she

his or her

him or her

A manager needs to use much tact when dealing with his or her subordinates. Slide 10-67


PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT ¶¶1049a, 1051, 1052a, 1053. When the antecedent of a personal pronoun is a singular noun or pronoun that could be either masculine or feminine, use one of the following forms as appropriate. he or she

his or her

him or her

Everyone must submit his or her expense report by noon. Slide 10-68


PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT ¶1052. If the use of he or she (or a similar expression) produces an awkward sentence, reword the sentence. Managers need to use much tact when dealing with their subordinates. A manager needs to use much tact when dealing with subordinates. Slide 10-69


PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT ¶1052. If the use of he or she (or a similar expression) produces an awkward sentence, reword the sentence. All employees must submit their expense reports by noon. Everyone must submit an expense report by noon. Slide 10-70


COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS ¶1060a. Use one of the following forms to direct the action expressed by the verb back to the subject. FIRST PERSON

SECOND PERSON

THIRD PERSON

Singular:

myself

yourself

himself, herself, itself

Plural:

ourselves

yourselves

themselves

She bought herself a new VCR. Slide 10-71


COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS ¶1060a. Use one of the following forms to direct the action expressed by the verb back to the subject. FIRST PERSON

SECOND PERSON

THIRD PERSON

Singular:

myself

yourself


Plural:

ourselves

yourselves

themselves

They conducted themselves honorably. Slide 10-72


COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS ¶1060b. Use one of the following forms to emphasize a noun or pronoun already expressed. FIRST PERSON

SECOND PERSON

THIRD PERSON

Singular:

myself

yourself


Plural:

ourselves

yourselves

themselves

I myself will deal with the problem. Slide 10-73


COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS ¶1060b. Use one of the following forms to emphasize a noun or pronoun already expressed. FIRST PERSON

SECOND PERSON

THIRD PERSON

Singular:

myself

yourself


Plural:

ourselves

yourselves

themselves

We planned the party ourselves. Slide 10-74


COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS ¶1060d. Do not use a compound personal pronoun unless the noun or pronoun to which it refers is in the same sentence. FIRST PERSON

SECOND PERSON

THIRD PERSON

Singular:

myself

yourself


Plural:

ourselves

yourselves

themselves

These copies are for Hal and me. (NOT: myself) Slide 10-75


COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS ¶1060d. Do not use a compound personal pronoun unless the noun or pronoun to which it refers is in the same sentence. FIRST PERSON

SECOND PERSON

THIRD PERSON

Singular:

myself

yourself


Plural:

ourselves

yourselves

themselves

Kate and I (NOT: myself) can resolve our problem. Slide 10-76


INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS ¶1061a. Who, whom, whoever, and whomever are: • Interrogative pronouns, used in asking questions. • Relative pronouns, used to introduce a clause referring to a noun in the main clause.

Slide 10-77


INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS ¶1061c. Use who or whoever as the subject of a verb. Who gave you that information? Chris is the one who gave me that information.

Slide 10-78


INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS ¶1061d. Use whom or whomever as the object of a verb or a preposition. To whom should I distribute these copies? Send the copies to whomever you wish.

Slide 10-79


INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS ¶1063. Use whose as the possessive form of who. Whose wallet is this? Here’s the phone number of the person whose wallet you found.

Slide 10-80


INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS ¶1061c. To decide when to use who or whom and whoever or whomever, mentally rearrange the sentence (as shown in parentheses below). Who/Whom shall I say is calling? (I shall say he is calling.) Give this note to whoever/whomever asks for it. (She asks for it.) Slide 10-81


INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS ¶1061c. To decide when to use who or whom and whoever or whomever, mentally rearrange the sentence (as shown in parentheses below). Who/Whom are you going to vote for? (You are going to vote for him.) Vote for whoever/whomever you wish. (You wish to vote for her.) Slide 10-82


INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS ¶1063. Do not confuse whose (the possessive form of who) with who’s (a contraction meaning who is or who has). Whose/Who’s book is this? (This book is his.) Whose/Who’s the author? (She’s the author.) Slide 10-83


ADJECTIVES An adjective is an expression that answers questions like what kind, how many, and which one. What kind: excellent results How many: four laptops Which one: the latest data Slide 10-84


ADJECTIVES An adjective may be a single word, phrase, clause, or compound modifier. Single word: a powerful man Phrase: a man of great power Clause: a man who hungers for power Compound modifier: a power-hungry man Slide 10-85


ADJECTIVES An adjective can modify a noun or pronoun. Noun: Wonderful news! The news is wonderful! Pronoun: Unlucky me. I seem to be unlucky. Slide 10-86


ADVERBS An adverb is an expression that answers questions like when, where, why, in what manner, and to what extent. When: I’ll call you tomorrow. Where: Let’s meet here or in your office. Why: I can’t attend because of illness. In what manner: Don’t speak so fast. To what extent: He talked much too long. Slide 10-87


ADVERBS An adverb may be a single word, phrase, or clause. Single word: Speak clearly. Phrase: Speak in a clear voice. Clause: Speak as clearly as you can. Slide 10-88


ADVERBS An adverb can modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. A verb: We closed the deal quickly. An adjective: Carole seemed genuinely pleased. Another adverb: The meeting went surprisingly well. Slide 10-89


ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ¶1065. Use an adverb (not an adjective) to modify an adjective. a really nice time (NOT: a real nice time)

Slide 10-90


ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ¶1066. Use an adverb (not an adjective) to modify a verb that expresses action. I was hurt badly in the collision. (NOT: hurt bad)

Slide 10-91


ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ¶1067. Use an adjective (not an adverb) to modify the subject of a sentence when the modifier follows a verb of the senses (feel look, sound, taste, smell). I feel bad. (NOT: badly) She looked happy. (NOT: happily)

Slide 10-92


ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ¶1067. Use an adjective (not an adverb) to modify the subject of a sentence when the modifier follows a linking verb (some form of be, seem, appear, and become). Joe seemed friendly. We became suspicious.

Slide 10-93


ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ¶1071. Adjectives and adverbs have three forms: positive, comparative, and superlative. ADJECTIVE

Positive:

thin

Comparative:

thinner

Superlative:

thinnest

Slide 10-94


ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ¶1071a, e. Adjectives and adverbs of one syllable (like soon below) form the comparative by adding er and the superlative by adding est. A few form the comparative and the superlative irregularly (like good below). Positive: Comparative: Superlative: Slide 10-95

ADVERB

ADJECTIVE

soon sooner soonest

good better best


ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ¶1071b. Adjectives and adverbs of two syllables usually form the comparative and the superlative in one of two ways. ADJECTIVES

ADVERBS

happy famous happier more famous happiest most famous

early often earlier less often earliest least often

Slide 10-96


ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ¶1071c. Adjectives and adverbs of three syllables form the comparative and the superlative as follows. ADJECTIVES

ADVERBS

competent less competent least competent

carefully more carefully most carefully

Slide 10-97


ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ¶1071g. When referring to two persons, places, or things, use the comparative form. When referring to more than two, use the superlative form. Kate is the taller of my two daughters. Jim is the tallest of my three sons. Jim is taller than John or Chris. Slide 10-98


ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ¶1071g. When referring to two persons, places, or things, use the comparative form. When referring to more than two, use the superlative form. Trudy is the most helpful person on the staff. Trudy is more helpful than anyone else on the staff. (NOT: . . . more helpful than anyone on the staff.) Slide 10-99


ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ¶1071g. When referring to two persons, places, or things, use the comparative form. When referring to more than two, use the superlative form. Chicago is the largest city in Illinois. Chicago is larger than any other city in Illinois. (NOT: . . . larger than any city in Illinois.) Slide 10-100


ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ¶1071i. When making comparisons, be sure to compare like things. This year’s sales are better than last year’s. (NOT: This year’s sales are better than last year.)

Slide 10-101


PREPOSITIONS A preposition is a word that takes an object (a noun or pronoun) and connects it to some other word in the sentence. Here are some common prepositions, followed in each case by an appropriate object. above the clouds

before noon

up the river

below the surface

after the party

down the drain

Slide 10-102


PREPOSITIONS A preposition is a word that takes an object (a noun or pronoun) and connects it to some other word in the sentence. Here are some common prepositions, followed in each case by an appropriate object. from all of us

for the last time

to the airport

against my wishes

between you and me

among the three of us

Slide 10-103


PREPOSITIONS A preposition is a word that takes an object (a noun or pronoun) and connects it to some other word in the sentence. Here are some common prepositions, followed in each case by an appropriate object. under the circumstances over the hill through the years Slide 10-104

with every order without a doubt during the nineties


PREPOSITIONS A preposition is a word that takes an object (a noun or pronoun) and connects it to some other word in the sentence. Here are some common prepositions, followed in each case by an appropriate object. across the room by all means behind the door Slide 10-105

in the meantime out the door at your convenience


PREPOSITIONS A preposition is a word that takes an object (a noun or pronoun) and connects it to some other word in the sentence. Here are some common prepositions, followed in each case by an appropriate object. on one hand until next year

of every kind

off the wall

since last week

Slide 10-106

about 6 p.m. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to advance the presentation.

PREPOSITIONS ¶1078. Omit unnecessary prepositions. Where is she [at]? The carton fell off [of] the truck. Let’s focus [in] on the real problem. I couldn’t help [from] laughing. The strike is now over [with]. Slide 10-107


PREPOSITIONS ¶1079. Do not omit necessary prepositions. I just bought a couple of CDs. (NOT: a couple CDs.) We don’t stock that type of filter. (NOT: that type filter.)

Slide 10-108


PREPOSITIONS ¶1079. Do not omit necessary prepositions.

She appears in movies, in plays, and on TV. (NOT: She appears in movies, plays, and on TV.)

Slide 10-109


SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION ¶1081a. Express parallel ideas in parallel form. Wrong: The program was stimulating and a challenge. Right: The program was stimulating and challenging. Slide 10-110


SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION ¶1081a. Express parallel ideas in parallel form. Wrong: This scanner is easy to operate, efficient, and it is relatively inexpensive. Right: This scanner is easy to operate, efficient, and relatively inexpensive.

Slide 10-111


SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION ¶1081a. Express parallel ideas in parallel form. Poor: This article will discuss: 1. How to deal with corporate politics. 2. Coping with stress. 3. What the manager’s role should be. Slide 10-112


SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION ¶1081a. Express parallel ideas in parallel form. Better: This article will discuss: 1. Ways to deal with corporate politics. 2. Techniques of coping with stress. 3. The role of the manager. Slide 10-113


DANGLING CONSTRUCTIONS ¶1082a. When a sentence begins with a participial phrase that expresses an action, make sure that the subject of the sentence is the doer of the action that is expressed in the opening phrase. Otherwise, the opening phrase will “dangle.” Wrong: Having studied your cost estimates, a few questions have occurred to me. Right: Having studied your cost estimates, I would like to ask you a few questions. Slide 10-114


DANGLING CONSTRUCTIONS ¶1082b. When a sentence begins with an infinitive phrase that expresses an action, make sure that the subject of the sentence is the doer of the action that is expressed in the opening phrase. Otherwise, the opening phrase will “dangle.” Wrong: To obtain this free booklet, the enclosed coupon should be mailed in. Right: To obtain this free booklet, you should mail in the enclosed coupon. Slide 10-115


DANGLING CONSTRUCTIONS ¶1082c. When a sentence begins with a prepositional-gerund phrase that expresses an action, make sure that the subject of the sentence is the doer of the action that is expressed in the opening phrase. Otherwise, the opening phrase will “dangle.” Wrong: In analyzing the data, a few errors were found. Right: In analyzing the data, I found a few errors. Slide 10-116


USAGE ¶1101. a lot–alot

Thanks a lot. (NOT: Thanks alot.)

Slide 11-1


USAGE ¶1101. a–of It’s been kind of cold. (NOT: It’s been kinda cold.) What sort of car did you buy? (NOT: What sort a car. . . )

Slide 11-2


USAGE ¶1101. affect–effect His memo will not affect (change) my decision. His memo will have no effect (impact) on my decision. How can we effect (bring about) a change in his decision? Slide 11-3


USAGE ¶1101. amount–number a large amount of sugar (wood, steel, etc.; things referred to in bulk) a large number of people (orders, etc.; things referred to as separate items)

Slide 11-4


USAGE ¶1101. awhile–a while

wait awhile

Slide 11-5

wait for a while a while back


USAGE ¶1101. between–among

divided between the two of us divided among the three of us

Slide 11-6


USAGE ¶1101. farther–further We drove farther (in actual distance) than we planned. Let’s discuss your idea further (to a greater extent).

Slide 11-7


USAGE ¶1101. fewer–less

fewer accidents (or any other plural noun) less energy (or any other singular noun)

Slide 11-8


USAGE ¶1101. of—have I could have helped you. (NOT: I could of helped you.) You should have let me. (NOT: You should of let me.)

Slide 11-9


USAGE ¶1101. sometime–sometimes–some time Let’s get together sometime (at an unspecified time) soon. Sometimes (now and then) we go to Hawaii for a month. It will take some time (a period of time) to finish the job. Slide 11-10


USAGE ¶1101. supposed to

What was I supposed to think? (NOT: What was I suppose to think?)

Slide 11-11


USAGE ¶1101. used to We used to go to Nova Scotia every summer. (NOT: We use to go to Nova Scotia every summer.)

Slide 11-12


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