42
Vladimir Putin
The president of Russia
Ashkan Maniei 500710423
Management & Organization 2, Group Assignment 2015
Table of contents
Table of contents 1
Executive summary 3
Introduction 4
1.0 Analysis of Leadership elements 5
1.1 What is Leadership? 5
1.2 Leadership or Management? 5
1.3 Approaches to Leadership 6
1.3.1The qualities or traits approach 6
1.3.2 Qualities and traits of Vladimir Putin 7
1.3.3 The action centered leadership 8
1.3.4 Behavioral leadership theories 8
Behavioral leadership of Vladimir Putin 9
1.4 Styles of Leadership 9
1.4.1 Broad framework of leadership style 10
1.5 Continuum of Leadership Behaviour 10
1.6 Contingency Theories of Leadership 11
1.6.1 Fielder's Contingency Model - Favorability of Leadership situation 12
1.6.2 Vroom and Yeton Contingency Model 13
1.6.3 Path-Goal Theory 14
1.6.4 Readiness of the Followers or Group (Hersey and Blanchard) 14
1.6.4.1 Task behaviour and relationship behaviour 15
1.7 Transformational Leadership (Transactional / transformational) 16
1.8 Inspirational or Visionary Leadership 18
1.8.1 Personal qualities of charisma - Is charisma enough? 19
1.9 The Leadership Relationship - Power and leadership influence 20
1.10 Leadership Effectiveness 21
2.0 Analysis of Management Elements 21
2.1 What is Management? 21
2.2 Managers born or made? 22
2.3 The Importance of management 22
2.4 Elements of Management Activity, The Continuous process 23
2.5 Management as Social Process 24
2.6 Tasks and Contributions of a Manager 24
2.6 Managerial Roles (Mintzberg) 25
2.6.1 Interpersonal role 26
2.6.2 Informational Roles 26
2.6.3 Decisional Roles 27
2.7 Behavior pattern of general managers 27
2.8 Patterns of managerial work and behavior 27
2.9 What great managers do 28
2.10 The attributes and qualities of managers 29
2.11 The Importance of Management Style 30
20.12 Theory X and Theory Y management 31
2.13 Managerial/Leadership Grid 32
2.14 The 3-D Model of Managerial Behavior 34
2.15 Managing with and through people 36
2.16 Measures of effectiveness 36
2.17 Management Systems 37
2.18 Management by Objectives (MBO) 37
2.19 The Management of time 38
2.20 Managerial effectiveness 38
Conclusion 40
Source List 41
Individual reflections 42
Executive summary
Our main objective within this assignment was to analyze and apply the different theories and perspectives on leadership and management. We have chosen President Vladimir Putin as a subject to apply to our chosen views in the perception of management and leadership. We will provide a short summary to understand President Vladimir Putin better. Vladimir Putin can definitely be described as being a very unique leader, which possesses a considerable amount of different qualities, traits and behavioral characteristics which may be compared to other highly successful leaders.
We are gladly to have the opportunity to learn about leadership and management through the following report. We started of by choosing our main leader to analyze and apply, which is President Vladimir Putin. In the following report we are going to describe briefly an analysis of leadership elements, firstly a description of the concept and then apply it to President Vladimir Putin. We will start of by explaining what leadership is and what the difference between leadership and management is and how Vladimir Putin puts these to work. Furthermore we will describe, analyze and apply the different approaches of leadership such as the qualities or traits approach, action centered leadership, behavioral leadership theories. The Behavioral approach to leadership will be extensionally applied to President Putin since his leadership behavior is very unique compared to most of the other world leaders. After you have a clear understanding of the theories and approaches to leadership we will describe the different styles used within these approaches through a broad framework of leadership style and the continuum leadership behavior styles. Within the broad framework leadership style we will analyze and apply mainly the autocratic leadership style that is used by Vladimir Putin.
Finally since within leadership there is no correct approach, type, style or behavior we will describe and analyze the contingency theories which are based on which of these can be successful based on the situation and environment. Great examples will be explained such as Fiedler's contingency mode, Vroom and Yeton contingency model. Within Fiedlers contingency model there will be more described the type of relation of the leader with his co-worker if the leader is relationship oriented or task oriented and how he uses his positional power to influence his employees. These will all be included and applied to President Vladimir Putin, so you have a better understand on how the president changes his approaches, type, styles of leadership within certain environments and situations. Additionally the some other theories such as the path goal theory will be described with the main types of leadership and which leadership type within this theory Putin has used. The next theory based on hersey and Blanchard is another leadership theory develop which is based on the how the leadership his behavior is towards the employees if he's task structured, relationship oriented and the readiness. The task behavior and relationship behavior will be explained and again firmly applied to how president Vladimir Putin has put these to use. Due to the long report we will briefly describe the next theories used such as the whether Putin uses transformational leadership and or transactional leadership. Additionally we have added the leadership relation and the power and influence that Putin uses to make the Russian economy stable and fight the corruption.
The next part of the reports includes the analysis of the managerial elements, firstly we will briefly describe what management with the importance of it and whether managers are born or made. Furthermore we will describe analyze and apply the following concepts such as the social process, task and contributions, the managerial roles and the behavioral patterns of managers. These concepts will all be explained and applied to president Putin how he has used them for successful management within a corrupt country like Russia. Additionally the report will include the attributes and qualities managers have and develop through their experiences as well as what the importance of different management styles are based on different situations. These management styles will be explained through several theories such as the theory x and theory y of management, managerial leadership grid, the 3d model of managerial behavior. Finally we will explain how managing through people can be effective and how you measure these effectiveness through management by objectives, management of time.
Introduction
With this assignment in Management and organization 2 we have received the opportunity to analyze and apply the leadership and managerial theories. We have done this together by discussing a very influential and strong leader in today's world who has been known for his strong characteristics. We came to a conclusion to choose the president of Russia, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin.
The Russian president and well-known leader Vladimir Putin was born in 1952 in St. Petersburg, also known formally known as Leningrad. After graduating from Leningrad State University, Putin began his career in the KGB as an intelligence officer in 1975. Putin rose step by step first through the mayor's office of St. Petersburg, Anatoly Sobchak's administration, then as the director of the FSB and then to the top ranks of the Russian government after joining former President Boris Yeltsin's administration in 1998. He became the prime minister in 1999 before taking over the presidency and held this position for 2 terms. He eventually became the president again in 2012.
Vladimir Putin was not only the president of Russia, but also the president of the largest country on the planet. A county that has several different time zones has half of the world's nuclear war heads and also the largest energy producer in the world. 70% of the country's exports came from energy sources or minerals, which mean that Putin was the leader of a vast economic powerhouse. He is not a man that can be described as being delicate, his actions have shown that there's one message that he wants convey only and that is that he wants to he represents power. However, while Russia holds massive reserved in gas, coal and oil, because of the unbalanced economy this is only good when the prices of energy go up.
Political leadership clearly stands out and is one of the most difficult types of leadership there is since it is the essential feature of leading an entire country and has many various difficulties since a political leader will be responsible to many different parties such as countries, nations, communities etc. Therefore strong and wise leadership acquires success in the long run. Through analyzing most political leaders we see that they have a very distinct period of entry, period of association and a period of decline. The period of entry such as the rise of the presidential ship of Putin is a highly uncertain time, since Russia was ready for change and needed a new strong leader that could develop their country for the better and fight the corruption. Vladimir Putin's life cycle, he started his leadership for Russia in the year 2000 and strengthened his powers through making his mark on his country. He has proven success for the Russian nation through better and stable economic situations. Furthermore he keeps improving his performance as a leader of a great nation with his vision for a better future for the entire Soviet Union. In this assignment we will further analyze the leadership and management theories and how these apply to President Putin
1.0 Analysis of Leadership elements
1.1 What is Leadership?
There are many different views and perceptions on leadership and what it exactly means. This is because there are many different types of leaders and many different views on them. But the basic meaning of leadership is an individual who can select the right group of followers and influence them through their distinct gifts, abilities, skills and knowledge. A leader focuses on the follower and puts out a roadmap to the overall mission and vision; hereby the follower is influenced to willingly and enthusiastically in achieving the mission and vision. The leader achieves this influence by humbly delivering a visionary perception of the future in clear terms that resonates with the follower in terms of their believes and values. Leaders have several key skills and attributes, which are highly important such as critical decision making, critical thinking, holistic insight, intuition and the use of persuasive communication as well as interpersonal commination that include active listening and positive charismatic conversations.
After analyzing and reading more about the Vladimir Putin's road to a successful political leader in Russia. One of the biggest reasons is that President Vladimir Putin understands the Russian citizens based on culture, values and norms. Hereby Vladimir Putin was a perfect role model as many Russian citizens he grew in a communist household and had a poor family. Many Russians see Vladimir Putin as their role model to achieve greater success, since he is the true definition of a self-made hard workingman. Vladimir Putin portrays some characteristics of a participative leader since Russia is classified as a democracy although he new the Russian culture needed a strong leader that controlled the government through an authoritative leadership style. Vladimir Putin also displays the characteristics of a charismatic leadership; he has proved strong communication skills since he keeps on convincing the Russian citizens to believe in him and his vision for the country for 15 steady years. Vladimir Putin is known to be a very strategic and charismatic leader they call him a chameleon, changing to suit his environment that keeps up to date by developing himself for a greater Russia.
1.2 Leadership or Management?
Leading people or managing people are two ways of organizing individuals. Leadership is through setting a new vision for a group of individuals that follow the leader. The leader in this case will put out a very strong vision and perception of the future idealistic state what they have to achieve. On the contrary management will control and direct the individuals in a group according to the principles or values that already has been conventional. The manager uses a more formal and rationalistic approach while the leader will use passion and influences the emotion of the group.
For the president of Russia Vladimir Putin this is a very interesting case this is because of the Russian culture which needed both a strong leader who new how to manage the country as well, Vladimir Putin was the perfect candidate since he started as a manager in the Boris Yeltsin's administration and grew eventually into a leader who both used leadership and management to influence his followers and keep social stability in Russia. Through his role model of a true leader and his great charisma he influenced the Russian citizens to contribute towards his vision of a greater Russia. Vladimir Putin is seen, as a strong leader with brilliant psychological skills that had the power and will to make the decisions and take crazy risks, which he thought, was right for Russian citizens. He was highly people oriented since he knew the culture and came from the same background as many Russian individuals and he knew what they exactly needed and wanted in a president. But on the contrary his management background helped him to direct and control the Russian citizens by coordinating and harmonizing them to accomplish a mutual goal that was based on their needs and wants. Vladimir Putin created strategies, policies based on the Russian culture, values and views. He knew that in order to gain control and remain social stability he had to push these strategies and policies through a dictatorial and authoritative style by using his charisma, influence, formal authority and position.
President Vladimir Putin is a leader and a manager of Russia. First step he made is to articulate a clear vision for the future state of Russia that clearly based on the demands of the Russian citizens. Then he selected a group of fellow leaders and managers who were loyal and shared the same vision and values as him. Furthermore Putin has set challenging but specific goals through milestones to that vision and has proven to create wins along his path. He proved a clear orientation between his vision, strategy and behavior. Great example is that he studies competition and uses his conceptual skills to develop strategies to stay ahead and keep developing Russia. Furthermore he created a simple and transparent structure for the Russian government based on openness and honesty to fight against the high percentage of corruption. He has strong problem solving skills, analyzing and is a perfectionist who does not rush into certain decisions.
1.3 Approaches to Leadership
Since Leadership was created there were always different views and perceptions on this complex process, there is no right or wrong answer to what effective leadership is. This is because a leader has to require the qualities and skills to connect with people and satisfy their needs based on the situation that is different in every organization, country, and culture. Leadership theories helped to leaders to understand more about effective leaders in general but they still have to adapt these theories based on the needs and expectations of their followers. True leaders have to understand the impact that their leadership style has on their followers and how the follower's attitude and behaviors are affected through these different styles. Furthermore we will discuss several leadership theories and approaches based on President Vladimir Putin.
1.3.1The qualities or traits approach
The qualities or traits approach is based on the question on whether leaders are born or made through life experiences. Leadership qualities and traits may be something that an individual can be born with although it will still require the application of the process with special skills and techniques these can only be developed through experiences. All good leaders need to encourage and develop their skills and qualities. Although many traits model and through many researchers conducted in the 20th century they did find out that most successful leaders had been identified with a core set of traits. These traits will not prove that an individual will be a successful leader but they are essential traits and qualities, which show their potential.
Achievement drive: High level of effort, high levels of ambition, energy and initiative.
Leadership motivation: Desire to lead others and to reach shared or private goals.
Honesty and integrity: Trustworthy, reliable and open.
Self-confidence: Belief in idea's, perception and views.
Cognitive ability: Capable of exercising good judgement strong analytical. Intuitive and conceptually skilled.
Knowledge of
1.3.2 Qualities and traits of Vladimir Putin
The qualities and traits approach based on President Vladimir Putin there is no doubt that he is not a born leader but a made leader. Vladimir Putin has developed many of his leadership traits through his childhood and experiences in life for example that he came from a poverty family in which his brothers did not manage to survive from hunger. These huge setbacks motivated and gave him strong achievement drive to succeed and develop his life for the better since he had nothing to lose. Putin developed many core traits through his KGB training and his education as a civil law major in the university, here he exercised his diplomacy and learned how to effective relate to people and motivate them at various levels. He mastered his communication skills through learning multiple foreign languages to communicate with a wide range of individuals, which he gained, respect from through his knowledge and therefore the respect of their followers. As for the KGB military training, this built up him to be extremely tough both physically and mentally as well as conscientiousness, the level of control he had over his mind and body reflected in his autocratic leadership. The qualities and traits, which he had built up through life experiences and training was one of his successful, factors in leading Russia. Putin his personality was another reason that dictated his leadership style; he is a very ambitious expansionist which shown dominant and controlling traits. From his younger years the trait we have already spoken about is the self-discipline that he had to achieve his goals against all odds. His extremely level of conscientiousness helped him to successfully grow step by step in order to gain control over his country and execute his communist vision of a powerful soviet union.
In conclusion Vladimir Putin is a very dominant leader that believes in a strong vision and can control his citizens through providing a better future and the old strong Soviet Union. He clearly shows that he has a need of power and influence. Although he is a very firm communist believer he mixed Russia with democracy and a form of communism that differentiated the Russian structure in a good way because he has proven a successful foreign policy, growing military strength and general improvements in living conditions within the country. He is widely recognized for solving problems such as the Chechen problem, economic growth. His general sense of distrust and suspiciousness of others kept him in a strong position to battle the corruption within the country.
1.3.3 The action centered leadership
John Adair's action centered leadership model is basically a framework for leadership and management of any team group organization. John Adair was the first to demonstrate that leadership is a trainable and transferable skill rather than individuals are born with the capabilities. He changes the perception of management involving leadership to include abilities such as decision-making, communication and time managing. The three-core management, leadership responsibilities are;
Achieving the task by directing the tasks to the right individuals.
Managing the team or group by coordinating and nurture the team as a whole.
Managing individuals through reviewing and supporting them based on their needs.
Efficient leaders shave to have full command of the three areas of action centered leadership and be able to use these based on the situation. This will help the leaders to keep the right balance and get results, build morale, improves quality, and develops teams and productivity of the mission. Vladimir Putin achieves the tasks by directing them to his own personal group of ex KGB worker and fellow communist who have the same strong vision of a stronger soviet union.
Since he is a very control freak he definitely makes sure that the visions, purpose and directions of the tasks are clear and the deadlines will be met. He is a very well educated man with a PhD in economics that identifies the countries resources and makes sure that these are efficiently used. Putin clearly shows that he is a leader and a manager with a heart for Russia. Several examples are for instance that he personally measured and developed the Russian agricultural sector and proven the success that Russia can provide for their own people. As well as that he personally took the reconstruction of the homes and compensation for the victims in the wildfires of 2010. Vladimir Putin clearly shows that he manages the Russian citizens as a whole and proves that every individual citizen of Russia is important by reviewing and supporting them.
1.3.4 Behavioral leadership theories
Behavioral theories of leadership are focused on the specific behaviors of a leader. For this theory the leaders behavior is the best variable to see how it influences the followers and what results it achieves. The research is conducted to find out what effective leaders do in relation to motivating, delegating, and communicating with their followers. The two important behavioral studies that have been done are the Ohio state studies and the university of Michigan studies. Hereby we will further elaborate on the Ohio studies and apply them to Vladimir Putin.
The Ohio state studies are based on leadership studies that were aimed to identify the effects of leadership styles and behavior on group performance. The results indicated two-dimensional behavior, labeled consideration also known as people oriented and initiating structure that is also known as task oriented.
Behavioral leadership of Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Putin his behavior falls into a very strict and task oriented individual, which is obsessively driven by his own vision and ideology. This behavioral preference influences his management and leadership style, negotiating style, strategic and crisis decision making. Vladimir Putin always chooses for rational processes over emotional decisions that are definitely a key as a strong leader of Russia. He can control his emotions and makes decisions for Russia that are clearly organized and explained why these are for Russia's best interest. Vladimir Putin his behavior shows that he is a perfectionist who is concerned with making the right decisions and always avoids in making mistakes, therefore with his decision-making he takes his time. Although he is a perfectionist who takes his time for the decisions, he definitely is a man of action. He has proven this through setting out the limit of influence that the elite companies had in Russia, renewing the tax laws and decreasing the power of the corrupt government. Vladimir Putin is a man that has high value on productivity and accomplishment, therefore from the beginning of his presidency he initiated structure and showed the Russian citizens and his team that he is a very task oriented and result oriented person.
This leadership and management ethic that he has along with his strong loyalty towards a greater Russia, helped him to rise in the Russian government since he has proven himself over and over through facts. President Vladimir Putin is a very moralistic and judgmental man not only on his followers but as well on himself. He expects professional and perfectionist behavior from himself and the people around him. Therefore he can come over as a very strict and authoritative leader, he has shown that he does not tolerate disloyal behavior from the people working for him. In conclusion Vladimir Putin has proven that he initiated structure, re-organized the Russian government and cleaned out the corruption, clarified the tasks clearly to his expectations and gathered information from anywhere where he could through having an open minded and outside view on the government and his country.
1.4 Styles of Leadership
There are different approaches or 'styles' to leadership and management. The style that individuals use could be based on a combination of factors, such as their beliefs, values, preferences, as well as the organization culture and norms that will accept one style of leadership and disregard another. Leaders should develop as many leadership skills as possible, this is simply because the environment keeps changing so leaders need to adapt different type of leadership styles depending on the situation.
Vladimir Putin his leadership effectiveness was because he chose the right style at the right time for the right situation. He understood the Russian culture and what was needed to gain control over Russia to fight the corruption and lead the country towards success. There are many different types of leadership styles such as autocratic, participative, charismatic, transformational etc.
1.4.1 Broad framework of leadership style
Autocratic
This type of leadership is centralizes power and decision-making. Vladimir Putin is famous for having an autocratic leadership style. This is simply because of his personal obsessive disorder that he is a control freak. He knew if he wanted to realize his vision of a greater Russia he had to take control in his own hands. Control freaks like Putin are known for autocratic and autocratic leadership style, He controlled most of the important decisions made within the government and was most of the time not open to opinions and insights of others. He was known to be a very intimidating, influential, feared leader therefore he dominated and controlled the government completely. This has his advantages for and disadvantages, although since Putin is a visionary who wants to build up a greater Russia and is a perfectionistic type of person this played out very well for him.
Usually this sort of leadership would be considered negative because it can lead to frustration and unhappy employees. Moreover, it stagnates the growth of the employees because they are unlikely to perform to their full potential, although since Putin his employees and team believed in him and had the same vision they followed him completely to show loyalty that they would be highly rewarded for as well.
Democratic Leadership
This style of leadership is also known as participative style. The leader is in control but open to the group input, often allowing the group to make decisions and collectively assign tasks. This approach is more towards guiding instead of leading. This is a more acceptable approach because it encourages employees to be part of the decision-making. Additionally, it's very informative to the group because they are aware of everything that affects their work and shares the decision making and problem solving responsibilities.
Laissez-faire
This is more of decentralized form of leadership, it refrain from power and responsibility. This leadership style involves the leader to give no direction, instead allows the group to establish its own goals and brainstorm the problem on their own.
1.5 Continuum of Leadership Behaviour
Tannenbaum and Schmidt wrote on the concept of Leadership Continuum, which explored the range of leadership behaviour (from manager-centred to subordinate-centred). Their model shows the relationship between the levels of authority versus the level of freedom.
Tannenbaum and Schmidt identified Seven levels http://becbusiness.weebly.com/leadership.html
Manager takes decisions and announces it
Manager decides and the 'sells' his decision to the team
Manager presents decisions with background ideas for the decision and invite questions
Manager suggest provisional decision and invitees discussions regarding the decision
Manager presents the problem or situation, get suggestion, then decides
Manager explains the situation or problem, defines the parameters and asks team to decide on the solution
Manager allows team to develop options and decide on the action, within the manager's received limit
As mention, Vladimir Putin was very much of autocratic leader and base the Continuum Model he was the only one to make the decisions, there was not little team involvement. During his establishing a one-party state it was ran as a centrally organise country, with a top-bottom hierarchy and discipline. Vladimir Putin his decisions are first reviewed based on logic and practicality, he always reviewed his option in the degree of the aims, issue and prioritized his time to accomplish if he will take the decision or let his management team go over it first and then he would take the final decision. In most cases his teams are do not have an influential role on the decision making since Putin his autocratic leadership style and he thinks he knows what is best himself as a perfectionist. He is definitely a sole decision maker, he still listens to his employees and team absorbs the opinions and views but at the end he makes the final decision.
1.6 Contingency Theories of Leadership
The contingency theory which is also known as situational theory states that there is no right way in leading. A leader's ability is contingent on various situational factors that would influence decisions. Hence, a leadership approach that is effective is one situation may not necessarily be successful in others.
Vladimir Putin his skill, qualities and traits such as his conceptual skills to understand Russia as a whole country and the relation between the society, community and the government as the world at a large how it influences its country helps him to plan out situational factors that might happen and how he should influence on these decisions. His obsessive disorder of being a perfectionist, keeps him working around the clock and formulating generalizations based on situations that might happen and how to apply his leadership styles to this situations. Putin portraits himself as a powerful leader, that wants to create a greater and powerful Russia again. Great example is that he generalizes about situations which are not ideally good for him he finds ways to influence these and change them, there is no point for him to take big risks so he takes his time on decisions and follows a process of simple steps to assure success. First step is that he locates an opportunity or issue, he only will participate in decisions that will turn out successful, and thus he analyzes the situation from top to bottom and takes his time before making any irrational emotional decisions. Second step is that he will adapt his leadership style, behavior or speech to influence the situation towards his benefit.
1.6.1 Fielder's Contingency Model - Favorability of Leadership situation
There are three factors of contingency: His contingency theory is based on the least preferred co-worker, it's basically a measurement of the leadership orientation using multiple variables. The high-LPC, are relationship motivated leaders, they are mainly focused on creating and sustaining a good relationship with their co-workers. The low-LPC, are task oriented leaders which are the least preferred co-worker their main priority is on completing the task and achieving the requirements rather then personal relationship. Both the relationship oriented and task oriented leadership can be effective its all dependent on the environment and situation which the leader is dealing with.
Leader – Member Relations (score low): Measures the acceptance between the organisational hierarchies and whether the subordinates have trust, confidence and feel adequately motivated by their Leader.
Task Structure (score Medium): Measure the clarity of the projects or task, their methods to achieve the end product. Whether there are clear guidelines to follow and progress can be easily tracked.
Positional Power (score high): Measure the influence the leader has on productivity; whether position power allows incentives or punishment.
President Vladimir Putin can be a leader-member relationship oriented person but only for his private personal team, which accept him based on them sharing the same perception, values and beliefs. Although Putin is still a very task structured and task oriented person in general even his personal team and employees have to achieve results that can lead to high rewards although failure might lead to severe penalties. By many Putin is a very low-LPC since he is a very authoritative leader and uses his authority to make decisions even if his team or employees advise him otherwise. President Putin is mainly focused on task structure since his personality and behavioral ideology are based on rationality and logically decisions, which in every task have to be effective, and efficient otherwise the employee might be fired.
https://sites.psu.edu/leadership/category/path-goal/
1.6.2 Vroom and Yeton Contingency Model
The Vroom–Yetton contingency model was developed by Victor Vroom and Philip Yetton. The model is useful in identifying what leadership style suitable for the situation at hand. It consists of five management decision styles combined with seven decision rules. The seven questions on decision are based on quality, commitment, problem information and decision acceptance, with which leaders can determine level of follower's involvement in decision making.
Decision processes can be range from autocratic (A1, A2), to consultative (C1, C2), to group process (G2). Putin used an autocratic approach (A1, A2) to his decision-making. He would either solve the problem alone or use the information from his councils and then makes his decisions.
1.6.3 Path-Goal Theory
The theory is based on the leader skills in influence the performance, satisfaction and motivation of the group that can be done through several steps, first you have to motivate your employees to achieve their goals, help them along the way and support them. The employees have to have clear defined path to achieve their goals and get results. The leader has to clear the obstacles on the way to improve the team's performance. Furthermore the leader has to offer appropriate rewards for successful tasks completed. There are several types of leadership in this theory:
Main types of leadership
Supportive leadership, mainly putting the focus on relationship and considering the team members needs and wants to create a suitable situation to meet their needs and wants. This is usually for tasks that are very stressful.
Directive leadership, hereby the main focus is to communicate the goals and expectations through assigning clear tasks. This is effective for projects that are unstructured or the team members are not well experienced.
Participative leadership, through this type the leader focuses on his own participation and directs the group to work together for making suitable decisions. This is mainly for highly experiences team members and complex as challenging situations.
Achievement-oriented leadership, these types of leadership focuses on setting high standard goals for the team and have confidence that the team has the capabilities to perform well on their own. This is usually for easy jobs which employees are less motivated.
Vladimir Putin uses multiple types of leadership types to complete his tasks depending on the situation and the employees. Vladimir Putin can be seen as a very directive leadership since he directs a lot of his orders to his personal team and sets clear expectations, although because of his personality as a perfectionist, control freak and his paranoia with trusting people, most of the times he participates and directs the group towards achieving the goal since he knows that it will be done correctly. Furthermore another type which he combines with the rest is achievement oriented leadership, he is commonly known to set very high standard goals for his employees to make sure that they work hard enough towards achieving the goals, and along the way he directs and participates as well.
1.6.4 Readiness of the Followers or Group (Hersey and Blanchard)
Another leadership theory such as situational leadership model developed by professor Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard, focuses on how leaders can attempt influencing the 'readiness' of a group or individual in effective way towards achieving a task and reaching organizational goals in a given situation.
Moreover, the model assesses through three different variables the guidance and direction the leader wants to lead his followers are; Task behavior, Relationship behavior and Readiness.
Task behavior is usually done in a one-way communication by the leader who gives direction and explains to his follower what the follower is expected to do, when, where and how the tasks are required to be accomplished.
Relationship behavior. Once the directions of the tasks are clear, the leader continues to establish a relationship behavior by engaging with his followers in a two-way communication. In this way, the leader communicates by listening, supporting and encouraging to the followers.
Readiness. After combining both the Task and Relationship stages in a successful way, the 'readiness'' stage is established. When the 'follower' has reached this level, he is able in doing the task, possesses the right knowledge and skills, is willing and confident in following and performing the specific task.
1.6.4.1 Task behaviour and relationship behaviour
The situational leadership model designed by Hersey and Blanchard regarding leadership styles are divided in to four levels; S1-S2-S3-S4 which corresponds with the four stages of follower readiness referred to as R1-R2-R3-R4.
The leadership style relevant to Vladimir Putin during his presidency is delegating style S4. As president Vladimir Putin delegates Russia by setting vision and goals and giving clear direction to his colleagues whilst carrying out important tasks on both national and international political level. Whereas his prime-minister Medvedev for example is to some extent S3 - where he facilitates the President, Vladimir Putin, in supporting and assisting him running the office through communicating ideas, guiding him when needed, as well as keeping his followers within the Crimea and its citizens engaged. https://leadershipchamps.wordpress.com/2008/03/30/what-why-and-how-of-delegating/
Vladimir Putin has not the easiest job, as leader of the world's largest and powerful countries in the world, it is of crucial importance that he directs his team, cabinet and government well. Relying only on powers is not enough, Putin needs followers within the Crimea he trust and knows they are able to carry out the work.In order to maintain this position, it is thus of crucial importance that he has his best people, (i.e.: advisors, ministers, trustees) appointed in the right position and places who are motivated, capable and knowledgeable and prepared to make sacrifices in performing and carrying out the job are important elements of his success of governing the country. However, in order to achieve and maintain this standard, high follower readiness (R4) of people is required who are both able and willing to take responsibility and do what is asked of them.
Figure 1 Hersey and Blanchard four styles of leadership
1.7 Transformational Leadership (Transactional / transformational)
Macgregor Burns, a leadership expert and presidential biographer, was the first who introduced the concept of transformational leadership and the difference between the ''transactional' and 'transformational' form of leadership.
Transformational Leadership
Burns explains that a transformational leader is someone who "recognizes and exploits an existing need or demand of a potential follower… (And) looks for potential motives in followers, seeks to satisfy higher needs, and engages the full person of the follower"(1) . In other words transformational leadership is a process used by leaders who communicate a clear vision, ideas and a common goal and encourage and by transforming through motivation an increasing and higher sense of morality
and commitment. This form of leadership style involves and inspires positives changes of its followers who are change orientated as well.
Researcher Bernard Bass expanded and further developed Burns ideas on transformational leadership, and identified the concept of this particular style into the following four basic behavior components:
Idealized Influence: the leader functions as a role model for his followers; the people trust, admires and respects the leader. Moreover, the followers identifies the leader as someone who is very capable, intelligent, shows and possesses both determination and persistence as well as reliable holding high morals and ethical standards.
Inspirational Motivation: The leader is able to create a sense of shared vision and commitment amongst his followers to accomplish their goals together. Inspirational leaders look beyond self-interest and possess the ability to inspire and motivate their followers who feel they are a part of the team and are enthusiastic to work as a group. Through a two-way communication the leader is able to motivate his followers.
Individualized Consideration: The Leader accepts that everyone is different and is genuinely concerned about the needs and feelings of followers and demonstrates this through personal attention given to each follower. Moreover, the leader should provide a supportive environment to his followers where the needs for achievement and growth are taken care of.
Intellectual Stimulation: the leader encourages and challenges followers to be creative and come with innovative solutions. Criticizing publically does not take place and should be avoided at all costs.
Transactional leadership
In contrary to the transformational leader, Burns describes the transactional form of leadership, as a leader who´ approaches followers with an eye to exchanging one thing for another´, in other words a transactional leadership is a form of leadership where the leader makes clear what he requires of his followers (subordinates).
The task is essential to be carried out based on an exchange or in return of a reward or punishment they will receive from the leader for following or not following his orders, however, punishment is not always mentioned but the followers know it is there. According to Bass, Transactional leaders ' pursues a cost benefit, economic exchange to meet subordinates current material and psychic needs in return for "contracted" services rendered by the subordinate' (2), this style of leadership can be seen in organizations for example where an employee either in return of their effort and compliance on a task is being paid or be punished (i.e. getting fired from the job) in case they do not meet the standard of the required work.
The exchange could be anything and is not necessarily expressed in material or money. As there is more exchange taking place between a leader and his follower takes place, the relationship becomes stronger. This transaction, however, can be both positive and negative. The positive side is that ambitious employees can earn rewards such as bonuses or promotion based on their outstanding performances, while the downside is that it also could lead to a high turnover of the existing staff if they do not meet the expected standard.
Looking Vladimir Putin's leadership styles we see that he displays both the transformational as well as a transactional style of leadership. In the case of Vladimir Putin, both styles cannot be seen exclusively separate from each other as opposites but implements it in a way that it compliments each other and would be likely to be ineffective without the other
As a Transformational Leader, Putin consider (re) building trust as a priority. He has been responsible and given much credit for the economic transformation of the country. Moreover, as President it is important that he is a role model and shows a high level of integrity to his colleagues as well as the citizens of Russia and build and maintain good relationships within and outside the country. He also showed his transformational side by releasing the Pussy Riot members for example despite the influence of the Church. Another example of his transformation was changing the organizational culture of former president Boris Yeltsin and Gorbatsjov, who had left the country in high debts and an impoverished state with a high level of corruption. In his communication, Vladimir Putin is clear and shows a non-nonsense attitude towards his colleagues, and subordinates within the Crimea. With his experience in governance, and doing what he claims he is able to deliver his promises to the people by demonstrating the standards that he expects as well as setting high expectations of his ministers, people who have a governmental position, subordinates, and the CEO's in reaching their goals
Regarding the democracy he is already transforming steadily from 'managed democracy' to Western-style democracy. He campaigns personally in front of the people and gives interviews in the media on a regular basis as well as going into dialogue with the opposition, a good example is his efforts in restoring diplomatic relations with Georgia.
From a Transactional leadership position, Vladimir Putin announces and promises to the citizens which benefits they can get and expect from him in exchange to get their votes, this relationship is more focused on requirements, conditions and rewards. According to Bass ' The leader who recognizes the transactional needs in potential followers "but tends to go further, seeking to arouse and satisfy higher needs, to engage the full person of the follower', fits Vladimir Putin as a transactional leader best, for example during elections. Furthermore, as a president he allocates work to a subordinate i.e. ministers, who are considered to be fully responsible for their tasks, when things go wrong, then the subordinate is considered to be personally at fault, and is punished if they fail and rewarded when they succeed.
1.8 Inspirational or Visionary Leadership
According to the theory of Adair, Inspirational leadership is all about creating and communicating a vision that inspire, develop trust and confidence in a manner that motivates and engages followers who feel committed and have sense a solidarity to work towards a common cause and delivering exceptional results. It is believed that some traits are inborn and some can be developed or trained.
Vladimir Putin is clear in his communication with everyone he speaks to and in simple terms that the broad public can understand. And from time to time he mingles with the people.
It is Vladimir Putin's Inspirational and Visionary passion, dynamism and his go-getter attitude that helped him from a working class boy into Russia´s most powerful and richest men in the world and he has been rising to power ever since he became president. He is a nationalistic yet visionary leader and with his administrative and visionary competency, Vladimir Putin has been able to outplay all his enemies in an exceptionally political game. He possesses the right dose of critical leadership qualities with an exceptional understanding of world of intelligence, international economics, international business, defense military, technology, international law and diplomacy. With his visionary leadership he set out to consolidate Russian companies in key industries like aircraft, oil, military, metals, banks, nanotechnology, gas, auto and many more
With his high debt default, Russia was on the verge of becoming "failed state. The West may not be fond of his policies, but it was his vision, sharp strategy, and passionate leadership that made him change the country's direction in less in less than 8 years and his dedication that brought Russia back to the table of world power. Vladimir Putin's visionary leadership helped Russia to modernize its economy
1.8.1 Personal qualities of charisma - Is charisma enough?
The question whether charisma is enough is debatable, however using your charisma and vision may come of use especially during times of elections or making your followers enthusiastic, however, what matters most is how the vision is executed eventually.
More than charisma only, a leader should poses drive and ambition and setting agenda goals. People could see charisma as someone who is charming, attractive or possesses other pleasant personality traits. However, according to Bloomfield, charisma is no longer enough to carry leaders through but one must possess the application of rational leadership. To only depend on Charisma is not enough if one does not have the political and managerial competence to meet their potential and objectives. More important than charisma and giving charismatic speeches it is important to sell and convince your ideas and persuade people and groups be they small or large, to join you and move your teams forward to achieve the desired results.
Followers of Charismatic leaders are assuming their leader possesses special skills or gifts and are captivated by their ideas. Putin is actively promoted as a charismatic leader, where he can be seen fighting with tigers and bears. Vladimir Putin knows extremely well how to use his charisma in giving his interviews His immense self-confidence, fearless behavior, authority and determination complete the whole package has made him who he is and impresses his friends and foes. Whether he is seen, as a charismatic leader in personality traits by his opponents is not the question here, as a leader possesses special skills and considered as a very strong person who made a big step forward, after the fall of Soviet Union, is eventually that should matter most in his case.
Compared to previous presidents in Russia, Boris Yeltsin for example who is considered as a clown by the majority of the Russian people, Vladimir Putin makes a very good example that he is perceived as someone who is charismatic yet at the same time considered as one of the most driven, intelligent leaders of leaders Russia, who shows no fear against the Western sanctions and threats, he remains popular among people of Russia.
1.9 The Leadership Relationship - Power and leadership influence
Social Psychologists; John French and Bertram Raven conducted a research on power and came with Five sources power that the influence of leadership is based on, namely Legitimate, Reward, Expert, Referent and Coercive.
Legitimate power
Vladimir Putin as a formal authority in leading and managing the affairs of the country as well its interest internationally uses the legitimate power. Vladimir Putin has authority and control of the country's law and regulations as well as natural resources. He is also known to push through his orders and not dare to not follow his orders. When he supported his friend Dimity Medvedev because he was not able to elect himself for a third constructive round for presidency, he continued exercising his legitimate powers as a Prime Minister.
Reward Power
The reward power enables the giver to give the person what they want. Vladimir Putin uses his power to reward high ranking military officers, businessmen and high-ranking government officials for their loyalty and contribution to the economy, through different ways such as support in high-ranking postings.
Expert Power
Expert power is when the individual uses his knowledge and expertise for the organization's needs. Unlike other the other powers, the expert power in particular is someone who is highly specifically trained and qualified and limited within a specific particular area, for example a nuclear scientist. In respect of expert power, Vladimir Putin is highly educated, trained and skilled with years of experiences in different areas, however, he most definitely makes sure to take use from a lot of advisors who are experts in different fields to assist him.
Coercive Power
This type of power is also called Authority power. It is dependent on fear, threats and punishment to influence people. Vladimir Putin is not scared to use power; he showed this during 2008, when the Russian army invaded into Georgia. The military coup may not have been successful, however Vladimir Putin showed the world in the Ukraine and MI17 plane crash in 2014, that he is able to use power whenever he deems it necessary.
Based on the five sources power of John French and Bertram Raven, Vladimir Putin shows that throughout his career at the KGB and Presidency he has used all five powers and continues to have big influence on other countries.
1.10 Leadership Effectiveness
To be an effective leader, it is important to listen and seek guidance when problems arise to make a better and well informed and thought out decision and positive reinforcement. As the name reinstates, it is more asking or requesting someone to do something instead of commanding and handle different situations.
Recognizing the importance of building solid relationships, effective leaders spend time to build connections. For example, effective leaders lead by setting the right example, keeping promises, believe in others and reward or compliment his team members they are doing well, motivates people to work.
Mistakes are admitted when they are wrong, this is not a sign of weakness but shows a leadership quality in how he/ she handles the mistake.
According to DuBrin, effective leaders should possess the following characteristics:
Being a figurehead for an organization
Be effective,
Have passion for task accomplishment,
Have courage to take risks and initiatives,
Know their business
Innovative
Whether Putin's policies are always the best for Russia is not the question here, however it is rightly to say that the characteristics according to Dubrin, can be directly attributed to him. Despite the challenges he is facing he remains firmly in control and able to put his policies effectively and shown that he managed consistently to achieve his objectives. He also understands that he cannot run the country without the willingness of the Russian people and demonstrated the willingness and ability to listen to others, be they the opposition, the common man or international leaders.
2.0 Analysis of Management Elements
2.1 What is Management?
Management is basically getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives by using all the available resources efficiently and effectively. Organizations are seen as systems and management the processes towards the success of these systems for a desired outcome. Management processes involve planning, organizing, directing and controlling. The important aspect to management is putting the right resources at the right places for an efficient outcome. These resources are human capital, financial capital, technological. There are several different styles to management traditional, team and servant.
2.2 Managers born or made?
Are managers born or made? Good managers usually are born with the correct instincts and qualities. A manager can be born with traits like being an extravert, openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and have qualities and instincts such as being people oriented, social, friendly, compassionate, understanding. However only these traits and qualities will not qualify him as an efficient manager, since managers needs to keep developing these qualities and traits and they will need critical skills such as planning, organizing and decision making.
Vladimir Putin was a "made man" and from the beginning he has proven himself to be very loyal by the family of former president Yeltsin during the 1990's. After the collapse of the former Soviet Union, Putin was a former KGB colonel that started a new career in the shadow of former mayor of St. Petersburg, Anatoly Sobchak. Sobchak took him on his deputy and then in 1996 Putin was in charge of his re-election campaign for mayor and at the time this was Putin's sole electoral experience in which he failed at. Putin then went to Moscow and worked at the Kremlin and Putin was serious, honest and very entrepreneurial. In less than 2 years he was made head of the FSB, successor to the KGB. So therefore he was noticed from the people that were in power and they thought that to the electorate he represented law and order. And he was able to win over those with power that, to them, illustrated that he had the will and thrive to survive. And the rest was history! But this shows that Putin literally started from the bottom and he made himself to be who he is today. President Vladimir Putin was definitely not a manager who was born with the correct instincts and qualities. His personality type is INTJ, which is Introvert, intuitive, thinking and judging. Some of these traits such as intuitive, thinking are qualities and traits that a good manager needs although an introvert who is also judging is definitely not the right type of manager for western cultures, although Vladimir Putin has proven that his type of managerial style with his self-development and improvement has worked for Russia.
Importance of good management according to Frenchman Henri Fayol (1841-1925), managers has to:
Forecast and plan to determine where the business is going
Organize the resources necessary to achieve these objectives
Command people to do things
Coordinate the different activities
Control the activities and make sure they are completed as planned
2.3 The Importance of management
Management is very essential in any organization since it is the process of achieving the goals. Management coordinates the resources, organizes them in an effective and efficient way to achieve the goals, missions and visions. Management as well optimizes the process of achieving the goals efficiently through applying the human resources at the right place where their skills and capabilities are needed the most.
The importance of good management are the behavioral traits that Putin has proven in Russia, he always forecasted plans to determine where the Russian economy would be in the future and he proved this step by step by winning small victories. He organized the right resources to achieve these objectives, through creating a new structure policy and his own communistic team to cooperate with. He is a very good commander of people to order them to do the things he wanted and coordinated different activities to the right person based on his skills and qualities. Furthermore his obsessive compulsory disorder helped him to control all the activities to make sure everything was according to the plans.
2.4 Elements of Management Activity, The Continuous process
The role of a manager is very crucial for any organisation. His actions and decisions would not only have a long-term effect on the performance of the organisation but also the staff. Hence management is a continuous process of planning, organising, directing and controlling.
Planning & Organising
It's the task of the manager to plan and organise all the activities. By planning (short and long-term), the manager would provide a future forecast of where the company should be headed (2 to 5 years plan). It will outline how and when these tasks should be performed. The team would be given the work assignments that would contribute to the organisation's goals.
Directing
Then clear instructions were communicated to the team. Usually, it's the manager that gave guidance or directions in helping the staff in moving towards fulfilling the company goals.
Controlling
Lastly, an effective manager monitors all the planned activities. Gather information in order to measure performance and determine the next action plan or modify in performance that are poor.
President Vladimir Putin has proven used to be one of the Russian top managers in his previous job under the Boris Yeltsin administration. Since he became the president of Russia, he managed the resources that the country had such as oil and gas; they became one of the biggest exporters of these industries. The high levels of exports and volumes and the high prices have resulted into record export revenues for Russia. Through using the right resources efficiently Vladimir Putin has contributed to the growth of the Russian economy since 2000. He had proven that he continuously plans, organizes, directs and controls the countries resources in an efficient way to provide the Russian citizens a better future. Other great examples are that he achieved Russian corruption to decrease, Russians to support themselves in the resources in the food and
2.5 Management as Social Process
Brech stated "management is a social process entailing responsibility for the effective and economic planning and the regulation of the operation of an enterprise, in fulfilment of a given purpose or task." - Principles of Business Management By Arun Kumar, Rachana Sharma Therefore it is social because it the process of getting things done with others. It's the efforts of co-ordinating and delegating a team to achieve the desired result.
Additionally, effective and efficient management could lead to better economic factors that help in turn to increase the welfare of the community. Good management should encourage sustainability and avoidance wastage of scarce resource, such efforts increases profit that is beneficial to business and society. Through improving standard of living, minimize costs for organisations. Efficient management leads to better economical production that helps in turn to increase the welfare of people. Good management makes a difficult task easier by avoiding wastage of scarce resource. It improves standard of living. It increases the profit, which is beneficial to business, and society will get maximum output at minimum cost by creating employment opportunities, which generate income in hands. Organization comes with new products and researches beneficial for society.
As mentioned, Putin's plans were to have better Russian economy as well as his country self-sufficient and self-defence in a time when Russia was still an agrarian economy in accordance to other industrial countries. In first attempt, there was a fifty percent increase in industrial output with an average annual growth rate of eighteen percent, while the population of industrial workers doubled. Putin Managed to create a strong economy and industry. Vladimir Putin restored the soviet anthem with the new lyrics that are symbolic for the whole nation and created a united feeling for Russians. He managed to resolve the problem of the Russian debt, today Russia does not borrow any money from any other countries rather it borrows or loans it to other countries. Putin Boosted the industrial development of his country, within 13 year of his management Russia has 25% of the world's gun market.
2.6 Tasks and Contributions of a Manager
Drucker who is seen by some as the inventor of modern management, uses a different approach in describing management, in which he identifies three different yet important tasks that managers are required to perform .
Fulfilling the specific purpose and mission of the institution
Making work productive and the worker achieving
Managing social impacts and social responsibilities
Drucker further identified five different operational functions that a manager's work should consist of, which are: Setting objectives & Organizing, Motivation & Development and Measurement
When we look at Vladimir Putin's approach from a managerial perspective, his Setting objectives & Organizing are of crucial importance in achieving his political agenda and running the state affairs domestically and internationally. One of Vladimir Putin's objectives are for example that has set for the financial sector, agribusiness, and the banking sector as well as the need to make Russia independent from foreign technology. Moreover, he is a person who executes objectives into actions, this can be seen how has over the years been able to drastically transform the agricultural, financial and the banking sector to newer heights as well as modernizing Russia in technology, where he aims to build a tech hub that should compete with the Silicon Valley in the USA and China.
Motivation & Development: Motivation to develop the country and have highly skilled developed individuals is crucial for Vladimir Putin and Russia. Vladimir Putin surrounds himself with highly skilled, experienced advisors in the fields of defense, financial sector, Banking, agriculture, foreign policies, law, history and technology. He has been elected twice and is his best friend Medvedev is now again for the third term the president of Russia. Most of his closest advisors and high officials are his friends and former colleagues that he knows from during his time at the KGB and still work with him. Each of his advisors are responsible for their respective department. Vladimir Putin introduced the Power vertical, which is a concept that basically the re-centralization of power of the presidency and federal center.
It is further defined as 'governing from the top' that leads that " Russian who are loyal to the state is appointed to important positions of implementing policy decisions" (Monaghan, A, 2012). In other words giving more power to the elite, which may be not fair and democratic according to westerns definition of democratic standards.
Measurement. Vladimir Putin's success is measured in the economic progress and advancement of Russia. He is rightfully the person who is responsible for making the country's economic, political an all-round success. It is thanks to Putin's continued efforts that despite all its internal conflicts, he managed to make Russia one of the worlds 'developed' country with the most billionaires than any other country in the world. Whilst Vladimir Putin is ambitious, ruling a country is certainly not easy, for this reason Vladimir Putin has to be extremely and strategic and smart which may explains his stubbornness and being at times aggressive if not violent. Despite that he may not be considered by other countries based on western standards as a leader who holds democratic principles, even though he believes otherwise and it is him who declined the poverty and employment rate of Russia.
2.6 Managerial Roles (Mintzberg)
Management expert Mintzberg defined the work of a manager in ten management
roles as Figurehead, Leader, Monitor, Liaison, Disseminator, Spokesperson, Entrepreneur, Disturbance handler, Resource Allocator, Negotiator.
These are further divided within three categorical namely: informational (managing by information), Interpersonal (managing through people), and Decisional (managing through action).
2.6.1 Interpersonal role
The managerial roles in this category involve providing information and ideas.
Figurehead: Vladimir Putin, as the head of the country has fulfills his social, ceremonial and legal responsibilities. He has been chosen for the third time a president. He holds high authority and is looked up upon by his followers. One can say that Vladimir Putin is a source of inspiration for the things he has accomplished, if not so considered by the opposite party for his un-democratic policies.
Leader: In this role the manager is required to provide leadership to his team, department or organization. This is necessary in order to determine, guide and establish the organizations objectives yet at the same time keeping an eye on managing the performance and to supervise the objectives to be fulfilled.
As a leader, Vladimir Putin has to lead the country and is responsible to guide his government in achieving the objectives of the state affairs by keeping good relationships with his strongest allies and the people to maintain his power.
If the people of Russia are unsatisfied, he would not have been elected but replaced by a more brilliant candidate.
Liaison – It is of crucial important that managers engage in networking and communicate with the company's internal and external contacts. Vladimir Putin has many times stated that he seeks an US/ Russian alliance to overcome the wars in Iraq and Syria. His participates in international conventions such as the NATO and his presence is felt wherever he goes. Moreover despite the current sanctions, he has always welcomed foreign investors to invest in Russia and opened many doors. His strong alliance and friendship with Iran and Syria and Eastern countries go far back. As the head of the state, one can only run a government and pass policies when the government is in lieu with the decisions.
2.6.2 Informational Roles
Monitor role: As the as president of Russia, Vladimir Putin receives his information from both internal sources as external sources through his advisors, foreign ambassadors, intelligence officials (KGB) and others. Like for a manager of a company, it is also necessary for president of Russia to develop a better understanding of the working within and outside of his country. He also stays engaged on a daily, if not on an hourly basis with his advisors and takes their advice and consult Furthermore, he appears almost daily on Russia´s state television that broadcasts his formal meetings with subordinates, visiting dignitaries and interaction with citizens. Vladimir Putin takes serious propaganda efforts even to show his softer side where he is seen posing with Siberian tigers and wildlife.
Disseminator is when the manager passes information to others, both inside and outside the government or organization. The information is only shared if it is potential and of use. In the case of Vladimir Putin, this would be a responsibility of the governmental Public Relations department where certain information is brought out for the general public such as the government and the press and not by him directly.
Spokesperson role: does not apply to a president's role in the case of Vladimir Putin. As a president he has his own spokesperson that brings out information on behalf of the president to the general public, the media, citizens and other government departments.
2.6.3 Decisional Roles
Vladimir Putin is able to confidently handle whatever problems come in the way, when the US and EU-countries threatened with sanctions, he in return imposed sanctions on importing goods and services on them. Whether he has an open or closed approach is difficult to determine, but it is for certain that he is not flexible towards adapting according to the situation unless it fits him best. For example, negotiations with international leaders such as the USA, can take months if not years without a certainty that the deal will be accepted and signed. He is capable to change his point of view according to the situation that he believes is more useful and productive in his own interest and give a last minute notice of the changes to the opposite party. This certainly does not mean he is an indecisive person, but rather deal it very narrowly in a careful and strategic way.
2.7 Behavior pattern of general managers
Kotter defines two major aspects of the general manager behavior despite the dissimilarity between different kinds of jobs:
1. Agenda setting is how goals are reached. For instance there are different ideas and strategies formulated in order to reach final goals/ objectives.
2. Network Building, Managers socialize and interact with people within and outside the organization they work for. Through networking, they managers can achieve agenda items as a strategy to supplements in achieving goals.
This principle may apply to Vladimir Putin's subordinates, but not as such to him personally as he does not stand at a position of a General Manager. Keeping good relations however helps him in building and maintaining a strong relationship with the people around him instead of coaching and mentoring to make decisions.
2.8 Patterns of managerial work and behavior
The patterns of managerial work and behavior are based on many researches and studies that have been done. Stewart conducted one of those studies; she developed a theory model for understanding the managerial work and behavior. The model theory is based on generalizations that can be made about managerial work and differences that exist among managerial jobs. Within Stewart her model there are 3 main categories, which identify the flexibility of a managerial job, these will be applied on Vladimir Putin.
Demands are what Vladimir has to do in his job they are not officially what he should be doing but something's have to be done. The demands of any Russian president are that he has to proof that he is a very strong disciplined authoritarian leader who can maintain stability and fight corruption. That's why Putin makes sure that his power is obvious, he projects himself as a very invulnerable, totally in control and irreproachably masculine man. In order to fight the corruption, Putin pressures his toughness, hereby he shows of resistance against enemy threats from outside the country and especially within.
Constraints, from the beginning of his presidency Vladimir Putin had a lot of constraints within his management. Although Since Putin's leadership took the authoritative style and created his own team to implement the policies that he supported and gave him all the flexibility he needed to create a new political order. Moreover other constrains was that he knew that democracy was not efficient for the Russian citizens, although he could not change it completely into a dictatorship thus he took the road in the middle and mixed it up together to create a better stable Russia with less corruption.
Choices are activities that Vladimir Putin is free to do but does not have to do. Great example is the personal control he took over the reconstruction of the homes and the compensation for the victims of the wildfire in the summer of 2010. He put surveillance for around the clock monitoring and these were followed and monitored from the government house at the house of Vladimir Putin. All those families who were affected by the fire were helped through new housing and paid.
2.9 What great managers do
What is the difference between a good manager and a great manager? This is basically that the great manager has good analytical skills to know their employees in and out, they know their qualities and how to use them for success. Vladimir Putin through his previous experiences in the KGB he had learned very high analytical skills and how to efficiently use this to calculate steps ahead. Vladimir Putin has built his team up primarily based on loyalty and trust with individuals that share the same common visions and beliefs of a greater Russia. Therefore all he has to do is allocate the right employees to the right areas of expertise. He motivates them through offering incentives such as big bonus rewards, spending time with them and independently reconditioning them for their values. Although he takes a very authoritative approach in giving orders he makes sure that the way he explains his order is suitable for the person who has to do it and will be willing to do it without any hesitation
2.10 The attributes and qualities of managers
The attributes and qualities that are expected from managers in the modern society, has emphasized on developing the 3 basic qualities, Technical skill, Social and human skill, and conceptual skill. Every decision made by a manager these days requires a mix of these skills, dependent on the manager's level and position within the organization. Top-level managers need very good conceptual skills in order to view the organization as a whole. Supervisors of the functional level need to have the technical skills to know how to manage the employees in their area of expertise. All of these managers need social and human skills in order to efficiently interact with each other.
Conceptual ability
Vladimir Putin ability to visualize Russia as a whole and understand the relationship between the society, the community and the government but as well the world at large and how this influences Russia in the short and long term. These skills help Putin to apply his resources in the right and efficient manner. He thinks very creatively through formulating generalizations, analyzing complex situations and solving these sometimes before they even happen. Vladimir Putin has exceptionally conceptual ability since his paranoia; he keeps planning and dealing with g generalizations of what could happen to the future. Hereby he has to think ahead, process the right information and plan for critical crisis situations. Furthermore Vladimir Putin uses his conceptual ability to create a better future for Russia, he portrays a vision of a better economy, with no corruption and stable living environment for his people.
Technical competence
Since Vladimir Putin is a well-educated man that started from the bottom and worked his way up step-by-step, his technical skills of his teams proficiency and performance of the specific tasks is very high. He knows exactly how to measure the efficiency and performance of the teams working for him. His obsessive compulsory behavior also helped him through developing technical skills, in which he wouldn't let many projects being done without his supervision or involvement.
Social and human skills
Vladimir Putin his social and human skills, that are also known as people management skills. A manager has to understand and have efficient communication skills, and especially a President like Vladimir Putin. He has very extra ordinary communication skills since he has made his perception on a greater Russia and his vision to his entire population and more than 70% believe in him. Although president Putin is not an expert in social and human skills he definitely developed these skills through his life and it has helped him to level with all types of different people to understand their needs and react on these when it was needed. Language is one of the social skills Putin has especially in his own language his remarks are sharp, organized, authoritative and gives the Russian citizens the sense that he knows what he is saying. Vladimir Putin as well speaks German, English, French and Tatar, as a leader he is developing his weakness through adapting to the language with countries he deals with to gain more respect.
2.11 The Importance of Management Style
When generally thinking about management style as a concept, there are a plethora of dimensions that can be analyzed and interpreted. Although management as a concept usually is associated by leading an organization, here we are specifically observing management style in the context of managing or "governing" a country: the Russian state by Vladimir Putin.
According to Fayol (1917, pp. 6) "There is no one doctrine of administration for business and another for affairs of state; administrative doctrine is universal. Principles and general rules which hold good for business hold good for the state too, and the reverse applies."
The above statement suggests that management, whether it's in commercially oriented businesses or public affairs, in its core, do not differ from one another. It takes the same courses of action in leading groups of people of any kind. Fayol (1916, pp.1) classifies these courses of action and goes on by saying:
"To manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, to coordinate and to control. To foresee and plan means examining the future and drawing up the plan of action. To organize means building up the dual structure, material and human, of the undertaking. To command means binding together, unifying and harmonizing all activity and effort. To control means seeing that everything occurs in conformity with established rule and expressed demand."
This being said, there are significant approaches in executing command, coordination and control. These lie in the objectives carried out by the organization. One still cannot fully compare commercially driven sectors to public service organizations as being exactly the same. The ways in which objectives are met do have a contrast with one another. Mullins (2010, pp. 470), for example, has analyzed the different characteristics in which private and public sector differ on the following:
Aims concerned with providing a service for, and for the well-being of, the community rather than just of a commercial nature;
The scale, variety and complexity of their operations;
The tendency for them to be subject more to press reports on their activities;
The political environment in which they operate, and in the case of local government, for example, the relationship between elected members and permanent officers;
High levels of statutory controls, legislation and ministerial guidance;
The generally high level of trade union involvement;
The difficulties in measuring standards of performance of services provided compared with profitability;
The demand for uniformity of treatment and public accountability for their operations;
The tendency towards more rigid HR policies, for example specific limitations on levels of authority and responsibility, fixed salary grading's based on general pay scales, long-term career structures and set promotion procedures."**
Consequently the above points will have a significant difference in the style of management. The paragraphs hereinafter will explain the blueprint to various management styles and how they apply to Vladimir Putin.
20.12 Theory X and Theory Y management
Douglas McGregor, a Harvard academic, came up with a theory in his book "The Human Side of Enterprise", originally published in 1960 where he divided management styles into the so-called Theory X and Theory Y.
Theory X is described best as the classic command-and-control type of management, an authoritarian style in what McGregor states: "Reflects an underlying belief that management must counteract an inherent human tendency to avoid work." In other words, people in general are lazy and do not want to carry responsibility. Therefore, in this situation, people need firm supervision, specific tasks and duties and need to be coerced into achieving organizational goals. This style requires a very autocratic approach that in the end will lead to mistrust and/or resentment from the workforce.
Theory Y stands for the natural contrast of theory X. According to McGregor Theory Y "assumes that people will exercise self-direction and self-control in the achievement of organizational objectives to the degree that they are committed to those objectives" (McGraw-Hill, 1960). This indicates stimulating as opposed to controlling. This suggests a more relaxed approach as to supervision and shifts the focus to intrinsically motivating the workforce, which eventually leads to active participation and motivation in aligning of self in the achievement of organizational objectives.
So far it can be concluded from this model that Theory X is built on the autocratic principle of formulating ways to enforce work-shy labor ; Theory Y looks at how to actively involve and self-motivate.
When applying this theory to Vladimir Putin, his style of preference seems to be Theory X. But this is not without reason. Apart from the negative connotation we have from Theory X there seems to be historical evidence, why Putin might have chosen this to be the most effective style for this specific case. In the "Russian Civil Society" (Evans, Henry, McIntosh Sandstorm 2014) it seems to shed some light as to his motivations:
"Vladimir Putin's outlook on the relationship between state and society must be placed into historical context. Putin is generally said to be a pragmatist but as our analysis of the emerging design for Russian society has suggested, when he confronts a policy problem, he instinctively frames the answer in terms of relationships of dominance and subordination. Putin's expectations for the structuring of authority in the state and society are rooted in familiar, deeply ingrained tendencies in Russian History. Lila Shevtsova (2004) has aptly said that Putin prefers "to remain within the frameworks of traditionalism" which for him means "returning to a state which stands over society."
The above captures one of many reasons just as to why Putin might have chosen the style he has been enforcing since he has been in command. The idea of coercive reinforcement is what he knows as tradition and influences his management style significantly. Theory X is therefore the style that he will probably abide by as he wants to strictly supervise or "stand over" society.
2.13 Managerial/Leadership Grid
According to Robert Blake and Jane Mouton there are many behaviors and motivations in the middle of the X and Y extremes related to the aforementioned theory of Douglas McGregor. Blake and Mouton found that a management behavior model with three axes was a more authentic representation of reality. The three features being: concern for production, concern for people and motivation.
The concept distinguishes 5 different leadership styles, based on the concern for people and the concern for production:
Impoverished style * Low Production / Low People * Impoverished Management
- A delegate-and-disappear management style. Best described as the lazy approach. This results in disorganization, dissatisfaction and disharmony due to the lack of effective leadership.
Country Club style * Low Production / High People * Country Club Management
- Can be called one-sided yet very thoughtful attention towards the needs of employees. The results are can be a friendly atmosphere although productivity seems to lack.
Produce or Perish style * High Production / Low People* Authority-Obedience
- Best described as an authoritarian style or compliance-based leading. High output is realized in the short term but much will be lost through an inevitable high employee turnover.
Middle-of-the-road style * Medium Production / Medium People * Middle-of-the-Road Management
- In this style the manager tries to find a balance between the organizational goals of and the needs of its workforce. This eventually results in endless compromise in which neither the production nor the work force's needs are fully met.
Team style * High Production / High People * Team Management or Teamwork
- The manager pays high concern to both people and production. Which seems to be the most ideal situation. Motivation of the workforce is high yet so is production.
This style is based on the propositions of Theory Y of Douglas McGregor.
The result is a team environment based on principles of trust and mutual respect, which leads to high workforce satisfaction. This leads to overall motivation and, as a result, high production.
Blake and Mouton have plotted five principle leadership approaches on their two-dimensional grid as shown in Figure 1 (1993). These are illustrated by numerical shorthand, based on their coordinates on the grid. The 9,9 model is seen by Blake and Mouton (1982, pp. 275) as the ideal leadership style as the "one best way" of leadership.
As we look into Vladimir Putin and his management style according to the Managerial grid of Blake and Mouton, we can classify him as a Authority-Obedience kind of leader. Or as Bass (1990) would put it a "Tough-minded no-nonsense production-prodder". This does not come as a surprise due to the fact that he, as previously mentioned, is motivated by a sense of traditional hierarchical dynamics. These are associated by superior-subordinate dynamics, all of which fit into the theory behind Blake and Mouton's Managerial grid.
2.14 The 3-D Model of Managerial Behavior
Bill (William) Reddin (1970) introduced a model of leadership style containing four basic types, namely:
High relationship orientation & high task orientation is called as INTEGRATED TYPE.
High relationship orientation & low task orientation is called as RELATED TYPE.
Low relationship orientation & high task orientation is called as DEDICATED TYPE.
Low relationship orientation & low task orientation is called as SEPARATED TYPE.
By measuring the level of effectiveness of each style Reddin developed this basic model into eight leadership styles. Having knowledge of these leadership styles helps us in adopting them in different situations. Though there could be one predominant leadership style as a whole for a person, he/she cannot just stick on to a particular leadership style always. Switching between leadership styles is necessary in different project management situations to achieve success.
Separated basic types:
Deserter: less effective leadership style.
This is essentially a hand-off or laisser-faire approach. In other words staying clear of any involvement or intervention that would upset the current state.
Bureaucratic: more effective leadership style.
This is a systematic approach: compliant to rules and procedures; acceptance of
Hierarchic authority; choice goes out through formal channels of communication.
Related basic types
Missionary: less effective leadership style.
This is an supportive approach. It promotes cordiality and an enjoyable climate in the workplace. These managers are sensitive to subordinates' personal concerns and their individual needs.
Developer: more effective leadership style.
This is the counterpart of the missionary style. The objective would be that concern for people is voiced professionally. Workforce is allowed to participate in the decision-making and is given opportunities to express their views and to develop their potential.
Dedicated basic types:
Autocratic: less effective leadership style.
This is a controlling and authoritative approach. Concern for production and output outweighs the concern for the workforce and their respective relationship. Managers who classify, as this tend to be formal. They assign tasks to subordinates and supervise implementation closely. Errors are not accepted, and deviation from stated objectives by management or their directives is not tolerated they make decisions independently and feel no need to explain or justify themselves. They minimize interaction with people, or limit communication to the essential demand of the task at hand. They tend to be formal, straightforward and critical. For that reason, they are likely to be perceived as cold and arbitrary, particularly by subordinates who have strong need for support and reassurance. Not very surprising, but from this list we can certainly classify Vladimir Putin as a Autocratic leader. The reasons as to why .
Benevolent autocratic: more effective leadership style.
This is the communicative counterpart of the autocratic style. It is still controlling and directive.
Integrated basic types
Compromiser: less effective leadership style.
Intense appreciation of both human relations orientation and task orientation. They however admit to difficulties in combining them. Therefore they may switch between task requirements and demand for human relations.
Executive: more effective leadership style
This approach integrates task orientation and human relations orientation in response to realistic demand. It is best described as consultative, interactive, and problem solving approach. This approach is called for in managing operations that require exploration of alternative solutions, pooling different resources, and integrating opposing visions.
2.15 Managing with and through people
According to the Moscow Times (2015): " Putin's system of control follows the classic "family business" model. He hands out senior posts exclusively to loyal family and friends. Punishment is meted out not for unprofessional behavior, but for showing disloyalty to the "family."
Putin is well aware that he cannot achieve the state of constant control alone. In order to get things done he must be able to motivate his workforce he seemingly does this, in case of utmost loyalty, by giving them the feeling of inclusion and rewarding them with the perks that come with it to enforce perception as a leader.
The Moscow times goes on in saying: "A minimum degree of repression is needed to protect the family business from a hostile takeover. It is necessary to have a very severe punishment for protestors, but to apply it very selectively." This statement only enforces the idea that their lies a considerable amount of thought in managing the way he does, supporting the regime by implementation of carefully thought-of repercussions for the percentage of people going against his leadership. This is an indication of autonomously managing areas of the workforce with and through people, by creating a sense of urgency in order for them to fulfill the loyalty mandate.
2.16 Measures of effectiveness
Mullins (2010) explores some "Measures Of Effectiveness". He goes on in stating that management entitles working with and through people to achieve objectives.
"Managers are most likely to be judged not just on their own performance but also on the results achieved by other staff. The manager's effectiveness may be assessed in part. Therefore, by such factors as:
the strength of motivation and morale of staff;
the success of their training and development; and
the creation of an organizational environment in which staff works willingly and effectively."
If one is to analyze "the strength of motivation and morale of staff", and in this respect, see the Russian society as staff to measure the effectiveness of how Vladimir Putin "manages" or governs his country within his current style. We can measure the level of satisfaction instilled by an insatiable sense of mutual belonging. A tool that Putin clearly has used to his advantage, as he enters his 11th year of power in Russia, is undeniably Nationalism. As indicated by PEW Global (2015): "As the Putin era draws on, Russian nationalism is getting stronger. More than nine-in-ten Russians (93%) have a favorable opinion of their own country. And in the past year, the percentage who have a very favorable opinion of their homeland is up 12 percentage points."
It can be concluded from these numbers that, even though Putin is being scrutinized by Western society because of how he chooses to do things, it seems to be well received in the environment where he applies his style of governance.
2.17 Management Systems
The theory derived from McGregor, and by Blake and Mouton, indicates that an organization tends to harness its workforce effectively if the style of management is a participative one (Mullins, 2010). If we critically look at the style of management of Vladimir Putin, which in previous paragraphs has become self-evident, can be described as authoritarian and directive. To illustrate this even more, Evans, Henry and McIntosh Sundstrom (2014b) state the following:
"It is also part of Putin's mode of operation to offer rewards for organizations that are integrated into his pyramid of support, while he makes clear, usually by deeds rather than words, in a manner that makes it possible for him to deny responsibility, that there will be penalties for resisting subordination to centralized authority."
This passage is one of many in which it can be clearly concluded that Putin's management certainly is not a participative one. Imposing his direction on his workforce and controlling an organization driven by threats seems to be classified as "Exploitive Authoritative" by Likert (1961) as one of the 4 systems. These are named the following: System 1 Exploitive authoritative, System 2 Benevolent authoritative, System 3 Consultative, and System 4 Participative. The system associated with Putin is highlighted below:" System 1 – Exploitive authoritative. Decisions are imposed on subordinates, motivation is based on threats, there is very little teamwork or communication; responsibility is centered at the top of the organizational hierarchy."
2.18 Management by Objectives (MBO)
Mullins (2010, pp. 467) learns that "the underlying basis of a system of MBO is:
the setting of objectives and targets;
participation by individual managers in agreeing unit objectives and criteria of performance; and
the continual review and appraisal of results."
Taking Putin's foreign policy as an example. One can state that objectives are consistent; Putin possesses a single-minded focus since he became Russia's leader in 2000. One of his main objectives was to defeat the global threat of Islamic jihad, which has been the primary military concern for Russia itself, ever since the First Chechen War, during 1994-96, radicalized the predominantly Sunni (Saudi-based) Muslim Chechen Republic, to separate themselves from the predominantly Orthodox Catholic Russia (Zuesse 2015). By the time of Putin's run for Presidency in 2000, Putin's firm stand against religious disunion became one of the biggest victories during his electoral campaign. This of course leads to an "active participation" in achieving a, in this case, societal objective with Vladimir Putin as it's commander-in-chief.
2.19 The Management of time
Looking at Vladimir Putin's ability to show effective leadership through his own style, he has managed to create the illusion that he will be around for a long time, which might not be very surprising as his reign of power has been going on for 11 years now. Careful planning and execution of long-term plans contribute to the illusion of him being around long enough to supervise implementation an execution. Of course Putin's political power will once come to an end, but in the meantime, he is maximizing efforts to efficiently use (his reigning) time to accomplish all that encompasses his envisioned Russian state.
Long-term goals can be set in the form of a political agenda. This can be a tricky move as you cannot guarantee that the next will share the same principles as you do. Foreign policy is a clear example of setting long-term goals and remain in power long enough to implement and execute. As James Goody (2014) puts it:
"Putin and the "Siloviki"—his former colleagues in the KGB who now occupy key positions in the Russian government—are disposed to confront Washington if American activities seem to be encouraging too much independence within "post-Soviet space." Putin's rollback of the democratic institutions in Russia that his predecessor, Boris Yeltsin, had encouraged underscores the fact that joining a Western-oriented community is not one of Putin's strategic objectives. He is positioning his nation so that it cannot truly be part of Europe in the sense of shared values and shared self-identification."
Clearly, positioning of a whole country is not achievable if there is no long-term plan into place. His strategic objectives are therefore considered to be realized in extended periods of time, where he makes efficient use of time, considering all of the above takes a serious amount of careful planning into consideration.
2.20 Managerial effectiveness
According to polls taken form PEW Global (2015) Russians have high confidence in Putin's handling of international affairs this goes hand-in-hand with their high approval ratings for Putin's policies both international and domestic, as portrayed in Figure 2.
Mullins (2010) says that effectiveness is "the manner in which the manager achieves results and the effects on other people"
Russians therefore have great confidence in their leader's ability to handle international affairs.
Their confidence level, in this respect, may go as far in saying that, when it comes to world affairs at least, Putin exercises managerial effectiveness as he is "doing the right things" which relates to outputs of the job.
Figure 2Figure 2
Figure 2
Figure 2
Conclusion
Going through the different principles, theories of leadership, management and the role they have within an organization, we see that they complement and are dependent of each other as well as important keys to reach organizational success. One can say that a leader needs a manager and a manager supports a good leader. Leaders in any organization are dependent on a group of people or individuals who are ready to follow. As stated earlier in this report, for a leader to be able to carry out his work, it is of great importance that he is able to have people who are willing to follow, are capable and skilled and strive towards a common goal. Without vision, good strategy and a clear understanding of running an organization, it will be very hard or impossible to reach your objectives.
It is clear that most Russian leaders still have significant pitfalls to improve their leadership styles, and although there were hardships within the country from decades of the centrally planned Soviet Union system, as well as the corrupted business environment during the presidency of Boris Yeltsin, a lot of development has been made. Vladimir Putin was ready for a change, compete domestically and move into highly competitive countries within Europe and the world. Our report also illustrates that change through the new leadership of Vladimir Putin would bring a leadership style that would not only compete with the world, but would bring economic opportunities and stability to Russia. If we look at the history of Russia and the style of leadership of Vladimir Putin, we will see a few points that are highlighted in what his vision was as a leader of Russia. Some of which includes:
The plan to determine and forecast Russia's position in the global markets.
Organizing the resources necessary, such as oil, to achieve these objectives
Command people to do things.
Coordinate the different activities
Control the activities and make sure they are completed as planned.
Vladimir Putin understood the dynamics of what the country needed and what was needed of him in order to fulfill his vision for Russia. When he was elected, despite what he promised to the powerful families that supported him in his rise to presidency, Putin took control of activities within Russia such as the media and free press to push his own agenda. He understood that public opinion mattered in the image that he wanted to portray and took command in the eyes of the general public by crushing the opposition in Russia. At the costs of freedom, Putin brought stability and a sense of security to Russia. He also kept some of his agreements, made some tactical moves within the political office which positioned him in the future to be president again.
In this report we can conclude that although Putin has his own personal agenda, changing the way that Russia was viewed domestically and globally was one of his goals and also part of his vision. Therefore, he may not be the most conventional political leader we know and criticized by his opponents extremely harsh on his policies, but whether those policies are grounded or not, is not the question, but it remains a fact that it was Putin who brought back Russia from its lost glories and back to the world stage.
Source List
http://www.biography.com/people/vladimir-putin-9448807
http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/putin-leadership-style-by-georgy-satarov-2015-06
https://books.google.nl/books?id=ZEGVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA22&lpg=PA22&dq=putin+his+leadership+style&source=bl&ots=bZPmxVsV9K&sig=zgL5-TslZMsBT-WmyRHuSDo9WzQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEUQ6AEwCDgKahUKEwihlJyz05rIAhXGWRoKHXURC6o#v=onepage&q=putin%20his%20leadership%20style&f=false
https://www.academia.edu/5243546/GURUS_ON_LEADERSHIP
http://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/91894.pdf
http://www.lu.lv/fileadmin/user_upload/lu_portal/apgads/PDF/BalticJournPsychol-2008-Vol-9_No-1.2.pdf
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/02/12/we-keep-trying-to-understand-putin-why-do-we-keep-getting-him-wrong/
https://www.ashgate.com/pdf/SamplePages/Ashgate_Research_Companion_to_Political_Leadership_Intro.pdf
http://www.insead.edu/facultyresearch/research/doc.cfm?did=1666
http://cronkitehhh.jmc.asu.edu/blog/2013/09/chameleon-leader-vladimir-putin/
http://business.nmsu.edu/~dboje/teaching/338/transformational_leadership.htm
https://www.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/demokratizatsiya%20archive/GWASHU_DEMO_22_3/E0361765L61G4886/E0361765L61G4886.pdf
Group Dynamics and Organizational Culture: Effective Work Groups and .
By Athena Xenikou, Adrian Furnham
https://www.google.nl/?gws_rd=ssl#q=vladimir+putin+relationship+leadership+style+analysis
http://www.ichakadizes.com/analyzing-vladimir-putins-style/
http://scir.org/2013/09/vladimir-putin-master-of-the-worlds-greatest-imitation-democracy/
http://www.debate.org/opinions/is-vladimir-putin-a-good-leader
http://www.ut.ee/ABVKeskus/sisu/publikatsioonid/2010/pdf/Ossinovski_MA.pdf
http://www.rogerdarlington.me.uk/Russianpoliticalsystem.html
http://www.studymode.com/course-notes/Kotter-Analysis-1872513.html
http://www.cengagebrain.co.uk/content/9781133777823.pdf
https://books.google.nl/books?id=1XEMx7q1RikC&pg=PA425&lpg=PA425&dq=behaviour+pattern+of+general+managers&source=bl&ots=S6sj2FM5ka&sig=iYgUO7Jimbc0zConX1iQUkxY3zk&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAmoVChMI8vr1nOCVyAIVTIYaCh0MSw30#v=onepage&q=behaviour%20pattern%20of%20general%20managers&f=false
https://books.google.nl/books?id=8rCyLNphJpcC&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=vladimir+putin+is+he+a+transformational+leader&source=bl&ots=VUYCD7m7MS&sig=bJp8Irsme42GkCQKkwKjH81gY10&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAmoVChMIxYDD1emDyAIVCW4UCh2NfAk2#v=onepage&q=vladimir%20putin%20is%20he%20a%20transformational%20leader&f=false
https://www.google.nl/?gws_rd=ssl#q=Transformational+Leadership+(Transactional+%2F+transformational)+Vladimir+Putin
http://www.insead.edu/facultyresearch/research/doc.cfm?did=1666
Source: Boundless. "Mintzberg's Management Roles." Boundless Management. Boundless, 21 Jul. 2015. Retrieved 28 Sep. 2015 from https://www.boundless.com/management/textbooks/boundless-management-textbook/introduction-to-management-1/additional-roles-and-skills-of-managers-20/mintzberg-s-management-roles-127-605/
