Las Utopias de Robert Owen

YC Jemeq~ce fn H~kaocfafnz

Peonojca7 ” Maz ~vepëa ~vepëazz fn \eln|v \eln|v Etno‛

A|oemfe Faycf Fcaw Vaknw ^ocyn|zcfaf A~vúoeka fn O~nye Mnúo Iaj~mvaf fn Icmezeiëa s Mnv|az Mcjnojcav~|a no Hczve|ca s jcnojcaz fn ma h~kaocfaf

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Jeovnocfe Jeovnocfe//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////// /////////////// /////// < Cov|ef~jjcúo/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////// //////////////// //////////// //// : Ma p|ckn|a ~vepëa fn Etno7 Ont Maoa|b////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// /////////////// /////// 6  Ont Ha|keos Ha|keos77 Ma ~vepëa ~vepëa no ma ma vcn||a////// //////////// //////////// //////////// ///////////// ///////////// //////////// //////////// //////////// //////////// ////////////////////// /////////////////////// /////// > Lazn fn ma zejcnfaf etnocaoa7 Nf~jajcúo/////////////////////////////////////////////////////// /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////// //////// 9 Nm i|ajaze7 i|ajaz e7 Fczem~jcúo fn Ont Ha|keos/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// /// 8 Etno fnzp~ãz fn Ont Ha|keos7 \afcjamcwajcúo ///////////////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////////////////////////// ///////////////// ////////////// ////// 3 Jeojm~zceonz//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////// //////////////// //////// 11 Lclmced|aiëa////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////// ///////////////// //////////////// /////// 1: I~novnz nmnjv|úocjaz //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 1:

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Cov|ef~jjcúo  A me ma|de fn ma hczve|ca- fczvcovaz pn|zeoaz hao j|nëfe q~n fn z~z cfnaz pef|áo j|na|zn j|na|zn zejcnfaf zejcnfafnz nz káz ayaowafaz ayaowafaz a ma zejcnfaf zejcnfaf p|nznovn p|nznovn-- amd~oez amd~oez vcnono vcnono ãxcve s ev|az zn q~nfao no cfnaz q~n gakáz zeo mmnyafaz a ma p|ájvcja/ No nm k~ofe fn ma hczve|ca pemëvcja- maz cfnaz q~n oe zn hao mmnyafe a ma p|ájvcja zeo fnkazcafaz- k~jhaz fn nzvaz pn|vnonjno e zeo aiconz am zejcamczke- e no vã|kcoez ajv~amnz- a ma cwq~cn|fa/  A p|cojcpcez fnm zcdme XCX- ~oa je||cnovn nkn|dnovn fn maz cfnaz cm~zv|afaz zn nkpnwú a hajn| pep~ma| nov|n mez icmúzeiez- nzva fejv|coa n|a nm zejcamczke/ Fez fn mez pnoza pnozafe| fe|nz nz káz ckpe|v ckpe|vaov aovnz nz fn nzvn nzvn zejcam zejcamczke czke zeo zeo Zacov+ Zacov+Zcke Zckeo o s Jha|mnz Ie~|cn|/ Zacov+Zckeo p|epeoëa ~o zczvnka njeoúkcje cof~zv|camcwafefninofëa ma p|epcnfaf p|cyafa- pn|e zeme zc nzvn me k n|njëa- pe| vaove |np|elala nm fn|njhe fn hn|nojca/ Jha|mnz Ie~|cn| covnove mmnya| a jale ~oa zn|cn fn iamaozvn|cez (jek~ocfafnz# jeepn|avcyczvaz n cd~amcva|caz pa|a hekl|nz- k~gn|nz s ocñez ocñez// Pn|e Pn|e ocod~o ocod~oa a fn nzvaz nzvaz vne|ëa vne|ëaz z p~fcn| p~fcn|eo eo mmnya mmnya|zn |zn a jale jale (a~oq~ (a~oq~n n aklaz vne|ëaz as~fa|eo am pezvn|ce| fnza||emme fn fcyn|zaz vne|ëaz zejcamczvazZacov+Zckeo coim~se no Ka|x s Ie~|cn| no P|e~fheo s Lab~oco#/ Pn|e nxczvn ~o vn|jn| vn|jn| ~vepczva ~vepczva1 vaklcão fnm zcdme XCX q~n med|e nxpn|cknova| z~z cfnaz fn zejcnfaf- fez ynjnz/ \eln|v Etno oajcfe no Damnz nm 16 fn kase fn 1441- med|e mmnya| ma ~vepëa (z~ ~vepëa# a fez m~da|nz fcin|novnz- p|ckn|e a ma ial|cja Ont Maoa|b- Nzjejca no 1800 1800 s fnzp fnzp~ã ~ãz z a Ont Ont Ha|k Ha|keo eoss- Cofc Cofcao aoa a no 18<> 18<>// Fnzp Fnzp~ã ~ãz z fn nzve nzvez z p|esnjvez- \eln|v Etno pa|vcjcpú no zcofcjavez s e|daocwajceonz el|n|az- z~z cfnaz cfnaz i~n|eo i~n|eo nyem~j nyem~jceo ceoao aofefe- e knge| knge| fcjhe fcjhe |afcja |afcjamcw mcwáof áofezn ezn jeoie jeoie|kn |kn cla jeoejcnofe maz onjnzcfafnz fn mez v|alagafe|nz- zn jekp|eknvcú vevamknovn jeo ma |namcwajcúo fn ma ~vepëa hazva nm fëa fn z~ k~n|vn nm 14 fn oeycnkl|n fn 18>8/

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Vã|kcoe aj~ñafe pe| Ka|x s Nodnmz pa|a |nin|c|zn |nin|c|zn a mez zejcamczvaz fn ma p|ckn|a kcvaf fnm zcdme XCX :

Ma p|ckn|a ~vepëa fn Etno7 Ont Maoa|b  Ont Maoa|b nz ~o pelmafe no Nzjejca q~n i~n i~ofafe pe| Faycf Famn no 148>/ Famn i~ofú iál|cjaz fn amdefúo s |nzcfnojcaz pa|a mez el|n|ez fn Ont Maoa|b/ J~aofe Famn zn g~lcma \eln|v Etno jekp|a nm pelmafe- zcnofe nzvn fc|njve| fnzfn 1800 s f~|aovn ~o ~o j~a|ve fn zcdme/ Etno coknfcavaknovn apmcjú fczvcovaz |nie|kaz pa|a knge| ma jeofcjcúo fn ycfa fn mez el|n|ez/ Ont Maoa|b afq~c|cú iaka jeke jek~ocfaf kefnme / P|ckn|e covnov covnovú ú ke|amc ke|amcwa| wa|mez mez jeo jeo fczvco fczvcovaz vaz p|ehcl p|ehclcjc cjceon eonz z jeke jeke ma nkl|ca nkl|cad~n d~nw w s ma lnonicjnojca p÷lmcja- oe zn jeoejëao mez pemcjëaz oc mez g~njnz fn paw/ Vefe nzve me jeozcd~cú peocnofe a mez v|alagafe|nz no jeofcjceonz káz h~kaoaz fn ycf ycfa- fnf fnfcjá cjáofe ofezn jeo p|ce p|ce|c |cfa faf f a ma nf~ja f~jaj jcúo cúo fn mez mez hcge hcgez z fn mez mez v|alagafe|nz/< P|ehclcú q~n mez ocñez fn knoe| nfaf v|alaga|ao no maz iál|cjaz fn amdefúo s nzvalmnjcú ~o cooeyafe| zczvnka fn nzjema|cfaf no ~oe fn mez nfcicjcez fnm p~nlme- jeoejcfe jeke nm Cozvcv~ve pa|a ma Ie|kajcúo fnm Ja|ájvn|  (Cozvcv~vn ie| vhn Ie|kavceo ei Jha|ajvn| ##- q~n cojm~ëa nm p|ckn| pa|y~ma|ce fnm k~ofe- afnkáz fn ei|njn| jmaznz oejv~|oaz/ Mez jazvcdez nzvalao p|ehclcfez s zn jeojnfëa noe|kn ckpe|vaojca a maz ajvcycfafnz k~zcjamnz- nm a|vn- nm nzv~fce fn ma oav~|amnwa- ma dned|aiëa s ma hczve|cahc zve|ca- azë jeke a ma mnjv~|a- ma m a nzj|cv~|a s ma a|cvkãvcja/: Pe| ev|a pa|vn- mez |nzcfnovnz fnm p~nlme- q~n jeovalao jeo avnojcúo kãfcja d|av~cva- ~o ieofe fn noin|knfaf s ~oa jaga fn ahe||ez- ycn|eo z~ he|a|ce male|am |nf~jcfe s pefëao alazvnjn|zn no ma Vcnofa fnm P~nlme fn jeknzvclmnz s a|vëj~mez fn ~ze fekãzvcje a p|njcez ajjnzclmnz/ No Ont Maoa|b ma ge|oafa fn v|alage n|a fn fcnw he|az s knfca- zcnofe q~n no maz iál|cjaz jekpnvcfe|az ma  ge|oafa n|a fn nov|n v|njn s jave|jn he|az/ Ma iál|cja z~i|cú ~oa j|czcz- jeoejcfa jeoejcfa jeke ma j|czcz amdefeon|a- zn yce elmcdafe a jn||a| f~|aovn j~av|e knznz- s <

Nodnmz- Infn|cje ”Fnm zejcamczke ~vúpcje am zejcamczke jcnovëicje ‛- Q~cove Zem

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 Ont Maoa|b Maoa|b Jeozn|yavceo V|~zv V|~zv

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a~oq~n a~oq~n mez v|alag v|alagafe afe|nz |nz q~nfa| q~nfa|eo eo fnznkp fnznkpmna mnafez fez zcd~cn zcd~cn|eo |eo jel|a jel|aofe ofe z~z zama|cez/6 Zco nkla|de- Etno oe nzv~ye zavczinjhe jeo mez |nz~mvafez q~n med|e no Ont Maoa|b- fnjëa q~n mez v|alagafe|nz znd~ëao zcnofe z~z nzjmayez sa q~n maz jc|j~ozva jc|j~ozvaojcaz ojcaz |nmavcyakn |nmavcyaknovn ovn iaye|almn iaye|almnz z vefayëa vefayëa oe pn|kcvëao pn|kcvëao ~o fnza||emme fnza||emme |ajceoam fn mez el|n|ez/ Nzve p|eyeje q~n Etno fnzczvcn|a fn Ont Maoa|bpn|e a~oq~n me jeozcfn|ú ~o i|ajaze k~jhez kcnkl|ez fn ma nmcvn covnmnjv~am s fn e|daocwajceonz el|n|az me afkc|alao pe| nzvez med|ez/

Ont Ha|keos7 Ma ~vepëa no ma vcn||a Ma jek~ocfaf fn Ha|keos no Cofcaoa- ^ZA- i~n i~ofafa pe| ma Ha|keos  zejcnvs- fc|cdcfa pe| nm amnkáo Dne|dn \app no 1816/ I~n ~oa fn maz v|nz jek~ jek~oc ocfa fafn fnz z i~of i~ofaf afa a pe| pe| nm d|~p d|~pe e |nmcd |nmcdce ceze ze amnk amnkáo áo jeoe jeoejc jcfe fe jeke jeke mez mez ha|keoczvaz/ No 18<6 Etno |njclcú ma yczcva fn \cjha|f Imetn|- q~cno n|a nm noja|dafe fn ynofn| 10/000 hnjvá|naz fn ma jek~oa amnkaoa fn Ont Ha|keos s pa|a al|cm fn 18<> Etno jekp|ú ma amfna s ma vcn||a>/

E|daocwajcúo Nzva vcn||a zn e|daocwú znd÷o ma cfna p|cojcpam fn Etno s fn ma d|ao kase|ëa fn mez zejcamczvaz- ma p|epcnfaf jek~oam q~n pa|a \eln|v Etno s ma k ase|ëa fn mez zejcamczvaz fnm zcdme XCX- nz nm knge| kefnme fn p|epcnfaf s pe| nofn- fn zczvnka njeoúkcje q~n p~nfn haln|- sa q~n ”aznd~|a‛ ma cd~amfaf fn lcnonz pa|a mez halcvaovnz fn ma |nzpnjvcya jek~ocfaf- zcnkp|n s j~aofe nzvn v|alagn pa|a kn|njn|mez2 s nm jeepn|avcyczke- q~n nz ~oa fejv|coa zejce+njeoúkcja q~n p|ek~nyn ma e|daocwajcúo fn maz pn|zeoaz pa|a zavcziajn|- fn kaon|a jeog~ova z~z onjnzcfafnz- zn |cdn pe| yame|nz s p|cojcpcez lazafez no nm fnza||emme covnd|am fnm zn| h~kaoe/ Maz amfnaz jek~ocva|caz etnocaoaz zn laza|ëao no 6

Nodnmz- Infn|cje ”Fnm zejcamczke ~vúpcje am zejcamczke jcnovëicje ‛- Q~cove Zem

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De|feo- Pnvn|  ”\eln|v Etno (1441+18>8#‛ >

~oa ~ocfaf fn v|alage- dazve s p|epcnfaf- jeo ~oa cd~amfaf fn p|cycmndcez/ No nzvaz zejcnfafnz ma ad|cj~mv~|a vnof|ëa p|nnkconojca zel|n ma cof~zv|ca s zn nmckcoa|ëa ma fcyczcúo fnm v|alage/ No 18<9 Etno |nfajvú ”Ma jek~ocfaf cd~amcva|ca fn Ont Ha|keos‛- nzvn vnxve nzvalm nzvalmnjë njëa a q~n vefez vefez mez kcnkl| kcnkl|ez ez fn ma jek~oc jek~ocfa faf f fnlëao fnlëao jeozc jeozcfn| fn|az azn n pn|vno pn|vnonjc njcnov novnz nz a ~oa zema zema iakcmca iakcmca-- fnlno fnlno fn |njclc| |njclc| amckno amcknovez vez-- ynzvcfe ynzvcfez z s nf~jajcúo zckcma|nz s ycyc| no jazaz pa|njcfaz/ 9 Nzva jeozvcv~jcúo n|a |ëdcfa s z~z z~z p|coj p|cojcpc cpcez ez-- pa|a pa|a Etno Etno-- ka|j ka|jal alao ao nm jakco jakcoe e hajc hajca a nm v|c~ v|c~oi oie e zel| zel|n n ma zejcnfaf japcvamczva/ Oe|kamknovn nzvaz mnsnz oe pefëao jaklca|zn- a knoez q~n q~n \eln \eln|v |v Etno Etno me ycn| ycn|a a jeoy jeoyno nocn cnov ovn n e ma kase kase|ë |ëa a fn ma dnov dnovn n zn me fnkaofa|a- nzve znd÷o mez p|elmnkaz q~n clao oajcnofe/ Ma Jeozvcv~jcúo fn ma Jek~ocfaf Cd~amcva|ca fn Ont Ha|keos- fcycfëa a ma jek~ocfaf no zncz fnpa|vaknovez7 ad|cj~mv~|a- kao~iajv~|a- mcvn|av~|a- jcnojca s nf~j nf~jaj ajcú cúoo- njeo njeoek ekëa ëa fekã fekãzv zvcj cjaa- njeo njeoek ekëa ëa dnon dnon|a |amm s jekn jekn|j |jce ce// Nzve Nzvez z fnpa|vaknovez zn z~lfcycfëao no ajvcycfafnz/ Pa|a jafa ajvcycfaf zn nmndëa ~o ”covnofnovn‛- q~n a z~ ynw nmndëa a j~av|e ”z~pn|covnofnovnz‛/ Nzvn zczvnka fn |np|nznovajceonz oe i~n ajnpvafe pe| vefez mez kcnkl|ez fn ma jek~o jek~ocfa cfaff- jeke jeke pe| pe| ngnkpm ngnkpmee- Pnvn| Pnvn| De|feo De|feo no z~ mcl|e mcl|e ”\eln| ”\eln|vv Etno Etno (1441+18>8#‛ knojceoa am japcváo Kjfeoamf 4 q~cno zn ep~ze a nzvn zczvnka a|d~knovaofe q~n ma nxczvnojca fn covnofnovnz s z~pn|covnofnovnz no ~oa ”jek ”jek~o ~ocf cfaf af cd~a cd~amcv mcva| a|ca ca‛‛ j|na j|nala la fnzc fnzcd~ d~am amfa faf f nov| nov|n n mez mez halc halcva vaov ovnz nz// Nzva Nzvaz z fcin|n fcin|nojc ojcaz az-- nov|n nov|n ev|azev|az- p|eyej p|eyeja|e a|eo o ma znpa| znpa|ajc ajcúo úo s fnzcov fnzcovnd| nd|ajc ajcúo úo fn ma jek~ocfaf- q~n aoamcwa|nkez káz afnmaovn

Lazn fn ma zejcnfaf etnocaoa7 Nf~jajcúo \eln \eln|v |v Etno Etno j|në j|nëa a q~n q~n ma nf~j nf~jaj ajcú cúo o n|a n|a ~oa ~oa onjn onjnzc zcfa faf f lázc lázcja ja pa|a pa|a ma zejc zejcnf nfaf af-- pe| pe| nze nze no z~z z~z p|es p|esnj njve vez z zcnk zcnkp| p|n n covn covnov ovú ú hajn hajn|| |nie |nie|ka |kaz z a ma nf~j nf~jaj ajcú cúo o n covn covnov ovú ú q~n q~n zcnk zcnkp| p|n n nzv~ nzv~yc ycn| n|a a am amja amjaoj ojn n fn mez mez hcge hcgez z fn mez mez el|n|ez/ No ” A  A ont ycnt ei zejcnvs‛- nxp|nza q~n ma nxczvnojca fn fczvcovaz maj|az zejc zejcam amnz nz (j|ë (j|ëkn knon onzz- cdoe cdoe|a |aoj ojca ca-- pel| pel|nw nwaa- nvj/ nvj/## n|ao n|ao ja~z ja~zaz az fn ma 9

Clëf/ No nm vnxve fn Pnvn| De|feo zeme nz knojceoafe jeke ”~o vam japcváo Kjfeoamf‛ s oe zn nojeov|ú |ndczv|e fn nzvn japcváo

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nxczvnojca fn ma fnzcd~amfaf zejcam- s q~n nzvaz pefëao zn| nmckcoafaz jeo ~oa l~noa nf~jajcúo- d|av~cva s p÷lmcja (zel|n vefe pa|a mez hcgez fn v|alagafe|nz#/ Fnov Fnov|e |e fnm fnm jeoy jeoyno noce ce q~n q~n |nd~ |nd~ma mala la no ~o p|co p|cojc jcpc pce e a Ont Ont Ha|k Ha|keo eos s zn nzpnjcicjala q~n vefez mez kcnkl|ez fn ma jek~ocfaf vnoëao q~n zn| nf~jafez fn kaon|a zckcma|/ Tcmmcak Kajm~|n- ~o nzjeznz apazceoafe pe| ma nf~jajcúoaovcjcpú a Etno nm japcvam pa|a j|na| ~oa nzj~nma noiejafa a ma ad|cj~mv~|a/ Pa|a noveojnz sa zn halëa nzvalmnjcfe ~oa nzj~nma no Ont Ha|keos pa|a ~oez ~oez 1:0 1:0 ocñe ocñezz- mez mez dazv dazvez ez n|ao n|ao j~lc j~lcn| n|ve vez z no z~ veva vevamcf mcfaf af pe| pe| nm Nzva Nzvafe fe// Kajm~|n vekú ma fc|njjcúo fn ma nzj~nma- no fnmaovn maz nzj~nmaz zn fnlëao fn afkcoczv|a| jeke ~oa nkp|nza cofnpnofcnovn- mmakafa Nf~javceo Zejcnvs /8 Ma nzj~nma vaklcão n|a ~zafa jeke pnozcúo pa|a mez nzv~fcaovnz- nzvez zn znpa|alao no znxez- me j~am n|a ~oa |ëdcfa |ndma fn ma nzj~nma pa|a nycva| q~n mez am~koez zn fnzke|amcwa|ao pe| j~mpa fn maz pazceonz ja|oamnz/ Kajm~|n apmcj apmcjú ú ya|ca ya|caz z knfc knfcfa faz z pa|a pa|a jekl jeklav avc| c| ma ejce ejcezc zcfa faf f fn mez mez am~k am~koe oez z s q~n q~n as~fa|ao no z~ z~lzczvnojca jekp|aofe 6>0 hnjvá|naz fnm vn||noe fn Ont Ha|keos a Etno pa|a q~n mez am~koez ma j~mvcyazno/ Vaklcão ~ze ~oa cdmnzca alaofeoafa q~n zn|yëa jeke vammn| fn ja|pcovn|ëa s wapavn|ëa/ J~aofe Kajm~|n apmcjú nzvaz amvn|oavcyaz pa|a mez am~koez sa zn jeovala jeo 600 am~koez q~n fnzfn mez fez añez no fnmaovn pn|kaonjëao no ma nzj~nma/

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Etno (1441+18>8 (1441+18>8#‛ #‛ De|feo- Pnvn| ” \eln|v Etno 4

Nm i|ajaze7 Fczem~jcúo fn Ont Ha|keos  Fnzp~ãz fn maz |nie|kaz a ma Jeozvcv~jcúo fn ma Jek~ocfaf Cd~amcva|ca Ont  Ha|keos  (ma fcyczcúo no zncz fnpa|vaknovez- ma |np|nznovajcúo pe| knfce fn covn covnof ofno novn vnzz- nvj/ nvj/##- fez fez d|~p d|~pez ez zn znpa znpa|a| |a|eo eo fn ma jek~o jek~oa a e|cd e|cdco coam am s zn nzvalmnjcn|eo no mez mcofnz fn ma p|epcnfaf- nzvez d|~pez nzvalmnjcn|eo no nm pefn| ngnj~vcye a ~o jeoznge fn aojcaoez- pnozaofe no q~n ma knge| ie|ka fn e|daocwa|zn n|a nzj~jhaofe a mez aojcaoez- nzve pe| ma d|ao coim~nojca q~n v~ycn|eo fczvcovez pazve|nz ha|keoczvaz q~n pn|kaonjcn|eo no ma jek~ocfaf/ Pa|a ka|we fn 18<4 ma jek~ocfaf e|cdcoam zn fczemycú no j~av|e jek~ocfafnz lazaf lazafaz az no j~av|e j~av|e fn maz zncz zncz ajvcy ajvcycfa cfafnz fnz q~n nzval nzvalao ao nzvcp nzvcp~ma ~mafa faz z no ma Jeozvcv~jcúo fn ma Jek~ocfaf- q~n n|ao ma ad|cj~mv~|a- kao~iajv~|a- nf~jajcúo s njeoekëa feknzvcja/ Zeo fcyn|zaz maz ja~zaz pe| maz j~amnz nzvn p|esnjve i|ajaze- Etno zcnkp|n a|d~knove q~n n|a fnlcfe am ja|ájvn| |nmcdceze fn ma kase|ëa fn mez halcvaovnzsa q~n ma |nmcdcúo mez j|nala jeo oav~|amnwa ndeëzva/ Mez halcvaovnz fn Ont Ha|keos n|ao kase|knovn p|evnzvaovnz s kcmnoa|czvaz- nzva |nmcdcúo g~dú ~o papnm ckpe|vaovn no ma j|najcúo fn ma jek~ocfaf- sa q~n jekpa|vëao p|cojcpcez jeepn|avcyczvaz fnlcfe a ma coim~nojca q~n v~ycn|eo fn mez ha|keoczvaz (nzvaz cfnaz |nmcdcezaz kcmnoa|czvaz vnof|áo nxadn|afa coim~nojca no Etno fnzp~ãz fn Ont Ha|keos#- zco nkla|de- Etno jeozcfn|ala a ma |nmcdcúo j|czvcaoa ~oa fejv|coa cofcycf~amczva- q~n jeovakcoala nm pnozakcnove fn ma dnovn s j|nala maj|azmaj|az- jeke nm ndeëzke s ma aya|cjca- q~n oe pn|kcvëao q~n ma ycfa jek~oam zn fnza||emma|a pmnoaknovn- e pe| me knoez oe jeke Etno q~n|ëa/  Amd~oez a~ve|nz- jeke nm aoa|q~czva cofcycf~amczva Gezcah Ta||no- av|cl~sno nm i|ajaze a ~oa hekednoncfaf fn epcoceonz s p|epúzcvez fn mez halcvaovnz- q~n jeo nm vcnkpe nxpmeva|eo nxpmeva|eo jeo ma fczem~jcúo fn ma jek~ocfaf/ Feoamf Ja|keos av|cl~sn nzvn i|ajaze a ma iamva fn |nmcdcezcfaf fn Etno- q~n p|eyejú jcn|va cojeoie|kcfaf n cojekefcfaf nov|n mez halcvaovnz- q~n no z~ kase|ëa n|ao p|evnzvaovnz fn fcyn|zez paëznz- Nodnmz vaklcão j~mpa a Etno fn nzvn i|ajazepn|e me j~mpa pe| haln| kaovnocfe ~oa |nmajcúo pav|ca|jam jeo mez halcvaovnz- me aj~za fn haln| covn|ynocfe no nzvn p|esnjve oe jeke ~o kcnkl|e káz fn ma 8

jek~ocfaf- zcoe jeke ~o ”Fcez‛ p|eynnfe| fnm fcon|e s |ndcfe| fn maz mnsnzj|naofe dnovn q~n zeme nzpn|ala |njclc| káz oe fa|/

Etno fnzp~ãz fn Ont Ha|keos7 \afcjamcwajcúo Etno fnga ma jek~ocfaf no g~oce fn 18<8- pn|e nzvn i|ajaze oe me fnzaockú/ Fnzp~ã Fnzp~ãz z fnm nxpn|ckn nxpn|cknove ove no Ont Ha|keos Ha|keos zn fc|cdc fc|cdcú ú a Kãxcje Kãxcje-- feofn feofn nm delcn|oe mn p|eknvcú ~o nxvnoze vn||cve|ce pa|a z~ p|esnjve- pn|e oe zn zcd~cú afnmaovn fnlcfe a q~n Etno p~ze ma jeofcjcúo fn q~n nm delcn|oe ap|ela|a ~oa mns fn mcln|vaf fn j~mve- jeza q~n nm delcn|oe oe ajnpvú/ Pa|a ma mmndafa fn Etno a Codmavn||a no 18<3- zn p|ef~jno fczvcovaz jek~ocfafnz no Akã|cja lazafaz no nm pnozakcnove etnocva- pn|e zco nm apese oc nm jeoznovckcnove fn Etno/3 Fnzp~ãz fn mez p|ed|nzez |namcwafez no Ont Maoa|b s Ont Ha|keos ya|caz e|daocwajceonz el|n|az zn covn|nza|eo no z~z cfnaz- pe| nzve Etno zn ycoj~mú jeo nm Keyckcn Keyckcnove ove El|n|e El|n|e L|cváoc L|cváocje/ je/ J|na J|na ma D|ao D|ao ^ocúo ^ocúo Jeozem Jeozemcfa cfafa fa fn Eicjcez- jeo nm elgnvcye fn jeov|ema| vefe nm keyckcnove el|n|e l|cváocje/ A mez pejez pejez knznz knznz fn z~ i~ofa i~ofajcú jcúo o nkpcnw nkpcnwa a a vnon| vnon| maz p|ckn| p|ckn|az az j|czcz j|czcz pe|q~n pe|q~n cocj cocjca cao o ~oa ~oa zn|cn zn|cn fn h~nm h~nmda daz z q~n q~n mez mez el|n el|n|e |ez z oe j~am j~amcic cicja jafe fez z oe p~nf p~nfno no zepe|va|/ Nzve p|eyejú ~o p|elmnka covn|oe ad|ayafe pe| ma p|nzcúo nxvn|oa/ A pnza| fn nzn d|ao i|ajaze nza nxpn|cnojca zcofcjam fnkezv|ala7 Nm zcofcjave fn kazaz s fn áklcve nzvavam n|a pezclmn- pn|e Etno oe j|nsú jeoynocnovn znd~c|  nm jakcoe fn zcofcjavez sa q~n mez nmnknovez jeoimcjvcyczvaz fn nzvez oe me jeoynojëao/ Has q~n |nje|fa| q~n \eln|v Etno oe ie|kú nzvaz jek~ocfafnz lage lage ~o cfnam cfnam |namkn |namknovn ovn |nyem~ |nyem~jce jceoa oa|ce|ce- káz lcno lcno pe| covn|n covn|nzn znz z icmáov icmáov|ep |epezezvakpeje emycfnkez q~n \eln|v Etno zcnkp|n i~n ~o l~|d~ãz s oe fngú fn zn|me (\aweonz p|cojcpamnz pe| maz j~amnz Nodnmz s Ka|x me j|cvcjalao s a maz q~n q~n mn av|c av|cl~ l~ëa ëao o z~z z~z i|aja i|ajaze zez# z#// No z~ je|v je|va a iazn iazn zcof zcofcj cjam amcz czva va p|ek p|ekey eycú cú ma

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fn ma Vne|ëa Vne|ëa Pemëvcja Yem/ 6‛- Amcaowa Nfcve|cam Yammnzpëo- In|oaofe (nfcve|%jekpcmafe|#- ” Hczve|ca fn 3

infn infn|a |ajc jcúo úo fn zcof zcofcj cjav avez ez fn v|al v|alag agaf afe| e|nz nz s nkp| nkp|nz nza| a|ce cez z10- zejc zejcnf nfaf afnz nz jeepn|avcyczvaz- nvj/- pn|e vn|kcoú no i|ajaze/ Fnz Fnzfn nm p~ove ove fn yczva czva fn Etn Etno- s no epezcjc zcjcú úo a mez mez icmú icmúze zeie iez z fnm fnm cofcycf~amczke- nm Hekl|n nz ~o p|ef~jve zejcam- kao~iajv~|afe/ Nm hekl|n zn|ëa ~o mcl|e no lmaoje q~n ma zejcnfaf- knfcaovn z~z adnovnz zejcamcwafe|nzp|ejnfn a nzj|clc|/ Nm ja|ájvn| fnm cofcycf~e paza a zn| j|najcúo fnm knfce zejcam s nm awa| fn maz jc|j~ozvaojcaz- s oe jeoznj~nojca fn ~oa oav~|amnwa knvaiëzcja p|nfnzvcoafa/11  A pa|vc| fn 18:6 zn oeva no Etno ~oa |afcjamcwajcúo fn cfnaz- sa q~n p|ejmaka ~oa zn|ca fn p|elmnkaz lázcjez q~n jeofnoao a ma zejcnfaf s fa z~ cfna fn júke |nzemyn|mez/ Mez v|nz kevcyez fn ma coinmcjcfaf h~kaoa- znd÷o Etno- zeo7 ma |nmcdcúo- ma p|epcnfaf p|cyafa s nm kav|ckeoce2 s jeke zem~jcúo pmaovna ~oa o~nya |nmcdcúo |ajceoam- ma p|epcnfaf jek~oam s ma iakcmca fn o~nye j~ñe/1< Pn|e oafa fn nzve zn|á pezclmn- znd÷o Etno- zco ~oa yn|fafn|a s l~noa nf~jajcúo/ J|nn no ma ekocpevnojca fn ma |awúo- pe| me q~n z~ cfnemedëa azcnova z~z laznz no ma nf~jajcúo/ Pa|a mmnda| a ~oa l~noa nf~jajcúo nzpnjëicja q~n ma nf~jajcúo fnln|á fn zn|  jek~oam s jek~oam  s oe iakcmca|- azë jeke fnln|á fn zn| ma kczka pa|a vefez mez halcvaovnz zco fczvcojceonz zejcamnz/1:Ma nf~jajcúo s ma nmckcoajcúo fn maz v|nz ja~zaz fn ma coinmcjcfaf h~kaoa fnln|ëao mmnya| a ma pa|vcjcpajcúo s a ma cozva~|ajcúo fn ~oa fnkej|ajca yn|fafn|a/ J|nn no ma ekocpevnojca fn ma |awúo- pe| me q~n z~ cfnemedëa azcnova z~z laznz no ma nf~jajcúo/ Zn p~nfn jeozcfn|a| a Etno a ~oe fn mez paf|nz fnm pnozakcnove pnfadúdcje/ Etno- ja|njëa fn zckpavëa fn maz knfcfaz fn z~i|adce akpmce s fnkej|ajca |np|nznovavcya- pn|e vaklcão |njhawala a ma ycemnojca no z~ vevamcfaf- azë jeke vaklcão vefe kãvefe |nyem~jceoa|ce/ \eln|v Etno j|nëa q~n ma zem~jcúo ynoca 10

Etno jeozcfn|ala jeozcfn|ala q~n oe fnlëa fn haln| fcin|nojca nov|n nkp|nza|ce s v|alagafe|- pe| nzve kczke  pefëao e|daocwa|zn e|daocwa|zn no jeog~ove 11

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Ha|keos7 \eln|v Etno–z Etno–z Znnflnf Znnflnf ie| ^vepca ^vepca ‛ Ja|keos Ja|keos I/- Feoamf- ” Ont Ha|keos7

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Etno- \eln|v- ”A ont ycnt ei zejcnvs‛ 10

fnm apese fn mez pefn|ezez- j|nëa no ma |ncycofcjajcúo fn mez nxpmevafe|nz- q~n va|fn e vnkp|aoe zn fnjcfc|ëao a apesa| am p|emnva|cafe s ie|ka| maz zejcnfafnz jeepn|avcyczvaz q~n vaove aohnmala/ No 1868- yczcva Pa|cz no pmnoa |nyem~jcúo feofn covnovú jeoyn|vc| a mez mëfn|nz |nyem~jce |nyem~jceoa|cez oa|cez no etnocvaz/ etnocvaz/ V|alagú V|alagú no fcin|novnz fcin|novnz p~lmcjajce p~lmcjajceonz onz pn|cúfcja pn|cúfcjaz z jeke7 ”\eln|v–z ”\eln|v–z Etno Ge~|oam‛  Ge~|oam‛  (18>1+ (18>1+18> 18><# <# s nm ”\eln|v–z ”\eln|v–z Etno Kcmmnocam  Kcmmnocam  Dawnvvn‛  (18> (18>9+ 9+18 18>8 >8##- feof feofn n nxp| nxp|nz nza a z~z z~z yczc yczceo eonz nz pemëv pemëvcj cjaz az s ke|a ke|amn mnzzalcn|vaknovn kcmnoa|czvaz/16  A~oq~n Etno cfnovcicjala a ma |nmcdcúo jeke ~o p|elmnka lázcje fn ma zejcnfaf- nzvn j|nëa no ma ynocfa fn ~o vcnkpe fn a|keoëa s inmcjcfaf- feofn ~oa i~n|wa kczvn|ceza jeoyc|vcn|a a mez hekl|nz no z~z vne|ëaz (Maz vne|ëaz fn Etno#- no pejaz pamal|az Etno j|nëa no ”nm D|ao Afynockcnove‛- ma mmndafa fn J|czve |nynma|a ma yn|faf a k~jhez s jeoyn|vc|á a mez hekl|nz no etnocvaz/1> \eln|v Etno k~n|n nm 14 fn oeycnkl|n fn 18>8/

Jeojm~zceonz Oez pefnkez fa| j~nova fn q~n nzvez k÷mvcpmnz covnovez pe| j|na| ~o k~ofe knge| i|ajaza|eo am icoam fn vefe/ vefe/ Maz |aweonz fn nzvn nzvn i|ajaze zeo fczvcovazfczvcovaz- no Ont Maoa|b p~fe haln| zcfe ma j|czcz njeoúkcja (j|czcz amdefeon|a# s%e ma iamva fn apese njeoúkcje- s no Ont Ha|keos q~cwá i~n ma |nmcdcúo- ma apavëa e ma kama afkcoczv|ajcúo/

Pn|e Pn|e fn nzva nzvaz z nxpn nxpn|c |cno nojc jcaz az pefn pefnke kez z yn| yn| ma d|ao d|ao coim coim~n ~noj ojca ca fn maz maz cfnaz cfnaz etnocaoaz no nm p|ejnze q~n znd~c|ëa no ma znd~ofa kcvaf fnm zcdme XCX- feofn coicocfaf fn icmúzeiez- njeoekczvaz- zejcúmedez n coicocfaf fn el|n|ez veka|eo s fnza||emma|eo maz cfnaz fnm zejcamczke- feofn jma|aknovn zn p~nfn ap|njca| ma coim~nojca fn \eln|v Etno no nzvaz cfnaz q~n hazva nm fëa fn hes zcd~no ycdnovnz/ 16

fn ma Vne|ëa Vne|ëa Pemëvcja Yem/ 6‛- Amcaowa Nfcve|cam Yammnzpëo- In|oaofe (nfcve|%jekpcmafe|#- ” Hczve|ca fn

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Etno- \eln|v- ”Vhn Ont Ke|am Te|mf‛ 11

Q~cwá ~oa fn mez p|elmnkaz- jeke ka|jala Nodnmz- nz q~n Etno o~oja fnge fn zn| nm ”pav|úo‛ fn maz jek~ocfafnz- o~oja lage fn z~ zcmma pa|a v|alaga| jeo mez mez el|n el|n|e |ez z s mez mez el|n el|n|e |ez z oe fnga fnga|e |eo o fn v|ala v|alaga ga|| pa|a pa|a aoam aoamcw cwa| a| j~am j~am n|a n|a yn|fafn|a yn|fafn|aknovn knovn me q~n onjnzcvala onjnzcvalaoo- jeoyc|vcão jeoyc|vcãofeme femez z no mez kczkez kczkez el|n|ez el|n|ez ycjvckaz fnm japcvamczke pn|e káz zaoez/ I~n|a fn nze j|ne q~n k~jhaz fn mez pnozakcnovez fn Etno fnlno fn zn|  |nzjavafe |nzjavafez z pa|a nm ajv~am fnza||emme fnza||emme fn ma zejcnfafzejcnfaf- jeke me nz ma p|epcnfaf p|epcnfaf jek~oam- ma nf~jajcúo p÷lmcja n cd~amcva|ca nov|n ev|az jezaz/ No jeojm~ jeojm~zcú zcúoo- j|ne j|ne q~n a~oq~n a~oq~n maz ~vepëa ~vepëaz z fn \eln|v \eln|v Etno Etno i|ajaz i|ajaza|a a|aoop|ey p|eyej eja| a|eo eo ~o d|ao d|ao ayao ayaojn jn no maz maz vne| vne|ëa ëaz z zejc zejcam amcz czva vaz z fnm fnm zcdm zcdme e XCXXCX- n ckpmnknova|eo d|aofnz cooeyajceonz njeoúkcjaz s nf~jajceoamnz q~n hazva nm fëa fn hes p~nfno s fnlno fn zn| |nzjavafaz s |nyame|afaz pa|a ma zejcnfaf ajv~am/

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Lclmced|aiëa Ja|keos I/- Feoamf- (1380#” Ont Ha|ke  Ont Ha|keosos- Cofcaoa7 Cofcaoa7 \eln|v \eln|v Etno$z Etno$z znnflnf znnflnf ie|  ie|  ^vepca‛- Cofcaoa Kadawcon ei Hczve|s- pád/ 191+<91 Nodnmz- Infn|cje ” Fnm zejcamczke zejcamczke ~vúpcje am zejcamczke zejcamczke jcnovëicje jcnovëicje‛‛- Q~cove Zem De|feo- Pnvn| ” \eln|v  \eln|v Etno (1441+18>8# (1441+18>8#‛‛- ^ONZJE7 Eicjcoa Covn|oajceoam fn Nf~jajcúo- 1333 Etno- \eln|v (1393# ”Vhn ” Vhn Ont Ke|am Te|mf‛- D|nnoteef \np|cov Je|p/ Etno- \eln|v (1393# ” A Ont Ycnt ei ei Zejcnvs‛Zejcnvs‛- D|nnoteef \np|cov Je|p/ Yammnzpëo- In|oaofe (nfcve|%jekpcmafe|#- ” Hczve|ca fn ma Vne|ëa Vne|ëa Pemëvcja Pemëvcja Yem/ Yem/ 6‛6‛- Amcaowa Nfcve|cam

I~novnz nmnjv|úocjaz hvvp7%%no/tcbcpnfca/e|d%tcbc%OntUHa|keos-UCofcaoa hvvp7%%nz/tcbcpnfca/e|d%tcbc%OntUMaoa|b  hvvp7%%x|eafz/yc|dcoca/nf~%hspn|%hoz%jcvcnz%ontha|keos/hvkm hvvp7%%ttt/jnovnoa|cez/e|d/kx%Etno/hvk

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