Percobaan
: TIMBAL BALIK FENOL-AIR
Kelompok
: XA
Nama
:
1. 2. 3. 4.
Davi Khoirun Najib Zandhika Alfi Pratama Riz Rizuana Na Nadifatul Mu Mukhoyada Thea Prastiwi Soedarmodjo
NRP. NRP. NRP. RP. NRP.
2313 030 009 2313 030 035 2313 03 030 043 043 2313 030 095
Tanggal Percobaan
: 18 Nopember 2013
Tanggal Penyerahan
: 25 Nopember 2013
Dosen Pembimbing
: Nurlaili Humaidah, S.T., M.T.
Asisten Laboratorium
: Dhaniar Rulandri W.
PROGRAM PROGRAM STUDI D3 TEKNIK TEKNIK KIMIA FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI INSTITUT INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER NOPEMBER SURABAYA 2013
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ABSTRAK
Percobaan Timbal Balik Fenol Air ini bertujuan untuk menentukan menentukan temperatur kritis pada kelarutan fenol-air fenol-air dan fenol-HCl fenol-HCl 0,09 N dengan variabel variabel berat berat fenol fenol sebesar sebesar 1,5 gram gram dan 3 gram. Prosedur pada praktikum timbal balik fenol air ini tahap pertama yang dilakukan adalah dengan mencari temperatur temperatur kritis kritis yaitu menimbang 1,5 1,5 gram fenol dan memasukkannya memasukkannya dalam tabung tabung reaksi besar yang telah dilengkapi dilengkapi dengan termometer termometer dan pengaduk, kemudian menambahkan menambahkan 1 ml aquadest aquadest dan memasuk memasukkann kannya ya dalam waterbath. waterbath. Mencatat Mencatat besarnya besarnya tempera temperatur tur ketika ketika larutan mulai jernih, setelah itu mengangkatnya mengangkatnya dari waterbath. Mencatat Mencatat besarnya temperatur temperatur ketika larutan mulai mulai keruh. Mengulangi Mengulangi tahap percobaan dengan variabel variabel penambahan kelipatan 1 ml ml hingga mencapai mencapai 5 ml. Mengulang Mengulangii tahap percobaan percobaan dengan dengan variabel variabel jenis jenis pelarut pelarut HCl 0,09 N dan dengan dengan variabel variabel berat berat fenol 3 gram. Pada tahap kedua adalah menghitung persentase berat fenol. Pertama adalah Menimbang 1,5 gram fenol dan memasukkan memasukkan ke dalam tabung reaksi besar yang telah dilengkapi dengan termometer dan pengaduk, lalu menambahkan 1 ml aquadest dan kemudian menghitung persentase berat fenol dalam larutan fenol-air. Mengulangi tahap percoobaan dengan variabel penambahan kelipatan 1 ml hingga mencapai 5 ml. Mengulangi tahap percobaan dengan memakai HCl 0,09 N dan dengan variabel variabel berat fenol 3 gram. gram. Dari percobaan timbal balik fenol- air dengan berat fenol 1,5 gram ini dapat diambil kesimpulan kesimpulan bahwa temperatu temperaturr kritis kritis untuk kelarutan kelarutan fenol-air fenol-air adalah adalah 72,5°C 72,5°C dengan dengan komposisi komposisi berat berat fenol sebesar 27,27 %. Percobaan timbal balik fenol- air dengan berat fenol fenol 3 gram ini dapat diambil kesimpulan kesimpulan bahwa tempera temperatur tur kritis kritis untuk kelarutan kelarutan fenol-air fenol-air adalah adalah 70°C dengan dengan komposis komposisii berat berat fenol sebesar 37,50 %. Percobaan timbal balik fenol- HCl 0,09 N dengan berat fenol 1,5 gram ini dapa dapatt diam diambi bill kesi kesimp mpula ulan n bahw bahwa a temp temper eratu aturr kriti kritiss untuk untuk kela kelaru ruta tan n feno fenol-H l-HCl Cl 0,09 0,09 N adal adalah ah 74,5 74,5°C °C deng dengan an komp kompos osis isii ber berat at feno fenoll seb sebes esar ar 20,1 20,13 3 %. Perc Percob obaa aan n timba timball bal balik ik feno fenoll- HCl HCl 0,09 0,09 N deng dengan an berat berat fenol fenol 3 gram gram ini dapat dapat diambi diambill kesim kesimpul pulan an bahwa bahwa tempe temperat ratur ur kritis kritis untuk untuk kelaru kelarutan tan fenolfenol-HC HCl l 0,09 0,09 N adalah adalah 70°C 70°C denga dengan n kom kompos posisi isi berat berat fenol fenol sebes sebesar ar 33,52 33,52 %. Fakto Faktorr – faktor faktor kelar kelaruta utan n pada pada percobaan ini antara lain massa, konsentrasi, ion senama, temperatur, pengadukan, dan luas penampang. Analisa Analisa yang digunakan dalam percobaan percobaan ini yaitu analisa kualitatif kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Kata kunci: fenol, fenol, temperatur kritis, kritis, kelarutan, kelarutan, fenol-air, fenol-HCl 0,09 N
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DAFTAR ISI
ABSTRAK.................................. ABSTRAK........................................................ ............................................ ............................................ ..................................... ............... i DAFTAR ISI........................................ ISI.............................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ........................... .....
ii
DAFTAR GAMBAR..................................... GAMBAR........................................................... ............................................ ....................................... .................
iv
DAFTAR TABEL.................................... TABEL.......................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................
v
DAFTAR GRAFIK..................................... GRAFIK........................................................... ............................................. .......................................... ...................
vi
BAB I PENDAHULUAN I.1 Latar Belakang....................... Belakang............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ........................... .....
I-1
I.2 Rumusan Masalah............................ Masalah.................................................. ............................................ ....................................... ................. I-2 I.3 Tujuan Percobaan....................... Percobaan............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ........................ I-2 BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA II.1 Dasar Teori............................................ Teori.................................................................. ............................................ ................................ ..........
II-1
BAB III METODOLOGI PERCOBAAN III.1 Variabel Percobaan........................ Percobaan.............................................. ............................................ ...................................... ................
III-1
III.2 Bahan yang Digunakan.................................... Digunakan.......................................................... .......................................... ....................
III-1
III.3 Alat yang Digunakan...................................... Digunakan............................................................ ........................................... .....................
III-1
III.4 Prosedur Percobaan........................ Percobaan.............................................. ............................................ ...................................... ................ III-1 III.5 Diagram Alir Percobaan....................... Percobaan................................................ ............................................... ............................. ....... III-2 III.6 Gambar Alat Percobaan..................... Percobaan............................................... ................................................ .............................. ........
III-4
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN IV.1 Hasil Percobaan....................... Percobaan............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ........................ IV-1 IV.2 Pembahasan................... Pembahasan......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ................................. ........... IV-2 BAB V KESIMPULAN.............................. KESIMPULAN..................................................... ............................................. ......................................... ...................
V-1
DAFTAR PUSTAKA.................................. PUSTAKA........................................................ ........................................... .......................................... ..................... vii DAFTAR NOTASI....................................... NOTASI............................................................. ............................................ ......................................... ................... viii APPENDIKS................................ APPENDIKS...................................................... ............................................ ............................................ .................................... .............. ix LAMPIRAN Laporan Sementara Fotokopi Literatur Lembar Revisi
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar II.1 Daerah Satu Satu dan Dua Fasa................. Fasa........................................... ................................................ ........................
II-2
Gambar II.2 Struktur Molekul Fenol................... Fenol......................................... ............................................ .............................. ........ II-8 Gambar II.3 Padatan Padatan Fenol....................... Fenol............................................. ............................................ ......................................... ................... II-9 Gambar II.4 Struktur Molekul Air........................................... Air................................................................. ................................ .......... II-11 Gambar II.5 Perbedaan Perbedaan Polar Fenol Fenol dan Air........................................ Air............................................................ .................... II-13 Gambar III.6 Gambar Gambar Alat Percobaan............................ Percobaan.................................................. ......................................... ................... II-13
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel IV.1.1 IV.1.1 Tabel Perhitungan Timbal Balik Fenol-Air 1........................................ 1.............................................. ...... IV-1 Tabel IV.1.2 IV.1.2 Tabel Perhitungan Timbal Balik Fenol-Air 2........................................ 2.............................................. ...... IV-1 Tabel IV.1.3 Tabel Perhitungan Timbal Balik Fenol-HCl Fenol-HCl 1................................... 1............................................. .......... IV-1 Tabel IV.1.4 Tabel Perhitungan Timbal Balik Fenol-HCl Fenol-HCl 2.................................... 2............................................. ......... IV-2
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DAFTAR DAFTAR GRA GRAFIK FIK
Grafik IV.2.1 IV.2.1 Timbal Balik Fenol-Air Fenol-Air dengan Berat Fenol 1,5 gram....................... gram....................... IV-2 Grafik IV.2.2 IV.2.2 Timbal Timbal Balik Fenol-Air Fenol-Air dengan dengan Berat Fenol 3 gram........ gram............. .......... .......... ........ ... IV-3 Grafik IV.2.3 IV.2.3 Perbanding Perbandingan an Timbal Timbal Balik Balik Fenol-Air Fenol-Air pada Variabel Variabel 1,5gram 1,5gram dan dan 3gram........................................ 3gram.............................................................. ............................................ ................................... ............. IV-4 Grafik IV.2.4 IV.2.4 Timbal Timbal Balik Fenol-HCl Fenol-HCl 0,09 N dengan dengan Berat Berat Fenol Fenol 1,5 gram........ gram.......... .. IV-5 Grafik IV.2.5 IV.2.5 Timbal Timbal Balik Fenol-HCl Fenol-HCl 0,09 N dengan dengan Berat Berat Fenol Fenol 3 gram..... gram......... ........ .... IV-6 Grafik IV.2.6 IV.2.6 Perbanding Perbandingan an Timbal Timbal Balik Balik Fenol-Air Fenol-Air pada Variabel Variabel 1,5gram 1,5gram dan dan 3gram........................................ 3gram.............................................................. ............................................ ................................... ............. IV-7
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN
I.1. Latar Belakang
Dala Dalam m prak prakti tiku kum m Kimi Kimiaa Fisi Fisika ka,, sala salah h satu satu modu modull yan yang g akan akan dipe dipela laja jari ri adal adalah ah kelar elaru utan tan. Kelar elaru utan tan atau atau solu solub bilit ilitas as adal adalah ah kemam emamp puan uan suat suatu u zat zat kimia imia tert terten entu tu,, zat zat terlarut ( solute) untuk dapat lar larut dalam sua suatu pela elarut ( solvent ). ) . Kelar Kelarut utan an terse tersebu butt dapa dapatt bercampur secara sempurna (etanol dalam air), bercampur sebagian (fenol dalam air), ataupun tid tidak bercampur sam sama sekali. li. Ting ingkat
kelar larutan tan ter tersebut dipengaruhi oleh leh
perubahan suhu. Suatu fasa dapat mengalami perubahan menjadi dua fasa bila suhu berubah, begitu pun sebaliknya. Contohnya pada keadaan larut sebagian, larutan tersebut dapa dapatt menc mencap apai ai kead keadaa aan n laru laruta tan n krit kritis is.. Laru Laruta tan n krit kritis is meru merupa paka kan n laru laruta tan n yang ang memi memili liki ki komp omposis osisii laru laruta tan n yang ang bera berada da dala dalam m keada eadaan an keset esetim imba ban ngan. an. Laru arutan tan krit kritis is dap dapat dite ditemu muka kan n mela melalu luii perc percob obaa aan n kelar kelarut utan an timba timball balik balik feno fenoll-air air.. Kelar Kelarut utan an timba timball balik balik feno fenol-a l-air ir adala adalah h kela kelaru ruta tan n dari dari larut larutan an feno fenoll deng dengan an air air yang bercampur sebagian bila temperaturnya dibawah temperatur kritis. Temperatur kritis adala adalah h kena kenaik ikan an temp tempera eratu turr terte tertent ntu u dima dimana na akan akan dipe dipero role leh h komp kompos osisi isi yang berad beradaa dala dalam m keset setimbangan. Tempratu raturr kriti itis pada perco rcobaan aan tim timbal balik fenol dapat dipe iperoleh leh mela melalu luii suhu suhu rata rata-r -rat ataa mak maksimu simum m pad pada saat saat kead keadaa aan n jern jernih ih dan keruh eruh.. Pada Pada saat saat laru laruta tan n ters terseb ebut ut menc mencap apai ai temp temper erat atur ur krit kritis is maka maka laru laruta tan n ters terseb ebut ut menc mencap apai ai laru laruta tan n krit kritis is.. Oleh Oleh kare karena na itu itu prak prakti tiku kum m ini ini dila dilaks ksan anak akan an deng dengan an tuju tujuan an agar agar prak prakti tika kan n dapa dapatt meng menget etah ahui ui kela kelaru ruta tan n dua dua jeni jeniss zat zat yang yang tidak tidak sali saling ng camp campur ur keti ketika ka dica dicamp mpur urka kan n pada pada saat saat menc mencap apai ai titik titik kriti kritiss maup maupun un sebelu sebelum m menc mencap apai ai titik titik kriti kritis. s. Aplikasi kelarutan dalam bidang industri dapat dimanfaatkan untuk memurnikan zat
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I-2
ab I Pendah Pendahulua uluan n penambahan aquad st dan larutan HCl 0,09 N dengan variabel 1 ml dengan dengan kelipa kelipatan tan penambahan seban ak 5 kali ? 2. Berapakah kah pe persentase berat fenol dalam kelarutan timbal balik f nol-air dan fenol-HCl fenol-HCl 0,09 N dengan vari abel abel bera beratt feno fenoll sebe sebesa sarr 1,5 1,5 gram gram dan dan 3 gra gra
beserta penambahan
aqua aquade dest st dan dan laru laruta ta HCl HCl 0,09 0,09 N deng dengan an var variab iabel el 1 ml den denga gan n kelipa kelipatan tan penamb penambaha ahan n sebany sebanyak ak 5 kali kali ?
I.3. Tujuan Percobaan
1. Mengetahui hubun an tem temperatur kritis dalam kelarutan timbal balik balik fenol-a fenol-air ir dan fenol-HCl 0,09 N
enga engan n vari variab abel el bera beratt fen fenol ol sebe sebesa sarr 1,5 1,5 gra gra
dan 3 gram gram beser eserta ta
penambahan aquad st dan larutan HCl 0,09 N dengan variabel 1 ml dengan dengan kelipa kelipatan tan penambahan seban ak 5 kali kali.. 2. Mengetahui persen ase berat berat fenol fenol dalam dalam kelaru kelarutan tan timbal timbal bali balik fenol-a fenol-air ir dan fenolfenolHCl 0,09 N deng an varia variabe bell bera beratt fen fenol ol sebe sebesar sar 1,5 1,5 gram gram dan 3 gram beserta penambahan aquad st dan larutan HCl 0,09 N dengan variabel 1 ml dengan dengan kelipa kelipatan tan penambahan seban ak 5 kali kali..
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BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
II.1 Dasar Teori
Sistem biner fenol air merupakan sistem yang memperlihatkan sifat solubilitas timbal balik antara fenol dan air pada suhu tertentu dan tekanan tetap. Solubilitas (kelarutan) adalah kemampuan suatu zat kimia tertentu, zat terlarut (solut), untuk larut dalam suatu pelarut (solven). (solven). Konsentrasi Konsentrasi larutan menyatakan menyatakan secara kuantitatif kuantitatif komposisi komposisi zat terlarut dan pelarut pelarut di dalam larutan. larutan. Konsentra Konsentrasi si umumnya umumnya dinyatakan dinyatakan dalam dalam perbandinga perbandingan n jumlah zat terlarut terlarut dengan jumlah total zat dalam larutan, atau dalam perbandingan jumlah zat terlarut dengan jumlah pelarut. Contoh beberapa satuan konsentrasi konsentras i adalah molar, molal, dan bagian per juta (part per million, ppm). Sementara itu, secara kualitatif, komposisi larutan dapat dinyatakan sebagai encer (berkonsentrasi (berkonsentrasi rendah) atau pekat (berkonsentrasi tinggi). Molekul komponenkomponen larutan berinteraksi langsung dalam keadaan tercampur. Pada proses pelarutan, tarikan antarpartikel komponen komponen murni terpecah dan tergantikan dengan tarikan antara pelarut dengan dengan zat terlarut. Terutama Terutama jika pelarut dan zat terlarut sama-sama sama-sama polar, akan terbentuk terbentuk suatu struktur zat pelarut pelarut mengelilingi zat terlarut; hal ini memungkinkan memungkinkan interaksi antara antara zat terlarut terlarut dan pelarut tetap stabil. Bila komponen komponen zat terlarut terlarut ditambahkan ditambahkan terus-menerus terus-menerus ke dalam pelarut, pelarut, pada suatu titik komponen komponen yang yang ditambahkan ditambahkan tidak akan dapat dapat larut lagi. Misalnya, jika zat terlarutnya berupa padatan dan pelarutnya berupa berupa cairan, pada suatu titik padatan tersebut tidak dapat larut lagi dan terbentuklah endapan. Jumlah zat terlarut dalam larutan larutan tersebut tersebut adalah maksimal, maksimal, dan larutanny larutannyaa disebut sebagai sebagai larutan larutan jenuh. Titik Titik tercapainya keadaan jenuh larutan sangat dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor lingkungan, lingkungan, seperti temperature, temperature, tekana tekanan, n, dan kont kontami aminas nasii ( Isnaeni, 2013).
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II-2
Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka berbanding lurus dengan rak raksi mol mol pel pelar arut ut dalam alam laru laruta tan n. Lar Larut utan an yang benar-benar ideal tidak terdapat di alam, na un bebe bebera rapa pa laru laruta tan n meme memenu nuhi hi huk hukum um Rao Raoult sampai batas-batas tert terten entu tu.. Con Conto toh h laru laruta tan n ya ya g da dapat dianggap id ideal ad adalah ca campuran be be zena dan toluena. Ciri lain larutan ideal adalah bahwa hwa vol volum umeny enyaa meru merupa paka kan n pen penju juml mlah ahan an te at volume komponenkomponen penyusunnya. P ada larutan non-ideal, penjumlahan volume zat terlaru terlarutt murni murni dan pelarut murni tidaklah sama dengan volume larutan ( Wikipedia, 2013). Larutan ideal me punyai sifat-sifat sebagai berikut : 1. Pa Pada pe pengenceran komponenny komponennyaa todak mengalami mengalami perubaha perubahan sifat. 2. Tidak terjadi perubahan panas pada pembuatan atau pengenc eran. 3. Volume total a alah jumlah volume komponennya. komponennya. 4. Mengikuti huk m Raoult tentang tekanan uap. 5. Sifat fisiknya a alah rata-rata sifat fisika penyusun. ( Sukardjo,1989) Kelarutan dinyatakan kan dala dalam m juml jumlah ah mak maksimu simum m zat zat terl terlar aru ut yang larut dalam suatu pelarut pada kesetimbangan. Laru arutan tan has hasil il dis diseb ebut ut lar larut utan an jen jenuh. ZatZat- at tertentu dapat larut deng dengan an perb perban andi ding ngan an apap apapun terh terhada adap p suatu suatu pelar pelarut. ut. Contoh Contohny nyaa adala adalah etanol di dalam air. Sifat ini ini dalam bahasa In Inggris lebih tepatnya disebut miscible. miscible. Pela Pelaru rutt umumnya merupakan suatu ca caira iran yan yang g da dapat pat be berupa zat murni murni ataupun ataupun campuran campuran ( Rizhwandy, 2011). Pada Pada sistem sistem bine biner feno fenol–a l–air ir,, terda terdapa patt 2 jeni jeniss campu campura ran n ya g dapa dapatt berup berupaa pada pada kondisi kondisi terte tertentu ntu.. Suatu Suatu fas didefinisikan sebagai bagian sistem yang seragam atau homogen diantara keadaan submakr skop skopik ikny nya, a, tetap tetapii ben benar ar – benar benar terpi terpisah sah dari bagian sistem yang lain lain oleh oleh bata batasan san yang ang jel s dan dan baik baik.. Cam Campu pura ran n pada padata tan n ata atau u dua dua cairan yang tidak saling bercampur dapat memben uk fase terpisah. Sedangkan campuran ga -gas adalah satu fase karena sistemnya yang ho ogen Simbol umum untuk jumlah fase a alah P ( Dogra SK dan
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II-3
Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka
Gambar II.1
Daerah Daerah Satu Satu dan Dua Fasa Fasa
L1 adalah fenol d lam air, L2 adalah air dalam fenol, X A dan XF masing-masing adalah mol fraksi air dan
ol fraksi fenol, X C adalah mol fraksi kom onen pada suhu kritis
(TC). Siste Sistem m ini ini mem mempu puny nyai suhu kritis (T C) pada pada teka tekanan nan tetap, tetap, yait yait suhu minimum pada saat dua zat bercampur secara homogen dengan komposisi C C.
ada suhu T1 dengan
komposisi di antara A 1 d n B1 atau pada suhu T 2 dengan dengan kompo komposis sisi di antara A2 dan B2, siste istem m be berada pa pada du dua fase ase (ker (keruh uh). ). Seda Sedang ngkan kan di luar luar daer daerah ah kurva (atau diatas suhu kritisnya, TC), siste sistem m bera berad da pada satu fase fase (jernih) (jernih) ( Rizhwandy, Rizhwandy, 2011). Jika Jika tem tempe pera ratu turr da i dalam dalam kela kelaru ruta tan n feno fenoll aqua aquade destt stt dina dinaik ikk k n di atas 50°C maka komp kompos osisi isi laru laruta tan n dari dari sist sisteem larutan larutan tersebut tersebut akan berubah berubah.. Kandunga Kandunga fenol dalam air untuk lapisan lapisan atas atas akan akan bert bertamb ambaah (leb (lebih ih dari dari 11,8 11,8 %) dan kandun kandungan gan fenol fenol d ri lapisan bawah akan berkurang (kurang dari 62 ,6 %).Pada saat suhu kelarutan mencapai sistem larutan tersebut menjad menjadii
seimb seimbang ang dan keduany keduanyaa
6°C maka komposisi
dap dap t dicampur dengan
semp sempur urna na.T .Tem empe pera ratu turr kritis adal adalah ah kenai enaika kan n temp temper erat atur ur tert terten entu tu dimana akan diperoleh komposisi larutan yang berada dalam dalam kesetimban kesetimbangan gan ( Hougen, Hougen, 2002 ). Fakt Faktor or yang yang memp mempeengaru ngaruhi hi kelar kelarut utan an adala adalah h:
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II-4
Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka 2. Cosolvensi Cosolvensi adalah peristiwa kenaikan kelarutan suatu zat karena adanya penambahan pelarut lain atau modif kasi pelarut. pelarut. Misalnya Misalnya luminal tidak larut larut dalam air, tetapi larut dalam campuran air dan gliserin atau solution atau solution petit. petit. 3. Kelaru Kelarutan tan Zat yang mudah larut memerlukan sedikit pelarut, sedangkan zat yang sukar larut memerlukan banyak p larut. Ke Kelarutan za zat anorganik ya yang di digunakan dalam farmasi umumnya adalah : a. Dapat larut dalam dalam air air Semua ga garam klo klorri a larut, kecuali kecuali AgCl, PbCl PbCl2, Hg2Cl2. Semua garam nitrat larut kecuali nitrat base.Semua garam sulfat larut kecuali BaSO4, PbSO4, CaSO4. b. Tidak larut dalam air Semua garam karbonat tidak tidak larut larut kecuali kecuali K 2CO3, Na2CO3. Semua oksida dan hidroksida hidroksida tidak laru kecual kecualii KOH, KOH, NaOH, NaOH, BaO, BaO, Ba(OH) Ba(OH)2, sem a garam phosfat tidak larut larut kecua kecuali li K 3PO4,
a3PO3.
4. Temper Temperatu atur r Zat padat umumnya bertamba tambah h larut larut bila bila suhu suhuny nyaa dina dinaikk ikkan an,, zat padat tersebut dikatakan bersifat endoterm, karena pada proses kelarutannya kelarutann ya membutuhkan panas.
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II-5
Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka b. Suhu : Umumnya ken aikan suhu menambah kenaikan kelarutan so kelarutan solute. lute. c. Pengad Pengaduka ukan. n. 8. Tekanan Tekanan tidak begitu berpeng rpengar aruh uh terh terhad adap ap daya daya laru larutt zat zat pada pada zat cair, tetapi berpengaru berpengaruh h pada daya larut gas. (Sukardjo, 2002 ) Daya aya la larut su suatu zat zat da dal m zat lain dipeng dipengaruhi aruhi oleh : a. Jenis pelarut pelarut dan zat terl rut. Zat-zat dengan struktur kimia yang mirip, umumnya dapat saling bercampur baik sedang yang ang tid tidak biasanya nya su su ar bercampur. Air dan alkohol bercampur sempurna (completely misible), air dan eter be campur sebagian ( partially miscible) miscible), sedan air dan minyak sama sekali tidak bercampur (completely immiscible). immiscible). b. Temperatur Kebanyakan zat padat
enjadi lebih banyak larut ke dalam suatu airan, bila temperatur
dinaikkan, misalnya ka iumnitrat (KNO3) dal dalam am air, air, namun amun terd terdap apat beberapa zat padat yang ke kelarutannya men run bila temperatur dinaikkan misalnya pembentukan larutan air dari serium sulfat (Ce2(SO4)3). Gas dalam dalam cairan cairan kelaru kelarutan tan suatu suatu gas dalam suatu cairan biasanya menurun dengan naiknya temperatur. Tekanan tidak begitu berpengaruh terhadap
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II-6
Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka Daya larut N2, H2, O2 dan He dalam air, sangat kecil. Sedangkan HCl dan NH3 sangat besar. Hal ini disebabk n karena gas yang pertama tidak bereaksi engan air, sedangkan gas gas yan yang g ked kedua ua bere bereak ak i sehingga membentuk asam klorida dan ammonium hidroksida. Jenis pelarut juga berpe garuh, misalnya N 2, O2, dan dan CO2 lebih mudah larut dalam alkohol daripada dalam air, sedangkan NH 3 dan H2S leb lebih ih muda mudah h lar larut ut dala dala
air daripada alkohol.
c. Larutan cairan dalam cairan. Bila dua cairan dicampur, zat ini dapat bercampur sempurna, bercampur sebagian, atau tidak sama sama sekali bercampur. bercampur. Daya Daya larut cairan dalam cairan tergantung da dari je jenis ca cairan iran dan dan tem tempe pera ratu tur. r. Cont Contoh oh : ZatZat-za zatt yan yang mirip daya larutnya besar. Benzena-Toluena, Air-Alkohol, Air-Metil. Zat-zat yang berbeda tidak dapat bercampur Air-Nitro Benzena, Air-Kloro Benzena. d. Laru arutan tan zat zat pad padat dala dala
cairan. cairan. Daya larut zat padat padat dalam caira tergantung jenis zat
terla terlaru rut, t, jeni jeniss pelar pelarut ut,, temper temperatu atur, r, dan sedi sedikit kit tekan tekanan. an. Batas Batas daya larutnya adalah konsentrasi larutan jenu . Konsentrasi larutan jenuh untuk bermaca -macam zat dalam air san sangat berbeda, tergantung ung jen jenis is zatny zatnya. a.Um Umum umny nyaa day daya laru larutt zatzat-zat organik dalam air lebih besar daripada
alam pelarut-pelarut organik. Umumnya daya larut bertambah
den dengan gan nai naik knya nya tem temp pera eratur karena kebanyakan zat mempunyai panas pelarutan positif. ( Sukardjo, Sukardjo, 2002 ) Ada dua macam lar tan, yaitu :
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II-7
Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka A. Elektrolit Kuat Larutan elektrolit kuat adal adalah ah laru laruta tan n yan yang g mem mempu puny nyai ai day daya ha ha tar tar listr listrik ik yan yang g kuat, kuat, karena zat terlarutnya didalam pelarut (umumnya air), seluruhnya berubah rubah menjad menjadii ion-io ion-ion n (alpha = 1). Yang tergolong elektrolit kuat adalah: a. Asam sam-asam sam kuat, sep sep rti : HCl, HClO3, H2SO4, HNO3 dan lain-lai . b. Basa-basa kuat, yaitu basa-basa golongan alkali dan alkali tanah, seper eperti: ti: NaOH NaOH,, KOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2 d n lain-lain. c. Garam-garam yang mudah larut, seperti: NaCl, KI, Al2(SO4)3 dan ain-lain B. Elektrolit Lemah Laruta Larutan n elekt elektrol rolit it lema lema adalah larutan yang yang daya daya hantar listrikny listrikny lemah lemah deng dengan an harg hargaa derajat ionisasi sebesar: 0 < alpha < 1.Yang tergolong elektrolit lemah adal adalah ah:: a. Asam-asam lemah, seperti : CH3COOH, HCN, H 2CO3, H2S dan lain-lain. b. Basa-basa lemah seperti : NH4OH, Ni(OH)2 dan lain-lain. c. Garam-garam yang s kar larut, seperti : AgCl, CaCrO4, PbI2 dan l in-lain 2. Larutan non elektrolit adalah dalah laruta larutan n yang yang tidak tidak dapat dapat mengha menghanta ntark rkan arus listrik listrik,, karena karena zat zat terl terlar arut utny nyaa di dal dalaam pela pelaru rutt tidak tidak dapa dapatt men mengh ghas asilk ilkan an ionion-ion (tidak mengion). Tergolong ke dalam lar tan non-elektro non-elektrolit lit misalnya: misalnya: - Laruta Larutan n urea urea
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II-8
Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka yang memiliki bau khas. R umus kimia fenol adalah C 6H5OH memiliki gugus gugus hidroksil hidroksil (-OH) yang yang berik berikata atan n den denga gan n cinc cincin fenil ( Wikipedia, 2013).
Gambar II.2
Struktur Molekul Fenol
Kata fenol juga merujuk pada beberapa zat yang memiliki cincin aromatik yang berikatan dengan gugus h idroksil. Fenol memiliki kelarutan terbatas dalam air, yakni 8,3 gram gram/1 /100 00 ml. ml. Feno Fenoll memi memilliki iki sifa sifatt yan yang g cend cender erun ung g asam asam,, arti artiny nyaa ia da da at melepa melepaska skan n ion H+ dari gugus hidroksilnya. P ngeluaran ion tersebut menjadikan anion fe noks noksida ida C6H5O C6H5O- yang dapat dilarutkan dalam air Wikipedia, 2013). Dibandingkan den an alkohol alifatik lainnya, fenol bersifat lebih asam. Hal ini dibuktikan de dengan me mereaksikan fenol dengan NaOH, di mana fenol
apat melepaskan H+.
Pada keadaan keadaan yang yang sama, sama, alkohol alifatik lainnya tidak dapat bereaksi seperti seperti itu. itu. Pelepa Pelepasan san ini dia diak kiba ibatkan pe pelengka gka an orbital antara satu-satunya pasangan oksi oksige gen n dan dan sist sistem em
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II-9
Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka
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II-10
Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka 3. Ada juga senyawa fenol yang yang berasal berasal dari kombin kombinasi asi antara antara kedua jalur jalur biosin biosintesa tesadar darii senyawa fenol yang berasal dari asam shikimat atau jalur shiki at dan senyawafenol yang ang ber beras asal al dar darii ase ase a malonat yaitu senyawa-senyawa flavonoid.. B. Berd Berdas asar arkan kan juml jumlah ah atom hidrogen yang dapat diganti oleh gugus h idroks idroksil il maka maka ada tiga tiga golongan senyawa fenol yaitu : 1. Fenol monovalen Jika Jika satu satu atom atom H da dari inti aromatik diganti oleh satu gugusan OH atau bisa disebut deng dengan an feno fenoll yang ang hanya mengikat satu gugus hidroksil. Contoh: Phenol, oChorophenol, m-Cre ol, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid. 2. Fenol divalen Adalah seny senyaawa ya ya g diperoleh bila dua atom hidrogen pada inti inti aroma aromatik tik diga digant ntii dengan dua gugus hi roksil. Dan merupakan fenol bervalensi dua.
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II-11
Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka
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II-12
Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka antar molekul-molekul air akibat adanya dipol ini membuat masing- asing asing moleku molekull saling saling berdekatan, membuatnya s lit untuk dipisahkan dan yang pada akhirnya menaikkan titik didih air. Gaya tarik-menarik ini disebu disebutt sebaga sebagaii ikatan hidrog hidrogen en (Wikipedia, 2013). Air sering disebut seba sebaga ga pela pelaru rutt univ univer ersa sall kare karena na air air mela melaru rutt an banyak banyak zat kimia. kimia. Air berada dalam kesetim angan dinamis antara fase cair dan padat di bawah bawah tekanan tekanan dan temperatur temperatur standar. standar. Dalam bentuk ion, air dapat dideskripsikan sebagai sebuah sebuah ion hidrog hidrogen en (H+) yang berasosiasi (berikatan) dengan sebuah ion hidroksida (OH -). Tingginya konsentrasi kapur terlarut membuat
arna air dari Air Terjun Havasu terlihat berwarna turquoise
(Wikipedia, 2013). Berikut adalah perbedaa edaan n ant antar araa sifatsifat-si sifa fatt fen fenol ol dan dan sif sifat at air ant ant ra lain:
Sifat-sifat fenol :
a. Mengandung gugus OH, terikat pada sp2-hibrida
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II-13
Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka h. Fenol yang ter terkonsentr asi asi dap dapat at men menga gak kibat ibatka kan n pem pemb bakar akaran an kimiawi pada kulit yang terbuka. (Wikipedia, 2013)
Sifat-sifat air, yaitu :
a. Dua molekul hidrogen yang terikat secara kovalen pada satu atom at om ok sigen. b. Air bersifat tidak berwarna arna,, tida tidak k berb berbau au,, tida tidak k bera berasa sa pada pada kon kon isi standar,yaitu pada tekanan 100 kPa (1 bar) dan temperatur 273,15 K (0°C). c. Air merupakan suatu p laru larutt yang ang pen pentin ting, yang ang memi memili lik ki kema kemamp mpuan untuk melarutkan banyak zat kimia lainnya, seperti seperti garam-garam, garam-garam, gula, asam, beberap jenis gas dan banyak macam pelarut organik. d. Air menempel pada sesamanya (kohesi) karena air bersifat polar. Air juga mempunyai sifat adesi yang tinggi diseba bkan oleh sifat alami kepolarannya.
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II-14
Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka Keterangan : T0C
= T e m p e r a tur rata-rata
T 1 0 C = T e m p e r a tur pada saat larutan larutan jernih jernih T 2 0 C = T e m p e r a tur pada saat larutan keruh
%BP =
BM Terlarut
x
100%
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II-15
Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka berat masing-masing larutan dapat dicari dengan kaidah campuran.. Misalkan pada 50 0C dicampurkan 40 gram anilin dan dan 60 gram air air sehingga sehingga diperoleh diperoleh 100 gram campuran. ( Sukardjo, 2002 )
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BAB III METODOLOGI PERCOBAAN III.1 Variabel Percobaan
1. Variabel Bebas
: volume 1-5 ml aquadest dan HCl 0,09 N dengan kelipatan penambahan 1 ml
2. Variabel Terikat
: 1,5 gram dan 3 gram fenol
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III-2
BAB III METODOLOGI PERCOBAAN 9. Mengulangi tahap 1 sampai 8 dengan variabel jenis pelarut HCl 0,09 N. III.4.2 Prosedur Menghitung Persentase Berat Fenol
1. Menimbang 1,5 gram fenol dan memasukkan ke dalam tabung reaksi reaksi besar yang telah dilengkapi dengan termometer dan pengaduk. 2. Menambahkan 1 ml aquadest. 3. Menghitung persentase berat fenol dalam larutan fenol-air.
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III-3
BAB III METODOLOGI PERCOBAAN A
Mengangkatnya dari waterbath.
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III-4
BAB III METODOLOGI PERCOBAAN
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III-5
BAB III METODOLOGI PERCOBAAN
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BAB IV
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IV-2
BAB IV IV HA HASIL DA DA
PEMBAHASAN
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IV-3
BAB IV IV HA HASIL DA DA
berat fenol
7%, dimana dimana titik p
k ku
erupak
PEMBAHASAN
kritis.
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