PDRHSI KFFCHBJK HKPN_KF P_KEZBESI
jbsusuf uftue icicfudb icicfudb skhkd sktu tuaks iktk iktk euhbkd ]nnhnab Bfvcrtcorktk ykfa jbkipu nhcd Jrk. Kiib Wyuhksib, I.W. , jkf _bfb Wnhbdkt, W.Pj., I.Wb.
nhcd= Echnipne ; Pcfjbjbekf Obnhnab K ?0;1 Kikhbk Ekrbi
(;10?31:)
Jbiks Gkcskrbk Fnvbkftn
(;10;4<2)
Ikuhb Fnvbhjk Klblk
(;10?7<7)
\kffb Jcstbkftb Eurfbk
(;103<4?)
\brk Ocrhbkfb
(;10;:;0)
JCPK_ZCICF PCFJBJBEKF OBNHNAB LKESHZKW PCFJBJBEKF IKZCIKZBEK IKZCIKZBEK JKF BHIS PCFACZKDSKF KHKI SFB\C_WBZKW PCFJBJBEKF BFJNFCWBK OKFJSFA ?0;4
K. Mujuh Hkpnrkf
Pdyhui Kffchbjk.
O. Qketu Pchkeskfkkf
Dkrb
= Wchksk
Zkfaakh
= ;1 Kprbh ?0;4
Qketu
= 01.00 ‗ 01.00 ‗ 02.70 02.70 QBO
Zcipkt
= Hkonrktnrbui Wtruetur Dcwkf Jcpkrtcicf Pcfjbjbekf Obnhnab SPB.
G. Zumukf
;. Icfacfkh eckfcekrkakikf dcwkf Pdyhui Kffchbjk. ?. Noscrvksb inrlnhnab jkf struetur tuoud dcwkf Pdyhui Kffchbjk. 7. Icfachnipnekf dcwkf-dcwkf Pdyhui Kffchbjk ec jkhki ghkssbs ykfa ocrocjk ocrjkskrekf pcrskikkf jkf pcrocjkkf gbrb. :. Noscrvksb jkf bjcftblbeksb gbrb-gbrb edks sctbkp ghkssbs.
J. Hkfjkskf Zcnrb
;. Pcfacrtbkf Pdyhui Kffchbjk Wcgkrk okdksk Kffchbjk kjkhkd dcwkf ykfa ocftue tuoudfyk scpcrtb susufkf gbfgbf. Ektk Kffchbjk ocrkskh jkrb okdksk yufkfb, ykbtu jkrb ektk ‘kffuhus’ kffuhus’ ykfa ocrkrtb gbfgbf, jkf ‘nbjns’ ykfa krtbfyk ocftue. Kffchbjk icibhbeb rnfaak tuoud scmktb jkf tuoudfyk ocrocftue scpcrtb scaicf, scrtk ocrfkpks ichkhub euhbt. Wkipkb scekrkfa tcrjkpkt scebtkr ;3.000, jcfakf pkfmkfa tuoud jkrb ; ii - 7 i. Pdyhui Kffchbjk jkpkt dbjup jb hkut, kbr tkwkr, jkf muak jb tkfkd. ?. Wtruetur jkf Lufasb Zuoud Okabkf tuoud Kffchbjk ocrupk scaicf-scaicf. Kftkrk sktu scaicf jcfakf scaicf hkbffyk tcrjkpkt scekt ykfa jbscout scptk. Pciouhud jkrkd, pciouhud skrkl, jkf sbstci cesercsb tcrduoufa icfcious scptk kftkrk sktu scaicf jcfakf scaicf hkbffyk. _nfaak tuoud Kffchbjk ocrbsb gkbrkf ykfa ocrlufasb jkhki pcracrkekf dcwkf bfb,
enftrkesb ntnt muak skfakt icipcfakrudb pcracrkekffyk. Zuoudfyk ocrocftue sbictrb obhktcrkh, ykbtu okabkf tuoud ykfa sktu ocrjkipbfakf jcfakf okabkf tuoud ykfa hkbf, jkf kpkobhk jbtkrbe akrbs ykfa icintnfa jkrb jcpkf ec ochkekfa, ikek kekf jbjkpktekf pntnfakf ykfa skik. Hkpbskf hukr tuoud Kffchbjk icibhbeb eutbeuhk (hkpbskf pchbfjufa), icrupkekf dksbh scercsb jkrb cpbjcribs. Pkjk hkpbskf hukr Kffchbjk muak tcrjkpkt sch scfsnrbs ykfa ocrlufasb uftue icfcrbik rkfaskfa. Zuoud Kffchbjk muak icibhbeb hkpbskf ntnt, ykfa tcrjbrb jkrb ntnt sbreuhcr (spbrkh rkpkt) jkf ntnt hnfabtujbfkh (spbrkh pkfmkfa). Ectbek ntnt sbreuhcr ocrenftrkesb ikek scaicf kekf icfmkjb hcobd tbpbs jkf icikfmkfa, scjkfaekf ectbek ntnt hnfabtujbfkh ocrenftrkesb scaicf kekf icfcokh jkf icicfjce. Icrcek dbjup jb jkhki tkfkd ykfa hcioko, jkhki hkut, jkf jkhki kbr. Pkjk uiuifyk dbjup ocoks, kjk ykfa dbjup jkhki hbkfa, ococrkpk ocrsblkt enicfskh pkjk dcwkf-dcwkf kquktbs, kquktbs , jkf kjk muak ykfa ocrsblkt pkrksbt pkjk \crtcorktk. 7. Wbstci Nrakf Kffchbjk k. Wbstci Pcfgcrfkkf Wbstci pcfgcrfkkf dcwkf bfb sujkd hcfaekp. Nrakf pcfgcrfkkffyk tcrjbrb jkrb iuhut, lkrbfa, csnlkaus, usus, jkf kfus. o. Wbstci Cesercsb Jbhkeuekf nhcd nrakf cesercsb, ykbtu fcpdrbjbk (nrakf cesercsb ykfa icrupkekf skhurkf), fclrnstni (gnrnfa ocrsbhbk jkhki tuoud), jkf fclrntnr (pnrb tuoud tcipkt entnrkf echukr). Pkjk tbkp scaicf tuoud tcrjkpkt scpkskf fcpdrbjbk, ecgukhb 7 scaicf ykfa pcrtkik jkf scaicf ykfa tcrkedbr tbjke kjk. Wctbkp Wcaicf icibhbeb nrakf cesercsbfyk iksbfa-iksbfa. g. Wbstci _cprnjuesb Siuifyk ocrhkfasufa scgkrk scesukh, sktu Kffchbjk icibhbeb juk khkt echkibf ykbtu khkt rcprnjuesb mkftkf jkf octbfk (Dcriklrnjbt), icsebpuf jcibebkf, rcprnjuesb scgkrk scesukh tctkp icioutudekf juk bfjbvbju ykfa kekf icfaktur jbrbfyk scjcibebkf rupk scdbfaak
jkpkt icipcrtuekrekf spcrik. Wctchkd btu dksbh rcprnjuesb tkjb kekf jbsbipkf jkhki suktu nrakf edusus ykfa jbscout ehbtchui. Kpkobhk tchkd sbkp, dksbh bfb kekf hcpks jkrb ecpkhk gkgbfa, tbfaakh jkf ocreciokfa jb jkhki
tkfkd. Ococrkpk Kffchbjk muak jkpkt
ocrcprnjuesb scgkrk kscesukh jcfakf gkrk lrcaicftksb jbbeutb jcfakf rcacfcrksb. j. Wbstci Wbreuhksb (Pcrcjkrkf jkrkd) Kffchbjk icibhbeb sbstci pcrcjkrkf jkrkd tcrtutup ykfa icibhbeb pciouhud jkrkd jcfakf dkcinahnobf jb jkhkifyk scdbfaak jkrkdfyk ocrwkrfk icrkd. Lufasb pciouhud jkrkd ykbtu icfadkftkrekf futrbsb jkf nesbacf ec schurud tuoud, pkjk okabkf euhbtfyk tcrjkpkt skfakt okfyke pciouhud jkrkd ecgbh, ekrcfk dcwkf bfb ocrfklks ichkhub euhbt. c. Wbstci Pcrfklkskf (_cspbrksb) Jkpkt ocrhkfasufa ichkhub schurud pcriuekkf tuoudfyk ykbtu euhbt, scoko euhbtfyk ocrsblkt hcioko, tbpbs, jkf okfyke icfakfjufa ekpbhcr-ekpbhcr jkrkd. Fkiuf kjk suiocr ykfa icfaktkekf okdwk kjkpuhk spcsbcs ykfa jkpkt ichkeuekf rcspbrksb ichkhub bfskfa. l. Wbstci Pcrskrklkf Kffchbjk icibhbeb sbstci skrkl jcfakf scpkskfa akfahbk gcrcgrkh (ntke) ykfa jbduoufaekf ec tkhb skrkl (fcrvc gnrj) ykfa ichuks jbscpkfmkfa tuoudfyk. a. Wbstci Acrke Jbfjbfa tuoud gkgbfa tkfkd icipufykb ? hkpbs ntnt, ykbtu strktui gbrguhkrc (hkpbskf ntnt scochkd hukr), jkf strktui hnfabtujbfkh (hkpbskf ntnt scochkd jkhki). Mbek iusguhb ocrenftrkesb kekf icfbiouhekf acrkekf icfaachniokfa jkrb gkgbfa tkfkd btu scdbfaak bk ocracrke. Jbfjbfa bftcstbfc muak icipufykb hkpbskf ntnt ykbtu strktui hnfabtujbfkhc. Mbek ntnt bfb ocrenftrkesb, kekf icfbiouhekf acrke pcrbstkhtbe ykfa jkpkt icfjnrnfa ikekfkf jkhki skhurkf pcfgcrfkkf jkf icfjnrnfa echukr sbsk-sbsk pcfgcrfkkf.
Wctkc jbacrkeekf nhcd juk ocreks ntnt, ykbtu iusguhus prntkgtnr (icfjnrnfa sctkc echukr) jkf iusguhus rctrkgtnr (icfkrbe eciokhb sctkc iksue ec jkhki rnfaakfyk). Ecjukfyk ichcekt pkjk umufaumufa jkhki sctkc. Mkjb gkgbfa tkfkd ocracrke jcfakf sctkc jkf enftrkesb ntnt-ntnt jbfjbfa tuoud. :. Gkrk Dbjup Wcokabkf ocskr Kffchbjk dbjup ocoks fkiuf kjkpuhk ykfa dbjup pkrksbt icfcipch jkf ocrakftufa pkjk bfkfafyk. Ecokfykekf Kffchbjk dbjup jbpcrkbrkf hkut jkf kbr tkwkr, scokabkf hkbffyk dbjup jbtkfkd jkf tcipkt ykfa hcioko. Ectbek dbjup jbtkfkd, dcwkf bfb kekf icioukt hbkfa uftue tcipkt dbjupfyk. 3. Gbrb-Gbrb Kffchbjk k. Icrupkekf gkgbfa jcfakf tuoud ouhkt jkf icikfmkfa obkskfyk jcfakf scaicf ykfa mchks okbe cestcrfkh ikupuf bftcrfkh. o. Zuoud ocrsbictrb obhktcrkh. g. Kppcfjkacs ecgbh ocrupk sctkc (rkiout). j. Icibhbeb tbak hkpbskf tuoud (trbphnohkstbe) ykbtu hkpbskf tuoud hukr (cetnjcri), tcfakd (icsnjcri), jkf hkpbskf tuoud jkhki (cfjnjcri). c. Jbfjbfa tuoud jbsusuf nhcd hkpbskf ntnt gbrguhkr jkf hnfabtujbfkh, gnchni ocreciokfa jcfakf okbe (ecgukhb Dbrujbfck) ykfa jbscout Wgdbzngnchni. l. Euhbtfyk dkhus, hbgbf, jkf jbhkpbsb nhcd eutbeuhk ykfa tbpbs jkf hcioko. Eutbeuhk tcrhctke jb ktks cpbtdch gnhuifkr ykfa okfyke icfakfjufa sch-sch echcfmkr jkf sch scfsnrbs. Zcrsusuf nhcd prntcbf, ocrlufasb ichbfjufab jkrb cfzbi pcfgcrfkkf bfkfa. a. Wbstci pcfgcrfkkffyk sujkd hcfaekp. Khkt pcfgcrfkkf icikfmkfa jbscpkfmkfa tuoudfyk. d. Wbstci cesercsb jcfakf scpkskfa fcpdrbjbk pkjk sctbkp ruks. b.
Wbstci pcrcjkrkf jkrkd tcrtutup, jcfakf pciouhud jkrkd ykfa icikfmkfa (sbfus gnchni jcfakf gkokfa-gkokfa hktcrkh pkjk sctbkp ruks). Phksik jkrkd uiuifyk ocrbsb dkcinahnobf jkf kincongytc ykfa ocracrke ocoks.
m.
_cspbrksb ichkhub cpbjcribs ktku pcriuekkf tuoud.
e. Wbstci
skrkl
jcfakf
scpkskfa
akfahbk
gcrcgrkh
(ntke)
ykfa
jbduoufaekf ec tkhb skrkl (fcrvc gnrj) ykfa ichuks jbscpkfmkfa tuoudfyk. h.
Siuifyk ocruikd sktu, tctkpb tbjke jkpkt ichkeuekf pcioukdkf scfjbrb.
i. Dbjup ocoks ktku pkrksbt. <. Ehksblbeksb Kffchbjk Zcrjkpkt scebtkr ;3.000 spcsbcs Kffchbjk. Ocrjkskrekf okfyke ktku tbjkefyk rkiout (sctkc) pkjk tuoudfyk, Kffchbjk jbehksblbeksbekf icfmkjb tbak echnipne = k. Ghkssbs Pnhygdkctk Ektk Pnhygdkctk ocrkskh jkrb okdksk yufkfb, ykbtu Pnhb ykfa krtbfyk okfyke, jkf Gdkctk Gdkctk ykfa krtbfyk rkiout. Mkjb, ghkssbs Pnhygdkctk icrupkekf dcwkf ykfa icibhbeb rkiout pkhbfa okfyke jkhki Pdyhui Kffchbjk. Wciuk spcgbcs jkhki ghkssbs Pnhygdkctk dbjup kbr. Wctbkp scaicf pkjk tuoud Pnhygdkctk icibhbeb struetur scpcrtb jkabfa ocrocftue jkyufa ykfa jbscout Pkrkpnjbk (Zufaakh 9 pkrkpnjbui). Wtruetur bfb ocrlufasb scokakb khkt acrkefyk. Pkjk scokabkf ocskr Pnhygdkctk, pkrkpnjbk muak ocrlufasb scokakb bfskfa ekrcfk tcrjkpkt pciouhud jkrkd dkhus. Pkjk sctbkp pkrkpnjbui tcrjkpkt rkiout dkhus ocrsblkt ekeu ykfa obksk jbscout sctkc, rkiout bfb muak jbhkpbsb nhcd eutbeuhk scdbfaak hbgbf. Seurkf tuoud pkhbfa scrbfa jbmuipkb pkjk echks bfb ocrebskr kftkrk 3-;0 gi. Okabkf tuoudfyk tcrjbrb ktks ecpkhk, iktk, jkf scfsnr pkhpus. Gnftndfyk ykbtu Fckftdcs, Gdkrtnptcrus, Krcfbgnhk, Wpbrnrobs, Wcrpuhk, jkf Fcrcbs jkf Fcrcbs vbrcfs. o. Ghkssbs Nhbangdkctk Ektk Nhbangdkctk ocrkskh jkrb okdksk yufkfb, ykbtu Nhban ykfa krtbfyk scjbebt, jkf Gdkctk Gdkctk ykfa krtbfyk rkiout. Echks Nhbangdkctk icrupkekf echks Pdyhui Kffchbjk ykfa icibhbeb scjbebt rkiout. Okfyke kfaantk Nhbangdkctk ykfa dbjup jb tkfkd ktku tcipkt hcioko,
fkiuf kjkpuhk ykfa dbjup jb kbr. Ekrcfk icibhbeb scjbebt rkiout (sctkc) jkf tbjke icibhbeb Pkrkpnjbk, ikek ecpkhkfyk ecgbh, tbjke icipufykb khkt pcrkok, jkf tbjke icipufykb obftbe iktk. Pkjk hkpbskf euhbt tcrjkpkt okabkf skrkl ykfa ocrlufasb uftue icfcrbik rkfaskfakf. Gkgbfa Zkfkd ( Pdcrctbik sp) sp) kjkhkd spcsbcs pkhbfa tcrecfkh jbokfjbfaekf spcsbcs hkbf pkjk echks bfb. Ehbtchui (nrakf rcprnjuesb, icipufykb ococrkpk scaicf, wkrfkfyk ocrocjk) pkjk echks bfb tcrjkpkt jb scaicf 7?-71, sch tchur jbprnjuesb pkjk scaicf ;7, scjkfaekf spcrik jbprnjuesb pkjk scaicf ;0 jkf ;;. Ghkssbs Nhbangdkctk ichbputb juk Nrjn, ykbtu ;) Nrjn Znrrbschkc, ocrsblkt tcrrcstrbkh dbjup jkhki tkfkd. Gnftndfyk Huiorbgus tcrcstrbs, Khhnhnpdnonrk, Khhnhnpdnonrk, jkf Kutypdngus5 Kutypdngus5 ?) Nrjn Hbibgnhkc, ocrsblkt kquktbs. Gnftndfyk Zuoblcx, Wtyhkrbk, Wtyhkrbk, jkf Kchnsnik. jkf Kchnsnik. g. Ghkssbs Dbrujbfck Dbrujbfck kjkhkd ghkssbs Pdyhui Kffchbjk ykfa tbjke icibhbeb sctkc (rkiout) jkf tbjke icibhbeb pkrkpnjbui jb tuoudfyk. Zuoud Dbrujbfck kake pbpbd jcfakf umufa jcpkf jkf ochkekfa scjbebt icrufgbfa. Pkjk scaicf kwkh jkf kedbrfyk tcrjkpkt khkt pcfadbskp ykfa ocrlufasb uftue ocracrke jkf icfcipch. Eniobfksb jkrb khkt pcfadbskp jkf enftrkesb scrtk rchkesksb ntnt icrupkekf icekfbsic pcracrkekf jkrb Dbrujbfck. Wcokabkf ocskr Dbrujbfck icrupkekf cestnpkrksbt ykfa okfyke jbmuipkb pkjk pcriuekf hukr bfkfafyk. Seurkf Dbrujbfck ocrvkrbksb kftkrk ;-70 gi. Dbrujbfck dbjup pkjk bfkfafyk uftue icfadbskp jkrkd jcfakf gkrk icfcipch. Ococrkpk jkrb icrcek icioukt huek pkjk pcriuekkf tuoud bfkfa scdbfaak jkpkt icfadbskp jkrkdfyk, scjkfaekf ococrkpk hkbffyk icfscercsbekf suktu cfzbi ykfa jkpkt ichuokfab euhbt, sctchkd ocrdksbh icioukt huokfa bk kekf icfscercsbekf zkt kftb pcioceu jkrkd, ecokfykekf tbjke tcrksk skkt ghkssbs bfb icfcipch pkjk bfkfafyk, ekrcfk bk icfadksbhekf suktu zkt kfkstcsb ykfa jkpkt
icfadbhkfaekf rksk skebt. Jkhki okdksk scdkrb-dkrb, ghkssbs bfb ebtk ecfkh jcfakf scoutkf Hbftkd. Gnftndfyk ykbtu Kgkftdnjchhk, Dbrujn icjbgbfkhbs, Dkcikjbpsk sp, sp, jkf Dkcinpbs. jkf Dkcinpbs.
C.
Khkt jkf Okdkf
Zkoch ;. Khkt ykfa jbaufkekf jkhki prketbeui icfanoscrvksb Pdyhui Kffchbjk. Fn.
Khkt
Muihkd
;
Ibernsenp obfneuhcr
; ufbt
?
Wct khkt ocjkd
; sct
7
Ekicrk Dkfjpdnfc Ekicrk Dkfjpdnfc
; ufbt
:
Hnupc
; ufbt
3
Mkrui Pcftuh
; sct
<
Gkwkf Pctrb
? ufbt
Zkoch ?. Okdkf ykfa jbaufkekf jkhki prketbeui icfanoscrvksb Pd yhui Kffchbjk. Fn.
Okdkf
Muihkd
;
Prcpkrkt kwctkf ichbftkfa Huiorbgus ichbftkfa Huiorbgus sp.
; ufbt
?
Prcpkrkt kwctkf ichbftkfa Pdcrctbik ichbftkfa Pdcrctbik sp.
; ufbt
7
Prcpkrkt kwctkf icioumur kftcrbnr Huiorbgus kftcrbnr Huiorbgus sp.
; ufbt
:
Prcpkrkt kwctkf icioumur pnstcrbnr Huiorbgus pnstcrbnr Huiorbgus sp.
; ufbt
3
Wpcsbicf Gkgbfa Zkfkd ( Pdcrctbik sp. )
; ufbt
<
Wpcsbicf Hbftkd ( Dbrujn Dbrujn icjbgbfkhbs) icjbgbfkhbs)
; ufbt
1
Kwctkf Okskd Fcrcbs Okskd Fcrcbs vbrcfs
; ufbt
4
Kwctkf Okskd Krcfbgnhk Okskd Krcfbgnhk grbstktk
; ufbt
2
Kwctkf Okskd Icaksgnhcx Okskd Icaksgnhcx sp.
; ufbt
;0
Kwctkf Okskd Dkcikjbpsk Okskd Dkcikjbpsk sp.
; ufbt
;;
Kwctkf Okskd Dbrujn Okskd Dbrujn icjbgbfkhbs
; ufbt
;?
Kwctkf Okskd Wbpufguhus sp.
; ufbt
Fn. ;:
L.
Okdkf
Khendnh 10 %
Muihkd
scgueupfyk
Hkfaekd Ecrmk
Jbkarki ;. Hkfaekd Ecrmk Pcfakiktkf Inrlnhnab Pdyhui Kffchbjk.
Jbkiktb ococrkpk kwctkf Ghkssbs Pnhygdkctk. ykfa jbwkebhb nhcd Fcrcbs nhcd Fcrcbs vbrcfs vbrcfs jkf Krcfbgnhk jkf Krcfbgnhk grbstktk.
Jbkiktb okabkf ecpkhk ykfa tcrjkpkt tcftkech, tuoud t uoud ykfa tcrjkpkt snibtc ocrupk ruks tuoud ykfa skik, jkf pkrkpnjbk tbkp ruks.
Jbdbtufa muihkd ruks, jbtcftuekf= prnstnibui pkjk okabkf kftcrbnr, pcrbtnibui, pcrbtnibui, ehbtchhui, acfbtkh pnrc jkf kfus pkjk okabkf pnstcrbnr tuoud.
Jbkiktb gkgbfa tkfkd ( Pdcrctbik Pdcrctbik sp.) sp.) ykfa icwkebhb Ghkssbs Nhbangdkctk.
Jbkiktb inrlnhnab Dbrujbfck. Jbkiktb okabkf kftcrbnr jkf pnstcrbnr, sugecr pkjk kftcrbnr jkf pnstcrbnr, pnstcrbnr, iuhut jkf kfus.
Jbdbtufa ruks tuoud Dbrujn tuoud Dbrujn icjbgbfkhbs ykfa icwkebhb Ghkssbs Dbrujbfck.
Jbkarki ?. Hkfaekd Hkfaekd Ecrmk Pcfakiktkf Kfktnib jkrb Pdcrctbik jkrb Pdcrctbik sp. jkf Huiorbgus sp.
Jbkiobh eciujbkf jbgugb jcfakf kbr gkgbfa tkfkd Pdcrctbik sp.
Jbiksueekf ec jkhki ctkfnh 10%.
Jbtcftuekf sbstci pcfgcrfkkf, pciouhud jkrkd= jnrskh jkf vcftrkh, scptui, spcriktdcgk jkf vcsbeuhk scibfkhbs.
Jbocjkd gkgbfa pkjk okabkf jnrskh iuhkb jkrb okabkf kftcrbnr.
Jbkiktb prcpkrkt skyktkf ichbftkfa Huiorbgus ichbftkfa Huiorbgus sp. icfaaufkekf ibernsenp.
Jbtcftuekf eutbeuhk cpbjcribs, ntnt gbrguhcr, ntnt hnfabtujbfkh, gnchni, pciouhud jkrkd= jnrskh jkf vcftrkh, bftcstbfc, sykrkl fcpdrbjbui jkf sctkc .
A. Dksbh Pcfakiktkf
Zkoch 7. Pcfakiktkf Kfktnib Pdyhui Kffchbjk.
Fn.
;
Fkik Wpcsbcs
Fcrcbs vbrcfs
Wbictrb
Ocftue Zuoud
Zuoud
_uks
Pkrk-
Ehbtc-
Zuoud
pnjbk
hui
Wctkc ktku
Wugecr
rkiout
Zcftkech
Obhktcrkh Icikfmkfa. Wbhbfjrbs jb sbictrbs
okabkf jnrskh jkf pbpbd jb
Ghkssbs
Pnhygdkctk
∝
∝
-
∝
-
∝
okabkf vcftrkh ?
Krcfbgnhk
Obhktcrkh Icikfmkfa. Wbhbfjrbs jb
grbstktk
sbictrbs
okabkf jnrskh jkf pbpbd jb
Pnhygdkctk
∝
∝
-
∝
-
∝
∝
-
∝
∝
-
-
∝
-
∝
∝
-
-
∝
-
∝
∝
-
-
_uks
Pkrk-
Ehbtc-
Zuoud
pnjbk
hui
∝
-
-
-
∝
-
∝
-
-
-
∝
-
∝
-
-
-
-
-
okabkf vcftrkh 7
Icaksgnhcx sp.
Obhktcrkh Ouhkt icikfmkfa sbictrbs
:
Huiorbgus sp.
Obhktcrkh Ouhkt icikfmkfa sbictrbs
3
Pdcrctbik sp.
Obhktcrkh Ouhkt icikfmkfa sbictrbs
Fn.
<
1
Fkik Wpcsbcs
Wbictrb Zuoud
Dbrujn
Obhktcrkh Ouhkt
icjbgbfkhbs
sbictrbs pbpbd
Dkcikjbpsk sp.
Obhktcrkh Ouhkt
Ocftue Zuoud
icikfmkfa
jkf
icikfmkfa
jkf
sbictrbs pbpbd 4
Wbpufguhus sp.
Obhktcrkh Ouhkt icikfmkfa sbictrbs
Wctkc ktku
Wugecr
rkiout
Zcftkech
Nhbangdkctk
Nhbangdkctk
Nhbangdkctk
Ghkssbs
Dbrujbfck
Dbrujbfck
Acpdyrk
Fn.
<
1
Fkik Wpcsbcs
Wbictrb
Ocftue Zuoud
Zuoud
Dbrujn
Obhktcrkh Ouhkt
icjbgbfkhbs
sbictrbs pbpbd
Dkcikjbpsk sp.
Obhktcrkh Ouhkt
icikfmkfa
jkf
icikfmkfa
jkf
sbictrbs pbpbd 4
Wbpufguhus sp.
Obhktcrkh Ouhkt icikfmkfa sbictrbs
Wctkc
_uks
Pkrk-
Ehbtc-
Zuoud
pnjbk
hui
∝
-
-
-
∝
-
∝
-
-
-
∝
-
∝
-
-
-
-
-
ktku
Wugecr
rkiout
Zcftk-
Ghkssbs
ech
Dbrujbfck
Dbrujbfck
Acpdyrk
Zkoch :. Ehksblbeksb Pdyhui Kffchbjk. Fn.
;.
Ehksblbeksb
Akiokr Noscrvksb
Akiokr _clcrcfsb
_cafui = Kfbikhbk Pdyhui = Kffchbjk Ghkssbs = Pnhygdkctk Nrjn
= Sibgnhkc
Lkibhbk = Crrkftbk Acfus
= Fcrcbs = Fcrcbs
Wpcgbcs = Fcrcbs = Fcrcbs vbrcfs
Akiokr ;.;
Akiokr ;.?
Fcrcbs vbrcfs
Fcrcbs vbrcfs
(Jneuicftksb
(Hkrs Ikhtdk, ?002)
Echnipne ;K, ?0;4) ?.
_cafui = Kfbikhbk Pdyhui = Kffchbjk
Zkoch :. Ehksblbeksb Pdyhui Kffchbjk. Fn.
;.
Ehksblbeksb
Akiokr Noscrvksb
Akiokr _clcrcfsb
_cafui = Kfbikhbk Pdyhui = Kffchbjk Ghkssbs = Pnhygdkctk Nrjn
= Sibgnhkc
Lkibhbk = Crrkftbk Acfus
= Fcrcbs = Fcrcbs
Wpcgbcs = Fcrcbs = Fcrcbs vbrcfs
Akiokr ;.;
Akiokr ;.?
Fcrcbs vbrcfs
Fcrcbs vbrcfs
(Jneuicftksb
(Hkrs Ikhtdk, ?002)
Echnipne ;K, ?0;4) ?.
_cafui = Kfbikhbk Pdyhui = Kffchbjk Ghkssbs = Pnhygdkctk Nrjn
= Gkpbtchhbk
Lkibhbk = Krcfbgnhbjkc Acfus
= Krcfbgnhk = Krcfbgnhk
Akiokr ?.;
Akiokr ?.?
Wpcgbcs = Krcfbgnhk = Krcfbgnhk grbstktk
Krcfbgnhk grbstktk
Krcfbgnhk grbstktk
(Jneuicftksb
(C. K. Hkzn, ?00<)
Echnipne ;K, ?0;4) 7.
_cafui = Kfbikhbk Pdyhui = Kffchbjk Ghkssbs = Nhbangdkctk Nrjn
= Huiorbgbjck
Lkibhbk = Icaksgnhcgbjkc Acfus
= Icaksgnhcx = Icaksgnhcx
Wpcgbcs = Icaksgnhcx = Icaksgnhcx sp.
Akiokr 7.;
Akiokr 7.?
Icaksgnhcx sp.
Icaksgnhcx sp.
(Jneuicftksb
(Duad Hkfsjnwf,
Echnipne ;K, ?0;4)
?0;3)
Fn.
:.
Ehksblbeksb
Akiokr Noscrvksb
Akiokr _clcrcfsb
_cafui = Kfbikhbk Pdyhui = Kffchbjk Ghkssbs = Nhbangdkctk Nrjn
= Npbstdnpnrk
Lkibhbk = Huiorbgbjkc Acfus
= Huiorbgus = Huiorbgus
Wpcgbcs = Huiorbgus = Huiorbgus sp.
Akiokr :.;.;
Akiokr :.?
Wkyktkf Ichbftkfa
Huiorbgus sp.
Huiorbgus sp.
(Ikhgnhi Wtnrcy,
(Jneuicftksb
?0;;)
Echnipne ;K, ?0;4)
Akiokr :.;.? Wkyktkf Icioumur Kftcrbnr Huiorbgus Kftcrbnr Huiorbgus sp. (Jneuicftksb sp. (Jneuicftksb Echnipne ;K, ?0;4)
Akiokr :.;.7. Wkyktkf Icioumur Pnstcrbnr Huiorbgus Pnstcrbnr Huiorbgus sp. (Jneuicftksb sp. (Jneuicftksb Echnipne ;K, ?0;4)
Fn.
3.
Ehksblbeksb
Akiokr Noscrvksb
Akiokr _clcrcfsb
_cafui = Kfbikhbk Pdyhui = Kffchbjk Ghkssbs = Nhbangdkctk Nrjn
= Npbstdnpnrk
Lkibhbk = Huiorbgbjkc Acfus
= Pdcrctbik = Pdcrctbik
Wpcgbcs = Pdcrctbik = Pdcrctbik sp.
Akiokr 3.;.;
Akiokr 3.?
Wkyktkf Ichbftkfa
Pdcrctbik sp.
Pdcrctbik sp.
(Gd‒bcf Hcc, ?002)
(Jneuicftksb Echnipne ;K, ?0;4)
Akiokr 3.;.? Kfktnib Pdcrctbik sp. (Jneuicftksb Echnipne ;K, ?0;4)
Akiokr 3.;.7 Acfbtkh pnrc Pdcrctbik sp. (Jneuicftksb Echnipne ;K, ?0;4)
Fn.
<.
Ehksblbeksb
Akiokr Noscrvksb
Akiokr _clcrcfsb
_cafui = Kfbikhbk Pdyhui = Kffchbjk Ghkssbs = Dbrujbfck Nrjn
= Afktdnojchhbjk
Lkibhbk = Dbrujbfkc Acfus
= Dbrujn = Dbrujn
Wpcgbcs = Dbrujn = Dbrujn icjbgbfkhbs
Akiokr <.;.;
Akiokr <.?
Dbrujn icjbgbfkhbs
Dbrujn icjbgbfkhbs
(Jneuicftksb
(Pkvhk Zngdnrnvk,
Echnipne ;K, ?0;4)
?002)
Akiokr <.;.? Kfktnib Dbrujn Kfktnib Dbrujn icjbgbfkhbs (Jneuicftksb Echnipne ;K, ?0;4) 1.
_cafui= Kfbikhbk Pdyhui = Kffchbjk Ghkssbs = Dbrujbfck Nrjn
= Afktdnojchhbjk
Lkibhbk = Dbrujbfkc Acfus = Dkcikjbpsk = Dkcikjbpsk Wpcgbcs = Dkcikjbpsk = Dkcikjbpsk sp.
Akiokr 1.;
Akiokr 1.?
Dkcikjbpsk sp.
Dkcikjbpsk sp.
(Jneuicftksb
(Cikfuchhc Obaab,
Echnipne ;K, ?0;4)
?0;3)
4.
_cafui= Kfbikhbk Pdyhui = Kffchbjk Ghkssbs = Acpdyrk Nrjn
= Wbpufguhblnrics
Lkibhbk = Wbpufguhbjkc Acfus = Wbpufguhus Wpcgbcs = Wbpufguhus sp.
Akiokr 4.;
Akiokr 4.?
Wbpufguhus sp.
Wbpufguhus sp.
(Jneuicftksb
(Ikttjulnrt, ?00?)
Echnipne ;K, ?0;4)
D. Pciokdkskf
Ocrjkskrekf dksbh pcfakiktkf tcrdkjkp prcpkrkt kwctkf, kwctkf okskd, jkf spcsbicf. Ikek tcrjkpkt okfyke dcwkf Kffchbjk. Dcwkf-dcwkf ykfa jbtciuekf pkjk skipch jbanhnfaekf ec jkhki juk ghkssbs ocrjkskrekf okfyke scjbebtfyk rkiout ktku sctkc, scrtk ecocrkjkkf pkrkpnjbk, tcftkech, sugecr, jkf ehbtchui, kftkrk hkbf = ;. Ghkssbs Pnhygdkctk k. Fcrcbs vbrcfs Bk dbjup jb hkut, icibhbeb sbictrb tuoud sbictrb obhktcrkh, bk tcriksue jkhki echks Pnhygdkctk ekrcfk ocftue tuoudfyk abhba, icikfmkfa sbhbfjrbs jb okabkf jnrskh jkf pbpbd jb okabkf vcftrkh, ocftue ecpkhkfyk tcrhbdkt mchks ocabtu muak ruks tuoudfyk, icibhbeb tcftkech jkf pkrkpnjbk ykfa icibhbeb okfyke sctkc (rkiout) jkf snibtcs ykfa icrupkekf ruks tuoud ykfa skik ocskr, icibhbeb juk pkskfa obftbe iktk, jkf tbjke jbtciuekf ehbtchui ktkupuf sugecr. o. Krcfbgnhk grbstktk Bk icibhbeb sbictrb tuoud sbictrb obhktcrkh jcfakf ocftue tuoud abhba,bk tcriksue jkhki echks Pnhygdkctk ekrcfk ruks tuoudfyk tcrhbdkt mchks, icibhbeb pkrkpnjbk jkf tcftkech, icibhbeb okfyke sctkc jb sctbkp pkrkpnjbkfyk, tctkpb tbjke icibhbeb ehbtchui, jkf sugecr.
?. Ghkssbs Nhbangdkctk k. Icaksgnhcx sp Bk obksk dbjup jb kbr tkwkr ktku jb tkfkd ykfa hcioko, icibhbeb sbictrb tuoud ykfa sbictrb obhktcrkh, ocftue tuoud abhba jkf ouhkt icikfmkfa, jb iksuekf ecjkhki echks Nhbangdkctk ekrcfk icibhbeb ecpkhk ykfa tbjke ocabtu mchks tcrhbdkt, tbjke icibhbeb tcftkech, sugecr, jkf pkrkpnjbk, tcrjkpkt sctkc jb sctbkp snibtcs tkpb tbjke scokfyke ykfa jbibhbeb echks Pnhyangdkctk, icibhbeb ehbtchui jkf ruks tuoud ykfa mchks, jkf ocrsblkt dcriklrnjbt. o. Huiorbgus sp Ocrsbictrb obhktcrkh, icibhbeb ocftue tuoud ykfa abhba jkf ouekt icikfmkfa, ecpkhkfyk tbjke tcrhkhu mchks tcrhbdkt, icibhbeb iuhut jbokabkf kftcrbnr jkf kfus jb pnstcrbnr, icibhbeb prnstnibui ykfa obsk jbacrkekf echukr-iksue okabkf iuhut, tbjke icibhbeb tcftkech, sugecr, jkf pkrkpnjbk, sctbkp snibtcsfyk tcrjkpkt sctkc, icibhbeb ehbtchui jkf ruks tuoud ykfa mchks ykfa ebrk-ebrk obsk icfgkpkb ?00 oukd. g. Pdcrctrbik sp Zcriksue jkhki echks Nhbangdkctk, icibhbeb sbictrb tboud obhktcrkh jkf ocftue tuoud abhba, ecpkhkfyk tbjke tcrhbdkt mchks tctkpb ruks tuoud jkf ehbtchuifyk tcrhbdkt mchks, icibhbeb iuhut jbokabkf kftcrbnr jkf kfus jb pnstcrbnr, icibhbeb prnstnibui ykfa obsk jbacrkekf echukriksue okabkf iuhut, lkrbfa tbjke jkpkt jbechukrekf, icibhbeb ehbtchui jkf ruks tuoud ykfa mchks ykfa ebrk-ebrk obsk icfgkpkb 40;00 oukd, tbjke icibhbeb tcftkech, sugecr, jkf pkrkpnjbk, sctbkp snibtcsfyk tcrjkpkt sctkc. 7. Ghkssbs Dbrujbfck k. Dbrujn icjbgbfkhbs Icibhbeb sbictrb tuoud obhktcrkh jcfakf ocftue tuoud abhba jkf ouhkt icikfmkfa, ecpkhkfyk tbjke ocabtu mchks, icibhbeb iuhut jbokabkf umufa kftcrbnr jcfakf jbechbhbfab nhcd sugecr kftcrbnr scicftkrk kfus jbechbhbfab sugecr pnstcrbnr, icibhbeb eutbeuhk ntnt
ykfa ecfykh, jkf khkt pcfgcrfkkffyk jcfakf grnp ykfa skfakt ocskr, bk icibhbeb ruks tuoud ykfa mchks ykfa obsk icfgkpkb 70 oukd, tuoudfyk ocrpbaicf, icibhbeb eutbeuhk ntnt ykfa ecfykh, tbjke icibhbeb pkrkpnjbk, tcftkech, ehbtchui, jkf sctkc, obksk dbjup jb kbr hkut jkf jkrkt. o. Dkcikjbpsk sp Icibhbeb sbictrb tuoud obhktcrkh jcfakf ocftue tuoud abhba jkf ouhkt icikfmkfa, ecpkhkfyk tbjke ocabtu mchks, icibhbeb ruks tuoud ykfa mchks, tbjke icibhbeb pkrkpnjbk, tcftkech, ehbtchui, jkf sctkc, obksk dbjup jb kbr hkut jkf jkrkt. :. Ghkssbs Acpdyrk k. Wbpufguhus sp Icibhbeb sbictrb tuoud obhktcrkh jcfakf ocftue tuoud abhba, icibhbeb ruks tuoud ykfa mchks, tbjke icibhbeb pkrkpnjbk, sctkc, ehbtchui, tcftkech, jkf sugecr.
B.
Dksbh Jbseusb
;. Jkpktekd kfjk icfciuekf pcrskikkf ykfa jbibhbeb sctbkp Wpcgbcs ykfa Kfjk tciuekf > tuhbsekf pcrskikkf-pcrskikkf tcrscout ! Mkwkokf = Wctbkp spcgbcs icibhbeb sbictrb tuoud obhktcrkh jkf icibhbeb ruks tuoud. ?. Jkpktekd kfjk icfciuekf pcrocjkkf ykfa jbibhbeb nhcd sctbkp spcsbcs tcrscout scdbfaak jbiksuekf pkjk ghkssbs ykfa ocrocjk > tuhbsekf pcrocjkkf-pcrocjkkffyk ! Mkwkokf = Ocrjkskrekf kjk ktku tbjkefyk pkrkpnjbk, tcftkech, sugecr, ehbtchui, jkf okfykefyk sctkc jb sctbkp spcgbcs ykfa eciujbkf jbanhnfaekf jkhki ghkssbs ykfa ocrocjk. k. Ghkssbs Pnhygdkctk
= Icibhbeb pkrkpnjbk, sctkc jkf tcftkech. Zbjke icipufykb ehbtchui jkf sugecr.
o. Ghkssbs Nhbangdkctk
= Icibhbeb ehbtchui jkf sctkc. Zbjke icipufykb pkrkpnjbk, sugecr jkf tcftkech.
g. Ghkssbs Dbrujbfck
= Icibhbeb sugecr. Zbjke icipufykb pkrkpnjbk, ehbtchui, sctkc, jkf tcftkech.
j. Ghkssbs Acpdyrk
= Zbjke icibhbeb pkrkpnjbk, ehbtchui, sctkc, sugecr ikupuf tcftkech.
7. Zuhbsekf gbrb edks jkrb tbkp ghkssbs ghkssb s pkjk enhni ocrbeut Ghkssbs
Gbrb Edks
-
Pkjk okabkf hktcrkh tcrjkpkt ciochkf rkiout (pkrkpnjbk)
Pnhygdkctk
-
Jbokabkf ecpkhk tcrjkpkt tcftkech
-
Zbjke icipufykb ehbtchui
-
Dnhnznbe ktku skprnznbe
-
Ecokfykekf dbjup jb hkut
-
Ocruikd juk jcfakf lcrtbhbsksb cestcrfkh, icibhbeb ocftue ocftue hkrvk trngnpdnrc
-
Icibhbeb okfyke sctkc
-
Icibhbeb ehbtchui ykfa mchks
-
Wctbkp snibtcs (ruks ktku scaicf ykfa skik ocskr) tcrjkpkt sctkc
Nhbangdkctk
-
Ikekfkf ocrupk duius
-
Dbjup jb kbr tkwkr ktku tkfkd hcioko
-
Ocruikd sktu tkpb tbjke jkpkt ichkeuekf pcioukdkf
scfjbrb,
lcrtbhbsksb
cestcrfkh
jkhki gngnnf, tbjke icibhbeb ocftue hkrvk
Dbrujbfck
-
Icibhbeb sctkc, tctkpb tbjke okfyke
-
Siuifyk pbpd
-
Icipufykb juk sugecr (sugecr pnstcrbnr hcobd ocskr jkrb sugecr kftcrbnr)
-
Zbjke icipufykb tcftkech jkf pkrkpnjbk
-
Ikekfkf ocrupk gkbrkf tuoud nrakfbsic hkbf
-
Dbjup jb hkut, kbr tkwkr, ktku tkfkd
-
Zbjke icipufykb sctkc
:. Zuhbsekf ecaufkkf jkf ikflkkt jkrb spcgbcs-spcgbcs Kffchbjk ykfa kfjk tciuekf! Mkwkokf = k. Gkgbfa pkhnhn okfyke jbenfsuisb jb wbhkykd wbhk ykd Bfjnfcsbk Zbiur. o. Dbrujn icjbgbfkhc, icjbgbfkhc, icibhbeb zkt dbrujbf jkpkt jbaufkekf uftue icfgcakd pcioceukf jkrkd, jkf icfycioudekf pcfykebt. g. Pdcrctbik
sp
(gkgbfa
tkfkd)
uftue
icfaaciourekf
tkfkd.
Pcfaaciourkf tkfkd ykfa jbhkeuekf gkgbfa ichkhub huokfa-huokfa (mkhkf) ykfa jboukt nhcd gkgbfa. Gkgbfa tkfkd icioukt huokfa jcfakf icfjcske ktku icikekf outbrkf-outbrkf ecgbh tkfkd, scdbfaak icipcrokbeb kcrksb jkf jrkbfksc jkhki tkfkd. Jcfakf kjkfyk huokfa-huokfa tcrscout, tkfkd icfmkjb hcobd aciour. Wchkbf icioukt tkfkd icfmkjb hcobd aciour, huokfa mkhkf ykfa jboukt gkgbfa ocrikflkkt muak uftue enfscrvksb kbr tkfkd. Icfurut scnrkfa kdhb tkfkd, gkgbfa tkfkd ikipu icfaakhb tkfkd dbfaak ecjkhkikf ; ictcr. Dkh tcrscout skfakt ocrikflkkt jkhki pcfycrkpkf kbr. Pcfycrkpkf kbr jkhki muihkd okfyke kekf icipcrecgbh okfmbr jkf crnsb ykfa tcrmkjb ectbek dumkf ocskr ichkfjk. Gkgbfa icfaenfsuisb tkfkd jkf okdkf-okdkf nrakfbe hkbffyk scdbfaak icfadksbhekf prnjue oukfakf (entnrkf). Entnrkf Entnrkf gkgbfa ocrikflkkt okab ecsuourkf tkfkd ekrcfk icfakfjufa ufsur dkrk F, P, jkf E, scdbfaak icipcrekyk ekfjufakf ibfcrkh jkhki tkfkd. Entnrkf gkgbfa tcrscout ocrupk ocftue futrbsb ykfa iujkd jbikflkktekf tkfkikf. Fkiuf, prnjuesb khkib entnrkf gkgbfa tkfkd ocrakftufa pkjk spcsbcs, iusbi, jkf enfjbsb pnpuhksb ykfa scdkt. j. Fcrcbs vbrcfs uftue icfmkak censbstci hkut, ekrcfk scokakb pkekf ykfa skfakt iciokftu prnscs pciktkfakf anfkj jkf pcibmkdkf ujkfa jkf bekf ecgbh.
3. Jkrb tcnrb pcreuhbkdkf ktku oueu suiocr ykfa kfjk pcrnhcd icfacfkb Pdyhui Kffchbjk, hcfaekpbhkd tkoch ocrbeut bfb =
Pdyhui
Pcfgcrfkkf Ikekfkf
Wbstci
Icibhbeb
pcfgcrfkkf
ykfa
Pcrfkpkskf
khkt Ichkhub
Kffchbjk
_cprnjuesb
_cprnjuesb
icibhbeb sbstci Acfcrktbl
ktku
skrkl
sujkd hcfaekp. Ocrupk
pcriuekkf
scpkskfa
Nrakf
scpkskfa
tuoud
pcfgcrfkkffyk
fcpdrbjbk pkjk nohbakt kcrno.
tcrjbrb iuhut,
jbscout
Wbstci Wykrkl
cpbjcribs
dcwkf
k j b h c f f K
Cesercsb
bfb fcpdrbjbui.
jkrb sctbkp ruks. lkrbfa,
jcfakf (Wcesukh) = Lcrtbhbsksb
scgkrk akfahbk gcrcorkh cestcrfkh. (ntke)
ykfa Pcrsktukf
jbduoufaekf ec
kftkrk
akict
tkhb skrkl (fcrvc mkftkf
jkf
csnlkaus, usus,
gnrj)
ykfa akict
octbfk.
jkf kfus.
ichuks
Ghkssbs
jbscpkfmkfa
Nhbangdkctk
tuoudfyk.
jkf Dbrujbfck tbjke icibhbeb ocftue
hkrvk.
Wcjkfaekf ghkssbs Pnhygdkctk icibhbeb ocftue
hkrvk
trngnpdnrc.
<. Icfakpk ghkssbs Pnhygdkctk jkpkt jbmkjbekf obninfbtnrbfa hkut > Mkwkokf = Pnhygdkctk tcriksue ec jkhki nrakfbsic hkut ykfa tnhcrkf tcrdkjkp enftkibfksb jkf dbjup jb jkhki jkf pcriuekkf scjbicf. Hkpbskf jkhki jkf pcriuekkf scjbicf hkut icrupkekf jkcrkd ketbvbtks obnhnab jkf ebibk ykfa ketbl scpcrtb jcenipnsbsb, ibfcrkhbsksb jkf
obnikafblbeksb. Nhcd scoko btu, Pnhygdkctk scrbfa jbaufkekf jkhki obninfbtnrbfa ecscdktkf hbfaeufakf hkut
ykbtu scokakb bfjbektnr
pcfgcikrkf nrakfbe. 1. Kpkekd hbftkd icrupkekf pkrksbt > Wcrtkekf khkskffyk ! Mkwkokf = Icfurut echnipne ekib hbftkd tcriksue pkrksbt. Wbiobnsbs Pkrksbtbsic, kjkhkd eckjkkf jbikfk tcrjkpkt pbdke ykfa jb uftufaekf jkf skhkd sktufyk jbruabekf, hbftkd icfjkpkt ecuftufakf jkrb icfadbskp jkrkd, scjkfaekf enrokf ykfa jkrkdfyk tcrdbskp icfakhkib ecruabkf.
M.
Ecsbipuhkf
;. Eckfcekrkakikf dcwkf-dcwkf ykfa tchkd jbkiktb ykfa tcriksue jkhki lbhui Kffchbjk jbkftkrkfyk, Wbpufguhus sp, Fcrcbs vbrcfs, Krcfbgnhk grbstktk,
Icaksgkhcx
sp,
Dkcikjbpsk
sp,
Dbrujn
icjbgbfkhbs,
Huiorbguhus sp, jkf Pdcrctrbik jkf Pdcrctrbik sp. ?. Dcwkf-dcwkf jkhki lbhui Kffchbjk icibhbeb tuoud ouhkt icikfmkfa jcfakf scaicf ykfa icfycrupkb gbfgbf ecgbh ktku snibtc, kppcfjkacs ecgbh ocrupk sctkc, pkjk ghkssbs Pnhygdkctk tcrjkpkt tcftkech jb okabkf ecpkhk jkf sctbkp ruks tcrjkpkt pkrkpnjbk jcfakf okfyke sctkc, tuoud Kffchbjk jbtutupb eutbeuhk tbpbs jkf hcioko jb scochkd ktks cpbtdch gnhuifkr ykfa okfyke icfakfjufa sch echcfmkr jkf scfsnrbs , jbfjbfa tuoud jbsusuf nhcd hkpbskf ntnt gbrguhkr jkf jkf hnfabtujbfkh . 7. Ocrjkskrekf dksbh pcfakiktkf jkpkt jbectkdub okdwk dcwkf-dcwkf Kffchbjk tcrokab ec jkhki tbak ghkssbs ykfa jbjkskrb nhcd pcrocjkkf muihkd ruks ykfa icfyusuf ectbak ghkssbs tcrscout jkf ocrjkskrekf ecocrkjkkf pkrkpnjbk, tcftkech, sugecr, ehbtchui jkf okfykefyk sctkc. Ectbak ghkssbs tcrscout ykbtu Pnhygdkctk, jcfakf dcwkffyk kftkrk hkbf Fcrcbs vbrcfs, Krcfbgnhk grbstktk. Nhbangdkctk jcfakf dcwkffyk Icaksgkhcx sp, sp, Huiorbgus sp, sp, jkf Pdcrctbik sp. sp. jkf ghkssbs Dbrujbfck jcfakf dcwkffyk Dkcikjbpsk sp, Dbrujn icjbgbfkhbs. icjbgbfkhbs . Jkf Wbpufguhus sp jkhki echks Acpdyrk ykfa icibhbeb ruks tuoud dnrbznftkh vcrtbekh ykfa mchks.
:. Ghkssbs ykfa pcrtkik ykbtu Pnhygdkctk icibhbeb tcftkech, pkrkpnjbk jkf sctkc ykfa muihkdfyk okfyke, ruks tuoud tcrhbdkt mchks, lkrbfa ktku prnonsgbs jkpkt jbechukrekf uftue icfakiobh ikekfkf, tbjke icibhbeb ehbtchui jkf sugecr, jkf uiuifyk dbjup jb hkut. Ghkssbs ykfa ecjuk ykbtu Nhbangdkctk icibhbeb ecpkhk ykfa tbjke tcrhbdkt mchks, lkrbfa tbjke jkpkt jbechukrekf uftue icfakiobh ikekfkf, tbjke icibhbeb pkrkpnjbk jkf tcftkech, icibhbeb sctkc ykfa scjbebt jb sctbkp snibtcs, obksk dbjup jb kbr tkwkr ktku tkfkd ykfa hcioko. Ghkssbs ykfa ectbak ykbtu Dbrujbfck icibhbeb sugecr icibhbeb sugecr ykfa icfachbhbfab iuhut jkf kfusfyk, ruks tuoud tcrhbdkt mchks, tbjke icipufykb tcftkech, pkrkpnjbk, sctkc, jkf ehbtchui, uiuifyk dbjup jb kbr tkwkr jkf jb jkrkt.
JKLZK_ PSWZKEK
Dkjb, Kojuh. (?0;3). Pcfacrtbkf, Gbrb jkf Ehksblbeksb Kffchbjk. Kffchbjk. UnfhbfcY. Jbkescs jkrb=
dttp=//www.snltbhiu.gni/?0;3/03/Pcfacrtbkf-Ehksblbeksb-Gbrb-
Wtruetur-Zuoud-Kffchbjk-kjkhkd.dtih Ekstkwb R, jee. (?003). ]nnhnab Kvcrtcorktk. Kvcrtcorktk. Ikhkfa= Pcfcrobt Sfbvcrsbtks Fcacrb Ikhkfa (SI Prcss).
JKLZK_ AKIOK_
Akiokr ;.? Fcrcbs ;.? Fcrcbs vbrcfs Ikhtdk, Hkrs. (?002). Lryfscnri (Fcrcbs vbrcfs chhcr Fckftdcs vbrcfs). vbrcfs). UnfhbfcY. Jbkescs jkrb = dttp=//www.fkturphkf.je/lntn/c-prcvbcw.pdp>bj9?4;: U;4 Kprbh ?0;4Y Akiokr ?.? Krcfbgnhk ?.? Krcfbgnhk grbstktk Hkzn. (?00<). BfvcrCOksc
Krcfbgnhk grbstktk. grbstktk. UnfhbfcY. Jbkescs jkrb =
‗
dttp=//www.bfvcrtcoksc.nra/pnrtkh/tkxk/bfjcx.pdp>tkxnf94<131 U;4 Kprbh ?0;4Y Akiokr 7.? Icaksgnhcx 7.? Icaksgnhcx sp. Hkfsjnwf, Duad. (?0;3). Ckrtdwnris (Icaksgnhcx). (Icaksgnhcx). UnfhbfcY. Jbkescs jkrb = dttps=//www.ibfjcfpbgturcs.gni/sckrgd/prcvbcw/ckrtdwnri-icaksgnhcxsp-kjuht-bf-rkbflnrcst-hckl-hbttcr-sbfdkrkmk-fktbnfkh/0^400<<02<.dtih
U;4
Kprbh ?0;4Y Akiokr :.? Huiorbgus :.? Huiorbgus sp. Wtnrcy, Ikhgnhi. (?0;;). Huiorbgus
Jbsgnvcr Hblc. Hblc. UnfhbfcY. Jbkescs jkrb =
‗
dttp=//www.jbsgnvcrhblc.nra/ip/?0q>kgt9x^kft&pktd9Kffchbjk/Nhbangdkc tk/Huiorbgbjkc/Huiorbgus/ruochhus&fkic9Huiorbgus+ruochhus&aubjc9C krtdwnris&kutdnrbty9Dnllicbstcr,+;4:7&lhkas9gnh7=&rcs97?0
U;4
Kprbh ?0;4Y Akiokr 3.? Pdcrctbik 3.? Pdcrctbik sp. Hcc, Gd‒bcf. (?002). Ebfkokhu Abkft Ckrtwnris (Pdcrctbik). (Pdcrctbik). UnfhbfcY. Jbkescs jkrb
=
dttps=//www.ibfjcfpbgturcs.gni/sckrgd/prcvbcw/ebfkokhu-abkft-
ckrtdwnri-pdcrctbik-jkrfhbcfsbs-ebfkokhu-fktbnfkh pkre/0^00:72<43.dtih pkre/0^00:72<43.dtih U;4 Kprbh ?0;4Y Akiokr <.? Dbrujn <.? Dbrujn icjbgbfkhbs Zngdnrnvk, Pkvhk. (?002). Dbrujn (?002). Dbrujn icjbgbfkhbs (icjbgbfkh hccgd). hccgd). UnfhbfcY. Jbkescs jkrb = dttps=//www.obnhbo.gz/cf/bikac/bj413:0/ = dttps=//www.obnhbo.gz/cf/bikac/bj413:0/ U;4 Kprbh ?0;4Y Akiokr 1.? Dkcikjbpsk 1.? Dkcikjbpsk sp. Obaab, Cikfuchhc. (?0;3). Hccgdcs bf Onrfcn. Onrfcn. UnfhbfcY. Jbkescs jkrb = dttp=//www.kfurk.bt/hccgdcs-bf-onrfcn/ U;4 Kprbh ?0;4Y
Akiokr 4.? Wbpufguhus sp. Ikttjulnrt. (?00?). Wbpufguhus fujus (Ikrbfc wnris). wnris) . UnfhbfcY. Jbkescs jkrb = dttps=//www.ufbprnt.nra/tkxnfniy/<::< U;4 Kprbh ?0;4Y
