Lansang v Garcia

Lansang v Garcia G.R. No. L-33964, December 11, 1971  TOPIC: Powers an !"nc#$ons o! #%e Pres$en# & '(ec$a) Powers & Powers Powers as Commaner-$n-C%$e!  IN T*+ TT+R O T*+ P+TITION OR */+' CORP0' O T+ODO'IO LN 'NG, RODOLO D+L RO' RIO, ND /NI /NI LCL Res(onen#: /RIGDI+R-G+N+RL +D0RDO . G RCI, C*I+, P*ILIPPIN+ CON'T/0LR Ponen#e: Conce(c$on2 9 conso)$a#e cases

CT' - In #%e een$n o! ""s# 51, 1971, a# abo"# 9 (.m., w%$)e #%e L$bera) Par# o! #%e P%$)$(($nes was %o)$n a ("b)$c mee#$n a# P)aa $rana, an$)a, !or #%e (resen#a#$on o! $#s can$a#es $n #%e enera) e)ec#$ons sc%e")e !or Noember 8, 1971, #wo 5 %an renaes were #%rown, one a!#er a!#er #%e o#%er, a# #%e ()a#!orm w%ere sa$ can$a#es an o#%er (ersons were. s a conse;"ence, e$%# 8 (ersons were <$))e an man more $n="re, $nc)"$n (rac#$ca)) a)) o! #%e a!oremen#$one can$a#es, some o! w%om s"s#a$ne e>#ens$e, as we)) as ser$o"s, $n="r$es w%$c% co") %ae been !a#a) %a $# no# been !or #%e #$me) me$ca) ass$s#ance $en #o #%em. - " 53, 1971, Pres. arcos $ss"e Proc)ama#$on 889 #%a# s"s(ene ?#%e (r$$)ee o! #%e wr$# o! %abeas cor("s !or #%e (ersons (resen#) e#a$ne, as we)) as a)) o#%ers w%o ma be %erea!#er s$m$)ar) e#a$ne !or #%e cr$mes o! $ns"rrec#$on or rebe))$on, an a)) o#%er cr$mes an o@enses comm$##e b #%em $n !"r#%erance or on #%e occas$on #%ereo!, or $nc$en# #%ere#o, or $n connec#$on #%erew$#%.A - 13 (eo()e B)e (e#$#$ons !or wr$#s o! %abeas cor("s as #%e were arres#e w$#%o"# warran#s, an are assa$)$n #%e a)$$# o! #%e (roc)ama#$on - #%e res(onen#s sa$ #%a# #%e %a been a((re%ene an e#a$ne on reasonab)e be)$e! #%a# #%e %a (ar#$c$(a#e $n #%e cr$me o! $ns"rrec#$on or rebe))$on2 #%a# #%e$r con#$n"e e#en#$on $s ="s#$Be "e #o #%e s"s(ens$on o! #%e (r$$)ee o! #%e wr$# o! %abeas cor("s ("rs"an# #o Proc)ama#$on No. 889., an #%a# #%e con#$n"$n e#en#$on o! #%e (e#$#$oners $s an "ren# bona Be (reca"#$onar an (reen#$e meas"re emane b #%e necess$#$es o! ("b)$c sa!e#, ("b)$c we)!are an ("b)$c $n#eres# - On ""s# 3, 1971, #%e Pres$en# $ss"e Proc)ama#$on No. 889-, amen$n Proc)ama#$on No. 889, so as #o rea #%a# ac#s o! rebe))$on an $ns"rrec#$on, %ae crea#e a s#a#e o! )aw)essness an $sorer a@ec#$n ("b)$c sa!e# an #%e sec"r$# o! #%e '#a#e E #%e or$$na) (roc)ama#$on $ no# con#a$n #%e "ner)$ne. T%e amenmen# $n$ca#es #%a# #%ere were oer# ac#s comm$##e. - on 'e(#ember 18, 1971, Proc)ama#$on No. 889 was !"r#%er amene b Proc)ama#$on No. 889-/, )$!#$n #%e s"s(ens$on o! #%e (r$$)ee o! #%e wr$# o! %abeas cor("s $n some (ro$nces an c$#$es, #%en on 'e(# 5F, Proc)ama#$on No. 889-C, res#or$n #%e (r$$)ee o!  #%e wr$# $n some (ro$nces an c$#$es. 889-D s"s(ene #%e (r$$)ee aa$n $n some - Pe#$#$oners assa$) #%e (roc)ama#$on beca"se $# oes no# com() w$#% 193F cons#$#"#$on r#$c)e III 1 (ar 14: T%e (r$$)ee o! #%e wr$# o! %abeas cor("s s%a)) no# be s"s(ene e>ce(# $n cases o! $nas$on, $ns"rrec#$on, or rebe))$on, w%en #%e ("b)$c sa!e# re;"$res $#, $n an o! w%$c% een#s #%e same ma be s"s(ene w%ereer "r$n s"c% (er$o #%e necess$# !or s"c% s"s(ens$on s%a)) e>$s#. an (arara(% 5, sec#$on 1, r#$c)e HII o! #%e same $ns#r"men#, w%$c% (ro$es #%a#: T%e Pres$en# Pres$en# s%a)) be commaner-$n-c%$e! o! a)) arme !orces !orces o! #%e P%$)$(($nes an, w%eneer $# becomes necessar, %e ma ca)) o"# s"c% arme !orces #o (reen# or s"((ress )aw)ess $o)ence, $nas$on, $ns"rrec#$on, or rebe))$on. In case o! $nas$on, $ns"rrec#$on, or rebe))$on, or $mm$nen# aner #%ereo! w%en #%e ("b)$c sa!e# re;"$res $#, %e ma s"s(en #%e (r$$)ees o! #%e wr$# o! %abeas cor("s, or ()ace #%e P%$)$(($nes or an (ar# #%ereo! "ner mar#$a) )aw. I''0+: %e#%er #%e Pres$en# %as #%e a"#%or$# #o ec$e w%en #%e s$#"a#$on ca))s !or #%e s"s(ens$on o! #%e wr$# o! %abeas cor("s *+LD: es. T%ere was an e>$s#ence o! rebe))$on, an #%e ("b)$c sa!e# re;"$re $#. T%e s"s(ens$on was #%e )eas# %ars% o! %$s a)#erna#$es. %e#%er #%e Pres$en# %as ac#e arb$#rar$) $n $ss"$n Proc)ama#$on No. 889 - NO DI'PO'ITIH+ *+R+OR+, ="men# $s %ereb renere: 1. Dec)ar$n #%a# #%e Pres$en# $ no# ac# arb$#rar$) $n $ss"$n Proc)ama#$on No. 889, as amene, an #%a#, accor$n), #%e same $s no# "ncons#$#"#$ona)2 5. D$sm$ss$n #%e (e#$#$ons $n L-33964, L-33964, L-3396F, L-3396F, L-33985, L-33985, L7344, L-3413, L-3439 an L-3456F, L-3456F, $nso!ar as (e#$#$oners Teoos$o Lansan, /aan$ )ca)a, Roe)$o r$en a, H$cen#e I)ao, J"an Caran an, Nemes$o +. Pr"en#e, Geraro Tomas, Tomas, Rena)o R$mano, $)omeno . e Cas#ro, /arce)$sa C. e Cas#ro an n#o)$n Ore#a, Jr. are concerne2 3. T%e Co"r# o! $rs# $rs# Ins#ance .o! R$a) $s %ereb $rec#e #o ac# w$#% "#mos# $s(a#c% $n con"c#$n #%e (re)$m$nar e>am$na#$on anKor $nes#$a#$on o! #%e c%ares !or $o)a#$on o! #%e n#$-'"bers$on c# B)e aa$ns# %ere$n (e#$#$oners L"$m$no Da$, H$c#or e)$(e, Gar O)$ar, ne)o e )os Rees, Roo)!o e) Rosar$o an Teres$#o Teres$#o '$son, an #o $ss"e #%e corres(on$n - warran#s o! arres#, $! (robab)e ca"se $s !o"n #o e>$s# aa$ns# #%em, or o#%erw$se, #o orer #%e$r re)ease2 an 4. '%o") #%ere be "n"e e)a, !or an reason reason w%a#soeer, e$#%er $n #%e com()e#$on o! #%e a!oremen#$one a!oremen#$one (re)$m$nar e>am$na#$on, anKor $nes#$a#$on, or $n #%e $ss"ance o! #%e (ro(er orers or reso)"#$ons $n connec#$on #%erew$#%, #%e (ar#$es ma b mo#$on see< $n #%ese (rocee$ns #%e (ro(er re)$e!. F. $#%o"# s(ec$a) (rono"ncemen# as #o cos#s. RTIO - on jurisdiction: #%e members o! #%e Co"r# are now "nan$mo"s $n #%e con$c#$on #%a# $# %as #%e a"#%or$# #o $n;"$re $n#o #%e e>$s#ence o! sa$ !ac#"a) bases $n orer #o e#erm$ne #%e cons#$#"#$ona) s"c$enc - '#er)$n  Cons#an#$n: %en #%ere $s a s"bs#an#$a) s%ow$n #%a# #%e e>er#$on o! s#a#e (ower %as oerr$en (r$a#e r$%#s sec"re b #%a# Cons#$#"#$on, #%e s"b=ec# $s necessar$) one !or ="$c$a) $n;"$r $n an a((ro(r$a#e (rocee$n $rec#e aa$ns# #%e $n$$"a)s c%are w$#% #%e #ransress$on. To s"c% a case #%e eera) ="$c$a) (ower e>#ens r#. 3, sec. 5 an, so e>#en$n, #%e co"r# %as a)) #%e a"#%or$# a((ro(r$a#e #o $#s e>erc$se - #wo 5 con$#$ons m"s# conc"r !or #%e a)$ e>erc$se o! #%e a"#%or$# #o s"s(en #%e (r$$)ee o! #%e wr$#, #o w$#: a #%ere m"s# be $nas$on, $ns"rrec#$on, or rebe))$on or - ("rs"an# #o (arara(% 5, sec#$on 1 o! r#. HII o! #%e Cons#$#"#$on - $mm$nen# aner

#%ereo!, an b ("b)$c sa!e# m"s# re;"$re #%e s"s(ens$on o! #%e (r$$)ee. T%e (res$en#$a) (roc)ama#$on ac#"a)) ec)are #%a# #%ere was a s#a#e o! rebe))$on - #%e ran# o! (ower #o s"s(en #%e (r$$)ee $s ne$#%er abso)"#e nor "n;"a)$Be. I# $s s#a#e $n #%e nea#$e #o em(%as$e $m(or#ance #%a# $# $s on) b wa o! e>ce(#$on #%a# $# (erm$#s #%e s"s(ens$on o! #%e (r$$)ee - ar !rom be$n !")) an ()enar, #%e a"#%or$# #o s"s(en #%e (r$$)ee o! #%e wr$# $s #%"s c$rc"mscr$be, conBne an res#r$c#e, no# on) b #%e (rescr$be se##$n or #%e con$#$ons essen#$a) #o $#s e>$s#ence, b"#, a)so, as rears #%e #$me w%en an #%e ()ace w%ere $# ma be e>erc$se. - #%e s"s(ens$on o! #%e (r$$)ee a@ec#s #%e mos# !"namen#a) e)emen# o! #%a# ss#em, name), $n$$"a) !reeom. w%en $n$$"a) !reeom $s "se #o es#ro #%a# soc$a) orer, b means o! !orce an $o)ence, $n eBance o! #%e R")e o! Law - s"c% as b r$s$n ("b)$c) an #a<$n arms aa$ns# #%e oernmen# #o oer#%row #%e same, #%ereb comm$##$n #%e cr$me o! rebe))$on - #%ere emeres a c$rc"ms#ance #%a# ma warran# a )$m$#e w$#%rawa) o! #%e a!oremen#$one "aran#ee or (ro#ec#$on, b s"s(en$n #%e (r$$)ee o! #%e wr$# o! %abeas cor("s, w%en ("b)$c sa!e# re;"$res $#. - s rears #%e Brs# con$#$on, #%ere are no o"b#s abo"# #%e e>$s#ence o! a s$eab)e ro"( o! men w%o %ae ("b)$c) r$sen $n arms #o oer#%row #%e oernmen# an %ae #%"s been an s#$)) are enae $n rebe))$on aa$ns# #%e Goernmen# o! #%e P%$)$(($nes. #wo 5 !ac#s are "nen$ab)e: a a)) Comm"n$s#s, w%e#%er #%e be)on #o #%e #ra$#$ona) ro"( or #o #%e ao$s# !ac#$on, be)$ee #%a# !orce an $o)ence are $n$s(ensab)e #o #%e a##a$nmen# o! #%e$r ma$n an ")#$ma#e ob=ec#$e, an ac# $n accorance w$#% s"c% be)$e!, a)#%o"% #%e ma $saree on #%e means #o be "se a# a $en #$me an $n a (ar#$c")ar ()ace2 an b #%ere $s a New Peo()eMs rm, o#%er, o! co"rse, #%an #%e arme !orces o! #%e Re("b)$c an an#aon$s#$c #%ere#o. '"c% New Peo()eMs rm $s (er se (roo! o! #%e e>$s#ence o! a rebe))$on, es(ec$a)) cons$er$n #%a# $#s es#ab)$s%men# was anno"nce ("b)$c) b #%e reoran$e CPP. '"c% anno"ncemen# $s $n #%e na#"re o! a ("b)$c c%a))ene #o #%e ") cons#$#"#e a"#%or$#$es an ma be )$$s#ence o! a rebe))$on nee no# be w$es(rea or a##a$n #%e man$#"e o! a c$$) war. - #%e !"nc#$on o! #%e Co"r# $s mere) #o c%ec< - no# #o s"(()an#3 - #%e +>ec"#$e, or #o ascer#a$n mere) w%e#%er %e %as one beon #%e cons#$#"#$ona) )$m$#s o! %$s ="r$s$c#$on, no# #o e>erc$se #%e (ower es#e $n %$m or #o e#erm$ne #%e w$som o! %$s ac#. #%a# ="$c$a) $n;"$r $n#o #%e bas$s o! #%e ;"es#$one (roc)ama#$on can o no !"r#%er #%an #o sa#$s! #%e Co"r# no# #%a# #%e Pres$en#Ms ec$s$on $s correc# an #%a# ("b)$c sa!e# was enanere b #%e rebe))$on an ="s#$Be #%e s"s(ens$on o! #%e wr$#, b"# #%a# $n s"s(en$n #%e wr$#, #%e MPres$en# $ no# ac# arb$ #rar$). - con#rar #o (e#$#$oners c)a$m, #%e NP $s no# #oo sma)) #o (ose a aner. #%e Comm"n$s# Par# o! #%e P%$)$(($nes oes no# mere) a%ere #o Len$nMs $ea o! a sw$!# arme "(r$s$n2 #%a# $# %as, a)so, ao(#e *o C%$ $n%Ms #error$s# #ac#$cs an resor#e #o #%e assass$na#$on o! "ncoo(era#$e )oca) oc$a)s2 #%a#, $n )$ne w$#% #%$s (o)$c, #%e $ns"ren#s %ae <$))e oc$a)s, bombe "#$)$#$es mawasa ma$n ($(e, mera)co s"bs#a#$on an ma$n oce, conress b"$)$n, )e$s)a#ors %omes. I# %as been es#ab)$s%$n ro"(s an emons#ra#$ons #%a# $n="re %"nres. T%e NP %as %a enco"n#ers an <$))e so)$ers an es#roe m$)$#ar %e)$co(#ers an a ()ane.  T%e c(( members are ca(ab)e o! ma<$n e>()os$es, #%a# #%ere was a =")-""s# ()an #o e@ec# a wae o! assass$na#$ons, <$na(($ns2 #error$sm an mass es#r"c#$on o! (ro(er# - secon con$#$on: #%e Co"r# $s no# (re(are #o %o) #%a# #%e +>ec"#$e %a ac#e arb$#rar$) or rae) ab"se %$s $scre#$on w%en %e #%en conc)"e #%a# ("b)$c sa!e# an na#$ona) sec"r$# re;"$re #%e s"s(ens$on o! #%e (r$$)ee o! #%e wr$# - (e#$#$oners ar"e #%a# #%e Pres$en# %a no a"#%or$# #o s"s(en #%e (r$$)ee $n #%e en#$re P%$)$(($nes, een $! %e ma %ae been  ="s#$Be $n o$n so $n some (ro$nces or c$#$es #%ereo!. # #%e #$me o! #%e $ss"ance o! Proc)ama#$on No. 889, %e co") no# be reasonab) cer#a$n, %oweer, abo"# #%e ()aces #o be e>c)"e !rom #%e o(era#$on o! #%e (roc)ama#$on. - #%e (res$en# ra"a)) )$!#e #%e s"s(ens$ons, an #%e s"s(ens$on was on) )$m$#e #o #%ose e#a$ne !or cr$mes o! $ns"rrec#$on or rebe))$onA an #%ose $nc$en# #%ere#o - In case o! $nas$on, $ns"rrec#$on or rebe))$on or $mm$nen# aner #%ereo!, #%e Pres$en# %as, "ner #%e Cons#$#"#$on, #%ree 3 co"rses o! ac#$on o(en #o %$m, name): a #o ca)) o"# #%e arme !orces2 b #o s"s(en #%e (r$$)ee o! #%e wr$# o! %abeas cor("s2 an c #o ()ace #%e P%$)$(($nes or an (ar# #%ereo! "ner mar#$a) )aw. *e %a2 a)rea, ca))e o"# #%e arme, !orces, w%$c% meas"re, %oweer, (roe $nae;"a#e #o a##a$n #%e es$re res")#. O! #%e #wo 5 o#%er a)#erna#$es, #%e s"s(ens$on o! #%e (r$$)ees #%e )eas# %ars%. - o (e#$#$oners %ere$n be)on #o #%e c)ass o! (ersons as #o w%om #%e (r$$)ee o! #%e wr$# o! %abeas cor("s %as been s"s(ene - some o! #%e e#a$nees were re)ease an some were c%are - #%e ac#s $m("#e #o #%e e!enan#s %ere$n cons#$#"#e rebe))$on an s"bers$on, or - $n #%e )an"ae o! #%e (roc)ama#$on - o#%er oer# ac#s comm$##e > > > $n !"r#%erance o! sa$ rebe))$on, bo#% o! w%$c% are coere b #%e (roc)ama#$on s"s(en$n #%e (r$$)ee o! #%e wr$#. - !#er Bn$n #%a# Proc)ama#$on No. 889, as amene, $s no# $ na)$ an #%a# (e #$#$oners L"$m$no Da$, H$c#or e)$(e, Gar O)$ar, ne)o e )os Rees, Roo)!o e) Rosar$o an Teres$#o '$son are e#a$ne !or an ac#"a)) acc"se o! an o@ense !or w%$c% #%e (r$$) ee o! #%e wr$# %as been s"s(ene - $# $s bes# #o )e# sa$ (re)$m$nar e>am$na#$on anKor $nes#$a#$on be com()e#e, so #%a# (e#$#$onersM re)ease co") be orere b #%e co"r# o! Brs# $ns#ance, s%o") $# Bn #%a# #%ere $s no (robab)e ca"se aa$ns# #%em, or a warran# !or #%e$r arres# co") be $ss"e, s%o") a (robab)e ca"se be es#ab)$s%e aa$ns# #%em. r. J"s#$ce ernano $s o! #%e o($n$ on #%a# w%en a !orma) com( )a$n# $s (resen#e, $# becom es a ="$c$a) conce rn an so #%e e>ec"#$e %as #o $e "( %$s a"#%or$# #o con#$n"e %o)$n #%em ("rs"an# #o Proc)ama#$on No. 889. /"# #%e o#%er ="s#$ces $saree: a I! #%e (roc)ama#$on s"s(en$n #%e (r$$)ee o! #%e wr$# o! %abeas cor("s $s a)$ - an e so %o) $# #o be - an #%e e#a$nee $s coere b #%e (roc)ama#$on, #%e B)$n o! a com()a$n# or $n!orma#$on aa$ns# %$m oes no# a@ec# #%e s"s(ens$on o! sa$ (r$$)ee, an, conse;"en#), %$s re)ease ma no# be orere b 0s2 b Inasm"c% as #%e B)$n o! a !orma) com()a$n# or $n!orma#$on oes no# e#rac# !rom #%e a)$$# an ecac o! #%e s"s(ens$on o! #%e (r$$)ee, $# wo") be more reasonab)e #o cons#r"e #%e B)$n o! sa$ !orma) c%ares w$#% #%e co"r# o! Brs# $ns#ance as an e>(ress$on o! #%e Pres$en#Ms be)$e! #%a# #%ere are s"c$en# e$ence #o con$c# #%e (e#$#$oners so c%are an #%a# #%e s%o") no# be re)ease, #%ere!ore, "n)ess an "n#$) sa$ co"r# - a!#er con"c#$n #%e corres(on$n (re)$m$nar e>am$na#$on anKor $nes#$a#$on s%a)) Bn #%a# #%e (rosec"#$on %as no# es#ab)$s%e #%e e>$s#ence o! a (robab)e ca"se. O#%erw$se, #%e +>ec"#$e wo") %ae re)ease sa$ acc"se, as were #%e o#%er (e#$#$oners %ere$n2 c rom a )on-rane $ew(o$n#, #%$s $n#er(re#a#$on - o! #%e ac# o! #%e Pres$en# $n %a$n sa$ !orma) c%ares B)e - $s, e be)$ee, more beneBc$a) #o #%e e#a$nees #%an #%a# !aore b r. ="s#$ce ernano. *$s $ew - (ar#$c")ar) #%e #%eor #%a# #%e e#a$ne es s%o") be re)ease $mme$a#e), w$#%o"# ba$), een be!ore #%e com()e#$on o! sa$ (re)$m$nar e>am$na#$on anKor $nes#$a#$on wo") #en #o $n"ce #%e +>ec"#$e #o re!ra$n !rom B)$n !orma) c%ares as )on as $# ma be (oss$b)e. an$!es#), e s%o")

enco"rae #%e ear) B)$n o! sa$ c%ares, so #%a# co"r#s o! ="s#$ce co") ass"me ="r$s$c#$on oer #%e e#a$nees an e>#en #o #%em e@ec#$e (ro#ec#$on.