A NEW ERA OF TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY IN DEFENCE BY-ROHIT GUPTA TE MECHANICAL
WHAT WHA T IS RADAR BULLET BULLET y
Radar bullet is a speci special al type of bullet which is use to
y
find landmines without setting foot into the ground.
y
This consists of firing a special bullet into ground ground from
y
a helicopter which could pinpoint buried landmines.
WHAT WHA T IS RADAR BULLET BULLET y
Radar bullet is a speci special al type of bullet which is use to
y
find landmines without setting foot into the ground.
y
This consists of firing a special bullet into ground ground from
y
a helicopter which could pinpoint buried landmines.
TYPES OF MINES Anti Ant i-ta tank nk (A (AT T) and Ant ntii-pe pers rso onn nneel (AP AP)) la land ndmi mine ness. AT mines range from about 15 to 35 cm in size. They are typically buried up to 40cm deep, AP mines range from about 5 to 15cm in size. AT mine ness which are designe ned d to imp mpeede the progress of destroy vehicles and AP mines which are desi de sig gne ned d to ki kill ll and an d ma maim im pe peo opl plee.
ANTI_PERSONAL MINES AND ANTI TANK MINES
Technologies used for landmine detection y
1.Metal detectors- capable of finding even low-metal content mines in mineralized soils.
2 Biological sensors such as dogs, pigs, bees .
y
HIGH FALSE ALARM RATE 190,000,000 Antitank mines Number of items removed during mine clearance in Cambodia, 1992-1998
Antipersonnel mines Unexploded ordnance Scrap (shrapnel, coins, cans, etc.)
960
89,000
450,000
Majority of Time Is Spent on Scrap Antitank mines 47,000,000
Antipersonnel mines
Hours spent clearing items in Cambodia, 1992-1998
Unexploded ordnance Scrap
240
22,000
110,000
Poor Detection Equipment Accounts for 72% of Mine Clearance Casualties 72%-POOR DETECTOR PERFORMANCE 28%_OTHERS
28%
Poor detector performance
72%
Other and unknown causes
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION OF RADAR BULLET SYSTEM
The
radar
bullet
International
system
developed
Research
Centre
for
and
Radar
Telecommunications-transmission
in
the
(IRCTR). Impulse radar bullet system comprises Impulse generator, Transmitter, Receiver, Pulse extender, display.
A/D
converter,
Processoran
,visual
SYSTEMATIC DIAGRAM
IMPULSE GENERATOR The pulse generator produces 0.8 ns monocycle pulses. The unique feature generator is small trailing oscillations, which are below 2.4% of maximum amplitude during the first 2 ns and below 0.5% afterwards.
IMPULSE generator continues It
produces
monocycle
as
a
result,
the
magnitude of the field radiated by an antenna system fed by a monocycle is considerably larger than the magnitude of the field radiated by the antenna system fed by a monopoles with the same magnitude.
output signal from the 0.8ns generator
ANTENNA SYSTEM The antenna system is one of the most critical parts of radar bullet system. The antenna system contains transmitter and receiver. The transmit antenna should: Radiate electro magnetic energy within a narrow cone in order to filter out undesirable back scattering from surrounding objects.
The
waveform of the radiated field on
the surface and in the ground should be the same and should not depend on ground. The
receiver antenna should:
Provide
sufficient sensitivity in order
to receive very weak fields. Be
elevated at least 10cm above the
ground surface.
PULSE
EXTENDER
Pulse extender will amplify the ground reflection signal up to the maximum level acquired by A/D convertor.
A/D CONVERTER Information received from receiver is converted from nanoseconds to milliseconds so that it may be digitized by a conventional A/D converter for processing and display.
P ROCESSOR A/D converter converts the signal into digital signal which passes to the processor. Processor filters the signal. This signal shows presence or absence of surrogate mine in the soil. Processor allows passing the presence of mine detecting signal. Processor selects the mine detecting signal and passes to the visual display.
VISU AL DISPL AY Visual
display helps to see the range of
targets. It displays the exact position of landmine
EXPERIMENTAL SET UP A special bullet is fired downward into ground from helicopter flying about 100m above the ground. The bullet is designed to give powerful bust of radio waves from under the ground. The bullet will produce a pulse of radio waves as it pierces the ground, and the signal reflected from any landmines within about a 15m radius will be detected by an antenna on the helicopter.
Radar pulse spreads to a radius of 15 m
SET UP CONTINUES. Once
the mines are located, they can be
destroyed at once or their exact position noted so they can be destroyed at once or their exact position noted so they can be dealt with later. And if the bullet hits it, it would explode the radar pulse is generated from the bullets hit by a process known as magnetic flux compression.
MAGNETIC FLUX COMPRESSION Inside the bullet is a solid metal cylinder, surrounded by a tightly wound coil of wire. As the bullet
leaves
the
gun,
there
is
a
battery
generating a magnetic field in the cylinder. When the bullet smashes into the ground, the sudden deceleration forces the cylinder out from inside the coil. The sudden movement of the metal
Magnetic flux compression continues cylinder
through
the
magnetic
field
induces a large pulse of current in the coil. The
coil
then
acts
like
an
antenna,
converting the pulse into a short burst of high frequency radiation.
ADVANTAGES The
light weight system can be fitted to any
helicopter. i.e. the gun antenna computer controllers etc.
Extremely small bullets can be
used for detection. A 30 mm bullet gives out a 4 KW radar pulse - almost 10 times more power than a standard ground penetrating radar- from 20 centimeters down.
ADVANTAGES CONTINUES. It
has accurate measurements.
It
locates even small targets.
It
has been well founded by the defense.
Biological
sensors can only operate for limited
periods, but in GPR has no such limits. It
has been tested in different environmental
conditions.
DISADVANTAGES It
is highly expensive.
It
is more power hungry.
It can suffer falls alarm rates as high as metal detectors.
An Effective Detection System Would Save Lives and Money 1. Save up to two-thirds of $14-50 billion mine
clearance price tag 2. Prevent millions of casualties among civilians
and deminers
APPLICATIONS y
. It can be used for detecting landmines
y
2. It could help geologists surveying for oil,
minerals and other buried natural resources. y
3. It can be used for detecting buried pipes. For e.g. recently an illegal pipeline carrying drugs between
Afghanistan and Turkmenistan have been discovered. Such type of illegal pipeline can be found out using radar bullets.
MINE EFFECTED COUNTRIES y
The countries known to have severe landmine problems are;Afghanistan, Bosnia,
Eritrea, Croatia, China.
Unfortunately India Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar are also in the list of less-mine affected countries besides other 100 countries.
Landmines: Global Humanitarian Problem
y
y
84 countries have a problem with landmines 58 of these countries reported mine casualties in 2004
FUTURE PROSPECTS 1As the UN has already implemented a world wide ban on antipersonnel mines, the invention of radar bullet helps to speed up the destruction of the mines. 2..Current detection methods range from hightech electronic (ground penetrating radar), infrared, (magnetic resonance imaging) to biological detection schemes(Dog Sniff or) and insects or bacteria to simple brute force
detonation methods (Flails, Rollers and plows) and the use of the hand held mechanical prodders. Most of these methods are very slow and or expensive and suffer from a high false alarm rate .So with helicopters and radar bullets, the mines can be cleared easily.
CONCLUSION This can be used not only for detecting antipersonnel mines, but also for detecting antitank mines as well as for the mines used in sea for targeting the ship and submarines. . Since it can also be used for exploring oil, minerals and other buried natural resources, the discovery of radar bullet is a big boost for the modern world as we are in 21St century
