Lambros Malafouris, Colin Renfrew-How Things Shape the Mind_ A Theory of Material Engagement-The MIT Press (2013).pdf

Ho hng Shape the Mn

How hngs Shape the Mn A Ty  M ggmt

Lab Maa

Th Ml" Pss Cambidg Massachusts London Eglad

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2013 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reseed. No part of this book may be reproduced any form by any electronic or mechanical mechanic al means (includin (includingg photocopying, recording or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. MIT Press books may be purchased at special quantity discounts for business or sal�s promotional use For information please email special_sales@mitpressmitedu or write to Special Sales Department The MIT Press 55 Hayward Street Cambridge, MA 02142 Set in Stone Sans and Stone Serif by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Catalogingin-Publication ata Malafouris Lambros. How things shap the mind : a theory of material engagement Lambros Lambros Malafous Malafous ; forewrd by Colin Renfrew. p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0262019194 (hardcoer (hardcoer alk. paper paper 1 Neuranthropology 2. Material culture. 3. Archaeo!Ogy. 4. Cognition and culture. 5. Neuropsychology. I Title QP3606.M35 2013 612.8dc23 2012045908 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Contents

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Foreword by Colin �enfrew ix Acknowledgments iii

1 4

u Chronesthesia, the prehistory of mind Recasting the boundaries of the mind At the tp of the blind man's stick What s the dfference that maes a difference? Settng the scene The realm of materal engagement 15 A synopsis of the book 7

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 3  3     6 3 1 3 3 36 36 338 Cg  M Cuu

hg h Ahg  M In search of the ancient mind Where th mnd mnd Cogntvsm Re-presentaton: Lookng at the other side of the engram Dismantling Hawkes ladder

Th ME MEg g  Ah A Su Su   h Agu Ho_ to carve mnd at ts jonts Boundaries, paths, and analytcal unt Understanding evolvability The developmental challenge "Vital materiality How to take material culture serously

onns

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Metapastiity Materia engagement The analytica nexus n ontoogica reommendation

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7 57 59 6 6 8 69 73 7 8 1 88 8 5  9 89  90 9 9 6 9 103 106 1 1 1 1 6  9 119 1 13 130 133 II n o f a Th  Maa Engagn

Th En Mn Beyond cognitivism: Thinking outside the brain The embodied mind The distributed-cognition aroach Remembering through, or how a inear B tabet hes you forget The inteigent use of cay Were t to haen in the head From "arity to "comementarit" and beyond The hyothesis of the constitutive intertwining of cognition with materia cuture Things matter The couingconstitution faacy Being where? The ocationa faacy The affect of engagement

Th Ena Sgn oving beyond reresentation The faacy of the inguistic sign Searching for the roerties of the materia sign The enactive ogic of the materia sign Projections through matter ateria anchors and integrative roections aing numbers out o.f  cay Learning to count in the Neoithic he materia sign and the meaning of engagement

Maa Agn ateria uture and agency Toward a nonanthroocentric concetion Actor-Networ Theor The argument for matera agency ethodoogica fetishism

et

   

     omo b 1 1 1 1  1 14 19 12 1   1   19 11 19 1   1   1 1 9  1 9 4 2 2  9 2   29 22 1 121 22  2 eol  seo ges gec  eol eg "gs s ges s o W s  ge b We s  ge"  cocel ls

 Mg te Met ee B Boy  te ote

Kg tetos  te me M Prosec gestres Te ools o e oe ge Were oes te er e  te soe ool beg? Tools or  lstc  Te 11e eg rese Resseblg e  o te tooer Ecte etoles Te ergg o es w stoe Toos re s  "cyborg seces

Togt Ms, es  gs rg s Te resoy o r g Wt s so secl bot tese rs? Te yry o moerty Fro "elbereess" o 1sybolc or reresetol tet Were tey sybols? Wt  o le? Gettg otse e egrers  Lerg to see: O beg coscos o mrs  cres Te berto o sg Becomg sybolme eg e t te  Trow o te wee t te oers weel: gecy  cto gecy  "sese" o gecy "I  t Te robem o gecy g cy  otery mg me, gecy  merl eggemet Stte boes  e eeg o cly

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  2  HoHommoo mbbo22 2  2

Epigue w  ig Sape te Mid tgc rct t is t t be n

Connts

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en   sb Unerning oernt At te t f te bn n's stck e ae ee been ern The spike of culture 248

2 2 2

tes Reerences de

243

Foreod

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This challenging work, How Thng hpe the Mnd qualies as one of the most important contbutions of recent years to the study of human origins. Since any study of the origins of humankind has to deal with the archaeological record, the book clearly makes a major contribution to the emerging eld of cognitive archaeology-the archaeology of mind Yet its scope and its consistent application of Material Engagement Theory take it much further than the flints and potsherds of the archaeological record, permitting it to examine in a deep way how the human mental capacities h their pmary location in the brain (within the skull) are not separable in any serious consideration from their expression in action. This is effected through the body of the individual, and then through artifacts the material things we utilize in any action. This exression in action also operates through the activities undertaken by other people who are in communication with that active individual, or are influenced by the things, the external symbols (objects, signs, writing), so creatd The insep arabiliy o thoght ton and material things is a basic principle of Material Engagement Theory. Its development here by Lambros Malafouris has signicant implications not only for scholars studying human origins  but for all those seeking to understand the foundations of human action and the roots of socialiy With How ng hape he Mnd Lambros Malafouris offers a deeper understanding of a central question: hat is it to be human? Just what is it hat distinguishes us humans from other animals? He does so not only in the restricted sese of describing the evolutionary path followed by our species,  but with the much broader aim of analyzing just what it was that changed as humankind developed from apelike ancestors. This nvolves formulating a clear view of the nature of mind. The cx it turns out, is

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Forewrd

h  ina ih h d and ih hng in h d hi p f huan ngagn ih h aia d i h fu f Maafui anai. h pdu  hi anai i Maia ngagn h n hi akab bk, Maafu undak a fundana vi f h a  k  undand huan phi. H dna ha paaing ind and bd i unhpfu hn  a aking abu huan ain. ha duai hih ha bn dinan in Wn hugh in h i f a ha bn a u f nfuin ha ha pvd dif u  v. Maafui ak up h hang b dvping a h f aia ngagn ha fgund h  f hing in h p f huan gniin. On b hinking h v nau f ind in hi a i i pib  ain h p f h gn f u pi f u ai an and h ipan dvpn f huan abiii and f uu a h a inaing vad b aha gia ah. Muh f h vidn f h p div f h pai f ahag. h fu i n h p f bing huan u ahugh h  pan ipid b ha p nd bak a iin a and  h u i v uh in h pn W a a invvd da a b f h pi Homo sapins and a inhi f h gnain ha hav pdd u in h huan ndiin hih  a ha. S h an ffd h f h nau f ind and f h p f gniin hugh d in h phii pa i di appiab  h pn   ba di n ha  a da n h d  hav gh v h gnain ad and n h ah n gnain ada  ha d and hn pd  hang i  i a fau f h adia nau f Maafi' an f h dvpn f huan gniin ha hi diuin i a uh phi phia a ahagia ain in h ai diuin in pa  and  On in pa  h pi p a diud d aha gia ap v in h fgund. h Maafui h h h p f aking hing ih h hand pid b h pdu in f  in h Sn g hapd h p f huan gniin. H anaz h pduin f ak and f b uing ap ha pda h dvpn f iing. nd in hi diuin f h p h h dna ha  paa bd f ind in h diuin

Fre

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s tlss d tht  h s dd  tms  h tts mtl ggmt wth th wld h  sh s  Wth th dt  th st st tls  sts t th st sts  th dt  mtl lt Wth th st gd  td sgs thy ttd th sss tht ld t th tl stg  mtn nd ltmtly t wtg. Wth mdlg  ly d s sqntly wth th tt's whl thy wt yd th lmtts  th dy tsl Wth th stts  th htt d th l thy g t dvl th tt vmt n whh w ll l d t. Ths  th tllng xmls tht ls nlys  t  hvng tdd th tl Enggmnt h n t nd t ld ts thtl ndts n t . n t l h dvls hs  tq  gtvsm th msntn tht th mnd s smly  mt ltd wthn th n nd gs tht th mnd s t  dstd s mdd ndd s xtndd ynd th dy nd yd th ndvdl nd s nttg wth th thgs  th mtl wld All  ths hs  wl mt n th ld  gntv hlgy Cgtv hlgy s  lng s s th ttmt smly t  stt sm ly d lsv syml ts s s sttd t lmst ttl gs  sm tl ld    s s th t   gm  xltn d nvstgt y whh w  sk t ndstd th s ndtns  hm sty nd lt. Yt lthgh ths sss ty mss th ld  gtv h lgy thy g wll yd ts nns Thy mg n ns  thlgy nd n slgy d thy s  m  sss n hlshy Ths s   wth mny mltns  th thy nd th t  hlgy t s th wy t  l ndstndg  th qlts nd ts tht d s nd sttt  ssl t d  hw thy m t t dls hnty nd nssttly wth th qs tn  hw w hv m wht w  tdy d dd wth th qstn  wht t ms t  hm

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Acknowedgments

T k  n  ng tm n tn. T nt ntn f t ty f mt nggmnt  y t n t gn wt my P t t t  ngd  t xndd nd vvd n tn Nty t d  t ft n t k dd nt m fm nw. y dt  vd nd gt xtndng  mny  nd ntttn T gn wt  d ng t  fw  t wm  f  w   dt f tnk At t t f t t wtt  dt  Cn Rnfw H  n my mnt n t g f mnd nd t w  w t ntdd m t te d f mt nggmnt H  n  v t nd   f nn t m ( t ). H d ft n m t tm wn  d vy tt n myf.  w m my gtt ntt dt.   wnt t knwdg my ngtm  g nd fnd C Kntt. T C  m ty gtf f nv  nd f   f tmtng dn t gntn nd mt t v t  f t t v y. y  tnk  d t C Gdn  vn n my wk nd t ng t. H ngmnt nd nttv tm v t y v n nv nd v yd n tv  n t ng f my tnkng.  mntnd tt t k tk mny y f gwng f qng t n . t   n ntdny k.  v n nnd nd xtd y v t wkng n dffnt dn td gy. T dvng  mntn nd Andy Ck Edwn Htn nd Tm ngd w wk nd vw   m nn n  tt  wt. ny ntttn v nttd t t k.  f t  nd t y wtng w d t w  d  Bn Ptdt

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Acknwlgments

sch owshp t th cDod sttut fo Achoogc sch t th sty of Cmbdg fudd by th scod pt of th B  wdd to ofsso Co fw  2004).  ow  dbt of gttud to th Bz z oudto fo gtg m ths fowshp  m so gtfu to th cDod sttut fo offg  wm d stmutg omt fo my sch A ss of tto sympos tht po dd th tdscpy tstg goud fo my of th ds pstd  ths book w cod t th cDod sttut. Som of th mt  ogtd o s bsd o pts o fgmts of pps  pstd d pubshd th Th st of ths sympos ttd Th Cogt Lf of Thgs d coogzd wth Co fw, took pc  2006 Th scod, ttd Th Spt d Achoogy ts Nuoscc d coogzd wth Co fw d Chs th, took pc  2007 Thos two mtgs hpd m to fm d dop my of th us tos  ddss  th book. Th w oth two cofcs t th cDod sttut tht h hpd m  gt d to coc d dop som of th ds o y mgy d th dopmt of umc thkg  pst Th st of thos cofcs, hd  2005 ws ttd t Bggs th scod, hd  2006 ws ttd su g th Wod d Byod.  wt to thk th ogzs,  oy d Co fw Thks to  th spks d ptcpts t thos mtgs Thks  ptcu to ch Wh,  Dod, Dd Ksh, Sd  d Luw, Nchos Humphy, chd Hp, Scott H y, Gth Kobch,. ScottJod, Ads opstoff, uc Boch Ns Johs, d o Cowd fo stmug xchgs of ds  th st fw ys  h so b fotut ough to h b gtd th oppoty to ptcpt  som futh stmutg cofcs tht h owd m to dop my thkg o s ssus Th Dc tcs of Act otos  stt B, 20) Th Body Shop sty of Txs, 20) Ogs of ctus Chmtz, 20) Vso d Actty Hug Acdmy of Sccs, 200) Expmtty  Ntu stut fo Adcd Studs, Lcst sy, 200) d u tdscpy Appoch to th Eouto of th t Lobs Cto Nco  d stgc sob  Eouc Hum so S d Atpuc s, 2009)  wt to thk hd Bbck, Stf Bumst Kus SchsHombch, Jg Stck, Chst y, Zuzs Kodo Stph  Ko d Emno Bu  ogng th bo mngs, t whch 

knowdgmn

xv

ntd gtly  dsussns wth ln Ddsn Chls dwn hs Csds nd th llgus l slly thnk d Cldg ully tnt ws th tunty dd y th un Plt    Sns nd Sns nd th Hunts undd y th Vlkswgn Sttung  ny usul dsussns n  ng  ts  dnt dslny sts  shuld lk t thnk y llts n h BdyPjt nd th Nusn n Cntt t l gnd uh  th hnks  du t nChsth Hlng nd Ssk K Ngl  th wndul nn ttld Hun Ntu nd ts Alt lty tht w gnzd tgth t th BlnBndnug Ady  Sns nd Hunts n 200  ls w  sl dt  thnks t ns sks  hs nlul hl slly wth ht   w  d dt t y unt h Kl Cllg t th Unsty  Od, wh th k ws ltd  wuld lk t  y thnks t th llws  th llg  w ddtnl dts  gttud t  Hgh,  Bd nd Jnthn Phlls, nd t th Kl Adnd Studs Cnt  ts nnl sut  th thngh wk n whh ht 9 s sd ( ls shuld ss y thnks t ll th k tts  h n wkng wth n th us  th lst w ys  th t nd nthuss) An slly g thnkyu gs t y llgus n hlgy nd nthlgy Ls Bndll nd gn Clk hghly t yu lttng  wk utly nd undstud dung th nl wtng. Dns ShndtBsst dss sl thnks  h stultn nd gnsty n sulyng nd llwng  t du dt nd h tghs hnks ls t Dth Stut  ny dsussns n nu hlgy" nd  ssn t us hs ht   hnd. Als   gtul t nns lnks nd th Ashln usu t Od  th Ln B hts.  wuld ls lk t thnk Phl Lughln, Kt Psns, Pul Bthg nd ll th th l t th  Pss  th gd wk.   tu lly ndtd t Phl  hs ly nthuss nd ntnud sut y gtst thnks, s lwys, t y w Dn nd y sn Odyss, th tw ndduls wh  thn nyn ls h sutd nd nsd y wk ll ths ys.   ls gtul t Dn  dng dk nd dtl d  Odyss  w  sl dt  ll hs gd wk wth th dwngs

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ntroducton

Chha, h h  

Prehor n addon o degnang a va an of me ao ha a eond dee hooha ene:   he dne  whh we d or eve and nvegae he wa we have ome o e a we are (Renfrew 2007 v) The reearh ed we a he arhaeoog of mnd or ognve arhaeoog an e nderood aong mar ne   a rehor a mh a   a hronehe B hronehea'  mean he form of on o ha enae  hman o e aware n he reen  of or a and or oe fre (Tvng 2002 Cognve arhaeoog rovde a memor ah for reonrng he aoograh and h he den of or ee-who we are and how we go here n a eran wa hen one od ee he arhaeoog of mnd a a form of onone a mh a a hooh an anhroog and a rehor of hman eomng Of ore he knd of mena me rave h nvove an e reaed on hrgh he maera reman of he a  mena a mh a   ha ndvda memore now gve wa o ongerm ranformaon of maera gn and omex rerve neraon eween eoe and hng ha ead from eare hman rehor o he reen  gge ha he arhaeoog of mnd more han anhng ee gne h d nve hman earh for nderandng he nmae nk eween eng and eomng Thee are me and  hoe noneae ae men B ree how od he ongong and mfaeed arhaeoog a qe for hman den e ranformed no a oheren reearh rogram fong on he ongerm makng and evoon of he hman mnd? A nmer of haengng qeon mmedae onfron : Wha mgh one an arhaeooga rae of hman hogh? Wha  he

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pr 1

ontology of those mtei signs nd tces Wht uestions should we s of them How cn we identify undestnd nd ssess the diffeent foms tht they te How e we to follow the cultul tectoies nd me ette use of the longtem iogphies of the signs lines nd tces tht cn e found in dffeent phses of the cheologicl ecod hese e impotnt uestions fo cognitive cheology hey emin lgely unnsweed In this oo I shll ty to meet this chllenge y lyng the foundtions of  theoy of mteil eggement teil Enggement heoy ep sents the effot of mny yes to uild n intediscipliny nlyticl fmewo le to ecst the oundies of the mind nd edess the lnce of the cognitive eution y inging mteility-tht is the wold of things tifcts ojects mteils nd mteil signs-mly into the cognitive fold Highlighting the cognitive efcy nd the emodied dynmics of pst nd pesent mteil ultue I setch  vey diffeent pictue of the ntue of intection etween pesons nd things It is n open pictue with pemele oundies nd it is so fo  vey good eson It mps  cognitive lndscpe in which ins odies nd things ply eul oles in the dm of humn cognitive ecoming he teil Enggement ppoch poposes  new wy of thining out minds nd things tht I hope will help us nswe the uestion tht is centl to this oo How do things shpe the mind ag  a   

I will iefly intoduce the diffeentiting fetue of the new theoeticl fmewo of mteil enggement y ising n unepected ut etemely impotnt uestion Whee does the mind stop nd the est of the wold egin his uestion which hdly eceived ny eplicit ttention in cheology ecently ecme popul in the contet of philosophicl dis cussions of the emodied etended encted nd distiuted ntue of the mind (See eg Cl nd Chlmes 1998) Answeing the uestion seems esy enough t st which eplins why the uestion my sound odd to some people he mind is the sot of thing tht thins nd thining is the sot of ctivity tht tes plce inside people's ins We my still e f fom eching  consensus out wht sot of stuff minds e mde off ut minstem philosophy nd cognitive

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cece ppe t e  geeet ut whee we hud e kg f the d uff de the hed thk th weetehed ew  ute tke  deepy tute  th upt ut the ude f the d y e t  gey cceed w hw tht wht t t ee u eugh t e tke f gted   ce pect e f  cued pedpt e tht ctue t etete  dut tet" d wdy gey eucetc  ew f d Such  ew  gue  th k thete t cue uch tht  f ue  the chegy the th pgy d the phphy f d d  u udetdg f the tue f the ethp etwee cgt d te cutue. Dwg  ecet wk  ecte dtuted d exteded cg t w ugget tht cty t wht cc cgte cece eee d cgte chegy fte pcty etete wht  utde the hed y t ecey e utde the d Ntu  t y ee epecy f the pepecte f the dcpe) t pt t the hu   the et f  tht  tuy et f  chegc ewpt  ee  cpeg e why the tudy f the d hud tp t the k  t the ku t wud  ugget e e pducte t expe the hypthe tht hu tegece ped ut" eyd the k t cutue d the te wd (See Kppett 005; de 008; fu d Refew 00)  udetd tht   c y ee e ccg  edece f the cte hu d th  ee ege f thg f ey hu pehty Hwee  cted tht t ppe t e  y ecue f u eed cct ut wht cut   thkg pce d ut whee e hud e kg f cttute gedet f uch  pce t  eptegc ctgecy the th etphyc ece  tht ke u ee  the u ject k geue d e f hu pehty eey exte pduct f hu thught the th teg pt f t  w gue tht thee c peupt f e tty e tety" e htc cet the th a po et phyc tuth Wht  peetdy eucece ge y the e boodoygn-vdpndnt BOLD) epeet y e g y p e wy t k f the te tce f hu thught Neugg techue g y hfwy twd g the tdt ddy pe N eueet f eg  ctty hwee ccute t

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a 1

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mght  c    h wh ry Ahgh rcc dd r h  gd w hv r dcrg h rc phwy d wrg  h r rcr d wrk h ppr hm cg v pr I   r why  hd  rd  rv h c d h prvc  h   whch hm md d v r md Whr d w k r h md h Hw c w p hk g  h mdwrd rhp   d wy I h k kg dvg  h trg rchgc prccp  wh grm prc d h dy  mr cr I d  rgrd h mr   h hm md y kg yd h k d cr h c  m N y d  w  pr h dr wy  whch hg cm cgv  r r cr prd y h hm dy  w  vg hw h wy mgh hv chgd c r prhry d wh h chg m r h wy w hk Th h rdr hd pc m r g  cv   h dr d whr   h hm mdg h w d   rhk my cc rchgc mp  h h  hm cgv v d h  r vdy   ch  cgv mdry" d hvr mdry y rg p w  h cc mp  h d m' ck (rPy 6 Py 6  73)



A he  f he bl a k

]der a bd ma wh a  Where de he bd ma' ef beg? A he  f he  A he hade f he   a me  hafway u he ?  Gregry ae 73, 38 Whr d w drw d  wh  c w drw  dmg  cr h dd ym h drm h d m' rc d c m D h gc dry  h k ppy  h c r h r dcd r Py (6) Py (6) d  (73) r rd h   h d m d h ck  rm  my  vr. (Fr  mr dd dc  r 008) Frm  rchgc prpcv  d y rpc h ck wh y  h mr rc d v h c h dvr

5

touto

ahaeoogia invenoy o pehioi aeia uue o eaize ha hee i uh oe a iue hee han a ee phioophia puze A wi e expoed houghou hi ook ou anwe o oe o he o unda ena ueion aou he eegene o huan ineigene depend on peiey whee one deide o daw he ine eween he ind and he aeia wod  ue he exape o he ind an ik a y poin o depaue o inoduing he dieeniaing eaue o y appoah o he ahaeoogy o ind ainy o wo eaon Fi,  eieve i povide a eehing anaogy o he poound paiiy o he huan ind Uing a ik, he ind an un ouh ino igh. Thi unnaua" eouing o aie poeing o oipia viua oex peak o he eonguae naue" o ind n he onex o ahaeoogia hinking, hi anaogy eve o eind u ha wha we oen ee a a xed huan naue i oe a ex ie poe o ongoing huan eoinga poe i in poge and agey unnihed Oviouy hee i oe han ooda neua pa iiy a iue hee The ik ha i own ineeing oe. Taie enaion i oehow pojeed ono he poin o ona eween he ip o he ik and he ouide envionen Thi exenion in he ody hea  ao ean ha he ain ea he ik a pa o he ody One oud ee in hi eegen oaiion eween he ind an and he ik, whih enae he aking o viion ou o ouh, a poweu eapho o wha i ean o e huan Fo i i indeed a iia oaiion (o onoogia uniy) eween ogniion and aeia uue ha,  ugge, dive huan ogniive evouion Unounaey, he poiiiy o uh an onoogia oaiion, o in a, o a oexenion o he ena wih he phyia, ha een agey ignoed n hi ook  eek o enouage he ead o py aenion o he opex ogniive eoogie" o aeia engageen inide whih, a he anhopoogi Edwin Huhin ugge, a o he eeen and eaon poeniay inea wih one anohe and .   eah i pa o he envionen o a o he ohe" 00, Wih he ae eak in ind e e un o he eond eaon why  have hoen he exape o he ind an' ik o inodue he oveahing hypohei o hi ook  eieve hi exape povide one o he e diahoni exepa o wha  a he gay zone o aeia engageen, ie, t zo i wic bais bodis ad tigs coat mu� ally catalyzig ad costitig o aot (aaoui 004 ind, a he

 



Cp 

hopoogs Gegoy Beso poed ou s o med y he sk (97 8 d h s why Beso ws e o ecoge he sck s  phwy sed of  oudy Dffeeg ewee sde d ousde mkes o e sese fo he d m As Beso oes he me chcescs of he sysem e mme o  some p u  he sysem s  whoe d 316 Ye fo he exe osee he ueso of he ooogc sus of he sck ems gue How c  hg mde of wood psc o me ee e see s p of he mchey of hum hough O wh gouds shoud we cocee of he sck s  compoe p of he d m's g ody? Ae we o cofg coscous kds d me kds-ges d oos The poem s compced fuhe f oe cosdes h fo he cheoogy of md he sck s o smpy  phwy og whch dffeeces e smed ude sfomo d, 8) u  derence  sef Ofe he sck s o use Msh McLuh's (1964 fomuo, o he medum u he messge Some of he dfcuy of deg wh uesos of he oe ype sems s  w dscuss  he ex chpe fom he dom es, epe seo o compuo hkg h chcees coge sc eces  gee d coge cheoogy  pcu Fouey  gowg ume of sghfu d fee pespeces h he ecey emeged  coge scece fo  ew of he md h s emoded exeded, d dsued he h oud d med y he sk The popos  skech  hs ook dws o some of hese excg heoes Ths does o me, howee h  uccy succum o he pemses s  whoe Few of he ew heoes ke he sudy of me cuue seousy Despe he wdey ecoged eed o expd he  yc us of hum cogo  ode o ccommode ode cog e pheome eced hough he ody d he me wod we cuey ck y kd of cosesus o excy wh he ue of he exce es ewee s odes d hgs mgh e The eso fo h s o dfcu o mge Mos of he goudg ssumpos h dee wh we kow ou he hum md u so he wys y whch we he come o kow wh we kow ou he hum md he ee pemsed d uued  he sece of mey See Cos d Dee 006 ehps  ook  he hsoy of Wese hough c ech us h he sudy of no wys foed he ode of oc esseces d

7

Inuci

ie er te meie  fuiity f precrtic becig urig ur bck  te pirit f ym, we becme pier f ur  purie ctegrie f tugt iter tig re tgeter miig frm te um etic e r, t bet tey re ee  epipeme t te tuy f mi prper   wy, te, tig eem t eit i  tte f tgic epriti i i trge i iew f te wy mteriity cpicuuy eep ur eeryy tikig  ery experiece e trp git f mteri cuture Die Mier refer t ti peme  te "umiity f ti g (00 Begiig i ery ci, we c tty tik trug tig, ctiey eggig ur urruig mteri eirmet, but we rrey becme epicity wre f te cti pteti f ti eggemet i te pig f ur mi  bri Like te bi m, we  t ee te tick we ee te preece r te bece f bect i te utie eirmet. Atug te tick ffer te me fr ti eprt it becme, trug time  prctice, icrprte  tu trpret. t i itef frgtte Perp tig re ery g t tik wit r trug, but t  g t tik but. e "immeite, eu  imibe ture f te mteriity tt urru u (Mier 987 ) mke cmpreeig it imprtce extremey ifcut ig, ike te bi m' tick, wrk bet we i mti  utice Hweer, te prtetic "pemegic mi (Leer 990) tt crcterize ur embie ki  itercti wit tig i t  re t b tem. O te ctrry, it i preciey te re wy tig em ur tteti A wi be icue i mre eti i te fwig cpter, ti ki f epitemic ymmetry i te wy we ctiue t eect te cief igre iet f te um cgitie recipe i t witut eriu impicti. t i w imprtt t te, weer, tt, fr  te be re, uertig te retiip betwee cgiti  mteri cuture wt it i, w it cge,  wt re te um by py i frgig te iki f te utmt imprtce fr te tuy f mi i c be rgue t be te ce t y fr rcegy trpgy (icipie eicte rgey, by teir ery ture, t te tuy f tig) but  fr te br e f pipy  te cgitie ciece (icipie tritiy cceie  fr reme frm te mteri citi f um ife). Mi,  te piper Ay Crk te i i bk Being There "i  eky rg, freer ecpig it tur' ce 

SO)

8



Chpte 1

migig meey wit ody d wit wod (1997 ) Ad it i peiey ti poweu ttemet tt ited to oow i ettig te oudtio o  ew eoogy o mid Wh  he eee h ke  eee?

Wt dieetite ti ook om ote wok i ogitive eoogy Body pekig, ti ook, ike my ote, im to povide  ew out o te mkig o te um mid Wt et it pt om ote imi tudie i te wy I ited to povide u  out I ptiu, I eek to udetd ow um mid me to e wt tey e y tkig mtei utue eiouy By tkig eiouy" I me eig ytemti y oeed wit guig out te u ey o tig i te enat men d te ntton o um ogitio Ti ook et out to ivetigte te gig tue, d te deet pet, o te etio ip etwee peo d tig-tt i, ow tey epod to d p tiipte i e ote' omig ito eig I ote wod, it k wy we um, moe t y ote peie, mke tig d ow toe tig, i etu, mke u wo o wt we e Oe poteti poem temmig om u  oeptio i tt tig, ike mid, eome vey d to dee Tige  d mide" e igy uetted d otoogiy uid tte Tey emi ome d pti, witig to tke te pe o ou emodied pojetio, wi ievty vy i dieet time d pe. But ou iiity to dee wt tig d mid e doe ot me tt we ot eogize tem i we ome o tem A ommoee udetdig o tee tem i uiet to idetiy te tget o ou ivetigtio d to eve ou teo eti pupoe Te poem i tt ommo ee my ot e te et guide to toe iue Soud we te ee oiged to dee  eee o wt mid d tig e Tke, o ite, te oept o mid' Exty wt i it o  poe to e ogitive Witout kowig wt we me y ogitio, we e et uee-o o it eem-out wee we oud ook o it. Some pioope gue tt u  ogitive goti im i utee," d tt,   peoditio o mkig y poge o te Weequetio '' we eed  mk o te ogitive i.e,  we to te Wtquetio" Wte d Kte 01, 17) But do eoogit d topoogit tuy equie  deitio o ogitio I tik

nrodu

9

t et me epli  m t quetiig hethe ht e cll mi c be ee  m quetiig hethe uch  eiti feclig ht e thik cgiti i  e u be  uefu ttig pit fm  chelgicl   thplgicl pepectie  fct methlgicy pekig, thi lck f lytic pecii but ecey  ufciet citi, f frm beig pblemtic c ffe  tcticl tge ell uite t the gl f hi bk, hich i t eee u cceptul cbu ly by hiftig tteti y fm the phee f cle ctegie f pe  thig  t the phee f the fui  eltil t cti betee them hee i  biu lk ith peu ilecticl ppche t the tuy f mteil cultue, but thee l e me imptt ffeece  itce,  cmm the tht ru thugh the chpte f thi bk i tht mi  thig e ctiuu  iteeble pcee the h ilte  iepeet etitie  gue tht by kig ht thig e,  h they ee me ht they e, yu gi  uetig but ht mi e  h they becme ht they e ice e. Of cue imply t pek but eltility i t, y, yig  umig much. Phemelgy, eclgi cl pychlgy,  thplgy ffe  umbe f ffeet y f ticultig the ie tht the mi i eltil We ee  y t peette the pecc cultul, cil,  eelp metl ymic thugh hich thee cecti e effecte  u tie,  ell   efciet y t ecibe the cgitie ppetie tht ie fm the cctituti f peple  thig Dig y ith cetil ie f mi ill equie  chge f fcu   e c ceptul cbuly Mteil Eggemet hey im t ffe uch  cceptul pptu. Oe f the picipl bectie f thi bk i t chge u uetig f ht mi e  ht mi e me f, by chgig ht e k but ht thig e  but ht thig  f the mi H i hum thught built it  execute thugh thig? ee, h  thig hpe the mi?  much clity  t get  emphi  eiti cul be mileig i  ctext hee tgeig the cmm im but mi  thig i fte  peciti f ucce. Mteil eggemet,   methlgicl tce, e t he t cmmit a p t  ceti tlgicl ecipti but mi  thig.  thi ee ite f kig ht the ccept f mi  thig me, it might be me ueful t k but ht ki

1

Chpt 1

f epts tey re ee Wter d ster 202  surprsgy df ut quet pses upreedeted ege t reg d tpg reser prte  pe tt ts bk w make me mprtt steps tward  swer ettig the cee

Let us take a ser k t te geer reser text d te prbems tt mtvated te wrtg f ts bk  reet year,  umber f stmuatg bk ve appred te quet f te reatp betwee gt d mater uture frm vru dpary ges, udg regy, atrpgy pspy, ad gtve ee Yet t a be rgued tt tse tude ked a ued tereta frme wrk abe t mmdate te mutpty f peme tat raterze varu eves d tempr se f uma experee Pp studes, fr stae reetve f a mre geer tedey  te mtrem gtve see tat a be ed epstem eget f te bet ted t eave mtera uture utsde te gtve equt prper As  reut mt pp tretmets rema epstemay gt but mter uture's prperte ad but t tve re  um fe ad evut Eve embded gtve see (Ader 2003 Weeer 2005 Cemer 2009 Crk 997, 2008) w expty regzes te trs retsp betwee br/bdy d evrmet fte seem bvu t te pemea prpertes f te mtera medum tat eveps d spes ur ves Atug he mter wrd s regzed a  au fluee rter ta  mere stmuus t s rrey see s payg a ttutve re O t stru, te utura bet my be wt trgger r medtes sme gtve pre but s t see a avg y mprtat re r s beg  part f te gtve etwrk repbe fr te mpemetat ad reazat f ts pre Depte stretg te md s fr s te bdys urfae embded g t rems trpped de te bga budre f te dvdu Mrever, tug embded d tuated gtve see s drast y expded te terrtry f md t te mtera wrd t fa t mve beyd ts mputat ertage, evg  gerg gt wt te me Gde 200 39) t seem tt, t he preset stge f reear pspy f md rem skept d udeded but

Iuon

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eterg the trecher terrtry  the exteded md prper hch preet the mg me  mterty tht  recet yer thk prmry t the wrk  Br tr bced the brc  c thery rm exertg  mr eect  cgte cece By the me tke the mrty  tde  hm cgte e t he yet t ddre the qet  mterty prper Whe e rey the exteded tertre dedcted t debte er the rg  Homo saps, cdg bth the tertre tht k t the cgte reqremet  t mkg d the tertre tht k t the re  r mter t  the emergece  "mder hm te gece the bece  y re ccer wth the emtc tg  mter ctre  b hg re treted  the mjrty  tde  eppheme! refect  r prxe r predeed pect  hm thght  ther wrd thg he becme pe mrker   predeed etry jrey Mt tde  hm cgte et ee mter ctre  t bet drect rchegc edece rm whch they er r red te wtht mkg cer hw r by wht methd the preece   cert cgte cpcty r prce (eg ytctc gge r ymbc thkg here  rrey y er cd ert  the re tht r rm  mter ctre mght he pyed  brgg bt thee cgte cpcte d prcee r  chgg them er the g term A Nce B  rghty pt t  the ece  ctre  hm geetc d br et h receed tte ttet "the pecc cpcte  hmcreted mter d techgc ermet d ctte t exert  etry efect h receed ee e 2008 190). A  ret etry tde  rchegy  rgey  t ccmmdte d cct r recet trrmt  hm cgte becmg Mreer the ck  terd cpry experte d the ck  er eggemet wth cgte cece me tht the cgte prcee der cdert te re ery pry dertd rg t the rcheg d thrpg  mter ctre we re fced wth  dfferet prbem Athgh mter ctre w tke ceter tge there  tte ccer wth the tdy  hm cgt he mjrty  tde  the ed thgh grded  the mp t "tht per mke d e thg d tht the thg mke per ey et  2006, 4) he pd ct ttet t the tdy  md he

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Cht 1

"matraty tur  aragy s Hs 010 as rgty pad tgs at t r  t uma sa xus but as pad tt attt t r as tak a ary ta appra t tr gt dmss ad quats  prbm tat mst rsarrs  t d  matra utur a t akdg s tat  turg tr baks  t gt   tgs ty bdy adat ad mpty suumb t prd ts  at t uma md suppsdy s ad  t rksts tat srusy udrm t study  matra utur Wt a  brat xpts (g. Kapptt 00, 0 Rr 007 B 008), tr as b tt xpt r t t aragy  mdrd trat Csquty t "trast aay st dmats mu  araga ad atrpga tkg abut at t md s ad ds N  a dy  urs t mprtat trbuts  may araga ad atrpga studs t rgzg t amat ad mag aratr  tgs ad pg us udrstad y ad  tgs mattr (Mr 1998, 009) s bk ud a r b rtt  t abs  tat stabsd tradt Ntss t a b argud tat t rst attmpts t ra t matra r  t sa urs a t udrmd t at atur  matra utur by pag t "sa r t "matra ad by kpg t "sa ad t "matra sparat rm t gt r xamp Arju Appadu� ras us  t tmat kags b mmdts ad saty sussu as t may a b  rag t dyam ad trasata aratr  "tgsmt 1986, ), tss kpt tat mt a prsr  sm "sd sa urs. But sury ts "mt must a sm t  r sm akag t t uma md E Ard Gs tratmt  btagy ad xtdd sd as t sdr t ug mpats  t prpsd "smrpy  strutur bt md r susss ad t matra rd r t study  md Extrmy pru mtaprs su as Gs dsrpt  t Kua xag systm as a rm  gt   "tra ad utsd trasats a sd 1998, 13), ar sm t agg  a para atrpga urs Yt as ar as t study  md as a xtdd ad dstrbutd pm s rd t dsta bt G's 1998) xamp  N aad Mar mtg uss ad Cark ad Camrs (1998) xamp  Otts tbk s smar ta  mgt tk As g as  a t pay prpr attt t ts mprtat

odcon

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omi of um peomeology (tt is te retiosip or itefae betwee cogitio  mteri uture te muvote retur to tigs wil remi oy prtilly relie Mteril uture will remi oe of te most resistt forms of uturl epressio i terms of our ttempts to ompree it (Mer 8  3  te um mi wil otiue to be pereive s  isemboie iformtioproessig gost pture i te bortories of eurosiee Perps wt ogitive sietists re oig i teir lbortories, or ow piosopers go o to resolve te miboy problem, my ot seem to be of mu oer for most reoogists e sme  be si,  m sure, i respet to Milers im bout mteril uture ertiy tis is lso sometig tt very few ogitive sietists  pilosopers migt be willig to boter wit t is tis ttitue tt ees to ge  ft, it is rey gig. Wt is eee is to fuy embre  ept te osequees of te ft tt te siee of mi  te siee of mteril uture re two sies of te sme oi is is preisey te bi spot tt tis book ims to overome by sowig tt uerstig mteri ulture es to  uerstig te um mi  vie vers  pereive i te bove  uique opportuity for tive iterisipliry i ogue tt wil forever trsform o oly our uerstg of te bouries betwee mis  tigs but lso our uerstig of te bouries betwee te isipies ivolve i te stuy of mi. wo questios remi How  tis trsformtio be ieve Wi isipie wou rry te mi bure of tis tsk fr s te seo questio is oere, te positio of tis book is pretty er t is ievitble,  it my so be visbe, tt reoogy, i view f its turl preouptio wit te mteri meium  te og term, soul rry te priip bure of su  trsformtio Cogitive reology, probbly more t y oter el of ogitive reser, s te bility,  te epistemi obigtio, to eveop  systemti uerstig of te retiosip betwee ogitio  mteri uture from its ow uique perspetive. e temporl ept  istoril iversity of te reoogi obet, oupe wit  geuie systemti exmitio of te itertio betwee mi  mtter i te ourse of um ogitive evoutio, my we yiel some isig ito te urret questios  ebtes over um emboimet  te bouries of mi Atoug questios of tis sort ve oy quite reetly reeive

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14

Che 1

epct tet  pspc scurse, tey rem e rte  t stry f rcegc tugt  prctce As  crcterstc empe, cser te rk f Ar LerGur,  pte ut eces g "te uquey um peme f eterrt f te rgs e  te crryg ut f teccs (13 164] 258) r LerGur, um eut s bee rete tr pcg otsde t  te rest f te m r s cee nsde b, 235) Hs ery sgts t te "freeg f ts  te pert syerg f t  "gesture c certy be see s g tcpte my subsequet pspc rgumets but te etee, ecte,  strbute crcter f um cgt  sme sese, fr te rcegst, um cgt s eer etrey  te e Ufrtutey, ts geue tug gue tut but te erebuts f te um m s eer trsfrme t  systemtc tery but ecty t cgt s  t t es N et us retur t te rst quest H c e cee ts trsfrmte tegrt f te y e tk but m  mtter? ere re my fferet rutes tt e cu f  rer t cee tt As   scuss  te fg cpters, ec f tese fferet metgc pts s ts  merts  presets ts  uque prbems, ceges,  pprtutes Wt my be smper r mre usefu t pt ut  te ctet f ts bref truct s te y not to cee ts trsfrmt A te y t t cee ts trsfrmt s by sftg te fcus f ttet y frm te cgte m  fcus g sey  te sc m f um mter estece, s my prpets f sc rcegy  f mtercuture stues seem t suggest s teecy su be e becuse t fte turs tgs t  mere psse substrtum fr scety t mprt tsef up ee, eg, Ose 2003, 2010 Webmr  Wtmre 2008 Webmr 200 Sks 200) t su be me cer, te, tt te trsfrmt e re fter c be cee y by recgzg tt  tese fferet ms sc, by, cutur, r mter) re essety seprbe prts f te tgc cmpu e c te um m Csg t spek but te cgte rter t te sc fe f tgs, r but te cgte rter t te sc spects f um eut, es t me  y y tt  s t emrcte e m f peme frm te ter, r t fferette beee t stcte rems f eperece, e

Inn

5

psyhologial and one soial  is insead a mehodologia o pehaps an analyial saegy fo appoahing and viewing hese wo isepaable aspes of hman life his bings us o he ealm of maeial engagemen e e o e eee Sangely enough, he ealm of maeial engagemen an be hough of as one of he mos familia eisenial eioies ha we humans ome o know and, a he same ime, as an unknown eisenial eioy Fo eample, i is famla when he hand gasps a sone and makes i a ool ye i emains tea ncognta in ha, despie a long genealog of analyi efos us wha his gasping implies fo humans emains elusive and efses o be edued and ead in he om of  linea evoluionay naaive Thee ae many easons why his blind spo eiss.  have aleady poined ou some of hem and  shll poin o ohes in he hapes ha follow Bu hee is one geneal poin ha niely enapsulaes hem all  onens he way in whih he iial line beween pesons and hings, o beween mind and he maeial wold, has kep ou deeply ooed Caesian visions and modes of hinking a a safe disane fom o long evolved "ybog haae (Clak 2003) Muh of uen hinking abou human ogniion seems o have negleed ha he y we hink is he popey of a hybid assemblage of bains, bodies, and hings This has a numbe of negaive impliaions As  have aleady said i has blinded philoophy and he ognive sienes o he pevasive, diahoni inlu ene and he ansfomaive poenial, of hings in human life and ogni ive evolion, leaving he sudy o mid oologilly oblivios of and episemially agnosi abou he popeies and he aive naue of mae ial ulue n addiion his ongoing "yanny of he dihoomy beween humans and nonhumans (Laou 14, 5), haaeisiof wha Laou (1) alls he "moden peiamen, ,, has f deades povided assump ions and peonepions ha sill olo ou peepions of he human pas and he pehisoi mind As a onsequene, even if a big pa of pesen day ahaeologial heoy adops a elaional viewpoin, moe ofen han no ahaeology is unwilling o follow he onsequenes of suh a onvi ion o emains in a sae of onfusion abou wh his migh imply in paie. The geneal all fo nondihoomous hinking in ahaeology

6

Chpe 1

eg, Her 1999 ey 1994 Ge 1994 ma 1996) eem aa gu t te MerLyer u gure 11) Kwg tat te e betwee te arrw are equa we t peree tem a fferet mary kwg tat m a matter are reata ette we tue t appra tem trug te trte ee f repreetat t eem tat te pura t prjet f merty Latur 1993) tat abtuate ur m t tk a tak  term f ea  a xe ategre make t ery f ut t ft te fu away frm te ate tera m a te emarate extera matera wr a twar ter mutua ttut a a eparabe aayt ut Apparety t mm atttue a mpt appra t te wr f tg ugt t age  fat t a bee agg epeay  reet eae mt regzaby  te ma f materauture tue a embe gte ee. But atug pper atrpgt a araegt ae w me t regze tat w we are   arge part a fut f te web f urrug truture Cark 2003, 174), eapg frm ur Cartea pr requre mre ta a age  ur aaem aguage game t fte ema a wge t tragre te tga te f merty jut a eptua art tragree te aetet te f te Reaae u a trug reabrat f te araegy pereptua e  t a eay tak t w e a great ea f gte ae  t ee te prpa bjete f t bk  t pre te eptua mea fr reug te ae by furg a e way t uerta te tga 

Fg 

Th lyr uson

Introdtio

17

guratio ad iteroetio betee ogitio ad materia uture Materia egagemet i the ergiti pre b hi ou o brai bodie ad thig mid emerge  ynp f te k Ho have e gotte to here e are i our oeptio of hat hua mid i ad doe Wh doe it matter for arhaeoog here the boudarie of mid are dra reie ho doe thi reate to the tud of materia uture  part  of the book hapter 2 ad 3  provide a hitoria revie ad ritique of ogitive arhaeoog ad offer ome preimiar remark o the impiatio of the approah take i thi book for the tud of ogitio ad materia uture  partiuar hapter 2 brie expore the a i hih arhaeoogia ad athropoogia oeptio of the reatiohip betee ogitio ad materia uture have haged i the at 30 ear or o  expore the reao h the maority of thee oeptio otiue to repiate the arge Carteia prediamet of moderit ad  tr to idetif the probem thi aue for the arhaeoog of mid.  hapter 3, agait thi bakgroud  ummarize the Materia gagemet approah ad expai ho that e theoretia frameork oud hep u to overome the probem.  diu the epite moogia foudatio of ad the metatheoretia aumptio behid thi e a of ookig at the iteretio betee ogitio ad materia uture.  part  (hapter 46  et out Materia gagemet heor, fouig o the detaied expoitio of the three mai orkig hpothee that make upthe materiaegagemet approah the exteded mid, he ea tive ig, ad materia age.  hapter 4  expore the hpothei of the exteded mid At iue here i a radia ritique of the mid' oatio.  haege the prevaiig omputatioa vie of mid a a itera repreetatioa egie. Fouig o the exampe of the Meaea iear B tabet,  attempt to arif hat the xteded Mid Hpothei i ad ho preie it reate to the perpetive of embodied eative, ad ditrbuted ogitio Agait thi phioophia bakgroud  proeed to pe out m o hpothei of the otitutive itertiig of ogitio ith materia uture he hapter ed ith a erie of arhaeoogia ad athropoogia exampe

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Cpe 

prig h impiai  h ia r h arhagy  mi a r h uy  maria uur  hapr 5,  xpr h mii bai  maria gagm, fu ig  h mii imi  maria gagm a h aur  h maria g  hi my u rm h raa qu  wha a maria ig ma a pa  up h qui  hw i ma  ar ih ha  a the fala f e lgstic sg, rag h mara ig frm h igui ig h priipa uryg aump  my aay  ha, frm a m prp, aguag a maria uur ir ubaiay  h gii mhaim ha uppr hir mi u Mr pay, my ugg  ha h maria ig   primary mby a mmuia r rpraia gi bu a eace  Fr materal semisis maig   a pru  rpr ai i i a pru  a pr  pua igra b ma ria a pua mai  u a a uy  h mrg  ymbi umria hikg  h Nihi  h Nar Ea  xpr ha a  hapr 6  puru h qui  agy a rhik h uam b ag a hig Criiay riig h u  agy  urr igia, ahrpga, a arhaga hry,  ha g h py rh ahrpri uraig  h i a a aribu  h huma ua. h hag   by a uggi fr a ara ymmetri puazai ha frgru h pby  mara agy i qua rm rm aahrpr prpi,  u methdlgcal fetishsm a a pua apparau r uyig h agy  hig  u h hapr by aaig h argum fr maria agy My argum  ha i h huma gagm h h mara r hr ar  x aribu  ag  a pai i a  a ga parai b hm rahr, hr  a iui irig b iay a afra Agy a iiaiy may  b prpri  hg; hy ar  prpr  huma ihr hy ar h prpri  ma ria gagm A  ha ai, par   h bk  u a p Mara Egag m hry h ra h ha ui a h fr   ha h rahp b gi a mara uur      abra rpra, r m hr rm  a a a a, bu 



nrdun

9

f nga nsepaab s means a e ndesandng f man gnn s essena neked w e sd f e ena meda n a nse e ena ndes f a maea eended and ds bed man mnd B w, n pae, an we answe e qesn ab wee ee na maea eses an ea fnn as ea eensns f sme ne's mnd? Can we d s b appeang  evdene fnd n aaeg and anpg? In pa II f e bk apes 79), amng  p e ppsed eea seme  e es, I sf m aenn  a m sae anass f e pess f maea engagemen, sng a nmbe f aaes aaega and anpga ase sdes angng fm eaes pes  e pesen. In ape 7 I fs n e s f e ne Age and e pess f knappng a s, skng akes ff a e). I eamne, n paa, e ppa sne  e Aeean andae Hw ae we  ndesand e gnve fe f s bje? Wa an  e s ab e adna wa we daw e ne beween gnn and maea ue? Fwng e nes f Maea Engagemen e, I appa knappng as an at  a s, a gnve pess a sssses e bndaes f skn and sk, sne s effeve mpemenan nvves eemens a eend bend e pe "mena  "nea W s an nga fndan, m sggesn s a e sne ed n e knappe's and dd  me an smp and passve fe e neessa ndns f sasfan  e knappes nenn Insead, I ppse, e akng nen s nsed, a eas paa, b e sne and e maks ef n s sfae In ae peds, ese maks, pded b dffeen e nqes, a dffeen mes, n dffeen a sengs, wd beme mem, mb, nmbe, and eae wd beme s I dsss ese maks n ape 8 Hw d an engaved e an e fm f pes makng, fm nsed bnes  ave aep s  nde sand e makng f man mnd? T answe s qesn, I aemp a mpaave pes f mak makng, amng, n e ne and,  eamne wa nnes  sepaaes dffeen assembes f pes maks eg., absa geme paens, n depns,  smb epesenans) and, n e e,  ndesand wa, f anng, e e s ab e angng eansp beween gnn and maea e. I sw w se dffeen knds f maea aes ae me an

20

Chptr 1

mr d  hma gc h ar ad h r mark  h ma ab  a ma ha  r dghab rm h phca  chapr 9, I amp  a h var apc  m h  a hgraphc c ha cd br hghgh h phmgca rqrm  h pcpa ar  Mara Egagm Thr rvg  crc a cgv hgraph b prg h  ad pacg pca mpha  h prbm  agc ad hma crav I c  h amp  h pr wh I hw hw h bg  h pr  cdpd ad rwavd wh h bcmg  h ca.  h pg (chapr 10)  amp  p h ma dg  h prcdg chapr ghr  a chr argm ab h ra hp bw cg ad mara cr, h ar  dd cg , ad h cgv   hg Hw d hg hap h md? Wha mpca w rm h mg q hma prdp  rcgr r bd ad d r  b g  ad mara cr? A mar mhdgca mpca ha Mara Egagm Thr carr wh   ha h brvd chag  h mara archagca rcrd hd a b  a dcav  pb pac rarma ad rrgaza  hma cgv archcr rahr ha mp rcv  prg cgv capac r gc chag M am  h pg   mla crca dc ab hw dr rm  mara cr (mara arac ch ) ma hav prvdd rm prhr  h pr, a pwr mcham  d g   wha w ar b a wha w wa  bcm Th, I hp w hp   achv a br dradg  h mag  ab ad chag  hma bg  w a rarm h prcvd r  cgv archag ad  r prpc  h d  md

I Cognition and Material Culture



Rethinkng the Archaeoogy of Mind

I eh f he e 

Bady deed as he sudy  as ways oftogt as ieed m mae ia emais (Reew 1994, 3, emhasis added ad aayiay siuaed i he midde gud ewee uia essua ad sessua aahes, giive ahaegy has auhed a haegig eseah e i seah  he mid ehid he aia. The vea ga, eessed i he wds  James Be, was  iae mea, ideaia, sym i d he suh eemes i heies au ehisi ees (1992, 48 This geea eive has ee usued m vaius eseives. Wih ime, he iiia skeiism au "aesyhgia ivesigais (e.g., Bid 1965) gave way  a sysemai eseah edeav, vemig may mehdgia ems ad eig ew uiu aveues  ahaegia eseah. Wha we w a giive ahaegy  he ahaegy  mid uses diee shs  hugh ad eseah sads gehe i a highy iedisiiay ad aidy gwig eseah ed wih w ad i  iees The s us is maiy eed wihhuma giive evuiha is, wih wha migh e aed huma seiai e.g, u e a. 2008; u ad hamiade 2007, 2009 Bue 2003, 2004, 2007 Meas e a. 2007 Meas ad Gis 1996 de Beaue e a. 2009; DEi 1995, 1998, 2001; D'Ei e a. 2003; Gis 1993; Wy ad idge 2003, 2004; idge ad Wy 2004, 2005, 2009; Wy 2002 Dea 1997 Read ad va de Leeuw 2008; umhey 1998; eshi wd ad Dueui 2009, 2011; dgs ad eves 2006; way 1999; Mihe 1996; Davids ad Ne 1989, 1993; Ne ad Davids 1996 Maauis 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010a, Maauis ad Reew

4

Cpr 2

008 e ecn a c  eeac  n e ecen ee en   ece J as angng  e ann  agc e an e eeen  eacy an cex cee  e y  ecngy, a, egn, e an, n genea, e neacn beween cgnn an aea ce eg, Renew an bw 1994 Renew an Scae 1998 Renew e a 008, 009 Renew 001a,b, 004, 006, 007, 008 Knae 00, 004, 005, 006 Gen 008 Gabe 007 He 1993, 1999 Men an Pan 008 Maa 004, 008a,c, 010a,c Maa an Renew 010b Bn 008 S 00 e cce  cgne acaegy n  qe  cnay eny  nenabe e ae,  a aa, cann be a  ane eec an A e ba  cgne acaegy ne can  eec a e, an ae aaca, egca awbac  eae  a e ye eeey an qen: Wee n e acaegca ec  we n cgnn? Whee  he ?

ee ae ng a acaeg can g  an ng a ey cann M ee  agee a n ae  e ae n Mena ae an cee ae ey ae   a een    an ae ace n a een   ea n ew   eaen enency  eqae n w ban, an e cncan an ab e aa bnae  e an cgne ea a  enency cae w ,  wa naa a cgne acaegy c ny ae  e e "exena aea ee a can be eece n e acaegca ec  cng nec neence ab e nena ena aec  e ec cgne ea. On  cna, wa we acaeg ecaae  n e ancen n e b e aea cneqence  nnaea nnga , e beaa ee e by e way n wc an g wa e n  eece n e aea ce be n e acaegca ec en wy a an acae ab e n? e acaeg Ca Knae cae  cca n ccncy n  b Thinng Thogh aeral Ctre 005, 168) "Ang  ena b cnene  aea   ay ng a any acaeg ae gen   e e

Rthg th Arhg f Md

5

alog  a s  l o aaology o say abo  m a mg b o ay  s  appas  a  aaology o m lagly pop  lopg  ssay mas o asg sop Haks la o  54) as al o alz a  mapo o  la sl as go po a msak o a y spal k a agoy msak Wa s agoy msak ssally mpls s a als opo o  laosp b m a ma O   may laboa o Glb Ryls 14) omlao o  allay ol  aaologs o s sag o  a m ehnd  aa s ommg  sam "agoy msak as  og so o ambg o Oo o ag s  ollgs  lbas a  pams, asks o b so  sy s a osq,  oal bass o og aaology, app  a asa s a spaas  mal alm om  alm o maaly a pa ma osa by  pmss o o pob lmaassmpos:  as o moologal alsm Bll 12) a s,  ogog o  ma al as  appop a aaly  a oologal los o ma ogo) a  qa o o  "og   symbol s, g R 1, 14) aog o  ppls o a ssally psaoal  o m Fo a os q o s poblms, s ap 1 o Kapp 2005 Ts,  aaology o m as som sos moologal ls o oom. Bo pog, o   o sa o  a go o   a  o opos o  m, y s opos o o pla  lagly asa pam o mo og, a o Maal Egagm Toy ol lp s ag s opos Cgv

O  amos asa oomy b  "kg g a  " g as a, a masm as  o ao o o os p ompos o sbsas a To ao o  soall mboy poblm s, .g, Ryl 14),  oo o sym bol psao as gaally o  plosopy o m o bg s g oologal gap T a o psao s a

6

Chpt 

mpl manm by wic w coul  our cogntv apparatu wit ac an inornation rom t xtrnal worl it alo uggt ow w matrialz an xtrnalz our mntal contnt by way o bavioral output to t worl  mag o min tat graually mrg coul b n mtaporically a a buckt ll wit knowlg an inormation Poppr 199) Cognitv procing appn in t a omwr btwn prcpton an acton  piloopr uan Hurly ubb ti t "anwic mol o cognition 1998) at i to ay, min wa vw a a torou o pav ntrnal rprntatonal tructur an procura ling cabint capabl o rcving an manipulating intr nally t nory inormation rciv rom t "out worl or rviw  Clark 199 an Clark 2a) Groun on t prmi o ti broa rprntational ti, cogni tvim or t ocall computational viw o min mrg urng t 196 a an attmpt to rn uman concptual arcitctur in t imag o t igital computr, wic wa vloping rapily at tat tim Garnr 1985 Dupuy 2). A nw powrl mtapor wa praing rapily: tat t min i to t brain a a computr program i to t arwar o t computr on wic it run i, to a larg tnt rmain t omnant paragm n prntay cognitiv cinc, a wll a t implicit mol bin mot arcaological account o pritoric cogni tion tat concptualz t uman mn primarly troug t iom o rprntation an inrmation procing. or a conci icuion o ti trn,  Mitn 1998 81 Wat mak omting a rprntation Wy  rprntation an important concpt? Reeea Lk a he he de f he ea

Gnrally paking, rprntation can b unrtoo in a oubl n a an obct tat tan r, rr to, or not omtng but alo a t rlationip btwn a ting an tat wic tan r or not it Mor mportant r our urrnt purpo w can tngu btwn two major typ o rprntation: xtrnal rprntation ar to mat rial ign or ign ytm tat ar publicly avalabl n t worl Mntal or "intrnal rprntation can b unrtoo a rrring to t rpr ntational contnt o a crtain intntion or bli aot t worl.

  

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7

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1 behaioal outpt

BODY

MINDrain\

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WORLD

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Fue 

 t  t   d

Metal represetats  ter wrds prde a teral traraal struture tat aes t pssle r te jets  tut ad perept t e preset insid te te syste w s lalzed inid te ead ure 21. Ter utal rle s  a way lsely assated wt te pysal eural eles tat arry ad de rat aut se states  aars realzed  te eteral wrld. Mre presely represetat s eed as te prpal dseded eas y w we eed ur ras wt rat m te wrld press tat rat te eteralze ur etal tets into te wrld. O tat strual we we peree lassy reeer r sply t aut a jet X, we d't t aut te real jet rater we t aut ts teralzed represetatal susttute r replatr X• teral represetats ae ee studed r a l te ad rase  real ers r a araelal r a atrplal perspete. Hweer  eeral sesus as ee estalsed aut wat "teral represetats are wat tey d ad wat eural strtures realze te

Chpt 

8

n my own w "nons o no psn anyhng nons smpy om pasc nwoks whch poc acaon parns ha a sc ay cop wh h s o h hman oy an h mara wo S rpsnaons a accong o h omnan compona hoy o mn h s o whch or mna ngns ar ma Ths cam s gnra nogh o ncompass h cn ang o hnkng n cogn scnc ncng conncons hos (Thagar 1996, 10 s aso Foor 1981  was ony nara ha mos archaoogss gn hs srong "comp aonas o "nrnas raon n phosophy an cogn scnc wo s n hs rprsnaona or symoc ncon h nng ar o wha  mans o  a morn hman cogn Th hng o no howr s ha hn h nna aancs n h sy o h hman mn ha hs paragm has rogh ao on can asy n som ry mpoan shorcomngs Fo xamp n mpmnng com paona hory n h aoraos o arca ngnc  soon cam mans ha ahogh smaons as on compaona ogc pro xmy c n prormng compx anayc asks (sch as nnng a pogam capa o wnnng a chss gam hy w xmy nc n promng asks as smp as nsrcng a roo o n s way o o a oom who rnnng no was n ac whn h s sch aonomos cs wr consrc y Gry War 1953 hy ha nohng o o wh compx agorhms an rprsnaona nps Thr knshp was wh Ross Ashy's homosa (1952 an Nor Wnr's cyrnc ack 1948 rah han wh h copx rpsnaona srcr o h yhamamos Tng machn (Trng 1950 Wh smp comchanca ccy War's "s wr capa o pro cng mrgn props an hao parns ha co no  r mn y any o hr sysm componns cng n pracc a cync ransgrsson o h mnoy  an maray xmpyng a mo o hman cognon h mpcaons o whch ha y o  raz an propry gs n cogn scnc (S Books 1991; Ss 2007. Wha h ao mps or h compaona mo n qson w no  prs hr n a (For as s Dpy 2000  Bon 1990 Cak a Howr o mak a ong sory sho an as o compr hn  s sa o ag ha h majo shocomng o hs paragm was an rmans ha  pros a w o hman cognon so p an

W

Rehnkng he Arheoog o Mnd

29

 ehe m he wl h n he en  eemle  "n n  v nm 2)h   eme npp eve ee y  hghelevel lgl pern ng mpnl ml n   meh  gnng nmn  he hmn mn y mgh len  ew hng  he repeennl e h pp neenl lg n plem lvng  y wll enly l en p wh  re pe  hw he e rele  he envrnmen, n prly wh n pe  ll  hw he e e ene n relle n n n een lrl eng A he nhplg Tm ngl 3, 43) remrk " mke n me ene  pek  g nn  he nnng  h  mpnl] eve hn  e  pek  lmn  he p  n nernl mr mehnm nlg  he engne   r ke lmn, gnn  he m plhmen  he whoe animal,   n mplhe y  mehnm · ner  he nml n r whh  erve   vehle In her w n m e mpnlm le he e  elgl vly A Any Clrk ne n h k Being Thee, evene nernng he nme le  he envnmen n hgh pree mple h ll rl nellgene nle n he machine  e  penl pe hh n el le emerge nly m he nen eween mhne n) n wl 7, 64) Tng lghm n Chmkn grmmr, hweve eeve n mppng lne nlyl pree  eme nelle, re very lw n gnve k h nvlve eme nlne enggng wh he merl wrl n relle eng. Frm he pepeve  helgy,  eleve,  mke g ene  me h he nen mn whe pern we wn  pre n en n n hgh he mel emn  he p   he le kn    mn e n, he hn ehe m, he wl, n pnplly prepe wh ng wh mpe n  ey 7). Cneqenly,  gn he hllengng k  gnve rhelgy pn  mel h nply mke "he prpere  he ll yem r \he ppere  he pern Hhn 5, 366), n r whh mel le h  ple n he mn nly   eme g  nrmn wen mehw n he nel e,  n mply  nermne he whle pje m he vey r,   eprve   he ply  mkng ny gnn nrn  he nernng  he hmn mn.

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Chpt 2

Thi i why  am etemey keptica f the ifuece that ti ike "ymbim, "ymbic tage,  epeetatia capacitie have i hapig, a i may cae eig may achaegica a athpgica ebate ve the atue a the evepmet f what i uuay efee a "me huma cgiti  "behavia meity Ctay t what a big pat f peetay phiphy a cgitive ciece thik a mi pimaiy e, I wi ague i thi bk that we ee t mve bey the imit f cmputati a fee u mi frm the egacy f epeetat Appachig the egagemet f mi wth the mateia w  uch a epeetatia bai t y eiteate the myth f the "ake bai, which euce the cgitive ife f thig t a abtact iteaize ce f me rt it a ea t a iheety uaitic ccepti f the cmpex cevutiary baicutue pia that chaacteize hmii evuti hi "itait a eucetic attitue theate t bcue much that i f vaue i the achaegy f mi epeciay u uetaig f the atue f the eatihip betwee cgiti a mateia cutue  ugget, a  ha be icuig exte iey i the fwig chapte, that epeetatia phemea a ppetie f the abve t ae y the haw f "the cgitive ife f thig A ee Maafui a Refrew 2010.) Athugh I cie epeetatiaim t be mieaig i may impat way,   t cmmit t a trcty epeetatia tace hugh Mateia Egagemet hery ca be cetaiy haacteize, wig t it tg eactive bai, a a atiepeetatia famewk at eat i eati t the tw mai pemie f epeetaiaim i caica cgitive ciece, amey a iteait view f huma cgiti a a cmputatia uetaig f what cut a a cgitive pce ppe, it e t ey epeetati atgether Rathe, it aim t gu epeetati  a me apppiate eactit fuati  ueta that f me phiphe beig eactivim with epeetati,  what  ca "eactive igicati ee chapte 5), may eem a ctaicti i tem, but I hpe that the ccept wi peet  eiu pbem f achaegit famiia with the emitic quaitie f mateia cutue N ubt mateia cutue fte epeet, a thu the huma mi ca be ee a abe t ctuct "extea epeetati  wat t ague, hweve, that thi epeetatia imei f mateia cutue et exhaut it emitic abiitie ee a Bivi 2008 chapte 2 Kappett

Renig  Aaelg  Mnd

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ZOOS 

chater ad that the act that e are caae o cotrctg matera rereetato doet eceary my that a m r reree tatoa cto ca be ed to charactere the tera oerato o or bra I act oar a "a gag ero e a mch eergy a a eg mce ce he rg a maratho (Ae 200 18) ch a eerget cay eee trategy make tte ee What doe th mea o ome etet, hat I at to arge  mar to the rooa, recety t orth by the hooher erre Steer, that "the only rereetato that make  cogto are ta (etracraa rereetato 2010, 23 h or Matera Egagemet heory,  cotrat to hat aear to  a commo amto  cogte cece, the oy rereetato th ay baa or rea mcato or hma cogto are to be od otde the head Itera rereetato are my a meadg attemt to eag the amar trcate orkg o the hma md ad bra by ay o a more amar mode: that o the etera matera ymbo I the cotet o Matera Egagemet heory, the oto o tera rereetato ca be retaed oy  t  ed  the era cotrctt eethat , to reer ome broady deed er acta to atter  the bra that cotrbte to adate behaor  the eromet (Weterma et a 200, 5 I ha be cayg that  chater 3. For reet roe, hat hod be emhazed abot the reatoh betee the materaegagemet aroach ad rereeta to  that  matream cogte cece er (ththek rere etato are oe ed a the crtero or hat cot a cogte  a ay that od eae mot etera (beyodthek eemet otde the cogte eqato I cotrat, or Matera Egagemet heory the argmet rom rereetato ork the other ay arod, or the oy rereetato that cot ad that my hae ay tue gcace  the tdy o md are thoe to be od, beyod k ad k,  the otde od For a thee reao, t od be ar to ay that Matera Egage met heory reqre  to rethk the dea o rereetato radcay bt ot eceary to abado t atogether Dl e ldde

Ho, the, hod e roceed? I the hma md  ot he ceary demar cated ormatoroceg rereetaoa dece o eaty obected

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Chp 2

n he f exep of he copue, h  ? An, nee hee   Whee o e   ne beeen conon n e cuue? o cn he cone popee h e fo he necon of he peon h he oc n e o be be ppoche n ecbe? In h boo I ee o oune  funen ne ouoo h I hope  hep u o n ne o hoe queon Bu hehe o no e eenu coe up h oe oo ne, one hn hou be e ce A on  conon n e cuue en epe b he onooc uf of epeenon, ou effo o unen he nue of ehe e ooe o fue A hee pobe h he ue n bue of epeenon n cone cheoo  becoe cee  ou cuon poee Wh  oe uefu o ephze f no  h he u econon eue n ee cque hn cheoo n  nn He e of nfeence n ecn he no eboe concepon of hun n A jo conbuon n h econ h been e b he oce nepee o popoceu choo of houh n cheoonob b In Hoe, ho  one of he  o epc econe he "ce nue of e cuue n o foeoun  ennfu oc chce. (See Hoe 982, 986 99) We he o een he eeopen of concepu ne  o ppoch oe of he cone enon of e cuuef epe, Dne Me noon of objeccon, ene  "he nebe poce b hch  epeon, concou o unconcou, oc o nu, e pecc fon (98, 80). Moe oe, h Te' o on e epho (999 offee  ne nce fo enn he ec ne beeen e n con cepu on Accon o Te, e hn, une o/' e "no ju councn enn bu ce on oehn n he o  eo of c (999, 265) An e hou no foe h   he cheoo hophe Goen (994 2008, 200, Jun Tho (996 n h Te ( 994 h  nouce phenoeno o o cheooc hnn, o h he concep of e ene en obou eboe uch  phenoenooc e of hun eence. Thu, e  nee  "epo ehnoph of he efc (b, 4) n oe o unen he ce, conuce chce of hn n hun fe

Reinng

e Aceolog o Min



Mor pially rom  prpi o ognii aaology Colin Rnr 200ab a   o amp a gnian moologial i Baking  nao quaion bn ogniion an ymbolim  n  op o ognii aaology iing  ou aay rom  abra ralm o  "ymboli  an oar  alm o marialiy an {marial ngagmn Tr i an ni onology implii in  abo uggion, a ll a aumula pin an poii bak rom a ariy o orial amork bo iin an oui  l o aaology T ok o Carl Knapp ur aan  l o ognii araology by oring a brillian aoun on o ob ar boun up in uman in ir gui a biologial, pyologial an oial bing, a biopyooial oalii (2005, 169 Rn' iuion o  noion o ig may b ul in making i poin plii:

eg as s  be peeved as a pysa eay ads ad ams,  us  e ba  e subefe  a be epuazed ad measued Te md s ug e bdy T ase  exusey  e ba s  sy e Mee e fe   y ug e bdy bu beyd  efe 2007, 9) My aim i o buil on  abo ia an mak ir piloopial an pimologial grouning mor plii Ti book ra an n on Rn' oiginal popoal in or o onu a n oiiplinary ounaion tward a te f materal engagement (Rn 200 Mala oui 200 Marial Engagmn Tory an b n a aing mu in ommon i many ap o popoual inkng an i  n mpa i in aaology on  "ialial an ruri rlaionip bn pon an ing (Tilly, Kan, Klr, Rolan, an Spyr 2006,   alo ir in many impoan rp, pially in i plii mpai on  ognii li o ing an  naur o  laionip bn ogniion an maial ulur Ho' n ory o umaning nanglmn (201 a,b i a goo ampl Enanglmn Tory ar a ga al i Marial Engagmn Tory bo in i "araologial niiiy o  omplii an paial inrlaing o maial ing 20a, 175 an in i ou on  inronnn an  paial mporalii o ing Bu ra Enanglmn Toy rmain on n i builing "a pariularly araologial unraning o  oial pro (201 a, 176, Marial Engagmn Tory ou mainly

4

t 2

o he pcess ad he mag of he hma md oeheless he w appoaches ae clealy cmplemeay whe  comes  asweg he es f how hmas ad hgs hae ecome eagled Wha chages wh Maeal Egageme Theoy s o way of log a hgs ad he cocepal calay we se o epess he dscely hma aly  hk hogh, wh, ad ao he maeal wld Whee des all hs leae s I wll oe Cal Kappe:

[Wt ou letnot o "tnng toug tel ultu te ologst need not be edud to t unpp stte o beng  ustted entlst ondened to tels  we ept tt nd nd tte   odpenden toug te edu o bodl ton, ten t ollows tt des nd tttudes, te tn oupng  septe don o t tel, tull nd tesles nsbd n te objt 00 16 I he wds (ad eg  Ryles caegy msae) hee s  md ehd he afac, s as hee s o esy apa fm he las s des, pofesss, laes ad depames The aalogy may e cde, ad he same ca e sad f he school of ehasm fm whch  emaaes,   acpaes a asc po ha s wh epeag aga ad aga: ha "he meal chaacescs of he sysem ae mmae, o  some pa,   he sysem as a whle (Baeso 173, 316)



he Matera-Engagement Approah A Summary of the

Argument

Th rh r mthd m   th mt imprtt prlm  th tir trpri  udrtdi th uiquly hum rm  itiv tivity  thi  th mthd i imutuly prrquiit d prdut th tl d th rult  th tudy v ytky (17 6 Exatly whatdes aterial Engagement Thery ET aim t exlain Hw des it relate t standard ways f thinking in gnitie siene and arhael gy re imrtant hw des it deart rm them What seially an ET bring t the study  mind Hw an it hel us t redene maeria ulture's lae in and effet n the human gnitie system The exlana try suess f ET deends un further lariatin f these issues l shuld start by saying that ET seeks t ride an integrated arhae lgial ersetie nerned with the interatins thrugh time between gnitin and material ulture and with the nsequenes f these intera tins fr understanding the making f resent and ast ways f thinking T that end ET takes a maratie lngterm iew f human gnitie deelment and thus tends t be at ariane  with ther established researh framewrks in embdied gnitie siene that remain largely indiidual isti and synhrni. re than that it brings a esh material ulture erse tie t the way human gnitie hanges an be studied and understd The materialengagement arah is based n a number f mutually surting nets stulates and wrking hytheses. Befre I disuss them it may be useful t aknwledge a basi theretial mmitment and asiratin: The aim f ET is t restate the rblem f the interatin  between gnitin and material ulture in a mre rdutie manner by laing it un a new relatinal ntlgial fundatin.

6

Chpter 

  cave d a  jn

As  ete befly  y ntucty cte, te tlgst Ew Hutcs uses te te tive oo t escbe  sl  f elteess Te stuy f   ctet Hutcs gues, sul be st  bve ll  ttet t ucve cectvty, tt s, te web f utul eeece g te eleets f  cgtve ecsyste 200, 70 But w s tt ssble If eveytg s tetlly c ecte t eveytg else w  we cse wee t w te gt bues f u lytcl uts Ftutely s Hutcs suggests, te esty f cectvty ves wt te  sce, but ls f e eclgcl ssebly t te Pes, te we cul fllw Plts vce  cefully cve tue t ts ts, lcg te bues f u lytcl uts wee cectvty s eltvely lw Phaeds, 26 266 A bvus ble ses: Cectvty s t a po Iste t s bse  ssuts tt gt ese se s f cects ve tes Ts s te csequece f bgg cet ee t te cete f ttet wle levg se tes uele  eve eeg te vsble Hutcs s, f cuse, fully we f ts ble: Plt's vce s ls ese t stte t t fllw    Wt ls le lw cectvty ue e tey y l le  eg f g c ectvty t te tey b 706 At best, we c e t t ut eltg les wee cectvty s g  ee but st f te st tt u cuet tlges gt be ble t ecgze It es te tt we ve etue t wee e stte Is tee y wy ut f ts ccle I suggest  ssblty tt gt ee us f uttg bues  te wg lce  ssug tee s e cete wee  fct tee e y Tt s t b te lgc f bues  eltg les ee Igl 2006, 2008, 200 Te uty f eltg les  f y cctt et lytcl  etyscl stct ct ccte y f te ee I see t vestgte  ts b Budae ah ad aalyal u

Te fegg es e et t ve se ts but te lgc be te ut f lyss tt te teleggeet c tes

Te MateralEngageme Appra

37

s th ous o its stuy o iustt tht btt it might b othhi to osi th ustio ht is hu ogito  h shou  ook o it   pt th ssi omputtio i tht ogitio bgis ith  iput to th bi  s ith  output om th bi  shou b ookig to posss ithi th h (hpio 201 27) O this ostu ht hoogists  b si to xt  th sius o pst itigt bhio  ssmbgs o mti sigs hos ogi ti ts i oth os mboy th possibiity  thus itt th hoogi spitio tht i popy yz  itpt thy might gi us  gimps o ht t o isi th h o th phistoi iiiu. But oti th ssumptio h bout h tu ogiti stts  posss  supposy isttit. s suh  ssumptio uoib? ME ts this ssi omputtio i. As  mtio i hpt 1 ou py th ssumptios bout th iti otoogi bouis o hum ogitio shou b sist. Fom  hoogi o  thopoogi pspti ths ommo psumptios o mt ity  o th bsis o bibou ogiti posss  gui oi psttios s Ams  Aiz 2008) shou b tt s histoi otios th th tu kis Fo o thig most o ou i bout th outio o hum itig oms i th om o mti utu th th bstt is  bi tissu. Fo oth th mo  om to   ust bout thigs th mo thy ook ik  gui mt o ht it ms to b  hum ogiz. A ipott postut o ME is tht th sot o stu tht mks up th mi  b uy ou ot ithi  outsi th ski As  s th topoogy o hum ogitio is o ME mis otioy uommitts th omput sitist Wiim Cy put it 2009 28) ME is ommitt to tioiztio. Ay Ck i his book Spersizing he ind, so spks o  simi ii to th otio o mt sous hih h s "th ypothsis o Cogiti mptiity 2008 121123) Nothss Ck's itiu o th bibou mi sms to go oy hwy. " tig th isio o hum ogiti possig s rganism nd,' h poposs  shou ot  o to y tht it is i most phps  o ss) rganism enered." (ibi 123) Fo ME th tt o Cks sttmts ot ys  susti  i xpo this tiz i o mi  gy i pt  o this book



t 3

F peset ppses sfe t t say that n the tet f ateal egageet aes ae pe an etes ae shftg alng the � tn f eate at he as ea entetae hee s ey sla t the sttegt appah a s ely epesse y Hthns: A d dl  tmprry thiki d prly   rtr prprti  it thiki hpp i ntraon  ri d dy ith th rld Thi m it uh d my ppl tk it t m imply tht thik i mthi tht hpp i th ri   qu  itrti ith th rld Tht i t th lim i md hr Th lm hr i tht rt d rmt thiki is itrti  ri d dy ith th rld Th itrti r t vid  r rlti  udrlyi thuht pr Thy r itd th thiki pr thmlv (00, 11

The theetal pwe f MT les pesely  pg a new eans f styng the ple nate f the nteatns etwee the nteal an the etenal eses f han gnt as well as the le f ltal pates  the hestatn f han gnte pesses. The fs s  nestang the ateal wl as a nsttte an efas pat f the han gnte syste th f an tgenet an a phylge net pespete. Keepg ths last pnt n n  wll nw ty t state MT n the tet f the eltay an eelpental faewks f thnkng. Undeandn eay The deepena haene

Mateal ngageent They, as a ahaelgal they seeks t ese an epla lngte hange, patlaly the pesses y whh ha gnte altes gw, tansf, an hage Hwee  tast wth e tatnal appahes n gnte ahaelgy the ateal engageet appah s t nee with the task f assatng spe han altes wth spe te pes an pee eltay stages. peally, wheeas the aty f stes  gte a e ltnay ahaelgy see t e paly pepe wth qestns at when an whee (e.g, whee an whe syl thnkng an lagage st appeae n the ahaelgal e, MT asks paly at the what, the why, an the hwf eaple What s syl thnkng Why an hw  syls eege What fs f sgna tn nt as syl epesentatnal thkng Knwng when

e Mterilggeme Apph

3

ad whee hgs ae happeg  coge eouo s mpoa ad eesg bu does o expa much  se Wha \e eed s a e gae compaae pespece abe o dey he dee gedes o coge chage eouoay o deeopmea ad he causa mech asms ha udee hem  dee coexs o huma coge becomg om he ay oe ge o he pese  oows om wha  hae sad so a ha he coce o M wh he coge deeopme o ou speces mgh, o a mpoa ee, be see as a ew om o eouoay epsemoogy e hough he geea ouoo o M may seem o esembe ha o eouoay psy choogy Cosmdes ad ooby 198 Baow e a 199 o ha o eou oay achaeoogy OBe ad Lyma 00; hea 00),  ac  shaes ey ew basc heoeca pesupposos wh hem he maea egageme appoach aso des om he peae cuaeouo appoach Mesoud 011 Mesoud e a 006; Duham 1990 Boyd ad Rcheso 1985  pacua, wheeas M sees cuua ad boogca eouo as a sepaabe syegec pocess, popoes o cuua eouo ea cuue as a secod, sepaae eouoay sysem ha acs  paae o boogca o geec eouo  adaage o he cuua eouo appoach s ha popees o boogca eouo ca be decy apped o descbe cuua pheomea Bu  wa o ague ha he mea phoc ogc behd he aboe pemse s seousy pobemac uce  o say ha o M huma egece s o suaed smpy  a basc eace sese bu  a deepe aace ad empoay sucued see hs meas ha eaco eced by ou suoudgs huma o ohuma) o oy ueces ou coge abes ad aece esposes om he ey begg bu aso shapes he om ad he co sue mechasms o eaco Fom he pespece o M, udesadg he coeouo o bas, bodes, ad hgs does o sop a he possbe causa ceaos ha he chages obseed  oe o hem mgh poduce  he ohes ohe chaege s o dsce he possbe ways  whch he acua ae o he eaoshp bewee hem mgh hae chaged  he couse o huma eouo Naay, epog he ogem eecs o cuue o he ba ad ce esa s a moe dcu Despe yeas o eseach  may dscpes o a good summay see omaseo e a 005, he pecse s bewee oogey ad phyogey ema a om obous o



40

Cp 

sraghforar A prsn larnng an prarla lopmnal plasy appar o b h mos promsng anus for bulng som analyal brgs bn h shorrm an h longrm asps of hu!an ogn bomng (S g Dupr 2008 For all h rasons  abo f  an o sua h prsp of ME n h onx of ohr urrn oluonary an lopmnal framorks of hnkng h nllual knshp of our approah ls h mor raal an nra framorks suh as lopmnal sysms hoy (Oyama 985 2000 Oyama  al 200 Grfhs an Gray 994 200 2004 Grfhs an Soz 2000 nhonsruon hory (OlngSm  al. 2003 an nuroonsrusm (Marshal  al. 2007ab Quarz an Sjnosk 997. Dlopmnal sysms hory (Grfhs  al 200 Grfhs an Soz 2000 Oyama  al 200 Grfhs an Gray 2004 for nsan has long rognz ha h lopmnal rajoy of an organsm s no a x gn program bu a marx of nrnal an xrnal rsours. Eoluon s no jus hang n gn frquns  s hang n h r sprum of aalabl lopmnal rsours an n h many ausal pahays by hh rsours om o b ploy n lopmn. All lmns ofh lopmnal marx r by ay of an nra onsruon hrby h ff of ah rsour pns on s nraon h many ohrs Nuroonsrusm has bn sp ally hlpful n hs onnon offrng a lopmnal aoun of h nural sysm as haly onsran by mulpl nrang faors som nrns o h lopng organsm an som xrns o  Smlarly o lopmnal sysms hory hs flxbl an nrang onsrans span ulpl lls of analyss from gns an h nual ll o h physal an soal nronmn. hrfor ogn lopmn s xplan as h mrgn prou of h nrplay of hs onsrans. In hs onx h  of bran an ogn lopmn knon as poa tc epgene (Golb 2002 2003 hh mphaszs h nraons bn xprn an gn xprsson (Golb 2007 s of spal nr s. h unronal formula (praln n molular bology by hh gns r an rmn bhaor s rpla h a n shm ha xplly rognzs h bronaly of nfluns bn h gn bhaoral nronmnal an sooulural lls of analyss. (h formula s llusra n gur 3 Gn ausaly gs ay o ha has bn rm "lopmnalrlaonal ausaly (Golb an Halprn

A RA

 Mataat a

tarpt

(a)

1

taat

rt

vere tapt

b

evmeta a a uua eve tve a beava eve eura eve eet eve

Figu





ew treta ramewks su as tat  ustutvsm a prbabs t epgeess prve us wt a w ear a teratv me r ue sag te reatsp amg gees, te bra a b  arateres uma gtve bemg b Cgtve evepmt s  gr se as te pgrssve ug  mat tat s a ut  t geme a) Te tra ta vw  a eta w  ause a et r gees DA t RA t t stutue  pts tey ee gves way t a subter ptur  w pysa, sa, a utua aspets  evmet a beav pay uamta res  tggeg t press  ges

2002) A ummarz by Gttb (2007 1), prbabt pgn

mphaz th rprty f nun wthn an btwn  f an rganm pmnta manf gnt atty, nura atty, bhar, an th phya a, an utura nfun f th xtrna nrnmnt) an th ubquty f gnnrnmnt ntratn n th razatn f a phntyp. Put mpy th man that wng t ay, nrnmntay an uturay au ffrn an aratn n f an arnng xprn, nua f th am gntyp an ha f frnt nura gnt an bhara utm. t a mp that n annt rrat a partuar gntyp an a rtan nura r bhara utm wthut takng xtrna matna prprt an xprnta

2

Chp 

acrs n cnsderan hs unredcably  he henyes  smlar genyes hen cnrned h nel r deren deelmenal raecres and crcumsances ndcaes ha egenec ucmes are rb� ablsc raher han redeermned hs emergng "sgenmc e  beharal blgy (r a recen ree see Charney rhcmng) shng ha een gene exressn can be nluenced n ery secc ays by enrnmenal and exerenal acrs sands n clear cnras  many deas ha are ell esablshed n elunary sychlgy (Fr examles  he laer see Bar e al 992 r Pner 99) he bran ar rm a hardred mdular rgan adaed  a secc ancesral lesyle emerges as a dynamc rduc  a celunary rcess ha s sll ngng A cnsequence  hs c elunary rcess s ha ulure can n lnger be seen as a mere e henmena] nluence n a blgcally redeermned and unersally shared se  caaces r eaures  human cgnn Perhas hen, as Grhs and Sz sugges e shuld recgnze ha "ha ndduals nher rm her ancesrs s n a mnd bu he ably  deel a mnd (2000, 3) (See als KarmlSmh 992; Cha and Ambady 2007 Jrdan 2008)  ll argue n hs b ha Maeral Engagemen hery may rde a useul ramer n hch  undersand he lng erm dynamcs behnd hs "ably and he ays  becmes realzed As he hery  "nche cnsrucn ns u he denng eaure  hs ably  gr ur mnds may be und by lng a he sysemac changes n he deelmenal nche brugh abu by humans as hey aler her scal and echnlgcal enrnmens (Serelny 2004 Laland and Serelny 2006) hs cnsruce rcess en resuls n unusual e lunary dynamcs (Day e al 2003) O curse such alerans n humans g ell beynd ha e bsere hen sders mae ebs hen brds buld ness r hen beaers cnsruc dams Archaelgy may ell esy ha sgncan ars and esdes  he lng deelmenal rajecry  he human mnd aear relaely recenly and can ceranly be seen as he emergen rducs  arus culurally nsanaed scal and echnlg cal rcesses raher han  nnae blgcal caaces In arachng he quesns se rh abe  s mran ha e ry  ncrrae n ur exlanans he nherenly lasc and changng naure  he human bran Nneheless, he bran s nly a ar  he sry And ha ar  he sry can easly mslead us  a serle "neur

Te Maial-ngageen Appoac

3

i aiu a a  pla i gii aalg a a i a a i a   guig piipl  MET u i i impa   a i mpiial pig i  ual uba   uma mi   aim  u ag i  a aiabiliy  m ia bilgial uial T aim i  a  u   au a  maig  gii i a aiai a  i ll a mpal al  uma pi, a  plai w   ll a, ia wi, a lp plai   MET aim  ampli a by amig a qui a u  yami laiip  likag a mai laily u iz m  iwpi  gii a bai ia i,   iai amg bai, bi, a ig. T la pi big u  a al maj iiaig au  MET: T qu  abliig ulually ii a pilpially im lik bw  bai' uial uu a maial ulu all  a mlgy a, amg  ig, i abl  iga i mpalii. Ulik  aalgal i, MET i   pi a amwk a abli m la i bw mial gii a uii i a maal maial alii   aalgial . T i  maplaii ly mpli  ab ygy, igiig  pi  ii bw gii a maial ulu. (S al Malaui 010a.) I al  a wily appliabl aali ui a i pially uul  ig away w m ply mii aumpi abu  mi' ui lg, a lai. Va aeay   ae aea uue euy

 Ba l ay i i bk In Defense f Thngs, aalg i " a m a  w yay ig (2010 2;  al l  al. 2012. T ig, l, a iiably bu wi uma Ti gig iali  u aig ig wi i u a u a lg b giz i aalgy a i ui  maial ulu. By aalgy a aplgy,  ilgi Bu Lau a J Law w amg   iluial i  giz a " i   i w  i  a uma a b iagl m  uma i w a i a w m a m iimaly 

44

Chpe 

t g tu 1 7) But cily wt d w mn wn w y tt ting mk u jut  muc  w mk ting S g Mill 18) Altug in cnt y it  cm cmmnlc t y tt clgit ntlgit nd cilgit "tk ting iuly , .g., Hdd 20 Wm 2007 Wm nd Witm 2008), t ci mning nd t imlictin  ti  min t uncl. In t cntt  ME t  tk ting iuly cn  und td in tw dint wy It cn  undtd  ing t t im tnc  undtnding hw o ae maeria e eioy F intnc, wt  t ci tticl, mtdlgicl, nd miicl cmmt mnt  uc  cnvictin) It l cn  undtd  ing t ME cntntin tt t undtnd umn cgnitin we m ae maea e eroy m ciclly, tt witut tking mtil cultu i uly w cnnt undtnd wt mk  c cgnitiv).  tw jct nd n  tking mtil cultu iuly, ltug inti mtly ltd,  nt idnticl nd will unld in  lll in in t cu  t llwing ct I uld l int ut tt in t c t wd iuly  t  ytmtic cncn wit guing ut t cul nd t ctiv ccy  ting in t eactme nd t coiio   cgnitiv ytm  tin In Mlui nd Rnw 2010, I dud ti t cgnitiv li  ting. ME tk t tn mtinl w  ting t  nw lvl tt g ynd t dcitiv igicl dimnin  ti li iti.  cgnitiv li  ting i nt utd y ti il cul l in ing m ct  umn intllignt vi; t cgnitiv li  ting l mdi  cucil nctiv nd cntitutiv l. It mut  viu m t cding dicuin tt  ME mtil cultu i nt mly t ckd gint wic umn cgnitin tk . ing mdit ctivly , nd cntitut u wy  ing in t wld nd  mking n  t wld. ing l ing l tgt nd vid cnnl  intctin ing nvl u mind ty cm u. A imty Wm nd Cit Witm 2008) ut it, ing  u Fllwing Micl Wl 2010) I cll ti t lmnt  vitl mtiliy. But  I v ldy mntind, in it  u d immin in ti mtil mdium Sci nd Mill 1 ),   cu  it, t cgnitiv li  ting min ly

Te Maeil-Enggen Appoa

5

ndd  n n n  ca  agd a ng a  man ngc a  y   g cnv and y nv   a way w cd pcd  p and va  ddn apc   cgnv v n cc ppca and npca m Meaplay

 mag   a a a ny pac ad vnnay cn azd adapv gan   w n dvpa ncc ( g, W 26) Wa a cangd dacay n  pa 2 ya, wv,   dandng   d yp  pac cang (cna, ca, ad aaca) and  wa  cag mpy  man dvpmn. Mv,  apd dvp  w agng cng d nw ma  png  c  c n  a an and  ndadng  mcan  acvydpndn pacy (Pdac 2 Ky and Gaavan 25 Qaz ad jnw 1997) and vnna cn (Naaaaja ad anan 26) ca and dvpna cc ca nw cnm a  nd and a a pnay jc  ca cang and aan g  ma  pan (Bam 2; Bam ad Cd y 26 w  a 23)cang and aa cad y  d nay ngagn w ca pacc ad  aa wd.    d, , a  man an  a c a ca aac a a gca y  a   " an aac  c ad a ca aac (Mn and Pan 2). L a pc  cay wn   w  c,  a an  jc  cn ap g wg, and dng O  vw,  a, a m a ad wd da ga, mg a a dyac cvnay pc  dp ncan and maa gagmn  ada vay vw (a pva n acagy) a a  an a a gca cnan a  appaanc  Homo apien d   vd. (, g, Evan  a. 25)  py  ngg v, w gn can a gc cang appnng dg c , cnn  gan pp (, g, Cca and apndg 2) I  pcy   an a  c      cd  ay py  d   cn pd  a dvp Gdd n a acncv (.g, Wman  a. 27) dvpna

46

Cpe 3

rmewr, M regies tht the hllmr  hm bri evlti is t t be  i the everiresig sphistiti r speilizti   mlr mi, bt i  everiresig pretive eibility tht llws r evirmetlly  ltrlly erive hges i the strtre  the til rhitetre  the bri's iritry he mis etrriry plstiity  its reiprl peess t ltrl ilee  vriti thrgh tive eggemet with th mteril wrl re, rig t M the eys t erstig the istitive etres  hm giti  hw it hges O rse erl pls tiity, s  prperty we bvisly shre with ther speies, my t  stitte i itsel  sigtre  hm ieess Netheless wht I ll the t tht we hve  plsti mi whih is embe e  ietribly ele with  plsti ltremight well be the lus  hm ieess par eellene Iee I prpse tht met plstiity my be wht mes hge  lterbility the trl stte   hm itelligee tht is lie ythig we see i ther imls his trly istitive etre  the hm gitive system, I sggest, mre th yhig else shl be the s  reserh i gitive rhelgy he term metplstiity ws ie i ersiee t reer t the emerget higherrer prperties  sypti plstiity  t their miti Zhg  Lie 2003, 89 I the tet  M the term is se, mh mre brly t hrterize the emeret prperties  the etive stittive itertwiig betwee bri  ltre Mlris 2009, 2010 Mlris  Rerew 2008). he emerget higherrer prperties  sypti plstiity prvie the sbstrte r eperieeepeet bri evelpmet le ig,  memry Abrhm  Ber 199 Abrhm 2008 Zhg  Lie 2003, 89 I this tet, metplstiity' reers t plstiity t  higher level It is  higherrer rm  sypti plstiity Abrhm  Ber 199, r the plstiity  sypti plstiityilig lgterm ptetiti  lgterm epressi ssetilly metplstiity esribes  tiviy epeet hge i the plsti stte  ers  the evelpmet  erl irits I ther wrs, it reers t  hge i the pbility  ers t geerte plsti hgestht is t mi the eetiveess r stregth  sypti trsmissi the level  hges tht  be epresse I prtilr it esribes the wys i whih the tivity

Te Mel-ggeme App

7

dd yai aiiy ha dri arig ad ory i afd by rvio ar of ryai ad oyai aiviy hgzhi ad Hizhog 200 Mok ad H 2008 rofioa ia rovid a good a (Ragr  a 2004 vra di oarig iia wih oiia ary idia iora rra ad ioa hag i h brai o h orr a a r o i ory ad oor raiig aoiad wih ia ri (Ebr  a. 1 hag  a. 1 Jak  a. 2000 M  a 2002 Haigr  a. 2004; agr  a 2004 Bgo  a 200 hararii a a b  i h dy o Gar ad hag (2003), whih or vid or a ira i grayar vo i h orioor or i iia, ad i h agohaograhi dy by Ebr  a 1), whih rovid vid or argd oria oaoory rraio o gr or iia Mor rva o h r diio o aaiiy i h dig ha, ddig o h ag a whih ira ayig od ad o h iiy o raiig, ovr h og r ia raiig  o ha iabiiy ad aiiy i h oor y. For ia, ai di riiaio ki ar or irovd i iia ha i oiia (agr  a. 2004), whra iia who ard ia raiig ary i i bor h ag o  yar ar a oor rora q ak h br ha iia who ard ar ad h br ha o iia (Waaab  a 200) I aar, h, o oy ha iia hav raordiary oor ad ory ki, ad br oaoory diriiaio abiii, b ao ha, raiv o oiia, hy hav a irad abiiy o ar w ak, ad hy how had oor ad ry arig aabiii For ia, okraz  a, ig raraia agi iaio, wr ab o how ha bai rohyioogia ar o oor or iabiiy ad yai aiiy i iia ar hagd i h a way a o orib o hir had oor ki ad arig abiii 200, 200) Th iia i ha dy howd irad ibiiy r yai aiiy (oiaio doiaio ad highrhaora iiviy o hag o i abiiy. Th hag a b  a oq o, or adaaio o, h arig dad o ogr ia raiig B how a a h dig  kd wih MET How a h oio o aaiiy b drood a h v o ha ra rai,

48

Cpe 3

hng nd uad gnn  h r l f ran pr  h n uggd n rdr  undrand hw h ran  hngd  pr, w nd  ngr nl f hang n  whn p rgn and parn f nn wn rgn Kll and Garn 2005  prlnar nlun ha an al  drwn fr urrn ndng n h nx f prrlad nuragng wuld  h hng n h nural nx f  h , h ra wn rn rgn a  fr r gnn hn hang n rgnal a whn n  lkng fr pla ff: "h pran far  n h  prulr n urrd   prulr  u rhr undr wh nurl nx dd h n urn hr wrd, wha wa h r f h rn dng Mnh 18, 533 Bu n h  f ar al pr f rl nggn, I rgu, pl  knw wh h r f h ran w dng whn  prular n n urrd h , h "nural nx f  d. n nugh Our nrn hr   dr and undrand h nur f pl hang, n  h ll f h nddual, u n h radr  nx f ulur, l n, nd "prfund dn Clark 2007, 2008  h hghr ll f hunnnhun nrn whh undrl h n an nd dn rrgnzan f hun gn rhur, ral ulur p, qull wh n hr rn rgn, fr a pl n h hun gn  hr r,  prn, n a pror ran  l ha h hn  pl durng rdl pl .., h parl akr f l funn  nghrng  dffr fr h nld n nradal pl Blr nd ll 2002. Fr h prp f arhlg nd arlulur ud,  k gd n  xnd h pn rhr nd l a ulul hang  a fr f xranural r xrdl pl. Whn ha  dn, h anng and h p f nr  r gnn. n dr r nra f nural an whn n gn ran rgn  hn  al an ff f h nggn f h ar wh anhr xrnurl rur dl r arfual h, lhugh ld ud h rn an  n  plnar and nnuu wh h rn In hr wrd, h jr dffrn an  xprd  fllw Fr nurn, nr    pr ha happn wn a rgn nd h nddul rn   nqun f pr r hr nran wh h wrld. Fr ME, n h hr hnd, nra  n an nrnal nqun f

e Maerial-ngagemn Appra

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price or inercion ih he eril orld  i conino nd coeenive h  n he fo dy of nvigionreed chnge in he hippocpi of ondon i driver (Mgire e l 2 coprion of he rcr MR cn oined fro he i driver nd he conol ec hoed o inereing nding h he poerior hippocpi of i driver ere igncnly lrger nd h hppocpl vole correled ih he on of ie pen   i driver (poiively in he poerior nd neg ively in he nerior hippocp Mgire inerpreion  h hi rcrl chnge  clerly de o i driver eenive rining nd eperience in nviging he ree of ondon. Ho cn e dicern he i, nd ccon for he precie ce, of he chnge recorded in i driver? oe h hippocp civion  oerved oh in i driver nd in conrol jec. n ddiion, i driver re, ovioly, no he only ccefl nvigor, nd h nvigion ccrcy cnno e he difference h de he difference in heir ce Mgire e l. propoe h, lhogh or hippocpi re proly le o cope ih or ypicl nvigionl need iho recore o rcrl chnge, "here y e  hrehold (eiher in er of deil or drion of e eyond hich orge nd elorion of  lrge cle pil repreenio ndce hip pocpl pliciy  16). Alhogh ch rein o e nder ood o he developenl dynic of nerl pliciy, i ecoe increingly cle h i i hee ediionl hrehold, nd he poile link eeen ehviorl innovion, clrl prcice, nd rin rchiec re, h delinee he in "region of inere for  cogniive rcheol og of he hn indcpe. Of core, fro he heoreicl ngle of ME, iply  k ho nd hy  ondon c driver gry e enlrge o enle hi or her o ore  deiled enl p of ondon i no enogh.  i necery o k ho e hold copre he plic effec of differen nvigionl prcice nd ho e hold ccon for he rnforive effec of he vrio ediionl echnologie nd rifc on hee clrl prcice (nd, y eenion, on he hn in. Since he inrodcion of GP device,  ondon i driver no longer h o epnd hi or her hippocp in order o cceed in cople nvigion k he cogniive oecive (nviging fro one poin o noher rein he e,  he proce h chnged ro  "ye vie (orn 1991) no poenil incree in gry er i necery o

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Cpte 3

nl ha GPS dcs ampld h ds lgcal mms l man h cgn aacs and nnans h ha dascall shapd  changd h na  h cgn pans nld n h nagan as and as a cnsqnc h slc psss placd n h hppcamps MET s paclal cncnd wh h mchansms ha mda hs plasc changs n a h ll  h nddal  a h ssmc ll  nclan and scal pacc Maea eaee The aalyal exu

Badnng  ndsandng  mnd n h a mann sggss a mch m adcal hnng  s chaac han ha w can nd n mdd and sad cgn scnc. MET nds h pps  mdmn sll h dawng pn a ns  adcal das dlpd n pacla nd h c  ndd and dsd cgnn Th s als a cla paalll h wn h maalngagmn appach and h nac appach. Enacsm ss cgnn as an mdd ngag mn n whch h wld s gh h  h chn ac  a cgns n s nnmn (D Pal 2009 12) M, hnng s smhng ha w d ah han smhng ha smpl happn  s  n s. (S .g. N 2004 2009) As was dscssd n h pcdng scn nns and h nca pans  acan d n hn and ma sns; ppl d F MET as  h nac appach wha gs n scl nsd h had (g. a an sa  psnan) cann  cnsdd a cgn pcss pp nnal (h s nacanal p csss can nl cn as cnsns  pacpans n a ad cgn pcss ha s as a lanshp amng ans ds and hngs (Thmpsn and Sapln 2008) Cgnn lngs  and ccs n a lanal dman (Maana and ala 1980; ala  al 1991; Thmp sn 2007; D Pal 2009) Th challng  MET as was sad a h gnnng  hs chap hn cms n  pnang h nlg  hs lanal dman m s wn dsnc lngm achalg cal pspc. T ach hs c MET ncpas h ma wng hphss whch can  smmad as llws h hyptheis f the extended mnd (chap 4) whch pls h cns  nwnng  cgn wh maal clu

e exededI d

Te Mateal-Egageme Appa

5

aea aee o

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(MT)

h ai i Fg



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aria ay

e eus of Mateal gagemet eoy

h hypohesis ofenacive signicaion (hpr 5 hih xpr h ur f h mria ig  a  rpri mhim bu a  mii fi  hbiai hrugh mr h a  brig frh h r h hypohess of maerial agency (hpr 6) hih xpr gy   a hum prpry bu a h mrg pru f iu aiiy akig  Wha i  g? bu "Wh i a ag? Th hr rkig hyph tugh argig iffr p f h pr f mria ggm. gii igii  gyar mpmry  rp a ifr fa f  mm phm. Tk ghr h im f h hyp h i i h r f MuPy (195,  g  "mximum grip  h hum ii Thy r  i rr  p  r grp f h phm f mi   r fr h pimum pi frm hih  pri h   h g    iry iiib i burr hrugh x r iy.  i my hp h by aaig h hr hyph hi bk i pri a  y f kig i h gry z f mari gagm

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A a eeda

  hi hpr ih  brif bu ary pimgi  MET  a hria i hu  b  ih piiii ii hri I is no a heo of sch a ind. Prf  uppr fr MET i m primriy rm h xpaary iigh h hi  prpi

52

Cptr 3

y f h y f nn an aa    n an  ay ha M  n ana  xpna ah  ha   n va  pa n ah f i a kn hyphfa f   py an ha a i pn a an in i pn fan, ME   a pv hy han ha  h, fn  Laka (90 a a ah pa a n a  f npnn an ay xpay pa n h , ME i nay an xpanay paha pah nnh, n f appahn phnna an nkn  a yn h nvnina anaya n an n f hava an niiv in Spay fr an ahaa ppv,  nan h pi a pn f ME  i nay  a an iniv n fr h p nain ha ny k pa in   in h  f h ppa a n h x f ivi an aivi A af k a hi pii a ak i p  ni iiay ha ahaia hinkin ha aay  n  h i piin f ha an H (1991, 10) a a iviy, ha i, h niin ha ahaia _aa a f ihn a iaa ainhp S a Shank an MG 1996 h v, hv, i n   np a an an f h  in hi a f fai  aan h na p n  h, ah  pv a a n f aa xpn an xiv an n h a f pnay ahaa ay an pa n, h pn  n aay   vy  paiy  nan ha iviy an n h nx f a p ni niy n h n,  h    ha ahay, pan hh h a p an, aay a  niz ha h na f ahaia kn i, a, an   a a hiia y f h v, h v, an h aa F h anpn f ME, viy i n n a a in x pn ha iv y h  an  vin f hn Rah, i i n a a nan ah f h p vipin ha  na y  piv an nan h paaii f h phnnn y inv ia h, f ME, vy nvv nin f h fin paax: Whn h phnnn y k  nan a  h iv haa f han xpin, i ih   ha any hf

Te Meil-Enggemen Approc

5

o ga obvyha   aahmn o a p vwpon o no ak  na o h a na of h phnomnon·  ak  fh away fom  ag  4 Appany h pnpa am of ME  n o omp fo n py, b o aa an bng no fo h non of pop an hng o h n ME bb  wha mgh b a a hngah anay onaon k a hngah,  n no a anhp wh h wo wh no nnon  ahv may an n by ng a nno an hyb ay n va n anay man h am  n o bak hng apa n a  f ay manp a a n, mphnb n hmv y nommnab a a wh, b ah  nan hw hng a nmh an a an  nan hogh wha mhanm h nkag a ff ME am  aa h pah  h an nanng, an  nh h npa man  h an nanng by pang h a goa von f mny wh ymb anhp In h n, ME pv a nw ngy of an m han  pv a nw way of maang bwn h nn man an h o oman Mo han a an nooga mmme abo how hng a,  ho b n a an noga mmeda ha pon o a nw way f ng gnv ahaogy an a nw way of hnkng abo h pa h pn, an h  f hman ognv bmg

I I Outne of a Theory of Material Engagement



The tended Mnd

Beynd n Tnn ude e n

a s  su  w us a ad O wa al pu   d suld  aaly  d s a a  a ad  valu   p  d    aaly ayway Dsp  ay sa bakus  v s ad aa ly, w a sll a  pvd a  asw, l al a uausly apd  As a squ,  Casa apyss   u bw wa s    d ad wa s usd   d vably l pps  u sps dsa pas S aalss av  s a as  sus a w suld la  p  d al, pla  w a  ls p a ssss vaabl asps  ll Gsd 2010 39) I a vy sypa,  us, w  ss  Gsds qu, ad w s sus  dvlp a   sal ly as a way  lk  w ua apabls  d ad bdy a bu abu u a a w  aal wld (2008, 2003) Hwv, I k  p  d s  pa  w u Nwsad s aks, I blv a w a  a ps  sa  qus  w w a spy  ak   v  a  pduv a by us  s pa quss a ay av b aald ad bsud   pss  k abu  wa ad  w  ua k A ub  w al awkslud s  dd  Clak 1997, 200b, 2008a; l 2005; Rwlads 2009, 2010; May 2006, 2010; Ma 2006), dsbud  s 1995; Su 2008, 2010), bdd  Sap 2010; C 2009; Rwlads 1999; Ads 2003;

 4

8

Ce n ee 997 o n onon 98 onon 98 emee ognton (et 29 mete ognton (Vygoty 978 98 Wet 99 998 Coe 98 99 e 988 ente ognton (Ve et  99 Mtn n Ve 98 omon n Steton 29 omon 27 Stewt et  2 o 29 D Poo 29 ynm (ee 2 Vn Gee 99 999 Vn Gee n Pot 99 een n Smt 994 n tte ognton (Cney 997 29 Won n C 29 Smn 987mnte om  n wene A ge 4 tte t onet netwo ome  nme o oete yet n mny e neenenty eeoe n ty  eent teoet oe to te ty o mn n  nte te  e tt nte  tee new tn n mong te ty o mn ow  tt tey e wy om te mo o ogntm n ene oem

     Fg

4

M y tsm Tr r mprtt ffrs m t  trms  tr trt mmtmts spy rt t t r prms f mt xts t  rprstt  t  r  t wr) St ury ts ffrs,   tr t mr f  rty st st f pstuts r tts  t fus  rrt t stuy f um t stt mprtt w rsr rts fr  u Crts t s T rw f  um ur ws spr y Aty Grmy's suptur )

e Endd Mnd

5

atc ay eeach pocedue that atcay doce thought fom embod ed actotakg ad thu fom t uoudg eomet ae togethe thee coey eated but ot eceay ued o homogeeou theoetca cheme coape the coetoa mdba tautoogy ad mdbody dchotomy ad chaege the epeetatoa a  the head ew of huma cogto  that ee they ca offe a m coceptua foudato fo my hypothe of the cottute tetwg of cogto wth matea cutue  fact, the popoed mateaegagemet appoach woud be of mted codcpay aue ad appcabty wee t ot fo the phoophca backgoud of cuet theozg ad ogog debate about huma cogte eteo, o what, fo coeece,  w ca "the Eteded Md Hypothe o the hypothe of eteded cogto Eacty what, the,  the Eteded Md Hypothe, ad how pecey doe t eate to achaeoogy, matea cutue, ad the pepecte of Mate a Egagemet heoy he ebded d

Sce the tme of Decate the tudy of the huma md ha oed a mpct choce betwee the two pedetemed ateate of the ocaed mdbody pobem. That , ethe you adopt the duam betwee a mmatea md ad a matea body o you eject the duam ad educe you two ubtace to oe accodg to you otoogca tadgbody fo mateat, md o pt fo deat. f you chooe to eject the duam, you ed up ethe wth a demboded md o wth o md at a f yo afm the "ofca Catea docte,  the ed you cocep tuaze the huma peo a a uo of a e meta etty (the md ad a matea etea etty (the body. t  had to ay whethe what came to be kow a the embodedcogto paadgm ha maaged to oe th ogtadg phoophca pobem of huma cogto Yet t  afe to ugget that t ha uccey eoed the mdbody queto by pacg t o a ew foudato whch ecogze that body featue pay a gcat oe  how o what a ogam thk ad  how t make ee of the wod Neethee, the eact tatu of the body  eato to huma cogto ema a hoty debated topc (See Shapo 2004 2010 Rowad 999 Chemeo 2009 Wheee 2005

60

Chp 

he geera dea  he embded md s que smpe he bd s  as s vea hed a passve eera aer  he huma md  s a egra mpe  he wa we hk  her wrds he md des  hab he bd raher he bd habs he md The ask s   udersad hw he bd as he md bu  udersad hw he bd shapes he md (Gaagher 2005 GdMeadw 2003; GdMeadw ad Wager 2005; Sreek 2009) A gd eampe  sder  hs respe s gesure Ree sudes d smp shw ha gesure s gh erwed wh speeh  mg meag ad u  he sugges ha gesurg redues gve ad ad hus ees speakers gve resures  perrm her asks (eg memr asks) (GdMeadw ad Wager 2005, 23 GdMeadw 2003) Mrever Mhae Crbas 2003, 2009) has made a srg ase r he evu  aguage as a gesura ssem evvg rm he saed mrrr ssem  he prmae bra Ardg  Frak Ws (199 7), he erdepe dee  had ad md appears  be s srg ha a her  huma egee ha gres "he hsr rgs  ha reashp r he mpa  ha hsr  devepmea dams  mde humas s "grss mseadg ad sere ( he mprae  maua eps see Cushg 192) Ws's am ges we bed wha Wder Peed prbab had  md whe he deveped he amus "mr hmuu us map shwg he prprs  he huma bra dedaed  varus pars  he bd (Peed ad Rasmusse 1950) kg a Peeds map e s mmedae sruk b he ermus se  he par  he bra assaed wh he had whh ear shs he mae kage bewee had ad md Ye r he embdedg paradgm he devepme  he vegered pres grp ad he ppsabe humb mp muh mre ha smpe evuar urses  paruar he had s  smp a srume r mapuag a eera gve beve wrd b arrg u he rders ssued   b he bra  s sead e  he ma perurbar haes hrugh whh he wrd uhes us ad  has a grea dea  d wh hw hs wrd s pereved ad assed deed r embded g huma epua aeg res ar rm rrespdg  here beve prperes  a eea rea are  a arge ee depede  "he bd aure  he pepe dg he aegrg (Lak 197, 371).  shr he ver sruures  whh reas s based emerge rm ur bd sesrmr eper

 Endd Mnd

1

ece (bd, 86) e mplcao o uc a poo ae aeacg, ag e objec oudao o adoal coge cce wc  ow eplaced w a ew oologcal ad epemoogcal ba a  amed expeeal ealm  Ad om e ace o  expeeal ealm embodme  e codo o meagule ao ad oo 999) Ta  cucal o pee pupoe ad o a eao  wll ae wo ue queo Te  queo coce e exac aue o e pecocepual bodly expeece a dee e way uma mae e o e wold Te ecod coce ow abac o geleel coge opeao ca be explaed  em o  ecocepual bodly expeeal ucue Fo example, we ca ealy ee ow a emboded accou o uma cogo ca elp u udead Col Refew' (200a) agume abou weg a a meagul expeece a,   ubae ealy, pecede ay oo o quacao ad adadzao, bu wa abou oe moe abac oo ad caegoe Te emboded pepece ugge a e pecocepual rucue co maly o decly meagul ueal cemaa a ex po o ad depede o ay cocepual caegoe ad ca,  Lao ad oo' emology be dded  wo majo d bas-v s (wc ae om ou capace o geal pecepo meal magey ad moo moeme) ad msm s (wc compe ecug pae  ou eomoo expeece ad pecepual eac o, uc a oucepagoal, ceepepey, expeece o bouded o, e gay ecor balace ad equlbum, ad oce dyamc) I egad o e elaop bewee pecocepual ucue ad geeel coge poceg, e emboded pepece ugge a,  doma wee o pecocepual ucue  decly aalable o e ba o expeece, we mpo uc ucue by way o meapoc ad egae cocepual mappg Ou bas a stutu s as t pjt atat patts m ssmt aas t g tal aas    Pjt  ts k all us t ptual abstat pts  t bass  tal patts us  ssmt psss tat a tly t t t by (Lak a Js  77 as s Fau 7; Js 7; Lak 7 apt  bl)

I pacula, a aou expemeal ude ae eealed, a exe e yem o meapocal mappg udele ou oug pocee

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Cape 4

sg sm  h ms as agzas w vally mply  pazg h wl  a s vw s Galls a La 2005) O h ass  hs svas, a  a amp  mysy h  pvalg sag  maph y as a magal sm  p lagag, h pps  m m sua maph a h vy   h hma g v lasap. I g s, hy aa  a pzh lgal au  maph as a amaly gv phm m s vaus sa gus  h masas, usg h w maph    a ssma mappg  h pual sysm ha sus h ass  sag a mag s hs 987; u 996 A m sp xampl may hlp  lusa h ma. Te ee ae h  ae

Cs h mmpla xpsss "h ay efe ysay, " h peedng sss, "h ays aead  us, ac  m/  h dtant u, " h emte pas, "h  s nea," a "Chsmas s gne." Eah  hs s   ay valay  spag au m, a "hy a sv  xpss as a tme  ms  js, pss a mvms  pace" (Nz 999 2) M sg, ppl sm  us hs xpsss  a aual a lss ma. Ppl v sm puzzl  s au h mag  "Chsmas s g. Fm a gv pspv, h llwg qs a  as Hw s  ha pp a lssy a ussly ma s au m whl alg a spa? Nz pus  hs way "ha s  ma  say ha Chsmas s g? . . . I s  mv aywh. S, g wh? I wha spa   me? Fm wh t wh? Gg hugh wha as? (., ) A mmss asw  hs quss wul  ha w a mly alg wh gs  sphay aus   gus as a  va agag us  m h pspv  m g hgs appa ah . Ovsly, I am sssg maph xpsss h. Hwv, as I hav alay p u,  m g a maph s  smply a g  sph  s a gv ssma mappg.  s sh a pal mappg ha als us,  h xampls  av,  usa m  ms  m  spa. hus, hs mappg "s 



The Exende Min

U M a

 M 

J





rdr    a ra doa da

ra rdr o 

  r   rvr

Fr 

 d  rvr

a 

 a  a o  rvr

r 

  A  r •d o a  B   q

A  r arr ar) a a  B

Fe 4

e ma struture  e rssma mappg  evts are tgs  spae

U z 

on o  ram o word  o  ram o o (d, 5)   ra Tm vn ar n n a  o rr o  nra ona an, w na  o ndrand m n rm o n n a qn and moon n a T man rr o  rodoman man  vy rad n r .2 wo arar on dmand or anon n r o  man T r on onrn  amo nvra  o ndmnona orv, ao a a a or doman o  man nor varaon n  rr and orm o  man av n orvd n drn ana and r, n vry a a a n dd  ar m vn ar mad oo a-mor ay, ono n n a T nda a  a ona man anno  ndrood a mry a oa or ra onvnon   wr mry  a onvnon, o dyn  roay wod av ond

 

ae 

64

ddt eeret dtes (ther th tht f se beg used s ure ds r geertg erees but te B ez tes We impy don obeve e concepa e o ime ow baed on domin o man epeence   e vo, o coo Gien , e e an ae ppe     an bns no attr t cr oran cronooca rnc and ts conca stctr n trs oa  scc ay oxrncs t rnc otngs n sac (ibd, 

The sed t retes t the ry  the heet bdy et t  the g  evey estt  the tese g, the d "bjets  se beg  rt  the bsever s wys ed t the d utue/ whees the d bets  se beg behd the bseve s wys ed t the d "st Me sy, "there s e bdy rett tht s redt   wde rge  hu utures, ey, the utue s beg hed  us d the st s beg behd (bd, 53) , s stre utt syh gy hs stuted  dedes, gt ertes s  herety bstrt syb ressg ehs, why des the d eed  bdy et t  rder t ke sese  te Mre esey, why des t eed  rtur bdy ett (rtbk  der t d s  hu thught d res s  tter  ter btrry reresetts wth  dret bdy d eeret grudg, why des the utue ke  re sese s beg bve r bew us,  u et r rght,  deed  ur wer et e Strge s t ght see, whe t es t dsebded reresetts, y kd  bdy rett ud hve seved ths ut euy we  t,   eesett ste, there shud hve bee  eed t use bdy rett r se t ke sese  te. We shud hve bee be t etuze t drety. F  eesett ste, besdes btry vet  thee s thg ese et t ut r ur eeree t etuze the utue s sethg tht s hed  us rther th s sethg tht tstes ure. Fr the ebdedgt dg, hwever, thee re y ther gd ress, d   te re gruded u  etr bservt the y  bdy eeee  the strutug  hu etu esses.

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Eded nn and aeal ulue

ewed  the esetve  Mte Eggeet hery tht   deveg hee, the se  ebded d, thugh rsg s  de

Th Endd Mnd

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65

or  udy o uman cogniion a crain limiaion o dob b grounding cogniion in bodily princ w av an a p oward rolving  radiional mindbody dicoomy vrl a av argud lwr in mor dail Malaouri 2008a), wa i p n ially impli or  proponn o mbodidcogniion approac i imply an panion o  onological boundari o   a rar an  dioluion o o boundari alogr Tranpoing  convn ional dmarcaion lin o uman concpual arcicur ouid  brain bu ill inid  kin  mbodidmind approac may av rolvd  radiional go in  macin parado by way o wa Andron 2003) call  pyical grounding projc bu i alo a crad a or o mbodid cogniivim in wic  marial raliy rmain rnal and pipnomna! o  cogniiv rucur on qunly  radiional drawback o cogniivim rmain albi in an mbodid aion For ampl i i a cnral prmi o concpual ma por ory a maporic mapping prn uniorm propri Ti man a r i no formal dirnc bwn mapor a rvald by linguiic prio and mapor a rvald by or orm o uman acion including  producion and u o marial culur Orman 2000 616)  conidr i prmi miakn in wo major and rlad rpc Fir uc a claim ail o ak ino accoun  aciv rol o marial mdiaion in  nacion o maporic projcion Scond and corrlad) uc a claim omogni mdiaional manlanguag ariac gr riual and o ona in raliy prn qui dirn prpri and poibilii or maporic and igraiv projcion For ampl marially nacd mapor unlik ir linguiic pr on, prn no lik propoiionaliy y do no imply om munica maning; rar y communica acivly doing oming Mor pcically marial mapor objcify  o onological corr pondnc making poibl  conrucion o powrful aociaiv link among marial ing bodi ad brain  on accp i logic o ubaniv paricipaion  mo inring quion av o do wi ow uman cogniion bcom ariculad o produc paricular kind o maporical link wiin iorically drminan and drmind ocial circumanc Tilly 1999 35) ndd i mapor i a muc a par o our funcioning a our n o ouc Lako and Jonon 1980 239) and i prconcpual rucur i o b accpd a  prinial ounda ion o an mbodid uman mind bo mapor and prconcpual

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ae 

srucure ae o be paced upon e concree foundaion of maeria cuure In fac, i can be argued a none of e ineseic image sce maa discued aboe can be eperienced ouside ome cone of maeria engagemen In suc cone of iuaed acion, oweer, e boundarie of e embodied mind are deermined no soey by e pyioogy of e body, bu ao by e consrains and affordances of e maeria reaiy wi wic i is coniuiey inerwined Te anropoogis JeanPierre Waier aks I no maeria he indipenabe and navoidabe mediaion or correae o a or moion and moor habi Are no a or acion, wiho any excepion whao ever, propped p by or incribed in a given maeriaiy (001 6

Te framework of diribued cogniion as succesfuy sed new ig on ome of ee maers. he duednn appah

Te disribuedcogniion approac o e udy of mind i a eoreica framework deeoped iniiay by Edin Hucins (1995, 2005, 2008, 2010ac Work by oer anropoogis, incuding Care Goodwin (1994, 2002, 2010, and by cogniie scieniss, incuding Daid Kirs 1995, 1996, 2010, as ao been infuenia. Wa disinguises i approac from oer approace o e udy of uman cogniion can be nicey epreed by way of wo baic eoreica commimens, wic ao caracerize e Eended Mind Hypoeis Wha  ude he an  n neealy ude he nd

Te rs eoreica commimen perain o e boundarie of e uni of anayi fr e udy of uman cogniion I reaes, in oer words, o e crucia meodoogica quesion "Were do we ook for e mind" As a aready been dicued, e andard repy o i queion according o e radiiona a in e ead" iew of uman cogniion i, baicay, Wa is ouide e ead i ouide e mind." As I noed earier i conicion wa pariay caenged wen e embodiedcogniion para digm broug e body ino e cogniie fod Howeer, a na demarcaion ine remain o be croed, and i is precisey e ak a e diribuedcogniion approac as se ou o accompi To ar wi, e disribuedcogniion approac recognizes

T En Mn

67

that thr can nr b a ull account o human cognt opraton ba olly on ntrnal tat o th bran A cognt proc  ot mply what happn n a bran a cognt proc can b what happn n th ntracton btwn a bran an a thng Th tratonal bounar o th unt o analy or cognton mut b xtn byon th nual n orr to accommoat broar cognt nt that nclu ntracton among popl, artact, pac, an tm Anothr mportant aur o ntracton btwn human an matral agnt  that thy tak plac n ral pac an tm n hang a boy human ar patally locat cratur Embo cognt cnc ha ma a trong ca for th funamntal rol o boly normotor xpr nc n th tructur o our thnkng Thu, for trbut cognton, pac  not mply th pa backgroun agant whch th actt unol t  omthng that can b u a a cognt artfact Cnn  n ply a ae f nenal epeenan

Th ratc xpanon o th unt o analy for th tuy o cognt phnomna, now puru n th wl (Hutchn 995 la rctly to th con an corrlat thortcal commtmnt o th trbut cognton approach, whch now prtan to th rang o procee that an  aum to partcpat n an charactrz th natur o our mntal machnry Obouly th tratonal computatonal mag o th mn a a torhou o ntrnal rprntatonal tructur an computatonal procur  no longr ucnt onc you xpan th trrtory o th human mn byon th kn an kull o th nual From th pr pct o trbut cognton, our mntal machnry  ntally an xtn unctonal ytm that o not mply nl ntrnal p ntatonal tat but alo nol th tranormaton an propagaton o uch tat acro xtrnal ma Th man that, although mntal tat can b ntrnal n th tratonal n o ntrcranal rprntaton, thy can alo b out th nual g, map, chart, tool) an thu xtrnal to th bologcal conn o th nual n othr wor for trbut cognton a cognt proc  lmt by th unctonal rlatonhp among th lmnt that partcpat n t, rathr than by th patal colocaton o th lmnt Hollan t al 2000, 76 o propr unrtanng o our mntal machnr can b ach thr by lang tho xtrnal cognt nt out th cognt quaton propr or

8

Cape 

by educig em o some iea euoa aciviy o bai pocess Fo eampe, ae a asig wo is esposibe o seeig a sip io a abo, oe soud ask ow e ecessay kowedge is eaced ad popagaed acoss peope, aiacs ad ime Hucis 1995) Le us epoe a issue usig as a eampe oe o e eaies wiig syems e Myceaea Liea B scip My agume is a i we seek o udesad e Liea B sysem as a ecique o memoy ocusig oy o wa is wie o e suace o e Myceaea cay abes a is, e epeseaioa coe o o e iea sucue o e scip we wi see oy pa o e picue sead o usig e Liea B abes as a medium o geig iside e Myceaea ead  wi sow a a gea dea o Myceaea cogiio ies ou ee i e wod ad i is eaced  ae a wie pon e Myceaea abes Reebeng hugh,  h a Lnea B able help u fge

By way o basic backgoud  wi begi wi a ew boad emaks coce ig e acaeoogy o e abes e sysem o wiig we ca e Myce aea Liea B scip oigiaed aoud e ee ceuy BC o seve e admiisaive ecod keepig ad accouig demads o e gadu ay emegig Myceaea paaia sysem Cadwick 1987 Paaima 1988; Semedie 1997) e scp wic compised 89 syabic sigs ad moe a 100 ideogams was adaed om e eaie Liea A Mioa wiig sysem wo mao eua oms ave bee ecoveed; ey come ecu sivey om e majo paaia cees o e Geek maiad ad Moa Cee e s e domia oe cosiss o abes o ubaked cay. e secod cosiss o paied iscipios o age siup as  is impoa o oe a e use o e Myceaea scip was sicy coed o ecod keepig i e coe o paaia admiisaio  coas wi e siuaio i e ea Eas ee ae o isoica documes aas dipomaic coespodece eaies o eigious es As o Cadwick coecy obseves 1976 27)  cao be oo sogy empasized a wa maeed mos o e uses o ese documes was e umeas e umbes ad quaiies ae impoa deais wic cao be coded o e memoy e emaide o e e is simpy a bie oe o wa e umeas ee o eadig o eabe e eade o ideiy e peso o pace associaed i e quaiy ecoded

he xndd Md



n bu way   a h crpu f arfac an  uy h Mycnaan nar  ab frm h prpc f cgn achagy wu b ry mpy  ry an ra h mag ncrb n cay n han  h ffr f Mcha Vnr an hn Chawc (1973) wh manag  bra h c f h Mycnaan crp a gra a f nfrman abu h Mycnaan cy an h Mycnaan cnmy ha bn uc n rcn ca hrugh h ymac ffr f char pcazng n h uy f Mycnaan cumn (S g Chawc 1976 Paama 1988; Shmrn 1997; Bna 2007) Hwr fr h purp f h chapr  prp ha w r h mpan  ra mhng f h cnn f Mycnaan hugh a  may ha bn nc n h ab, an ha na w  a h prc f Myc naan hugh an a h r Lnar B mgh ha pay n hapng ha prc n hr wr,  wan  u h xamp f nar B ab  ra h qun f hw, rahr han wha, h Mycnaan wr hn ng  ha n,   ncary r  unran h Lnar B y a a cgn rurc an arfac. Hw w  ha? L u cnr hw a rbucgnn (Dcg) apprach  h uy f h Lnar B ym can hp he nellen ue f lay

n phyca mrphgy, Lnar B ab can b  n w mar yp: ma, nga afhap ab an arg paghap ab (gur 4.3). A afhap ab uuay  n par f a argr ; a paghap ab uuay  a cmp cumn n f h func na ffrnan, far frm ra mb h un  a ry mpran prbm mp n h wrng prc an h mmry f h Mycnaan crb by h ry maray f h ab nc m hng wa wrn n h urfac f h w cay,  r rapy (n a fw hur, r prhap a ay a m).  an r crrcn cu b ma afr h cay r. A an mpcan f a ab wr  cnan a arg numbr f nr a h ran nfrman abu h nr hu ha bn aaab whn h mnn m m f h wa n pb an h nfrman rqur cam n pc a ffrn m r n frm ffrn prn, hn h u f ma nua ab fr ach pc wu ha bn ncay fr rng h ncmng nfrman

a 4

0

 (c)

g 

Lnea  abe om Knoo odng (a womn, pobaby ex woke, and wha appa o b he on (koo and daghe (koa (b chao whee ed by om and ype o maa ndng o em" o wow," and bond wh bonze" and ( wod: oa pakana UG 50 [o many wod (wod deogam 50 (a ea (oy o hmoan Mem, nvey o Ood



s sma abs cud  b d i rdr, ik cards i a id Ad c a  was cm i cud b rcid  ar abs Arca ica i is  awas as  rcvr s s ad  ss r rus f abs a wr idd  b rad as a si dcum Hwvr i a fw cass dirc vidc abu is racic as b rsrvd i  arcaica rcrd A c am ca b s i  cas f  P sris rcvrd n s b Arur Evas i  curs f is cavai a  aac a Ksss ur 4 i sws  mr  s bu  rdr i wic  abs wr d Cadwick 976 22) Frm a cassica ciiv scic rsciv,  ciiv rcsss ivvd i  us ad maiuai f s s cud crai b cassid as isacs f mmr ad ifrmai rcssi Bu i wud b

7

Te Exene Mn



4

Te Pp seres le reere



by Artur vas ater vas 1935 gure 655).

e ifcu  a e ua eee e iea a e exea pa f e cgiie e ie, ee if e ee ae  cae pecie ee ee cgiie pcee ee eace  i cea a i i cae e cgiie pce e  ip ie e iea epeeai f  ia e ea B ce i e  puce e uce a e ee icie i e ae Te cgiie pce f pucig e e a ie pica aipuai f e ppeie f e epeeaia eiu a a aeia ec i ea ie a pace A e e ee a a aeia paia aagee, i 

7

Cpe 

imp ampiig te pobemoig poe b edig the ompet o the ogitie tako eampe dietig attetio o a to ede the ot o iua eah ad to make it eaie to otie idetiy ad emembe the item The e  wat to ugget i ao taomig the phia boudaie o the pobem' pae ad theeb etutig the pobem oig poe deed a atia tak pae o otet aod o etai poibiitie o atio That mea that b hagig the phia popetie o atiit pae oe a etit the eedom o the aget Howee the ewe degee o eedom  a ge otet that a aget ha the impe i the ogitie tak  ditibuted ogitio pae i ot imp the paie bakgoud agait whih the atiit ud; it i omethig that a be ued a a ogitie atiat deed aodig to Daid Kih 995, 996), patia aagemet om a impotat pat o the tioa ahitetue o a ditibuted ogitie tem i at eat thee impotat ad oeated epet b uppotig h, b uppotig rctn, ad b ppotig m sng Fo eampe pae a be ued to impi hoie eithe b otaiig what i eaibe i a gie itatio that i hidig ao dae) o b dawig attetio to what i eaib that i ighightig aodae) Moeoe patia popetie a be ued to aiitate peep tio b dietig attetio ad b oeig iua ue  atio Two obiou eampe ae ize ad oo whih a be ud a attetogettg eatue deed a mbe o uh epitemi eatue ae eidet i the iea B ipt To aiitate idetiatio ad peeptio o the iomatio that wod ate be iibed eea taee ie uig the u width o a tabet ua wee daw b had Epeia o eogated tabet the t wod o the tet wa witte i age ig ad paagaph wee epaated b oe o two bak ie Chadwik 1987 16 The epitemi eate o the iea B tem metioed aboe ad ma othe eateeg epetito o tadad omuae withi et patia omat aeu patia epaatio o idiidua etie toihedo omattig o eia ad ideogaphi item withi ueie etie ad i geea the temati e o ideogam a too o eeee ad etiea Paaima 1988 33332ma eem tiia om the pepetie o a u iteate peetda Wete idiidua et i the otet o Meaea pehito the amout to a otieabe deeopmet o eodig ad etiea tehique moig om Ceta Hieogphi ad iea A to the

 Endd Mind



Mynaan na  bd   Mo mpoan n  on of  pn duon  a  psm fau mpfy an mpo an a of n a may  o mnd u a n  a of na  undandng  mnd bnd  afa  no mpy a ma of pouang  pua pnaona a o n bng ad nd  ad of a Mynaan wn  o   adng o wng a ab   ao a ma of pouang  dynam naon bwn a pon and  pya pop of  mdum of pnaon a a maa nga  a ay ab T ak u o  a of  gna ypo of xndd ognon Wee   happe  he head  pay  cpleeay ad eyd

A  Lna B ab xmpy,  ngagmn bwn ognon and maa uu, n n paadgma a n w  an b onpua zd a noing  manpuaon of aba ymbo (g, gn of nam pa, and numa)  no mpy a ma of ndpndn mna pnaon;   ao a ma of manngfu nuuaon and naonpo a a dpndn on and npaab fom  pya azaon, body o maa Conay, n, o  xpaon of  oodox w n ogn n abou  wabous of My naan mmo and  mna pnaon  xamp pnd n  pdng on dmona a  Mynaan owd  p fo  bounda bwn mna and pya doman How do w aoun fo a? Exay w dd xpanaon of Mynaan mmoy dpa fom  adona da of xna ymbo oag (Donad 99, 200) and n  d of xndd ognon T anw  fay mp: T f appnd  momn w ognzd a n  a of  Lina B  wa no mpy nfmaon a wa xnazd bu ao  aua pong of a nfmaon T amn a a numb of mpoan mpaon A ufu way o xpa  Exndd Mnd (EM) Hypo  o ond  dd bwn nnam and xnam n poopy of mnd (S, g, Won 200; W 2005 Cak 997, 200a, 2008a Cak and Cam 998; Adam and Azawa 2008 nnam am

4

ae 4

a e oe of meal ae are deermied by feaure of e idiidual biologial ubje wiou reoure o exeral or obiologial odiio Exeralim ague for e oppoie reogiig a e oe of a meal ae i i par deermied by eleme of e exeral world ad u a uma ogiie kill ao be udied idepe de of e exeal eirome oial or eologial e exeded mid iew ould o be ofued wi e laer aumpio abou e exeraliy of meal oe origially adoaed by Hilary Puam 1975 ad yler Burge 1979 ow widely aeped ad more reely kow a eile exeralim Hurley 1998a i e iew a e eile of meal oe eed o be reried o e ier biologial realm e exededmid ei oug rooed i exeralim ook e exerali oulook a ep furer by arguig a o oly e meal oe bu alo e meal proe or a lea par of i a be exeal o e ube i perpeie beame kow a aie exeralim Clark ad Calmer 1998 Werea maiream exeralim or e idea of exeral ymboli orage implie exeralizaio of ogiie content, aie exeralim implie exealizaio of ogiie tate and prcee gure 5 For aie exeralim mark made wi a pe o paper are o a ogoig exeral reord of e oe of meal ae; ey are a exeio of oe ae Cogiio ad aio arie ogeer dialei ally formig ea oer ere i a uge oologial diae bewee a mid able o exealize i oe o maerial ruure ad a mid woe ae ad proee are limied by e ki A e ub of i premie lie e famou ad mu debaed pariy priiple I a we oo ome ak a pa o e wod uo a a poe w wee  o go o  e ead we woud ave o eao  aepg a pa o e ogve poe e a pa of e wod  o a me) pa o e ogve poe (ak ad ame 1, 

o illurae i priiple I reur o e iue of memory uig Clark ad Calmer' famou example of Oo ad Iga Iga ad Oo bo wa o ii e Mueum of Moder Ar i ew ork bu ey forge were e mueum i Iga op oul er memory afer a mome or wo remember e mueum' loaio ad goe o er way ere Bu Oo wo a Alzeimer' Dieae keep impora iformaio u a e mueum addre i a oebook wi e alway arrie Oo a o

75

The Extended Mind

the extended mid

e actual local operatons tat realze certan forms o uman conng nclude netrcable tangles of feedback, feedforwad and edaround loops: loops tat promscously crss�cross te boundares of bran, body and wold. e local mecansms of mnd, f ts s correct, are not all n te ead Cognton leaks out nto body and wold -Andy Clark,

uping h Min

(2008a, v)

Fg 45  ote leaae

cnsult is ntbk, a an  bilgical memy t nd t musum's addss Hw can w intt tis dinc Fm a unctinal scti, it can b agud tat t infmatin st d in Otts nt bk and t infmatin std in Ingas bilgical mmy aa t smbl n ant in at last n signicant sct Ty nabl, albit in dint mdia, t ysical imlmntatin  Ott's and Inga's dis sitinal blis abut t musums lcatin As w a sn, in t cas  t Lina B tablts a ysical atict, li Ott's ntbk, ma it ssibl  t systm t mmb smting n i an islatd indi idual cannt T is nting scial  stang in saying, tn, tat Otts ntbk lays a scial l in is ability t mmb But wat, m scically, migt tis l b? Suld w s Otts ntbk as an instumnt   a substitut  is bilgical mmy,  suld w s it as, litally, a cnstituti at  Otts mind and sl Cla and Calms 998? T ut it ant way, wat is t difnc bwn Ott and Inga s a as t unctin  mmy as a cgniti css is cncnd? T a many dint ways t answ tis qustin, and any attmt t sad t atins  mind bynd skin and sull is subjct t many

76

Chper 4

poenal pfalls he phlosophe Mhael Wheele (00b has addessed he queson of dedng wha he benhmaks ae by whh pay of ausal onbuon s o be judged Wheele sggess ha he wong way o answe hs queson s o s x he benhmaks fo wha  s o oun as a pope pa of a ogniive sysem" and hen look o see f any exenal elemens mee hose benhmaks n ohe wods o s ake he popees of he ban as he yadsk fo he ogniive and hen see whehe hee ae hings ha manfes hose popees hs saegy, hough useful in some espes, mus be wong, beause i depves us of he abiliy o dsove whaeve unque popeies mgh diffeeniae he ognive lfe of hings fom he ognive life of, le's say, neuons. o undesand his poblem bee, le us agan onsde memoy Bu his me, nsead of hnking abou Oos noebook, le us eun o he example of he Myenaean Lnea B ables Seen as a ogniive afa, a Lnea B lay able povdes a pooypal eogaph devie and eh nolog of memoy One way o ead he paiy pniple, hen, s as follows: If exogams" e.g Linea B ables) act as engams do, hen exogams oun as pas of memo A a ean level hs mgh appea o be pe sely he pon ha he exendedmnd appoah and he maeal engagemen appoah ake Bu suh a smplis somoph eadng of he pai piniple is fa fom wha I advoae, and an be onsdeed o embody a numbe of seious dawbaks Fo insane, wha if wha we all an engam" was s desbed as somehing analogous o wha we now idenif as an eogam? O, moe impoan fo pesen puposes, wha f eogams," hough hey ae ave and onsuive pas of memo, ae diffeen in impoan espes fom wha we know onening he funion of he engams? Wha f n ohe wods, lay ables and bans soe nfomaon in adally diffeen ways? I should laify ha Maeial Engagemen heoy subsbes o a loaionally neual aoun of ogni on bu not o a subsaeneual aoun of ogniion onay o wha ofen appeas o be a mee funonal and isomoph inepeaion of he pay pinple n he exendedmnd leaue, I ague ha wha mnds ae made ofha is he suff of mindmaes as muh as how minds ae funonally oganized I wll eun o hs Noe fo now ha he mpoan quesion is no simply Does a Linea B able eend he opea ons of Myenaean memoy beyond he boundaies of he body and ban?"; i is Exaly how does  do so? Similaly, alhough we an be

e Exeded Mnd

7

se ha mem s a cgnve pcess e need n assume ha e n eacl ha maes  a cgnve pcess ndeed ha maes a pcess a cgnve pcess Te ype f e cnue nenn f cnn  aea culue

Havng gven hs cncepual acgund I can n pceed  spell u ha I call the hypthei  the cntitutive intertining  cgnitin with ateial cultue. he man pslae f hs hphess can e epessed as flls If e accep ha he mnd evlves and ess n he elatinal dain as u ms ndamenal means f engaging h he ld hen aterial culture i ptentially c-extenive and cnutantial with ind

ha ae he nlgcal cmmmens f hs ha des  mean  sa ha mnds and hngs ae ccntud n saed acn Pu smpl he pncpal cnenn hee s ha mnds and hngs me han meel eng causall lned ae cnsuvel nedependenha s ha he ne cann es hu he he H can hs e Admedl ans and hngs ae dffeen ss f suff e he nlgcal cmpund e call human cgnn needs h n de  peae he pa f ue and nne cgnve elemens advcaed hee des mpl a fncnal smph  den  mples a cnsuve nenng f ans des and hngs n a specc clual seng In he cne f Maeal ngagemen he he pa pncple des n eqe  mpl an den f menal casal cnn. I s nduced nsead as a mease  ensue ha And la (2007 67 calls equal f pp n   pu  dffeenl a nnanhpcenc Knappe and Malafs 2008), smmec Lau 1999 2005 Shans 2007 me 2007 ve f mnd self and agenc. Hman hnng s s and ave all hnng thrugh, with, and aut hngs des and hes In fac ne f m cnenns n hs  ll e ha fm a develpmenal and evlna pespecve nl afe ha asc sage s acheved can meacgnn hnng a hnng) emege. Indeed ha s mean  cllapsng he dsncn eeen he nenal and he eeal aspecs f human cgnn s ha nehe he nenal n he eenal aspecs ae sfcen n hemselves  cnan he peains f he hman mnd hnng s n smehng ha happens nsde



a 

78

brans, bodes, or hngs raher  emerges from onexuazed roesses ha ae ae beween brans bodes and hngs hese are srong ams and  an be argued ha so far roonens of he Exended Mnd Hohess hae faed o rode a oheren argumen for wh shoud we rea an of hese negraed exerna sruures as ars of he mnd ha s, as onsue ars of exerna reazed mena saes and roesses) raher han mere as oos or as nfuenes on hose roesses brng a hs no beer ew  reu o he exame of he Lnear B abes hadwks desron of he roesses ha ma hae aken ae n he man rhe room a he Menaean aae a Pos offers a good sarng on for rng o fus on he se deas of he ogne eoog surroundng he Menaean a abes:



The b  on a oo tran on h ab) n h Man Ahve Room; hogh he doo a he bak w an  hogh no he Annx whe mo of h abe we fond Th wen abe a dy d n he abed bak; a fw e expod dyng bfoe beng p away Th b hod he ab h  wokng on n h f hand;   qe ofn pobe o ee h ngepn on he v whee he abe wa hd and ag abe hav omm h dp on oepondng o h poon of h hmb and nge ex o hm and an ofa who ha end fom a o of npeon and  dang h dea he wh o eod; h ha bogh wh hm a ayk o emnd hm of h o ga gao nvenon b   ean ha om fom of mpo ay mnmon wod hav bn neded o ene ha he ofa go h ge gh In he foegond a ma boy  knadng ay ady o mak h nex abe fo he b. (176 0

hs nformed reonsruon offers on a sma a of he omex ner aons ha haraerze he usage and roessng of he abes he oeraona sequene an eas be exended o nororae urher ee mens maeras and raes One exame an be seen n he ase of sma bobs of we a abes) ha were ressed ono he ousde of he baskes used for he sorage of he abes o faae he denaon of he abes afer her sorage bd 89 Ye  beee ha hadwks desron usraes an moran on for he resen dsusson: n aroahng Menaean memor hrough he maera remans of he Lnear B sr we are no sm ookng a a dsemboded ssem of sgns e are ookng nsead a a emora sequene of reaona onsued emboded roesses enomassng reroa and uura orhesraed neraons among humans suaed oo use and sae

Te Exended Mnd

7

Wen peang abou neacon  o no mply ee o e poe n w eeal nual ae bngng ogee e olae an econ euale b o nowlege Te ou  ae on ow oe b o nlege ae acque coonae  an bue n acon lo mpoan o eep n mn  a e neacon a ene a bue cogne yem o no occu only among nual uman agen bu alo occu among uman objec, an maeal o aou o Te common ea abou pace an e enonmen a a ac exenal ecoue eo o agency come une queon Fo oe example, ee Knappe an Malaou 2008  wll be cung e ue o maeal agency n eal lae n e boo Fo now e ccal aumpon  a a cogne yem a nole moe an one nual a cogne popee a e om e cogne popee o e nual wo pacpae n e yem aen n olaon T alo mean a no mae ow eale e nowlege o e cogne popee o oe nual agen n olaon mg be   no n el ucen o accoun o e opeaon o e yem a a wole (See alo Hucn 995) nea we oul be ocung on e neacon among uman an maeal aco eeng o cen e popee emegen o oewe, a ae elean o e wong pace an e ocal eng Focung on e buon o labo, o on e aco a eemne e ze o a clay able, o een on e aou communcae paway a ene e ow o noma on aco e een epeenaonal ae an moe o e yem e.g om ebal o ncbe may be moe mpoan o uneanng e cogne opeaon nole an any olae obeaon abou e epeenaonal conen o e able T ange n pepece wc e acaeologcal peoccupaon w ng an culual pacce emboe, bng w  w ome elaboaon a wole new e o poble o e uy o mn an memoy Te new appoac nole a cange o analyc un an a  n e leel o ecpon om e mco leel o emanc o e maco leel o pacc A  wll explan below an mpoan mplcaon ollow om a olc elaonal ouloo Lnea B  no longe een a a  emboe abac coe now   een a a uae ecnology nana ng a new way o emembeng an a new way o ogeng Te Mycenaean mply ea wa e nea B able emembe n ac beng able o ea a peon no longe nee o emembe

8

Cper 4

ely skepts ll tk I am psg te boday of ogto too fa ee gs ad teologes eg lay tablets ad otebooks ae smply ads to ogto tey ae ot ogto tself gs do ot o sttte o memoes o do tey ae memoes of te o tey smply elp s emembe Adams ad Azaa (008 00 pobably old oted tat  m of at I ae sad so fa I ae mstake a mee ad ate eppeomea! asal flee of te tablet o te ma memoy system fo sometg moe sbstatal Altog t s etaly aeptable to lam tat te Myeaea s teatg t o sg a Lea B tablet to stoe fomato otsde te ead to say tat a lay tablet atally statates memoy o patpates  te ogte poesses esposble fo o te Myeaea emembes s a etely dffeet lama cam tat Adams ad Azaa (008) old pobably osde metapysally sspet I te latte ase te tqe goes e ae oated te otologally mpotat dstto betee asato" ad osttto"tat s betee mee teato" ad patpato" og oe old see te easos fo t I belee tat ts oy f dametally msepesets te ogte lfe of tgs as I ll ty to lls tate belo e oplgosttto fallay" (Azaa 00 Rpet 004 00ab ad at mgt be alled te loatoal fallay" (eele 00ab) l belee llstate o te oe ad te telletal etaty ad esdal ogtsm tat oe old stll tae amog extededmd teosts ad o te ote ad te ablty of mode plosopy to make sese of te most sgat attbte of te ogte lfe of tgs: te ablty to be at te same tme metal ad pysal  apte 3, I attempted to take a st step toad eolg tese fallaes by eposg te sotomgs of oetol bodaes ad aalytal ts  te stdy of md ad by deelopg te oto of metaplastty Hee I at to epad o tose agmets fosg o some sses tat I belee ae esposble fo te oes metoed aboe ad  I tk ae ot eeed te atteto tey desee  te ogog debate oe te Exteded Md Hypotess ose sses ae of ose atiali, tie, ad tanatin I ll age tat te et tsms of extededmd teoy emaate ppally fom a deeply eteed Iet" bas  plosopal tkg tat dees te tem poal sale ad te otologal ogato of te ma md (eteded o ot) Essetally ts Iet" e mples tat te md s a popety

8

T Extndd Mnd

  p f th u (whch  m tht th tmpt f m  ct  tm b th tmpt  th  u tht th u h  tgc  gt pt  th ct f  ptcu cgt pc  tht th ct f m  ct wth th gmc bu f th u hng ae he uplngnun fallay

A I h  cu, ccg t xtm th th thp tht chctz th tct btw cgt  mt cutu  uu cb  tht f ctuu cpc cut btw uct mphc t  xt tuctu ( 1997 16166) h ct umpt bh th cupgcttut fc  tht, thugh  th c f th  B tbt  cu cgz th pc f  cu cct btw m  c, th cu cct  cupg  t ufct t wt th gumt f cgt xt.  cgt pcg ctt th pc f wht Am  Azw    ptt 008 h  B tbt,  tc cpt c g  (hum g th th  ctt  ptt, f t m th g O th ctu, tchg uch  th  B tbt  m mm  tht  t ptcpt,   mptt ,   cgt pcg I wt t gu tht th w whch  th  B tbt mp   xt mp  tg c tht  t ght th t cgt ,  mt It  mt bcu t  ut th cgt mt tht mtt mt th xt gzt  tm t t wht m pp m t b   B tbt, m th mp mpg mm, bg but m c chg  th tu f th cgt pt    th uct tuctu f th tm   wh (m 1988 1991 199 h ffc tht m th ffc  th c f  B  tht  fft t f   fc  tuc  th   ffc c cgu th cgt cg  th mc (cug bu  cct) f th Mc mm  A  mpct f tht, th u ug th tbt w gg   fft t f cgt bh A fft cgt ptgw



82

he 

emerges nd beomes vilble i the sstem As Men Donld oetl ems (00 4) The exernl memory eld i no  noher eor o working memory I p direly ino he neul nework o liery loed in brin region h re diin rom hoe o working memory. Working memory nd he exernl memory eld h omplemen eh oher, nd hi llow he brin o exploi heir diin orge nd reriel properie

To put it simpl the numerls nd ionogrphi signs tht onstitute the mnemon omponent par cllnc of the Lner B sstem did not smpl hlp Menens to remember the preise quntities of the reorded om modities rthe h wr par of th proc by which h Lnar B ytm rmmbrd From the sstem's viepoint it is not the individul sribe tht remembers it is the Liner B tblet The Liner B tblets b being there" in the outside orld enble the Menen sribe to substitute visul reognition fo rell thereb trnsforming  difult internl" memor problem into n esie externl" pereptul one nfomtion one nsrbed on the l tblet trnsends the biologil limittions of the individul person nd beomes vilble out there" for other people to use omment on trnsform or inorporte t is importnt to note hoever tht the mnemoni properties of the Liner B sstem re not the sum of the biologil pties of the Menen sribe nd the mne moni ffordnes nd storge pt of  Lner B tblet Rther  hbrid historil serg o ognitive ssembl brings bout  ne eolog of memo This ne eolog nnot be redued to n of its onstitutive elements biologil or rtiil) nd thus nnot be ounted fo b looing t the isolted properties of persons or things The hllenge fo rheolog in this espet is to revel nd rtiulte te vriet of forms tht ognitive extension n te nd the diversit of feedb reltion ships beteen obets nd the embodied brin s the beome elized in dfferent perods nd ultul settngs Sutton 00 00; Sutton et l 00) Be hee? The caa faay

Elier in this hpter  disussed Wheelers question bout ho to dede ht he benhmrs re b hih pri of usl ontribution is to be udged" 00b)  sid ht ting the brin nd its popeies s the

Te ended Md

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nsnd n s nd dk f  gnv s b  wng w  nk f    f fnn     dng f   n bds nn d si   nsv inwining  nd wi   wd   w i b  I ws  dsss n s nnn bwn gnn g nn nd      gnzs   An iis bwn  dffn s  bns, bds, nd ngs g  wn  gnv ss nd s dvs  f   fus nd s s  Pdx  s s v s  dn  fnns f bns bds, nd ngs wn  gnv ss nd k  sgnn f w   ndd  nn b szd  sng   Lin B b k n  ngs f  bn  fgng, wn sn s n  xn  s, dffs  g d f w w knw b  wkngs f bg . (F  dd dsssns, s Mfs 24 nd M!fs f ng.) F n ng, s Mn Dnd ws n f  s  n  nk  nsn vng nd fdng nns f bg wkng ,  nns f is xn dvn ss n b fzn n i, viwd, nd nd fd 99, 89; s s Dnd 2  fb n f xgs ws f nfn  b d nd n nd n sg n ws  n ng  nn ffd Mnw, ws n  s f g sg  s dnd  b  n f  sd snin n  s f ngs  nx f n s s n s  n f  ndd s. 4 (S Mfs fng Fn g w n ss  wv s n ng g v w n   s bwn dffn ndivds, n  s f xgs  s g  dvs n  s nd n w s s b zd n  s nsn f  F nsn, kns s is, nns nd ki sings dff g n w  v n  nd s n  ssbs f  nsssn   ff (S, g., nnn 989 Jns 27 Kwn   999 Mk 2) Undsndng w xn ss  (s nd ng) f  n  wn s ws gs s   ng f gnv g nd f  suds Hn  nd  xin  i f  bs dwng n  ndn qiis  ssss (M 998 9)

84

pr 4

2 Aloug e py pnple" ollpe e nonl bounde bween e nne nd e oue"  eenlly keep e onologl bounde o e menl nd pyl n,   mplly po ze e donl popee o e ome ove e le Ung n nlogy Ezeqel D Polo ely pon ou w e bud eqvlen" o u  edng o e py pnple" mg be: n  e bd eqvlen o Even og n e p evel e o menl llne wee eoneoly dgnoed  e o demon poeon n moden dy n ode o deemne wee you ve  e o menl llne you m lwy onul n eo ?" 009 )  ee ny wy   qeobeggng n be voded Weele popoe   nd nde pende o loon we dene w elemen ene o popee ould on  pope p o  ognve yem nd  we e look o ee wee ee ognve omponen ppen o be loed w epe o e nenl/eenl bondy. My popol ee goe  ep ue Te b de  wn o dvne  vey mple: Aloug  Lne B ble   mel eny  enly eenl o e Myenen bn,  my lo be oneved  nenl o e ognve poe we ll memoy W og o on  p o e md  no o be oud ee by lookng nde e ed o by yng o nd oe ode" po ee o mel ue  eemble e nne" poe o e m bn ned o eeng e Lne B ble o Oo oebook  e l ull eqvlen o  ppompu, we ould look  em  ognve emble o ompound nd eek e pel emegen popee Tken n olon  e wellonne nd nely led envonme o bn nd le bo egm een  enl enem ble o neon) nd eogm een  eenl enmble o mel ue nd oldng) e lele. Te ognve le o ng lke e ognve le o bn n be und wee engm nd eogm begn pkng neng nd omplemenng one noe n u u  wy  memoy emege. Wen we  o enon om pve" ene nd ognm o ve ognve poee peomne nd emble onvenonl ognm bonde e nd nee no longe pply T mple  w  o be ondeed nenl o eenl" o ee ognve emble  deemed by e dym o neon mong e omponen ompon en nel, ne l, bly bly ol o l o mel)  bng    gven

he xtended Mnd

5

gne pean An a n a a gne pe ne he nam nguan an nan f bh nena an eena eue an uue he hu be nee a beng a he ame me mena an pha ha mean ha an apppae meaba geneae  aa npae eue an be, pena, an mpan an nnguhabe pa f a gen gne pe In a e mpan ene, hen fm he he pepee f maea maea engage engage men, cgnn has n lcatin he ae mn ann be nane gnn  n a whn ppe   a beween" ppe he ec f eneen

he hae,  arng arng egee egee A  hae aea ne exenemn he expane he e f mn n he maea w bu  an be ague ha he hae genea fae  ha he eman unwng  beak mpee fm epeenanam an me ben  mpu ana heage. A a neuene ahugh  ha nw been me han 0 ea ne he human mn wa engue a a nam embe enemakng mahne,  eman age a leslving mahne he gne em  nw we an een ben he m f he ganm buna Wn 1994 004) bu  eman a mpua na em. hng emege a  genune pa f _exene bu nnehe e pbemng pbemng egme egme an mpuana une ee ak 00a  005).). Maea uue, when ue u e a a a,  mp ewe 47 Wheee 005 a an exena nfman hanne ha anfe e, an meme een pee nfman ue he hea. I w be agung ha uh a naw u n h pw  nnneua ruue  anfm he human pbemng an epeenana apae  eep pbema fm an ahaega pepee an fm an anhpga pepee. A h Gen gh pn u, a nn f mn een when exene  n hepfu f  e n ake he enua, affee an emna ape f human negen beha eu eu b neng hw hng pu ne ne  eman n he be an ban f pepe expeenng an appeang he aehe uae 00, 010) Ppnen f he enae appah hae a ene h hmn hmngg f he exenemn exenemn he, he, nng ha  nege emn an ha  ea gnn a f  wee age affee pbem ng

86

Chpe 4

or nformaton proessng" hompson and Stapleton pont out that sensemakng omprses emoton as muh as ognton 2008 26 o an mportant extent  hope that the fous on thngs wll help us to redue redu e the th e blnd spots of tradtonal ognitvst ognitvst aounts of mnd mn d However However in order to overome ths resdual ogntvsm a temporal agentve and affetve dmenson must be added to the ntal spatal metaphor of an inner mind mi nd that that s  s being extended n the outsde outsde world. We need to look at how things nhabt spae, and we need to explore interartfatual rela tons and ommuntes of thngs and objets Knappett 2010 20. hngs have a strong affetve response that has never been gven serous onsderaton n the extendedmnd literature Evatve Ojets urkle 2007, a reent olleton of autobiographal stories on the evoa tve nature of things, niel illustrates that the true power of everda objets and thngs les in their ablt to beome our emotional ompan ions as muh as the beome our intelletual anhors he same prnples of extension and reorganzation that enable a Linear B tablet to transform memor into forgetting an be seen to be ative in numerous other on texts of our everda emotonal opng imilarl to the wa a Linear B tablet reates a spei loation for remembrane, transformng an inter� nal  invisble ogntve happenng nto an external pereptual event  objets an be transformed into powerful emotonal anhors. When it omes to obet relatons and materal engagement thought and feeling are inseparable ompanons in lfe experiene that an take multple and fluid roles bid., 5 of materal ulture ulture s also demonstated n Daniel Danie l Miller's he entralit of 2008 book The C C f f f f Thngs, whih is based on materal derived from an ethnographi stud of households on a single street n outh London. Miller onludes that material ulture matters beause everda objets help people to onstrut a material order of emotions and feelngs that graduall forms an eolog of relationshps and expetatons about the self and others.5 In a 2009 artile based on the same eldwork Mller and Fona Parrot Parrottt desrbe how people peo ple use us e thngs n dealng with varous varous experenes experene s of separation separation and epsodes of loss loss When dealng dealn g with with a death or o r wth the endng of a relatonshp, people use objets to reate an eonom of memor. Miller and Parrott dsuss, in partular how mourning ma ental either aumulaton of objets or divestment of objets As the ontrol over the the wa a person is taken awa from us observe, we have no ontrol

87

  Mnd

n eat but we can cnt te way we sepaate m te mate bects tat wee asscate wt te ea uteme tngs may cme t aunt us wee a we ty t bans te ne eampe Me an Patt use t ustate te atte s tat  Ms Stne, an mm gant m amaca w, ate sng a augte ete ese t accu muatng memes  te augte n te m  bects ptgaps an te tngs te augte a pssesse. Ms. Stne's escptn  a g eat n a can tat e augte gae e ust bee e eat s eeang Sh gav m hs pry ll har a  sa ha hav  o pu hs aay or"  sa  am gog o b arg hs rom o o   slp    bah    o vryhg   Sh's go a 'm arg  So 'v b arg  vry ay o o' a a  o Mll M llrr a a  Parro Parro 2009 2009 50950) my l  o'

Acae Acaegy gy an antpy antpy ampy test tat tngs ae nt smpy smp y tkens  sugates n sme etena  ntena pbemsng acty. Tngs ae as a stng aecte espnse an t as nee been gen seus cnseatn n te etenemn teatue Tngs ae mae t be seen ecange, epste, wne, aue, pce, manpuate, eae etse, eee, cue an s n Te sensua ppetes  tngs an te aestetc epeence  tngs pemeate eey spect  u cgnte acttes an pemeate u sca an emtna eatnsps Gsen 001, 00 00 nes 007 Tmas an Pnney 001 ty an Kce 1999) Tese mptant eements te cgnte es  pesns an tngs su be egune an stue  wat tey ae ate tan subsume une nmatn pcessng I we ae t unestan te syncatc abtes  bjects past  pesent, t make us get an emembe t gue u eeyay actn, t canne an sgn sca epeence an t sustan u embe utnes, we su esst  bypass u men epesentatna  cmputatna peccupatns an aw a tuy meanngu sense  w te matea w cnsttutes u estence as uman bengs t emege.



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he Enactve Sgn

I I od e yo wha i mean hee wod be no poin in dancing i Iadora Dnan a qoed by Gregory Baeon   

I pte 4 I ged gist te domit epesettiolompttiol view of mid I tis pte I wt to eploe te impltios of tt itiqe fom  semioti pespetive Udepiig te sggested ostit tive itetwiig of ogitio wit mteil lte is te pit of mteil tigs to opete s sigs Ad ideed isof s ll mteil lte s  semioti dimesio  destdig sigitio is impott ot ol fo ow we std te smbos o te pst bt lso fo ow e ptie eolog t ll (odde d tso 2003, 4) o tese esos m fos i tis pte will be o te semioti dimesio of Mteil Eggemet Teo Mn eynd epeenan

Repesettio is te peomeo tt most semots see s te essee of smbolsm Ad fo m people smbolsm o sigitio is te il topologil popet tt moe t tig else dees wt it mes to be m Geell speig tee e two mjo tpes of epesettios te itel o metl tpe d te etel o pbli tpe Metl epesettios  be destood s wt pilosopes ll te epesettiol otet of  eti itetio o belef bot te wold; pbli o extel epesettios e tose mteil sigs o sig sstems tt e pblil vilble i te wold Obviosl m poposl i tis pte to move beod epesettio is ot met to de te impott ole tt tis peios bilit of o

ae 5

0

mena machner pas n he case of sgncaon n genera  s nsead mean o chaenge he roe of represenaon specca n reaon o he maera sgn and he semoc dmensons of maera engagemen o hs end n wha foows  w shf m focus from he radona queson of what a maera sgn means o he queson of hw  means Wha  am seekng o undersand s essena he semoc ass of he reaonshp eween cognon and maera cuure Ceran represena on s one dmenson of hs reaonshp and ndeed  s characersc of our ngusc aes However wha ma e cenra for anguage need no e cenra for nonngusc semoc ssems he fac ha anguage seems o e ased on represenaon shoud no e proeted no he ream of maera engagemen.  do no dspue ha he maera sgn can e seen o operae as a form of eea represenaon or as a par of a arger represen aona srucure Wha  wan o sugges n hs chaper s ha he ecu sve fous on he represenaona properes of such srucures ha preoccupes archaeoogca nerpreaon of pas maera cuure can ser ous dsor our undersandng of how such semoc enes or srucures operae n varous processes of maera engagemen he argumen  nend o deveop s no smp ha n he case of maera cuure he dea of he arrar sgner shoud e repaced wh he dea of a movaed nde or con More mporan  wan o sugges ha he empora and onoogca pror of he sgned over he sgner ha mos semoc frameworks reerae canno e susaned n he case of he maera sgn. he prncpa underng assumpon of m anass s ha, from a semoc perspecve, anguage and maera cuure dffer susana n respec of he cognve mechansms ha support her semoc funcon More specca, m suggeson w e ha he maera sgn does no prmar emod a com muncave or represenaona ogc u an enacie one For maera semoss meanng s no he produc of represenaon u he produc of a process of oncepua negraon etween maera and concepua domans  w egn  aruang wha  see as he prncpa proem of con venona semoc accouns of maera

y

he fallay  he lu n

The o  Trfgr Sqre od he bee eage or bdog ad  he arred he me (or mr) mege bo empre d bo he ra preme of

The Enave n

9

nineteenthcentu Engnd And et ho deent might thei ege hve een hd the een mde o ood! ego Bteon 9 30

By the ly  the lngutc gn l men eentlly the cmmnly prctce mplct r explct reuctn  the mterl gn uner the generl ctegry  the lngutc gn echnclly pekng t cmmt th llcy  t cnte emtc ntlge ht men put very mply, tht yu ume tht  rel cermc ve n the wr ve' pe the me emtc prperte n rnce n ther wr, yu preuppe tht bth the ve   mterl entty n ve'   wr men, r gny, n the me mnner. When the ue  vewe rm  methlgcl perpectve wht th llcy mple  tht yu hve pte the nlgy  tl cut  ngug  txt he prblem wth th nlgy  tht ten t becme  metphr: Mterl culture i lnguge r text When tht hppen t h  mr mplctn r the unertnng  mterl culture tht cn be ecntructe  llw Once the rbtrry lgc tht chrcterze the urce mn  yur metphr   emtc ytem e, lnguge precte nt the mn  mterl culture, yu re let wth n me  cver wht extr mtc prperte there mght be tht chrcterze yur trget mn  gncnt r wht t .e,  mterl thng rther thn lnguge. pecclly r rchelgy n nthrplgy, the uggete lngutc gn llcy trnlte nt n mplct r n explct grunng  ymblc pprche t pt mterl culture n uurn 19) emlgy Accrng t th uurn cnceptulztn whch unerle bth pr ceul n ptprceul hee ymblc ctn  eentlly  rm  rbtrry repreenttnl r reerentl ctn Mre pecclly, gn ctn  cntre   tn r r men' reltnhp between  gne n  gner tht mple wht the nthrplgt Emun Lech 97 terme  cmmunctn eventtht , the trnmn   mege between  ener n  recever Thu rm  tructurl per pectve we hve Lech cntentn tht t   menngul t tlk but the grmmtcl rule whch gvern the werng  cthe  t  t tlk but the grmmtcl rule whch gvern peech utternce" 197, 0), n rm  pttructurl hermeneutc perpectve there  the recent emph n textul pprche n whch the menng  the mterl gn

92

a 5

equas the contetua adg o the sgn (e ; Hodder ) n other words ateria sos are construed priari as edia or the counication o inoration aong agents and soic archaeoog is construed priari as an eegetica procedure aiing to decode and interpret the inforation stored in those vehices on the asis o their contetua associations  ew carications conceing the principa eatures o Saussurian seioog see necessar First, the Saussurian position eanates ro a noinast" rather than a reaist" ontoogica asis he sign is dened as a diseodied and disengaged reationship etween a signier" (acous tic or visua for and a signied" (concept In other words, the inguis tic sign eists as a two sidedpschoogica entit" in the huan ind, copete dissociated fro and unafected  the etea reait hus, ateria ture p  has no pace in that sste his rings us to the second point, which is that this interna ond etween the signier and the signied is postuated as aritrar" he inguistic sign, acking an epirica otivation, is entire a product o huan convention In one sentence, Saussure (19, ) asserts that seiosis takes pace on a sepaate inguistic pane, entire reoved fro sustantive reait in an aritrar anner Th ma by whh h g  podd  ompy mpoa o  do o ac h ym Whh I mak h   wh o back, ad o  gavd, wh p o ha o h  o o mpoa wh p o h gao

his is not the pace to evauate Saussurian seioog in the contet o angage M ai here is to epose the roots o an iportant archaeoogi ca proe hs proe, as entoned, concerns the nature o the ateria sign and, ore specica, the etent to which that nature has anthing to do with anguage in the rst pace Iagine a person signing a docuent Approaching that coon activ it ro a seiotic perspective, we can easi recognie a signiedsignier reationship etween the person and the signature Accepting Saussure's suggestion that  what eans a sign is produced doesn't atter ipies that whether the signature is handwritten, photocopied, or otherwise arti ca produced (eg, staped has no efect on its eaning he essage on the paper shoud reain the sae ut is that rea the case? Ethnog raphies o the workpace environent-and coon sense-show that it

 a 

93

s nt S  am 8  xam n th cas  an atcay dcd snat athh th xct mssa ads th· sam as a handttn snat th mct mssa has chand By that  man that th actv mact  th snat s n n th sam and that cntay t Sass s cntntn th chan sms t hav a dct ct n th mann  th acta mssa h atcay dcd snat nt bn cnsbstanta th th snd sn has st th mnt  symathy t has bn tansmd nt a nd  cmmdty that n n bas any sna mnt m th sctv  Pcan 15 11 smtcs t has chand n stats m an ndx t a symb A tt that bas an atcay dcd snat snt cvd as a dct xtndd at  a sn  as n  a nd Athh n tms  xct cmmncatn th mssa  mann  th snat mans th sam n tms  amatcs th   ths snat t snt th sn has chand Th tt and ths th mssa  statmnt  th sn  b vn ss attntn than n th a handttn snat d hav bn vn  may vn b dsadd Stany nh n th cas  ths xam t aas as  th sstanc  th n n a s as th cndtn  th nsctn  th snaty nt th mssa" Sh 16 140 t s csy thh ths sbt mndan tn ncnscs ac tv channs that mata ct mansts ts dynamc chaact and ts smtc c ndd hn t cms t mata sns-and n dct stn t th Sassan cntntn cncnn th abtanss  scatn-t ma th tts bac  ht asd  navd th n  chs" s n mst cass th dnn at  th sncatn  css Mv nt ny th hysca m  th tts bt as th hysca ts  th mdm n hch thy a nscbd a bn dynamcay mcatd n th smtc css As Anda Pam has shn 18 106) nt ny a bsnss tts dssd n n ns and txts t lct  n th aths" and nt ny a tthads dsnd t av a nq ma n mmy" n addtn th nat  th a has mch t d th th mssa a tt cnvys erhad papr  hgh qaly bod ha  lghly clor o he color o cream ha whe   hcker ha h papr d or he phoocopr ad ha y bmp ad rdge alog h race ryhg abo  ay pcal prpoe"  de o lop arod a mch a oher papr ad he lle rdg mak  el rogh bwee he grp ha hold .

9

Cae 5

Vr smpl udr rmal dts u d t sd a fal lttr ritt  a Pstit his is t hwr baus suh a mssag at atuall b writt  a Pstit It is rathr baus u kw that usig th small llw pi f papr prbabl wuld ha a gati fft  hw ur fial mssag wuld b itrprtd. f matrialit a b s t afft th maig f a mssag  i a as whr th mssag s larl artiulatd thrugh th us f writt laguag  a asil imagi th impat f matrialit  th ast majrit f ass whr th mssag is t xpliitl isribd  mattr but rathr is mbdid ad bjtid hrough mattr. Obiusl fr matrial ultur th mas b whih a sig is prdud ad th phsial prprtis that d th sig fr what it is as a phsial bjt a b argud t ha a dirt barig  th atur f th smiti prss Ctrar t what appars t b th as i th txt f lguag th rlatship btw th sigid ad th sigir i th txt f matrial smisis is far rm arbitrar aussur was prbabl awar f this wh h statd that a pair f sals that prats as a smbl f justi at b rplad b just a thr smbl t it is a pit that arl falls utsid th dmai prpr f his smilg (i. laguag ad as suh it sms t ha psd  ral hallg t his thsis f arbitrariss. Fr aussur it is prisl th ihrt tialit ad arbitrariss f laguag that maks it ps sibl fr it t raliz th dal f th smlgial prss bttr tha a thr sig sstm ad thus t bm th mastr patt fr all brahs f smilg 966, 68) Hwr i th txt f matrial smisis it is prisl th abs f this arbitrariss that w must tak as ur pit f iitiati fr dlpig a sstmati aut f th mat rial sig. Seahn f he ee f he aeal n

It fllws frm th ab that  ismrphi prjti f liguisti mdls a b aptd fr th as f th matrial sig. Frm a mr pragmati prspti I bli th bst w a d has b gtl xprssd b Christphr Till i th pilgu f his Ehnogphy of he Neolhc 996, 7):

ny th mtri uur nnt id th prbm  ng indd it hs t stt m ngug but must mdi iistic ngis nd g bynd thm

The Eaive ig

95

Te ble te of te mtel s lel otsts wt te eem el te of te lst s A sl s  be toe e wo ossesse ee stoe tse o estoe Ts t most owefll t te osse leel oot qltes s s olo tete  smell tt ffet m oto  ws tt e el eltl oetle Tese e oetes ot ffoe b te te of te lst s Moeoe wt wol be te stt ot from w to e  ostellto of mtel ss? Le s le  seqetl  otst mtel lte ee we t  be see s  stl emet esees o obos ot of ommeemet. Ts t emees tt te mtel s s ot te somo sbsttte fo te lgst s Fom  semot esete te sol be te estoo s eeet et omlemet Te stte oetes of te mtel wol b bot me  ws tt le ot  e es Ts s te ot wee te ftol/smbol otom bes ow  ts s te eso w te sto tee ete fom ttol semots to ee sto to   of otetl e  eo of e mes sol be oe  te se of te mtel s As  sll e  te et seto mtelt objet es  ffeet semot t Te ll fo te setlemet of mtel lte fom te oe tol lst om eoes   mbe of eet soses o te semots of mtel lte e. Kee 2003 Gottee 199 Rs 194 es 1992 1999b Gell 199 o 200 eel 2006 este ts ll e eto st te eqto of te mtel  lst s  sstemt ltete semot tetmet of te mtel s s etl l Te wo of te losoe  semot Cles Ses ee 19 lso see Hooes 1991 s ofte toe to oteble te btess of te Sss moel ee ee be oee  tl wt te te of olst ss eeloe  bs ttte lssto of ss tt offes  eellet ete ot fo o te me of ts See e. Rs 1994; Kett 2002 Ts lssto stses tee mjo tes of ss on n h ny hoh om o of l mbln o mly,  whn a po n  b o whn  n   po ymbollly

96

ate 5

o dee e tadtoa o omecooked e o e mea Hodde d Ho 2003 0 dexe g ta gy by beg pycay coeced w te eee  ome a paotempo ee o cotgtyo exampe  ootpt te baomete, te ymptom o a deae o mpy e moke ced by te e ybo g tat, a we kow om e, g   abty mae, a we a wod ee to a ocept o  ete ad o a od

Pee majo ontbuton to the unetanng of the matea gn e n h eognton that meanng  not oe a matte of abta mbo but aoan th  epea the ae fo noneba ommunaton an nonngut gn tema matte of motate on an nexe Howee an mpotant pobem eman No oubt a Peenpe emot appoah to the tu of matea utue an hep u take the queton of meanng wth an ee to the pha popete of the gn an to the nonepeentatona attbute of gnaton Unfotunate the ame annot be uggete wth epet to the queton of how a gn emege an aque mbo foethat  the queton of the beom ng of the matea gn t a a ea ubtante entt an on eon a a a epeentaton o nex t  pee th beomng that haateze matea engagement a a emot poeue The eacve gc f he aeal g

A uefu tatng pont fo atuatng what an enate gn  ea about wou be the tnton between the expessie an the designative  deno tative meanng of gn ao 1985 ee ao Be 1999a A egnate o enotate gn  one that efe to omethng that ext nepenent of the gn tef Fo exampe when we ak about the meanng of an unknown wo a ngut gn poken o wtten) we eenta eek the onept that the wo gne whh ext nepenent of the pe  wo that  ue a t gne n a patua anguage One uh a onept  eeae to u b wa of a enton apabe of entfng an tnguhng th onept fom othe the unknown wo  mme ate tanfome fom a meannge oun o ette aangement nto a meanngfu entt he eaon fo that  qute mpe: he ngut gn beng enotate opeate on the pnpe of equaton he wo b onenton equate to a enton. Howee n the ae of the matea

Te nacve gn

97

sin such an quialnc is al th cas  w as  th anin  an atiact a matial sin th qustins d will a xcd th ab mntind dnitinal alm h dicats that ha t b buht t ba n ths qustins and th inntial csss that such a sin s a a m cmlicatd than ths w s in th cas  wds h qustins d ma includ qustins  bin and substanc qus tins  what is and is nt qustins  quantit and qualit qustins  latin and bcmin qustins  lac and tim qustins  sitin and stat and qustins  tntialit and actualit. Cnta t m discussin  th linuistic sin th manin  th matial sin is exes ve That mans that th matial sin in mst cass ds nt stand o a cnct but ath substantiats a cnct This is what in hilsh  mind is calld  Th matial sin instantiats ath than smblizs It bins th th cnct as a cnct xmla and a sub stantiatin instanc. It is what w miht call llwin Clin Rnw a cnstituti smbl. Th matial alit tas cdnc and th cnct is maninlss withut th actual substanc Rnw 2a 13 Indd a matial sin as an xssi sin ds nt  t sm� thin xisti saatl m it but is a cnsttt at  what it xsss and which thwis cannt b nwn It ats n th in cil  aticiatin ath than that  smblic quialnc Thus t aach a matial sin  an assmbla  matial sins as th smblic matializatin  a in cnct  scial abstactin (. status is t assum that th cnct  scialabstactin is tmall and als ntlicall i t its actual bcticatin mal iit ss n al blm but ntlial iit ilat all th tis  matial smisis discussd ab. Thus I cnsid such a ilatin t b inhntl blmati It imlis an ida simila t that  cnsidin th cnct  t  whitnss as xistin indndntl utsid  and i t th cnct thins that it ss t xss. A ic  whit A4 a and a whit lw a cnct latinal instantiatins  whit nss and nt siml sntatins  sm xistnt Platnic wld  idas Ralit at last o Matial Enamnt Th is nith s n e es; it is  e Matial sins a nt siml mssa cais in sm dd scial unis Matial sins a th actual hsical ocs that sha th scial and cniti unis.

98

ae 5

ndeed a the archaeologt Martn er 1999a gget materal gn can be een alo to operae a acton arrant he poe a ar rantng capact lke that of polce badge and nform People bearng thee mbolc arrant are endoed th acton capacte, and people dened acce to thee mbol are dened thee capacte or eample, a paport allo one to travel n a dfferent contr, a va allo one to dell or ork omehere, mone allo one to prchae thng, and a drvng lcene allo one to drve on pblc road. ch a form of modern docmentaon  not mpl a relecton of the ocal realt t docment t  a mbolc pragmatc conttent element of that realt" an to that of a cort arrant Indeed, the realt that a paport repreent doe not et ndependent of the er bt  emboded and conttted n acton. rthermore, arrantng, far from beng a bprodct of lterac,  eqall f not more pervave n nonlterate ocete, and argabl  generall mot effectve hen objected n concrete materal mbol Cone qentl, for er (199, 415, materal cltre hold be ndertood n atoncontttve term" I aiooiive e, a maeia a iem have aiooiive foe J a he dge emie' i a oie eeme of he/hi diia peeh  aio by edowig he weae wih iiioa ahoiy whih imaeoy afom he eae of pei wod io a ega deaaio, o he (iiaia axe i ao a oie eeme of he e' maeia aio, edowig i e wih iiioa o via popery eg ha of beig a peaa heeby a fomig he phyia abo io th maeia aio of dihagig feda de e

Developng h arrantng model" of pragmac gncaton, er eplctl arge agant the general tendenc of mbolc archaeolog to collape the meanng of materal cltre nto a knd o referental or de gnatve meanng ch an ampton, er gget (1999b, 31, contra dct the actve" natre of materal cltre nce t redce the materal gn to a pave mean of referencng rather than an actve mean of contttng realt Renfre follo a mlar lne of reaonng n h epoton of the contttve mbol More peccall, he dene the contttve mbol a a gn here the mbolc or cogntve element and the materal element coet are n a ene mmanent, and here the one doe not mae ene thot the other" (00b, 98 o lltrate that better, let  e Renfre eample of eght (001a, 133:

 Eav Sign

99

Wight n hv no mnng n  dnodid n Ony mt thng hv  ght nd th ont h no mnng thout xin o th Th utn tiv ity cd n notion o untiing t o tnddiing it y ncing  tndd ojt th ight" gint oth ojt

ndeed eht nd meue n e ued  n eellent emle o lluttn the dene tutul ouln eteen the uoedl ntenl nd etenl domn o the humn onetul m  eht h  menn, t   menn tht n e ed ml thouh the mnd od the thn thouh the mnd' n o ek out eht n  demoded ene  to ek out numel eltonh, not out eht   mennul eeene hee eltonh, hoeve, e o le onl te eht h emeed   mol n the ontet o  tht ,  n emoded mennul eeene. h  h n th e  Rene ooe (2, mol ome eoe onet Wht e e tll lkn, hoeve  ome ee ontve mehnm le to ount o the emeene o th hott unt eteen mnd nd mtte, o eteen ned nd ne n the e o the mtel n n the e o lnue, th ul ole  led  eeentton. But ho doe mtte eome  n n ou e n n ttemt to ne tht queton,  ooe the ollon eme 1  dene the aterial sign   emot onlton nd ohtton thouh mtte tht ent nd n oth the old (2)  dene enactive signication   oe o emoded onetul nteton eonle o the outntl mo nd multneou emeene o the ne nd the ned tht n oth the mtel n 3  ooe enactive ignication  the u o mtel emo nd thu o the mennul enement o onton th mtte Pje hugh ae

M onen n th eton  to eeml nd llutte the noton nd the ontve  o entve nton  dened ove o do o,  ll t develo the noton o cognitive rojection, dn on the enel nle o emoded onton dued n elton to the Etended Mnd Hothe  ll then ntodue the concetal integration o blending

10



Cper 5

toy (uo 99; uo d u 18 202   uful ogtv mm fo ppog t mo dmo of mtl ggm bg wt,  would lk povolly to d v oj  t pvv d  mot  uoou pty of t ogtv gt to tbl dt mplt otologl opod btw dom of xp  t   ogtv poto  b ud tood   optul mppg t  tu mpott tt poto ot b ofud wt ptto A poto btw  poml dom A d poml dom B mtl o pyl  ot t ptto of dom A toug  t  t tblmt of  otologl o pod btw A d B. Mo plly, t otologl o pod pmly volv oto of dty, logy, mlty, ulty, g, tm, ttolty, p, ol, d ptwol, d  om � lo of ptto u, ogtv poto off u  b opttol optul mm toug w t d tutul ouplg btw md d mtt tt w dud  t pdg pt bom pobl y ottut t b og tv mm by w w mk  of tg, oft wtout bg bl to pl wy d ow A  t  of t pttol bk goud" tt  wll b dug  t followg pt, t ogtv poto  utomt d tpt. Notl, o mpott dff  my u of t tm poto ould b md l fom t tt: Altoug t uully plly  ogtv lgut f to tl mppg btw mtl p o dom,  llfollowg t ypot of tdd ogtob ug t to f lo dd pmly to poto o mppg btw tl d tl dom S gu 1 d 2) Rtwok by Dvd K my b lvt  Altoug  popol  goudd  t lgug of omputtolm, K o  wt ttvty d dtbutd ogto H k ow, w, d wy popl tt wt t vomt  pt of mkg to Aodg to K, poto   pl um pty tt povd t b fo  mkg 29) H d poo   wy of g omtg t  t tg pt d  wy of ae t obvd tg, of potg oto t bd, 231) t  ml d omplmty to

Te Eaie Sign

nput



101



A, B C D E G Elements

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G

Mappings Blend

Integratve projectons

F e  A conenona concepa bend beween mena

 - - - - - - - -'

pace

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  : !

A B  ·.

·A . .

B

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         ··  ·"



J

Mateal spae

.

' ' !

Mental space



 G·



E

''

Enatve (blended) space Fe 5  concepa bend w

.

 maeia ancor

w A B D E  G

Eements Mappn Projeton

102

Cpe 5

perepi a imager,  as iffere frm h presses i impra respes r isae whereas perepi is ie  a igh pe  wha is i he sie eirme (rma we a see wha is  here, prjei appears  e ess s Prjei ges e wha is immeiae pereie Mre ha seeig wha is prese, prjei  is ere wih seeig wha is  prese  migh e (ii, 2310 I ffers a peek i he pssie, i wha  e here, r wha migh e sef if i were here,  is  (ii, 2312), ahgh, as Kirsh as regies, eaie heries f perepi (ORega a N 2001 N 2004 ai a prjeive mpe f seeig he fre imiar, ike imager, whih is sa ee as a mea represeai f a prese je r eve (s 1991, 2, ie i Kirsh 2009 2312) pre reqires maeria ahrig (Hhis 2005a, 2010 a saf fig  whih i as mea srre a is p me frm f exera maipae srre persise r ephemera ms e prese  rigger a sppr prjei (repeae r mmear Arig  Kirsh his is preise wha isigishes prjei frm pre imager Meah e

As issse i he ex f emie gii a meaphri prje i is, esseia, he epa mappig ewee a famiiar r ree a a famiiar r asra phemea ai primar fr he prpse f expiai A g exampe f his a e f i he ase f he sae Caier shema he Caier shema is e f he ms sigia image shemaa wih a pgia srre ha m prises a Ierir, a ar, a a Exerir Wha a meaphri prje i aa es is prje he spaia gi f his image shema-as his is meaigf experiee i r eera ree ierais wih phsia aiers, sh as a gass f waer- her asra epa mais ha are  ihere meaigf i hemseves hs aeg ries a e ers as aiers f ieas, a ies as aiers f ss; iee eve mahemaia reais sh as hse f Ve iagrams eme meaigf i his sese (Lakff a Ne 2000) Ovis he ria fi f meaphri mappigs is  prje-a  represe he srre (spaa, perepa r her f a ree a ire meaigf mai f experiee (e, he emie experiee f weigh) p a meaigess asra epa e (eg, he ep f weigh)

Te nacie ign

103

aea as ad eae es Te direiaiy  meapri prjei rm a amar dmai  a uamiiar dmai a be argued  be e ase r may  e  meapri mappigs a araerie e mpe ways i wi pe mea dmais ad eiies beme egaged ad iera Te aim  epua iegrai r bedig ery Fauier 1997 Fauier ad Turer 1998 2002) is preisey  ammdae ad au r  meapri mappigs deed r epua bedig ery a iegra ie prjei esseiay reers  a rssdmai mappig i e epua sysem a srus a ew ybrid r beded pemea dmai Te dieree i is ase is a e mappig reeies sruure rm arius ipu spaes r dmais a a be diereiaed i erms  a sure amiar r ree) ad a arge umar r absra) Frm a eia perspeie e basi sruure  epua iegrai a be preseed semaiay by way  a miima ewrk a mprises a eas ree mea spaes w ipu mea spaes ug ere a be ay umber  iueig spaes preig  a bed) ad e bedig spae Te ipu spaes ribue sruure seeiey ia prjei  e beded spae wi as a resu deeps a ew sruure emerge sruure)  iiiay aaiabe rm e separae ipus Tus epua iegrai srus a ew ybrid assemby wi emerge meaig gure 5.1). Te sruure  is emerge ep ua spae is ideia  e  e ribuig ipu spaes bu is ised srued ardig  a se  uirm sruura ad dyami priipes deed by Fauier 1997) as mpsii mpei ad eabra  is preisey is press  epua iegrai a  wa  regrud as e mai meaism beid e siui  e maeria sig ad e semii dimesi  maeria egageme deed epua iegrai ery ers e basi uie  a exeded giie press a a au r e subsaia iera i bewee gii ad maeria uure i a e diere maiesa is  maeria egageme Aug e ipu spaes are usuay srued as iera r mea i e radiia mpuaia sese  e erm ere is  eed a ey be s srued  ree years experimeai w s mde rm arus perspees as made a cear addig exra suppr  e geera ypesis  exeded gii

Cpe 5

104

Centr n ths respect hs been the wr  Edw Htchns 200 wh n vrs cse sdes hs nce strted tht mter ctre m prvde  drect npt t the cncept bendn prcess re 2 Htchns' rment mre specc s tht ten mter strctre s drect prjected nt the bended spce n rder t stbe the cncep t bend. Htchns cs ths drect prjectn  ter strctre nt the bend mter nchrn" A cmpementr prps recent dvnced b And Crk 2010) cses n the de  srrc" r  srrte sttns" n prtc� r Crk ntrdces the term srrte mter strctres reerrn t n knd  rewrd strctre rtct r mter ssembe tht s sed t stnd n r r tke the pce  sme spect  sme tret st tn thereb wn hmn resn t rech t t tht whch s bsent dstnt r therwse nvbe. Crk pnts t tw nterestn nd ten nntced prpertes  mn srrte sttns the w the hhht mprtnt etres b sppressn cncrete det nd the w the rex tempr cnstrnts n resnn. t s these prpertes  sr rte mter strctres Crk res tht mke t pssbe r the hmn mnd t cme t beeve thns tht t wd never therwse cme t beeve r mne. Res rtcts r exmpe enbe s t se bsc bc sks  perceptn nd mnptn t penetrte bsent bstrct r nnexstent cntve dmns tht we wd therwse nd ver hrd t cnceve Accrdn t Crk ths s hw mere thns" cme t prtcpte rch n r cntve e s prts  the extended crctr  hmn thht. M sestn s tht nchrn bends-v  dnmc netwrk  ntertve prjectns-m be seen s the prme prtn  mter enement b whch cncept nd mter strctre s nterted n mter bjects Ths bendn  cncept nd mter strctre m s expn hw mter sns emere nd re cnsttted n ctn n these cses cncept ntertn ncrprtes bth phsc nd ment spces. As Htchns 2010 200 shws phsc retns cn becme prxes r cncept retns  r wht he cs mter nchrs r cncept bends" 200). n prtcr phsc bjects becme mter nchrs thereb enhncn nd thtenn cncept bends n  mem rbe nd drbe mnner. Thrh ths prcess the mter sn s cn sttted s  menn entt nt r wht t represents bt r wht t

1

 nv gn

5

rns orth th osst o annu nant What ssnta hans n thos ass ut n vr s trs s that th vau strutur o a  and nhrnt annss ontua ross  ount n  n ntratd va roton th so sta atra strutur or thn s transord nto a rtua or hsa ross ovr rtua oratons od a sata o and thus an  drt anuatd and ord n ra t and sa Thus th ross os annu and  ant to sust that annu nant o atra sns s th rondton or th rn o sos Ths hsa ratons and ntratons twn th od and utura artats shoud not  takn as r ndatons o ntrna" and nvs  nta rosss; th shoud rathr,  takn as an ortant or o thnkn Ths odd nants not th soatd ran rat hanss or rasonn  or anaton or Aha!  nsht and or astraton Huthns 00a Goodn 200 Cutura thns rovd th datona ans to dostat th odd anaton. To hhht and ustrat th snan o th aov osrvatons artuar o th rstv o ontv arhaoo   no a th aanst th akround o urrnt rsarh n th doan o nur a onton n ths ara o ontv rsarh th auuaton o n rnta data has st th rua quston Whr dos artht o o?" on a ho n ass. Th tradtona da that or an ars ronzd th ontv oundaton o artht n th rursv haratr o th huan anua aut s radua vn a to a sutr drntaton tn aroat" artht that rs on nonvra vsuosata rra ntorks suts nad n aro at nura tasks rrut atra aras o th arta os atd n vsuosata rasonn and at" artht that s dndnt on anua sujts nad n at nura tasks dsa snant atvt n th shratd aras o th t ronta o Mor s aroat artht s onsdrd as th nnat ooa otn, shard  adut huans th huan nants and othr anas that nvovs a as araton o hans n quantt and a s nur sns onnss tonss, and thrnss Dhan t a 999 On th othr hand, at artht shoud  undrstood as a rodut o sus qunt aoratd nuraton ssts assoatd th our rrsnta tona nust ats Th rua quston or ontv arhaoo

6

Cpe 5

an thu b put a foow Coud  as aon-that , n th an of trna matra upport-ha r ha mod byond appromaton (Dhan 199, 91 rom th prpt of Matra Engagmnt hory and th thory of onptua ntgraton dud arr n th haptr, th m to b a rathr rmot pobty ut t u ta on tp at a tm Ma ube u  lay

What you  n gur 5.3  a ma group of ay objt  ha b ayng mor about thr p u and funton a matra gn and ognt artfat atr For now,  ut want you to oo at thm, and to trywthout bothrng too muh about thr manng, u, and arhaooga ontt to anwr a mp quton How many objt do you  n th mag? h ntrtng part of my quton do not prtan to th anwr tf n fat, you probaby ntuty dntd th numbr bfor  n ad th quton. h ntrtng part of th qutn onrn th natur of th ognt pro that nab u to ntuty dntfy th numbr What  that pro or abty? What  t that ma t pob for u, wthout any partuar ffort, to pr th numbr of th objt at a gan? A broad onnu n many dpn am that w appar to po an od ognt apaty for nonymbo nmra ntuton W har th ba ognt and prptua abty, ao nown a numbr n, wth prrba nfant, and apparnty ao wth many othr anma p h nonymbo numra ntuton nab u to dn

Fg 53 How many

T En gn

=

07

u  nn wn an n

  m

 +  =  n    -  =  n 

 =   =  n 

gu 5.

asc ubr ss

ty te exct numeosty o cdnlty o u to te o ou nddul obects to oxmte nd come ow mny obects e esent n  scene nd to dscmnte bsc cnges n quntty by wy o ddton nd subtcton (Deene 2009 Fegenson et l 2004) Ts bsc numbe snse es to be ndeendent o lnguge. Ou ntutons concenng te cdnlty o smll sets o obects e lble een n te bsence o oml educton nd  sostcted mtemtcl lnguge In ote wods, we cn denty te numbe o cly obects een  we dont e  wod to exess te numbe Deene 2009 23). e lso cn denty te numbe o u to ou obects wtout ng to count tem e smly loo t tem In ote wods, we do not e to count te numbe; we ecee t. Te motnce o tese onts wll become moe obous lte. Now loo t gue  Te queston emns te sme s t ws n te cse o gue 3, but te numbe o obects s cnged slgtly Inteest ngly,  we ty to dent te numbe o obects sown n ts mge, I

8

e 5

1 2 3 . . ., 6, . . . 9 10 11  . . g 5.5



xa umeroy" beyod he ubiz ae of hee o fou

m sure h mos of us wi immedie sese h somehig i our hikig proess hs hged fees s if somehig h before ws immedie d uomi ow demds more of our eio To swer he quesio How m  obes do we see here? i is o oger eough simp o ook  he objes s i gure 53 Ised, we hve o ou hem Ad ouig m pper ur d es o us, bu i pre supposes he bii o mipue rge xact nst beod he rge of hree or four-somehig h ook us ers o er s hidre, d somehig h peope i differe uures m perform i differe ws or m eve k ogeher (s ppers o be he se i some ree sudied Amzoi ribes) (See Tg e  00) Ideed  huge me ep is required o go from pproxime rih mei o mkig sese of  ex rge rdi vue, d i is his me ep h disiguishes he pbiiies of he hum mid from hose of  he oher umberompee speies, whih ppre fi o mke h ep eve fer ers of riig How did we mke h ep overomig he imis of pproxime umeri hikig? I wi r o ke his quesio i he foowig se ios, ookig  he ierseio of bris, bodies d higs d riss rossig episemi domis uis d ses of hum experiee h re usu kep sepre irs I wi expore wh eh episemi domi or spe hs o offer i isoio he I wi r o uover some hidde oeios  I wi r o buid  joi iegrive expio h voids reduig oe domi o he oher I wi begi wih he euroogi foudio of umerosi-he brispe, if ou prefer I wi o summrize ver brief wh seems o be

e Ea<ve Sgn

09

he ue sesus u he ful m f he es vlved  qu pess  hums d mes ( me deled ee evews see ehee 00 d ede 00 B m f vus umepess ss evels  le eel suse  he fm f eul ews pml led  he pel e pull   smll sue  he deph f he hzl seme f he pel sulus (HP hs  e peses sse v pes whe sujes dsme umeses  esm d ppm ss d  e lel dffeeed fm he  es me ve  e lul ss suh s he lef ul us d es f he pefl e (ehee e l 1) h h  md le us eu  he m ques  deed ele  sd h s umes s  evlvd ll mpeee shed wh pevel fs d hu m mls e mv ed hs s ume sese (ehee 7) f suz d mude ppe pesuppses  mel lep f whh  he ml seems ple (ee e B d Msu zw 001) h s  h dves he hum md ed he lms f hs e ssem   swe h ms esehes hve lmed h lue (he pesee f ume wds d vel u ues eled hums  mve ed he heshld f ppm (F  d evew see Gelm d Gllsel 004)  f w mj hpheses u he le f lue  he  f umel eps e uel eeed  ms esehes w  hs eld he s hphess whh deves fm he s fom f he lssl h hess s h l ue deemes huh d hus hme h Me smpl he ume s h u wds e eess f develp eps f umes le h hee  fou he mpl f suh  vew wuld e h hlde w up  ulues whee hee e few   u wds wll  develp ue"  e udesd f he ep f ume F ms ppes f hs s vew hs s pesel wh hppes  he se f he wellsuded Amz es f Ph (Gd 004; F e l. 008) d Muduu (P e l 004), whh  e ume wds hee s hweve  ess deems w  l  he elshp eee le d ume Bd hs ew lms h lhuh he pssess f  ele ume vul m e helpful  le

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Cpe 5

to out ad  adva athmet abe ad the otoeet ea ato, uh a voabua  ot eea fo the deveopmet ad po eo of tue umea oept (ema ad Buttewoth 200 9 Fom uh a ae oe oud aue that, fo tae, the obeved de t  the umea apate of the ah ad the Muduuk ma deve from the fat that umbe ae ot utua mpotat ad eeve tte atteto  eveda fe" (bd, 9 Dae veett (200 ha aued ov that the a ak umbe of a kd, a oept of out , ad a tem fo quatato  the auae beaue the utue ota ommuato b emphaz the vaue of mmedate expeee. Aothe teet pobt  that t t the ak of umbe ame but the ak of a out oute o a tehoo fo out" that keep the ah from deveop exat umea thk deed, auae ma ot be the o wa to ap the oept of umbe. Whee the afoemetoed Amazoa tbe have faed, othe oete have ueeded ot thouh the medum of ome eaboate umea exo but thouh the matea affodae of the bode o the ae of matea utue ad ovato. (Fo exampe, ee fah 8 Th  ot, of oue, to de the evdet aoato betwee auae ad exat athmet. Howeve,  woud ke to aue that, epe a from a oterm ahaeooa pepetve, auae aot aout fo the emeee of exat umea thk  thoe ea otext whee n uh veba umea ompetee ad out oute oud have exted. The ato poe  am tak about hee houd ot be ofued wth how hde owada map the mea of avaabe umbe wod oto the oveba epeetato of umbe M oe  ot wth the emat mapp poe b whh a hd ea umbe wod o ea to aoate, fo tae, the wod te wth the quatt 0 M queto, tead,  about how huma oeve o ap the quatt of 0 whe o ut quate, ad o mbo to expe t,  et avaabe. Th abt that eabe huma to oeptuaze the quatt 0  the abee of auae o mbo doe ot efe to a poe of ea but to a poe of enactive dicve and ignication  uet that, depte the evdet aoato betwee auae ad exat athmet, auae ak  tef the eea epeetatoa tabt" Huth 200

Te Encve ign

1

that wd have ade ch a tanitin e w dd han ve end aiatin then w did the deve the cncet  ne  anae  the han cnitive atiact a  i nt cient t accnt  that deveent, what i cient t i nw tie t t ain d, and wd ack tethe and ee hw the achae ica ecd can he  anwe that qetin Lea  cu  he Nelhc

n thi ectin  wi c n the cae  the Neithic Nea Eat te  cntin, dawin n the wk  the achaeit enie chandt eeat (199 1996).  wi exe the enactive eect  dieent te  ateia in eatin thh a n eqence  inteative ectin nded in tie and accdin t the itatina adance  a ecic cicta atix and n hw the iht he  ndetand the n te han deveenta aae  axiate t exact aithetic. ndeed a t indicatin  the nte iicatin  ch cee can e een in Pete aew exainatin  the hitica deveent  neica cncet and eatin in anian cte 1988, 1998 a ee Nic 1997). Exainin aithetic eatin a the ae aniet initia in the e  ca tken in the eiteate eid and ate in the titeate text  Uk, aew aed that the initia eeence  the cncet  cnevatin  qantit i tied t the tan tive eait and cncete e  ca tken and nt t an eexitin cnitive ki  an aithetica nate. Meve he cntend that the hica qaitie  the ateia in a we a the   cia inteac tin edited  the in inence thi ce  akin the hizn  iiitie  thei ntenetic eaizatin. e t thi cai  hwin hw the te  neica in eent in the achaic text  Uk i in act a eiatact te that eeent an inteediate tae etween the aence and the  eence  the ne cncet. Fthee, he aet that the ea iet ehind thi tanitin t taithetic eatin ce  the chane in the edi  eeentatin (ie, a taet) and the cia cnditin that nd it, and nt  an antecedent chane in cnitive tcte Let e exe e  thee cai in e detai  wi ein with a ie a  the a deveenta tae in the evtin  the

Cptr

112

NMBE ENE ;... !  f (  r ./ ./

(I) clay okens

ro= . ro

'

'

Indexical signs

CNCE F NMBE 

1

Sb



c.

   B

(II) Envelopes (nuber line)

.

� ·     · 

  · ·

· ··· · · · 

  

 

. . "· .

  '  U + K  K I

 B

·· · (III) Ipressed ables

IV) Picograpi able

(V) Ponogrs



The emegence  numbe u  ay

Near atern auntng tem ued t rerd and mute entre and exendture f gd (70003000 BC (Fr a mre detaed dun f the arhaega matera reented w, ee hmandtBeerat 200) The rman numera here rrend t the n gure 56 ( The a ten rereent the earet tage. deed n mute hae, the were ued man t rerd the te and quantt f mmdte In ur exame, the ne and the here gned dfferent quantte f gran (a ma and a arge aet f gran the d wth a ruar nn gned a jar f , and the tetrahedrn gned a unt f ar en whh deat n wth arxmate quantte rerded the numer f unt f gd n netne rrendene (fr ntane, tw ne td fr tw ma unt f gran, three ne fr three ma unt f gran and  n II The aed enee rereet the end majr tage An envee wa a hw a a that ntaned a ertan numer f a ten The

The Enate S



pese aoun and pe of okens was aso vsbe on he osde as he aounans eaed akns b pessn he okens on he we a sufae befoe enosn he o nsane he enveope n he ue fo Habuba aba Sa a 00 BC) shows he pns of hee ovod okens and nsed nes epesen as of o ) Aound 200 BC he enveopes wee epaed b sod a abes, whh onnued he sse of sns pessed wh okens The abe n ue 56 fo Susa, an, a 00 BC shows pessons of sphees and ones assoaed wh easues of an V) Wh he foaon of saes a. 200100 BC) he pae of pessn okensns on a aes was haned o ha of nsn shea ons" .e., poaphs) of he os nae okens The sn f o fo eape ea epodued he oune of he ovod oken wh a ua ne Moe poan, pua was no one ndaed  oneoone oespondene. Nues of as of o wee no shown  epean he sn fo a of o" as an es as he nue of uns o eod The sn fo a of o" was peeded  nueassns ndan nues The abe n ue 56 fo Godn Tepe, an, a 100 BC) feaues an aoun of  easues of o ua = 10, wedes = 1 V) Aound 000 BC he eodn of he naes of he epens o donos of he oods sed on he aes eae neessa A new pe of snhe phonoawas eaed Phonoas wee skehes of hns ha sood fo he sounds of he wods he evoked n ou eape, he dawn of a an sood fo he sound u and ha of he ouh fo ka,  he sounds of he wods fo an" and ouh n he Suean anuae  eape he oden nae Luas oud have een wen wh he wo sns enoned aove: u  ka. Wha h e he ausa oe of hs one poess of aea enaeen n he deveopen of exa nuea hnkn How an hs ausa oe e undesood aans he neuooa akound of nueos? n eaon o he s ueson  sueson ve ef, s ha he poess of aea snaon esponse fo he eeene of so nuea hnkn n he paua one  a dsussn, ens wh he nvenon of he aoken se. The a okens povded a aea anho ha enabed a doue eaphoa poeon eween he ena and phsa doans of as nuea hnkn as an eboded epeene.

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Cpe 5

O th o h  uoty w ojt thouh th tlty of th ly tok y wy of otoo opo ot out  O th oth h ppot utty  ot wth th hp of th tok R tht th tok w lk o to th hp yl o ph  o o) wth ppot u tt of ptul ultul oot . th ovo wth  j of ol) Fo th pupo of ut th vloptl pl of ov to t  pott to o tht t th ly t of ot out th opt of u h ot yt  h ly tok  ot t fo u h tok  ot pt u  two th fou) Fo t th w o tok pt two" o th j of ol v f two  th w tly uot wth th  of th  u ). Moov h tok typ out luvly  p toy of t fo pl ovo oul oly out j of ol,   of ol oul oly  out wth ovo)h tok w ot yol  th  of ty ) ut tv tl poto  Wh th vlop w vt, howv  tv tl poto tok) w p oto  vlop uf to k th hp  u vl fo out, two tol ot popt  tv wth th t otv yt h t of th popt w lty h po of th tok o th out w phylly ot wth th tul tok o th  of th vlop Moov,  th thol tok w u to twool k tht l th ol hp of th tok  o ot popty oty lo  h o of lty  oty pov  ot    powful pp tul tulu fo utv thk h ptoph tht k th otou vt wh th opt of u w tt fo tht of th t out poly w pout of uh uto hu, tu to ou uto out th ul ol of th lot po of tl t  th vlopt of t ul thk o oul u tht tlly wht hpp w tht th vu tu tu of  vy fult  htly l optul pol out), y  tt v pojto wth th tl tl tutu of th ly tok w ully tfo to   p ptul  ot pol Howv, pptul pol   tly pult  ully olv  l t  p. hu

Te Enve Sign

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h o o ounng a an mbo an a a bam man ngul h la okn bough oh h numb b akng h anu laon o h o vbl an angbl Ho an all h vlomn b unoo agan h nuologal bakgoun o numo Ho o h nuologal uba o ou volv numb n hh  aa o ha h oh  na h h omlx xn  o xanual numal hnkng Ho an h naaal nok o nuonal naon na o h mgn o u numo, b goun uon a la ounaon A I hav ala a nh ban no ulu n olaon ll v an ho quon Ina  houl xlo h obl lnk an bg bn mbo ognon an aal ulu ha a hav au h al ngaon o h n naaal aa aoa h nual hnkng O ou, uh a o man a a mo al an han I an o h Bu h gnal ouln o m okng hoh an b u a ollo I oo ha h o o ngagng an gang h nub a a la okn a hav  an xn egaiati (Kll an Gaavan 200 090 Polak 2000 n h nual onnv o h naaal aa h ual nuologal lnk n h  I ugg houl b n bn h ano naaal aa (AIP) (an aa ha  ual o h anual ak o onng ahng, n gang h mnonal obj an ool, a a numb o magng u hav m ona) h hozonal gn o h naaal ulcu (hIP) (hh hl o ablh an aoaon bn numal on an gn hu ovng an moan ba o onnng h ol o n on o h oan o mbol on) an h angula gu (AG) (an aa aoa h man o an h ou abl o mahoal hnkng) (o a mo al uon an o n,  alaou Z) akng n o h abov naon an o han a ml anlaon o a ulual o a bologal al. Enav gnaon o no ok ha a. o on hng, non o h abov o oul hav akn la hou h na oal onx. o anoh, I blv ha ha h ahaologal vn o h a Ea ho u  t o gaual naonal o b hh ou nh aoxa numal mnal ngn a xnalz an al hough a 

Cper 5

6

of er tep rt to  d of mboc toemputg repreet to tem d the to ome ort o computto umerc devce he dmc of mter gcto houd be terpreted from  ec tve rther th  repreetto ge he gec of c,   t dfferet mfetto  ot to be foud  the w t repreet umber but ted  the w rings th the cocept of umber he c toe  ectve g   cottutve prt of wht t expree whch otherwe cot be ow he dcued proce of exteded reorgzto coud ot hve bee cheved b the ed boogc br  other word, the tgbe mter ret of the c toe   eptemc" rtfct ebed the red evoved pret tem to upport pproxmte umerot, b gettg reorgzed, d thu prt recced," to upport o the rep reetto of exct umber. ee o Pzz d zrd 2009) No doubt the repreetto properte of eur etwor e thoe tht uberve umerc thg, become rezed de the hed, but  th ce the temc properte of the cogtve tructure from whch the derve exted beod  d u. hee c object, however, houd ot be udertood   ere of perceptu tmu tht ctvte the rght eur etwor. ted, the houd be vewed  cottutg  ew umerc hbtu- emboded emotc ed for the eggemet, f ot the drect phc grpg, of umber. Cutur owedge d ovto re ot trcr procee the re rther, fued d dffued to ettg of prctc ctvt, d thu the re cottuted b experece wth thee ettg through the deveopmet of pecc ebte d dpoto edg peope to oret d th bout themeve with ther evromet  pecc d ofte uexpected w h  wh  mpe Neothc toe c drve the pet md beod pproxmto t doe the trc b trformg d mpfg the probem of umber, thereb ebg the budg of eur coecto tht otherwe coudt hve bee but t o doe  eve more mportt thg t te cre of  prt of the probem b tef, thu becomg  eprbe prt of wht  ow  exteded tem of umerc cogto rechg beod the br d to the word.

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The aea  ad he ea f eaee



 th chpter  hve ttempted to hghght ome probem octed wth the repreetto pproch to te meg of mter tue

e Enaive Sign

7

have ggeed ha he mo imporan decienc o h dominan ine o hining abo mboim i ha i miconre he nare o he maeria ign in wo imporan repec b negecing o expore he becoming o he maeria ign (ha i, how a maeria ign emerge and i conied in dieren conex and on dieren ime cae o engagemen and b aiing o ake ino accon how he phica properie o he medim o repreenaion aec he emioic proce Aemping o overcome hoe probem I have approached he ie o maeria emioi rom a dieren ange I have ggeed ha he mae ria ign i more han a hing ha and or omehing ee or he paive condi o a meageha i provide he banive bai or he enac ion o a given emioic proce a he ame ime dening he phenomeno ogica conor o hi proce I doe no primari poe a meaning o be inerpreed or carr a meage o be decoded raher i provide he im and imaneo conie he echnoog or meaning or commnicaion In he conex o maeria engagemen a maeia ign can be een o operae imaneo a a ignier and a ignied I can be ed boh a omehing in ie and a a repreenaion o omehing oher han ie However we wi have o expore boh properie o he maeria ign in order o gain a proper nderanding o maeria emioi Wha i imporan in hi repec i no o differeniae beween he po ibii ha a grine ma be ed a an iconic repreenaion o ome dei and he poibii ha he grine ie ma operae a he concree embodimen o he dei ie Wha i imporan raher i o recognize ha boh poibiiie are eqa aorded and can be een a acive even in he conex o he ame ria proce I i hoe hge and oen ncon cio onoogica hi in how maeria ign can be engaged in rea ime and pace ha render heir aribe o difc o dicern from a repre enaiona or ingiic idiom Meaning doe no reide in he maeria ign i emerge rom he vario parameer o i perormance and age a hee are acaized in he proce o engagemen Tha mean ha he maeria ign engage  primari in pragmaicepiemic acion Kirh and Magio 1994) raher han hermeneic circe There i no meaning inheren in pa or preen maeria ign here i on he capaci for meaning Meaning i he empora emergen proper o maeria engage men he ongoing bending beween he mena and he phica In he cae o maeria ign we do no read meaningf mbo we meaning f engage meaninge mbo Maeria ign have no meaning in

118

hpe 5

themee they meey ffd the pty f meg   d ffd the pty f eg peed  e fe t tepet  mte g  t t pde  e ttte f t the t  t eme htted th the tete pte d eqee f t pefme  text tht theg t exeget qet te g d t epeet they et. They d t td f ety they g fth ety A g  hegy f t egze tht, t  em  p e f t te geegy edey ptetg th  e he f epg



Materia Agency

When  poblem s debted fo too lon nd n eed soluton s not eched, t s often the cse tht the poblem, s stted does not ffod  soluton n such cses, efomultn the poblem mht be the onl thn left to dotht s, f bndonn the poblem ltoethe s not n opton n chptes 4 nd 5 e cossed the bound beteen pesons nd thns fom  contve nd semotc pespectve t s no tme to do the sme fom  dffeent nle The queston to be pusued no s tht of enc nd the ensun poblem to be efomulted s tht of the dulsm beteen ents nd thns  those esons, m focus n ths chpte ll be on the thd nd lst mjo dmenson of Mtel nement Theo at al agncy The tem mtel enc s to some etent   msnome, et  beleve t seves ell m bsc ntenton n ths cpte, hch cn be epessed ve smpl: Ith i uch a thing a huan agncy thn th i atial agncy th i n way huan and atial agncy can b dintan gld  else hle enc nd ntentonlt m not be popetes of

thn h  not popetes of humns ethe the e the popetes of mtel enement  ll ben developn m thess b dscussn the decences of the concept of enc nd eposn the nthopocentc bss of ts conven tonl use. Then, doptn  nonnthopocentc pespectve  ll dscuss thdlgical thi s  conceptul pptus fo studn the enc of thns.  ll conclude the chpte b dvncn the ument fo mtel enc. Maeal ulue and aeny

Wth the dvent of postpocessulsm, the concept of enc becme  centl component of cheolocl ntepetton The noton of enc

20

a 6

 moty cocete thogh the ee o ctce theoy  o  coey octe wth e o owe  ty  ew o the heet mbgty o the meg o gecy, t  ot g tht  whoe boo c be wtte- ee oe h bee wtte-o the ce  the cheoogc cocetto o the oto et me mme t oeg ttemet [Agey ha beome he bzzwod o oempoay ahaeoogca heoy .   a ga aaa ambgo pade meag eveyhg ad ohg    hee  e oe abo wha agey" aay mea   . o ha hee bee aed odeao o ba mehodooga ad epemooga e a o ake  appabe ad appopae o he pemode pa (obe ad Robb 2000 3

Dete the emm o the boe em McAe Dobe  Joh Robb coce the toctoy chte   qte feet t Ache oogt e wth mte cte  moe eoy  otey th o mot oc cett  mte cte  cey cet to cetg get  eeg gecy" b 14 No te bot the t t. It  o eggeto to ge tht o othe ce h ee egge wth mte cte om  we  ety o eecte ot to meto temo eth- cheoogy. Phoohy h ee ttemte  ytemtc ccot o the te o th oewhemg cte goy o hm eeece The ctegoy o mte cte wth t e tcby efoe oc  cogte mcto em egecte  theoetcy mge ee wth hoohc fmewo eg heomeoogy tht cm  ect etoh wth mtety  the hm embomet ee o Me 1987 At the me tme, ttg Boe eoto o ctce theoy  h oto o ha e  m c  eet  the om o ocoogy. Oy ey ecety,   eete ttemt to coe the mg me" (to 1992 227 tht w bg  bce  the fbc o oc theoy h ocoogy beg to th bot the oe o mtety  the oc e Fy tho oogy wth the bt eceto o the ecety fome om o mtecte te e the e o ethm, cote to ote the hm fomt  to och mte cte o wht t me the th o wht t oe" We 2001, 20 Oboy me tct tht  the wo o Bo to oc t the oo o ocoogy"  beg  fo etg" 1992,

Mr Agency

21

22 he been hel mn    nce  w  ml e   plne epe he nqe elnhp beween hel n mel le  emn epl w he ecn p  he pel qe emk b be n Rbb-h  b he een  whh n en hell hen mel le  clel cenl  he epen  enc ne   mh eem   c plne h eem  he eche n eemen b he clle e ne  mel le  le 2 e   belee h hel emn he  n nhpcenc ew  he wl n b een n  en See Knppe n Ml 28) A pble en  h mh be h chel b pn  pe e  he nme n b eenel bwn heecl mewk m he plne h nhee he hmn wh hn he pwe  he wll   bck N b he be nellel ln he me  bnl nbn  he chell l  nncene (Clke 193. Hwee ne h h been ccmplhe he he mpl pe nee  ckle he new mple emen penl  he che lcl be. A  el lhh wh he ecnn  he ce ne  mel cle he c h ne  pn  he nl cl   eee he cncepl meph h lwe h bek hh le  ele  ll penl Inee n le npecn he mchcelebe ppcel pe m he pe  he ce c w eenll  eeln  he hmn he hn he me l en. Wh he ce ne  mel cle n  mmn e ee  mpl  eenll, he ecnn h human  m p el pn  eenl emc ce e actely ung mel le  n epee mblc mem  he cl ee n nen (He 1982 198 In he w he eence  he  men  h mel cle m n mpl elec b l cel cnc  chllene cl el on the necea cndition, hwee  hmn enc n nennl The be n  b  be wn, n nee h  peel hw mel cle pee n mn ce Hwee h  nl  p  he pe n I m     p h nce  embce  lee  wh ew chne  ce wh he ce ne  mel cle ell men The pn I m n  mke hee  h lhh he ncep  enc  mch nee   cnee whn he heel mn

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Chpr 6

o a naow anthooent eete h athooent ew o agen thogh t nooate a aet o nane  bae on a genea ageement abot a nge ntabe at that agen n the ea ene o the wod  a hman oet an the on te agent n hto ae hman nda" Gden an Peon 199, 9 Whethe th n . a  oneed thogh a atean o an etenta en make no motant deene. What  motant  that when we eak abot agent oe we ae eeng to hman na and eeab to hman nda o the moe Weten te In hot, agen  an attbte o the hman btane It  th dee entenhe anthooent ea o agen that I ntend to haenge n what foow. Tad a nanpen epn

A gada deeong on o the hmant etemnaton o agen an be taed bak to Mae Ma (1954 and Matn Hedegge (1977 In The Gift Ma tate the ft o the bonae between eon an thng and the aat o the atte to embo an to obe tf a we a to ode oa oneqene. he ame ont  ond ao n Nan Mnn obeaton on the Ka ehange tem n whh he and men ae eoa agent o eah othe ae denton (193 24 Bt t wa obab n An Aada 196 book The Scial Life f Thng that we aw the t et atemt to bate the eang tenden to mt oneton o the oa to the ae o hman ntea ton Aada' book ntodng the bogaha dmenon o atat and natng the ao nnote wa n whh thng ke eon, hae oa e Kotof 196; Goen and Maha 1999; Hokn 199 2006 wa foowed b a nmbe o othe nenta wok on the ahae oog Bh 2004 eMaa et a 2004; Goen 1994 2004, 2005 Jone 2004; Knaett 2002 2005; Meke 2005; Me 2005 2010 Oen 2003; Pee 2006 Renfew an ae 199 e 1994; homa 1996, 2004 2007; We 2002 and the anthooog Hthn 1995; Hokn 199 Henae et a. 2007; Ingod 2007, 200 o matea te oon t beame obo that the enang that aong to Heegge (1977 haate zed the atttde o the Weten ndda towad the wod a a tandng

M gncy

3

eee-a aie eoe to e otoed ad maiated fo hma ed-had o ae ad o eai i a me of ethoahi otet wth a ey dffee detadi of what it i ike to e a eo ad hat it mea to eae the wod hat od e fo eame the meai of aey fo the atie" omoite ad eatioay o titted eaeia eo (tathe 9? eay the idea of the io ated aet who at o the wod imoi hae ad meai o iet matte a hady e aommodated o make ee i a eaeia otext whee the ateoie of eo ad thi ae ieaay diti ted oe ioahia time ad ae  eet yea the idea of dee taized aey ha aied ieaed mometm The wok of Afed Ge ad that of Bo ato ha ee eta i thi aeit fo diffeet eao ad fom diffeet diiiay eetie  ha di ome of Ge eao fo eadi hi a a a ody�at" t ao the o of a atoomo aey of it ow" (99  i a ate etio Fit howee  wi di ato wok (99 99 99 999 ad the eea famewok of oaed AtoNetwok Theoy (ee ao aw 999 



AtNtwk Thy

AtoNetwok Theoy (ANT a e deed a a emioti of mateiait that i ymmetia with eet to hma ad ohma aet (aw 999 4) Coetaizi aey a aioy ditited ad oeed i eatioa etwok of eo ad thi ANT ooe that a etitie atati i thoe etwok hod e teated aaytay a of eqa imotae  othe wod fo ANT what we a ato o aet ae eetiay odt o effet of etwok That mea that o imay of the hma ato-idiida o oetie-oe the ohma ato a e aeted o a pr od Thi may eem to e yet aothe attemt to eoie the two taditioa ooitioa oe of oia theoy (aey ad tte) t i eait it i omethi qite diffeet  dawi mateia thi ito the oiooia fod the aim of ANT wa ot to oe ome thi otaditio t to ioe it ad deeo what ato a a yai tatey" (999 6. Fo exame to awe the qetio whethe eoe o  ki we hae to moe eyod what i aetae i eithe the mateiat o the

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a 6

sooogal aout o atty Latour 999 0 see aso hapter 9 beow Both aouts start wth essees, ad essees resut  atomes ad atomes are the reaso that moderst theores a to apture prate  speed bump to use aother example, does more tha smply remd drers to sow dow I addto to beg a passe speedotrollg dee, the speed bump s at the same tme a sg ad a moral aget Cotrary to what appears to be the ase wth oetoal tra ad warg sgs,  the ase o the speed bump the prmary teto s ot dret ommuato but dret physal ato The prmary roe  a tra sg-usualy o-s to ommuate, early ad o the bass o welestabshed oetos a sble message to whh the drer may or may ot oormat east the sg tse has o suh dret eorg apaty The speed bump, howeer, embodes o suh ommuate purpose I ths ase, we leae the egotable represetatoa ream ad eter to the terrtory o brute yet meagu materal reatos I ths realm the medum s the message ad to gore or msterpret the sg has mmedate ad dret physal osques Eate materal sgs are ote oegotable ery smply, ad deed adsaby, uder ormal odtos we do ot egage a speed bump rom a hermeeut perspe te, ad ertaly ot rom a death o the author" ewpot Howeer ths sht  the kd o sgato-delegato, as Latour alls t-s ot wthout ost The tal altrust statemet sow dow so as ot to edager other people," whe expressed  orete, beomes somethg ew Beg obeted, the statemet takes o a ew meag It ow a be see to embody a deret ad rather selsh moraty that a be expressed as Pass oer me at a speed that wl alow your bak ad your ar's suspeso ot to suer ay damage" To llustrate the mplatos o ths pot urthe, I w dsuss a d eret example, ths oe rom Latour's essay Tehology s soety made durable" 99 04: oder a y ovao ommoy od  ropea hoe aahg arge mberom wegh o room key  order o rmd omer ha hy hod eave her key a he ro dek very me hey eave he hoe ead o akg  aog o a or o he y A mpeave aeme rbed o a gae eave yor room key a he ro dek bore yo go o"appear o be o eogh o ake omer behave aordg o he peaker' whe    B  he ova� or, ad o he re, dsac he rpo y rodg a arg ma wegh

te en

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the hote mnge no onge hs to e on his ustomes sense of o ogton ustomes sudden eome on too h to d themses of th nnong oet hh mes the oets uge nd eghs down the hndgs the go to the font des on the own od to get d of t Whee the sgn the ns ton the metve dsne o mo ogton  fed the hote mnge the innovto nd the met weght sueeded And et otnng suh  dsne hs  e the hote mnge hd to  hmsef wth n nnovto nd the nno vto hd to  hesef wth vrous met weghts nd thei mnutung oesses

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26

hpter 6

eods n he se of ou ele hs ey hs een dvded no fu o sges h odng o Lou dene he dles of owe nvolved n hs ul se The o newok s esened long  vel s nd  hozonl s These wo es oesond esevely o wo densons h heze he suessve nsfoons of he hoel nge's nl nenon o senen: Plese leve you oo key  he fon desk efoe you go ou" n ul he hozonl s efeed o s ssoon" o  oesonds o he nue of os h e eng hed o dded o hs nl seen whees he vel s efeed o s (OR oesonds o he nue of susu ons" h e eng gdully nodued no he newok n ode o owe ove" he usoes' essne o o negle of h essge Eh of he sges enueed on he vel s s hezed y  novel susuon n ohe wods n eh sge  new edon s dded o suo he nenon of he hoel nge nlly he old dvdng lne h us oss he suessve sges of he oess sees hose gens (hun o el) h e n he on og" (on he left n he dg fo hose h ess he og (on he gh) o he uoses of hs he hee o ons eeled y Lou's dg should e dsssed: 1 The edu s he essge The oeon of  seen s no sly  oe effeve nd su essul nssson of h seen u nsed  nslon  dsle en nd n nevle nsfoon of s nl se The enng of he seen (n hs se nlly eessed s  senene ueed y he hoel nge) f fo enng sle s onsnly nsfoed long he wy n odne wh he seo ffodnes of he uses h e dwn no he syse Ths s why n he one of ANT he enng of he wod seen does no efe o lnguss u o he adien h es us fo wods o hngs nd fo hngs o wods" (Lou 11, 106). Ths lso ndes why he enng of he wod newok' n he one of  should no e onfused wh s enng n oon usge-fo ele  elon o he nene  Lou hself ons ou (1, 1516), o undesnd he noon of newok s  knd of uy h enles he nsnneous nso nd ou non of nfoon whou defoon-lke eley long  we-would e ely he oose" of wh he noon en o eess

aea Ae

127

n the contet o AN nee n the case o the atea sn the e attes an ha a ect beang on the essage By the sae token n the case sty now ne csson the nta tateent o the hote anage ay ea the sae bt t s no onge the sae ome no longe leae he oom ey nead hey ge d o an nweldy obec ha defom he pocke f hey confom o he manage whe,   no becae hey ead he gn, no becae hey ae paclaly well manneed I  becae hey canno do ohewe They don' even hnk abo  The aemen  no longe he ame he key  no longe he ameeven he hoel  no longe qe eacly he ame (Lao , 0)

2 The pobe o cose netwok beoe eanng As Ca nappett coent (2002 00) an a o peent eape  tates agency coe to be tbte acos a netwok nheng n the assocaton an eatonshp between entte athe than n the enttes theeve It can be age that two cca ethooogca qeton oow  one accept th ca: (a) Whee o yo aw the bonae o yo netwok? (b) How o yo seect whch eeent (acto) ae sgn cant n the tctng o yo anays? In the cae o o hotekey eape answeng thoe etons was not ct Bt ocotechnca netwokas achaeoogt know weae say a oe copcate Inee pehaps the ot potant ethooogca taton o any yetca o eatona vewpont s pecey what ght be cae the pobe o cloe That ae pobe n a ghty eent veon  aeay aa o conteta achaeoogy as an ntepetatve pocee Moe patc ay  we dene ontet a the totaty o what  eevant to the obect envonent (whee eevant ee to a eatonhp wth the obect whch contbte towa t eanng (Hoe 1987 5)), t oow that the eevant envonent (the contet)  aso etene by the eanng o the obect Inee th ccaty  the esence o any ea tona vewpont The pobe es n the act that the conteta appoach ha been avance pay as a ethooogca pocee o econ stctng pat yboc eanng (b ) whch gve se to a etho oogca paao: How can yo econtct the eanng o an atact on the bas o ts conteta aocaton when these conteta asocatons ae etene by the eanng o the atact? The pont I a tyng to nene hee  not o coe that I conse the bac aspton o

8

e 6

coetual archaeology cocerg he reaoalty etwee coe ad oect to e wrog y dagreemet perta rather to the geeral oec te of cotetual archaeology to e prmarly a procedure for the reco tructo of pat eanngs h mple that cotet  ot the ed of aaly ut the mea of terpretato I cotrat, I wat to ugget that a AN ad the preet eample llutrate there are o meag ut oly coet ad more peccally etwork of materal egagemet he artcal eparato that the aaly of uch ocotechcal etwork ofte emode etwee a decrpte leel ad a uequet eplaatory or terprete leel hould e aoded a uproducte ad  ome cae mleadg A Latour pot out, oce a ymmetrc perpecte  adopted th eparato  o loger eceary here  othg to e foud outde the etwork I we dipay a ocioecica ewokdeig aecoie by aca aociaio ad biio, deig aca by a e aecoie i wic ey ee, by oowig aaio ad, ay, by ayig e obee' poi o iewwe ae o eed o ook o ay addiioa cae Te expaaio emege oce e decipio i aaed    Tee i o eed o go eacig  myeio o goba cae oide ewok I omeig i miig i i becae e decipio i o compee Lao , 2-0

3. he prolem of the prme moer he lat pot I wat to rae perta to the artrare of the choce to trace the tartg pot of ay ocotechcal etwork to the tatemet, tetoalty, elef, or deology of a certa huma aget or ttuto. I the hotelkey eample, the deco to chooe the teto or tate met of the hotel maager a the cetral pot of referece for the equece of eet to follow may ge u a tartg pot for our aaly, ut t alo emode a erou drawack Such a deco fal to queto the tartg pot telf hat , t fal to ak why the hotel maager eed or ted that the key e retured, or why we eed key  the rt place I other word, the queto aout how a certa teto, elef, or deology emerge rema uaddreed  elee that reducg the comple etwork of teracto that co ttute a ge ocotechcal traectory to a metal template or deologcal dpoto of a certa ddual aget (the prme moer) or a certa group of ddual, doe ot cout a a oluto to the prolem of chage uch a reducto  mply a trapoto of the prolem to a

Mril Agen

12

et eamte eam o eooy  tapoto a om po  a aequate eaato o ae poe a e pobe Ho  t eooy emee  te t pae o o  toe motatoa mpue o ateaato a te aete poe to atuaze toe teto ome about oe queto ema uaee at  y I beee ta e poee o matea eaemet a te otem tajetoe ae at ue epaato o ae aot be eue to ome ypotae abtato oa o eooa I u ae ae mut be uetoo a atuate at te ee o te oete atat I ot, abtat oa o eooa tutue u tutue etae pat o te pobem ot a outo. ee abtato aot epa ayt beoe e aout o o tey emee a o tey ae matae taome, a tamtte I ote o, eooy  te eut o aay ate ta t pot o epatue. I eao pate, e ae ee ae t oate obet o abtat oa eato a ttuto; e ae ae t a  ae ao ato o uma H) a ouma NH)" e.., HNHHNHNHNH HHHNH) Latou 99 0) oe tetoaty a aey ae ot popete o te oate peo o te oate t tey ae popete o a a o aoato. e u o te poe e peay  e tempoay uo aua oup betee te poam a te atpoam. Moe peay, te umbe o oa tat oe ee to atta to te tatemet"te tae o te poamepe o te utome' etae atpoam. A o a t poe o  aom moato a etae" ke 99) otue, te oea tutue o te ytem ema upetabe.  mea tat te oe t  a peake make a tatemet  ee eou,  te be to pet te pat tat te tatemet  oo" Latou 99 04) I ote o  ou eampe, te poe tatey o,  you ke teto, bee, o eooy) o te ote maae ema a ootea etok, u a otete up to te pot ee te meta et  toue Oy te oe te meta et ueuy   t ae mea ao uoouy) tabe te yam o te ytem by o te utome to eae te key at te ot ek Iee te tabty o u a ootea a epe pmay o te eee o attamet amo t eemet. Hoee, t attamet  meta a oe ot mate betee pya kae a aete o ote kae

10

p 6

The ke  rong aahe o he wegh  a rng, u a he manager  er aahe o h ke  oe no maer here ha he r nk  ae pha an he eon emoona or nana , 08 Te ague f aeial agey Te  f app

I hae argue ha one he mmer perpee of AT  aope, he afa  ranforme from a pae nrumena meaon o an aanha , an aoren ha oe hng Laour 992, 24 Akrh an Laour 992 A he ooog Anrew Pkerng oere 99, 3, he mo arae feaure of he aornework approah  pree ha  aknowegmen of maera agen an hep u o eape from he pe of repreenaon I pon a wa o a horoughgong hf no he performae om Howeer, h mehoooga hf  no whou  proem Inee,  aopng he mmer approah we are mmeae enerng an unknown errorhe n po menone n m nrouor haper-where onenona ounare eween u e an oe or peron an hng are urre Th urrng, howeer, aue ome raa hange no on n he wa an ornar oje an e peree, u ao n he pe of anguage ha  neee o expre he hange For exampe, a hrau oor oer eome a werane uer Laour 992, 23323, a pee ump a eepng poeman, an an anperonne mne a mora en Ge 998, 2 From he m mer ewpon, hee expreon are no mp eaphor n he on enona ene of he wor; he arr wh hem nreae heur aue Th  wh he whoe framework appear o uum o he n of anhropomorphm peakng aou hng a agen eem o mp a peronaon of he nanmae an hu an egmae arpon of human form an arue o he nonhuman Inofar a m goa n h haper  o aane m own argumen for maera agen from he perpee of Maera Engagemen Theor, I eee   eena efore I proee furher, o arf m poon n reaon o h mporan rm M oera argumen, re amoun o he foowng I eee ha he auaon of anhropomorphm  eep fawe n wo ene Fr,  fa o reognze he mporan f ferene eween anhropomorphm an anhropoenrm. eon, 

Maera Agen

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b th qto o mtr y-tht  t t hm ny or rtd d d mtr y a p t m b by ry th d btw throotrm d throomorhm To   throotrm  to r hm  th tr o rty; to   throomorhm  to r rty  hm trm Athrootrm   bd tt hbt hrtrt o Wtr modrty tht w d to orom Athroomorhm   boo ty o th hm odto tht w d to mbr  or  w r  ott r o rmo th hm bt rom th tr o th o r oy to  th bt   od oto o to d otd o t. Idd  th thooot Roy E obr 988 226 to y tht ohm obt o  d r trtd throomorhy  ot  t to y  ot  hm d h o oto bt to rhd d rrt t word  thro omorh trm" Th  omth tht th mboddoto rdm dd  htr 4 h trtd byod dob To dr td wht  t  hr my m wht t wod b  to  d th  th b o h dy throomorh d b mt hor  /dow rot/b d tor/tror I t  Stwrt Gthr (993 t throomorhm bd b  bd tr o hm oto  b  to h  tro otory  Gthr m rmt  mmrzd by Ard G 998 2)  tht trty t  wy r to mt th hht dr o orzto ob h  my) to y  obt o xr  It  bttr [Gthr] y to rm tht  bodr   br d b wro) th to rm tht  br   bodr d b wro)" Th ttmt my od  to rt rm o bthword d o modr tt rdoto. Yt  my drtd o wht tor ty m  h 993 boo We Hae Nee Been de  orrt th r o modrm to mt t d  ry  th t tht th od otory trty o whh Gthr    th  qotd bo rm  d rt o or  d or t rt I othr word dt th ort o obtm to orom t throomorhm  t wth  Howr w d to drtd tht throomorhm rm  rt o or th ot   robm tht w d to orom bt   tr hrtrt o hm roto d mtr mt tht dmd ttto d drtd

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n her wrd ne mgh ugge ranfrmng he d ang f Pr agrean phr ha beng human we ceran are he embded meaure f a hng, e we are ceran n he tr f a hng h  n an anhumanc aemen   mp a meahumanc ne. he am  n  devaue he mprance f he re f human ubecv n he drama f fe fr he ake f me nemaeram r ne deermnm, bu  underand he naure f h ubecv frm a new and mmerc pn f vew hu,  gve a pecc exampe, m rep  dam  Smh when he argue denuncng Ge vn f 'hng a ca agen ha uch anhrpmrphm end  bcure he dncn beween acn and nrumen beween ubjec and he apparau f ubjecv" 200,  wud be mp he fwng h  prece he dncn ha we need  dve, and f he eemen f anhrpmrphm ffer a hepfu mean  h end hen  mgh be wrh a r ccuan f h pe are mp beggng he uen f maera agenc Obvu, he prbem wh maera agenc  n ha  vae he caegrca dncn ha Smh  referrng  h  prece wha he nn f maera agenc a a modu opad  nrduced  d. f here  a prbem wh maera agenc  cncern he epemc vad f uch a ance.  cncern n her wrd wheher he acrpn f agenc  hng een a a mehd,  abe  ead u cer  he rea f he phenmenn we eek  nvegae .e., he caua efcac ca r cgnve f maera cuure. ha  hwever, a dfferen ue M nenn here  mp  hw ha he eemen f anhrpmrphm ha he argumen fr mae ra agenc ncrprae becme prbemac n when paced agan he neecua backgrund f mdernm   ur deep enrenched aumpn abu pern and hng a eparae and ndependen dened ene ha make an aemp  underand he ne n erm f he her k prbemac;   n he prjecn ef. hugh  d n cnder anhrpmrphm n ef prbemac,  have n nenn f cnnng he nn f maera agenc  an nance f h rder he eemen f anhrpmrphm  mp mpmac f he nnanhrpcenrc renan f h ance he cncep f maera agenc  much brader and mre cmpcaed han a knd f anhrpmrphc ance fr kng a hng n f here  a nn ha can be een  renae we wh wha maera agenc  rea abu  wud be fehm bu h me fehm f a gh dfferen knd-

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Material Agen

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o h w mgh oowg Au Appu (19    methodologica fishisnz:  u o h hg hm  o      pm   b h  w  o op  ou b o p h muu ouo o po  hg  k o mh ooog hm m b   poo o ug h k o xpog h og  o  o hg bo h m o po Bu  m xmp mo p m o o ug h uom hopoog uo g h u o m uu o  mho Mthda th

h oo o hm  uu k wh wo mo u  o h o hopoog, wh   o pm wh h u o go  mm  h o Mx ho  h hm o ommo" o o h uw ooo o h m  w o  h m u o   o h o h bo u  o    o h ug og po pob o h go o h obj o phom b  h h og po, whh  b gu  bg h m   m o o h phomo o hzo," h b   u b Ro E (1988, 219229)  oow ozo Ahough  uu mo o umo obj  bom  h, h bomg w o  po o obj o. h  ph om o, ,  o, .), h o   b i   u" o h h. 2 Amo o hopomophzo. h o pom u o ho hg  h  h h o h buo o qu  pop o g ogm  oh wo, h opo og mpho. h o o  m h  h h o mb o ook k  po  mp m h o bw po  h mb o bw po h h o bw po  hg.  oo o g  g. h hzo h ou h g    hough  w mbo  h g h po o ozo o u  m ob h op  hg g h ,  u  obj h op  u g 1.

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hpr 6

n ther wn rght rther thn fr wht they mght stnd fr-s wth sgers 4 Amguus netulztn f wer he ress f fetshztn nvlves n mguty f geny nd s hrterzed y n mguus reltnsh etween ntrl f et y ele nd f ele y et Althugh I fully susre t the ve dfferenttn I emhsze tht my mr dsgreement wth t- rther mrtnt ne-s tht wheres Ellen dentes fetshes s ulturl reresenttns I nstrue them s eactive sis hter 5 nd thus s rduts f netul ntegrtn rther thn f reresenttn Art frm tht I fully susre t Ellen's lm ut the unversl hrter f fetshle ehvr Fetshsm s  ress fr frm  mrgnl nd rmtve mentl ndtn tht rngs ut  sel tegry f ext ets s n rdnry feture f mterl enggement Cnernng methdlgl fetshsm wht I m rsng here s s lly wht n hlshy s referred t s aductio Adutn s we nw frm Pere 1955 1991 see ls Gell 1998 s  ress f hythess frmn tht drws n  methr lg rther thn n the usul ndu tve lg Very smly rst yu hythesze sme resemlne etween  fmlr henmenn r dmn f exerene nd smethng unfmlr tht yu see t exln then yu ret the rertes f the fmlr nt the unfmlr If the dutn leds smewhere nd ets yur ntl rlem t s wrthy f eng ursued further I nsder mterl geny t e the unnwn dmn f exerene tht we see t exlre nd I hythesze the rertes f fetshsm s eng the fmlr dmn t e duted In ther wrds the rertes f fetshsm re duted nd reted nt the generl dmn f mterl ulture nd used s  mrtve referene nt fr detetng the geny f thngs hrugh ths retn I wnt t exlre the effet thse rertes mght hve n helng us understnd the questn f mterl geny-tht s hw thngs mtter he s de s qute smle nd emdes  srt smlr t tht f tve externlsm hter 4: If the sl nd gntve lfe f thngs s the henmenn yu see t understnd then methdlglly se ng t s mre sensle nd rdutve t tret mterl thngs s gents nd e wrng thn t deny ther geny nd e wrng here s hwever  further feture tht dstngushes methdlgl fetshsm frm ther rhes t the study f geny nd mterl ulture hs feture

Meril Ag

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

ies i e reogio a e oses arae o e idea of a maeria age a e ae is o a of a erso u raer a of feis is imora reogiio of a meodoogia feisism as a oeua aaraus emodies a roe us agais e dager of reaig maeria agey as a omoogous ad isomori exesio of uma agey As Cris Gosde ois ou (21 16 oes a e see o e aie u ey are aie i e maer of oes o i e maer of eoe A faiure o reogie a may reae roems o dissimiar o ose  disussed i aer  uder e aer faay of e iguisi sig" Aoug i riie o aroa oes as aie i eir o maer may e e oeied as e uimae oeie of maeria uure sudies i is a oeie a i raie ioes may oeia ifas. Mos imora eig aie (eier i e maer of oes or i e maer of eoe is o egage i aiiy Bu i e oex of aiiy o seak of maers of oes ad maers of eoe makes o rea sese from a symmeri ieoi Aiiy oeys a sriy rasa ioa ogi erey maers of eoe eome maers of oes ad ie ersa ee e roem i aroomorism a I disussed earier i is aer e oi I am ryig o emasie i e aoe quoaio from Gosde is o a e aie aure of maeria uure soud e or oud eer e udersood i is o ideede ad oeie erms u a aim oud e iosise i e groudig riies of Maeria Egageme eory i geera ad i e argume for maeria agey i aruar. e oi I am ryig o make ere i I oe is simiar o a Gosde mea o exress is a e e are aroaig e agey of igs e soud e exremey auiou o  asform e symmery io a mere isomori roeio Ideed  is seems o e reisey e roem a arises i Ge's differeiaio eee rimary ad seoday ages. ealy a eary age

e osiio a Ge ados i rese o e issue of agey is aready ear from e rs aer of is ifueia reaise At and Agen (199) I e seio ied Paradox Eimiaio (1921) Ge graduay ufods a may e see as e sroges ad e eakes ar of is eory. arig i e sroges ar e ae is isigfu deiio of agey

13

e 

Bee e ibio o gey e o e deeio o e ee o gey i e  mie e   medied iiio i i o pdoxi o ded gey   o o mbiee   woe  gob eii o e wod o peope ad ig i wi we ive e e   ibe o e m pye eivey (0

h denton  foowed, 6 e te, by n unneey nd to my mnd unfotunte dffeentton between my ent (dened  entte endowed wth the ty to ntte ton o event thouh w o ntenton nd eondy ent (dened  entte not endowed wth w o ntenton by themeve but eent to the fomton, the ene, o the mnfetton of ntenton ton h dffeent ton e t et to me, nontent wth nd ontdtoy to the u of Ge' theoy n two wy n the one hnd, t eem to my tht Ge et tht ntentonty   teon of eny ttbuton on the othe, t vote the bovementoned ymmety between eon nd thn Indeed, to  humn my ent  to e humn nten tonty bfr mte enement-ontooy ekn-nd thu outde wht I w dene te, foown ee,  the kound, whee to  objet eondy ent  mke them oo ke eoe, but wth etn deene of ntenton (Goden 200 4 Agen an nennaly

hee  no doubt tht ntentonty  often eeved  the mjo d not fetue of eny nd o eent  nnt obte to ny d uon of mte eny n  oe ene. Conequenty, t  motnt fo eent uoe tht I tke tht ue wth due e befoe t n be d tht my oo bout mte eny tnd on  m foundton. I ntend to ben by fyn the noton of ntentonty   hooh  obem. Ft I houd note tht the noton of ntentonty w ony ntodued to ovde  m teon fo the dtnton between the ment nd the hy. tymooy t deve fom the Ltn veb ntndo menn to ont (t o m (t o extend towd In eentdy hoohy of mnd t  uuy een   fundment oety of humn ment tte to be deted t, o bout, o of objet nd tte of ffa n the wod (ee 19,  ; ee o Dennett 197 nd entno 1995

Mr Agny

1 37

1] n thr wrds ntntnty s cntrd s  strcty ntrn hnnn  hn cnscsnss wth n cntrrt n th r  thns n r ths ntrnst hshc rsctv th ss  ntn tnty rs t  rtty ch strhtrwrd r r ctv trns hr ntntn stts r ssnty rctns tht  t nt t, nd tn twrd jcts r rrsnttns hs t rs nty tht,  w cct  cs crrtn twn ntntnty nd ncy, w hv n tn t t dt tht, s n s th rr s cn cvd s strcty  hn rrty, th ttr st  cncvd th s wy n thr wrds,  th ntr  ncy s ntntn thn t hs t   hn rrty; thns cnnt ht ntntn stts ndd, th rthd vw, s G dscrs t (99 9 dns th nt ccrdn t th ccty t ntt cs vnts n hshr vcnty, whch cnnt  scrd t th crrnt stt  th hysc css, t ny t  sc ctry  nt stts tht s, ntntns n wht ws,  wnt t shw tht nn  th v cs ncs sry wst st nt n  css Wtht dnyn tht ncy nd ntntnty r ntty cnnctd,  v tht r ndrstndn  ths rtnsh s sd n  sndrstndn  th sss nvvd nd ths hs t  cd n  nw ndtn My rnc ns  dn s wd  y crfyn th rtnt drnc twn po io nd io i ao drwn n th wr  th hshr hn r, nd thn fyn th ntn  Bcrnd s th s qua o  hn ntntnty Aey a eiiai

h hshr Jhn  dns th nn  ctn s  cs nd ntntn trnsctn twn nd nd th wrd (93  Mr sccy,  dscrs ctvty s csd  tw ssnt rts n ntntn stt n th nd nd n trn vnt n th wrd Bsd n tht sstn, r drntts twn tw tys  ntn tn stts  r 62 h rst ty  ntntnty, cd rr ntntn, rrs t rdttd r drt ctn n whch th ntn tn t ct s rsy frd n dvnc  th ctn ts h scnd ty  ntntnty, cd ntntnnctn,  rrs t nndrt vrydy ctvty n whch n ntntn stt cn  rd t hv n

18

pt 6

Por intenon Mind/brai World

   . ..  ' 

Ineon n cion

-

 , ;:'Mind/ra :

ause of the agen

movement

  ·  

-

Fige 6

Wold

n

 . . . . . .  . . . .   

Decton of ft [olo n] Decton of causaton [ o ol

Prio innion and "innion in acion.

fod n advanc of h acon lf Moov, al analz nnon al n  of o bac pop h  pop  fd o a dcon of  and  pcd a oldond. Wha al an  ha, n od fo a can nnon o b uccful, condon  he world u confo o h condon pcd b h nnonal a  he md. h cond pop  fd o a dcon of cauaon" and  pcd a ndoold  ha al  anl xpng h fac ha   h nnonal a  he md ha cau h ovn of h agn  he wold Dp h dffnc, fo al boh po nnon and nn on n acon" a nall pnaonal phnona In boh ca h nnon (a an nnal pnaonal a) cau h agn ovn a an xal phcal a n h old) h dffnc 

 

 -  -·_' I•/ ·- - -  ,    r     /    _     

 



139

 

Bdy v

u 63 Th ul rliohip  prior iio d iio i io ord i o rl.

tat n te cae o ntenton n acton te nterna ntentona tate an te externa moement become ntnguabe. ut t accorng to eare oent mean tat te ntentona tate n t a repreentaton; t mpy mean tat n t cae repreentaton appen one mgt ay on te wng To ggt t erence eare ugget tat ntenton n acton" preent rater tan repreent t reeant conton o atac ton ut t cange o termnoogy rom repreentaton" to preenta ton oe not eem to mpy muc n eence reentaton are mpy a peca ubca o repreentaton" eare 98 46) Comng bac to eare aot o ntentn ctty  c  conceptuaze a a mnwor tranacton we can repreent te reaton p between te pror ntenton" an te nte ton n acton  a n gure  y uggeton  tat  we accept tat agency  about caua eent n t pyca wor rater tan about rereentatona eent n our menta wor t oow tat  an aocaton between agency an ntentonaty can be mae t a to be wt te ype o ntentonay I ae cae ntentonnacton  In te cae o pror ntenton" no uc correaton can be mae beore t ntenton become reae n te wor-tat  beore t meet t reeant conton o atacton T I argue  becaue pror ntenton'' a ong a t  mpy an nterna repreenta tona tate a no pragmatc eect n te wor A I w cu n mor eta ater pragmatc eect an tu agency  not a matter o prate tougt an magnaton but a matter o actua practce an bengnte wor Howeer once a pror ntenton"  reaze n te wor an o acqure pragmatc eect t  mmeatey tranorme to ntenton n acton  One mgt ugget tat n t cae te pror ntenton" can be

10



ae 6

seen s the use of the ntenton n ton ut suh s not neessr th se Ths rue for the foown resons rst, n mot ses nten ton n ton" s not preeded   pror ntenton As Sere oserves  ntenton tons hve ntentons n ton ut not  ntenton tons hve pror ntentons" 1983 85) Seond, even when suh  pror ntenton" exsts  t does not neessr use or determne the nture nd the form of  prtur tvt or exmpe, n ent m t dfferent or even n  nner ontrdtor to hs pror ntentons, or  smp f to meet n ton the ondtons of stsfton neessr for suh n ntenton stte to e rezed n, even when  pror ntenton s suessfu rezed nd thus n e rued to use the ntenton n ton, t s red tsef en shped  wht I w dsuss n  moment s the kround I wnt to suest tht the oserved ssoton etween en nd ntentont mkes proper sense on f oneved s n ssoton etween en nd ntenton n ton' Ths mnor shft n perspetve hs some mportnt mptons for the menn of en euse n ths se ntenton no oner omes efore ton ut t s n h aon The tvt nd the ntenton stte re now nspre As I ntend to show, the oundr etween the ment nd the phs o pses n ths se Tht mens tht ntenton n ton" s not n ntern propert ut  omponent of extended onton Consequent, t onst tutes nd s onsttuted oth  persons nd thns, nd thus t nnot e used s  rteron for srn en to the humn omponent of mte r enement Te akgu

Sere denes the kround s  set of nonrepresentton ment ptes tht ene  representn to tke pe (1983 143. The k round s the reson tht ntenton sttes hve the ondtons of stsf ton tht the do nd the reson the re the sttes tht the re Let us onsder the exmpe Sere uses to ustrte ths pont 1983, 143) Tnk o wa  neeay wa m be e ae, n ode a I an now om e nenon o go o e egeao and ge a boe o od bee o dnk Te boog a and a eoe a I m bng o bea on  ak even o om e nenon o peom  ak ae ondeed n a ean  y aggeng B wo ee eoe I od no m e nenon a a: andng, wakng, openng and ong doo manpang boe ga egeao openng, pong and dnkng Te avaon o ee apae wod nomay nvove

Ma 

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po  po g   o   oo  o o op  oo bu  by o cog  oo a  by o op  oo  o m u po   uc opo cpc  cou  cgou

ndeed t gt aso e sggested fro a deeopenta perspecte tat engageent aas precedes ntentonat  cd  open a door and dscoer te affordances of te door efore foratng an ntenton aot te openng of te door In ts sense te openng of a door s not n tsef an ntentona state t rater a part of at Seare cas oca Back grond and dstngses fro te deep Backgrond. Hoeer exact at te noton of Bacgrond pes n ters of te ndranord connecton reans ncear Here Seare eng trapped n an essenta nteastrepresentatonast e of an nd and ntentonat ofen appears to e pzzed aot exact ere to dra te ondar of an cognton n respect to te Bacgrond and exact o to con ceptaze te natre of ts propertes Seare settes te sse  callng te Backgrond prententona eanng soetng tat s neter tr enta nor psca. e Bacgrond coprses te aros nds of knoorater tan of knong tataganst c ntentona states arse T ckgou fo  o a  of g o a  of myou o b ouv  g a   mpy a  of k c p o umpo  puppoo pacc a ab A a of  a f   ko    uma b  bo 5

t s an exposton not dssar to Bordes (1977) erson of hab on ts te at a ore sstante ee as far as te nteracton of cogn ton and atter s concerned Yet a proe reans and Seare sees to e e aare of t   a  fcuy  g oy gug m o cb  ck gou o pak vaguy of pcc cpac' a ac o o pak uggvy bu mgy of umpo  puppoo T  m mu b ay og bcu y mpy  appau of pao   ppoo co ogc ao u u co of  c  a  y omy pfc aumpo  pumpo   app y oxymooc po c   of umpo  pup poo  quo  o po My pf po  capac'' a pacc c  c ucc o f ou bg m v pao    Oay uag v u o a  ca a o a

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t 6

142

eement o t Bgoun s i t wee esenttons t it os not oow om tt no it is t se tt we ts eements  ntioning te untion s esnttions Te i we  o iete going ginst oin nguge is mto omo9n n outgt neoogsn 3, 

I  prece ecaue of a hee proem ha I eeve a much eer ueranng of he Backgroun can e gane f we vew he ue of nenona from a phenomenoogca ange focung on he work of he phoopher Huer refu 199 2002 rom h ange he ffer enaon eween prornenon" an nenonnacon  now repace wh ha eween Rnenona (where R an for repre enaona meae an Gnenona (where G an for gea More pecca for preen purpoe he aer pe of noneerae nenona ae he one ha reae o agenc  ecre  refu a an experence caua connecon eween he peron an he wor ha nvove rec phca repone raher han nrec repreena ona one In oher wor n he cae of Gnenona he Back groun  a he ame me mena an phca. A ea n he cae of nenonnacon he ounar eween he nerna nenona ae an he exea prenenona ae  ove Seen from he perpecve of acve exernam he Backgroun ecome a par of he mn or wha mgh e cae an eended nenonal ae h mpe ha he ojec an maera rucure ha conue h Backgroun can e argue o projec owar me a much a I projec owar hem In oher wor Mind (xndd nnona 

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 goun s n ten ntenton stt."

aa 

1 3

Th od  naa o h ubc u om a uc hh  nohig u a ojc o h od and h uc  nab fom h od ·u om a od hch h uc  oc auon  30

 th as of ttoay th  tw hua ittio ad atia affoda os a th o dfut o daw  fat it ight   suggstd that i tai ass hua ittoaity idtis with th physia affoda  a ut sigat way th datioa pottia of a tai atifat shaps oth i th post ad gat ss of ag ad ostaiig) th atu of hua ittios akg as a ap th atoship tw a pso ad a a (whih  aso disusss)  suggst that th a ay ittos that a pso ight ha aout a a ut taiy th fouatio of a ittioa stat aout atg th a dos ot appa to  o of th hat s so aus suh a itto is ot affodd A a ght affod a aity of hua ittos so of th ut odd dd ut at th sa ti it ostais ad ts th

 can, fo am, nnd o  an oang, bu I canno n ha a nnd o  a oc o a ca; and ha  no cau  hav an unconcou b, ou can  an oang bu ou canno  a oc o a ca" bu ah cau h n nona anc  a oad oang o hng a) ao fo a co dffn ang of ob ho o do hng fom ha hch  a oad oc o ca. Sa 3, 

Athough at a puy ta agati  o ay suggst that a pso ight   a posto to ttai a if o fouat a ta iag aout atg o pig a a, that is ot at to th pst disusso What is at issu h s ot th apaits of th fauty of hua agiatio ut ath th atoshp tw ttaty ad agy ad to what tt ittioat a  osdd as th pip of agy attiutio  oth wods  if ay  apa of sohow iagiig atig a a, that kid of ita ta atity  po ittio" if you k-a  ha ay soa fft o ay pagati patos Soa ffts ais fo atua tato tw y a ad  ot fo th pat thoughts  ight   a posito to ttai aout it y sig th fauty of y iagiatio ttioa ity atts to agy oy o th oditios of satisfatio at to th itioa stat a  pad agaist so ot akgoud ut  ths as y a as th piay otiatio of this akgoud has

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hr

6

a gea ea o ay an o in he omuaion o my ineniona ae he inenion eong o oh o u Inee a i he ae wih he genea iue o human ogniion o i appea o e ao in he ae o inenionaiy ha ome o ou eepy e aumpion aou inenionaiy a ea a a popey o iniviua min aone may e miaken Gi 2001, 121 A wih many ohe imenion o he human min inenionaiy hou e uneoo a a iiue emegen an ineaive phenomenon ahe han a a u eive mena ae. he aifa hou no e onue a he paive onen o oje o human inenionaiy u a he onee uania ing inane ha ing foh he ineniona ae. he wo o hing eii an auaize inenionaity aoing o he iuaiona ao ane Gion 1979 o a given onex o engagemen. he akgoun hen i whee inenionaiy an he Exene Min Hypohei oie. hu a ong a he akgoun i oniee a he ne qua non o inenionaiy inenionaiy anno e oniee a an inena an puey mena popey. u i inenionaiy i no an inea popey i anno e ue a he ieion o he aiuion o ageny o human. e ae engage in wha eae hime eognize a Newok o Ineniona ae" (1983 u wih he equiemen ha hoe newok hou e ee peeive a ao newok an a uh no euie  any o he oniuen eemen in ioaion Le me now eun o he aing poin o my iuion o ineniona iy Ge iinion eween pimay ineniona) an eonay non ineniona) agen I i I hope oviou fom he iuion aove ha uh a ieeniaion oe no ho A ea i oe no ho wihou onaiing he ux o Ge aoun o maeia ageny. u wa hi eay wha Ge mean o impy when he inoue hee em? Reikig 1ig a age

My onenion i ha hi inonieny in Ge heoy an e uneoo in a ieen ene. I eieve ha hi iniia oni iinion eween pimay an eonay" agen wa nohing u hi anayi aoing owa ioveing he iaei eween ageny an paieny. In ohe wo i hou e een a a viie eiue o he evouion o hi fame wok ahe han a an inega pa o i na om. I eieve ha o

 A

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dty  ccpt  ata acy wth th abvtd dt  cday at  t pdc a qt dttd v·w  th da that cttt th hat  h thy   cay tat th ccpt  acy  pyd  h thy  a tcty ata ath tha a catca  Th qt  acy  ad  a attpt t d th d dactc btw at ad patt a tat t b acqd  pactc ad t a  po catca pt y r is  (oni) gn ih rs o m s  "in" no in rs o is s  r I is n gn in so fr s I m  in nd i is  "in" h ounrr o n gn ony in so fr s I m n gn ih rs o i.    A h is siud is h ih rs o y g sco bn gns" on gn is xrising "gny" hi h ohr is (momnriy  in" ( 198 22

Th w d t aw v t bc tappd  th atca dchty btw pay ad cday at whch wd bd  t G' bqt ht tht pay at ad cday at d t  t p ad th a tt bt tad  t th tat  at ad patt a tca   dt that p ad th ha Th  pcy th pt that thdca th a t  at by pjct th abty  acy that chaact th t actbtw p ad th a   th ph  th t th a da  ata ct. Th pjct  t wtht a ct ad t  t th ca that wh th cvta bda cap what  t  t b a aph bd  cat T way  da wth ch a pb  t b avaab. Th t  t w t 1999) advc ad bypa tad  attpt t cc what  tay a capab aa a Thh  a wth th c  th atv at  da wth th paatc  t Rta cpd ty  w t a ky t a t bc tabhd. Lt h ha cd  va tac t abad ch dpy tchd ad  cta aaytc ppctv v  dcht ad catat  t ay- v pb- th abc   td atatv that ca b  t hav at at th a dcat pw a th jt t td 1994 795 t  pccay t th th ccpta paa that  a  th t ata acy tad  Lat t actataty'

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16

Chptr 6

The second wa is to ollow ell and adopt an anthopological pespec tive hethe o not the ae ontologicall autonomous agents atiacts ae oten eing teated  humans as such The issue is not whethe the notion o mateial agenc is philosophicall deensile" ell 199 1) ut to what extent it is cognitivel, sociall and histoicall pacticale. It is this anthopological pespective that I wish to adopt, st making it clea that such a pespective doesnt necessail impl that I est m case solel on the pemises o cultual elativism. Mateial agenc is not a gment o a paticula cultual imagination that I seek to undestand, ut a eal, philosophicall and ontologicall deensile aspect o ealit Thus, m conception o mateial agenc is not to e gounded in the ga zone o Fazeian contagious and smpathetic magic whee supenatual powes dwell and acquie mateial fom and sustance, ut in the ela tional ontolog o mateial engagement I elieve that this is pecisel what the notion o the ackgound con tiutes to the pesent discussion and the pesent analtic oectives Moe specicall, it povides a wellaccepted asis-at least as a as philosoph o mind is concened-upon which we can gound and eploe the non human o, i ou pee nonstandad maniestations o agenc that, as ell has pointed out, no philosophe would e willing to deend As eale himsel emaks what makes the intention o a given peson to ecome Pesident meaningul and the intention o anothe to ecome a coee cup o a mountain impossile and meaningless is not the tuth o the popositions themselves It is the degee to which those intentions can t into the netwok o intentional states that is aded  a given ack gound. That means that once the elevant ackgound is given, oth options ma appea o equal validit, though in ou eample the suggested intentional states have ve little chance o eing satised An equall puzzling intentional state is ve amilia: the state, well attested histoi call and ethnogaphicall, in which humans intend things to e animate and to have intentions This is a scenaio that is valid, eal, meaningul, and cetainl philosophical deensile once a ackgound that is ale to povide the conditions o satisaction o such a izae intentional state is pesent Against the ackgound o those sstems to ague that a non iologicallalive entit possesses intentionait, a om eing a naive gment o cultual imagination, is the natual etension o the intentional stance

Mril gcy

47

s  a s a ae? bu e s a ae?  s aans he nepual bakud ndued abe ha he au men  maeal aeny as a m  ehdlal eshsm s bu he aumen s   an ehe he beween human ad maeal aeny n s   eendn a huma ppey  he ealm  maeal y he aumen s ha aeny s n a ppey bu he emeen pdu  he eduble ensn  medaed avy (Wesh 98 Whn hs suaed dale  avy maeal  human pedans  aeny make sense nly m he pespeve  pwe elans An ae s dened as any eleme whh beds spae aud sel makes he elemens depende upn  sel ad aslaes he wll n a lanuae  s w (Calln and Lau 98, 286 hs s a nd ha n ay ven pess  maeal enaemen an be equally sased by pesns and by hns he nly deene ben ha n he ase  hs hs pess an be sealed  a blak b and sk belw he suae  u nsus hn  he dynam ensn ha haaees he pesses  maeal enaemen smemes  s he hn ha bemes he eens  he pesn. A he mes  s he pesn ha bemes he eens  he maeal aen hee ae n ed aenve les  hs ame; hee s a nsan sule wad a mamum p.  Aeny as a emeen pp ey ann be edued  any  he human  he nnhuma mp nens  an  an ly be haaeed adn  ha mpen ha a a ven mme has he uppe had  he n phenmen lal sule n he ne  enaemen he aheal pls  he pour u and he en u ae pss aely  eve aqued n any pue sense. As s he ase wh ms  he ns assaed  ne way  anhe wh he ealm  maeal eaeme aey shuld be appahed as an pen ep ha meas ha  an be amed as a essee bu  an be amed as a pess  need  nuus ehkn and amed men We smply a sep usde he ealm  maeal eaeme ad dene aey n ems  a ed se  neessay ad sue d ns he mpan ques s n Wha s aey? as a uvesal ppey  subsane). he mpan quesn s ahe Whe ad hw s aey nsued and maes n he wld?  ea aeny as he

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ae 6

natura propert of human engs s to ahere n to an mage of per sonhoo as see through the stortng Cartesan ens of Western moer nt an to strp the noton of agen from an anat aue an sgnane. To approah agen as a e phenomenon t s to take as the startng pont of anass what shou hae een ts en he on aaae startng pont an ogator pont of passage for the emergene an etermnaton of agen s that of matera engagement As Anrew Pkerng (one of the rst sooogsts of tehnoog to use the term mate ra agen') omments n hs ook Th Magle oactce J a he maera onor and performavy of new mahne have o be fond o n he rea me of prae o oo do he hman k, gere, and prae ha w enveop hem     Gere, k, and o ona hee ape of d pned hman ageny ome ogeher wh he mahne ha hey e n moon and expo    J a maera ageny  emporay emergen n prae o nee� ary  dpned hman ageny    hey are nmaey onneed wh one anoher, reproay and emergeny dening and anng eah oher ( 17

Wth respet to agen there s nothng to e foun outse ths tenson of meate att, an ths s prese the area to whh we shou ook for ts manfestatons-human or matera Agen s a propert or posses son nether of humans nor of nonhumans Agen s the reatona an emergent prout of matera engagement. It s not somethng gen ut somethng to eome reaze In short as far as the attruton of agen s onerne what an entt (a ar or a person)  n tsef oesn't rea matter what oes matter s what the entt eomes an where t stans n the network of matera engagement

 epual ala In ths hapter  hae suggeste that a shft from asmmetr an anthro poentr oneptons of agen towar nonanthropoentr an sm metr ones w effet a raa hange n the wa we oneptuae matera uture-a hange that an rng us oser to an unerstanng of the ontoog of the artfat an the ate nature of matera uture In keepng wth m susson of extene ognton  hae propose that agen shou not e peree as a e propert of humans ut as the emergent prout of our engagement wth the wor In engagng the wor the ntentons of the human agent are suet to the meatona

Mi ncy

149

ble o he urroundng merl h onue he nenonl bground hrough whh he enggemen  ened hu reognng nd emnng he gen o hng eenll men enern he dle o rene nd omodon h emerge hrough nd  onue o he roee o merl nggemen o h end l he rooed he reg o mehodologl ehm A rereque or he ue o h roe howeer  o moe rom he rereeonl o h erorme dom (Perng 995 h men ng no wh  hng nd or, bu wh  hng doe nd wh rel  brng orh n he world A l meoed  he begnng o h her he one o merl gen , o ome exen mmed Ye l hoe o he how h  ere well o roue u rom our dee humn lumber d o oer u  owerul lmroeedee g he bdng ell o moder. Ideed, rom  ern eree he noon o merl ge  be uderood   oeul homeoh mule I roe u b remndng u o he ollowng n he humn enggemen wh he merl world here re no xed role nd le onoogl eron beween ge ene nd en ene; rher, here   onue nerwnng beween enonl nd orde. he r  no  ee o ner mer h ou a po bu omehng e wh whh ou gag nd ac. e no brdge he re g bewee eron d hng whou beg wllng o hre  ubl r o our hum gene e wh he medonl mn h mde he rie o uh e oble  he r le he ol uere  o humnenered bu enered, d     hbrd e o r Age nd enonl m o be e roere o hng, bu he re no ne roere o humn eher he re emerge roere o merl eggeme

I l l Markng the Menta Where Bran, Body, and Culture Conate

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Knapping Intentions and the Handmad Mnd

Mind lie or were made or merge ToolRU, and alway hae been Andy ark (00 7) Homo

ae:

Prei geure

A namena heme ha cnve archaey hare h hh ca anhry hen  cme  nerann ha    be hman  f cre, he heme f he makn an n abe f hman T makn a e ryca exemar f ha n h bk ca he rce f maera enaemen rve a nqe mean f nerann h mena even reae  maer an rjec  he r Beyn ha, he bennn f earyhmnn ne fakn a cmene n he archaeca recr armaey 2 7 mn  2.5 mn year a Sema 2000) may have been an mran hreh n he rehry f mn r many, h frm f embe meae acn an  c n h en Homo he ecen f man he maker See Ambre 2001. N her ece ha been r can be ene as a sps n he ba f  reanh h  an maera cre We hman are recey a ece f h raher rane r, e, Homo fab In cnra  he revaen cnv nracrana  eecve, mern, r aen enn, I hnk ha Homo fab  rve he be recae fr ha  mean  be hman We came  have a aen mn becae e are Homo fab Of cre, ha nhe  frm her anma  n  mch ha e make an e  Oher anma eem  be caabe f ha  me eree Ye, ee he fam fea f ermehn chmanzee an hkcrafn cr fr a reve f he evence, ee See an Byrne

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5

ate 7

2010 or omaso an Hrrmann 2010), HnrLous rgsons wors n hs ook atv Evoto rman argy unhang f e oud d ouseves of a de f to dene ou seces e et stit to at te sto ad te estoc eiods so us to e te constant aacte stc of man and of ntegence, e soud sa not H spns ut  b In sort ngnc cnsdd n ht ss t b s n  s th c 

ncng c bc pcy  t  ts nd  ndnty ng h nc !998 [9] 39)

 am no qusonng ha nonhuman anmas an spay pmas aso us a ay of oos for a ary of purposs, nung sussn an spay , g, osh an osh 198 osh  a 199; Gooa 196 Whn  a 1999, 2009)  am sayng han f w ook a h mos sophsa xamps of anmas oo us, as n h pua s naro of h us of a son hamm fom on ya o h nx osh an osh 198)h oom for manngfu omparsons wh humans s y m En h mos hghy an nonhuman nu raks oun qa h as sn n h as homnn makrs of son oos ason an Gw 2005 rk an akua 2008) h s mor o h noon of Homo ab howr  s no h shr ary an sophsaon of human hnoogs ha mas h mos, u rah h pofoun ompxy of ou ngagmn wh oos an hnoogs W humans aon n an shap ouss y h oos w mak an us nsp y h work of rnar gr 1998) an An LroGouhan 19631993),  wou k o s human oo us as h posh gsur par cllnc. oos,  suggs, ar na ogn  poshss y us of h rm proshss h s from  wok of h phosoph nar gr an rfrs no o a m xnson of h human oy u o an ssna harars ha oonsus h wo nha y humans For g 1998, 152), humans a ssn ay n as prosh ngs h proshss s no a mr xnson of h human oy  s h onsuon of hs oy qua human Ha w no us h hnqus w us, w wou no ha n h kn of ngs w a hs nra a of grs ognay hny"-ha s, of h ommon ogn of humans n hnoogy an of hnoogy n humans-s aso wha nks proshs wh h xozaon of mmoy" an hrough ha, wh Anr LoGouhan LoGourhan aso  ha human ngs o as a pou of hns, an

Kppng os ad h Handmad Md

155

mny of tig id  gndd in i y o on t fing f nd nd t imotnc f gt nd to in t mng f t mn mind Andy  003  ivd ti od tm by ing t conct of t cybog Ontgicy ing  mn   cybog ci It i o tot inc on t bct (Honbc nd ciff 2010 tt ty tnd t Ti i  ciniq nd ftnfoming mn dioitin tt v vy itt c fo vid tin com in it ot nim (  I i to ggt I ndtnd tt t cmmittd t t ngd votiony id of  cgnitiv continm btn mn nd nonmn nim od bby bjct to my vi int  ntiDinin Hv gt t diffnc btn mn' nd nim' t  Din t 87 105, it mt b n f dg nd not f ind. Bt I tin Din' cim i t miding o f  t mn ntngmnt it too i concnd Wt mt v bgn   diffnc in dg oon bcm  diffnc in indtt i  diffnc tt m  diffnc W cn of co n  gt d by tcing nnmn imt o to n tn (cic t . 999 Tt t  993) And mny im tnt n bot yominin t  v bn nd fom oing t nonmn imt' to  in t id nd cming t ind of ning mmoy nd i qid ( g Dvdn nd McG 2005; d nd Byn 2010 Byn 2005. Bt tg t cmtiv tdy of nim' to  cn b xtmy  in t tdy f mn cognition I dobt tt it vd t bt y to ndtnd nim int gc Nnt n imrtnt n cn b nd by ng t nim' t  on bt t  to cn y in binging bt mn fm f intignc T tdy of nim' t  o v imtnt infmtion bot t tt of too  cgnitiv tifct. (  contx tizd dicin f to  by nim  Hn nd Rxtn 2008 In ny c t I i to dd in ti ct i nt t mn' nd nim' toing biiti  diffnt bt t y ty  diffnt nd  ty bcm  diffnt Te l f e Se Age

Th itoy f mind bgin t t to f t ton Ag A vy im y t cify to to ccoding t v min ty  tcnogic

t 7

16

mode of oducto  deeoed by Grhme  (96 3) (ee o Foey d hr 2003,  For  recet ree of the robem d eee of th fmeor, ee he 202) The eret (Mode ) toe too, ced the Odo or Odo Idutr omex fter the fmou te of Odu Gore  Tz ere commo mo ome ho rou  Afrc betee 2 mo d  mo yer o The techooy eety coted f hr toe fke truck from cobbe "core by drect ercuo th other

Fu

 m 

1.mnyar stn ts rm Ouva Gr Tanzana Rrawn by Oys sus Maaurs rm ur 3 f ynn 00

Knpping Innon nd h Hndmd Mind

1 57

tone te ammertone Stot 2011 10511052 Recent eerimenta tion it ercionindced faed tone tecnooie and etnoarcaeo oica data from nteraterer ro et to oibe reaon fo te adotion of Odoan tecnooie: creatin areded cttin too fr e in anima btcery and creatin coin and crain ede tat cod be ed to rodce ood imement c a diin tic or ear Witen et a 2009 Scick and Tot 1993 Te rt Mode 2 indtrie emered in Africa beteen 1  milon and 15 miion year ao in te form of crde andae and ceaver, ato it often i difct to dra a ine beteen tem and te deveoed Odoan Mode 1 indtrie oey and ar 2003, 1 14115 Te advent of te Aceean Indtria Cme i marked by te tandardized bifacia ain of core ab and cobbe) to form are cttin too tyicay abot 1017 centimeter on) Ambroe 2001 Aceean are cttin too date back to beteen 1 5 miion and 03 miion year ao and ere rt manfactred by Homo ees. Bot ceaver and te more tyica teardroaed andae ere robaby mtiroe too ed fr btcery and oodorkin Tree markin featre caracterie te Aceean andae re 2 3 Te rt i enormo eoraica ditribtion, ranin acro Africa, te Midde at, mot of roe, and are art of Aia ycett 200 ycett and Goett 200 Te econd i te ide temora ditribtion of te Aceean biface Te andae, deite reiona variation, i robaby te onetatin iece of materia ctre in te arcaeooica record, te odet ndin comin from ite in Arica at arond 16 miion year ao and te mot recent at arond 100000 year ao ycett and Goett 200 295 Te tird featre, te ymmetrica ae of tee eary biface, remain a bject of eated con trovery On one ide of te debate, ome arcaeooit, amon tem Toma Wynn 1995 2002, identiy concio intention beind te ymµetry of te andae, ato tey dffer on te recie eective frce or mecanim tat tey ee a frniin te main infence on andae morooy or a mmary dicion, ee ycett 200 On te oter ide, many arcaeooit od diaree it te above Intead tey i are tat te erceived ymmetry in tone too i imy a coneqence of te manfactre tecniqe, rater tan a rodct of man intention Nobe and Davidon 1996 Mcerron 2000 On ti contra, ymmetrica andae are imy een a more effective cttin

58

e 72

Chpte 7



An Ahun hndx Phoo by th auhor

ad chog oo ha do o vove ay cocou choce o he a of Acheuea oomake (eg, Ohe 98; Mche 996 Smao 2002 Mode 3 due eee a mao hf  he echque of hc oduco: The coe  eaed befoe kg offa mao ake a a mea of havg geae coo ove he hae ad hcke of he fake Th dcve eeme of he educo oce ecame he dagoc feaue of he ocaed evaoye coe eaao 300000 yea ago dug he uoea Mdde aeohc ad he Afca ad Ida Mdde Soe Age (Amboe 200, 75 oey ad ah 2003 45). Mode 4 a badebaed hc echoogy, coue ad deveo o he ame echca oce of coe eaao ued  Mode 3, oy o he am  o oduce oge fake ha eu  cydca mac coe ad e, eogaed bade (Amboe 200,  52 oey ad ah 2003, 5 Th ubaay ceae he umbe of uabe ha edge ha ca be obaed fo a coe ode 5 vove mcohc echooge aocaed h ae a of ehoy (he Afca ae Soe Age, begg aoxmaey 30000 yea ago ad foud moe dey aco uoe ad Aa  he ae a

     

59

7 3

 Knapping innion: ymmica cor, or harp bd Imag cory o Dch So

of he eocene and n he ear Hoocene The erm mcrohc echnooe' refer o he rodcon of ver ma fake and bade ha are reoched and orked no varo hae n ome conex or are ed a  omoe nmoded oo n oher (oe and ahr 2003, 1 15. Wha hod e make of he above cacaon? If e are o ook a ear hman rehor n an aem o nderand ha n chaer 4 I caed he conve nernn of mnd h he maera ord,   robab h hee hc aembae ha e hod ar akn or qeon B ha qeon hod e ak? The obe roe of hee echnocomexe hn he coevoonar rocee ha ed o he emerence of or on ece, oo apn and arcar n he emer ence of anae and he deveomen of hman ene of aenc and efaarene, oe a rea chaene for he archaeooy of mnd Deecn chane n he ndern conve k ha been dfc Ho are e hen, o nderand he conve fe of hoe objec?

p

160

7

Fw prhisorians would usion ha dirn lihi ypsor indusris spa o dirns a h lvl o hnial sophisiaion Bu do hy also spa o possibl dirns a h ogniiv lvl, and in wha sns For insan, dos h prsn o an arly Oldowan son ool assblag donsra in isl, or r h prsn o, a pariular ogniiv sp ha an b assoiad wih h prhisori hoinins who ad and usd hos ools Probably no Wha hs oral ypologial lassiaions do r is, rahr, h ogniiv agoris o h arhaologiss who ipos ors and idniy parns n ordr o a sns o h arhaologial rord and o h way in whih arhaologial analysis on ors h apparan o sandardiaion (S Chas and Dibbl 1987 266271)his axonoi or ypologial nanss hids iporan oplxiy and variabiliy a h lvl o praxis and arial ngagn. ndd, on probl wih h lassial arhaologial approahs o hnologial variaion basd on ypologya probl ha oday is widly rogniz (Davidson 2009; Sou 2011; Whin  al. 2009)ons hir obvious ndny o os on h or o ools rahr han on h hnial prosss ha brogh h abou his ovrsiplid viw prsns hnial volion in rs o a linar progrssion ro sipl Oldowan son hopprs o h biaially shapd Ahlan handaxs and lavrs, and ro Lvallois as and Mousrian sraprs o Uppr Palolihi bladbasd nd srap rs and procil poins (So  al. 2008; Ly and owl 2008). h arhaologis Iain Davidson (2009) has alld his basi rawor h OALMUP (OldowanAhlanLvalloisMousrianUppr Palolihi) viw o son aria sn Drawing an analogy wih h QWRY yboard,  suggs ha i xrs a siilar "lo in  (S Arhur 1989) On way arhaologiss rid o op wih his probl was by shiing hir ous away fro h oral asp o lihi assblags and oward ronsring h ndrlying prosss ha shi was aoplishd by ousing on h opraional suns and on wha arhaologiss hav o o all aalisi sdis o prsnday napping hnius o huan and living nonhuan prias (S, g, Whin  al. 2009) h Frnh radiion o h chane opaoe approah (BarYos and Van Pr 2009; Dlagns and Roh 2005; Shlangr 1994; Plgrin 1993) has bn parilarly inlunial in his onx Providing a powrl analyial ans or ronsruing suns o disions and aion hains ad by anin napprs, fro prourn o raw arial hrogh vry sp



Kappg os ad h admade Md

16

o apping u and dard th ae a approah prodd a untal tmporal anatomy o tool makin ituatd n tim and pa Although Daidon OAM typologial un wa not abandond altogthr t wa gradually rplad by an ationorntd typoloy whih ha produtily rplad th mphai on tati tool "typ and orm' wth an mpha on at rdution un knappng kill and produr. Mor important or ogniti arhaology th hae pae approah pad th way or a mor dynam and ntgrati approah to th tudy o alolthi tool prodution that ombn night gand rom th xprmntal rpliation and rttng o lak and or lt by th knappr and rom "radng o aton ar lt on tool with th poibl ognit and nural gnatur aoatd with th untal trutur and xblty o th bhaor. S .g Stout 2011) Stll a numbr o problm rman For ntan in mot applation o th chae pae th ditrbution o ogniti labor rmain undirtional tlologal and abo all aymmtri I thnk t hlp  w rmain unbad by modrn aumpton whn w try to dtrbut ognt labor n th arly tag o human olution. A Andy Clark rmnd u (2003 1 4 th "apaity to ratly ditribut labor btwn biology and th dignd nironmnt  th ry gnatur o our p It i n th onnton that th ontrbuton o Matral ngagmnt Thory may b partiulary uul. Were e e napper en an e ne l begn



A good pla to tart would b whr th makng o ton tool tart th pro o "knapping . th triking o a lak o a or Roux and Brl Thi lmntary raturing pro whh a ttid by th arly ndng in thiopa Smaw t al 199 2003 ha bn pratd or mor than 25 mllon yar dn th makng o ton tool n pit o any dirn n th chae paie o th thniu mployd But what  o pial about knapping? I wll argu hr that th pro o knapping i rual not imply in th arhaologial n o what t an or an't tll u about th oluton o human kill oty or thnology but alo in a dply philoophal n Mor pally t napulat two undamntal thm that run dply and prtntly through th hitory o philoophy o mnd. On th on hand it ra or arhaology

OOS)

6

Chape

7

h uon o h boundar o mnd whh  akn o h mndbody prblm n phloophy On h ohr hand knappng alo rla o anohr proound maphyal problm ndd a maphyal ambon: human nnonaly I wll du h ormr problm r I wll bgn b rphrang h uon o  h onx o h prn duon: Whr do h knappr' mnd nd and h on ool bgn? h a ha h uon ha nvr bn rad xplly n h onx o h makng o on ool an only man on o wo hng hr w arhaolog hav a vry lar da o or a rong nuon abou whr h boundar o mnd ar or w ondr h whol u o boundar rrl� van or a o lmd valu and applably n arhaoloy For n wha n ould arhaoloy vr olv h mahyal puzl  wan o argu ha h uon o boundar  rual and ha ll progr an b mad n h udy o ool bor w om up wh om no narly dnv bu a la xpl and ral undrandng o h pmoloal u or abu o ho boundar n arhaolo o ha nd  pay o look a om o h mplaon ha ollow naurally rom h anahron onologal barrr w hav plad bwn mnd and ool ak or nan h xampl o h Ahulan ba On obvou mplaon o h urrn maphyal prdamn n arhaoloy  ha h handax a hng mad o on anno parpa n h knappr' ognv ralm pr . I an only b h ndx o a mnal pro a a oprn  h ndx o walkng In ohr word h handax  mply h produ or xrnal rprnaon o an "nrnal prormd da or ognv pro whh wa ubunly rald n h xrnal phyal world Fxng "h mark o h ognv n h radonal dual n h handax lk any ohr ool an only b n a a knd o pphnomna! ognv rdu l n h arhaologal rord by h opraonal un o h knappng gur hu h arhaology o mnd  l wh no ohr opon bu o u whavr "xrnal'' and "ndr rdual ognv ra h handax ha o or r produng nrn abou pa way o hnkng h handax hn bom our man o nng ino h human ognv ralm whih i wh w nd o b o anwr uon abou h mnal abl o arly homnd MPhrron 2000 655 mpha addd Bu  h "nrnal ognv ralm whr w rally nd o b? Ar hr un ground byond mr hab or onvnn or arhaolo

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Kg teo  te Hme M

g o unlly e he bove ol nenl eno I hn no If one e o loo moe loely  he onologl ommmen undelyng he wy mo heolog hn bou nd debe hoe ely lh emblge one wll ely dove ll he mo omonen of he dul eeenonl log h I hve been zng n h book hee of hoe heoel ommmen e ully elevn hee he , hh we mgh ll onologl ommmen n be exeed  follow Inenonly   neey ondon of ful y he eond ommmen genve ommmen, uully ke he followng fom he humn gen (e he kne moe he nended fom on he obe he hd ommmen, emol om· mmen, n be exeed  follow he fom of he obe ex befoe  objeon n one ken ogehe he bove oule mled u no hnkng of ool  eondy o deved ene he enve dmenon  edyohnd (edegge 1977  edued o he en mehy of menl ee· enon h dene he enly of he lved exeene of knng   fom of embodyng nd of ool  enve ognve ohee A  eul, we hve  huge exlnoy g he eoluon of whh  hndeed by n ml ommmen o dulm h unfounely mlly ffe how vlble d fom ul nd omve ude e beng neeed n he een onex h hge exlnoy g   hoe I mde le n he eedng he ke he followng fom e n neve undend nd nfe he nue of he ognve funon onble fo he eon nd ue of  ool whou  eognzng h he vou oee eonble fo he nfomon of w mel o ool  well  he ool elf, vely nd eolly e he oonuon of wh oun  ognve fnon  m no denyng h he omlex ombnoy he of humn ool ue nd eelly of le one ndue ek of n emegng dnve humn menl heue Lyn dley' 2010 lo ee dley e l 2009 exemenl nly of omoe oolh , ool h eue he ue of omound dheve o h one egmen o hf lely llue he need demnd fo enhned wokng memoy nd my ovde evidene of foehough n humn 70000 ye go nd ele y m , ned, h he e nd he kll of mkng nd ung ool   of, he hn  odu of, h emegng heue

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at 

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I at to arg foog Matra gagmt Thor that th matra ha qat of artfact do ot dd o mta tat bt rathr cottt tho tat Tl f a pla i

So far  th chatr,  hav argd that th td of too hod b acd o aatogthr dffrt otoogca fodato Th matragagmt aroach ab  to abado or commo rrtatoa am to ad to rcog kag a a ac o hough that  a cogtv act Bt ho do th rooa that   ar to too a actv cogtv roth caab of traformg ad tdg th cogtv archtctr of or hom actor hod  agat mrca vdc from rocc ad comaratv rmatoog? rom th rctv of rocc, drtadg th rc ffct of th makg ad th g of too o th fctoa aatom of th bra  ot a a tak ad vdc that bar o th qto  hard to com b ca  hma t rct or drtadg of th bra mcham ad of th fctoa archtctr of too   hma cam rmar from td of araa or of mar bhavora dct rtg from bra damag or am, att th domotor ad datoa araa ar ab to am ad dcrb a too bt ar ot ab to gra th too ad  t (Dct  hch th oot occr ca ao b obrvd) Morovr, om att ma ho abt to  a too  th targt of th too' acto  rt (Hom ad Sc 2006; ohor 2004). Hovr th dvomt  fctoa rom agg, th tato ha b chagg rad r 2008 Johor ad Grafto 2003; Schafr t a 2004 rom th rctv of archao og, magg td of h makg of to too (Stot t a 2008; Stot ad hamad 200, 2009) offr good am, rovdg th rt co crt vdc of ob ra corrat of th chagg thc tchoo g  th hma bra Bt bfor tr to tho td,  at to tak a ma dtor to th ord of or cot vg ratv ad offr a brf rv of om trtg rct dg A a mtod brf at th bgg of th chatr, trrtg th too  ad th toomak caact of ohma rmat rma hgh cotrovra or tac mok rar  too  th

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Kppig Ios  h H Mi

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wd oao and Ca 199 Mony ha nonh bn augh o ba  n h u of oo uh a how o wd handhd ra o rr dan food rwad Mor r ar  obrd ff of h no bhaor n h ony' bran For rn uro  wan o or wha ud of h ff of oo u on h funona anaoy of h ony' bran ha onrb ud o our undrandng of huan bodn o ha nd,  w fou on hr aor rn ondud and dud by Auh r and Oau Saura 200. n h r rn, ony, afr ranng, ud a ra o rr dan food Whn h ony wr ung h ra, hr ua oaonory r d ndd aong  a whn hy wr no ung h ra,  dd no Aordng o r and Saura 200 2232  aard ha hr h ra wa bng aad no h ag of h hand or, arnay, h ag of h hand wa ndng o norora h oo n h ond rn, h ony agan had o o food wh a ra h ony dffrn wa ha h rna u bod h ony' w of h ab and of  own ar h ony u aaab for gudng h ony' rahng wa a do fd fro a ara ound onor n fron of h undr h barrr, whh wa rod ono a ony On h ony (afr o ranng d o ha grad h braon nod and bo ab o u h onor w o gud hr rahng, ar r d ror of hr ara bda nuron wr obrd Coud  b, hn, ha rarand ony gh "b ab o u hr nro body ag o an and unay obn h uag of hr body ar n hr nd bfor auay ang h wa h uon ha r and h oagu  abou o or n h hrd rn n h hrd rn, h ony wr agan od o a foodrra hang h , howr, ng h hang rurd a rannd una obnaon of oo n aruar, h food wa ad a a dan fro h ony and oud b rahd ony wh a ong ra ha ay byond h rah of h ony' ar bu whn h rang of a horr ra o aoh h a, h ony had o u h hor ra o u n h ong ra, hn wh ra n ordr o rr h food Surrngy, and n onra o h na oou ranng,

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at 

whih ruird approxialy wo ws o innsiv daily prai, onys uily solvd hir nw probl wihin a w rials Wha should w a o all his in h onx o our usion o huan bodin Thr ar wo iporan poins o phasi Th rs rlas o h nural haniss bhind h abiliy o h huan body o lxibly assiila and inorpora ools as i hy wr pars o h body Tha longrognid propry o huan bodin, whih das ba a las o h i o Had and Hols (191 1, has now plad on a or onr and voluionary plausibl oundaion by h ndings by rii and ollagus 1996) abou h rpiv ld propris o h inraparial nurons and hir abiliis o lxibly od a odiabl body sha upon ool us As a nuroanaoial sudy by Sayaa Hihara and ollagus larly showd vn wo ws o oolus raining an forg a novl orioorial onnion lining h inraparial ara and h poroparial union This is h rs vidn o induion o novl onnions in h adul ony rbral orx by a dand for bhav ioral larning (Hihara  al. 2006; s also rii 2005, 2006; rii and Saura 2008) Th sond issu onrns h gradual rgn o a novl rsarh paradig ha xpliily rognis h ay o arial ulur in h dvlopn o highr ogniion and slawarnss in pria and hoinid voluion I xtrna jt an  rnd a ngng t t dy t may  nta tat t nr rnptuaatn,  t ujt an nw jt t dy part a quant t xtrna t m kw apparnt. u t u may ad t t aty t dismbdy t n   rm  tra andd undar  n' kn A u, t mgt  prurra t t apaty t jty t  n tr wrd t u mgt prpar t mnd r t mrgn f t npt  t mta rk and Sakura 200 2232

Th xprins disussd abov provid lar vidn o raining indud orphologial odiaion o h inraparial nural iruiry (Th inraparial sulus is whr h biodal nurons dsribd abov rsid) Bu how do w xplain why oolus larning igh driv hos lins bwn poroparial union and inraparial orx On pos sibiliy ha has bn proposd is ha ra raining ay hav ord h ony ino xplii awarnss o is own body and innions lrii and Saura 2008).  doub ha xplii awarnss or innions an b asily xrapolad in h as o onys Nonhlss  hin rii and

Kg os d h Hdmd Md

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aa a a vad pont whn thy ay that f povng a ony ablty to fo t n awan on th ta hp th ony to no poat th xtna obt nto t body ha and th to obtan o food thn th Hbban han w nfo apfy and vn at th addtona nobooga onnton that a ndd Hhaa t a 2006  2006  and Saa 2008 Wth th at a n nd t  now ond han' too  o pay A floodoxygo poton on toogaphy (DP) tdy of Odowan too ang by Stot and Chanad 200 povd an xnt tatng pont fo oong at th ntaana d of too ang n han h tdy of x nxpnd odn bt anng to a ton too of th ay Odowan o Mod 1 typ ndatd an on a patofronta pptaoto and grap yt, a w a bata atvaton n th doa ntapata  atd to han va paaton (Oban t a. 2006 What do th t ? h abn of tnt of pfonta otx atvaton aoatd wth tatg aton pannng  tany nttng t ggt th pobty that vovd patofronta t, nhanng nooto adaptaton and affodan ppton ath than hgh abtat v pfonta aton pannng yt and onptaaton w nta to ay Ston Ag thnooga voton h povd yt anoth  agant th pdonant pfonta o xtv ba hat haat ot ah n han ogntv voton. Bt what abot d ath than nov napp? Wod xpt ang pfoan nvov tatg nt and na btat not patd n nov too ang? o add th ton, a foowp tdy nvovng d ang xpt Odowan and opx Ahan too ang) wa ondtd (Stot t a 2008. Copaon of agng data and atvaton pattn btwn Odowan and Lat Ahan nappng thod va a tanton to o opx aton oganaton n th att aopand by nad anto fonta and ghthph ontbton. Of pata ntt  th ghthph vntoata pfronta otx atvaton, n ony n Lat Ahan nappng, whh ay ndat th gn of hgh v of ntntona oganaton n fa ova. h hgh v of ntntona oganaton and thna optn n ton nappng an g ony thogh dbat pat and  aton, whh wod hav bn gaty nhand

8

t

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an facltate by nt actn an cmmuncatn ths as supprt t the vew that human technlgcal scal an lngustc capactes evlve tgether n a mutually renfrcng way (bsn 1993 What can these magng stues tell us Obvusly expermental stues wth mern humans an ther anmals present a number f prblems, nt least because f the cnstrants mpse by usng functnal magng Fr what s t that a bran actvatn map actually represents an hw es t relate wth braer archaelgcal ssues an uestns stablshng testable emprcal, an at the same tme phlsphcally an anthrplg cally sun cnceptual lns between bran structure cgntve functn an archaelgcally bservable behavrs s a challengng tas. Naturaly, there are mprtant restrctns t the nferences that can be rawn abut past cgntve peratns frm magng ata base n experments wth mern subects. Hwever althugh magng ata frm mern humans cannt rectly reveal the neural rganatn f extnct hmnn speces they cul f careully cmbne wth avalable archaelgcal cmpara tve an fssl ata help t clarfy the relatve emans f specc evlu tnarly sgncant behavrs an thus cnsran hyptheses abut human cgntve evlutn Stut et al 200 1944 t shul be emphase that the cgntve prcesses an asscate neural systems engage n a cmplex natural stuatn may ffer substantally frm thse bserve n the pur e envrnment f the lab cf Kngstne et al 200 whch als means that there mght well be "external cmpnents wth a cnsttutve rle fr the enactment f a gven cgntve peratn that  nt crrelate t any bserve bran actvatn pattern r t any eve blxygenatn levelepenent respnse smply because they  nt partcpate n the bran's space r tme. A nal ptental ptfall shul be pnte ut he epstemc pwer f the neurmage as an enchantng evce able t translate an vsuale sme f the mst cmplcate aspects f human mental lfe by way f a "snapsht vew f bran actvty may mslea us t apt an unwarrante "neurcentrc vew f human ntellgence We shul resst ths by apt ng a crtcal neurscence perspectve Chuhury et al. 2009 an by explctly grunng neurarchaely n the prncples f Materal ngage ment hery an the ea f metaplastcty As Detrch Stut remns us "P mages  nt explan how neurnal actvty cntrbutes t mental behavr 2005 20; they ncate whee ths actvy taes place. Frm

Knping nnons n th Hnm Mn

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th rsti of M l doubt that sily knowing whih ara of th brain lights u during so task rforanknaing for  alis th sort of inforation that will in itslf ak a big diffrn in th study of huan ognition Moror nuroiaging thnius oftn fail to atur th dynaial asts of thought and bhaior that onsist of softly assbld attrns of atiity that aris as a funtion of ti (an ldr 995; Van ldr and ort 995ab hln and Sith 994 For a good riw of th robls and th rosts of nuroiaging thnologis s Millr 2008) Ral rogrss an b ad only through a systati attt to ontxtualiz th aailabl knowldg about "loality within th toral and soioultural fra of so working hyothsis Most arhaologists would agr that th rst intntionally odid ston tools aar in th arhaologial rord of Afria at last 26 illion yars ago (Holloway 1999 bfor any fossil idn of signiant hoinin brain xansion Ston tools ar not an aomplshm of th hoinin brain thy ar instad an oppou for th hoinin brainthat is an oortunity for ati atrial ngagnt Ston tools ha gin hoi nins a window onto a whol nw st of skills and ways of thinking that allow for grat ariation and flxibility Only so of thos otntial skills and ways of thinking ay ha atually bn ralizd and n fwr ay ha surid in th isibl arhaologial rord h atrialngagnt aroah that fouss on xlaining th utual onstitution of brain body and ultur aross th sals of ti ay ha uh to offr to this nd rotting us fro a stl nurontrs that has no la in th arhaology of ind In th nxt stion fousing on th xal of th handax I will show that tool us offrs us a uniu and arhaologially isibl xal of an intgrati ogniti syst whos onstituti arts stats and oo nnts ar srad byond skin and skull Yt it has rarly r bn sn as suh Te "aaxe ega reie

In th raindr of this hatr I will rturn to th "Ahulan handax and us th "handax niga to xlor th ostond yt rial issu of intntionality First lt us onsidr th sha and th thnial rortis

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Chpter 

f th t (S gur 73 A I hav ad tchcay th bct  a "bfac, rt ctructd ad vvd  Afrca by omo erects ad ub uty dprd wth h ppuat grag t rthr ad wtr uraa (Lyctt ad v Craaubad 2 I t g cutura bgraphy, th d f bct cpa a grat varty f fr ad tchca uat rpd accut f th a fuc  th hadax rphgy dffr a grat da. S trprtat  th ytry f th bfac a a adapv a f crag t fccy a a butchry t (Mtch 1996 Sa 22 Mach t a 27 Mcrarty 23 thr a a fr f xua dpay (Kh ad Mth 1999. S v ta ytry a vdc f ary ybc capact (L rr 26 r a a dcat f a athtc   ary ad Mdd tc h (gr 1993 Schc ad th 1993 Hwvr, udryg th abv dffrc ccrg th prc ctv factr thr  t b a c agrt (whthr pct r xpct  a g prtat fact Whatvr th prc adaptv ra (g., fucta, ca, xua, athtc, r ybc bhd th ytry f th hadax, t  a prduct f "ccu dbrat tt. a, fr tac, th caca xpt f th "hadax ga by ha Wy 1995 22. Wy aay xpcty dt  th ytry f th bct th tta xcut f a prccvd ta pa. Wthut th prat f uch a "tra ag apuat th varu d f thrda ytr that w prcv a at crbd  th urfac f th bct ud hav vr b prducd O th ctrua, th d f th athc appr dd t py eognize th hap f a hadax a a prcptuay faar ctruc, but wa a ab t ident th hadax a a catgrythat , a dpdt ccpt (Wy 22, 395397. Sp, faar, ad cvcg a th typ f argut ay b, t  far fr th at wrd  th attr S archagt wud bct t th abv  f thg, argug tad that th prcvd ytry  th Achua t t  py a cuc f th aufactur tchu rathr tha th prduct f xpct hua tt r dg (Nb ad Davd 1996 Mchrr 2 hr ca,  thr wrd  that th hadax' abrat fr ght hav b prducd wthut th trvt f ccu t ta dbrat abut th a hap f th prduct. (Fr xap 

Knppng Inton n h nm Mn

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Lytt 200 Dad ad bl wt  a a t ggt that th bl that th al m  lad t atat a d by ahalgt wa th tdd hap  a tl  mply a allay thy all t th hd atat allay (199 365) l th w th hada wa t a da mpd  th atal wld a ahalgt llwg Wy (995 12 a ppg  th mpl a that th ymmtal bt w all a hadax wa atally th tdd dal  lt at   mal  a A w td  attbtg m d  pt  ymmty t th app   th ppty  ymmty mply a pat   md p ptal appaat that wa   way tdd by th Plt app? Wa th hadax a had da  a ptat mpd  th atal wld  wa t mply th tdd pdt  a w way  tg  t wth ath Wa t a ymmtal   a harp blad that tttd th am  th app?  th th ma btal t  ag th hallg  th Ahla ba  thg m tha th way th qt  th Ahla ba ha b tadtally amd ad dtd  patla  wat t a that th "hadax gma mbd mh m tha a mpl qt abt what p gal th app p Th Ahla ba m  dt hap ad  Lytt 2008; Lytt ad wltt 2008 ad a Tm gld ggt t ha pbably " th   tm b ay thg t may ppl 993, 34) tad  pp that th t  th Ahla pblm t  a a m gat  th y at  hma at ad ieoal.  th wd t  t mply a pblm abt th p tt  th app "ttal tat (g a ttg tmt ath tha a ymmt ttg tmt t  tad a pblm abt th atal at lat  ad ttt  th ttal tat  hma gt lt Th hadax a taly b  a a g  that pal mthg w all hma ttaly  th ppty  abouss Bt th ma  dlyg th hadax gma  t whth hma  th St Ag w pdg ttal tat   t ath tha ath Th  d t l  ddg btw a  ad a blad Rath th hallg that th "hadax gma p t th ahaly ad phlphy  md mp tw qt: Hw dd hma bt t th amal m t p th pal ppty that w all "ttaly? Hw

12

h 

an whn  hans bo awar o h nnonal harar o hr aons an o h aons o ohrs A hs pon  gh b sl o spara wo oponns o or probl ha an asly b onla On oponn rrs o h nnonal harar o h hana Th ohr onrns h nrnal onson an plnaon o h nnon ha brngs orh h hana Reaebl e  f e lake

As w wor o  h hallng s orh abov w anno a h nappr's "nnonaly for gran Dong so gh la s o son v h way h nappr rlas as a ognv agn o s srronng nvronn an h rol h hana sl gh hav play n h onsuon o han nnonaly an sns o agny Ths s prsly h an shorong nrlyng all aor aons o h Ahlan probl: Dsp hr rns hy all plly nfy nappng wh so sor o nronal asal an nnonal ransaon bwn h av n an h passv son. Followng h raonal orlaon h nappng pross an b srb as a snal pross n whh an nnonal sa n h n o h nappr ass an rnal ovn no h os worl. n ohr wors h nappr's nn onal sas ar prv as nrnal rprsnaonal sas or "pror nnons whh ar prsably for ns h nappr's ha n avan o h aon sl. Ths h nnon an nrnal rprsna onal sa porally an onologally prs an ass h agn's ovn whh hn as an rnal physal a pros h hana. Knappng hn s rronosly onsr as h nra bhavoral sa bwn h nnon an h ooln ohr wors as h pross ha ranslas or ransors han "nnon no an "ara h hana Th onologal ons hr ar ha nappng s ssn ally a or o "nnonal bhavor an ha ools ar h pros o h nnonal nal sas ha pro sh bhavor Ths also ans ha h onology o ools s rvav o han nnonaly whh plans h rvav an rahr phral aphysal sas o ools an aral lr n h arhaology o n vn hs wly hl pl asspon abo han nnonal y w arhaologss ar lf wh no ohr opon b o hoos bwn

Kapp Ieo a he amae Min

73

wo prrm avaab pob r o argu oowg Wy a   ca o appg  goa o  oa raaco or   co o  oa a i  ymmry o  aa or o propo aog   o Davo a Nob 993 a  goa o  appr  o proc ba a a o proc a ba o o'  a pa or a ymmry cocp, o mpy   aby o  o o o r aor  a  way Aog   ar ca  raop bw  goa o  aco ba) a  aco  appg)  mor ma a rc    appr wo rma  ag T appr mg o b  o o c or "am or  ymmry o  cor b  or  rma  o wo ppoy ma a  mpora co abo  c  orc,  rc o a  ag o  bow I or,    appr wo po  "oa a I   rogy ra, broay Cara a  my opo groy mag commm o  rpraoa characr o  oa a a w  o ovrcom Hr    crx o or rob w aax Ioa a ar o or abo g wra g  mv may o b o or abo ayg I or wor, a ar a oay  cocr,  boary bw  m a  oo rma ac. T  proc o appg a a oa pyca ac  xprv o a ray or orw may ra proc o og a ca  boy o mov a proc  aax B   ray  ca? Wy I bv  vw o b amay ma o b car rom  prcg capr Eae eale Te egg f fle w e

My ggo  a  o    appr' a  mc mor a mpy a pavy or  cary "coo o aaco o  appr' o I  w  acv mo o Mara gagm Tory I bv a  rc aco o o appg o o mpy xc b rar bings foh  appr' o T co abo wr o pac  x bow a ow mc orc o  ar o a by  appr  oao y ar o v proc ray. T ag o  co, a a paray, by  o  Iormao abo  o  o ray rpr a

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hpr 

prcd by h bran  r h rprnana cnn  h knap pr nnna anc nad h n, k h knappr bdy  an ngra and cpnary par  h nnn  knap n h ca  knappng nnnay  n a prpry ha p a h bundary  h bgca rgan Th b ang r ak rva ar nhr dnd nr agnd n h knappr' had br h ac Th pg raphy  h knappng acvy and h accura ang  a pwrf bw ar nhr prpannd nr rccd; hy ar bdd, and hrr hy u b doeed n acn vry rk prpar and carv h par r h nx. vry rk can a rva hng nw abu h n' characrc. On  h r hng h knappr u arn c r h n and ra  h ki  undrandng h ua   n a fr arawha w gh ca h "ng r "acy  n Th r  ac hnkng and h r  ngagng wh h ara cnu a cgnv k ha   prary pranc r a a w ran Fr,  nlunc h dgn  h . Cnrary  wha  archag nd  hnk,  argu ha ara ua  h , uch a h ng  wgh, h n  harpn a h dg r h hn   urac, u hav bn  a a a uch cncrn a h yry  h ' hap. Scnd  nlunc h nry hrarchy  h prc  anuacurng and ung  n h Pcn, h carng, h carryng, and h wnng   wr bad n a drn "gc han ha prvan n h anyca and cgnv chaa ha dn archagca nrpran Th  n  dny ha knappng a a r  bdd anua k  nrncay acad wh, w r and ad  pcc parn  nura acvan S Su  a. 200   py a way  avd h wrng ag  a cnra nura ngn ha ry u h n and h huan bdy  araz, and hu xrna, prrd da and pan. n an pran n, n cud argu hn, ha h cnra xcu v r arly huan  n  b und a prfrna ara  h hnn bran bu a h pwr grp and rphgy  h hnn hand n h abnc  ynacc anguag and rcurvn Crba 2011) h cu  ary huan hugh ay wih h bdy rahr han wihin h bdy   . Th  gud h grp, h grp hap h hand 4 h hand ak h , and ngagng h  hap h nd. Whn  c   akng and  ung,   n apprpra   h bran

Kning nnons nd   

inkn

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HAMMRSTONE



 <· ·  ,\\ 

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hlokl



hinkin thinkin (metacnitin)

+

Fgue 74

nng  ncv cognv ro T nr r n roug  nd ou  on ( n  c of Odon oo ng) for dvong  rc  n nng o nng  vdncd n  c of or  Acun cnoog nd  nufcur of coo oo) Ig of Odon nng rdrn nd odd fro gr  of Sou nd nd 2007

a he execve cnrller r ebded acvy raher,   he her way arund Nw ebded acvy cnrl he bran Wha we call na ing and  rean r   dene he rece nlgcal and eec cnr  ha er)  he che eleen r he gravanal cener  he clex eence  cae and even ha nld n a way, hen, nang  wha cae he veen  he hand, he changng  he ne, and he neral acvan aern n he areal crex  he naer Knang, hen,  he re agen and cnrller hee cn ce ae any ene n he cnex  edaed acn he acn  nang bnd e a  bnd nenn Caaly and han agency are ly he rdcvery en llry ch an exerence. he ne, n he hand  he naer,  n ly a blan race n whch

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Capt

7

he nappes peesng ena pan w be eaed;  s a ghy ouped anspaen and nns pa of nappes ognon The foe and he ange of nappng ae pas of a onnuous and hooughy e poa web of neaons ha nvove opex feedba beween bs obes he vsua subsyse and he aous subsyse beause hee ae dsnve sounds assoaed wh he suessfu eova of a fae Davdson and Mew 2005 812. f any ena epae s ave dung he nappng poess  s o be found n he neave spae beween he affodanes bson 19, 199 of he aw aea and he senso oo popees of he honn hand no n soe so of xed dea soed n he nappes head. Ths no shf n pespeve has soe poan paons fo ou dsusson of he handaxe pobe beause n hs ase nenon no onge oes beoe aon bu s  he ao; he avy and he nen onasae ae now nsepaabe Thus he bounday beween he ena and he physa oapses The ne beween nenon and aea affo dane bson 199; Knappe 2004 beoes a he oe dfu o daw n he dyna enson ha haaees he poess of nappng oees he sone beoes he exenson of he nappe A ohe es howeve he nappe beoes he eenson of he sone Thee ae no ed agenve oes n hs poess; nsead hee s a onsan sugge owad a axu gp MeeauPony 1958. The sone pojes owad he nappe as uh as he nappe pojes owad he sone and ogehe hey deneae he ognve ap of wha we ay a an exeded ieioal ae The nappe s hs hough and wih he sone befoe beng abe o hn abou he sone and hene abou hsef as a onsous and eevey awae agen. See gue 4 n oo ang a foave hnng avy happens whee he hand ees he sone Thee s e debeae pannng nvoved no a eas n he sense ped n os ahaeooga nepeaons bu hee s a gea dea of appoaon anpaon guessng and hus abguy abou how he aea w behave. Soee he aea oaboaes; soee  esss n e ou of hs evovng enson oes peson and hus suness Knappng hen s no abou eenang pefoed deas o posng fo on ae  s nsead abou eanng how o ae and susan an dea and deveopng an ep sense of ageny. The nappe's sense of ageny eeges ou of hs aa aane wh he

Kig ttos d t Hdmde Md

17

aa a an  s s yb oalon a nab  nss of knappng f  knapps pons an as o u  s baus s an was suu n  g way Tools are u:

 "cybog specie

 av popos n s ap a  pob of uan nnonay a  anax "nga pay bos s goun on  fas assupon a nnona sas a n  a was n fa y an, n any ass, b sn o spa ou no  wo  av ap nsa o sb nappng as an bo ognv poss a ss osss  bounas of sn an su, sn s ffv pnaon nvovs ns a xn byon  puy na o nua a  av agu a  aa uas of  son a a ausa on buon o  sponanous pnaon an aaon of  pan a bngs fo  oo as an afa us, fo s no mposed fo  ous  s, a, boug fo o va fo  ns. Wa w a "fo xss as a sufa popy a an a sa na vn  xss w  pov n s  aa a an son, ay, o a) Mo poan, "fo s always nfo by  pops of  aa o w  gvs sap n  wos of An Lo ouan 1993 [1964 306 " ang of anyng  a aogu bwn  a an  aa poy Paps, as oas Wynn obsv,  anax  us, f nong s, a  os no asy  no ou unsanng of wa oos a an o, an "s as o no  asy no ou unsanng of wa uans a 1995 21 Nauay, n sf  Auan anax anno g us  answ o  uson of ow w a o b uan Bu  any gvs us a goo naon abou w w sou b oong fo .  a f on  o af a  bow as  spo fo  nx on  s upon s as a " booga rubb s  pupos bu oa Ca 2001b 142 n a pos s as wou a any ffn saps an fos. Pou by ffn nus, a ffn s, an n ffn uua sngs, y wou bo oy, sybo, an nuby wou bo us  suggs a w sou b oong s as fo an answ o  uson of wa  ans o b uan





Thoughful Marks, Lines, and Signs

 ppl hbt  w tht ct  th t plc t  th but    I 200 ) Makakg ua

Mch  the dscssn n the earler chaters bls dwn t the ways we are accsted t drawng lnes  an ntlgcal and estelgcal srtthat s, lnes between the nsde and the tsde  have arged th e lnes ten are sdrawn r sdented t create rgd artcal bndares where there shld be ereable st nterces and se ereable ebranes. hs, r the ersectve  Materal ngageent hery,  qestned the eclgcal valdty  ths srt  deltng lnes and arged r the need  adtng new ways r arng the ental r r dentyng the ars  the ental. Setes the dscrse srrndng the etahyscs  ars, sgns, and lnes ay see t abstract t be  ny bvs ercal servce t archaelgy Yet, as  he have ade clear, the ntlgy  ar ang relates drectly t the archaelgcal recrd and the ateral ractces asscated wth bth the cnstrctn and the nterretatn  ths recrd. n any case, ths chater aes ar ang the bect  ts stdy n a lterary sense. ndeed, ch resentday dscssn and debate n the archaelgy  nd revlves arnd the ang, the datng, and the arng  vars edges, sraces, and aterals See als Davdsn rthcng. Or nderstandng  what t eans t be han sees t be nextrcably ntertwned wth r ablty t create and ae sense  ars  vars srtsartclarly, as was shwn n chater 5,  the srt we call syblc r reresentatnal

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hr 8

n chap 7 h discssion of ool aing fo h Oldowan chopp o h a on Ag A icolihic chnologis, psnd an oppo niy o follow h ffcs of pcsion on h aing and aing of sfacs and, hogh ha, on h shaping of hoinin inds Th scas of laing on h sfac of h son off h s achaologically visibl ac of han a aing n his chap  will conin o xplo diffn os of a aing n paicla,  will ocs on wha as hsaings so spcial, how hy dif, and wha hy hav in coon.  will also addss h laions and ansoaions of hos as How did h han aciviy of a aing ov o on aial di o h oh How a all hs diffn inds of as lad s a aing a ncssay condiion o syboling Finally,  will loo a h phnonology o pinc of a aing Fo os sachs, h ndsanding of a aing appas o b gondd pon convnional idas of sybolis and psnaion  a insd, insad, in ploing a aing as an volving naciv cogniiv sys of aial ngagn Wha dos his an Two hings a ipoan o no Fis,  will b sding wha conn o spaas din assblis of a aing (.g, absac goic pa ns, iconic dpicions, o sybolic psnaions in od o nd sand wha, if anyhing, hy ll s abo h changing laionship bwn cogniion and aial cl cond,  will b sing Maial ngagn Thoy o accon o h ol of a aing in h long  dvlopn of han signicaion ah han aing aings as passiv as of cogniiv sybolic odniy This dissociaion of a aing, sybolic conicaion, and bhavioal odniy is h y o y agn in his chap.  ai o show ha aly aings and lins d  xali ayhig bu h v pocss of xaliaio  will appoach a aing no as a passiv psnaional obc b as an aciv poshic pcpal ans of aing sns. Tha is, as will b ad as naciv pocions Th anhopologis Ti ngold sggss in his copaaiv anhopol ogy of lins ha ocsing only on h lins hslvs, o on h hands ha podcd h, is no nogh. Rah, i is in h changing laions bwn lins, hands, and sfacs ha h ccial difncs a o b ond (ngold 2007, 39 n his chap, inspid by ngold's poposal,  will ap a copaaiv phisoy of a aing, sing o nd

hough Ms Ls  Signs

8

tand th cogntv f and coogy of diffnt nd of ma and  fac fom th Bombo cav ngaving to th mang of th a Mach ant The prehisty f ak akng

Fg 81 nt a am of om of th odt wdy nown and w tdd Paothc mang Thy dff n ty, n mata, and n od angng fom Mdd Ston Ag MSA) ncd och and otch gg h to th notatona objct and mag of th U Paothc Th objct tatd n g 8. a nown a KRM 13  th odt c, datng fom btwn 100,000 and 85,000 ya ago. It  nothng mo than a fragmnt of och d gmntato mata bang a nc of baa na ncon mad by ng and mt to odcd by a thc ont dco t a. 2012 Hnhwood t a. 2009. KRM 13  th ony ngavd c, among thtn och c, covd fom Mdd Ston Ag II v of Ka Rv Cav 1 n Soth Afca Th obct hown n g 8b and 8c a fom Bombo Cav and fom th Doof Roc Sht n th Wtn Ca ovnc of Soth Afca. Th M6 c g 8b)  on of ftn ncd och c covd from th Bombo Cav Hnhwood t a. 2009 3134 Th fagmnt of ngavd otch ggh hown n g 8. c  on of om 270 otch ggh fragmnt that hav bn fond n th Howon Poo of Doof Roc Sht Wtn Ca, Soth Afca) Tx t a. 2010) Th ngavd attn of th M6 c cont of two ts of mod ob n cod and framd by th hozonta n on th ong dg of th atvy ag (1666 gam ddhbown ct anga c. Smay, th otch ggh fragmnt covd fom Howon Poot  howng vdnc of th aat hatchd band motf. Mohomtc anay ha hown that th hatchd n away otdat th band hozonta n Tx t a. 2010 In g 8 d w  v t of ma fom th wnown La Mach ant. Fond n a cav n LacChatax n wtn Fanc th ant cam from an U Magdanan ay. Th g how ony a ma am of th vao ts of ma ngavd on th two fac of th n obct, whch wa nttd by Axand Mahac 1972, 1996

a 8

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 8. a avd l o KRM 13 och a o Kla Rv av 1 Souh Aca bw 100000 ad 5000 ya ao daw a d'co  al 2012 b Th M-6 avd och o h lobo av MSA lay daw a Hhl wood  al 2009 c a o avd och hll od  h Howo Poo o pkoo Rock Shl  ap Souh Aca how vdc o h paa hachd bad o daw a T  al 200 d Pa o h La Mach al od a a cav  Laclhaau  w ac daw a dco 1995.  al o h pal o h Ho" o hauv av ValloPod'Ac ac daw ad odd o z ad Tollo 2007.

Tgfl Ms es nd Sgs

13

a a lar caldar Marhack trprtato wa bad o th coutg o th co ad th aumpto that th arou t o mark wr gravd by drt tool at drt tm h archaologt Fracco drrco ( 8 challgd Marhack trprtato  aaly howd that th larg maorty o morphologcal chag thought to b du to chag o tool tad corrpod to th atlr bg turd or  gur 8  w  a mall but  bl rprtat dtal o th phomo w call ca art h xampl com rom th pal o th Hor (Clott 6 200  th ca o Chaut ValloPotArc Frac Hr mark makg tak o w gcac t mak th mr gc o dpcto pobl. W o logr  mpl pattr o l w ow  omthg  two rhocro corotg ach othr  am ttoally ot ug th word rprtato' hr. Although rprtato mght or th modr obrr a mlar way to approach ad udrtad th comg to bg o a mag a a trcat orm o mark makg, t  alo mladg h rao or that wll bcom mor obou latr  th chaptr wh w xam th rol o th mag  huma cogt oluto.  wll argu that although our amlarty wth pctur  what abl u to dty xprc ad talk about th mag a rprtatoal tty t alo cotra how a mag hould udrtood. Rprtato may or a ay way to awr th uto o what do a pctur do, but t  crtaly ot th oly way thr o mag  o pctur or o partcpatg  th proc o pctur ormato.

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Wa   eal abu ee ark Te yray f eriy

hr ar a umbr o way to awr th uto pod  th cto  hadg Lt u look at o way that ha b ry popular amog archa ologt ad whch  alo mportat for our purpo  th chaptr Markg ar pcal bcau thy pottally allow th archaologt to r xplct ymbolc tt. chcally mpl ad athtcally um pr a thy may m to th utrad y markg mattr bcau, for rao yt to b proprly tablhd ad xplcatd  th ltratur o archaology, thy cottut putat dc for th prc, or th org, o ymbolcally mdatd bhaor. Why  that mportat? t  mportat bcau ymbolm,  th rprtatoal  o th word,

8

at 8

s nray considrd o b on of h fw univrsa arkrs of coniiv odrny and a proxy for anua Davidson and Nob 199; drrico  a 2003 drrco and Now 2000; drrico and Hnshwood 200, 2011; Hnshwood and d'rrico 2011; Hnshwood and Dubrui 2009 2011 Hnshwood  a 2001 2002, 2004 2011 I appars as f w hav co fu crc Markins ar spca bcaus hy ark h syboic, whch arks h na, which arks odrny, whch arks wha i is o b huan Pu spy, ary huan ark akin is iporan bcaus bhnd h con no bn of a sp parn of inrscin or para ns and roovs ay i par of h answr as o whn and how w ca o b huan I is fair o say ha i has bn on h basis of hos broad assupions ha h na and syboic propris of ark akn has bn usd, bu aso abusd, n h archaooca us for h oriin of h socad odrn syboicay copn huan Archaooy of cours, has y o rach a consnsus on how o approach and answr ha uson, bu os archaooiss woud ar ha arkns k hos dscrbd abov ay b our bs vidnc of h xsnc of such a wford syboc rprsnaona chans Nauray, no vry arkin can b a sybo hus, fro h on whn ary arkns ban o arac archaoo ca anion hr was a nd for so noraiv hirarchica sch ha coud provd so basic ans of vauan h onooy of h diffrn kind of arkns rcovrd n h ary archaooca rcord Such a sch nvr bca xpci and sysaic, bu  can b prsnd by way of four nra condons or crira aniuiy, arciaiy innonaydibranss and sybois L us ak a cosr ook a hs criria n ordr o br undrsand hir undryin oc and xpanaory vaidiy h rs crrion, anuiy, is u sraihforward Archaooy s concrnd wh i and wih posionin hins n hr pora fra works In h cas of h arks and ns undr dscusson, i s of h ssnc ak, for insanc h KRM 13 pic fro Kasis Rivr Cav 1 d'rrco  a 2012 h inar incisions on s surfac ay ook uniprs siv, y, as has arady bn niond, his frand pic of ochr uish us wih h ods occurrnc of ark akn, dad o bwn 100000 and 5000 yars ao h incisd ochr pics fro Bobos Cav da fro approxiay 75000100000 yars ao Hnshwood  a

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hoghf Mks Lns, nd Sgns

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2009 and h rich ggh fragmn rcrd frm Hwin r  frm abu 60000 yar ag Txir  a 200 Th a March anr and h dpicin f rhincr frm Chau da frm h ur pan ppr aihicmuch ar Cary h arir h raa frm which h maring dri h mr impran h mag hy may carry abu human cgnii uin Tha a xpain why a La Brnz Ag ngrad chr rcrd in h Agan nrmay wud pa unnicd n if h incid mar a h rm f a Linar B ign i ha ry i   u. u . Hwr Hwr an bc bc  fund in h MSA M SA ayr ayr f h Bmb ca ca in Africa Afri ca i immdiay immdia y ranrmd ranrm d in mhing niry diffrn Why  wi rurn  ha uin afr dicuing h hr criria.  aid ha priding a cur raigraphic and chrngica cnx fr h incid pic in uin i a mar cncrn r archagy Si a ur fr  acrain hir aniuiy wud cun r nhing if h mar wr  b ru f a naura prc Mar ar impran ny if hy can b hwn  b anhrpgnicha i mad by human. Fr maring  ha au hy mu b aricia Th fprin fprin f an anima an ima r h crach mar mad by bar in h Chau ca C 2009) ha n uch au hugh hy cud ha bn ra radd a a  indxica indxica ign by human Si ariciaiy in if i n nugh Any uch ngraing migh b a prduc f accidn r migh b a nndira byprduc r cn unc f human acin. A a ru an addiina uaiy i ndd if h mar ar  gain mr pimic au Th nam f hi uaiy i delbeness Mar Mar  ar impran impran whn hy h y m  xhibi xhibi inni innina na iy Accidna mar r maring prducd in h prcng  carca drric and Via 199 Mania and Mania 1988 r abnminddy a wud b h ca fr a dd Wynn 2000 Bar 2002a ar f r pimic au Thi rai an impran mhdgica uin: Hw d w aua aua  h dgr f dibran bhind bh ind m m  ngrad ngrad para r cnrging in w nd n h urac f an MSA chr Fr 11delberaee  bl  eeeaal e

Th KRM 13 m Kai Rir Ca 1 gur 8 a i currny cnidrd  b n f h ari xamp f dibra ngraing Why i ha

186

ptr 8

Rcn ai icrcpic ay urcnc an criric anay  hi bc rric  a 2012 rva hr inring cu abu h anuacuring prc Th r cu c r h ac ha h bc urac wa grun uni h br h ac  ngraving which prvi an inicain  ibra prparain  h ban n which h ngraving ngraving wa a Th cn cu c r h cpara cpara iv anayi  h in  h craping prc h ph  h grv an hir gr  inrcin. Thi inica ha h grv  KRM 1 3 wr n cnunc  an acin inn inn  rac rac pign pign pwr bu rahr wr ibra aring  h urac 'rric  a. 2012, 949) Th hir cu cnc h iinc arr brwn cr an havir anganrich cpiin  h raw aria. Thi cnra wih h cpiin  h hr wv pign pic rcvr r h a v an ay ugg ha h pcic gchica yp  aria ay hav bn c pcicay r ngraving purp. Ra ivy ar an har pic  chr ar a u in   h unabigu u ap  abrac ngrav chr fr b Cav ibi. 949) A Hnhiw Hnhiw   a. a . pin u 2009, 2009, 414 41 42), 2),   h h  inciin inciin n h b chr can b aribu  ibra in Inciing in n chr  chr ruir ruir  cu cu anin anin wih bh han han  wring ghr in rr  abiiz h pic appy h righ prur an p h ph  h inciin cnan In aiin a w aw in h ca  h KRM 13 pic inciin wr n a ar h iniia grining  h ac. Thi wa crainy crainy h ca fr h M M 66 pic gur 8.2), 8.2 ), which which wa an an  by grining an craping bfr a crhach pa wa inci. a ining  h in an h rphgy  h biu an hrizna in in h ngrav parn rva ha h biu in wr inci in hr  Th r   inci in wr cu in unc r p righ  b  h cn  wr cu r p   b righ an h hrizna in cring an fraing h   biu biu in wr inci r   righ ibi. 3134) rcap Micrcpic an hr anay can cnr h anhrp gnic an ibra naur  h MSA aring. Mrvr in  ca hy prvi vauab infrain abu unc  acin an chic a by h ngravr. u i i i gran ha h way in which h in ha w  uap an uprip uprip n  n h MSA pic    chr wa in ibray c wha  hi ray  u abu h pi



hug t Mrs, ns, nd Sgn

g

87



Odyssu Th M avd ch fm th Bms  MSA ay aw y Odyssu Maafu

tc sgncanc f ths ncsd ns and th pattns  sggst that t dsnt t s ch. M than spy bng dbaty ad  sctd, t s a spca nd f "ntnt," nay sybc  psnta� tna ntnt, that as as stand t n th ay achagca cd and tansfs th pstc stats Wee tey ybl

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Mas f any st a ty spca ny whn thy a shwn t bdy sybc ppts and ats. Bt hw can w stabsh that W hav nw c t th ast and st dfct stn Hw d w as f syb ntent behnd the engavd ptns f M ch KRM 1 3 , dc and hs cags cags sggst sggst that, athgh athgh In th cas f KRM th sbpaa ngavngs w ad dbaty, thy "ay nt n fact hav bn pdcd t cat cat and cnvy a dstnct dsgn  ssag' t an adnc that cd vsay dstngsh t (2012 949. Bt can th  abat csshatchd pcs f Bbs hav bn ad wth xpct psntatna psntatna ntnt ccdng t th Pcan d d  f stcs a syb can b dnd bady spang as a sgn that has ny a cnvntna cnvntna ath than a casa  sbng cnnctn wth ts f f nt. Can th Bbs angs hav had sch cnvntnazd anngs Cay f Hnshwd t a. (2009 th Bbs angs a nt dds Bt thy a nt ntatns,  th angs n th La

188

hpr 8

March anr Accordng o d'rrco 995 199 2001 h word noa on' rfr o a y of una arng (uuay producd by dffr n oo pccay concvd o or nforaon oud h phyca body n h ca of h obo ngravng, howvr ndvdua ar canno b vuay dnd a dcr gn ud for h accuuaon of nforaon ovr  (Hhwood  a 2009 41) Wr h ar ybo hn? Hnhwood  a rghy ugg ha h ngravd parn fro obo "crany do no dpay h hgh dgr of andardaon ha w gnray aoca wh rucurd yboc y (2009 43) Nonh hy ao propo ha four bac cagor of parncrohachd dgn, dndrc hap para n and rghangd uapooncan b dnguhd and ha "a ufcn ca can bn ad ha o of h ngravd pc r prcvd a yboc (bd., 43). 43) . On h ba of ha aupon, aupon, Hnhwood  a hn a whhr whhr hr  ao vdnc o abh ha h ochr arng rprn a radon n h n of connuy n chnu, y or yboc pracc How can ha b acrand? Hnhwood  a condr orphoogy urfac prparaon, ngravng chnu xpr, ocaon of ngravng yp of parn vdnc for addona odcaon, and how h pc ay hav bn curad or dpod (bd 43). h an ndng of hr anay can b uard a foow Ochr  h ony raw ara on whch ngravng wr ad acro a hr pha a obo. rndng bfor ngravng of h a fac  prn on gh pc rcovrd whch can b n a vdnc for pror con and prpara on of h urfac. Sng ro n occur n a pha bu up ro n n ony on pha. A hgh dgr of ngravng xpr can b n n wo pha. Ahough hr  o varaon n h dgn of h of acro h dffrn dffrn pha pha ao ao a of o f h dgn ar ad a d up of ragh or ghy curvd n. f h chang n h ngravng chnu and h yp of dgn found n dffrn pha ar pu ad a h ohr faur condrd hr rongy ugg accordng o Hnhwood  a "a connuy n ngrav

houghtfu Mks, i, d Sig

189

ng pras ovr a pro of a las 25000 yars ha rprsns h longs span y ror a any on s b 43 Wha onlson an w raw Somhow paraoxaly, nshlwoo  al b, 45 lam o hav monsra n h as of h Blombos ngravngs h prsn of a raon n h proon of a nmbr of ffrn parns of gomrc ngrav rprsnaons n h MSA ha gos ba o a las 100000 yars ago "Th fa ha hy wr cra, ha mos of hm ar lbra an wr ma wh rprsnaonal nn srongly sggss hy fncon as arfas whn a socy whr bhavor was ma by symbols b 45 I o no wsh o ny ha hos mars ar spcal n ha hy can prov som nsgh no h nar an mrgn of arly hman sgnaon avy. B  blv ha h ffors o nrpr MSA marngs symbolcally or sman cally hav bn nconvncng f no aloghr mslang. To my mn hr s ll ob ha hr s nohng symbolcn h arbrary arbrary rprsnaonal Pran sns of h worn h Blombos ngravngs. Howvr h xampl of h MSA ngrav ohr ps s of partclar nrs o s for two rasons Frs h sns n whh hos ngravngs hav bn nrpr onforms  prcsly o h Carsan concpon xplor an cr n arlr haprs accorng o whh h varos sors of ncsons wr proc o cra a lbra sgn an o convy a mssag o an an I sggs ha o nrsan wha s spal abo hos arly mars w n a ffrn concpal lnson ha bras away from h rprsnaonal nformaonprocssng mols of n Rgarng arly hman marngs an pcons h man problm of rprsnaonal rprsnaonal hory s h  h assmpon assmpon ha hy ar ons prmarly as a symbol xrnalzaon on mar of a prconv mnal mag. Agans hs mnals clam  manan from an nacvs pon of vw ha marngs an lar pcrs ar mrgn procs of prcpal smoc ynamcs of a nonrprsnaonal sor ha mgh hav play an acv rol n h sbsn vlopmn of symbol ynamcs of h rprsnaonal sor Th scon rason I n h xampl of MSA ngrav ohr parclarly nrsng s ha  ncly rvals h nhrn ambgy n h archaologcal s of h noons of symbolsm an mornty an h nconssn an vag ways n whch arly ngravngs appar o b ln o hs noons. For nsanc I hn ha h prvaln archaologcal

90

Cp 8

tndncy to trat as syboic any aspct of t arcaoogica rcord tat as no obviouspagatic or utiitarian function is obviousy wrong and soud b abandond A or productiv and constructiv way to ook at ts ary ngravings as cognitiv scaffods and toos for tinking is ndd n tis connction t intrsting ustion to ask rst igt not b Wat do t obos cav incisions man as carrirs of so syboic ssag fro t past but instad "Wat did t activity of of ark aking d for t ancint ind for turning to tat ustion owvr it is iportant to carify tat  do not disput in any way t usfunss of icroscopic anaysis as ans of gaining vauab inforation on t act of ngraving and t tinking of t ngravr  nactiv ogic of Mat ria ngagnt ory dos not in any way undrin t vaidity of pirica anaysis On t contrary it nabs us to ak sns of t inforation icroscopic anaysis provids about ins surfacs groovs pattrns toos gsturs and tir intrsctions fro a n prspciv For Matria ngagnt ory to ook at t trinations of an incisd in at t obsrvd cangs in its sap dpt and dirction and at t orpoogy and cronoogy of otions is to ook at on aspct of t chonostagaphy of t cognitiv act y t sa tokn inforation gaind fro actuaistic coparativ studis provids additiona insigts into t pnonoogy of t cognitiv act  atriangagnt approac dparts fro ost pirica tods for studying ngravings owvr in ow it prcivs t pistic and ontoogica status of tos ngravings ngraving s For t stabisd concption concption tos ins rprsnt t pysi ca nd product of t ngravr's nta tpa d'rrico t a 2012, 943 For Matria ngagnt ory if suc a nta tpat ists it is tos ins tat constitut its sap and orpoogy Put sipy mak makng an and hnkng a h am

Wa i f lie Geig ie e egaver i

How soud tos ary arkings b undrstood and o n wat aspcts or proprtis of t procss of aking arks soud w focus? As  said t doinant way to ook at tos arkings is to s t as t atria rsidus of syboic or rprsntationa intnt at l contnd is t wrong way to ak sns of ary arkings as it dprivs dprivs t of any ra signicanc ngravings on tat construa do noting; ty ar pip

hougul M L d Sgn

9

oma rodut o a ymbo at that tak pa  a drt mta ram thy ut happ to mat o th ohr ura ot oy do that vw udrm th agy o tho markg t or o xpaato or th mrg o ymbom A I otd  haptr  tak o ary ymbo matra utur  ay orm mak tt  ad  o mtd u rom a ogtrm voutoary or dvopmta prptv  th ab o a aout o how th ymbo rprtatoa abty mght hav mrgd h  why I uggtd that th ovtoa ou o dtyg ad radg tat ymbo obt ad trutur houd b rpad wth a or to udrtad matra gato a a pro o atv proto ad  makg Suh pro v wh thy orporat what w may a xtra rprtato (.g otatoa obt Lar B tabt or ay tok hav thr ba  dyam oa to o twork o matra body ad mtaphora gato that oprat o th ba o a orprtatoa og Idd  rom th prptv o Matra gagmt hory markg ga om addtoa phoma uat Mor tha rprtatoa rdu o huma ttoaty thy ow bom thought or ato o a ort or what  haptr 6 I ad os  ao hat  thy ar ot o muh th tra (ad thu th d mark o a huma gtur a thy ar a atua part ad thu a otuato o uh a gtur  tm ad pa hu t a b uu to approah ad drb tho markg through th oto o atv gato that wa dud  haptr  A xamp havg to do wth th otoogy o  may b o u hr Imag that you tak a p ad draw a rough r o a ht o papr Igod 2008 1796) What do you  wh you ook at th hap gur 83 How a you trprt ad prv th  you hav ut produd Igod uggt that thr ar two way h rt  to  th  a th d produt o huma tto ad dg abt h  th bom a tat gomtr prmtr that dat th orm o a r that  a xd totaty. h od way o g th   a th dyam tra o a huma gtur rathr tha a a xd totaty h  th bom th dx o a op pro t rmb a vtor mor tha a tat hap ad th tratory o a movmt mor tha th prmtr o a gur. god' argumt  that ah o th two way o g maat rom rtrat ad g th oprato o a p og that dtrm our way o thkg about huma prpto ad dg.

Chper 8

192

In paicula h logic opaing bhind h sing of a cicl s o a ndncy, dply nnchd in h sucu o odn hining o "un h pahways along which li is livd ino boundais wihin which li is conaind Ingold calls ha ndncy h logic o invsion and suggss ha i is sponsibl o ansoing ou pcpion o h lin o ha o an aciv acoy o ovn ino a dividing lin bwn "wha is on h insid' and wha is on h ousid' (200, 1796 Now pu his "logic o invsion ino vs and you g h scond ind o logic on ha ss lins and oc aois insad o boundais and closd cicls. his is h "logic o inhabiaion, and i chaacis an "opn woldha is a wold ha is inhabid ah han occupid I hin his Hidggian hodological shi o "occupaion o "inhabiaion povids a usul and applicabl apho o h copaaiv analysis o a aing as a o o naciv signicaion I inds us ha wha igh s o ou wllaind y o b dlibaly iposd o can b sn o a din angl as an "opn and "lss dynaic assblag o lins Howv as and lins o h la so no long consiu boundais o "closd pans bu now consuc indxical "surroga sucus Cla 2010 ha opn nw possibiliis o aial ngagn and signicaion I h lobos ngavings as I

Figure

 

Is te le te tajetoy of  oeet o te eete of a fe?  old (8)

 kd of le Reda afe od 2008

hughu Mk Lns, nd Sg

1 93

uggt ar or  that  ot ary bau thy a tt t ay b bau thr tt  ot about or but rathr  about th org pro t Mor py  argu that M ar ad  exerae og bu e vey poss of eeaao. That  thy ar atv proto t  portat that th d o atv proto ot b oud wth ovtoa rprtatoa da about th tr aato o hua thought. Thr ar o prord da hr, oy pottat or pobt whh ar bg ooy ad by obtd a part o a uodg ratv pro Th ro o th parta obtato  to ha ad a vb th tuatoa aorda (bo 19, 199) rg up but ao ruturg th avaab ogtv rour (g, worg ory. Th otat traorato o what  out thr to b prvd atat urthr proto Ovr t, th proto ay otrut a ratv oogy o rurv ad taogto.  th arg ad grag o th Mdd to Ag rprt aythg, t  th ratg ad porato o hua prpto wth th hagg t ad aorda o th w ratv oogy.  otrat wth othr protht gtur (g., too u, th atvty o ar ag av a prat prvab dya ta that a tr prtd a a d o th ratg gtur Cratg gtur w bud th ary aod or ag a propr rprtatoa g out o a ar t  oy th that th uto o what th ar sad o ar Furthr vd o that a b oud by oog at rt pyhooga tud porg th t o "rbbg ato  th dvopt o h dr' ybo abt uh tud uggt that rbbg av prv ab ou that at to tuat urthr ato, whh ot rut  orgad hag  th rbbg ato ad ruro (taatopouou 2011 166). Th pot ha rvd tt attto ro arhaoogt who ar d to doat ary gravg ro gy trva orprtatoa atvt uh a doodg ad rbbg t  uggt that by oog at th pat o th otrutv trutur o rb bg  hdr w ght ga o uu ght to how ary ar ag otrbut to ybo utog Fro a otogt dv opta prptv, youg hdr' rbbg, a a bodd  tht ato, a ao b  a a rpodg tratv yt to o' ow ato ubuty bug rbb to otaxpr ag bd, 163)

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Chptr 8

Athough MSA akngs can ctany b sn as havng an pstc dnson and potntay aso a sotc on I do not thnk thy ba th ght cusv santc aton to soca convnton o actvty to uay as abtay sybos Makngs and akakng actvts a not fctv of pstabshd tadtons and syboc schs Instad thy povd a possb and ndd a stong bass fo nactv constucton and stabshnt of such schs Whth h and hn that happns dpnd on a vaty of oth asons that athough assocatd th th akakng pocss a agy xtna to t And t s y contnton that t  tak nna of patd xpntaton and accuuatd pcptua anng bfo huans  b ab to dvop conscous us of sybosthat s tapsntaton hs xpans to so xtnt th fa gat antuty of ak akng n copason to ag akng o th appaanc of th st notatona aks Nonthss vn ag akng s ssntay a copx fo of ak akng and patcpats n th sa nactv ogc of sgncaton hs aso ans that th dffnc btn th ayMSA akngs and th agncnt dpctons of th Upp Paothc s not on of psntatona abty and syboc capacty but on of "pctoa sk and "tctonotc aanss (Maafous 200a hch u xpct vntatd tng conto of th tchnca gstu n ays that  don't s n th cas of th obos akngs In th cas of notaton ak akng undgos a futh potant tansfoaton. Onc th tac of a contnuous gstu t has no bn fagntd nto a succsson of ndpndnt ponts o dots that constut anaogous nscptv tacs Makakng actvts can no b dscbd as hat Ksh and Mago 14) ca pstc actonsthat s as actons hos pupos s not spy to at th od so as to advanc physcay toad so goa but ath to at th od so as to hp ak avaab a n ay of thnkng about t

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Learg  ee O beg u f ark a pure

oud k to pont out th dstnctv fatus that  found patcuay stkng about th ag shon n gu  and agan n gu 84 I  us th t -pnaional conomy to f to th fcncy th hch ths copx bndng o cobnaton of ns s psntd to us as a pc of anngfu nfoatonthat s as a pctu h scond fatu

5

ougu Mks , a gn

1

Fgue

4

   r�

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Th makn  a rhn Rdawn and mdd aftr rz and Tll 27

gh b ad epeeaioal mobili.  nw ha  ay snd srang  a ab by n rfrn  "para ar b n f h dnng hararss f h sr f hngs w a prs s ha hy ar prar y ab vn and n. Ptrs ar a vry fn way  rans fr nfran fr n   anhr. Ta fr nsan r rhns fr Chav Thy wr rad r han 0000 yars ag n a vry sp and sad a y hans  drn rprsnana h ngs hy ar wh s day n a hsand dffrn as and frs .g. prnd n papr srd n pg s and prd n h was f assrs and ss arnd h wrd) And I a h hrd and na far f prng ha  wan  pn  epeeaioal illuio Thans

96

Chptr 8

 h pcur cgn cnmy  ak u ny a ng k  ny whu any parcuar cncu r h rhn Bu hr  mr  h han a mp prcpua ncan  ny can w ay ny wha h  a pcur ; mr mpran w m  p m kn  nu grap r ng abu h wha  is ha mak h mag an mag. W m  ha an mma an gnun prcpua nun ha  u ha wha w  pc  n a ra ng anma, bu rahr a rawng  a rprnaon  h anma a pc n h wa  h ca by ur Pahc ancr h may m o b a ra bra n (O cur h  no a ra anma bu ny bcau w  n a parcuar horca uan n whch mag pay a bg par n our ay ac h amary ha nab u o ny xprnc an ak abu an mag a a rprnana ny a bn u o h nonrprnaona apc o h mag' cgn  h a wh whch w morn human prc uch ncaon b h compxy o h cogn opraon bhn hm an rnr om pcay nrng phnomna nb. How can w raw u ho hn phnmna an prc A go way  bgn wu b  ry go pr no h phnmnog  human prcpn by akng m mr bac an prhap ghy mor cu un For nanc xacy hw  w  an xacy wha o w  whn w ok a h pcur o h rhn Wha  ur xp rnc o ng ray cn  Fr on hng, w can ay ny h conn o h pcur wo rhn conrnng ach hr Fr anhr w can mmay rcognz ha h ar n a rhn bu mpy pcn o rhn rgnay pan n h wa  h Chau ca  h prn pcn wha w ray  whn w k a h rawng  ur w rhno h anwr  prbaby bh Y an NoY bcau whar h rgn o h rawng,   crany a prn rn   on a pag ha w ar ookng a rgh nw No bcau  w urn  nurocnc or xpr ac n h prc whrabu an conn o  ur prn ua xpraon w ar prbaby gng  g an anwr ha go omhng k h: Wha yu ray  whn you ook a h pcur wha your xprnc  ng ray cn  nay an nrna rprnan o h rna mag o h pcur ha  aumacay conruc an prc n h ca V ara n h occpa b a h back o your ha. n ohr wr, accorng o h nurocnrc w

hughtful ark  ad Signs

19 7

of raity what you ray s is not th pitur bfor your ys; it is insta an intrna rprsntation of this pitur bhin your ys in  th visua ntr insi you brain whih is a of nura tissu an tria ipuss t ss thn that if w wr to onstrut a sip iagra of th ain rprsntationa stags rsponsib for our urrnt visua pri n w wou n up with a sh that an b srib as or or ss, a rprsntation (6 in gur 8.5 of a rprsntation () of a rpr sntation (4 3 Z ). his hain of rprsntationa vnts is not without probs t ight w b, for xap, that th soa V ara at th ba of th ha pays a ruia ro in our visua xprin, but  thin w an a agr that our prsona xprn of sing ts us a if frnt story. Loong at th rawing of th rhinos, w o not f that w

R R

PT

c

CAVE PAINTING

R Fgure 85

Wt  a t?

PHOTO DRWING EYE

� R R R PT

198

Chap 8

are eeng he nde ur head; we ee he rght where hey are rned n he age n fn  u  beeve ha every age ne encuner n he wrd ebde an anagu erceua uzze The cgnve ecacy and he aecve wer  h erceua rc eanae rary f he creave cnfan  aearance wh reay ha every cure  caabe  brngng h Hwever, we are rarey aware  h ac. Th cuca rery  every cure uuay ecae ur cncu aenn The rean  n dcu  agne We are ered n a rednany vua eec envrnen, and we are we raned r eary chdhd  creae and ae ene  vua henena  h cra r They en aear  aar  u a ene daa ha we rarey nd  neceary   and hn abu age a ene We dn' a Wha  h hng r Wha de h hng d Raher, we edaey aue ha we are deang wh e r  vua rereenan and ve n  re ran uen abu cra cnen, ye, aehec, r be ybc eanng and nen Th  he rbe ha  wan  ace n h ecn The en we  a he drawng  he rhncere r Chauve we have aready dened  a an age   aready a pictu o ehngha , a psnation o ehng O cure,  d n deny he rereenana characer  cure ageher Rereenan  ar  wha a cure de Hwever,  wh  bjec  he dea ha rereenan  he ny way, r he be way,  underand wha age d. Fr a Percan (1955 1991 ec erecve, he rereenana caracer  he cure can be underd eher n he ene  an icon ha , a vaed gn ha erae hrugh e r  vua reebance r n he arbrary ene  a yb ha , a gner ha erae va cnven n.   n he iconici  he age ha  a dung here. N dub he rhn f Chauve  e he rea ana Bu de h a y ybc nen r wha LewWa reer  a an aready exng ena ybgy 2002 2003 Cnrary  wha any reearch er hn,  beeve ha he anwer  h uen hud be N  hn ha  ay ha a anng r Chauve reebe'' r  e a rhncer de n neceary y ha he anng a rereen a rhncer n a cnceedaed anner cncty de n, n e, y he exence  cncuy anuabe cnenbeang en

gtl Ma, ine and gn



19 9

hough  ceraly ses up a vsually smulag chae o uece or her creao  s oe hg o ask wha meas o see a rho o he wall o Chaue  s aoher hg o ask ha  meas o see a rho as a psato o a rho  oher words,  am o uesog ha he pcure ca be ake as evdece o sg a rho  am raher uesog ha  ca be ake as evdece o a coscousess ha represes or sads o somehg o be oud beyod he depced hg sel The eperece o pcures ad he awareess o pcures as staos are o he same, ad  would be a msake o couse hem Upo ha po  sugges, srucve lessos ca be derved rom developmeal sudes o how youg chldre o varous ages erac wh pcures. Such sudes also sugges ha havg deed he pcoral coe o a mage does o ecessary mea ha oe has also deed he relao o hs mage wh he world Cosall 1997, 56 Deoache 4 Deoache e al 3, 1998)  s eresg o oe  hs coeco ha eve  a pcorally rch socey such as ours he maual vesgao o pcures eg. graspg s rouely dsplayed by he maory o youg as, alhough  becomes creasgly less commo as hey grow older Accordg o Deoache e al (3, 1998) maual eplorao o pcures should be erpreed o reflec a coepal dec, o a prcepual dec. For oe hg, her research has ruled ou he possbly ha as cao dsgush depcos from real ob es I}at d t kw h ind  hing a pctur  Nt udrtad th  cac  twdmaty thy rpd t ratc pctur a  thy wr thr dma bct (2003, 

 aes several mohs o pcoral eperece o apprecae he ac ha a pcure shares oly a ew o he uales o s reere By he me chldre are 19 mohs o age, hey udersad he dferece bewee real obecs ad depced obecs ad have ully adoped he coveo ha a pcure s o be looed a  a parcular oreao. Thus, sead o ryg o erac drecly wh depced obecs, he seem o have a subsaal amou o pragmac owledge abou how pcures are used o recoge he pcures as meas o coemplao ad commucao bd., 1 17). From a ahropologcal perspecve,  s mpora o oe ha, as oe would epec, hs developmeal paer wll be dffere  socees  whch chldre receve subsaally less eposure o pcures. We should also recall ha eve  oday's educaoal evrome  aes

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Chptr 8

a chd nary a yar o ra ha h word hr  a nubr whou nowng h prc vau  rr o Dhan 99 107 Though wh prnday hab o ng and prcving  probaby a good n o nrpr h Paohc ag a a rprnaon ohng, o au uncrcay ha h wa ao how h ag wa prncd n  orgna conwhch wa o a arg n unnad unrand, and nav abou h pychoogca powr o h ag o a a our arng pon wha houd hav bn h nd o our anay  a no ayng ha h gh procd ro uch an ag n h pa woud hav oowd a drn pah han h phyoogy o our prn vua y woud aow Wha  a ayng  ha  w cd copar our pcptal pn o h ag n th psnt wh ha o our Paohc ancor in th past,  doub ha w woud nd uch n coon  h ch propry ha dn h pcur a an obc, and pcurng a a proc,  no ha o rprnaon, wha  can  b Agan an nrng uggon co o  ngod (1998 183) n a nonod con acv who produc a odrn obrvr gh unprobacay dnfy a rprnaona ar gh w b undrood a way no o rprnng h word o da prnc on a hghr, or y boc pan bu o probng or dpy no  and o dcovrng h g ncanc ha  hrn Bu o acy wha woud h probng or dcovrn aoun n h ca o ary Paohc pcur

o(

Te ibeati f igt

Fro h prpcv o Mara ngagn hory  hav arady gon o way oward howng how o anwr ha uon nad o hn ng n r o ac and cod prdgnd rprnaona obc  w houd b hnng n r o opn nacv proc Wha do h an, or pccay L u ocu on h dpcon o rhno ro Chauv Wha do w  whn w oo a ha drawng ca ao h rrnc o ngod ap o h crcuar n n h prcdng con, whr  wa uggd ha nad o h cod dng n o odrn occupaona dgn w nd o dcovr ohng av and nhabab n h ac o ar ang (dpcona or no) How can ha b don Wha coud b our cap rou ro h rprnaona prdcan

gtfl Mak, n  Sigs

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20

 good empirical tartig poit ca e foud i the recet or of arole

ritz ad Gille Toello from hich orroed the picture of te rhio rlier i thi chapter dicuig the M6 egraed ochre piece from the Blomo ae l aid that microcopic aalyi of the icied lie ad their motio made it poile to dicer the equece of their maufacture Hehilood et al 9 3134  argued that y focuig o the temporal ufoldig of actio e ca traform hat iitially appear to e a tatic patter deiged or ot) ito a dyamic proce What Fritz ad Toello ( 6164 tried to do i ery imilar ut o a differet cale  particu lar they attempted to decipher the egraed or paited all of Chauet y focuig o the mot aic iual elemet: the idiidual troke The form ad cotour of the depicted aimal are made of liea comiatio of charcoal draig modied uig the ger t lur or mudge the lie) ad e egraigad the lie i tur are made of ucceie oke Takig the troke a the guidig priciple Fritz ad Toello udertook a precie examiatio of each lie y locatig here the mark of a tool eg flit pigmet ruh or ger) egi ad ed o the urfce of the cae all Thi procedure comied ith oerlay of a rl of the image ad careful examiatio of the al moemet of the tool o the ai of techical mark ealed Fritz ad Toello to idetiy the directio of the executio of the layout ad to recotruct the actual equece of the had' moemet ad geture Sice the order of executio of the ariou graphic elemet head atler lim chet ad o o) eceary to make up the cotour of a aimal gure i uually ot radom recotructig the croological equece y examiig the uperpoitio of tool mark reeal the temporality of geture hich ugget a  ill explai elo the ieparaility of had ad mid i the cotuco ad percepto of form Toello ad Fritz' getural recotructio of form ad cotour ca e ued to illutrate the propoed hift om occupatio to ihaitatio By idetifyig the hole equece of moemet or geture e ca ee hat a iitially a cloed ad delimited cotour of to rhio facig each other a a ope proce O the ai of uch a recotruc tio it ecome eaier to adopt the perpectie of the materialegagemet approach ad to follo the eactie thread it emodie See from thi agle lie are o loger olid oudarie that eparate domai of experiece itead they are nac sgns that ca help u iualize the cotitutie itertiig of cogitio ith material culture

202

Chp 

n ts egad t an be agued tat n nstutng mages te Pale lt esn was nt sml extenalng te ntents f s  e mnd but was exesng wat Palelt ele uld d bette tan an te sees: nstut extenal attens f sensmt engagement and let te esultng dense and eal mndwld nteatn nstut te eetual and exeental ntent al detns ae nt mateal esdues f uman nsusness; nstead te ae en nteatve ssbltes  tenques tug w a new nsusness f te sal wld was attaned eall tat n ate 5 n dsussng te emegene f smblsm n te ntext f numeal tnkng  agued f a smla enatve develmental ess  suggested tat untng wt te nges  wit la tkens was an ntegatve jetn between a mental dman f exeene te bas blgal axmate "numbe sense Deaene 1997)and sal dmanseg, nges  la tkens Meve  suggested tat t was te esultng sttual ulng  blend tat bugt abut te ssblt f te meanngful gntve eatn we knw as untng and nt sme nnate blgal aat f te uman ban t tes eal develmental stages and ts ales bt fm an ntgenet and lgenet esetve), te use f bd ats eg nges)  te avalable fms f extenal saffldng ad a dnam and nsttutve le f te emegene f atmet metene. e nges dd nt stand f numbes as t ma seem; te nges bugt ft te numbes and made te manulatn f te etes vsble and tangble T llustate ts nt fm an aaelgal esetve,  ave ued te ase f te small la tkens fund all ve te Nea ast fm abut 8 B. dng t Dense SmandtBesseat 199 161 tee an be lnked adng t te saes lndes, nes sees, et.) wt se quanttes f atula agultual mmdtesf examle te vd std f a ja f l  agued tat te atal unteat jetn tat lnks f examle an assemblage f ve vds wit ve jas f l dd nt neessa ml  esuse te abstat ntn f veness t ts eal stage n te develment f matematal tnkng te net f veness ad nt et been seaated fm wat was atuall beng unted. n fat  sed, te net f veness uld nt ave asen as a meanngful ntn f nt eeded b su nete ntegatve jetns between

u Mrk, ne, nd g

203

tal das suc as tat  a l ar ad tat  a d cla tk  suggst tat t s rcsl suc a act lgc tat caactrs ab atg ls t cgt l  t Palltc mag  tr wrds ts arl cturs big h a w rcss  actg wt ts wrld ad at t sam tm tkg abut t s tkg wr suld t b udrstd as tkg  t grll abstract r smblc t atr t suld b udrstd  t mr basc lwr ll ss: as a w rm  wat  Oga ad la N call act ssrmtr gagmt (Oga 199; Oga ad N 001 N 004). s act ssrmtr accut as tw majr mlca ts  rst s tat t abls us t udrstad sg ad rcg as a rm  skllul tract gagmtas a rm  actg  t wrld ratr ta as a rm  rrstg t wrld: d h ps h vsul pc ds  s bcus  l ps  h wld s cvd  sm b  O h c vsul xpc s  md  cv vlv pccl kwld bu cul ps sbl bhs d sscd ss csqucs Vsul pc ss  kwhw h psssss f sklls Idd h s  "ps  h wd sd h b h l pc  3D vs qud s h l sd s Wh qud hw  mhds  pb h usd wldd vsul pcp csus  md v whch  c b pbd (OR d N 2001, 96)



 scd mlcat crrlatd wt t rst, s tat c w rcg sual rct as a md  rbg t utsd wrld ratr ta rrstg t w ma wll als cc t rl  t Palltc mag as  uu rt art   rbg msm, ad tus a cul tural xts  t sual bra ltug  smblc cgt rqurmt s dd t mrgc  t mag mad ssbl a w scal kd  rct  t wrld tat was t rusl aalabl  udrstad t mag  ts statmt w a t udrstad t Palltc mag as a rctual dc s mas tat w a t accut r w ls  gmt dct atg ratr ta takg r gratd tat t d s  ts d a aal ma b usul: Wras t tlmakr brgs rt t ssblt  a w rm  tactl tkg t mag makr brgs rt t ssblt  a w rm  sual tkg s t lbrat

20

Chptr 8

f e eenle and fm e equemen f lcmn allwed   becme a leged neface beween e ganm and  cal ennmen   eem  me e lbean f g fm  dna exeenal equemen n e cae f e Palelc mage allwed e ee  gaduall becme e leged neface f uman eceng  aecae  n beer ne uld bea n mnd a u ual em a am and leg and a  a eled  a  uall engge e wld n cue a emak gnall made b e fae f eclgcal clg Jame Gbn) all 997 5) n e wd e effeced "lberan f g emanae fm e unque abl f e mage  du  quen w e wld  exeenced unde nmal cndn B a  d n mean a e mage mnge un e ena f e ual em dffeenl an e e f e wrld de Wa  mean  a e mage make  ble f e ual aaau  negae elf and u acque a eul unaalable ene f eceual awae ne Me ml e mage de a caffldng dece a enable uman ecen  becme awae f elf e maealzan f uc bac eceual gealen a e manfeed n e ue f ccludng cnu n e ue f canncal eece  n e cange f cmnen cale a caacee e Palelc mage le 996; Deegwk 989 995; Halen 99ab) ee   ce f ce ae engagemen and f en leanng e feaue ffe u me f e eale examle f mmen n e engagemn f mnd w e wld n wc ucue f mnd mee and denf w ucue med n maeal ug e ce f "cung e undelng mecanm f uman ecen wee anfmed n an bjec fo ecen and cnemlan e nbe mecanm became eceable ual aen aaed and cmbned n eal me and ace In  ene e mage ffeed a new mde f eemc acce  e wld f ual exeence. e Palelc mage make cnuced an exenal caffld a made  ble  ee and exeence e wld n wa a e lg f e naked ee b elf dd n allw  caffldng al made ble a new dec undeandng f e uman eceual em and u ffeed e Palelc en e un  becme n me ene mabe f e r me e engnee f   e wn ecen e mage a  al e cae w language enabled umn o hnk abou hnkng

hogh Marks Ues, nd Sigs

05

Bcng yl-ded

M am n ts cate was t attemt a cmarate restr  mar mang startng wt te rst engrangs m te lmbs ae and endng wt te magncent cae antngs  auet e dscussn cused mal n questns tat s ar ae eceed lttle  an atten tn n te acaelogcal lteature e rst questn cncens  we understand te ntentnal lnk between te sel and te engang e secnd cncerns ur undestandng  te utate eeental lnk between te engangs and ter eeents. e analss reealed tat a cmmn eature  mak mang s tat t s able t tansm umans' dect and mmedate ercetual relatn t te wrld. Suc a st n ercetn ads and stmulates new tuntes  enacte tnkng n nteestng eatue  ts cgnte eclgy  mark makng s tat t can leae ersstent and sble materal traces tat alter te estemc landscae  actt and tnkng Mak makng can transrm a tng nt an bject  nes attentn t can als tun suc an bect  surace nt a sgn. t s tug te tansrmatn  bjects nt sgns,  ague tat smbls are bugt nt beng Wete te ele w made and eceed estc marks ssesed a mde smblc mnd seems  less sgncance n ts artcula cnnectn tan te act tat te came t ssess suc a reeng dece.



Becoming One wth the Cay

Tw  e wee

Tw qesns h emered reeedly n dfferen frms n he erler chers wee  qesn b he nennl lnk beween he self nd merl clre nd  qesn b he nre f cree merl enemen beween ersns nd hns nderlyn hse qesns s he heme r rblem f ency whch ddressed n cher 6 when resenn he hyhess f merl ency r he rses f hs cher I nd  sefl  res ency n rder  elre n deh he knds f recns relns nd bdly sklls h re needed fr rns frmn  cllecn f hns nd merls n smehn new Of crse  elre hse sses lly wll reqre  dfferen mehd nd  dfferen leel f descrn hn re ffrded by lnerm rchelcl nlyss Ths n hs cher I wll be drwn rmrly n ehnrhc merl I he been cllecn whle cndcn eldwrk n ery wrkshs n Greece n he ls hree yers I he w ms n hs cher  resen  cne ecly f ery mkn nd  se nd elre he sses f self ency nennly nd crey he dened be n n ehnrhc sen n whch he rcess f merl enemen cn be bsered drecly nd hs cn be sed  llsre he henmenlcl reqremens f sme f he rncl sserns I he mde The henmenlcl nd eclcl rdns n hlshy e MerlePny 15 Plny 15) nd nhrly e Besn 173 Inld  7  1 Hchns 15  1c he ffered rch descre chrcerns f embded nd sed cn h rde  d srn n fr rchn sme f hse sses ee

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08

Chate 9

also Mass []  oo  oo and ave  ave  ave and Wener  However enomenolo n tsel enerall lacks te contetal and storcal secct needed or a roros comaratve antroolocal aroac to decomosn te noldn o man creatv t n acton rrent teoretcal and eermental aradms n e con tve scences ave aroaced and elored te eerence and meann o aenc eter at te level o te solated ndvdal or at te level o jont attenton and cooeraton between ndvdals ee e. Knoblc and eban ) No dobt ts metodolocal decson s to a certan etent bot sensble and rodctve n vew o ts reat otental for eermental mlementaton Noneteless ts decson also as lmtatons tat treaten to obscre man mortant asects o emboded eerence and materal enaement Besdes te sal roblems o "ecolocal and "crosscltral valdty te alre o most eermental desns to catre te relatonal caracter o creatve aenc treatens an con cetal nctonal or enomenolocal accont o eressve bodl acton tat fals to consder te analtcal mlcatons o contet and nteracton. Te bod as nd lark's noton o "rofond embodment ncel eresses s "jst one element n a knd o eqalartners dance between bran bod and world wt te natre o te mnd ed b te overall balance aceved b 7) onseqentl m aroac to creatve aenc as a roerty o materal enaement and medated acton avods mstakn te roertes o te sstem for te roertes o te solated bod Recall also tat contve scence as Edwn Htcns onted ot n Cognon n he Wld and as I ave dscssed etensvel sn derent eamles n te earler caters as made a smlar ndamental cateor error We are condemned to reeat ts old "cateor mstake eac tme we tnk tat mnds bodes and tns can be nderstood n solaton or conse ter artcal analytc dstncton or ontolocal realt We also rsk losn st o some asects o mnd aenc and acton tat arcaeolo and antroolo were meant to elan Te cateorcal searatons mentoned above are olar and are somewat sefl for erstc roses Te become noneteless badl msleadn eac tme te become te natral measre o wat conts as contve and blnd s to te comle dnamc nteractons between mans and tns In ts cater I attemt to marr contve etnora and ecolo wt neroenomenolo n order to rovde an nteratve accont o

Bcmg O wt  Cay

209

human ceate aency n atcula I seek to denty some of the em cal and concetual chalenes assocated wth the study of ancy and to see how they can be undestood f laced aanst the backound of eal wold actce and stuated acton o f thown on the wheel. At te tte wee: Agecy  act

Imane a otte thown a essel on a wheel. ee also Malafous c) Ty to follow the comlex ochestaton of acton thouhout the staes of the ceate ocess onsde fo nstance the moment the otte's ntenton to act s fomed The otte's hands ae skllfully sensn and asn the wet clay so that the otte can decde ecsely how much fowad o downwad essue s needed to cente the lum of clay on the wheel What s t that udes the dexteous ostonn of the otte's body? How do the otte's nes come to know and contol the ecse foce and oston of the aoate  fo the shan of the essel The ease wth whch the otte seems to accomlsh the task makes these questons een moe fascnatn n exeenced otte does not hae to attend to the moements of hs o he hands Most emboded moto contol s nonconscous and automatc. Moeoe the otte seems to ossess the tact knowlede needed to do what s necessay to constuct a essel wthout necessaly ben able to communcate o exlctly eflect uon what ths knowhow conssts of In the case of emboded skll exlct eesentatonal thnkn and ebal descton ae not needed and can hadly caue the henomenolocal eubatons of eal actty o the ecocalty beween the cafted and the cafte Ths obseaton becomes atculaly sble n the context of leann and skll acquston whee the affodances of the technque of thown a lum of clay on a wheel must be dscoeed each tme n eal tme and sace thouh extense aentcesh. omeone may object hee that all these ques tons hae lttle to do wth aency acton and ceatty as such and that nstead they elate maly to emboded sensomoto contol tact knowlede and actcal skll But ths s ecsely the assumton that want to queston n ths book by collasn the dsons between ece ton conton and acton and ejectn the methodolocal seaaton beween nddual ceate exeence and the mateal medatonal means and collecte stuctues thouh whch t becomes ealed.  wll

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 91 A po's hl Phoo by auhor

u 92 An p por a ork Phoo by auhor

B    

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 93 S  r mr m. Ph by uhr

show ha nderlyn he eorless maner n whch he oer's hand rach or and adally haes he w lay s a se o onceal chal lenes o he emboded nare o acon and he meann o aency ha o well beyond mere moor conrol rocesses B le s rern o he qeson ha was rased a he bennn o hs chaer: Wha knds o rojecons relaons menal or hyscal reresen aons are needed or he enacon o he creae erormance by whch an amorhos mass o clay s ben ransormed no a new objec? Trad onally here are wo major ways o answern qesons o hs sor ccordn o he rs aroah whch mh be called "eeals he ocs o analyss wold be he nal end o he creae rocessha s he rodcs o creay ccordn o he second aroach whch mh be called "neals we shold be lookn a he bennn o he

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Cpte 9

creve rocess To   more smly we shold be serchng for he orgns of crevy nsde he mnd/brn reve exerence s now  qly of mnd rher hn  ercevble roery of hngs merls nd echnqes mlrly o my dscssons of ool mkng nd mrk mkng n chers 7 nd   he "nernls roch sees he creve rocess s somehng h exss enrely nsde he oers hed. Wheher one seks of "combnonl "elorory or "rnsformonl crevy Boden 1 ndersndng he nre of he creve rocesses s bsed on nfr mon rocessng nd comon. On he nlycl level ech of he wo roches hs s mers. The "exernls roch hs he dvnge of byssng he ncerny nd he dy of he creve rocess The rodcs of crevy snd sll long enogh o be reed s "objecs nd objecs cn be erceved wh sfcen clry o be nmed clssed comred nd nerreed. However smly lookng  he rodcs of hmn crevy s sc enes no only fls o ccommode he emorl dynmcs nd he emboded secs of he creve rocess  lso fls o ccommode he cognve socl nd clrl effecs of he rodcs hemselves. mlr roblems er n he cse of he "nernls ersecve rom he ersecve of neroscence he only wy o del wh he nercble nerwnng of he gers he body nd he sk envronmen s o erroneosly ssme h he oer's ngers do nohng b o eece he orders of he oer's brn. or  more deled rgmen see Mlfrs c)  s whn he brn h he lme sorce of he creve gency h gdes he efforless movemen of he oers hnd s  reches for nd grdlly shes he we cly s o be fnd. n conrs o he bove "nernls or €ernls  wys of lookng  hmn crevy  wn o elore  nmber of dfferen conjecres bo he emergence nd locs of creve gency  sr wh  very smle observon h comes nrlly from he ersecve of Merl Engge men Theory b whch mos sdes of hmn crevy fl o consder or re nble o consder The roblem of creve gency n meded con s h he ry of con nd csly s los. The oer's hnk ng enmeshed n he meded rcce h we cll oery mkng cnno be s rgdly dened nd crcmscrbed s rdonl cognve heores of crevy mgh refer The beng of he oer s codeenden nd nerweved wh he becomng of he o Ths lso mens h he consens

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eomng ne wth e Cly

 te create rce are nt t be nd bere r tde te trwn r te a  te t e cnttent  creatty are  te thowg, i the hapg e create rce becme ten a bnd  materaa dynamc w  te ranc n te nranc tat can be ndertd a a new r rrn bend  nredent tat ca act r be acted n Hw d we rceed ten? Frt I re we d et rd  any  p amtn abt caa r aente erarcy  tter' bran/ bdy/wee/cay. mary n term  cnte tytat  te qetn  were te cnte rcee redewe d ben frm a catnay ncmmtted tn We d ame ntead tat eery menta recre needed t rw a ee t  cay may we be etended and dtrbted acr te nern  te tter' bran te mce  te tter' bdy te mtn  te tter' ene ran te ardance  te wee te matera rerte  te cay te mr ca and tyca rttye  etn ee and te enera ca cntet n wc te actty ccr e cmnent mentned abe can  brken dwn furter bt nne  tem d be awed t deter mne te cntr  acty n atn Baed n tat ndatn we can ten attemt t bd a h he  create actn In artcar et tat n rder t nde tand create aency we ae t ndertand te temraty  create actn and n rder t d tat we ae t ndertand t cnttte web  caa antecedent.  temra traray  create actn w enabe  t ndertand wat cae te tter ntentn t rw a ee t  cay It w a e  an rtnty t tet r cn tat t rwn may ne r demand a nmber  nera actatn r reentatn  bt ew  any nterna rereentatn  n te cmta tna ene  te wrd Or wrkn yte wd be tat rt te and ra te cay n te way te cay ard t be raed ten te actn becme k k eect and eect ret and create aency emere frm te ret tat maer Bt rt me urter carcatn abt te cncet  aency are n rder

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Age d ee f ge

 tart wt t wd be ef t dferentate rm te tet between aency and ene  aency akr et a 7ab akr and Haard

14

Chpt 9

ab; Gallaer  ency or te aentie caacity i ometin we are wit oter animal n contrat ene o aencytat i con cio aencyi ditinctiely man lto a nteatin cimanee or examle can certainly cae te ntcrackin act like any oter tool in animal it ack a ene o aency or atori and it may ack any tre ndertandin o caality For ood dicion o caal conition in nonman animal ee Vialberi and Tomaello 1 and Penn and Poinelli 7 To te extent tat te ene o aency inole not only eneration and awarene o olntary beaior bt alo concio er cetion o te eect o c beaior and a ene o reonibility  conider c a ene o aency to be niqely man imilarly imle inanimate material tin and artiact can be ared to ae aency alto tey certainly lack any "ene o it  wa diced in cater 6, te notion o material aency i omewat articial or een a minomer bt it el  to et on wit or qetion and to aoid te wellntrenced antroocentric biae Ti ditinction between aency and ene o aency may een triial rom te erectie o ycoloy and nerocience wic are reoccied wit diociatin te bodily and intentional aect o aency and dicernin teir neral correlate n act many conitie nerocientit and ycoloit tink o aency more a an illion or a conablation tan a a bona de mental tte ee Wener  3 4 and tere ore mc o te emirical reearc a oced on te nconcio initia tion o olntary beaior rater tan on te bjectie exerience o aency Bt dierentiatin between aency and "ene o aency may make a e dierence in te context o realworld exerience and itated action were "mc o wat matter abot man intellience i idden not in te brain nor in te tecnoloy bt in te comlex and iterated interction and collaboration between te two lark 1a 14 t i one tin to ay tat only man ae a ene o aency tat i an ability to reer to oneel a te ator o one own action it i anoter to ay tat only man are aent or ae aency in te ene o bein able to initiate caal eent wit intentional caracter n te context o material enaement and itated action to ak weter we can accont or te ene o aency eiter by lookin at te realm o olntary body moement and motor control or at te realm o intentionality i to ak te wron qetion Te aboe ditinction are imortant or te brain'

Becong One w te Cay

5

tme not o an actty tme and th can be mleadng when aled n the natal ettng o medated and tated hman actty · Th what deentate the agency o the otte om the agency o the clay o the wheel thogh whch agency  enacted  not the act that t  the otte athe than the clay o the wheel that  actally the cae o the eqence o acton that odce the eeln act many eoce hycal mental o bologcal) ae needed o the enacton o th ceate oce What make the otte an eeencng enacte agent  the at that n contat to the clay and the wheel the otte oee a "ene o an eeence o agency In othe wod t  not caalty bt con cone that deentate the hman ene o agency fom agency oe  the dtncton  that between the eelng o agency n the ene o beng conco o cang omethng to haen and the eelng o agency a beng conco o beng n contol o one own acton Beng n contol doe not necealy make yo the cae o a haenng Th we may alo dfeentate between the eelng o agency the eeence o beng n contol) and dgment o agency the elct concetal attb ton o whethe one odced an acton o caed an eect) ynok et al ab) Thee ae motant dtncton not only fom a hloohcal and henomenal eecte bt alo from an eoltonay and deelomental eecte I we accet that agency  a bac and eoltonary mte caacy that we hae wth othe ece and we acknowledge the ne tcale lnkng o agency acton and embodment then ndetandng how hman conco agency emege may be the key to ndetandng the ogn o hman concone and elawaene To th end o tatng ont cannot be that o conco agency a an nnate oety o hman The eelng o agency hold be een a an emegent oey o acton athe than a an   oeon o the emboded bologcal oganm om th eecte acheng agency  a oce neaable rom becomng hman    e pe f aeny

I we accet the nty o agency embodment and medated acton we can edce the oblem o agency to wo majo qeton The t

21

ha 9

cncerns te autrs and causalty  te dn t s te questn abut w r wat s causn te act (n ts case te makn  te t Tat s derent rm askn w r wat eels as r beleves t be te cause r autr  te dn r examle a tter mt well tnk  msel as te autr  and te man cause bend te rductn  a t but a careful analyss  te eratnal sequence mt reveal a ar mre cmlcated cture  te causal can and  te nature  causes and aents nvlved n te act Te secnd questn cncerns causalty tme and sense  aency It s a questn abut w we  abut delneatn te arrate tme scale and tus te rtn  enmenal tme aanst wc te causal cntrbutns uman r nnuman wll be evaluated Deendn n te scale  analyss tere are tw majr ways t arac tese questns rm a macrlevel ersectve caracterstc  antrly arcae ly scal scences and ter dsclnes tat seek t dene aency at te nt  ntersectn between ndvdual and scety ne culd cus n descrbn te actvty can n materal rcurement and manuacture dentfy te tecncal cces resnsble fr te makn  te t ten ask w r wat s resnsble r tse cces Te arcaelst ander van der eeuw wrtes Supp h pr ha  d  ak a ar  pur war fr Tha p ra al ra bh  h hap f h l a hh r f ray a hadl a pu) ad  h harar f h l wall  ha  b war· pr Th l h r h u p hr ra:  a pr whl r parbu hr  r pal ara  hap ha wh h pr  u a uld fr xapl Ohr ra dr fr h aur f h kl ad ful f h kl a b rd ab 15° h pr  uually ur prably f h l wall by ra bu f ha   h a h l hr ha  b lazd r prad wh ahr uba  ak  prabl  hr ra dr fr h aalably f raw aral f h lay   ad pla ad h pr  wrk  a whl h lay ay b ud a  bu f   fud wh larr pla adxur  wll ha  b purd O h hr had f h pr  wrk  a uld h ruhr" pa ay b ud ad a  lay wll ha  b xd wh  fr f pr  2 237)

t rst st accrdn t te abve bservatns t may aear tat t must be te tter t wm we suld attrbute resnsblty fr te actvty but a clser lk n te sequence  events wll reveal tat dscern n te causal lnks and determnn te drectn  causalty s nt as

Bcg One   

21

drc ad ragorward aw mg all   wl ma m o r a a a ma or rm or  or maacrg ro b  a ag o  damc oraoal c  ca alo bm  la o  or ad l d  coor o ac rom a mcroll rc (caracrc o colog roc c loo ad or dcl a k o d agc a  ral ad rcl mal ror o ma aco o cold ad am o brak dow  ac o maacrg or o  gra obl mbr o como olar ac (g qg org ad corollg  a o  l wl   lac rg  o   ad cg crag moog ad o o ad look d  or bra for  "ral mal mcam ad/or ral work robl or "xc rocg lag ordrg ad baoral xco D drc   moral ad  aal cal o  ac  mcroll aroac ad  macroll aroac am o dcrb  m o ar a commm o  or oal o bg a caal ag   call  dl rood agc jdgm  "I dd  ac I  mor o o a I mod   rcdg co a  agc jdgm old o b cod w  lg or  o agc ad a  or m o b commd o  "agc jdgm arl   qc o  log bfor  l  acall rodcd B a I ma o  o ad a  or kow a  o  rq kowldg kll ad ccal ma bfor  ac l ad o  or ad a  or  rad o roc or orw   laag kowldg or como o  acqrd roal d o ll  or rr  gra o   mal xrc o aco  xaml from Grgor Bao (173 31 old r o brg all  o br w n  n flln   h n x ch k f h x    cc ccn  h hp f h cu fc f h  lf by h pvu k Th lfccv  nl pc  buh bu by  l y ybnuclxk; n   h l y h h h ch cc f nn n    u h  n h h v Occnl  h vn qunc f  flln H y " cu n h " n h vn blv h h   l n h lf hch pf  l pupv" cn upn  l bc

Chpt 9

28

By te same token altog te otter may agan be entrely naware o ow or wen s bran and body are makng all tese ne small decsons wen conronted wt s nal rodct e s n most cases gong to answer te agency queston wt ease and certanty as ollows: " dd t  n act ts tendency or "roclty or constructng selreerental narra tes (Graam and teens 1 11 s a common eature not only o or eerence o acton (allowng s to elan our beaor retrosec tely) bt also o or agency jdgments n contets n wc we are "artcant obserers rater tan te subects o te acton Howee te act tat common sense rarely demands tat we queston our sense o agency does not mean or warrant tat t sold be treated as an nnate and omogeneos nersal uman attrbute. learly te dea o te solated man agent tat acts on te nert world can ardly be accommodated or een make any sense n a number o etnograc contets n wc te categores o ersons and tngs are nsearably nterlnked (Gell 1 BrdDad 1 and n wc notons o "agency and "causalty lose ter tradtonal meanngs Te case o Melanesa oers an ecellent eamle o ow acton and dong altog assocated wt a basc sense o body owners may not necessarly be assocated wt sense o autors n Melanesa as te antroologst Marlyn tratern obseres n er etnogray o te "Melanesan erson 1 73 "agents do not cause ter own actons tey are not te ators o ter own acts Tey smly do tem. gency and case are slt (ee also Busby 17 Ramsey  Tese consderatons can become clearer  we attemt to look more closely at wat les bend te agency jdgment and more recsely were te macroleel and mcoleel aoaces der n resect to ts jdgment t te macro leel te agency jdgment seems to be a roduct o many cultural and socal actors tat nole a great deal o gerleel cogn ton For nstance elaborate caactes or lannng decson makng beaoral control and memory are actated and contrbute to te eer ence o agency ll tese caactes become realed n secc cltural and socal contets and tus are stuated and medated rocesses ltog a macroleel aroac s mc better equed to catre te totalty o ractce and ts te ossble resecte contrbutons o tese arous elements to te eerence and consttton o aency te comlety o te eent so reealed resents serous analytc obstacles

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Bomig Oe with the Cly

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 e mc leel e gency jdgmen  ened lke  eelng  e e ggege  eelng exeenced dng e lng eqenc  y Te qen  n lnge b w mde e ; nw  bek dwn   ee  mc een lny  nnlny elgeneed  exenlly geneed nd  n)  cne e enl eqence  e  dcn Tg we e nw delng w cle  me nd cy  e me ely cnllble nd  my be exemenlly elcble we ll cnn ece e cmlexe  cn Medlgclly e nly wy  del w e nexcble dynmc clng beween e e' nge nd bdy nd e k ennmen   me wngly n  ce  e e nge nd bdy d nng b exece e de  e e bnme mly  me    nde e ed  we ld be lkng  e e ce  gency Te be nebly  e lc  gency m e elm  embded cn  e elm  m cnl nd/ nennly T    m e pefomaie elm  ed cn  e epeeaoal elm  bn cee nd menl cn T e qen  gency cee  be  qen b e enmenlgy  cn nd becme  qe n b e nel cele  cn gency  n lnge n enc e blem   nmed n  cmnl  eeennl blem I d n men  deny  n nce cmnl blem my well e  e bn e mmen e e ce   ced by e cly I mly men  eme    e blem ln  eed by e cly el w ny need  menl eeenn Bk 11.  e ence eece n mnd nd cn emnd  "cgnn  n e eeenn   egen wld by  egen mnd b  e e encmen   wrld nd  mnd n e b   y  e ey  cn   beng n e wld em Vel e l 11 . nnely    e cgne eqn  le  ec me we decde  edce e cexence  e ce nd ecee elemen  cce   menl ce nde e ed Hw d we ccn   gencybn blem n e cnex  ed cn One wy  nwe  qen  by llwng Dnel Wegne mln b "en menl cn  6 nd eeng e blem  gency  n "lln weeby ele end  exeence cnc wll nd  gency qe ndeenden  ny cl cl cnnecn beween e g nd cn T  n

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te 9

howee becae a one wold hae exected fom an emboded eec te the otte hand often ha eaon of whch the otte mnd  not awae and whch the clay may et o accommodate ccodn to Wene t  ntead the otte ban that ha the eaon n the fom of a "eadne otental (P at leat 350 mllecond befoe the otte conco awaene of the wh to act (ee bet 15 1 Thee  mch we do not yet know abot the nate of aency bt  dobt that the way to tackle the qeton of aency  mly by lookn deee nde the ban nothe way to anwe the qeton abot aency attbton  to adot a henomenolocal enacte aoach Th m_ay allow  to nde tand the dynamc coln between the otte and the tak enonment a a dance between eqal atne the otte leadn the dance at ome tme and the otte "taton leadn t at othe tme (Malafo 00c Pcken 15 nfotnately althoh a ood henomenolocal decton can ll  nde th eamle flow of actty and aency when we ct the ow and e the qeton of aency o nne atean elf o "nteete wake  to take contol of the taton To be e many extenal facto fom the texte of the clay and t hycal oe te to the mateal affodance of the tool aalable to the otte may be allowed to nflence o detemne ome at of the acton Bt nal eonblty et wth the otte It  the otte who "eally decde what ot of eel to odce and th t  the otte who  to blame f the eel odced  of low qaly o f t exlode dn na ce that not only otte bt eole n eneal ae wln to ay fo the ake of fee wll o the "llon theeof (Wene 00 00 The qeton of aency may eem nnocent enoh n the context of ottey makn bt t cae ome majo ethcal and ocal mlcaton of whch we hold be contantly awae onde fo ntance the qe ton whethe eole o n kll a exeed by Bno ato (1  177: hat des the u add t the sht? I the ateralst accut ryhing a cet ctze eces a cral y vrtue f the u  her had he u eales f curse ut als structs drects eve pulls the trer    ach artfact has ts scrpt ts ptetal t take hld f passery ad frce the t play a rle  ts stry y ctrast the sclcal vers    reders the u a eutral carrer f wll that adds th t the act play the rle f a passve cductr thruh whch d ad evl are equally ale t lw

Bcmng On wth h Clay

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Bh he aerals accn and he sclgcal accn al  recgne ha agency resdes n he blnd sp n whch scey and maer echange prperes bd 10 I was precsely ha cncn ha led ar  redscer he nn  medan rgnally deelped by e Vygsky (178 186 and he Rssan acyhery schl Neher he slaed gn nr he slaed nddal can bear he respnsbly r he ac  kllng The respnsbly les n he ne hand n he way hse w agens cme geher  cnsrc a new hybrd agenhe gnmanand n he her n he scechncal newrk ha spprs and makes ps sble sch a meeng cn nles a calescence  hman and nn� hma elemens and hs he respnsbly r acn ms be shared amng hse elemens bd 180182. N dsncns beween hman and nnhman enes can be ssaned n erms  agency In he remander  hs chaper wll arge ha neher he mcrleel apprach nr he macrleel apprach s scen  capre he phenmenn  agency n s aly and hs  answer r qesn  agency arbn. T ndersand agecy we need  dersand he meanng  medan and recgne he prry  acn and maeral engagemen.

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Agey  ey akg

s he sclgss Jhn aw and nnemare Ml 28 5 7 are carel  bsere qesns ab agency "are sally asked as par  a search r eplanan Wha s he rgn  an een The prblem wh agency n medaed acn s ha he pry  acn has been ls The per by beng a per pssesses a deren bdy. The cmmn dsncn beween an ernally dren blgcally cnsed physcal bdy and an eer nally mpsed echnlgcally enhanced enclraed bdy cllapses The pers bdy beng messy ad leaky Clark 17 can be as rgdly crcmscrbed as a bdy bsered n a cnrlled epermenal seng wld hae been. Eerng n he clral realm  skll and pracce ha we call pery makng he pers bdy becmes mre han a bdy  becmes a iuad bdy. Hweer "beng saed des n smply mean ha he per s lcaed smewhere r he same reasn ha "beng embded des n smply mea ha he per has a bdy. Insead "beng saed means

222

Chptr 9

ha itaedne at I mean n ohe wod ha he aon (enonmenal, echnolocal clal o ocal can hape and/o become pa o he emboded hnkn poce By he ame oken "ben embod ed  mean ha embodmen matt  mean, n ohe wod ha he body hape and/o become pa o he poce Gallahe 2 Chemeo 2 wo mao peme ollow he clam made abo he meann o "aedne and "embodmen ha deen bode hnk deenly and ha aedne peppoe embodmen n ohe wod he way o ban and bode ae p oehe and ae aed n deen acy cone  no elean ehe o how he mnd wok o o how aency  epeenced and coned hee ae ncan phyolocal and epeenal deence noled n ben a poe, and hoe deence deenae he peence and h he aency o he poe Moe mply he phenomenoloy o a mple bodly moemen n he cone o poey makn may de a ea deal om an dencal bodly moemen ha happen n a deen cone hee ae ey ew pon o eemblance alhoh knemacally hey may eem dencalbeween he poe' hand ochn he clay and he epemene' hand enaed n an ol nay o nolnay key pe n he cone o a neoman dy Wha n he lae cae eem o be a conolled heachcal eqence o caal een  n he ome cae moe a moaed eqencn o ela onal een ha oen ake on a le o he own By he ame oken he meann o aed aency  ha o an aency eended medaed and h haped by he nmen, ool meda and echnoloe ha chaaceze a pacla aon. Th alo mean ha a ea deal o odnay epeence and hohhoh abo who  he cae o wha who  conolln wha and who own whabecome eoly enmehed ndeed "yn o paa cau om c nd h loop opo makng  lk tng o conc a po kpng you hand clan om h mud Malao 2c 2)  hee any way o o h? e, ae ad aeal eaee

One way o poceed  o ake me a o an pon and by cn aco he cale o me y o deelop a dealed empoal anaomy o chonoachece o he ac Concn ch a chonoachece wold be eenal fo ndeandn how he ene o aency  eneaed

Becng Oe w te Cay

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A pcondon o a s a w cally dn  poon o m ncapslan  n w wan o dscb and n dcd w s poon o m conss a mannl n n  la ncanmn o ns consn  acy w sk o plan Ts s ncssay  w wan o accon o  casal acy o ns no o al  compls o  con coloy Now no only dos m bcom mpoan b  pnc o m as cand s  nnonal bndn c (Haad  al 22ab sss  pnc o ancy lnks acons and cs acoss m podcn a mpoal aacon bwn m In o wods m s soo a las s pncd as scdn  nacon o  opaonal sqnc a wll bn abo  po mpl jdmns o w o no an acon casd a spcc snsoy c a now dsb d amon a nmb o pacpan lmns and socs a nd and mda  posc body Hod nkn and mmoy ms now com no play n od o dsamba  saon To s a b l s ocs on  basc dsncon bwn  sns oancy and  sns o ownsp (Galla 25 Tsaks and Haad 25ab "ns o ancy s o  pos ln a  s  wo s mon s ands and spadn pondn and sapn  clay ns o ownsp s o  po's ln a  s s and a s mon Many cn sds a sown a  sns o ancy " am  ao o  ac and  sns o ownsp ("Ts s my body dssoca o nsanc pmns by Tsaks Pab and Haad (26 and by Tsaks and Haad (25ab podd mpcal dnc a o sns o ownsp m b nad by an sns dback (as n nolnay acs pass momns o snsoy smlaon and a  sns o ancy m b nad by n snals (as n olnary acs ompasons o ac and pass momn dn ancy as an addonal componn o and abo  nomal pnc o on's own body Rcn dnc sss a ancy ansoms  pnc o  body A nm o sds a compad  cs o olnay acon and pass momn on popocp awanss o ons body ncy nally nancs bo spaal and mpoal pocssn o popocp nomaon (Tsaks  al 25 and modlas m pcpon (Haad  al 22 and olnay acon appas o na dsnc body pas no a nd awanss o  body (Tsaks Pab

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Chpe 9

ad Haard 006 Whle h arach rea he ee  aecy a a add  he ee  bdy werh  al redc a wway erac  bewee he w ch ha he add aecy wll chae he eerece  werh ad a he ame me h alered ee  wer h ca chae he ery eerece  aecy B hw d hee eermeal bera re  he realwrld e  medaed ac ad ery mak? O he e had ery mak whe ee rm wha rely wa called a macrleel erece ca ceraly be claed a a lary raher ha a ae ache er ceraly ed  errm a eqece  aldreced bdly meme amed a rdc a . O he her had whe ee rm a mcrleel erece ery mak a a demad klled ac ca be decrbed a a dyamc cha  lary ae ad relee ac eleme Oe mlca  ha r he abemeed dc  bewee aecy ad werh  ha  he cae  medaed ac he way r ee  aecy ad he way r ee  werh crrelae r dcae dr he cre  ac are  ed ad able b ary deed  dere emral cale ad ae  ac bere ac dr ac aer ac ad  he deree  eere  errm ha ac ce r klled r eamle alhh a eereced er mmered  he ha  a eel wll e rer ha he ee  werh ha  he ee ha   h had ha ch ad me he clay)  eereced hrh he acy he ee  aecy ha  he eel ha   he ha  ca he meme)  e dred I her wrd   e h r he er  eel ha   h bdy ha me ad h  hae a ee  werh r    deed aher h  ay ha he er  alway cc ha   he ha me h had a  he cae  klled ac Meawhle he acq  a ew kll  eerally acaed wh a decreae  he eed r ae lead  he deelme  ama cy Hweer amacy  he ee  erle errmace  a ak  ally acaed wh a ee  l  aecy r l  ela eel  be mmered  raher ha ca he ac he e heme ca be bered  ce a he early ae  kll acq . Pracce eec reraa redrb caldee Kelly ad Garaa 05) ca aec r crbe  he ee ad eel  aecy A mlar bera ab he eec  racce ad me ca be

Beomg One h the Clay

225

made for the dtncton between the feelng of agency the eerence of beng n control and udgment of agency the eplct conceptual attrbu ton of whether one dd produce an acon or caue an effect ynof et al 200ab The ene of agency (feelng and udgment wll dffer between, ay tme and tme where t refer to the rt mnute of acton when the potter attempt to center the lump of clay on the wheel and t to the nal mnute, when the pot ha almot been haped and the potter add the nal touche The above obervaton ugget that the potental contrbuton of the dfferent tage of the acton equence to our ene of agency would be dfferent. n the tme and pace of pottery makng, afferent enory feedback (vual and proproceptve/knethetc nformaton that tell that potter that he  movng) and efferent motor command conflate and operate ynergtcaly The potter' ene of agency may be generated by efferent gnal that end motor command to the mucle ytem but we hould keep n mnd that thee efferent gnal derve from the potter ene of the clay (Malafour 2008c)

t tb

Situaed bodies and t eelg o clay

The ongong controvere about agency n pychology, anthropology, and ocal cence derve n part from the fct that agency ha many dfferent manfetaton and that thoe manfetaton cannot be captured n ther totaly at any ngle analytc level or n any ngle expermental ettng It  cutomary that an attempt to explore the nature of human bodly eperence wll ue the Wetern knbounded ndvdual a the prncpal analytc unt In other word, the bac aumpton  that any bodly dmenon on whch one may chooe to focu can and hould be accounted for entrely by phyologcal procee occurrng wthn the organmc kn bag. A a coneuence on the one hand, ome of the mot nteretng apect of our bodly phycal ocal and technologcal conttuton reman neglected; on the other hand, mportant new ndng about the neural correlate of human embodment and the nature of agency a a bodly experence fal to nuence and engage wth the anthropologcal perpectve No doubt the flud nature of thee extraorganmc fctor and force mean that they cannot be ealy accommodated by conventonal expermental protocol (magng, clncal or behavoral. By the

226

Chape 9

sam o localg h xprc o agcy  h bra als o accou or ralworld aco Howvr, I hav argud  hs chapr ha som o h mos rsg qusos abou agcy  h cox o mbodd mdad aco (Wrsch 1998 ca b oud oly " h wld sg h xampl o h por's whl as a llusrao o such a borac,  hav rvwd som mpora dgs abou h dfr facs o agcy placg hm agas a aural ad cologcally vald cox o mdad aco My am has b o corbu oward h groudg  aco ad h culural mbddg ad possbl crossculural valuao o curr dgs o agcy  hav argud ha h mpora quso s o how o spara h prrlcv aspc o bodly prc from h rflcv aspc (grad 26) or how o spara h acv lm o aco from h passv lm, bu how o pu hm back oghr ad accou or hr ogog ad rrducbl causal couplg  rmas o b s whhr agcy ca offr a way o brdg h ural ad culural corrlas o our bodly slvs

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Eplue: Hw D hns Shape the Mnd?

In hs bk I he sh  exse sme f he rejudces nd he qesned sme f he recncens h re reen n ur wys f hnkn nd n r wys f dn cne rchey In  rdc nd erhs fr sme  n mnner I he red  refrmue he qes n f hmn cnn n  mnner h w chene s  ressess r nns bu wh cns s  cne rcess Drwn n he ener hyhess f he exended mnd I he deced hmn cne r cessn s  hylonoe eld mndsce qe ery exendn n he etr�rnsmc enrnme d mer cuure Ths s n smy he ewmch mre cmbe wh cmmn sensef  cne en h deends hey n exern rs nd s s when we se enc nd er  d  re mucn ch  ew wd smy recne he mrnce f medn n hmn hnkn rs redy u frwrd ms fmusy by he sychs e Vysky n sced curhsrc cy hery decdes befre he cne ren f he s ben  Nr w  my my nenn  ehere he we knwn crcsms f he cmn de f mnd s n rhmc reerned nd seqen reresenn enne n de h s chrcersc f d dfshned rc neence) Insed he chef nnn f hs bk es n he mre rdc de h hmn cne nd emn ses r rcesses ery cmrse eemens n her srrndn mer enrnmen Accrdn  he hyhess f he cnse nerwnn f mnd wh he mer wrd h I se  n cher 4, ur wys f hnkn re n merey cusy deenden n bu onsiued by exrcrn bdy rcesses nd mer rfcs me ee my nd hs srner ersn f exendedmnd hery hrd  defend nd dfcu  embrce fuy uch  recn s f crse 

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Caper 10

be anicipaed becae once he coneniona demarcaion of in and  are remoed i appear ha coneniona cone cience oe he anayica priy of i obec of dy More mporan a he phoopher Aa No pon o (2009 185 in ie of he nfenia if no fondaiona roe ha he caca inerna pay in cone cience "hoe reearch proram hae o be e aide. B ha may appear o be a o from one pon of e may be an mporan an from anoher. In any cae   mporan o remember ha radica a  may be he approach o he dy of mind ha I hae e forh in hi boo emere a a eimae and nara onooica pobiy once e rd oree of he dea ha or bran are omeho oched h he mac d ha mae hem abe o ac a he phyca machinery of mind and ef hie he nonbooca ff m foreer reman mere ae and oo Car 2007 11) B hy doe  maer, for archaeooy here he bondare of mind are dran? Why hod e abandon he eenrenched ie of hman conon a a rcy or prmary nracrana affar? Ho far are e n  o h he dea of exended cnon? Pr ho doe exendedmind heory reae o he dy of maera cre? In hi epi oe I  offer a fe mmary remar on ome obio and ome e obo ramcaion ha Maeria Enaemen Theory ha for he archae ooy of mind and for he dy of maera cre. Medlal afa

Wha do cone archaeooy and anhropooy an by adopn he perpecie of Maeria Enaemen Theory? Sarn a he ee of mehod one mmedaey obo coneqence and one poena payoff  nohn e han a reconraon of he ineeca andcape nhabed by he archaeooy of mnd. See ao Wheeer 2010 appe 2005.) The pread in of mind ranform maera cre no an mporan conie exen on no n ome ymboc or econdary repreenaona ene b n a more mmediae and direc ay A a re of h hf, e need no oner dorce hoh from emboded aciiy a e need no oner adop he ance of mehodooca ndidaim and h redce he compexy of an exended and dirbed conie yem o he ioaed brain of a deimed hman aen. Embracn he reaona onooy of Maera

Epilogu

229

nggement Tery men tt relgy n lnger ndem  mterl ulture t  le utde  gntn prper t wy  tugt re nt ut epreed n mterl ulture nw tey n l be een  prtly sttt by mterl ulture Ben ere mke  mlr rgument but te rle  erly tne tl n png umn tnkng Turnng rund te trdtnl vew  relgl evdene  te endry vble prdut  me preextng nvble gntve kll Jere (2010 04) prpe tt we vew t evdene  "ne l   eedbk lp between gntn nd mterl ultre  tt te relgl rerd n lnger lk lke  blk bx but "rter lke  lk wt me  te menm vlble r npetn even wle me element remn dden bd  Te relgt t  reed rm te "nppy tte  beng  rutrted mentit ndemned t mterlm Knppett Z 16). Mnd nd mtter re ne nd n be ppred nd tuded  u. T pt mterl enggement t enter tge n te tudy  mnd nd gntve evltn At te me tme  gntve relgy tt  n lnger mmtted t n "nteed repreenttnl ntlgy  mnd  better prteted rm te Drwnnnpred ntelletl yndrme  Drwnt nd "nermn r rm "Drwned nermn Te ltter term ve been reently emplyed by Rymnd Tll (2011 r  ll revew  te rgument ee Mlr 2012) t rte te rrently dmnnt tendeny t expln everytng bt mn le n term  blgl evl tn nd te brn Tking prper mere t vd te trp  nerentrim  ptulrly mprtnt n te develpng eld  nerrelgy n w tere   trng tempttn t lte ll tt relly mtter n mn gntve evltn nde te ed See Mlur nd Renrew 200 Mlur 200, 200 Renrew et l. 200.) Mterl nggement Tery nd te xtended Mnd Hypte remnd u tt brn mgng n mtter w nvnng nd enntng  ttement bt te nner wrkng  te mn brn t mgt be ld nder n rmtne be nued wt  tenlgy ble t delmt te relm  te "trly gntve Te ntn tt we re rter tn mply ve  brn  mtken nd ld  bndned. We re mre tn  brn. T md s mo t  

One ld even rge tt te exvtn tren bete nd brng t lgtt  derent temprl nd ptl lewt untnl

230

a 10

gntonn gng R) f to tu nd vu bout hun ognton Foung on th ogntv f of thng o fot  n onn th th y bound (ontoog nd itoog)  dn thn hoogy nd byond Boundi hv  gt fft on ou und tndng of ho  ( ogni)  nd thu on ou ontion of gny nd on Coing th bound btn th "nn nd th "out off hoogy nd nthooogy  n indo onto th hun nd but t o v u th th iotnt toogi h ng of tkng ti utu ouy nd dvoing oon  ton y of thnkng bout th ox ntton ong bn body nd od Of ou thi hng xtnd byond th d of ognitv hoogy nd qui t utu  n nyti objt fo th n of ind h tudy of thing tt not iy bu thing n d th oti of ind to th xt od (nd oby v v) but o bu thng  b of hnging th tbhd y in hih th ognitv ot  ohd nd dnd h  tht tditon y of doing ognitiv in ut hng Obvouy thinkng th boundi of th ind h jo iton fo ou undtnding of th o of thng f byond th ontxt of ogntv hoogy nd hun voutonin thnoogy in dgn n iti thoy vn n thi. (S g Vbk 11 Bnnt 1 4; Bon 1 3) A ind nd on d o do fdo nd o gny A th hooh of thnoogy PtPu Vbk oint out n hi book Molzg Techolo us as nnonay appard o b dsrbud amon h human and nonhuman lmns n human�chnoloy assocaons so s rdom Tchnoos n hm� svs" canno b r bu nh can human bns 211 6

Wht   thn xty ho ght t nggnt hoy h u to think th tit tht k th ogin of ou i xty ho ight it dvn th ongong dbt ov th king of odn hun Wa     hua?

hink of Dinin voution So fa  it bi bioog ndont  onnd Homo sapes k ny oth   nto bing ov ti

Epogue

231

thgh  pc f dptt d t ct Yt  ctt wth  th pc omo sape dd t tp th t cm th y pc t tm t gy y mfctg  dtctv cctv, fwr cgtv rm f c trct d mtr ggmt  th  tht m f w ght t th cgtv ct ty tw hmn d m, d thr mdrn tttn  nvtnry th, mght  wrg? S r  th hyrd ct rm f hmn md d ccn  ccd, th nw  py Y rw ccnt r fr fm ng th t wrd  wht w r. I my mprtnt wy,   rghty pt t, "w   rmt frm m wh w q f tckt f  pp ccrt  wh w wrt  m ymphny 11, 151 h qtn, hwvr, mn: Hw dd Hom ap gt t   dffnt frm thr pc? Av , wht  th dffrc tht mk th dffnc? h mg f hm ntgnc tht mg frm th dc  th k  cr ngh h hmn md   prdct f gc vtn  mch  t  n rtfct f r wn mkng Hm, Jth Kngdm h rgd, cm dffrt y cmg "tfct f thr w rtfct 1993,  c Bv , 19193, dcng Kgdm hypth, gr tht "hm tchgc chvmt hv t y dd t  hpd  pc Mr cnty, hn Hffckr h t t t pr hw hmn' ffctv  f vr m rnd frm f rtfct d tchg pvdd  mdm fr tzg thr mnd d rdgng thmv Athgh h pprch  my grndd  th "trnt cmptt d f cgtn tht I hv crtczd hvy n th k Hffckr pcty cknwdg th cnfctg chrctr f hm v  tht thy r rtd n th t wrd nd yt qt dffrt m t 11, 171 In prtcr h pp tht hmn hv "dgd th vrnmt, th tc nd tc,  wy tht hv cmpty trd thr tnhp t t  rgc ng d, 7 F Hffckr, th dtctv ftr f hmn cgntv vt  th npcdtd cmpty f th hm "pr, whch h    pdct f th grd trzt f thght d ymc pn nd  htg "prpt tht  nknw r hd t  vdnt  rgc vtn d 77 Cry, th, th d f cmg hmn y wy f fngng nd trfrmt  t mthg nw r trg S  Gm 7 r,  h 

232

Chp 1 0

o may m  h boo,  h a ua o  o h  of ahaoogy a ahooogy No oy, h, o h a of huma a a ybog a fma  om vy auay fom h v of Maa Egagm Thoy  ao,  mu b ah moa Y h am a a b my ug f  aga h bagou of may afo ga vouoay a  ahaoogy. Why  ha? O a of h a om fom Ta m of Da: W a h av by a u of ouv fom hh  ao a bau    o h vy aguag  hh  h abou ou au. 2011, 184) Th oh a of h a a b fou  my uo  a ha of ho va oo abou m oao ogh h a fa ooogy of maa uu hav agy um ahaoogy obuo o h ba ov h au of huma uu .  I hav b, f o a h u ohooy abou h mooga au of h ahaooga o, ay ofa a   va o quo of huma ogo, h    maa v ha a ahaoog ou u o ubaa ay uo o uo h o h mgh hav aga h oma omuaoa  a oDaa  a a, hh, a Ta o ou 2011 182 a o ov o h vy aguag  hh  a v o h abou ouv. Ho a huma au b b uoo h? Wha mgh b a goo ahaooga am o fou uo  o o b ua ou ama ybog humay (Ca 200? T oo h og a o  ahaoogy a huma vouo a b u o ha : Homo abe a Homo ymbols

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Hoo

e

 I u bfy  ha 7 vouoay aou  omaa v ogo  o a oo u a a hama of huma ogo O ha oua ay agum fo ogv ouy ha oa  h ogh vouoay a aog o hh h ogv ab of huma a ohuma ama  aog a ouum  ov a aDaa Bu  ho I hav ma  a ha f h oo of Homo fabe bam obo  ahaoogy a omaav

Eploge

233

cogno  wa becaue o ree commo erroneou preuce a m an boy are fuamenally eparable a e m a eecu ve corol over e bov a a our eracon w e worl on affec or raform e preume onologcal eparaon a aymmery of mn over maer n ay gca ee ven ee ecece a e way ey eem o ecapulae bo Decare ualm a Darw make (Pe e al. 200) one ca epla e rece eoevoluoary ren To remey ee ecece I ugge we oul look a e makg a e ung of ool a mea of uerang e aure a e cope of embome n our pece evelopme Tool ue offer new pobl e for cogve eeo. I affor new form of emboe pra, an u opporue for e evelopme of e eperece of agecy a elfawaree. I am o ayng a oly uma make a ue ool Oer amal eem capable of og o o ome egree Wa I am ayg  a ere  more o e oon of Homo b a e eer varey a opca o of uma ecologe. Wa ruly a ou  e profou com pley of our egageme w ool a ecologe Tere mply  o oologcal offene or epemologcal make nvolve  ayg a we uma "aloe ee a ape ourelve by e ool we make a ue I e wor of y Clark 2003, 161), we are u "fng coalo of ool Bu wy  a? Wa oe a coepenecy mply for our pece? Soul we perceve early one ool a capable of raformng a eenng e cogve arcecure of our omn aceor? Woul  be afer, ea o coue lookg a em a merely pave "eer al mecancal a for cug mea, w o real cognve bearg o e evelopmeal raecore of our pece? I ope o ave emonrae a e former vew emerge a plauble Even e kepcal reaer wo may ll  e pll of eenem eory oo ber o wallow, mu am a recen ue eplorng e effec of e emporary or permaen ncorporaon of nanmae obec a ool no e "boy cema (Caral e al. 2009a,b a e al 200 a a ava 2000 Irk e al. 199; Ber an rane 2000 Marava e al. 2001; Holme a Spence 2006 Holme e al. 2004 Mara va an rk 2004) offer pleny of evece a o ow even e mple ac of maeral engagemen ca cage e way e uma bra per ceve e ze a e cogurao of boy par. lo relevan ere  a

3

h 10

cmmnt by a Ratn (199 50 n t mtanc  mata ma tn n uman actn Tl u r cncun by mpn  n  mry  hn Th l ur dvlp n ud h h cn u hn  rv hml T u bc   mpr  u  hm  mk hm d wh hy dn' d nurlly  mk hm rnl" rhr hn nhmlv" Th mul purpvn nd nnnly

maav acagca uy  t u can  u anw qun abut  macy  mbmnt an abu w bac caac  mb actn a  u caac  ctv anng an abactn T bng u  ymbm. H m Whe   b?

T m  b  ubt a uman a t "ymbc c. S .g Dacn 1997) T uman aby  gncatn an ymbzan xan an a t "cgnv cgy  ug an cmmuncan batng m m  mma xna cntan  m an ac. But   a ymb Wn  a m mak bcm an abtay gn    tnk wt I tuc n  qun n cat 5 an 8, w I a at t a w nca way n wc  abv qun can b unt Accng   t cmmn amng acagt) wn  t a n n m Tat   a t t gn an vmnt  uman ymbc bav wc man cntntu. F cn v  Hnw an Ec 011 Hnw an Dubu 011 Wynn an g 010 T cn way  untan u qutn a a  ntgca n wn nw   wa   a anm m�  xam an ngav mak  a  ba) n a ymb I av agu tat acagy a ma muc g w   qutn t t  ugg wt  cn Wy  at I av cu va maj tcmng. H I w ummaz  at uy tan u. I

On acua wakn mmng m  atan way  nkng abu w mn a t tng an bang cy n t u  ymbm cncn "ntntnay cauay  an actn. T man

pilge

235

aumpton behnd th dawbac amunt to the followng ntentnal tate ae  o t thng wheea thng n themelve may nt be   t anythng Thng n th vew may contan o become the obect f human thught and acton, but they do nt actvely patcpate  hape t n any eal ene Thng, n othe wod, ae mply pduct o pave ecpent f human ntenton and ceatvty They may tand f omethng, but n themelve they can do  nothng they have n lfe of the wn F Mateal Engagement They th  the wng way to appach the quetn f atfact metaphyc It mple what Tm Ingld 200, 97) call the "hylmphc ntolgy of mnd ve matte, whch mlead u t ead ceatvty backwad What th backwad eadng mean, t ue the example of tol makng,  that we tat wth tol n the mateal wold and then tace the ogn n the knappe' ntacanal mental wrld A chaactetc example f th tendency can be een n the way many achaeolgt cntnue t ntepet the fom f bfacal tol a exhbtng a mental template mpoed n ock F a ecent example ee Hoffecke 20, 4) On that vew, tl eflect abtay pecnceved degn that wee mpoed n mateal to pduce tandadzed fm eg, a handaxe) Ingld 200, 92), dawng upn the wok of the phlphe Glle Deleuze and Flx Guatta, ghtly ugget that we eplace th hylmphc ntolgy wth an ontlogy that agn pmacy t the pcee f fmatn a agant the nal poduct, and to the flw and tanfomaton f mateal a agant tate of matte. But hw can that be dne n pactce? How can we bet appach ntentnalty, and nfe the dectn f mton and caualty among the vaou ngedent of actn ban, bde, mateal, tl, uface, makng) Ingold p ped tw mple ule f thumb that mght offe a ueful tatng pont t follow the mateal (200, 94) and to lk between lne and the uface n whch they ae dawn 2007, 2) Moe eman t be done, hweve. Tyng to ketch Mateal Engagement Theoy cnceptn f acton a thnkng and "thnkng a actn I agued that n ode to beak away fm th domnant "hylomphc tend we need t eplace t wth an enactve ne I ppoed enactve gncatn a a model akn t the undelyng pncple of Mateal Engagement Theoy and able t hghlght the elatnal popete of human ceatvy Thu, ntead of eeng n the hapng of the handaxe the executon of a pecnceved

Chpte 1 

26

nern men pn e o ee n c of emboyn n oo mkn mo of e nkn ppen ere e n mee e one Tere  e ebere pnnn b ere   e e of pproxm on ncpon n en bo o e mer  bee Someme e mer cobore; omeme  re n me o of  eon enon come precon n  kfne Knppn en o be een more  n ce exporon n   pe exer nzon or mpoon of form  Te knppn nenon  eeny cone ro n c of coboron beeen mn n mer ency one of e ere mnfeon of mn econoec rene Mfr 2008b) T re n e yomorpc ono oy of mpon form on mer n ppor  yonoec from e Greek hyle for mer n nos for mn) onooy of nkn hrogh n wth mer. Coon e r bonre for or n of ny  mporn A En Hcn npre by Greory Beon) pon o eery bonry pcemen mke ome n ey o ee n oer mpobe o ee 2010b 706) Ten  cone  mennf bonry n  pre ory of mn ncon? One y o cke qeon of  reon or y e empoye repeey n  book o exen n expn e conenon emrcon ne of kn n k no e or A more rc y o empoye ofen n  book  o bnon e oc of bonre n emn ne Tn my no nk n fee b neer o brn ne   mn  o e nkn n mn e o no fore re e proc of or mboy nr n crfe Hry 1991 149) Te er o men  e mn brn   propere  n rfc of cre  mc     proc of mn booy Te nner men omn fr from ner n pre  rey pe by n neprby nke  e exern omn A e pooper Anony Cemero e from e n pon of  rc emboe cone cence   ony for conenence n rom b)  e nk of e ornm n enronmen  ep re n fc ey re be o of  frmn j one nonecompobe yem 2009 36) One mjor poe  Mer Enemen Teory re  e e of encm  bee  of ene mkn  ree precey o  pon me by En Tompon n M Speon 2008 26)

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Eploge

37

Th i coim gg o i/x o iid/oid (which m h ii/xi d i ioi d midi o ud dig h cui o o ioi ogig o iioi h ivd od o igih wod

Human beng, a vng oganm, contanty enact the wod they ve n Thomon and Staeton, ctng Matn Hedegge, ao emnd u that a vng beng  n' t wod n a cometey dffeent ene fom that of wate beng n a ga bd, 26 Nonethee, t  ao the cae that often the obem we face n achaeoogy  not about f o whee we houd daw a ne but ntead about how to make ene of the dffeent knd of ne that eoe have dawn Th bng u to the econd mao hotcomng of the achaeoogy of matea gncaton the acy of eeentaton Th p y

A common faacy n the way achaeoogy uuay make ene of gncaton and ymbom  what I have caed the eeentatona faacy It can take dffeent fom, and can oeate at dffeent eve, but eentay t nvove an attemt to account fo the eatonh between cognton and matea cutue y wa f ome eeentatona mechanm  hae agued that the eeentatona aoach to mndwod nteacton my eave out many henomena that ae of geat vaue to the tudy of cognton and matea cutue Thee , howeve, an atenatve Intead of aoachng matea cutue a a mee vee o etena toage medum, we houd ook at thng a a fundamenta cogntve eouce n the own ght Athough we may we be abe to contuct a menta eeentaton o anyhng n th wod, the efcacy of matea cutue n the cogntve ytem e may n the fact that t make t obe fo the mnd to oeate wthout havng to contuct a menta eeentatonthat , t think thrgh things in actin witht th nd f mntal prsntatin Fo Matea Engagement Theoy the wod of matea thng can be een a t own bet eeentaton Book 1991. The ban need not wate t tme oducng ntena ecaton of what  decty avaabe n the wod The att ketchad nt jut a toage vehce fo etenazng eetng vua mage t  a tghty coued and ntnc at of attc cognton tef ak Za, 115).

C 1 0

28

In h bk I hav  h a vn  h cnv l  hn ha ncpa uch  han a pl cnuan  padn  u d  nal ncdn ( n h had  n h wld I  a vn npd  by h dbud and cpnally plac a  h p kllully nan h clay  pduc a p han by h lna achcu  a un achn In h  ca  ay ak ll n  pak  n y' represetg h h (Clak 199 98) Alhuh h uncn  xanual cu ay wll b a pna nal n uch cu can al ak n a adcally nacv and hu nnpnanal cnv uncn W hav n  d xa pl  h n chnl and aac xapl a na B abl ha   all und h cay  xnal yblc a and h can b appachd  a pnanal anc Evn n h ca an pan yp  cnv vn huld n b nlcd A cnv y d n ak u  xnal pnan nly  wha hy tad for, bu al  wha hy ae I dnad n chap 4 un h ca  h na B abl ha hnkn  n ply a a  adn a   annul lnuc n ncbd n h uac  a abl bu al a a  annully nan wh h abl l a a aal n A Huchn ak any ppl wnly au ha h au  xnal pnan qua pnan  unpblac Bu wha ak a aal pan n a pnan  Huchn ak and uh wha ak  n h pacula pnan  ? h anw n bh ca  nacn  apphnd a aal pan a a pnan  hn   na n cc culually hapd pcpual pc (c 4943) A ad n y dcun  h n  yblc nucal hnkn n chap 5, h cncp  nub d n hav nally  b d n a vbal a   acva h ban n w adnally aca wh lanua  can b apd dcly by nan h aal wld h  pbl bcau  h bac ppy ha cnu abv anyhn l h cnv cacy  aal culu A hn can ac a  wn b pnan Evn  w a ha h undandn  xnal pnan and h n  ybl a wha ally a n h achaly  nd (hn I uly dub h qun w huld ak  n abu whe huan bun  pn n hn wh anh bu ah abu whe and how hy beame ly aware  h dn  In h wd



Epgue

23

e hud be uin n metarereentatin r  meanitin that i thinkin abut thinkin  artiuary tein eame a nidered in hater   d hre enrain r ine  iment me t deit anythin? nerin a quetin  thi rt did nt he t adane ur knede abut hat the enrain r ae imae miht hae meant but it ertany heed u t undertand h they meant. The attemted maratie rehitry  mark makn red a hit in erete rm the uua quetin What kind  mind a needed t made the mark? t "What kind  mind are ntruted by makn and ereiin the mark? The rua quetn I ueted a T hat extent ud the human abity r externa rereentatin and metarereentatin hae eered r deeed n the abene  the mark? I red that the rina re  eary mark makn and ater  imaery a t rde a adn deie that enabed human eretn raduay t beme aare  ite. That  it enabed human t hink ao hinking Uai oi

 i a th reeant t the quetin  the riin  aed mdern human nitin? Deite many arhaeit ndene in the ntn  a "mdern mnd ne ud quetn the exitene  uh an identabe human re that  uenty tabe and endurn t be ued a a ne uniera denatin r the nitie tatu  ur ee n artiuar I think the net  mdernty i t ae underdetermnn and tentiay quetnbein t ere a a utatn r uh a trantn in the menta re  ur eie. I d nt h t quetin r deny the extene  a dtnty human mind I ny deny that uh a mnd ext a an eenethat i a a et  xed and biay determned aate he rn an be exaned by aea t me rtuitu eneti mutatin and he rdut an be een reeted n the arhaeia rerd n a ere  reneed xed behara trat a the ntin  ntie r behaira mdernty eem t imy. ant that e I he I hae demntrated in thi bk that the human mind exit a a htray ituated atuaitythat i an emerent rdut  mex ea reatnh and exbe nrrate rm  matera enaement.

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Chpe 10

Whh s f a mdn human bhaa as n hss, un  n s nshwd and Maan 2003 and whh s md f hang n subsbs , gaduas  suddn s dE and Sng 20) h a w maj and d nnhd m assumns bhnd h dba  h gn f mdn human ngn Th s s ha h ban's anam and suu sad h sam af h man san n, whn and wh w dd  sua ha Th snd s ha maa uu, hugh  an b sn  xss ssb hangs gn  h n human gnn, has n ausa fa wh s  hs hangs and n d ansh wh h mhansms ha und hs hangs, whh shud b sugh n h dman f human bgy. Ths mans ha h  f bjs and hngs n h a una shm mans nsmna and h saus mans hnmna! Thngs a ad as a dffn ha dsn ma a dffn.  nsan, hangs n hngy and nnans n maas suh as hs dsussd n has 7 and  ma suggs gn hangs, suh as nhand wng mm, nnnss, usn, and a, bu uma h dnd n, and mus ha gnad baus f, sm suddn gn muan, suh as h OXP gn assad wh h dmn f human ab f sh and anguag Enad  a 2002) Ths aud, as  ha nd u, s sm ma f a m gna ndn n h mansam gn sns  a maa uu usd h gn quan .  nsd hs sm ng f h bj n f h ms ssng bms n h sud f mnd m h s f Maa Engagmn Th, nn f h assuns mnnd ab an b susand.  n hng wha s  abu h human ban ha mans h sam? hugh n DN suds Mas 006a,b suggs ha h human gn suu dsn' sm  ha hangd muh, h human ban ams an has s was dsussd xns n ha 3 gn dmn s n ng sn as h gss unfdng f nfman ad u n h gnm. Th adna w f a ndna w f aus and ff fm gns DN  RN  h suu f ns whh h nd gs wa  a sub u n whh hsa, sa, and uua ass f nnmn and bha an gg h xssn f gns Ws mann  a. 2007 76 Quaz and Sjnws 199 Gb 2003 2007) f

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e ininiay pai uman ain undgoe onn ange ue to aiou deopmena enionmenta and uua ato$ i annot impy  aumed at anatomiay modn uman inteigene  to a xd and a peiation eent  e a in apte 3 o Maeia Engagemen Teoy te amak o uman ognitie eoution i mapatiiyat i einaing extaneua poeti xiiiy tat ao o enionmntay and utuay deid ange in te ue and uniona aieue o ou ain Ti ing u o te ond o te piouy tatd aumpion on ening t pipnomna! o o matia uu in uman ogniion  aid aoe, a mao mtodoogia impiaion o Matia Engag ment Toy i at  oed ang in e matia od oud ao  en a indiaie o poi pai anomaion and eogani ation in  uman ognitie aitu, ate an a impy xp ing pexiing ognii ang o magia gneti muation T dieion o ind auaion mu ang am no auming a  poion o ak o o a ain tnoogy o matia innoaion oa diy o auay i e poion o ak o o a tain apaity o aiity Te popoed inion and ompiaion in  dietion o a aua ao i not meant to impy a n om o impii dteminim Maia uue i no a au in  inea manii ne i i a aue in a dynami onoogia ne do not pa on ien au i ano at, i di eint au an o on ano Ti diion do not naiy man at any ang in e matia od oinidd piey i undamnta ange in uman ioogy On e onay i i mean o mind u at not ony doe i qi inteigene o mak and ue a oo, u "a oo on ine ign on o uman o nonuman "uky enoug to  gien one Dnn 1996 99100. T a ang o ognii aaoogy i not o ai e ma ia oa o uman "modn ognii apaii y ay o om pxd eaioa ait it Te oi oud  o dio e a toi o ooniuion and xpoe  yp o inomaion o a a ouping ena in any paiua im and pa Ti ao mean at not ut any ouping o "ink i do ny inan o too u and manuat may ae a nume o men in ommon o a a i dne ouping i onend, u i ao a impotan dien

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Chpt 0

On chang f h achag f mnd s    ndsand whn  cng aks s h gh fm  s a hs n ha cgnv sca dmgahc and chngca cmnns bcm nnkd n sch a wa ha n cmnn dns and s dnd b h hs.  s hn ha mvng bnd gand naavs ab h gn f hman mdn shd b h s s wad a cnvncng anan f hman cgnv bcmng. Ths uleag f hman mdn w ca h d f sd f man nncssa assmns and f s fm man ndcv dchms and sng asmmca bass. Ahgh saang bg fm c smms maks gd ana c sns whn n s aachng sm achagca bms  shd n b cnfsd wh an ngca samn ab h wa hngs a N shd hs aca saan b awd  bsc h qsn f hw cgnn and maa c a cmbnd and bng ach h n bng Rnfw  a. 2008; Gbsn 996 Kna 200 Gamb 2007 Hman cgnv vs a bschsca as Kna 200 69 d n h naa wd and  q dffn fm  whch s as wh  hnk as (20 s gh  nss ha hmans cann b sn as as f na i he ame way ha h anmas a as f na and ha Dawnan naa scn cann an hw hman cnscsnss cd hav cm n bng. h nd ass  cm  wh nw anans ab h makng f h hman mnd ha a n basd n can dmng ns and ca c vna sags b nsad a snsv  h cm and h mgn chaac f h hnmna h sk  accn f Ca h nns f cgnv and bhava mdn whch s dmna mch f cn achagca hnkng a n ab  sv h abv s N n s h cnc f cgnv mdn  qd  ca h mbdd ccv and sad chaac f hman cgnn and cnscsnss  fn fms a vasv smgca ba As a s  bv ha h nn f mn has ng vd s sf nss and shd b abandnd S as Sha 20 n hs bk  hav d  shw ha nw hngs and nw was f makng and ang  hngs a n sm dcs f cgnv chang b as cnsv ascs f h cnsan changng and ndd anam f hman ngnc. S as Jdan 2008 n a wa hn

oge

243

n ld a that innvatins in aly matia  a imptant nt as vidn f hman mdnity bt as vidn aga t atial innvatinsfm th ldwan hpp t th Ahlan handa t th Blmbs navins and shll bads t dpitinal av at t th m nt symbli  xaphi nald ) thnlis, sh as alndas, witin, and nmalsa nith amplishmnts f th hminin bain n symbli statmnts abt th psn f a nw hman psntatinal apaity and ths th iins f hman md nity. Instad, thy a opprities f th hminin bain. Nw fms f matial namnt hav ivn s a windw nt a whl nw st f skills and ways f thinkin that affd at vaiatin and flxibility f s, nly sm f ths ptntial skills and ways f thinkin may hav atally bn alizd, and vn fw may hav svivd in th visibl ahalial d. Th imptant hallns f nitiv ahaly and philsphial anthply a t lk at ppl and thins as dynamial intfas and t ty t ndstand thi nitiv lif in tms f mtal pmability, bindin, and sttal plin ath than spaatin t the tip f the bid ' tick We hve eve bee der

T pav th way f th main thsis f this bk, I sd th lassial ph nmnlial thht xpimnt f th blind man with a stik la Pnty 195 Planyi 195 196 Batsn 197) t ais an ld bt faily inttabl and timly stin h ds th blind man's slf nd and th wld bin? h d w daw, and n what basis an w daw, a dlimitinlin ass th xtndd systm that dtmins th blind man's pptin and lmtin? I said that I had hsn th xampl f th blind man's stik as my pint f ntan t th alm f matial namnt mainly f tw asns. Th st was that it pvids a d analy f th pfnd plastiity f th hman mind Th xampl f th blind man's stik minds s that it is in th nat f hman intllin t main always amnabl t dasti dp anizatin and ths, ptntially, t a n stant pmdn  nnmdn stat f han and nin nitiv vltn As  mntind in th pdin stin, it stiks m as plasibl,

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hat 10

f n key, h  n mpn een, f  my bw he wds f Bn  (1993 we he nee been mden The hmn mnd emns n ncmpee nd nnshed pec, n sme sense bnd nd ye "pfndy embded (Ck 27 2792h s cpbe f febe deep ncpn f new sensy nd cne suce A he sme me he nc ny f he bnd mn nd he sck ffes  pwefu meph h enbes s  cncepe mnds nd hns s ynech (cnns  s especy n he e sense h he empe f he bnd mns sck encpses he sp f e Ene men They nd hs cn be sed  smme my echn hess n hs bk The smmy es s fws Th fucta aat f th hua d (hch cuds th h ras, that s, bra/NS ad bd) s a dac bcutura cstruct subct t ctu us ttc ad phtc trasfrat b bhavra prtat ad sca bddd xprcs Ths xprcs ar datd ad sts csttutd b th us f atra bcts ad artfacts (., th bd as stck hch fr that ras shud b s as ctuus, tra, ad actv parts f th hua ctv archtctur

T mke bee sense f hs ssen  s mpn  keep n mnd h whee c fm he "sck mh he ken n he hsy f  speces, s pmy fncn ws h f  pathway nsed f  bonda  ese  thing nsed f n object Thh he "sck he pesn fees dsces nd mkes sense f he ennmen b s encs he wy fwd And  s n h cpcy h  cn be seen s n eemp f wh n hs bk  he ced he pcess f me enemen6 Thnk f he wy he sck shpes he mnd f he bnd mn  s n smpy  me f epndn he bndes f hs "pepesn spce (h s he spce sndn he bdy. Nehe s  smpy  me f demn  new ne f cn pssbes dependences,  sensy heches (f empe sbsn sn f ch The sck des me hn h  becmes n nefce f  pec nsfme swh mh be ced  bnfc nece Geney he wd nefce s sed  dene ny medn (n  c h enbes cnsns nd n ene speces cmmncn fw nd necn beween enes  pcesses The hmn bdy ( ps f  ne nd ese e sme bs empes f sch

plge

245

an nac bu on coud hnk ao o o dncv copaav apo ap a ak ud by a onky n capy o v dan ood wad o a < ud by a chpan o dg o ood n h wd (chap  abov k 200 k and akua 200 owv n h con o Maa Engagn Thoy h noon o h banaac nac ha a o pcc annga anng coy aocad wh h concp o apacy ha wa dcud n chap 3 In pacua   noducd o dno h knd o aa ab o nacv cognv poh ha nab h conguaon o a dynac agnn o unng aong ban, body, and cuu. Th o o bdcona dynac coaon can ak any dn o.g, hadabd (ab) o oabd (conguab), pc o pagac, nvav o nonnvav, pnaona o poav anpan o nonanpan  conuv o nunaand can b pcay obvd hough dv ap, ncudng ay Paohc on oo, h o cn banachn nac ha nab a onky o a huan o opa o dvc dcy va nua acvy (Nco 2001, 2003 Donoghu 200 and h QWERTY kyboad o h apop copu I ud o w h book Y, dp h upcy and vaaon n o o ho onoogca coaon o ban, bod, and hng, hy dna and occupy h hybd "vd pac a h ncon o "pona, ,, "pp ona, and "apona pac. (S Cadna  a 200a) I popo ha, hn n n h boad con o apacy, wh dad acon ak pac and wh nua and cuua pacy  and chng pop, h an anoav c o hng n huan cognv  and vouon can b, vy boady, pu n h ajo and coy nad cago daona, poa, and pac

eaa efecs

I a wh h o obvou way hng hap ou nd Thng, a dynac pubaoy daona an, dacay chang and congu h aonhp bwn huan and ho bwn huan and h nvonn. Mo py, hy congu ou cognv coog o ab A w know, an da pcaon o ha  a chang n vouonay dynac and cv pu Th pnc o hng n ha pop no ong ac o pavy adap o h nvonn

a 10

6

nstead te actve enae and nteract wt t. at s, tns becoe aents o cane and ctra orcestrated nterventons eneratn ter own nsa evotonar dnacs s dea resonates wt, and to a certan etent eanates ro te teor o nce constrcton aand et a. 2000 Da et a. 2003 bt  epass on an envronenta epotaton s not restrcted to te sort o catve epstec enneern (teren 200) tat sc a vew t p (e aso Weeer and Cark 2008. ns do c ore tan enabe te nd to ake aa se o andor transfor te strctre o noraton n te envronent n was tat te naked orans wodnt ave been abe to aceve ns are ore tan spe adaptve oents wtn or ctve constrcted contve nce servn to proote ore ecent probe sovn Rater te pose ter own dnacs con scosness and teporaty on or boctra evotonar contn ns aect te ow o te or eotons and te bondares o or contve sstes

ea efecs 

It s apparent tat te s o te essence or contve arcaeoo A b part o arcaeooca practce s concerned wt dstnsn wat cae beore and ater n te arcaeooca record and wt constrctn a seqence o events over te on ter However te s aso one o te denn eatres o an penoena eperence and tnkn s pont s brot nto  ree n te oown qotaton ro Crs Gosden 199 17) All a s md a whh uss h mp  h pas  a a apa�   h uu Th h bdy ad maal hs m h w  h pas  h uu Huma m lws  a umb  vs ah ll pss a  asp  h amwk  

Bt  as Gosden pes te ows on a nber o derent eves ow does te nt o an penoena conscosness eere?  are tat tns pa an portant part n te nteraton and coordnaton o pro cesses tat operate on radca dferent te scaes e. nera bod ctra and evotonar) e and ts conscosness operates at dferent speeds rann fro te second o nera actvt to te sower rates o scar te to te enna o an evoton. ns effect tepora ancorn and

Eplgu

27

binding hey he u to moe o the e of tine nd to ontut bidge between temo henomen tht oete t difeent exeienti ee hough the hy eitene they o he u to bette unde tnd the quitie of time nd the omex y in hih thee quitie beome embodied in diffeent utu oee hey o ok bet ove the ong tem umuting bioghie nd tuing time though oint tiition in utu tie in y tht often ee the temo imit nd hythm of individu humn ife nd exeiene Of oue the kind of dution enuted in thing diffe fom the kind of dution enuted in humn bodie nd bin et the henomen tbiity of the temoiy of thing eevnt to the temoity of the humn body i eiey ht mke oibe thei ontoogi union in tion. Hoeve thi temo tbiity of thing need not be inteeted   oing don time gument of the ot tht i event in mny heoogi theo ie. See e.g. Hodde 21 Oen 21) Wht my e to be  oing don of time i moe of  ne tuning. hing t  dynmi ttto oeting in feedb ie tht bind the diffeent e of time togethe

asc efecs

Finy thing hnge the bin. hey effet extenive tutu eiing by ne tuning exiting bin thy by geneting ne onnetion ithin bin egion o by tnfoming ht   uefu bin funtion in one ontext into nothe funtion tht i moe uefu in nothe otext. Moe thn tht thing extend the funtion hitetue of the humn ognitive ytem eithe by dding ne oeing node to the ytem o by hnging the onnetion mong exiting node. Moe imotnt they e be of tnfoming nd enging the tutue of  ognitive tk eithe by eodeing the te of  tk o by deegting t of  ognitive oe to nothe gent (humn o tift). Thi oe of extended eogniztion doe not imy efe to n tivitydeendent hnge in the neu hitetue eithe the ddition of ne oeing node o the hnging of onnetion mong exiting node). It efe to n outd exnion of the onitive ytem in ode to foge extneu onnetion objetied though mtei utue bodiy tion nd eing. Re the exme of numei thinkng in hte .

24

pte 1

he e f lre I ed y rely oug ome uure haege Epag how hg hape he md ea oe reeamao o he a oooga grede o huma hough ad o he emoded uura prae ha ur hoe grede o oge proee aro he ae o me he haege ahead demad reoeg he ra wh he ody ad eyod reakg wh reduo epaao ad he og pa Eay how h a e doe rema a ope empra queo r he ee o md I hope o hae demoraed  h ook ha arhaeoogy mgh hae a ear ad de oruo o make o he erdpary udy o md A a reearh ed preouped wh he udy o hage ad ae o ompare ad oow rarmao o hg ad her aeme oer me ad aro geographa pae arhaeoogy a ge u a paruar awaree o he ee o hg o huma oge e Maera Egage me heory' ou o "a maeray eae u o poder wha make u a huma ad a he ame me o dere Howeer wha I am ryg o emphaze here  o mpy ha  woud e  he ere o oge arhaeoogy o adop Maera Egageme heory ad ae eeam or he purpoe o mappg he prehory o he huma mdape I  more ha ha I argue ha oge arhaeoogy ha a esemologl oblgon o egae  deph he whereaou o md ad o epore he oge erra o maera egageme I eee ha   he urde o ho who are deag wh maera uure e se o egae he kd o e  ead For may year ow arhaeoog hae emphazed he ae aure o maera uure ad hae reogzed ha hg ke pero hae oa e Appadura 186) he Eeded Md Hypohe I wa o ugge ope he way o doerg he oge e o hg I eee ha Maera Egage me heory y oug o he dee reproa auao ad o he eparae aee kage ha haraerze he oooga ompoud o ogo ad maera uure may oer he opma po rom whh o peree wha or may year remaed urred or e: he mage o a md o med y he k (Baeo 173) Oouy he maor queo o oger oer oy he hemody am oupg o ood ow meaom ad ehaor  ao oer

Epoge

29

th dnam tutua oung o an od and th mata wod Admttd non o th uua adonud ta ud n an magng woud  o an h h h quton  not aout th hang n  a ood ow t  aout th ak ak  o th ow nto th wod h hang n oth wod  n gung out how ou at an an  undtood wthn th wd ntwok o nonooga aod and nutuatd oa at that dnat th ata and tmoa ounda o th human ogntv ytm a a utua atat o vua that a dnt knd o taan tm knd ndd Adotng a ongtm and ath otontd ahaooga tv oo Mata Engagmnt hoy a a uu mthod and on tua aaatu o ntgatng th dnt tmoat o utua voutonay and nuona tm and o dgng th ga twn nua and utua atty annot am that w hav th anw. ho hav dmontatd that w an at at gn to ak th quton

I

I

I I

Note

Chapter 1

1 r  d rvw f vb m mthds d thr prbms s Mr 200 2 Mr d (1 16 ws  f th rst t pt t tht w ct hv  scc f md tht dsrrds mtr ctr s w ct hv  dqt scc f mtr ctr tht vs t ct" Chapter 2

1 Thrht ths bk th trms ctvsm' cmpttsm rprst tsm d trsm w b sd trchby t rfr t th sm  thhd" vw f hm ct Chapter 

1  A trt sct" trprtt cd trprt th ds mtd

 s m tt pp wt crd ppcmp rymttr vm r ty bttr vtrs d ths my b mr ky t bcm tx drvrs Hwvr  fwp stdy f vt xprts m txdrvrs fd  dffrcs  rymttr vm Mr t  2003 dct tht pstc ch ws cty ffctd by xprc d prctc rthr th by t fctrs Athr stdy cmpr tx drvrs wth bs drvrs Mr t  2006 t frthr spprt t th frmtd ds



Chapter 4

Athr ccrt xmp f ths prcss c b s  th cs f th d tr' tbts frm Pys whr  r st f sm dvd tbts s th b srs hv b rcpd  rps  r tbts p t frm   cts dcmt" hdwck 176 26

5

t t t 4  5

2 T numu mpl  wd  vn cplt ln  wtn ubquntly ddd v t mn ttn nnttn  cntnutn  t tt  c t w nt nu pc Cdwc 197 6clly ndct tt n t c  Ln ,  wt mny t ctvty cntt, Sucmn lw, tt ntnl pln nd mdl  lwy t vu t ccmmdt n dvnc t mnld cntnnc  lwld ctvty Sucmn 197 cnmd 3 T cncpt  dnc w cnd by t pyclt   Gbn 1979 t dnt t ctn pblt   tn" T tm undln t dn ntc tn btwn t pycl ppt  tn nd t pntl ppt  n bv Accdn t Gbn dnc cn b cncptulzd n tm  tw fundmntl ppt: tt n dnc t ltv t t ctn cpblt   ptcul nt umn  nnumn nd tt t tnc  n dnc  ndpndnt  t nt blty  cpcty t cnz pcv,  ctulz t In Gbn wd 1979 137 t bv my  my nt pcv  ttnd t t dnc, ccdn t  nd, but t dnc, bn nvnt,  lwy t t b pcvd" In t wd t dnc  n tct  bjctv  ty t ndpndnt  ny vlutn  ntpttnbn  nt bn pcvd but t t m tm ty  ubjctv  ty nctt  pnt  nc An dnc  lwy n dnc n ltn t t ctn cpblt  mtn It  multnuly bjctv nd ltnl In tt n t cncpt  dnc cut c tdtnl ubjctbjct dult nd pv uul n u ttmpt t dw ut t ntctv ppt  t tndd mnd n ndv tt  nl Mll  bvd 197 109, qu t tncn dnc  cultul ltvm n d t dcu bjct n tm  t nl ptntl" but dmnd t cntn tt t ptntl ttbut nd nt ncly b lzd  cnwldd n ny ptcul cntt"  vlutn t vdnc n nm rm ut l, tm Gb, lmu Tnmt nd Mtn Hnb 200 737 ummz n mptnt pnt but blcl mmry tt l ppl t umn nl tcncl t dvc, blcl mmry d nt m pmly dnd t ply t pt but t ntt lctd pct  t nt pnt bv" 5 Alu  ppctv w ntlly  dlctcl n Mll 200 27 ud tt bjct ct ubjct muc m tn t t wy und" t 5  T cc  t tm mtl m n t cntt tm m y cncn t mpz t mptnt dnc btwn t mtc  mtt nd  lnu. y un t tm mtl n ntd  mtl ymbl I m t vd t Suun cnnttn  t tm 2 A ml ppl cn b und n    tcl n wc y 1992, 1999b dcu wt  cll t ntl llcy": t cmmn tndncy n

  

5

d 7

2

chgy  duc h pgc c  hngs  sc n cu ncn 992 )  I cn b bcd h h h bv cnsdns dn ncssy n h w shud bndn u ngusc ngs A  h  us ngusc hs phsng h pv cnspch cpcs  ngug h cud b usd s  d  h cunc pps   sgns Ths y b u hwv h ssu s n whh wds d  s uch s hy sy (Hdd 993 255 bu whh  hngs d uch  hn wh hy sy nd whh h physc dncs nd  cnsquncs  n nsp b dnsn nd  n s css h pn p  h sc sgncnc Th s why h dngs usuy supss n sc cs nd n s c c h by  p s h cndu   ssg   vb subsu Ms pn whn nd  hy spk hy d s n n ngc ngug  h wn ngug subsny dn  hun ngug syss bh n g nd n synx (  spk bu g nd synx n h cs   hngs ks ny sns  Ths dnn shud n b undsd n   ngc sns snc  sgn cn b sunusy n cn n ndx nd  syb A chcsc xp  h bv cn b und n cn Ausn  n whch pp nd ns  n suy dpcd n h bss  h ks hy v n h snd (Munn 973 325 h 7 1 Th pducn  dhsvs n pcu dnds h vsb cbnn

 dn ngdns such s pn g nd ch I s dnds pcc knwdg  h physc nd hng pps  h dn ngdns whch dss h by  cusv cbnry hugh Wdy 200 ) 2 Fwng h  hd h cnd dy  p y n Ag  kng ws bsd n  d sp  h pssn chgss ch wh  hn 0 ys  kng xpnc sp h s sz  h sp h FGPT pcdu ydd  hgh sgnns  sucn  ssc nyss. ncvn d  w kng sksOdwn k pducn nd Achun hndx kngw cpd gns d   cn sk cnssng  bnu pcussn whu lk pducn nd gns h sus  h pvus sudy wh nxpncd subcs (Su   200 9)  F uh vdnc  hs pn nk bwn cpx  us nd n gug s Fy 200 Fy's sch cbnng d  bnnud pns nd d r uncn nugng suds suggss h pssby h  bn nwk pcps n h psnn  bh  us sks nd

54

t t t 7-10

cmucv u Ahuh m  vuy ppcv h c  c dmt th dc  uy thy ctut  c dvpm  h d u  h pb  bw u d  u  hu vut 4 F dd dcu  pc p hd mphy d   Mrzk 1997 d Mrzk 2002. Chapte 8

1 A Id p ut th r t wht h phphr Mt Hd 1971 dtd  th udt   dw: t th ccup   wrd dy bu bu h vry pc  hbt h h Chape 10

1  Vytky 197 196 Idd Vyky w   h  pych  udy ymcy h rmv ct  mr md m d pychc t  th wy w thk huh pcpy ccd wh th udy  u Vyky d mpr h  hw vru ctv rct cud ytm  cut mc dvc mp wrk  rt drm d mt   r c h hum ctv ytm d t dvpmt 2 F c chcuct thry (Ld   2000; Stry 2004; Sttz 2010 uptc thry mbdd cv cc (Ck 1997 2003; v Gdr 1995; Chm 2009; Mry 2007; h 2005; hr d Crk 200; Huch 2010 crwrk hry rtc c d rbtc 3 F rvw  md hum c  Br 2002b Hhwd d Mr 2003; d'rrc 2003; d'rrc d Srr 2011; Nw 2010; McBrrty d Brk 2000; Sh 2011; Mr 199 1991; Pw t  2009; Zh 2007; Cd 2010; dy 2001 4 Hum" Ady Ck pt u  undy mbdid gnts ctur r whm bdy  wrd d tchy  rurc p  crutmt  wy th yd  prmb d rpdy rcurb /\rd budry    hy r t hp bydr wtch h p hw rm bhd  d v   ct d rp bu h ctv chtc  thr w bud d cpct." 2007 279-20 5 Fr  mr dd pt  h hyph  Mu 200b 6 h bd m' tck MruPy wt h cd t b  bc  hm d    cvd  ;  p h bcm  r  tvty d h cp d cv rdu  uch d pvd  p t h I

t t ht 1 0

55

th xortion of thing th ngth of th tic do not ntr xriy   midd trm th ind mn i rth r of it throgh th oition of ojct thn of th oition of ojct throgh it Th oition of thing i immdite gin through th xtnt of th rch tht crri him to it hich comri id th r rch th tic' rng of ction" (6 3

z8o 

. Th ttr i o non  cutur rconrion or nuron rccing Dhn 

Nuroioogic thi hift in th cogniti roc undring th rfor mnc of  t cn  n   chng in th ctu oction of rin ctition ( nd rn 200

References

Abrh,   2008. Mplscy Tu sypss  rks fr plscy ar Rws rosn 9  87.

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Abrh,  ,  r, M  99 Mplscy Th plscy f sypc plscy plscy Trnds in rosins 9 20 As, ,  Az, K 2008 T onds o Cognion lckll As, ,  Az, 200 f f h bus f c c I T ndd Mind  R Mry MIT Prss A, K 200 Th cuplcsu fllcy rvs Cognii yss Rsa    2 2 2 2 Akrch, Akrch, M,  ur ur    992 992  A cv cv   vcbulry vcbulry fr fr h scs f hu  hu crs I aing Tnoog/iding o ds n oono oga Cang   kr  J  MIT Prss All,  J 2009 T Ls Ls o  ran ran an oon oon and   Orga Organn o ind. ind. lkp. Ab  H 200 Pllhc chly  hu vlu in 29 787. Ars M L. 200 b c A l u ria nign 9 90 Appur, A. 98 Iruc s  h plcs f vlu I T oia i oTings  A Appur br vrsy Prss Arhur  989 p chls, crs rurs  lck by hsr cl vs ono orna 99  Ashby,  R 952 sgn or a ran ly Aus J L 975 ow o o Tngs  ords Hrvr vrsy Prss lr M  Ols r r  r hu's brr l n 295 2729

8

0  

ns

l M 2 h n hunns mn n 29 29-22 n n n P 29 Th chin pi ppch in mil Ysf Pllihic chly n Anhopooy  3-3 kw kw J. J . H, smis L L  n T Tby by J  s 992 9 92.. Th Adpd Mnd oon Psyhoog nd h Gnon o  Of nisiy Pss

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sn G 93 ps o n ooy oMnd oMnd Gn li  n Nill H  J 22. 22. ssml plsiciy h n hw  s osn osn 3 443-42  R 23 Th ynmics f ci cicl pcpin in n l ml n Adpt ho  29-243 ll J 992 99 2 On cpuin cpuin ncy in his his bu phis phisy y In psnons n Ahoo    Gin n  Pls Inin Inin nisi nisiyy Pss.

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onoms o o gon n n h h Mynn Mynn od Of nisiy nll L 2 onoms chl f Achly Achly

nssn . L, Ny Z. k  smn L, ssb H n lln 2 nsi pin pcicin hs inlly spcic ffcs n whi m lp mn  osn 8 48- nn J 24 Th fc f hins ps w n cly f m Po ho 32 3 34-32

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nn J 2 Vn Mt A Po oo o hngs uk nisity Pss sn H.-L 9 998  otion  i A n ssini 2 hn f bcms n Rmppin f spc by lus on o ogn osn 2 4-42 inf L R 96 Achlcl sysmics n h stuy f culul pcss Amn Anq 3 23-2 i ii i N 999 9 99 Animism" An imism" isi isi  Psnh Psnh  ninmn n linl linl nhopoo 4 6-9 pismly n Anhopoo i    n Msuz Msuzw w T T 2   himpnz numicl numicl cmpnc inl n inl skills In Pm igns o Hmn ognon nd ho  T Msuzw. pin lkm . J 28 Th scil bin in lscnc.  s osn 9 (4) 26-2 lkm   n huhuy  26 lpmn f h lscn bin o oh hdd Psyhoo Psyhoo  Implicins f cui funcin n scil cniin o nd Psyh Psyh nd Ad Ad Dspns 4 296-32



259

oAia ng or Uivri Pr Bo M 10 T Piosy oAia

Bo M 2010  nd A T ods o 1is or Uivri Pr Boh C  Boh  18 Ml mp i wil himp  l o hmmr rpor or  rkig Ps 2 16010 Boh C Mrhi P Mrhi N Frh B  Joli F 1 l  rkig i wl himpz  lrl hvior? on o Hmn oion 26 325-338 Bol F  Ki J L, Lohr J  Wir F 182 M s is Li nd om�  Gi o rm Boivi N 2008 Mi s M Mnds T m o ngs on Hmn Tog oy nd oion Cmrig Uivri Pr



Bori P 177 n o  To o Pi Cmrig Uivri Pr Bo   ihro P J 185 t nd  oion Poss Uivri o Chigo Pr Bro

[187 15 Psyooy om n mi ndoin. olg

Brook   11 llig wiho rprio Ai nign 7 1315 Brow B 2001 Thig hor i Inqi 28 1) 122. Brow B 2003 A ns o oTings Tings T T Ob Mt Mt oAmin o Amin Li Uivri o Chigo Pr Brr  2003 Foil r o h hm hm  hogh Plorolog Plorolog  h vol� io  o h g omo iis di Antooogi 81 2-56 Brr  200 Gomri morphomri  plorolog Bri hp vol io i h g Homo o o Hmn oon 7 27-303 omnon o o A Bhli V 200 Mril   olm l omnon ooy  L Mkll   Prl Blkwll

Brg T 17 Iivilm  h ml I Mids dis in Piosoy volm   P. Frh T Uhlig Jr   Wi Uivri o Mio Pr Aion on ssys on Li L i Li Li  nd  nd Mod Brk K 166 Lng  ymboi Ai Uivri Cliori Pr

B C 17 Prml  pril pro  omprv li o gr  o i Soh i  Mli on o  oy Anooog Ins 3 261-278 1 2 Th iooii iooiiv v hor o mom mom  rog rog prgm Br M  12 ( 03-6. i vrio on o  To o oi io 22 (

2



 M A 999a. Ial Ial mblc mblc pamac pamac ad maal culu Rv Rv  fl v  h ld cpp cmpl Anecan Antiut 6 2 2652  M A 999b 99 9b mmu mmuca ca  ad a d maa maall culu culu Cambge Ahaeologal oual 9 ( 2-  R W 25 Th mak  h l Th cv cac  a ap Knappng ng The Necea Necea Conton o o a Unquely Homn Homnnn maual kll I Stone Knapp ehavou d V Ru ad  l. Mcald Iu  Achalcal Rach



all, M ad Lau,  9 c h  Lvaha I Avance n Socal Theo Theo an Methoology Towa Towa  an an nteg ntegat aton on o Mo an an MacoSoology d K K a ad A cuv Ruld Ka Paul



zzl,, . ad a A 29a Ppal Ppal pac ad bd bd chma: adal L zzl T labl  h am ccp? an Topogaphy 2: 25226. adal, L a zzl zzl , R, A  quza  ad a A 29b Tlu duc mphlcal upda  h bd chma Cuent ology 2: RR9 hadck  96 The Mycenaean ol. ambd v P

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Spt pt v  ala P hadck  9. Lnea  an Relate S

ha . hcm hav c ad p mc ehavoal an an Scene ha G ad bbl H L 9 Mddl Pallhc bl A v  cu vdc ad pa. joual o Anthopologal Achaeology 6 263-296 hm A 29 Raal Emboe Cogtve Sence MIT P ha . ., ad Ambad, N 2 ulual ucc Pa uval ad dv ac lvl  aal  Hanbook o Cultual Pychology d  Kaama ad . h Guld hl, H H  . .  ad , R    99 99  Th ba ha a bd: bd: Adapv Adapv bhav bhav m m m ac  vu m bd ad v Ten n euoence 2 2 553-55  hudhu, , Nal . K. ad lab J 29 cal ucc Lk u cc ad c huh ccal pacc. oocete : 6- lac  W 99 Stuate Cognton ambd v P lac  W 29 cc acd  uad c I The Cambge Hanbook Hanbook oSate Sate Cognton d. P Rb ad M Add ambd v P

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Cark A 99 eng Thee Pung Ban Body and Wod Togehe gan Cark A 2a Mndae Oford Uiveri res Cark A 2 eao roo ad he eeded mid Mnd 2-4

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Language  2

Cark A 23 Naua Bon Cybog Mnd Technooge and he F1e o Huan negence Oford Uiveri res Cark A 2a eiveig oreves The paii of emodime seig ad oua o Medicine and Phioophy Phioophy 32 (3 263-282. mid oua Cark, A 2 Sof eve ad eoogia oro  Diibued Cognion and he Wi: ndivia Voion and Socia Cone ed D oss, D Sprre  Kikaid ad G L Sephe MT re Cark, A 28a Supeiing he Mnd Ebodien, Acion, and Cognve Eenon Oford Uiveri res Cark A A  28 reig he fesh A eio i i  he sd of he emodied, emodied, emed ded mid? Phioophy and Phenoenoogica Reeach 6 3-9 Cark A. 2 Maeria srroga ad he sperara efeios o he roe of oThng: Recang he Bounda arefa i offie ogio  The Cognve Lie oThng: e o he Mnd ed L Maafori ad C efrew MDoad ie for Arheoogi a esearh Cark, A ad Chamer D 998 The eeded mid Anay 8 -9 Cark, G 969 Wod Peho A e Oune Camrige Uiveri res Carke D L 93 Arhaeoog he o of ioee Anquiy 4 6-2 Ce Ces s J J  996 9 96 Themai hage hage i Upper aaeoihi ar A view fro from m he Groe Chave Anquiy  26-288 Coe, J ed 2 La Goe Chauve Lar De Orige diios d Sei Coe J 29 Sikig oes io raks i he Upper aaeoihi  Becong uan nnovaion in Pehoic Maea and Spiiua Cuue, ed C efrew ad  More Camridge Uiveri ress Cohra, G ad arpedig,  2 The 0000 ea Epoion: Ho Civaion Acceeaed Huan Evouon. Basi Book Coe, M 98 9 8 The zoe zo e of proima proima deveopme deveopme Where re ad ad ogiio ogiio reae eah oher  Cuue, Councaon, and Cognon Vygoskyan Pepecve ed  V Wersh Wersh Camridge Camridge Uiversi Uiversi re Cuua a Pycho Pychoog ogy y arvard Uiveri ress Coe, M 996 Cuu

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Crd  ] 200 Cr mdery Ce  drm? oceedng of the Natona caem of Scences 0  222 Cer P 8 How Socetes Reeme Cbrde Uvery Pre Cde d d Wy  2004 A ve d erpyh perpeve  he Cheperr oua of nthopoogca Reseach 0 553 Cde d d Wy  2005 Wrk memry  eeve f d he emere emereee f mder hik hi k Cambdge chaeoogca Jouna 5  52 Evo uton on ofMode Moden n Cde d d Wy Wy  200 The Rse of m pe The Evout Thnkng WeyBkwe

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The Cutua Cutua Lfe Lfe of ages, ages, ed B  C A  h d h ke hem  The  Mye. ede

C A d Dreer of Obects Obects Ahe

ed ed 200 Dong Thngs wth Thngs The Desgn and Use

Ch  82 M ep A dy f he ee f hde  rerwh mecan nthopoogst 4 2838 Dmerw 88. dvd devepme d r ev f rhme hk  Ontogen Phogen and Hstoca Deveopment ed S Sr Abe

SO

Dmerw P 8 Prehry d ve devepme  Paget Evouton, and Deveopment ed  er d M Ke rbm Descent of Man, Man, and and Seecton Seecton n Reaon Rea on to Se h Mrry Drw C 8 The Descent

Cmme     Bref Bref d V Peer Peer Cuent nthopoog Dvd  200 Cmme 20



Dvd Dvd .  pre Or f pre A rme fr rfrm rfrm f   Ogns ofPces, ed K Shmbh erber v em Ver Dvd  d MGrew W C 2005 Se  d he qee f hm Ro nthopoogc nthopoogca a nsttute   4: 38 ure Joua of the Ro 38

() 

eeee

26



Dd    d ble ble W W 8 8  he helg helg  perep perep  o 0 2555 2555

C1ret Anthropol-

Dd d  d bl ble e W W 3  3 l d  d lgge  hm el  oo Laae ad Coo  H Evouion, ed K Gb d gld Cmbrdge er re D  L Lld   d dlgSmee J 2003 ehkg dphe ihe ri perpeive Pespecves  oog ad Medce 46 805

,

De  W  he mboc peces he Coevoo o Laae ad he a r chaeoog ad a d Hma Hma de Bee S S  Cldge d d W . ed 200 Cove chaeoog Evoo Cmbridge iveri re

Dehee S  he Nmbe ese rd iveri re re Dehee S. 2005 vli  hm ril iri r redg d rihmei he erl relg hphei hphei I Frm Fr m Mke Bri  m Bri A Fe Fe Fd Smpim ed S Dehee J. Dhmel M D. er d G  l MI re ohe New ok cadem Dehee S 200 rigi  mhemil iii iii  as ohe ocieces 56 23225

Dehee Dehee S Spelle  . Se .   k k S S     Se Se  mheml hkg Behvrl d brimgig evidee cece 284 04 Delge A d he  2005 Le liee hmiid ppig kill he e  klle 2C We rk Ke. oa o Hma Evoo 48: 43542 DeLhe J 2004 Bemig mblmided. eds  Cove ceces 8 2 660 DeLhe  S ierrk S L d l D  2003 he rig  piril mpeee Ce Dectos  Pschooca cece 2 48 DeLhe J S ierrk S L l D  egre K S d Gleb A 8 Grpig Grpig he h e re re  pire Pschooca cece  20520

&

Dee D C 8 he eoa ace MI re re M owads owads a Udesad Udesad  o Coscios Cosciosess ess Dee D C 6 Kid o M Weideeld l

Deregw Deregwk k J 8 el pe d repreeed pe Crlrl Crlrl perpeve perpeve  ehavoal ad a ceces 2 5  Deregwk J B 5 erepdepiperepi d mmni Rock  Reseah 2: 322

264

F F

eeee

dio    A ew model ad i mao m ao fo he oigi oigi of wiig The a ahe ae eviied Cabdge Ahaeologial joal  2 63206 dio 8 aleoihi oigi of aiial memo em I Cogiio a Maeial Cle The Ahaeology o Syboli Soage ed C eew ad C ae MDoald Iie Iie fo Ahaeologial eeah dio 200 Memoie o of mid he ahaeolog of he olde memo Mid' Eye Mlidiiplia Mlidiipliay y Appo Appoahe ahe o o he Eolio Eolio o ma m a em I  he Mid' Cogiio ed A Nowell Ieaioal Moogah i ehio dio F ehilwood C  Lawo, G Vahaee M, illie A, oei M. e al al  2003 Ahaeologial Ahaeologial evidee fo fo he h e emegee emegee of lagage lagage mbolim ad mi A aleaive alea ive mlidiilia eeiv eeive e joal o old Pehioy  ) ) 0

 , F F

dio, ad ad ehilwood C  200 Addiioal evidee fo boe eholog i he ohe Afia Middle oe Age joal o Ha Evolio 52: 4263

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dio ad ad ehilwood C 20 Oigi of mboliall mediaed behavio Fom aagoii eaio o a ied eeah aeg I omo mboli he Daw o La Lagag gage, e, magiao ad Spiial Spiialiy iy ed C ehilwood ad dio � Beami

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dio Moeo, Moeo,  G. ad iki iki  202. Tehologial elemeal ad olo imei aali of a egaved egaved ohe fagme fom he Middle oe Age level of Klaie ive Cave  oh Afia Afia Joal o Ahaeologial Siee 3: 4252 d'io d'io F, ad a d Nowell, A 2000 A ew look a he Beekha am gie lmlia io fo he oigi of bolim Cmbdge Ahaeologial oal 0: 236 dio, ad ad ige C 20 volio evolio  alaio eaio fo he Philoophial aaio o o  he Royal Royal Soiey o emegee of mode le? Philoophial Lodo Seie  iologial Siee 366: 06006 dio, F, ad Villa      ole ad goove goove he oibio oibio of mioo mioo ad ahoom o he oblem of a oigi joal o Hma Eolio 33 3 Di aolo,  200 xeded life Topoi 28 ): 2 Dobe, Dobe, A ad a d obb  ]  2000 Age i ahaeolog ahaeolog adigm o laide? I Age i Ahaeology ed A Dobe ad   obb oledge Doald M  Ogi o he Mode Mid avad Uivei e Doald, M 8 Maeial le ad ogiio Coldig hogh I Cogiio ad ad Maeial Cle Cle The Ahaeolog Ahaeology oSm o Smbol boli i Soage Soage ed C erew ad C ae. MDoald Iie fo Ahaeologial eeah

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oal M 200 h ogaphi volio ophoogial l  e Malaoi a  w Moal i o Cogte e o hg  Malaoi Ahaologial ah wo l  ppiv o a oogh  P 2008 igig h ai o h wol ia m Neo 60 6 2 oAticia ntegence arpr r   hat Comptes Cant D he i oAticia Colopho eidegge gess ig    Beingintheod A Commentay on Dision I oeideg a Tim MT Pr

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va A 3 he Paace o Minos, volm 4 Mamlla va  Gilr S L Mklorov N Vallr   Aro J.  Vaz Azizi L M  al 200 Mirophali a g rglaig rai iz oi o volv aapivl i hma Science 30: 20 vr  L 200 Clral orai o grammar a ogiio i Pirah Aohr look a h ig ar o hma lagag Cuent Anthopoogy 46 62646 Far A a Lava  2000 ami izhag o ha priproal pa ollowig ool  Neuoepot  : 64 6464 64 20 0 ami izhag izhag o priha pa Far A Srio A a Lava  200 ollowig ool rmia a paial hararii rval hrogh ro moal iio Cote 43: 436443

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Faoier G 1 Mappng n Thoght an 1ng1age Camrige Uiversy ress Faoier G a Trer M 18 Coepal iegraio eworks Cogntv Sene 22 2: 13318. Faoier G a Trer M 200 The ay e Thnk: Coneptal lenng an the n Hen Complete Basi Books Feigeso L Deaee S a Spelke E. 2004 Core sysems of mer Ten n Cogntve Sene 8 30314. Foor J 181. Repeentation: Phloopha Eay on the ounaton o Cogntve _ Sene MIT ress Foley  a Lar M M 2003 O soy gro Lii eology ma evol io a e emergee of lre Evotona Anthopoo 12: 10122 Fory A a Kler S es 1 The At o ogettng Berg Frak M C Evere D L Feoreko E. a Giso E 2008 Nmer as a ogi ive eology Eviee from iraa lagage a ogo Cognton 108 3) 81824 Frey S H 2008 Tool se ommiaive gesre a ereral asymmeries i e moer ma rai Phoopha anaton o the Royal Soe o onon Seie  363 151158 Friz C a Tosello G 200 Te ie meaig of forms Meos of reorig paleolii parieal ar jouna oAhaeologal Metho an Theo 14 1: 4880 Gallager S 2005 How the oy Shape the MND Ofor Uiversiy ress Gallese V a Lakoff G 2005 Te rais oeps Te role of e sesorymoor sysem i reaso a lagage Cognve Neopyhology 22 4554 Gamle C 200 Ogn an Revotion: Human en n Eaet Pehto Cam rige Uiversiy ress Garer  185 The Mn Nw Sene: A Hto o the Cogntve Revoltion Basi Books Gaser C a Slag G 2003 Brai srres iffer ewee msiias a o· msiias oal oNeuoene 23: 240245 Gell A 18 At an Ageny: An Anthopologal Theo Ofor Uiversiy ress Gelma  a Berwor B 2005 Nmer a lagage ow are ey relae? Ten n Cognve Sene  610 Gelma  a Gallisel C  2004 Lagage a e origi of merial o· eps. Sene 306 441443

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G B io T  ig M 004 A g o g   o  l 1nt non n eooogy 4 344

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Gi R W 00 Iio  g po o oi iio I nten tions an ntentionaiy onation o Socia Cogniton  L Mo  D  Blwi MIT P Gio K R 993 Tool  lgg  oil vio i lioip o io io poig pii I Toos, aage an Cognition in Human vouion  K R Gio  T Igol Cig Uiviy P Gio K R 996 T ioll  i ol igio   g o  Upp Plolii I Moeing the ay Human Mn  P Mll  K Gio MDol Ii o Aologil R Gio J J. 9 T oy o o I Peceivng, Acting, an Knowing  R  w  J Bo l Gio J J 99 The coogica Aoach to Visua Pecetion ogo Mili Gi A  Pio C 998 Convesations with Anthony Gien Making Sense o Moeniy o Uiviy P GolMow  003 eang Gestue How u Hans He Us Tnk Blp GoliMow   Wg  M 005 ow o  lp  l Tens in Cognitive Sciences 9 ) 344 Gooll J 964 Tool  i owig i  oiy o gig ipz Nae 0 6466 Goowi C 994 Poiol viio Ameican Anthooogist 96 3 606633 Goowi C 00 Ti i io Cuent Anthooogy 43 93 Goowi C 00 Tig  i oi vio I The Cogitive Lie o hngs   Mloi   Rrw. MDo I o roogi R Goo P 004 Nil ogiio wio wo vi o zoi cience 306 496499 Go C 994 Socia eing an Time Blkwll Go C 00 Mkig  ology  i Wo Achaeoogy 33 ) 636 Go C 004 Mkig  iply O i ppiio o ig  oj I Rethinking Mateiaiy The ngagement oMin with the Matea Wo   DMi C Go  C Rw MDol I o Aologil R

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Rrcs

Ge C 2005 Wa  bes wa? Juna fArchaeca Meth an Thery 2 3 32 Ge C 200. Sa e Phiphica Tranactin f the Ra cet f Lnn erie  363 2003-200 Ge C 200. e ea  e m I The Cnitve Life f Thin Recatin the unarie f the Min e L Maaur a C erew MDa Iue r Area esear Ge C. a Marsa   e uura brapy  bes. r Archae g 3 2 6 Geer M 5 Ptme emitic Materia Cure an the Frm fPtme Life akwe Geb G 2002. rbabs epeess  eepme  Hanbk f Devep menta Pychg e] Vaer a K] Cy Sae Geb G 2003 O mak beara ees ruy eepmea Human Devepment 46 33-355 Geb G 200. rbab epee Devepmenta cience 0  - Geb G a aper C  2002 A reaa ew  auay  rma a abrma eepme Devepment an Pyhpathg 4 42-435 Graam G. a Sepes G. L 4 M a me. I Phiphica Pchpath gy e G Graam a G L Sepe MI re

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Grs  Caer  Kemp C err A a eebaum  B 200 rbab  me   pr repreea a ue baes. Tren in Cnitive cience 4  35-364 Grs  a Gray  D 4 Deepmea sysem a euary epaa ua f Phiphy   2-304 Gr   a Gray . D 200 Darwm a eepmea syem I Cyce fCntinen Devepmenta tem an Evutin e S Oyama   Gr a  D Gray MI ress Gr   a Gray  D 2004 e eepmea sysems perpee ramerme yems a us  eu I The Evutina ig f Cmpe Phenpe e K re a M u Or Uersy ress Gr   a Sz K 2000 w e m rw A eepmea perspe e  e by   nthee 22 25 Gure S 3 Face in the Cu A New The f Reiin Or Uery re

n

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J,

Haa  Abn G G an n W 00b Aton bnn an awan  Commo Mechasm  Pecepo a Aco eo a Pemace voum XX  W n an  Homm Ofo nty 

J

Haa  Ca  an aoa 00a ounta aton an onou awa n Naue Neuocece 5 (4) 38385 Havon J a  t tu tua founaton of aaot at Pecepo  38404 Havon 36

J

b aot at an onton oua o Pschoog 6:

Han M an Ruxton G 008 ttn too u wtn t ontxt of anma ontuton bavou Te  coog a vouto 3: 38.

P

Haaway D  A ybo manfto: n tnooy an oatfmnm n t at twntt ntuy n Haaway Smas Cbog a Wome The Reveo o Nae Rout Han B Ea Atnmu E Hnnnott A wa M Gan von En H t a 004 Ru utmnt of moto aoaton aa un bmanua oonaton n ont ant Huma a Mappg : 065 Haw C 54 Aaooa toy an mto om uton fom t O Wo meca Ahopoogt 56 5568



Ha H an Hom G  noy tuban fom ba on a 34: 054 H M  Poet Lagage Thought Har an Row

,  ,

H M  e Queo Coceg Techoo a Othe sas Ha Row Hna A Hobaa M an Wat  . 00 Thkg though Ths Theos g Ate Ethoghca Rout Hnwoo C an Eo  0 Homo ymbou The Daw o La guage, magato a Sptua. Bnamn Hnwoo C  'Eo an Watt  00 Enav o from M ton A v at Bombo Cav out Afra oua o Huma outo 5: 4 Hnwoo C  'Eo van N   Counot  Jaob Z, aut zn  t a 0 A 00000yao oon woo at Bombo Cav out Afra Scece 334:  Hnwoo C  'Eo  anan M van N  an Jaob Z 004 M ton A  ba fom out Afra Scece 384: 404

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Hniw<  S Erri Yat . a Z r  r G  T. t a 2002 mrgn  mrn man air Mi Stn g ngraing rm St ria Scence 25 128-1280 Hniw  S 'Erri E, Maran  W Mi  G. an Yat  2001 n ary n t intry rm t Mi Stn g at Bm a, St ria: Impiatin r t rigin  mrn man air ymim an angag ounal oHuman Evoluton 41: 631-68 Hniw  S an ri, B 2011 T Sti Bay an Hwin Prt 5 ka: ymi matria tr an t tin  t min ring t rian Mi Stn g Cuent Anthopology 52: 36100 Hniw  S an ri B 200 aing t artat Ganing angag ki rm t Mi Stn g in trn ria In he Cadle o Language   Bta an  Knigt xr nirity Pr Hniw  S., an Maran  W 2003 T rigin  mrn man a ir  riw an ritiq  m an tt impiatin Cuent Anthopology 44 5: 62-651 Hik . an Bay, M  2010 he Oxod Handbook oMateal Cultue Stude xr nirity Pr Hiara S tya T Tanaka, M, Iin S jima, H, ayai, S Fii  an riki  2006 Extnin  rtirtia arnt int t antrir ank  t intraparita  y t training in at mnky. Neuopychologa 44 26362646 Hr, I 182 Symbol n Acton Ethnoachaeologal Sde o Mateal Cultue amrig nirity Pr r, I 186 Readng the Pat amrig niriy Pr Hr I 18 T ntxta anayi  ymi maning In he Achaeolog oContexal Meanng  I Hr amrig niriy Pr Hr, I 11 Intrprtati aragy an it r Amean Antqu 56: -12. Hr I 13. Sia gnitin Cambdge Ahaeologcal oual 3: 24-20 Hr, I 1 he Achaeologal Poce. Bakw Hr I. 201 a W  tim Sm apt  ntangmnt try an t nary prt rtin oual o old Pehto 24 15-18 Hr I 201  Hmanting ntangmnt: Twar an intgrat aragia prpti oual o the Roal Anthopologcal nttute 1: 154-1 Hr I, an Htn, G 2003. Readng the Pat amrig niriy Pr

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Hoson  an Ielenson  2006 e emerene of e represenaon of anmas n palaeoar nss from eoluion an e onie limb an sua sysems of e uman bran oc A eeach 2 1 40 Hoffeer 2011 Lacape of he Mn: na ouo an he Achaeoogy of hogh Columba Uniersy Press Hollan  Huns E an rs . 2000 isribue onion owar a new founaon for umanompuer ineraon resear ACM anacon on Compue Human neacon  (2 14196 Hollenba K an iffer B. M 2010 enoloy an maerial lfe In he Oxfo Hanbook of Maea Cute ue e.  Hs an M Beaury Oxfor Uniersity Press. Holloway R 1999 Eoluion of e uman brain In Hanbook of Human ymboc Evouon e A o an C R Peers Blawell

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Holmes N P Caler, G. A an pene C 2004 Exenin or proein perip ersonal spae wi ools Mulsensory ineraions li only e sal an proximal ens of ools Neuocence ete 32 12: 626 Holmes N an pene, C 2006 Beyon e boy sema: Visal, prosei an enoloal onribuions o boily perepion an awareness In uman oy Pecepon om he ne Ou e G Knobli I. M ornon M. Grosen an M ffrar Oxfor Unersiy Pess

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Hoopes , e 1991 Pece on gn Unersity of Nor Carolna Press osins 1998 ogaphca Obec ow Thng Te he oe of Peope Lve Roulee Hosins  2006 Aeny, biorapy an obes I Hanbook of Maea Cuue e C illey W Keane  Kler an M Rowlan ae Hmpey N 1998 Cve r ism  e eolion o e uman mn Cm bge Achaeoogca oua 8 (2) 165191 Hurley,  1998 Concone n Acon Harar Unersy Press Huns E 1995 Cognton n he  MI Press Huins E 2005 Maeral anors for onepual blens oua of Pagmac 3 155515 Huns E 2008 e role of ulural praies in e emerene of moern uman inelliene Phoophca Tanacon of he Roya ocet of Lonon ee  363 20112019 Hins, E 2010a Imanin e oe life of ns In e Cognve Le of e  Malafouris an C Renfrew Monal Inse for Araeoloal Resear

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Hthin E 2010 gniti g ops n Cogne Sene 2: 705715 Hthin £ 2010 Enatin inaginatin an inight In nacon oad a e Paad o Cone Sene   twart Gapnn an E  i Pa MIT Pr Irah, G 185 Fom One o Zo: A Unesa iso o Nmbes iking. Ing, T 13 T, iait an intign In oos Lanae and Conion n Hnan oon,  K R Gin an T Ing. amrig nirit Pr Ing, T 18. Ttmim, animim, an th pitin  anima In Anma Anma Anims,  M Sppaa,  P anhaa, an  Wintra Pri rt Mm Ing, T 2000 he Pecepion o he nionmen: ssays in Lehoo, Dein an Skl Rtg. Ing, T 2006 Rthinkng th animat, ranimating thght hnos 71 1): .

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Ing, T. 00 Lnes: A eHiso Rtg. Ing, T 2008 Bining againt nari: Entangmnt  i in an pn r nionmen Pannin A 40: 1761810 Ing, T 2010 h txtiit  making ambde Joa o conomcs 34: !102 riki,  2005  prttp  Hm ar:  int prrr  hman intign in th ting mnk rain In Fom Monkey an o Hman an A Fyssen Fonaon Symposim, . S. han, R ham, M  Iar, an G Rizz atti MIT Pr.

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Iriki, . 2006 Th nra rigin an impiatin  iitatin, mirrr nrn an t  Cen Opinion in Neobiooy 16 18 riki , an Sakra, 2008 Th nrin  primat intta tin atra tin an pai an intntina nih ntrti Phosophica ansacons o he Roya Sociey o Lonon Seies  363 2222241 riki, , Tanaka, M an Iwamra, Y 16 ing  mi  hma ring t   maaq ptntra nrn Neoepo 7: 23252330 ank, . Shah,   an Ptr, M 2000 rtia atiatin in primar an nar mtr ara r mpx imana mmnt in prina pianit Cone ain Reseach 10 17183 ar, B. 2010 Th tin  t an min: gnitin an matria tr in th hminin inag. henomenoog an he Conie Sciences : 503520

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npptt C 00 T n  tng In Rehnng Maeay he ngage e o Mn wh e Maa o  , C Gn n C nw Mn Inttut  gi  npptt, C 005 hnng hogh Maea Ce An nepna Pepeve niit  nnni  npptt, C 006 Bn kin Ling n ntwking in t n g Cambge Ahaeooga ona 16 ) 351 npptt, C 011 An Ahaeoogy of neaon Neok Pepee on Maea Ce an Soey  niit  npptt, C, n Mui L.,  008 Maea Ageny oa a NonAnhopoen Appoah ping nbi, G, n bnz,  008 ing intntin  i inttin: Fm ntinmnt t jint tin Phoopha anaon of he Roya Soe ofLonon See  363: 01-031 n, M, n Mitn,  1 Hn ut  u tin? Anqy 3: 518-56 pt, I 186 T utu bigp  ting Cmmitiztin  p In he Soa Lfe of hng   ppui. Cmbig niit 



wint M, Bw, C n n ]  1 Maea Memoe Degn an oaon Bg Lkt, 180. he Mehooogy of Sen Reeah Pogamme ipi p, um 1 Cmbig niit  Lk G 187 onen e, an Dangeo hng ha Caegoe Revea abo he Mn. niit  Cig  Lk, G, n nn M 180 Meapho eLe y niit  Cig  Lk, G, n nn, M 1. Phoophy n he Feh he mboe Mn an  Chaenge o ee hogh. Bi Bk Lk, G, n z,   000 hee Mahema Come om Ho he mboe Mn ng Mahema no eng Bi Bk Ln,   n tn  006 n n nt t ngt ni ntu tin voon 60: 151-16 Ln  ., ingm, ] n Fmn, M W 000 i ntutin bi gi utin n utu ng ehavoa an an Sene 3: 131-146

.

Ltu B 11 Tng i it m ub In A Sooog ofMone ay on Powe ehnoogy an Domnaon  ] Lw utg

eeee

275

J

ou B 2 Where re he mng e? The ocoog of  ew nne ec n ap ecn/B1dn ce tde i ctecica ae e W E Bjer n Lw  re Lour B  We Hae Nee Bee d Hrvr Unvery re  Lour B 4 rgmogone Ameca Beaia cientit 7 6) 808 Lour B  Panda Hpe ay n te Reay  cence de. Hrvr Un very re Lour B 2005 Reaembi te cia An Itdctn t ActetwTey Ofor Unvery re. Lve  88 Cnitin i Pactce Cmbrge Unvery re Lve , n Wenger E  ated Leain: Letimate Peipea Paticipatn Cmbrge Unvery re Lw   Afer ANT: Compley nmng n opology n Act ew Te and Ae e  Lw n  Hr. Blckwell Lw  n ol, A 2008 e corence: Cumbrn eep n 200 In aia Aen Twad a nAtpcenic Pepecte e C. Knppe n  lfour Sprnger. Le E 6 Cte ad Cmcai Te L by Wic ymb Ae Cnected Cmbrge Unvery re Leer D 0 Te Abet Bd Unvery of Ccgo re Legrn, D 2006 e boly elf e enormoor roo of pre*refeve elf concoune Penmey an te Cnitie ciece 5: 8-8

a

Lero*·ourn A 64/3 Gee ad peec  re

a

 r1   2006 Le culure ceuleenne e l queon e l'emergence e

&

l pene ymbolque cez Hm eec prr e onne relve l forme ymerque e rmonque e bfce Cmpte Rend Pa 5 27-35 wWllm D 2002 Te ind in te Cae Ccie and te Oin  At Tme Huon. Lew-Wllm, D 2003 Revew feure A revew of Te ind i te Cae Cncis e ad te Oiin  At by Dv Lew-Wllm Cambde Acaeica na

3 2): 26327 Lbe B 85 Unconcou cerebrl nve n e role of concou wll n volunry con Beaa and Bain cence 8 52-566 Lbe B  Do we ve free wll a  Cncie de 6: 47-58

276

efees

Lce 5 ] 2008 Aceean variaion ad seecin Does andaxe ser  nera expecaions? Jounal of Achaeoloical Scince 35 ) 26402648 Lce S J and Gowe J A ] 2008 On esions srronding e Aceean radiion" ol Achaeology 40 3 25-315 Lce, SJ, and vn Craon�Tabade N 2008 Aceean variabii and oinin dispersas A ode-bond approac Jounal of Achaeologcal Science 35 3) 553-

562



Macin, A , Hsed R. T, and Mien S . 2007 W are soe andaxes s erica Tesing e inlence o andaxe rpog on bcer eeciveness

Jounal ofAchaeologcal Science 34: 883-83.

Mack J 2003 The useum ofthe Min. Briis Mse Press Macka, A., and Wez, A. 2008 Engraved cre o a Midde Sone Age conex a Kein Kipis in e Wesern Cape  So Aica jounal ofAchaeologcal Science

35 1521-1532 Magire, E A Gadian, D G, Jonsde, I. S, Good C D, Asbrner,  Frack\ak R S , and Fri, C D 2000 Naigaonreaed scra cange in e ippocapi  axi dvers oceeings of the National Acaemy ofSciences 7 8): 438-4403 Magire E A, Spiers HJ , Good C D, Hare T Frackwiak, R SJ, and Brgess N 2003 Navigaion experise and e an ippocaps A srcra brain iaging anasis Hippocampus 13 208217 Magire, E A, Wooe K., and Spiers H J 2006 Lndon axi drivers and bs drivers: A srcra MR and neropsigica nasis. Hippocampus 16

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13-2002 Maaris, L 2008 Beads r a pasic ind Te bind an's sick (BMS poesis and e acive nare o aeria cre Cambge Achaeological Jounal

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MBrart  an Brk  2000 T rutin tat wan't:  nw intrprtatin  t rigin  mrn uman air Joa of Han Eoon 3 5) 453-563 MCan L an Rumart E 6  itriut m  uman arning an mmr In aa Dibd ocn: Expoaon n  Micoc of onon um 2  . L MCan  E Rumart an t PP Rar Grup MIT Pr. Mnt  R  Unrtaning nura intratin in arning an mmr uing untina nurimaging Anna of  N Yok Acadmy of Scnc 55 55657 MLuan M 64 Undadin Mda T Exnon of Man. T Pr MPrrn S P 2000 Hanax a a maur  t mnta apaiiti  ar mini Jona of Acaooica Scnc 27: 655-663 Mar P  Mar iu in t mrgn  mrn uman n Anopoo 30: 3435 Mar P  Cgniti ang an t mrgn  mrn uman in Eurp anbid Acaooca Jona  ): 6376 Mar P 2006a W i mrn uman ppuatin ipr rm ria a 60000 ar ag?  nw m ocdn of  Naiona Acadmy ofScnc 03 336 Mar P 2006 Ging at Nw gnti an aragia prpti n t mrn uman nizatin  Euraia Scinc 33 76-00

Rfrcs

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279

Mea P Boye  BaYoe a tie  e 2 $  Ha oo Nw Baoa a Booca Pc 0   a a o o Ha Moa ttte o aeooia Reea Mea P a io  e 99 o h ay H1a  Achaooca a Pycooca Pc o  oo o Ha Ic Moa ti tte o Aaeooia Reea Meay R 2 Attai te o o oitio Poohca Pycoo 9 329344 Meay R. e 2 Th Ex  MT Pe MeeaPoty M 92 Phoooy o Pco Rotee Mee L 2. totio et oietatio  Acaoo o aay e. L Mee Bawe Meoi A 2 Ca oo: How Dawa ho Ca a Ha C a Syhz h Soca Scc Uiveity o Ciao Pe Meoi A Wite A a Laa  N 2 Towa a ie iee o  ta evotio haoa a a Scc 29 4 329-383 Mie  987 aa C a  Coo Bawe Mie  e 998 \aa C Wy So  a Uieiy o Loo Pe Mie  e 2 aia e Uiveity Pe

  yl plgl I 

Mie  28. T Coo o Th Poity Pe Mie  2 S Poity Pe

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Mite  C 99 tyi iae tiiatio at Boxove Roe ee tey wit eia aaxe Lhc  4-9 Mite  99 Th Pho o  Tame

Ho

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

8 Mu N 3 Wapii onogaph Corl Urst Prss

F

Mu, N 83 Gw ul ptotmporl cotrol d t smolsm of lu c  he Kua New epetive on ain Ehange d.  c d E c Cmrdg Urst Prss Mut, T Altmullr, E d c,  22. T muscs r s  modl of uroplstct. Natue Review 1euoiene 3 3-8 Ngl, T  Wt s t l to   t? I Mota uetion d T Ngl Cm rdg Urst Prss Ndr, A 2 Coutg o uros T uroolo of umrcl comptc. Nae Review Neuoiene  -. Ncolls, M  A 2. Actos from tougts. Nae  (8 3 Ncolls, M.  A 23 Brmc trfcs to rstor motor fucto d pro url crcuts Natue Review Neuoiene  -22 Ncolopoulou, A  T to o wrtg d t dlopmt of umrcl cocpts  umr om mplctos for dlopmtl pscolog I Mind Cutue and Ativi d M Col  Egstrom, d O Vsquz Cmrdg Ur st Prss Nttrj, ], d H J A 2 Ercd romts, prc dpdt plstct d dsordrs of t rous sstm Nae Review Neuoi ene  - Nol, W, d Ddso, I  Human Evouton, Language and Mnd A hooga and Ahaeoogia nqui Cmrdg Urst Prss. No, A 2 Ation in eepton. MT Prss No, A 2 Out o Ou Head Wh You Ae Not You ain and Othe Leon om the ioog o Conioune Hll d Wg Norm D 88 he hoog oEveda hing Bsc Boos Norm, D  Cogt rtfcts I Deigning nteaton: hoog at the umanCompute nteae d. . M Crroll Cmrdg Urst Prss No D 3 Cogo  t d d  t world. Cognitve Siene  (  Nowll, A 2 Dg ourl modrt  t cott o Ndrtl d tomcll modr um popultos Annua Review o Anthopoog 3 3 2 Nz, R  Could t fuur tst purpl? I Reaiming Cognion e ma o Aon, ntention and Emotion d R Nz d W ] rm Imprt Acdmc

8



OB, M J a yma R  22 Dawa usm  aag Ce saus a psps  sss o1ony Anhopoy  23 Og m,  J L   a ma M 23 Nc Cncon Th Ncd Poc in voion P Usy Pss O, M  8 T Aua aa A maaab mufua  Liic Tchnooy  - Os, B 23. Maa uu af  Rmmbg gs Noin Archo ic Rvi 3 2 8 Os, B 2 n Dn Thin Archy nd h Ony  Oc Aa Ma Os, B, aks, M, Wbm, T, a Wm, C 22 Archoy Th Dici pin  Thin sy f Cafa Pss Oba, G A, Cays, K, Nss, K, mas, R, ua, , T,  T,  a. 2 Mappg  paa  f uma a uma pmas. Nrpychoi  2-2



O'Rga,  K 2 g  a myss f sua pp: T w as a us mmy Cndin rn  Pych  3 88 O'Rga,  K, a N, 2 A ssm appa  s a sua pp hvior nd rin Scinc 2 ( 33 Oma,  2 Cpua map   aaga  Ms a a amp fm  Ama uws Amricn Antiqiy  ( 3 Oyama, , Gfs, P , a Gay, R D, s. 2 Cyc·Cninncy Dvp mn Sym nd voin MIT Pss Paama, T G 88 T pm f  Myaa wg sysm MNOS upp.  2-32 P, C. S  Phoph Writin o Pirc  B usus D Pg, J 3 A famwk f aaysg ps s  maufau a a a appa  sm ay s uss I Th U  To y mn nd Nnmn Prim  A B a J Caa Ca Pgam, A 8 T mssag  pap I Mri Cr Why Sm Thin Mttr  D M C Pss P, W., a Rasmuss, T  Th Crr Corx  Mn Mama P, D C, yak,  a P, D J 28 Daws msak: pag  suy bw uma a uma ms hvir nd rin Scinc 3 2 -8

s

8

   d oll  J 2007 usl cogto   d oum mls A compt ccl rw Aa eiew { s 58 97-8 ts, S E,  M H z  A, d Rcl M E 998 T ffcts of pctc o t fuctol tomy of ts pfomc eedis  e Naia Aadem iees 95 853-860 zz M, d Izd  2009 How us cout uosty d t ptl cotx Nesieis 5 (3) 26-273 c, , ,  Izd V d  S 2004 Exct d ppoxmt tmtc   Amzo dg goup iee 306 499-503

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crg A 995. e ae  aie cgo rsty rss. , S 997 Hw e id s oto oly, M 958 Pesa Kwede Routldg

Kg ul

oldrc, R A 2000 Imgg r plstcty ocptul d mtodologcl ssus totcl w Nemae 2 -3. oppr, K R 979 beie Kwede: A ia Appa sd dto ldo owll, A S S d Toms, M G 2009 t lstoc dmogpy d t ppc of mod um o ee 324 298-30 rucl R W 2006 Aaeia emiis Blcwll utm H 975 T mg of mg I Laae id ad Kwede d. K Gudso. rsty of Msot ss

P

utm H 982 eas  ad His mrdg sty rss Qutz, S, d Sjows T. 997 T ul ss of cogt dlopmt A costuctst mfsto Beaia ad Bai iees 20 537-596 Rgrt, Scmdt A, Altmullr E, d s, H. R 2004 Supo tctl p fomc d lg  profssol psts Edc fo mtplstcty  mus cs pea ja  Nesiee 9 473478 Rmsy A 2000 Agcy, psoood d t I of dscours  t cc d yod ja  e a Apia sie 7 0-5 Rtr  99. Vsk's iisia s ad Is Cempa Appias lum Rfrw,  994 Towds  cogt cology I e Aie id emes  Cive Aae d.  Rfw d E Zuow. mdg sty ss Rfrw,  200 Symol for cocpt Mtl ggmt d t ly dlopmt of socty. I Aaeia e da d I Hoddr olty

8

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Rnw C 200b Commodcaon and non n gopon and nd dalng oc eeds  e s Acadeny 0 93 Rnfrw C 200 Toward a oy o maral ngagmn n e aey e naemen nd  e aera Wrd d  DMara C Godn and C Rnfrw McDonald nttt for Arcaoogcal Rarc

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Rnfrw, C 2006 Bcomng man T arcaologcal callng Preedns  e Brs Aademy 39 2 238 Rnfrw C 2007. Presy e an  e Hman nd Wdnfld colon

Rnfrw C. rt, C and Malafor . d. 2009 Te Sapen nd Araey ees ersene Oford nvrsty Prss Rnfrw, C rt, C, and Malafors,  2008 ntrodcton T apnt mnd Arcaology mts nroscnc Pspa Transans  e ya Se  ndn Sees B 363 93-938 Rnfrw C. and carr C d 998 Cnn and aera Cre: Te Araey  Symb Srae McDonald nsttt for Arcaologcal Rsarc Rnfrw, C and Zbrow , ds 994 Te Anen nd emens  Cnve Araey Cambrdg nvrty Pr Rggns,   d 994 Te Saness  Tns ssays n e SSems  bes Moton d Grytr Rogoff B 990 Apprenesp n Tnn Cnve evepmen n Sa Cnex Oford nvrty Prs Rogoff, B and av  984 veday Cnn I evepmen n Sa Cnex arvard nvry Pr  ad Rthwll,   00 Mtccal xctabl and synaptc plastcy  nancd n profssonal mcan Jrna  ersene 2 9) 200-206

osenkraz, K1 Williamn

Ro, V and Brl B d 200. Sne Knappn Te eessa Cndns r a Unqey Hmnn Beavr McDonald nttt for Arcaologcal Rarc Rowlands, M 999 Te Bdy n nd Cambrdg nvrty Pr Rowlands, M 2009. tndd cognton and t mar of t cogntv Pspa Psyy 22 -9 Rowland M 200 Te e Sene  e nd MT Pr Rprt, R 2004 Callng to t ypotss of tndd cognton Jrna  Pspy 0 389-428 Rprt, R 2009 Cnve Sysems and e ended nd Oford nvrty Pr

cs

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Ruprt R 2010 Et cogto  th prort of cogtv sstms Cog yt rc 11 4-56

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Ruprt R 2010 stms, fuctos,  trsc turs O Ams  Azws T od o Cogto Poopc Pycoo 2 11-12. Rl, G 14 T Cocpt o Md Brs ussur,

Nol

D 166 Cor  Gr tc McGrwHl

chfr, M C A, Rothmu, Y Hz, H J  Rott, M 2004. horttrm plstct of th prmr somtossor cort urg tool us Nrorport 15 () 12-127 chc, K. D  Toth, N. 1. Mkg t to p  Evoto d t Dw o Tcooy Wfl  Ncolso chc, K D Toth, N.  Gru, G 1 Cotug vstgtos to th sto toolmg  toolusg cplts of  Booo (P pc jor o Arcoogc c 26: 21-2 chffr M B,  Mllr, A 1 T Mtr  o  g Atct vor d Cocto Routlg chlgr N 14 Mful tcholog lshg  ch oprtor from  rcholog of m I T Act Md Et o Cogtv Arcoo . C. Rfrw  E. Zurow Cmrg vrst Prss chmtBssrt, D 12 or Wrtg volu I rom Coutg to Cuform vrst of Ts Prss chmtBssrt, D 16 ow Wrtg C Abot vrst of Ts Prss. chmtBssrt, D 2010. Th to sstm of th ct Nr Est I T Arcoo oMrt Coprdg v Ert d T  Act oct  C Rrw  I Morl. Cmrg vrst Prss rl,  R. 1 Itto: A Ey  t Poopy oMd Cmrg  vrst Prss  A  Br, R. 2010 Aml toolus Crrt oo 20 102-10. mw  2000 Th worls olst sto rtfcts from Go, Ethop Thr mpl ctos for urstg sto tcholog  pttrs of hum voluto tw 26  1 mllo rs go jor oArcoogc cc 27 117-1214 mw, , R, P., Hrrs, J W K t l 17 25mllorol sto tools from G, Ethop Nr 5 -6 w, ., Rogr, M J, Qu, , t l 200 26mllorol sto tools  ssoct os from OG6  OG7, G, Afr, Ethop o o  Evoto 45: 16-177

eeees

85

as M 2007 yetral aaeolog Wod Aaoo 3 4 8 as M ad MGue R H  Te rat o araeology Aa Aq   788 aro L 2004  Md Ia MT Press aro, L. 2008 Futoalsm ad metal oudares Coi ystms Rsa  -4 aro L 20 mbodd Coto Routledge ea, . 20 Homo sais s as Homo sas was Ct Atooo 2 ) -3

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ea,  202 Lt Modes A A ew ramework or descrg oalsae vara to  stoe tool teoogy llustrated wt evdee rom te East Medterraea Levat oa o Acaooica Mtod ad o (oe elmerde, C W 7 Revew o Aegea restory VI Te alatal Broze Age o te souter ad etral Greek malad Amca oa o Acaoo 0 37-8 egz, W, ad Huzog, W T 200 Hstory matters Illumatg metaastc ty  te deveog ra o 4 2 -7 ea  2002 Gs, Mms ad Ima Hsto Tames ad Hudso ore, B  C  Md Oord verst Press mao,  2002 Toos evove Te artcal seleto ad  evoluto o Paleolt stoe toos aoa ad ai cics 2 4

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mt A T 200 Te mtatos o doxa oa o ocia Acaoo  2) 70 oso, R L  Coitv scoo Ally

Bao

owel, E R, Peterso, B  Tomso, P M., Welome,  E, Hekeus A L, ad Toga, A W 2003 Mag ortca cage aross te e sa at oscc  30-3 tamatoouou,  20 ymo ormato ad te emoded se A mcrogeetc casestudy examato o te traso to symol commucato  scrlg atvtes rom 4 to 3 mots o age w Idas  scoo 2 2-88

 0

tees, L 2007 ty years o AI rom symos to emodmetad ack I 50 Yas oAtcia Itic: ssas Ddcatd to  t Aisa o Atcia It ic ed M Lugarella, Ida,  Bogard, ad R Peer rger tewart,  Gaee, ad d Paoo, E, eds 200 acto owads a w aadm i Cot cc MIT Press

286

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tee  010. Te ou o epeetto Panatc 35-7

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eeee ognition 18 ():

teel 004 Etem eptec tefct  te etee m I Th Etnalit hallng Nw Stui on ognition an ntntionali e R ctz De Gute tegle B. 1998 Thnic an Tin

Th Flt ofEpimthu tfo Uet Pe

tout D 00 ll  cogto  toe tool poucto A etogpc ce tu fom I  unt Anthopolog 45 (3) 93 tout D 005 Te ocl  cultul cotext of toeppg ll cquto I Ston Knapping: Th Nca onition fo a Uniqul Hominin haviou e V Rou  B Bl McDol Ittute fo Aceolog tout D 011 toe toolmg  te eoluto of um cultue  cog to Philoophical Tanacton of th Roal Soc of Lonon Si  3 10501059

tout D  Cme T 00 Te eoluto euocece of tool mg Nuopchologia 45 10911100 tout D  Ce T 009 Mg tool  mg ee Complex tetol eou  um eoluto ambig Achaological Joual 19 859

tout D Tot N cc K  Cme T 008 Neul coelte of El toe Age toolmg: Tecolog lguge  cogto  um eoluto Philoophical Tanaction of th Roal Soci of Lonon Si  33 19391949 tte M 1988 Th Gn of th Gi et of Clfo Pe teec  009 Gca Th ManuFacu of Manig Bejm ucm L A 198 Plan an Siat Action Cmge et Pe utto  008 Mtel gec ll  t Dtute cogto  te ceolog of memo I Matal Agnc Towa a NonAnthopocni Ppctiv e. C Kppett  L Mlfou pge

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utto  010 Exogm  tecplt Hto te extee m  te clzg poce I Th Etn Min e R Mer MIT Pe. uto  H C B Kel G  Be A ] 010 Te pcolog of memo etee cogto  ocll tute ememeg Phnomnolo an th ogntv Scinc 9 4) 5150 ofz M Vogeu G  Newe A 008a I moe teefoe I m A ew teoetcl frmewo to etgte gec  owep oncioun an ogni ion 1  41144

7

c

o M oau G ad w A 00 od  copaa  odl A ulacoal twop accou o a Coo ad Coo 7   Tall R 0 An Mand oaa a ad  Mao o Hmay Acu Ta Y a W  K   al 006 Ac poc   a apd  culu Podn o h Naonal Aadmy o  03 0) 7770



Talo,   To of a I man Any and aa d . Talo ad Ut P T  P Poaz, G Pako .  Raud,  Popol , Mll   al 00 A Howo Poo ado of a oc ll coa dad o 60000 a ao a Dpkloof Rock Sl, Sou Afca Pod o h Naonal Aadmy on 07 (4 606 Taad, P 6 Mnd nodton o Conv n MIT P. Tl E ad S L 4 A Dynam ym Aoah o h Dvlom o Coon and Aon MIT P Toa,  6 Tm, Cl and dnty. Rould Toa  004 Ahaoloy ad Modny. Rould Toa  007 T ou w aal culu onal o an Ahaoloy 0 3. Toa  ad P  d 00 yond Ah A ad h Thnolo o Ehanmnt  Topo E 007 Mnd  L olo Phnomnolo and h n o nd Haad U P Topo, E, ad Saplo, M 00 Mak  o ak Rfco o ac ad xdd d o oo  3-30 Tll   Maal Cl and T Th A o Amby. Rould Tll  4 A Phnomnolo o anda  Tll  6 An Ehnoahy o h Nolh ad U P Tll   Maho and Maal Clt lackwll Tll  W Ka S, Kcl, M Rowlad ad Sp, P, d 006 Handboo o Maal Cl Sa Toallo, M ad all  7 Pma Conon Ofod U P Toallo M, ap M, all    T, ad Moll, H 00 Udad ad a o T o of culual coo havoal and an  n  6773.



 

s

Tomasllo a rrma E 00 A a ma oiio Was  if f? Cn n n Pyll Sn 9 3 To N i K D aaRma E  i R A a Rma D 993 a  oolmar Isiaios io  so oolmai a oolsi aailiis of a Booo (Pn pn. Jnl  All n 0 -9

P

Tsairis M aar  Fra N Mai N a iri A 00 A si rol for ffr iformaio i slfroiio Cnn 96 (3) -3. Tsairis M a aar 00a Erimi wi  ai slf. Cnv pyly  (34) 3-40 Tsairis M a aar  00 T rr a illsio risi Visoail iraio a slfariio Jl  xpmnl Pyl mn Ppn nd Pmn 3 () 0-9 Tsairis M ss M Bo  aar  a Fi G R 00 Nral orrlas of oowrsi A ssor wor for oil slfosiosss Cbl Cx  344. Tsairis M ra G a aar  006 ai a o rss moi or o ow a srrs oowrsi Cnn nd Cnn  () 4343 Tsairis M Bosa  a Gallr  00a O a a o owrsi omoloial a rooii rios Cnn nd Cnn 6 (3) 64660 Tri A M 90 omi mair a illi Mnd 9 433460 Trr M. 996  L Mnd Oxfor irsi rss Tli E 00 rossia osios awarss of sji im. I Pn pl nl Lb nn  D T ss a R  Ki Oxfor irsi rss Trl   00 vv Ob n W Tnk W MIT rss Va r w  00. A wors as a fr I Ml Any Td  nAnpn Ppv   Ka a  Malaforis rir Va Glr T 99 Wa mi oiio  if o omaio? Jl  P lpy 9 34-3.

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Va Glr T 999 Dfi  amial osis I ynm, yn Anm An  W Tsar a  Dawalr Worl ii Va Glr T a or R 99a. I's ao im A rsi o amial ssm aroa o oiio I Mnd  Mn  R or a Va Glr MIT rss Va Glr T a or R 99 rfa I Mnd  Mn  R or a T Va Glr MIT rss

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8

eeee

e J mp £ d R E  Th   Ct c  H pc M e e M d dw J  Dct  c  dge  ve es eee  . 00 Wht Thi D Phiphic cti  Tch Acy  D elv Se Uve es eee  P 0 rii Tchy Urti  Dii th ri i Uves f g es. leg, E. d Tmell M 8. me ul udesdg  e ps l d pslgl dms hir Prc 4 80 g,  S 8 i i Scity vd Uvet ess g,  S 8 Thht   MT es Wdle,  00 W s ulul mde A geel vew d  Su Af pepeve fm Re ge ve Cri Archic   0

fr

Wdle  00 mpuddesve mufue   evl p f mple g  e Mddle Se Age Crrt Athrpy  S)  dle , dgss T d G M. 00 mpl mple g fm e fg f ls w mpud desve  e Mddle Se Age Su Af Prci  th t Acy  Scc 0 4 04

 Lvg 

Wle S d Ke,  0 Te wee d w f g Te uel f give gssm d e lms f e Mle ew Agume Citi Syt rch   Wl, W G

h

uw

We, J  00 A pelgl pp  ujev   mel wld j  tr Cr   4 We  Svemeu T d eue   00 Te effe f el musl g  dul m pefme Evdee f  seve ped  m leg Expt ri Rrch  40 Wem T 00 W u e me u fe e sl"  elgl eg Tg gs eul Wr Archy  4) 4 Wem T, d Wme,   008. Tg e us A mme  um g elts ude e e f  l elg  Archic i 4 (1): 0 Wege,  M 00 Th   Cc W MT ess

fs

9

Wg D M 3 h mds s c w w p cscus wll   ot Ss   59 Wgn, D M 4 €cs f h lus f scus wll Bvo  B Ss  499 Wsch ]. V 1991 Vos o t M A Soot Appo o Mt Ato. d s ss Wsch J. V 1998 M s Ato Ofd s ss Wsm, G, Mschl D, hs, M , Ss, S Splg, M. W, d Thms, M S C  Nucsucsm Dvopmt S 1 1 583 Wl B E.  B   Noboo Ioo  So  MIT ss Whl, M 5 ostt t otv Wo  Nxt Stp MT ss Whl, M 1 I dfs f dd fuclsm I  xt M d R M MT ss Whl, M. 1 Mds, hgs d ml I  otv L o s d  Mlfus d C Rw McDld su f Achlgcl Rsch Whl, M d Cl, A 8 Culu, mdm d gs: lg h pl hl. Posop stos o t Roy Soy o Loo Ss B 33 353355

Wh A Gdll ], McGw, W C, Nshd, T, Rlds, V Sugm Y,  l 1999 Culus  chmpzs N 399 885 Wh, A Schc, K, d Th, T 9 Th lu d culul smss f pcuss chlg Igg dc fm plhplg d p mlg Jo o  voto 5 4-435



W N 1948 bts o oto  omto  Am  t M Wl Wls, R 1998   ow It Us Sps t B L  m  h Bs. Wls, R 1994 Wd cmpulsm M 13 3513 Wls R. 4 Bos o t M Cmdg s ss Wls, R., d Cl, A 9 Hw  su cg: g u  s cus   mbr boo o Stt oto d P Rs d M Add Cmdg s ss Wm, C.  Smmcl chlg: Ecps f  mfs Wo A ooy 39 4) 545



291



Wl A 00 Tikg f ins: Eys i  Pipy fclgy.  t o Co   T   g

Wd gy 7 04

W T 000 Cot o co  A Nowll A w oo t t Bt R gu plcto fo t og of bo bdg algc oa 0 



W T 00 Acolo  cogt oluto Baioa a Bai   389403

W T,  Coolg Evotio 4 47487

004

T pt Ntl  oa

f Hma

W,T,  Coolg, 00 Bo sbols  lgug A toucto to supplt  Woi Mmo Ct Atooo    Zg, W,  , D 003 T ot  of t g Epc  cgs  uol tc ctblt a Rw oci 4 88900 Zo, J 007 T gc of ots  t A cologcl pspct o t og of boul ot" oa o Aaooia Rsa   4

Index

Abducto 4 34 Achul hd 5 60 6 6  35 43 Actt 30 ActoNtwok Thoy  Actulstc studs 60 63 0 Adms dck 3 3 0  Aodc(s  66        6 4-44 6 3 0 3 0 Agcy d chology 0- ttbuto o  0 d cuslty 5 0 o cly 6 d ctty 0 00  3 dctlzd 3 lg o 5  4 5 lluso o 4  judgmt o 5- 5 locus o  loss o 4 o mkgs  mtl   5  0  30-35 44 0 4 36 mg o 0   mol 30 othooctc cocto o  3 objct 

d owsh 3 qusto o   0  ltol 45 ss o 5  6 3 4  4 o thgs   44-4 Azw Kth 3 3 0  Ambos Stly 53 5 5 Achog motol 6 tllctul 6 mtl 0-04 tmol 46 Adso Mchl 0 5 65 Athoomohsm 30-3 Atloclzto 3 Adu Au   33 4 Athmtc omt d ct 05 0- Atcl tllgc    Atclty 4 5 Authosh ss o  Automtcty 4 Btso goy 4 6 34   0  43 44 4 Bll ms 3 5 Bgso ous 54 Bdg ttol 3 tmol 4



9

B ms st 47 43 44 Bomos  grgs 8 9 43

Bo Mrgrt  Bo or os  rs  tgs  08 9 uturt,  tg m 0 pprs 74 owrsp of 8 4 pottr's 09 3   propropt wrss 3 prostt, 3 stut  Bo sm   7 33 Bo No  4 30 9 3 Bours tw sps 3 tw r  outr 84 77 30

tw mt  ps oms 73 84 77 tw ms  tgs 3 84  79 9 30 44

tw prsos  tgs  30

oog 4 8 ssouto of,  of m 4 3 7 4 37 38   8 30 4 orgsm, 8 84 prm  79 tmpor, 49

of uts of ss 3 38  7 80  79 3

Br s oog ostt 4  tts , 7  utur  39 4 4 49 84  8 9

 opmt 40 4 mo, 8 outo of, 4

  0 o 9 74 mgg 09 9 49 trtt  48 mos 4   30  pst, 4 449 pottr's  3 70 prmt 0 supr 3  tgs, 7 77 88  t 9 su 97 03 Brrtft trf, 44 4 Brutur spr 30 Broos Ro, 8 9 37 Brs Mrt, 9 98 Crts otom,  Crts or 9 Crts gog, 8 Crts mtpss 7 3 Crts prmt 7  48  o Mort Crts prso  Crts sf 0 Crts urs,  Crts w of tg,  34 Ctgor mst,  34 08 Cus ogto 4 Cus f of tgs, 8 44 Cw o 87 78 C oprtor 0   lso Oprto squ Cut  83 8 900 0 Cmro, Ato, 0 7 9  3

Crostss  Croorttur 3  Croostrtgrp, 90 C Wm 37 8 Cr, A  7 0 3  9 37 48 7 8 7377 8 8 04

nde 53 55  77 2 20 24 22 232 233 237 23 244 24 24 lr Gme 5 ly toen 00  olton dynm  245 emegent  yrd 77 ontologl,  245 of tools 233 ognte mr of,  57 2 yrdstk for, 7 3 ognte gnostm  ognte reology 3 ,  3 7, 20, 2325, 2 32 33, 3 43, 4 4 3,  3 3, 227230 24 243, 24, 24 ognte rtft, 50 7 , 72 7  ! ognte emle 2 4 245 ne beomng 2  34 53 242 ognte omonents 4 ognte ontnuty 55, 23 ogne dsontnuty, 232 ognte eologes, 5 3, 7 , 205 20, 223, 234, 24 ognte eonomy,  nt tngy 20 ognte etensons 4, 5 5  2 22, 233 ognte mrtlt, 37 ognte lnde 2 ognte lfe of tngs 30, 33 44 45, 7 0 4, 33, 34 , 203, 230 23 24 ognte mng, 2, 00 ognte networ, 0 ognte rojeton 02 ognte relm 24, 2 ognte redue, 2

 

295

gnte ene 2 3  7 0  23 3 43 52   7 70 73 20 22 230 23 240 emoded 0  3  7 23 nonten 5 ognte ytem 27 35 4 4 7 72 7 7 4 0 22 237 23 2424 ognte toology 23 omrte ntroology of lnes 0 omrte ognton, 232, 233 omrte rmtology 4 omote erson, 23 omote tools 3 75 omound dese 3 onetul ntegrton 0  030 onnetty, 3 4  ontetul reolog 27 2 ountng 4 oulngonttuton flly 0,  te onflton of erne wt relty,  rete eology of reurene, 3 rete enggement 204 207 2 rete erformne 2 rete roess 2025 retty 20 20720 224, 23 240 omntonl, 22 elortory, 22 eternlst ro to 2 22 nternlt ro to 2 , 22 trnformtonl, 22 yorg, ! ! 77 232 Dmerow, Peter  Drwn, rles, 55, 233 Ddson n 54, 57, 0, , 70, 7 7 7, 4 Deene tnsl 050

n

2

uz G, 3 t ngng, 18 18 18   omo  ngng t mpo fom 1 t mng 18 tn, 184 18 t pnnng, 3 o, u 1 nntt n 41 'Eo no, 181-18 34 40 t Rn, 33 opmnt tm to, 40  Poo Ezqu 0 8 84 o MAnn 10 11 on Mn 3 8 83 43 fu, Hut 14 Eoog t,  1 08 En Ro 131134 Emo tontng  11 13 13 0 11 1 34 Emo ng 1  Emo ognton  0 4  Emo ogn tm 4 Emo utu pt 48 Emo nm  Emo nggmnt 0 10 08 Emo mgnton, 10 Emo mn,    Emo p 33 Emo outn, 8 Emo mot , 11 Emo tnng po  Emomnt pofoun 48 08

Emgn of gn 148 1 1 of pton, 183 of umn gnton 18 of mt gn,  of num tnng 18 113 110



0

of Pot mg, 03 of mom 10 11 0

Ent ppo 0 8 Ent ognton 8 1 0 Ent ognt pot 14 13 14 1 4 Ent o, 110 Ent ppton 10 Ent poton 180 11 13 Ent nomoto ount 03 Ent tnng 0 3 Entm 0 3 Enfmng, 1 Engm  83 84

Engng  ognt ffo, 10 3 rt xmp of, 18 18  nt poton 13 ptm n ontoog ttu of 10

Entngmnt To 33 Enonmnt nmnt, 4 Eptm ton 11 14 Eptm tft 11 Eptm mmt  Eptm t  Eptm ngnng 4 Eptm np 0 Eptm ngt of ot 10 40 Eptm ogton 13 Eptm pow of nuomg 18

Eptm gnn of n n, 18

Eptm ttu 18 18 Eptmoog  of mont 4

Eptmoog ogton 48 Eptmoog poton of Mt Enggmnt To  Eptmoog ttu of oog o 3 Eptmoog u o u of oun 1 En, Atu 0

e ee aiel  oaie aure of igs 8 oluio bioogial    oge 4 5   5    8  8 85  4 4 45 ulura  arwia,  omid  omii,  uma,  4   ogog, 45 4 eoogia,  igs ad 45 oluoary araeoogy, 8  ouioary dyams 45 4 ouoary episemoogy  ouioary arrae, 5 ouoary psyoogy  4 ouioary sudies  ograms  xpereia realism  xerasm,  4 4  4 48 xeraizao, 8 8   

auoier, Gies    ised arefa faay    oey Rober 55 rz Caroe  Gaager Sau  4   Gambe, Ce,  4 Garaa, Hug, 45 48 5 Ge Afred  5   4- 44 8

Geei muaio 4 Gesure,  4  5 48   45

rafg  ad markigs,  eia, 4

2 7

empoay of  ad oos 55 prosei 54 Gos  maie 5 Gbso ames 44   4 Geioaliy 4 Goodwi Cares  5 Gosde Cris   4  5 85 8  5  4 Golieb, Giber 4 4 Grfs Pau 4 4 Guaar ix 5 Gure, Sewar 

Habus,   4 Haggard Parik  4 Hads, freeig of, 55 Haraway, oa  Hawkes, Crisoper 5   Heidegger Mar,    Hesilwood Crsoper 8 848  4 4 Hodder a    44 5 8     4 Hoffeker, o  5 m ee 5  m be 5 54   m pie  4 45  54 5   m mbiu  4 Huma e m  5  -4 5, 5  4 Huma ogio opoogy of  Huma odo,   Huma embodime, 5  5

c

Huma eigee emergee of, 5   moder,  4 reorgazaio of 4 Huma mdsape 4 48 Humaouma ierao, 48 Huma perepio,    4



28

um  brg pi 55  dititi mtl rittur f  tgld wit tig,  tgld wit tl 55 mr mig b, 55 80 8 mdr 0 0 uiqu f,  08  umilit f tig,  url Su   uti Edwi, 5   8 8  005 0 0 08  8 lt ld  lzim 

lit  8 Ipiti f frm,  Igld, Tim     80   00 0 5 Ibitti  0 Itgrti prji 00 0

Ittilit d ffrd  d g   5    0 d bgrud, 0 d mr mig  85 i pilp   i pttr mig 0    d t tl,   0   5 Ittiiti 0  Itrlim  Itrlit fll,  lrii, Atui, 5 5  5

Jffr, B  J Mr, 58   5 Jrd Stt   Kll Clr 5 8 5 Kir, Did, 5   00 0  

Kpptt Crl  5 0     8 5    8  

Kppg  t f tugt    frm f mbdig,   tti 5   d url titi,  5 pr f     tqu f 0 Kww 0 Lr, Mrt 55 Lff Grg, 58 5 0 L Mr tlr 8 8 85 Lgug,  8 8 05 8 0 0 5

d ritmti 05 8 d mtril ultur   5 d miti 0  Ltur, Bru  5     0 5  0   Lw, J    L, Edmud,  LriGur, Adr,  5  Llli, 58 0 LwiWillim, Did 8 Lir B  88 8 Liguiti ig, fll f,  Liti tlgi 58 0  Ltil fll 80 8

Lgi rbitrr  f budri,   mputtil, 8 ti, 8 0  0  0

f ibitti  f iri  rprttil  f ubtti prtiipti, 5

99

d Mu n 49 Mppn npu 6 dn 62 n 00 n 6 nn 00 p 6, 6, 02, 03 M n p ud f 9, 0, 90, 92, 239  p n 93, 94  f f n nn 92 nd un nn 0, 93, 239 nd nn 0, 90, 94 n f 79 pnn f 0 nd n 93  pp f 79  0, 4, 7 M Axnd , 2 M uu  nu f 32, 2, 3, 4, 24 nd n 34  n j f  n f nd 230 nd n 43, 4, , 247 u f f 32, 66, 237-240 nd nn 3 , 7, 0, 3 7-20, 24, 293, 43, 2, 9, 64, 73, 77, , 3, 90, 0, 20, 237, 242, 24 n f f 2, 44, 9, 23 nd xndd nd 22, 229 pnn dnn f 30 nd  , 30, 90-9, 03, 04 ud f 6, 4, 3, 20, 3  9 n u , 43, 44, 20, 230 nkn u 24 M n f 6 nd 66

s

nn  f  nu f 7 un f   f 90, 23  43 44, 24 M un 2 M p 32, 6 Mun Hu 0 Mu M 22 Mn Rnd 4 MPn nnn 7, 62, 70 Mdd n 3, 47, 4, 3, 7, 20, 22, 2, 22, 224, 226, 24 Mdn 6, 66, 26, 33, 22, 227, 234, 244 Mdn ff 24, 246 Mnn pn 23, 2 M , 9, 46, 47, 6&-70, 744, , 77, 2, 223 pfn   7, 3  f 2 n f 6 xn 2, 3 xzn f 4 nd fn 6 nn 2 Mnn 73, 76, 7, , 2, 4  a n B)  nun of 3 n f 76 wn 2, 3, 63, 93, 240 Mn un ppn 29 MuPn Mu 4, , 43, 207, 243 Mnn 77, 93, 239 Mp , 62, 6 Mp 4347, 0, 6, 24, 24 Md f 9, 33-3, 4-49 Md nddu 2, 22 M n 9, 0





M to Ag mrg,   994 Mlr D,    44    0

M ct   rcolog of,       0   9  9    4 s rtfct of our ow mg,   rtfct,   4 s rou,   computtol,      cocpt of,  9 

costtut trtwg wt t mtrl worl,  ctrlz w of,   strut,    9 ulst w of,  mo,   9 0  ct,   ct prspct o, 9 t,      9  9    44    4  cott  trlst w of   0 4 mmt,  s l org,  lmt  s,  locto of,  mg of,  9 4  4 mtrl ss of, 4 moulr, 4 uroctrc w of,  ot lmt  s, 4 plosop of, 0   9  4   plstct of,  4 pottrs, 0 profoul mo 44 proct,  rlto, 9

rprstto w of,  4 9

stuff of 4   smmtrc w of,  s us projct, 44 wrouts of, 4 4 4 Mo prolm,     9 

Mt, t, 4 Mcroscopc lss,  90 0 Mor cogto, 9 Mort cogt, 4  0 0 4 9 4

cocpt of, 9 4 orl, 4 0 0 9 4 sos,  otologcl tss of,   org of, 4 4 tr of,  urg of, 9 4 Mor m, 0 9 4 Mor prcmt,  Mol, Amr,  Morpomtrc lss,  Muuru, 09 Mu, c,  gl, Tos,  olutor comprt cogto,  olutor tors, 4   url ctto,  4 4 4  

url rctctur, 4 url crcuts, 4 url costructsm,  40 4 url cott, 4 ur corrlts of cto, 9 url twors, 4    url plstct 4 49 4 url prsttos,  url structurs, 4 

 ual ubtrat 43  ural ytm 40 ural tu 9 9 ural l  uroaraology 8 9 urontrm 9 9 uromagng 3 48 4 9 

uropnomnology 08 uron 3 4 3 4548 4  8 9  4   ontruton 40 4 o Ala 50 58 0 03 8 umbr n 0509 4 5 0 umral onpt 09 38 umroty 08 09 5 z Raal 4 0

Objtaton 3 9  33 43 3 93

Oupaton 9 0 Or nd 8 84 Oldowan ndutral omplx 5  Oldowan tnolog 5 0 43 Oln Bjrnar 4 43 4 Ontologal aymmtry 8 33 Ontologal boundar of ognton 3 5 30

Ontoogal ommtmnt 53  3 

Ontologal ompound 4   48 Ontologal onguraton  80 Ontologal dprvaton  Ontologal drpton about mnds and tng 9 Ontologal gulf of rprntaton 3 Ontologal ngrdnts of uman tougt 48 Ontologal nparablty 9 Ontologal momnt 45 Ontologal lou of ognton 5 Ontologal prorty of gnd or gnr 90 9



Ontoloy ylomorp 35 3 ylonot 3 of ln 9 of markng 9 84 of matral ultur  48 of matral gn  of mnd 43 of rlatdn 53 rlatonal 50 4 8 rprntatonal 9 mot  9 oal 5 of tool  Opratonal qun and knappng  and Lnar B tablt 8 n pottry makng 9 3 O'Rgan Kn 0 03 Orgnary tnty 54 Otr gg ll 8 85 Ownrp n of 3 4 4 Partal art 95 Party prnpl 4 83 84 Parrott Fona 8 8 Partbl pron 3 Pr arl Sandr 939 34 Pllgram Andra 9 93 Prpronal pa 44 45 nomnologal drpon 0

Pnomnologal omo  Pnomnologal rurmnt 0 0

Pnomnoloy 9 3 3 0 90 08 9 

Pkrng Andrw 9 30 48 49 0

Ptoral omptn 99 Ptur 95 Pra 09 0 Plat fft 4

02

Plastcy atty-dependent •5 coss-modal neual, 5 8 cultual, 25 29 ppocampal 9 n muscans 7 neual 25 29 pactce-elated deelopmental 0 synaptc, 6 7 n ta des, 9 Polany, cael,  207 23 Pottey makn, 207 213 223 Pactce effects 22 Pobablstc epeness 0 1 Posteses, 15 Postetc bens, 15 Posttc body, 223 Postetc estue 15 155 193 Postetc mae, 203 Putnam lay, 29 7 Ratne, Cal, 23 Readness potental, 220 Relatonal causalty 1 Relatonal compasons 155 Relatonal doman, 50 77 Relatonal enttes, 16 Relatonal nstantatons 97 Relatonal neoks of pesons and tns 123 Relatonal tansactons beeen pesons and tns, 9 Relatonal ays of tnkn 127 230 Renfew Coln 1 3 12 23 25 30 33

 6 61 9799 229 22 Reoanaton etended 81 115 27 Repesentatonal capactes 30 19 Repesentatonal dece, 31 Repesentatonal economy, 19 Repesentatonal fallacy, 237 Repesentatonal dom, 117 19 Repesentatonal lluson 195 Repesentatonal mae, 183

d

Repesentatonal nputs 28 Repesentatonal ntent, 185190 Repesentatonal loc 18 90 163 Repesentatonal moblty 195 Repesentatonal obects 180 200 Repesentatonal ontoloy 229 Repesentatonal pedcament, 200 Repesentatonal ealm 219 Repesentatonal stablty, 110 Repesentatonal stance, 6 23 Repesentatonal stucues 26-29 67

90 Repesentatonal substtute o eplcato, 27 Repesentatons cultual 13 enaed, 189 etenal, 26 27 30 31 67 89 90

162 191 238 239 ntentonal, 138 139 ntenal, 26 27 31 6 67 71 89 162 197 mateal, 31 90 mental, 27 73 162 163 237 meta- 39 19 239 non�deed 37 81 and pctues 199 n pottey man 211 213 somatosensoy 7 spell of 130 symbolc 19 180 R�ntentonalty 12 Robb on, 120 121 Ryle, lbet 25 3 Sakua Osau, 165-167 25 Saussue, Fednand de 9196 Scaffoldn, 102 190 202 20 22

239 29 Scmandtesseat, Dense, 111 112 Scbbln 193 Seale on 136-15 Self, loss of, 22

de efengneeng  eade pee  efefeenta naate 8 eftanfng an pedptn,  eg 994 et 99 87 98 ene akng  8 9  ent engageent   ena ppete f tng, 87 ap Lay, 7 7 9 e, Badd 9 gt leatn f, 4 gnatn atane f, 9 ealy an, 8 89 4 enate,   99   994  ateal   9 7 etap 9 pagat 98 pety f,  waantng de f, 98

gn dentate eanng f 9 degnate eanng f 9 enate 8 9   4 4 

exee eanng f, 9 97 kll aqtn f 9 9  4 dly  7 7 gnte, 74   9 9 eded 7 4 74 9 t and eny 4 7 ptal 94 patal 4 9 tatle, 47 t Ada  al aaegy, 4 tenal netwk,  tenal taety  89

30

taatp epna 9 tene ee  teen  4 4 tege enad 4 tne t a enate gnte ptee 4 and an tnkng 9  4 agng tde f 4 7 akng f, 8   tt aa, 4 4 tt et, 7   4 7 8 74 7 taten, Malyn  8

gate ateal tte 4 9 ttn Jn 7 8 y nttte 97 98 yl and gnte  y alte f den 9 yl aaelgy 9 9 9 98 l eqaleny 97 y extenalatn 89 yl fntn, 8 y ntent 8 87 9 98 yl ateal lte 9 9 yl tnkng  8 9   y epeentatn  yl tage,  7 74 7 8 y pee 4 yl,   8 89  8 8 84 89 9  4 7 8 ynfk Matt,  

Tat knwledge, 9 Ta Raynd 9 4 Tayl, Cale 9 Tenal e  Tetnet awaene 94  Tepal anaty f atn  Tepa dyna  Tepal effet f tng 4 47 Tepa tatgapy f eate atn 