LABORATORIO N°06
“EXPERIENCIA DE MELDE” CARRERA
: TECNOLOGÍA MECÁNICA ELÉCTRICA :I
CICLO SECCIÓN
: “A”
DOCENTE
: LIC. SARMIENTO ACOSTA EDER
CURSO
: LAB. ONDAS Y CALOR
ALUMNOS
: Camiz! A"#i$a% N&'m&%
Ca()a*&+a Ca()i$$, -i!(),! E(!a'+&% E(!a'+&% Ga$$a%+, Ci&za N& Da/i+ G#&%%&%, N&i%a Mi(a&$ i$1a M,!)a$/, E+i(,!
FECHA DE ENTREGA
2 03454056
056 7 II EXPERIENCIA DE MELDE 1
2
ÍNDICE
I.
INTROD8CCI9N …………………………………………………………………… …….04
II. OB:ETIOS ……………………………………………………………………… ………….05 II.1.
OBJETIVO
GENERAL……………………………………………………………….05 II.2.
OBJETIVOS
ESPECÍFICOS………………………………………………………..05
III.;8NDAMENTO TE9RICO …………………………………………………………….05 III.1.
EPERIMENTO DE MELDE
……………………………………………………….05 III.2.
ONDA MECANICA
…………………………………………………………………..0! III.".
RE#UISITOS PARA LA FORMACIÓN DE UNA ONDA
MEC$NICA ….0% III.4.
ONDA ESTACIONARIA…………………………………….
……………………….0% III.5.
LONGITUD DE
ONDA……………………………………………………………...0&
"
III.!.
DENSIDAD
LINEAL…………………………………………………………………0& III.%.
TENSIÓN……………………………………………………………
…………………10 III.'.
FRECUENCIA………………………………………………………
…………………11
I. MATERIALES Y
. MÉTODOS Y PROCEDIMIENTOS ………………………………………………..14
I.
ANÁLISIS DE RES8LTADOS ….......................................................1%
II.
C8ESTIONARIO2
………………………………………………..........................1&
III.
CONCL8SIONES
…………………………………………………………………………21
IX.
RECOMENDACIONES………………………………………………… ……………….21
X. BIBLIOGRA;ÍA ………………………………………………………………… ………..21
I.
INTROD8CCI9N2 S( )*+ ,-(/+* *3/+* ( 6C78 9( ( /+* +* (+ 88(+ -(*3 E9* ,-(/+* (9 ,/(( 9(- -(9/(3* -*;<*9 * /+ (=,(-<8(+ 33*8** >E=,(-<(+;<* ( 8(3(? +( (89-*89 4
@/(
3*9
+*9
8(;+<;*9
(=,(-<8(+*+
(+78(+9
(
<+(-(-(+;<* E9( /( (9;/<(- ,- (3 9<; *3(8+ F-*+ M(3( (+ (3 * ( 1&!0 9<(+ *3/+9 ( (339 *3/+9 ( 39 (8*9 89 ;+-(-<9 ( 3* )<9-<* ( 3* ;<(+;<* *3 (9 (3 ;*9 ( 3* +*/-*3(* +/3*-<* ( 3* 3/. L* 3/ )** 9< (9;-<* ,- I9**; N(+ (+ (3 9<3 VII ,- 8(< ( /+* (-* ;-,/9;/3*-.
P9(-<-8(+(
(3
9<; <+39 T)8*9
/+
;+-*97 3*9 (-*9 ( N(+ (+ (3 9<3 VIII (9*3(;<7 3*9 *9(9 ;<(+K;*9 @/( 9/9(+*+ 3*9 (-*9 9-( 3*9 +*9. A K+*3(9 (3 9<3 I (+ (3 */( ( 3* 9(/+* -(3/;<7+ <+/9-<*3 3* (+-** ( 3* (3(;-<;<* ;8 (;+3* ( 3* ,;* -<+7 /+ +/( *,-( * 3*9 (-*9 9-( 3*9 +*9. E9( *(3*+ ,(-8<<7 * F-*+ M(3( -(;+;(- (3 (+78(+ ( <+(-(-(+;<* ( 3*9 +*9 3* -8*;<7+ ( 3*9 +*9 (9*;<+*-<*9. M9 *-( (+ (3 9<3 I (3 9<; <+39 J*8(9 C3(- M*=(33 (+ 9/9 (9/<9 ( 3* +*/-*3(* +/3*-<* ( 3* 3/ ,/ (=,-(9*- (+ /+ 3(+/*( 8*(8<; 3*9 +*9 (3 (3(;-8*+<;. C+ (33 ,/ *-9( ;/(+* ( +*9 8(;+<;*9 <**+ (+ 9(+< ;+-*-< -8*+ ,/+9 <+87<3(9 (+8<+**9
+9.
E9*9
+*9
/(-+
(+8<+**9
(9*;<+*-<*9 ,- M(3( * @/( 3* ,9<;<7+ ( 39 +9 39 <(+-(9 ,/+9 ( <-*;<7+ ,(-8*+(;( (9<;* *9 33(*89 *3 <+<;< P*-* @/( (9 9(* 89 <+(-(9*+( *,3<;*-(89 39 ;+;<8<(+9 ,-(<9 (+ 3*9 9</<(+(9 ,-/(*9 +( ((-8<+*-(89 (=,(-<8(+*38(+( 3* -(3*;<7+ (+-( 3* -(;/(+;<* ( 9;<3*;<7+ ( /+* ;/(-* (3 +8(- ( 9(8(+9 ( 3* +* (9*;<+*-<*Q *9 8<98 ;*3;/3*-(89 3* 3+</ <+<;<*3 ( ;** + / +* -8** -*;<*9 * /+ <-*- ,/39*- (3;-<; @/( (+- 3* /+;<7+ ;-(*- 3*9 +*9 *3 )*;(- <-*- /+ ;*3( (+9.
5
II.
OB:ETIOS2
.5. OB:ETIOS GENERAL2 A+*3<*- (9/<*- -(;+;(- 3*9 +*9 (9*;<+*-<*9 * -*9 (3 (=,(-<8(+ ( M(3( ,*-* ((-8<+*- (=,(-<8(+*38(+( 3* -(3*;<7+ (+-( 3* -(;/(+;<* ( 9;<3*;<7+ ( /+* ;/(-* (3 +8(- ( 9(8(+9.
.. OB:ETIOS ESPECÍ;ICOS2 V(-
( +/(9- 3*-*-<. R(;+;(- 3*9 ;*-*;(-9<;*9
(3(8(+9 ( 3*9
+*9
(9*;<+*-<*9. R(*3<*- (3 8+*( *(;/* ,*-* 3* (=,(-<(+;<* (+<(+ (+ ;/(+* ;<(-9 ;-<(-<9 ,(-9+*3(9 -/,*3(9 ,*-* (+(- (3 8+<8 ,-;(+*( ( (---. D((-8<+*- (=,(-<8(+*3 (8,-<;*8(+( 3* -(;/(+;<* 3* 3+</ ( /+* ;/(-* +* 3* (+9<* 3<+(*3 3* (+9<7+. C*3;/3*- (3 (--- -(3*< ,-;(+/*3 (+-( (3 *3- (7-<; (=,(-<8(+*3 ( 3* (+9<* 3<+(*3.
III.
;8NDAMENTO TE9RICO2
=.5. EXPERIMENTO DE MELDE2 C/*+ (9/<*89 ;8 9( -((* /+ ,/39 (+ /+* ;/(-* *3 (+;+-*/+ (=-(8 K 9(-*89 @/( 9( -((** ;+ 3* 8<98* (3;<* *8,3</ ,(- ;+ /+ ;*8< ( 9<+ ( 3* (3+*;<7+. C+9<(-(89 /+* ;/(-* ( 3+</ L 9/(* ,- /+ (=-(8 98(<* * /+* (+9<7+ 9< + 9( ((-;( (+9<7+ 9-( 3* ;/(-* + )*- (3;<* ( ,-,**;<7+ ( 3*9 +*9 (+ *+ @/( (+ (3 - (=-(8 3* 98((89 * /+ 8<8<(+ <-*-< E=,(-<(+;<* ( 3* ;/(-* ( M(3( E3 -(+ ( +*9 9( -((* (+ (3 (=-(8 K 9( 9/,(-,+( *3 !
-(+ <+;<(+( ,(- ;+ 9(+< ,/(9. A89 -(+(9 ( +* 9( 9/,(-,+(+. C+9<(-(89 /+* ;/(-* ( 3+</ L 9/(* ,- /+ (=-(8 98(<* * /+* (+9<7+ 9< + 9( ((-;( (+9<7+ 9-( 3* ;/(-* + )*- ,-,**;<7+ ( 3*9 +*9 (+ *+ @/( (+ (3 - (=-(8 3* 98((89 * /+ 8<8<(+ <-*-< E=,(-<(+;<* ( M(3(.
F<. 1 A9,(; (9-9;7,<; ( 3* ;/(-*. L* K/-* +9 <+<;* ;78 (-(89 3* ;/(-* 9< 3* <3/8<+*89 ;+ /+ (9-9;,< ;/* -(;/(+;<* 9(* 4 9<(+ 3* -(;/(+;<* (3 <-*-. E3 (=,(-<8(+ ( M(3( (9 /+ (=,(-<8(+ ;<(+K; -(*3<* ,- (3 9<; *3(8+ F-*+ M(3( 9-( 3*9 +*9 (9*;<+*-<*9 ,-/;<*9 (+ /+ ;*3( (+9 /+< * /+ ,/39*- (3;-<;. E9( (=,(-<8(+ ,/ (89-*- @/( 3*9 +*9 8(;+<;*9 (=,(-<8(+*+ (+78(+9 ( <+(-(-(+;<*. O+*9 8(;+<;*9 <**+ (+ 9(+< ;+-*-< -8*+ ,/+9 <+87<3(9 (+8<+**9 +9. E9*9 +*9 /(-+ (+8<+**9 (9*;<+*-<*9 ,- M(3( * @/( 3* ,9<;<7+ ( 39 +9 39 <(+-(9 ,/+9 ( <-*;<7+ ,(-8*+(;( (9<;*.
=.. ONDA MECÁNICA2 L* +* 8(;+<;* (9 (3 8<8<(+ ( /+* ,(-/-*;<7+ 9<;* @/( 9( %
,-,** * -*9 ( /+ 8(< (39<; -*+9,-*+ (9( /+ ,/+ * -* (+(-* ;*+<* ( 8<8<(+ 8*9 + -*+9,-( ( 8*9*.
=.=. RE>8ISITOS PARA LA ;ORMACI9N DE ONDAS MECÁNICAS2 L* /(+( @/( -<<+( 3* ,(-/-*;<7+. U+ 8(< 8*(-<*3 (39<; ,*-* @/( ,/(* ,-,**-9(. A3/+* ;+(=<7+ 9<;* ,- 8(< ( 3* ;/*3 3*9 ,*-(9 **;(+(9
,/(*+ ;+(;*-9(.
=.?. ONDAS ESTACIONARIAS2 S( (+8<+* +* * * ,(-/-*;<7+ @/( 9( -<<+* (+ /+ (9* ( (@/<3<-< @/( 9( 8/(( 9( ,-,** ;+ (3 <(8, ( /+* -(<7+ (3 (9,*;< * -*. E+ (3 ;(+- ( (9( <, ( ,(-/-*;<7+ + )* /+ -*+9,-( ( 8*(-<*Q (( (+(+(-9( @/( (9 (9* 3* @/( 9( -*93** ( /+ ,/+ * -.
F</-* 2. C*-*;(-9<;*9 ( /+* +* (9*;<+*-<*. S( ,-/;(+ ;/*+ <+(-K(-(+ 9 8<8<(+9 +/3*-<9 ;+ 3* 8<98* -(;/(+;<* *8,3</ ,(- ;+ <(-(+( 9(+< * 3 3*- ( /+* 3+(* ;+ /+* <(-(+;<* ( *9( ( 8(<* 3+</ ( +*. U+* +* (9*;<+*-<* 9( ,/(( -8*- ,- 3* 9/8* ( /+* +* 9/ +* -((** 9-( /+ 8<98 (( = . '
S< )*;(89 @/( /+* +* 8(;+<;* 9( -*+98<* ,- /+* ;/(-* 9/(* ,- 9/9 9 (=-(89 ;8 <+<;* (+ 3* 9</<(+( K/-*:
F< ". O+* 8(;+<;* ;+ " <(+-(9. P/((+ *-9( *-<*9 9</*;<+(9 (,(+<(+ ( 7+( ,+*89 (3 9,-( ( 3* (-(;)*. L 89 ,-*3( (9 @/( + ;<+;<* ;+ /+ + ,/+ ( ,9<;<7+ ;(- ( 3* ;/(-*.
F< 4. C8,-*8<(+ ( /+* <+(-(-(+;<* (9-/;<* S< )*;(89 ;<+;<<- (3 9,-( ( 3* (-(;)* ;+ (3 ,/+ F 3* -((=<7+ 9(- ;8 (+ 3* K/-* 2. S( -8*- ( (9* -8* /+* +* @/( 9( -(/(-* *3 <- 3(- @/( *- /+ ,*-7+ 33*8* ( +* (9*;<+*-<* ,/(9 * 3* <8,-(9<7+ ( + 8(-9( (+ (3 (9,*;< */+@/( 9*(89 @/( (9 <**+ (+ *8*9 <-(;;<+(9 ;+ 3* (3;<* ( ,-,**;<7+ ( 3* +* (+ 3* ;/(-*. P*-* ;+9(/<- (9 ,(89 8(- (3 9,-( <@/<(- ;<(+ 3* ;/(-* ;+ 39 (9 )*9* 33(*- *3 ,/+ F <(+ ,(89 *-<*- 3* (+9<7+ ( 3* ;/(-* ;+ 3 @/( *-* 3* (3;<* ( ,-,**;<7+ *-<*- 3* -(;/(+;<* (3 9;<3*- ;+ 3 @/( *-* 3* 3+</ ( +*. &
=.@. LONGIT8D DE 8NA ONDA2 L* 3+</ ( +* (9 3* <9*+;<* -(*3 @/( -(;--( /+* ,(-/-*;<7+ /+* +* (+ /+ ((-8<+* <+(-*3 ( <(8,. E9( <+(-*3 ( <(8, (9 (3 -*+9;/--< (+-( 9 8=<89 ;+9(;/<9 ( *3/+* ,-,<(* 9<;* ( 3* +*. S< -(,-(9(+*89 (+ 9 <8(+9<+(9 ;78 *-* (9* ,-,<(* 9<;* ;+ 3* <9*+;<* @/( -(;--( 3* +* (+(89 /+* ;/-* ;/ *9,(; 8/(9-* ;<(-* ,(-<<;<*. E+ 8/;)9 ;*99 (9* ;/-* <(+( *9,(; 9<+/9<*3. L* <9*+;<* (+-( 9 8=<89 ( (9* ;/-* 9<+/9<*3 +9 8/(9-* (3 *3- (=,-(9* (+ 8(-9 ;(+8(-9 ;/*3@/<(- -* /+<* ( 8(<* ( <9*+;<* ( 3* 3+</ ( +* ,(- + (9 3* 3+</ ( +*. L* 3+</ ( +* (9 /+* <9*+;<* -(*3 -(;--<* ,- 3* +*. N (9 3* <9*+;<* (+-( 9 8=<89 ( /+* ;/-* ,<+** (+ /+ ,*,(3. C8 (9 37<; ,*-* ,(- -(,-(9(+*- (9* ;/-* +(;(9<*89 ;+;(- 3* (3;<* * 3* @/( **+* 3* +*.
10
F< 5. L+</ ( /+* +* ,*-* ;** */8(+ ( <(+-(.
=.6. DENSIDAD LINEAL2 E9 /+* 8(<* ( 3* 8*9* ,- /+<* ( 3+</ (9 /+* ;*-*;(-9<;* ( ;*(+*9 ;*3(9 / -9 (9 /+<<8(+9<+*3(9. E3 S<9(8* I+(-+*;<+*3 ( /+<* ( (+9<* 3<+(*3 (9 (3 <3-*8 ,8(- 8. μ=
masa longitud 2
T .n μ= 2 2 4 L f
=.3. ELOCIDAD DE LA ONDA2 L* (3;<* ( /+* +* ( ,-,**;<7+ (+ /+* ;/(-* (9<-** (9 ((-8<+** ,- 3* (+9<7+ 3* 8*9* ,- /+<* ( 3+</ ( 3* 11
;/(-*. E+ /+* ;/(-* ( 3+</ ;8 8*9*3+</ W 8. P*-* *3 ;/(-* 3* -(;/(+;<* /+*8(+*3 9(-* H. T m / L v f 1 = y sabemos que también f = 2 L 2 L
∴v
=
2 L
n
f
=.. TENSI9N2 L* (+9<7+ T (9 3* /(-* ;+ @/( /+* ;/(-* ;*3( (+9 <-* ( ;/*3@/<(- ;/(-, /+< * 9/9 (=-(89. C** (+9<7+ 9</( 3* <-(;;<7+ (3 ;*3( (3 8<98 9(+< ( 3* /(-* @/( 3 (+9* (+ (3 (=-(8 ;+-*-<. 2
2
T =( 4 L f μ )
( ) 1
2
n
=.. RELACI9N DE ELOCIDAD CON LA TENSI9N2 M(3( *9+9( (+ 3* 9(/+* 3( ( N(+ ( 3* 8(;+<;* ;39<;* <+-/ (3 ,*-8(- ( 3* (+9<* 3<+(*3 -8/37 /+* (;/*;<7+ 3/( ;8,*-7 /+* (=,-(9<7+ ;+ 3* (K+<;<7+ ( 3* (3;<* ;+ *9( (+ <(-(+;<*3(9 (3 ;3;/3 ( N(+ 8(<*+( /+ */9( (9*3(;<7 3* (,(+(+;<* ( 3* (3;<* ( 3* +* (9*;<+*-<* ;+ -(9,(; * 3* (+9<7+ *,3<;** 3* (+9<* 3<+(*3 (+<(+ 3* 9</<(+( (=,-(9<7+: v=
√
T μ
=.50. ;REC8ENCIA2
12
E9 /+* 8*+</ @/( 8<( (3 +8(- ( -(,(<;<+(9 ,- /+<* ( <(8, ( ;/*3@/<(- (+78(+ 9/;(9 ,(-<7<;. f =
I. N ° 1
√
T n 2 4 L μ
MATERIALES Y
1"
IMAGEN TOMADA DEL LABORATORIO
BREE DESCRIPCI9N E9 (3 ,-<+;<,*3 ;8,+(+( @/( /9*8(+( * * (+(-*3*9 <-*;<+(9 ,*-* @/( 9( ;8<(+;(+ * <9/*3<*- 3*9 ;-(9*9 <(+-(9 (+ /+* ;/(-* (+9**.
2
S<+( X*( G(+(-*-
"
C/(-*
5
2 *-<33*9 ;+ 2 9,-(9 /+<(-9*3(9
!
P3(*9
14
E9 (3 ;8,+(+( @/( * * (+(-*- 3*9 +*9 9<+/9<*3(9 @/( 9( ,/((+ *,-(;<*- (+ 3* (=,(-<(+;<* ( /+* +* (9*;<+*-<* ,((8,3. E9 (3 ( ( (9/< (3 (=,(-<8(+. G-*;<*9 * 3* ;/(-* (9 @/( 9( ,- <9/*3<*3*9 ;*-*;(-9<;*9 ( /+ 8<8<(+ (9*;<+*-<. S( (+;+-*- (+9** * 2 (=-(89 ,- ,3(*9. U<3<** ,*-* -8*- 3* (9-/;/-* (3 9,-(. E9 3* *9( @/( ,(-8<( *-8*- 3* (9-/;/-* ;8,3(* (3 9,-(.
S+ <9,9<<9 8(;+<;9 ( -*;;<7+ @/( 9<-(+ ,*-* -*+98<<- /(-*. E+ +/(9- ;*9 3 /<3<*89 ,*-* 9(/<- 3* -*(;-<* ( 3* ;/(-* ;+ 3* ,(9* 3-*(+9*-3* (+ 9/9 (=-(89.
S+ 8*9*9 @/( ,(-8<<(-+ @/( *+*3<*" ;8,-*8<(+9 ;+ -(9,(; * 39 (3(8(+9 ( /+* +* (9*;<+*-<* 8*9* ( 50 100 150 ,*-* +/(9- (=,(-<8(+. I+9-/8(+ /<3<* ,*-* 8(<- 3* 3+</ <+<;<*3 ( 3* ;/(-* (3 ( 39 <(+-(9 -8*9 ,- (3 8<8<(+ <-*-<.
% P(9*9 ,-*,(9*9
R(3* '
.
MÉTODOS Y PROCEDIMIENTOS2 ACTIIDAD GR8PAL N° 5 C8 ,-<8(- ,*9 -(;+;<89 39 (@/<,9 -(*3<*89 (3 8+*( ( 3* K/-*: (+9*83*89 39 9,-(9 /+<(-9*3(9 *-<33*9 3*9 ,3(*9 (3 <-*- 3* ;/(-* 3*9 8*9*9 (3 (+(-*( +*9.
15
F<. !. M+*( (3 (=,(-<8(+ ,*-* <9/*3<*- +*9 (9*;<+*-<*9.
C3;*89 (3 9(3(;- ( *8,3</ (+ (3 8+<8 E3 *3<8(+*- (( ( (9*- (+ /+* -(;/(+;<* ( 5H. L* *8,3</ 3* ;3;*89 *3 ;(+- ( 9/ ;*,*;<*. Teniendo el montaje listo y las configuraciones respectivas que se va a utilizar pasamos seleccionamos una longitud de la cuerda cercana o igual a 1m para poder empezar con nuestro experimento.
Fig 07 .Montaje con longitud de cuerda 1m.
Usamos unas pesas y un ganco tomando en cuenta la masa! lo cual estas permiten a que mantengan la cuerda templada por medio de una polea el primer peso fue de "0g.
1!
Una vez realizado todo el montaje configuramos el alimentador a "#z. $rocedemos a girar el vi%rador! aumentando su frecuencia asta que comience a aparecer una primera onda estacionaria& la cual de%e contener un n'mero entero de vientres.
U+* ( (+<(+ 3<9 ,-;((89 * (=,(-<8(+*- 39
<(+-(9 @/( 9( *+ -8*+ (+ 3* ;/(-* *3 88(+ @/( -(/3*89 (3 S-<+ V<-*-.
F<. 0' A,*-<;<7+ (3 ,-<8(- <(+-(. Una vez conseguido un patr(n definido de onda estacionaria! determinamos la longitud de onda midiendo la distancia entre dos nodos sucesivos. )%servamos que esta medida corresponde a media longitud de onda. *uego registramos el dato en el cuadro de datos y anotamos adem+s el n'mero de nodos ,n- que o%serva. epetimos los pasos / veces del procedimiento! aumentando el peso en el ganco! para encontrar otras medidas de longitud de onda y de tensi(n de la cuerda y con estos valores completamos el cuadro de datos. Ta%la 01 .esultados del primer experimento con una pesa de "0g.
A-87+<;+
01
F-(;/(+;<*H 11.% H Y8 0.05
02
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05
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$rocedemos a realizar el mismo procedimiento de la actividad anterior! con la 'nica diferencia que cam%iamos la masa de "0gr a 100 gramos. Ta%la 02. esultados del segundo experimento con una pesa de 100gr.
A-87+<;+
01
F-(;/(+;<*H 1!.& H Y8 0.1 T(+9<7+ N
02
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T*3* +[ 0".R(*3<*89 *3 </*3 @/( (3 ,*9 *+(-<- * <(-(+;<* @/( (3 ,(9 (3 *+;) (9 ( 150 A-87+<;+
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I.
ANÁLISIS DE RES8LTADOS2
1'
P-8(< !'.'4 H 0.41!
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/+;<+*8<(+ P-(9*- *(+;<7+ * 3* (=,3<;*;<7+ (7-<;* * @/( (+ *9( * (33* 9( -(*3<*+ 39 3*-*-<9. A9(/-*-9( ( @/( (3 8+*( (9( <(+ -(*3<* 3*9 ,*-(9 (9+ <(+ 9/(*9 * 9 9,-(9 N 8*+<,/3*- 3*9 ,(9*9 ;/*+ (3 *,*-* (9 (+ /+;<+*8<(+ * @/( ,/(( *3(-*- 3* -(;/(+;<* +(;(9*-<* ,*-* @/( 9( ,-/;*+ /+ ((-8<+* +8(- ( +*9. Tener en claro las ecuaciones relacionadas al movimiento vi%ratorio o estacionario de una onda para facilitar la rapidez del c+lculo. Tener cuidado en o%jetos ,masa! resultado propagarse verdadero X. BIBLIOGRA;ÍA2
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