labo3-fluidos1-FIC-UNI

UNIVERSIDAD UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERÍA FACUL FACULTAD TAD DE INGENIERÍA INGE NIERÍA CIVIL DEPARTAMENTO ACADEMICO DE HIDRAULICA E HIDROLOGIA

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA Facultad de Ingeniería Civil Departamento Departamento Acadmico de !idr"ulica e !idrología

LA#ORA$ORIO N% & E'tudio de ori(cio' ) *o+uilla' Cur'o

,

M'c#%ica (' F"!i(os I

-ro.e'ora ,

I%$. Rocio Aris)a

Alumno/'0 ,

MELGARE*O GOME+,*'rso% R!b'%

20130066F


20130066F


20130066F

Lab.Orifcios y Bo!i""as

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UNIVERSIDAD UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERÍA FACUL FACULTAD TAD DE INGENIERÍA INGE NIERÍA CIVIL DEPARTAMENTO ACADEMICO DE HIDRAULICA E HIDROLOGIA

ORIFICIOS 1 #O2UILLAS 30 IN$R IN$ROD ODUC UCCI CION ON E" 's)!(io (' "as bo!i""as s' ('b' a -o('r r'a"iar !%a /'(ici0% ac'-)ab"' "as -1r(i(as ori$i%a(as '% "as /is/as, co% "o !'  !' s' -!'(' co%oc'r c!#"'s so% s o% r'a"/'%)' "os 2o"3/'%'s o ca!(a"'s !' -asa% -or !% ca%a" o !%a )!b'r4a, 's)o 's (' $ra% i/-or)a%cia '% "a i%$'%i'r4a ci2i" -ara '" (is'5o (' ca%a"'s, r'-r'sas, ('-0si)os, ')c.

40 O# O#5E 5E$I $IV VOS • • •

Co%oc'r "a c"asifcaci0% y !sos (' "os orifcios y bo!i""as. D')'r/i%ar '" ca!(a" !' -asa a )ra21s (' !% orifcio y (' !%a bo!i""a. D')'r/i%ar "as 'c!acio%'s y c!r2as (' -a)ro%a/i'%)o -a)ro%a/i'%)o (' orifcios y (' bo!i""as.

&0 GENE GENERA RALI LIDA DADE DES S E" orifcio s' !)i"ia -ara /'(ir '" ca!(a" !' sa"' (' !% r'ci-i'%)' o -asa a )ra21s (' !%a )!b'r4a. E" orifcio '% '" caso (' !% r'ci-i'%)', -!'(' 6ac'rs' '% "a -ar'( o '% '" 7o%(o. Es !%a ab'r)!ra $'%'ra"/'%)' r'(o%(a, a )ra21s (' "a c!a" 8!y' "4!i(o y -!'(' s'r (' aris)a a$!(a o r'(o%('a(a. E" c6orro ('" 8!i( 8!i(o o s' co%) co%)ra ra' ' a !%a !%a (is) (is)a% a%ci cia a cor) cor)a a '% orif orifci cios os (' aris aris)a )a a$!( a$!(a. a. La Lass bo!i""as 's)#% co%s)i)!i(as -or -i'as )!b!"ar's a(a-)a(as a "os orifcios y s' '/-"'a% -ara (iri$ir '" c6orro "4!i(o. E% "as bo!i""as '" 's-'sor (' "a -ar'( e ('b' s'r /ayor '%)r' 9 y : 2'c's '" (i#/')ro (i#/')ro d ('" orifcio.

ORIFICIO

#O2UILLA

60 CLASIFICA CLASIFICACI7N CI7N DE LOS LOS ORIFICI ORIFICIOS OS 6830 Según el ancho de la pared Orifcios de pared delgada

Es !% orifcio (' -ar'( ('"$a(a si '" 3%ico co%)ac)o '%)r' '" "4!i(o y "a -ar'( 's a"r'('(or (' !%a aris)a af"a(a y e ; &.
P#$i%a 9

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERÍA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA CIVIL DEPARTAMENTO ACADEMICO DE HIDRAULICA E HIDROLOGIA

Orifcios de pared gruesa

La -ar'( '% '" co%)or%o ('" orifcio %o )i'%' aris)as af"a(as y &.< d ; e ; 9d . S' -r's'%)a a(6'r'%cia ('" c6orro "4!i(o a "a -ar'( ('" orifcio.

4.2) Según la orma

Orifcios circ!"ar's. Orifcios r'c)a%$!"ar's. Orifcios c!a(ra(os.

Lab.Orifcios y Bo!i""as

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4.3) Según sus dimensiones relativas

S'$3% A'2'(o, N y Acos)a, A. N'))o "os orifcios s' -!'('% c"asifcar s'$3% s!s (i/'%sio%'s r'"a)i2as as4= Orifcios -'!'5os Si (;>>H Orifcios $ra%('s Si (?>>H d: (i#/')ro ('" orifcio. H: -ro7!%(i(a( ('" a$!a

6as)a '" c'%)ro ('" orifcio.

4.4) Según su uncionamiento

Ori(cio' con de'carga li*re8 E% 's)' caso '" c6orro 8!y' "ibr'/'%)' '% "a a)/0s7'ra si$!i'%(o !%a )ray'c)oria -arab0"ica.

Ori(cio' con de'carga a!ogada8 C!a%(o '" orifcio ('scar$a a o)ro )a%!' c!yo %i2'" 's)# -or arriba ('" ca%)o i%7'rior ('" orifcio, s' (ic' !' "a ('scar$a 's a6o$a(a. E" 7!%cio%a/i'%)o 's i(1%)ico a" orifcio co% ('scar$a "ibr', -'ro s' ('b' )'%'r '% c!'%)a "a car$a h 's '%)r' "a "#/i%a (' 8!@o a%)'s y ('s-!1s ('" orifcio.

Lab.Orifcios y Bo!i""as P#$i%a 


90 CLASIFICACI7N DE LAS #O2UILLAS Cilíndrica'8: )a/bi1% ('%o/i%a(as bo!i""as -a)r0% y (' co/-or)a/i'%)o si/i"ar a" (' !% orifcio (' -ar'( $r!'sa. A!'""as, a s! 2', 's)#% (i2i(i(as '% i%)'rior's y ')'rior's. E% "as bo!i""as i%)'rior's o (' Bor(a "a co%)racci0% (' "a 2'%a oc!rr' '% '" i%)'rior, %o %'c'saria/'%)' '" c6orro s' a(6i'r' a "as -ar'('s y -r's'%)a !% co'fci'%)' (' ('scar$a !' osci"a a"r'('(or (' .<& A'2'(o, N. y Acos)a, A., &. Para '" caso (' bo!i""as ci"4%(ricas ')'r%as co% "a 2'%a a(6'ri(a a "as -ar'('s s' )i'%' !% co'fci'%)' (' ('scar$a (' .9 A'2'(o, N. y Acos)a, A., &, 2'r Tab"a III.&. C;nica'8: co% 's)as bo!i""as s' a!/'%)a '" ca!(a", ya !' '-'ri/'%)a"/'%)' s' 2'rifca !' '% "as bo!i""as co%2'r$'%)'s "a ('scar$a 's /#i/a -ara  J &: :K, "o !' (a co/o r's!")a(o !% co'fci'%)' (' ('scar$a (' . %o)ab"'/'%)' /ayor a" (' "as bo!i""as ci"4%(ricas. Las bo!i""as (i2'r$'%)'s co% "a -'!'5a s'cci0% i%icia" co%2'r$'%)' s' ('%o/i%a% Vnturi< -!'s)o !' 7!'ro% 's)!(ia(as -or 's)' i%2's)i$a(or, !' ('/os)r0 '-'ri/'%)a"/'%)' !' !% #%$!"o (' (i2'r$'%cia (' < $ra(os y e J d -'r/i)' "os /#s a")os co'fci'%)'s (' ('scar$a.

Lab.Orifcios y Bo!i""as P#$i%a <


=0 FOR>ULAS -ARA ORIFICIOS E" ca!(a" !' -asa a )ra21s (' !% orifcio (' c!a"!i'r )i-o, 's)# (a(o -or "a si$!i'%)' 'c!aci0% $'%'ra" (' -a)ro%a/i'%)o= m

Q= K × H

2 = ca!(a". ? = co%s)a%)' carac)'r4s)ica ('" orifcio. @ = car$a 6i(r#!"ica /'(i(a ('s(' "a s!-'rfci' 6as)a '" c'%)ro ('" orifcio. m = '-o%'%)'. 0 CBLCULO DE LA VELOCIDAD $E7RICA Vt

A-"ica%(o "a 'c!aci0% (' '%'r$4a '%)r' & y 9, '% "a Fi$!ra s' )i'%'= 2

2

P 1 V 1 P2 V 2 = Z + + Z 1 + + 2 γ 2 g γ 2 g

Para '" caso (' !% 's)a%!' "ibr' "a 2'"oci(a( -r'si0% y r'"a)i2a so% %!"as V&J, P&J, si '" c6orro '% 9 's)# '% co%)ac)o co% "a a)/0s7'ra P9J, y ('s-r'cia%(o -1r(i(as 6-, s' )i'%' !' "a 2'"oci(a( )'0rica '% 9 's= 2

V 2 Z 1− Z 2= H = 2g

⇒

V 2= √ 2 gH

Lab.Orifcios y Bo!i""as P#$i%a 


0 COEFICIEN$E DE FLU5O Coefciente de descarga Cd.- 's "a r'"aci0% '%)r' '" ca!(a" r'a" !' -asa a

)ra21s ('" (is-osi)i2o y '" ca!(a" )'0rico. Cd =

Q real Q teorico

=

V R× A ch V t × A 0

Q =C d × A 0 × √ 2 gH ⇒ C d =

2 VR Ac! Vt A @

= = = = = =

Q A 0 × √ 2 gH

ca!(a" 2'"oci(a( r'a" #r'a ('" c6orro o r'a" 2'"oci(a( )'0rica #r'a ('" orifcio o (is-osi)i2o car$a 6i(r#!"ica

Es)' co'fci'%)' Cd %o 's co%s)a%)', 2ar4a s'$3% '" (is-osi)i2o y '" N3/'ro (' R'y%o"(s, 6aci1%(os' co%s)a%)' -ara 8!@o )!rb!"'%)o  Re?&<. Ta/bi1% 's 7!%ci0% ('" co'fci'%)' (' 2'"oci(a( Cv y '" co'fci'%)' (' co%)racci0% Cc. Coefciente de velocidad Cv: 's "a r'"aci0% '%)r' "a 2'"oci(a( /'(ia r'a" '% "a

s'cci0% r'c)a (' "a corri'%)' c6orro y "a 2'"oci(a( /'(ia i('a" !' s' )'%(r4a si% roa/i'%)o. C c =

V R V t

Coefciente de contraccin Cc: r'"aci0% '%)r' '" #r'a (' "a s'cci0% r'c)a

co%)ra4(a (' !%a corri'%)' c6orro y '" #r'a ('" orifcio a )ra21s ('" c!a" 8!y'. C c =

A ch A 0

C d=C c × C d

Lab.Orifcios y Bo!i""as P#$i%a 


0 CBLCULO DEL CAUDAL DE UN ORIFICIO Para (')'r/i%ar '" ca!(a" r'a" '% !% orifcio s' ('b' co%si('rar "a 2'"oci(a( r'a" y '" #r'a r'a", -or )a" ra0% s' ('b'% co%si('rar "os co'fci'%)'s (' 2'"oci(a( Cv y co%)racci0% Cc. Qr= V r × A r V r =C v ×V t A r= A ch=C C × A 0 Qr= C v ×C C × A 0 ×V t ⇒ Q r =C d × A 0 ×V t Q r= C d × A 0 × √ 2 gH

30

DE$ER>INACI7N DEL COEFICIEN$E DE VELOCIDAD Cv

Si s' ('s-r'cia "a r'sis)'%cia ('" air', s' -!'(' ca"c!"ar "a 2'"oci(a( r'a" ('" c6orro '% 7!%ci0% (' "as coor('%a(as r'c)a%$!"ar's (' s! )ray'c)oria X, Y, Fi$!ra III.<. A" ('s-r'ciar "a r'sis)'%cia ('" air', "a 2'"oci(a( 6orio%)a" ('" c6orro '% c!a"!i'r -!%)o (' s! )ray'c)oria -'r/a%'c' co%s)a%)' y s'r#= V h=

X t

Lab.Orifcios y Bo!i""as P#$i%a 


V! : 2'"oci(a( 6orio%)a".  : (is)a%cia 6orio%)a" ('" -!%)o a -ar)ir (' "a s'cci0% (' /#i/a co%)racci0%. : )i'/-o !' )ar(a "a -ar)4c!"a '% ('s-"aars'. t La (is)a%cia 2'r)ica" Y r'corri(a -or "a -ar)4c!"a ba@o "a acci0% (' "a $ra2'(a( '% '" /is/o )i'/-o t y si% 2'"oci(a( i%icia" 's= 1

2

Y = × g × t 2

2 ×Y

t =

g

R''/-"aa%(o y )'%i'%(o '% c!'%)a !' V6 JVr. V r =C v ×V t C v =

V r V t

V r

=

=

X X = √ 4 × Y × H 2 √ Y × H X

√

2 ×Y

g

T'%i'%(o '% c!'%)a !' V r =√ 2 × g × H , s' ob)i'%'= C v

X

=

2

√ Y × H

Haci'%(o 2arias obs'r2acio%'s, -ara ca(a ca!(a" s' /i('% H, X y Y, s' ca"c!"a '" Cv corr's-o%(i'%)'. Si "a 2ariaci0% (' Cv %o 's /!y $ra%(', s' -!'(' )o/ar '" 2a"or -ro/'(io co/o co%s)a%)' -ara '" orifcio.

330

CBLCULO DE LA -RDIDA DE CARGA /!p0 2

2

P 1 V 1 P2 V 2 + hp Z 1 + + = Z 2+ + γ 2 g γ 2 g 2

Z 1− Z 2= H =

V 2

2g

+

hp

Lab.Orifcios y Bo!i""as P#$i%a 


y ('s-'@a%(o "as -'r(i(as hp 2

V 2 hp = H − 2g

P'ro H 's 7!%ci0% (' V y C2 as4= 2

V r V 2 X X 1 = C v = = y H = 2 × V t √ 4 ×Y ×H 2 √ Y × H 2× g C v

R''/-"aa%(o '% "a 'c!aci0% (' -1r(i(as hp = H −C v × H = H × ( 1 −C v 2

2

)

Fi%a"/'%)' 2

hp =

V 2

2g

×

(

1 2

C v

−1

)

Do%(' '" co'fci'%)' (' -1r(i(a -or '" orifcio  o 's)# (a(o -or= K 0=

340

1

C v

2

−1

DESCRI-CION DE LA INS$ALACION -ARA EL ENSA1O,

La i%s)a"aci0% co%sis)' '% !% ('-0si)o (' 7or/a r'c)a%$!"ar '% '" c!#" i%$r'sa '" a$!a -or !% )!bo /'(ia%)' !%a bo/ba. E" )!bo acaba ('%)ro ('" ('-0si)o co% ra%!ras "a)'ra"'s, c!yo f% 's )ra%!i"iar '" i%$r'so ('" a$!a a" ('-0si)o. E% "a -ar'( a%)'rior ('" ('-0si)o 'is)' !% orifcio r'(o%(o (o%(' s' -!'('% '%ca@ar (i7'r'%)'s acc'sorios co%sis)'%)'s '% (i2'rsos )i-os (' bo!i""as y orifcios, "os c!a"'s so% s!@')os -or /'(io (' !%a bri(a a@!s)a(a co% -'r%os )i-o /ari-osa. D'%)ro ('" ('-0si)o 'is)' !%a -"a%c6a ba)i'%)' (' !/bra" i%7'rior a "as -ar'('s !' 2i'%' sos)'%i(o y co%)ro"a(o -or (os cab"'s, r'$!"ab"'s ('s(' !% '@'. Sobr' '" !/bra" (' "a co/-!'r)a ba)i'%)' 2i'r)' '" 'c'so (' a$!a bo/b'a(o !' %o sa"' -or '" orifcio o bo!i""a. La co/-!'r)a ba)i'%)' -'r/i)' a "a 2' r'$!"ar '" %i2'" ('" a$!a '% '" ('-0si)o -ara (i2'rsas -osicio%'s, a "a 2' (' ob)'%'r !% 's)a(o -'r/a%'%)'. E" 'c'so (' a$!a -asa a !% co/-ar)i/'%)o a" cos)a(o ('s(' (o%(' s' ('ri2a a !% ('sa$'. Lab.Orifcios y Bo!i""as P#$i%a &


Sobr' '" !/bra" (' "a co/-!'r)a ba)i'%)' 2i'r)' '" 'c'so (' a$!a bo/b'a(o !' %o sa"' -or '" orifcio o bo!i""a. La co/-!'r)a ba)i'%)' -'r/i)' a "a 2' r'$!"ar '" %i2'" ('" a$!a '% '" ('-0si)o -ara (i2'rsas -osicio%'s, a "a 2' (' ob)'%'r !% 's)a(o -'r/a%'%)'. E" 'c'so (' a$!a -asa a !% co/-ar)i/i'%)o a" cos)a(o ('s(' (o%(' s' ('ri2a a !% ('sa$'. COR$E -OS$ERIOR DEL DE-7SI$O I%s)r!/'%)aci0%= E" %i2'" ('" a$!a '% '" ('-0si)o s' /i(' '% !% r'ci-i'%)' -ro2is)o (' !% "i/%4/')ro (' -!%)a (ob"'. Es)' r'ci-i'%)' 's)# co%'c)a(o co% '" ('-0si)o -or /'(io (' !%a /a%$!'ra !' 6ac' !% 2aso co/!%ica%)'. E" "i/%4/')ro (' -!%)a (ob"' 's)# ca"ibra(o -ara /'(ir '" %i2'" '% '" ('-0si)o r's-'c)o a" '@' ('" orifcio o bo!i""a. Para /'(ir "a ('scar$a 6ay !% ca%a" !' r'co$' "as a$!as 2'r)i(as a )ra21s (' "a bo!i""a ! orifcio, '" c!a" acaba '% !% 2'r)'('ro (' -ar'( ('"$a(a (' s'cci0% )ria%$!"ar. Para /'(ir "a ('scar$a bas)a co% /'(ir "a car$a sobr' '" 2'r)'('ro '% !% "i/%4/')ro (' -!%)a i%2'r)i(a co"oca(o a" cos)a(o ('" ca%a" (' ac'rca/i'%)o, y r'7'rirs' a !%a )ab"a a(@!%)a ca"ibra(a (' car$a sobr' '" 2'r)'('ro 2s. Ca!(a". O)ro i%s)r!/'%)o s'r# !% 2'r%i'r -ara /'(ir "as (i/'%sio%'s (' "a bo!i""a.

Lab.Orifcios y Bo!i""as P#$i%a &&


3&0

-ROCEDI>IEN$O DEL

ENSA1O,

&. Fa/i"iariars' '% 7or/a co/o i%s)a"aci0% ('"

)'0rica y -r#c)ica '%sayo

48

M'(ir "as (i/'%sio%'s (' "a bo!i""a, (i#/')ro i%)'r%o y "o%$i)!( !)i"ia%(o '" 2'r%i'r.

&8 L"'%ar '" ('-0si)o co% a$!a. 68 Es)ab"'c'r !% %i2'" y car$a H co%s)a%)' '% '" ('-0si)o /a%i-!"a%(o "a co/-!'r)a ba)i'%)'. 98 R'a"iar "as si$!i'%)'s /'(icio%'s si/!")#%'as La car$a H '% '" "i/%4/')ro (' -!%)a (ob"' E" ca!(a"  r !)i"ia%(o '" 2'r)'('ro )ria%$!"ar Traar "a )ray'c)oria ('" c6orro (' a$!a. • • •

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CUES$IONARIO

a. E-"i!' a !' s' ('b' "a 7or/aci0% (' "a co%)racci0% (' !% c6orro. La ca2i)aci0% o as-iraci0% '% 2ac4o 's !% '7'c)o 6i(ro(i%#/ico !' s' -ro(!c' c!a%(o '" a$!a o c!a"!i'r o)ro 8!i(o '% 's)a(o "4!i(o -asa a $ra% 2'"oci(a( -or !%a aris)a af"a(a, -ro(!ci'%(o !%a ('sco/-r'si0% ('" 8!i(o ('bi(o a "a co%s'r2aci0% (' "a co%s)a%)' (' B'r%o!""i Pri%ci-io (' B'r%o!""i. P!'(' oc!rrir !' s' a"ca%c' "a -r'si0% (' 2a-or ('" "4!i(o (' )a" 7or/a !' "as /o"1c!"as !' "o co/-o%'% ca/bia% i%/'(ia)a/'%)' a 's)a(o (' 2a-or, 7or/#%(os' b!rb!@as o, /#s corr'c)a/'%)', ca2i(a('s. Las b!rb!@as 7or/a(as 2ia@a% a o%as (' /ayor -r'si0% ' i/-"o)a% '" 2a-or r'$r'sa a" 's)a(o "4!i(o (' /a%'ra s3bi)a, a-"as)#%(os'Q br!sca/'%)' "as b!rb!@as -ro(!ci'%(o !%a 's)'"a (' $as y !% arra%!' (' /')a" (' "a s!-'rfci' '% "a !' ori$i%a 's)' 7'%0/'%o

b. D'(!ca "a 'c!aci0% $'%'ra" -ara orifcios (' $ra%('s (i/'%sio%'s y -oca car$a. E% $ra%('s orifcios, "a 2'"oci(a( 2ar4a '% "os (i7'r'%)'s -!%)os (' "a s'cci0% ('" orifcio co% "a a")!ra , a %o s'r !' '" orifcio 's)1 si)!a(o '% '" 7o%(o ('" ('-0si)o. E" ca!(a" i%f%i)'si/a" !' circ!"a a )ra21s (' "a s'cci0% "(, 's= h1

h1

Q= μ ∫ l √ 2 gzdz =|l = f [ z ]|= μ √ 2 g ∫ f [ z ] √ z dz h0

h0

Orifcios co% co%)racci0% i%co/-"')a, s' 6ac'% coi%ci(ir !%o o /#s "a(os ('" orifcio co% "as -ar'('s "a)'ra"'s y ('sa-ar'c' "a co%)racci0% '% 1s' o 'sos "a(os. S' -!'(' 6ab"ar (' (os )i-os (' co%)racci0% i%co/-"')a '% !% orifcio.

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C!a%(o "as -ar'('s o '" 7o%(o ('" r'ci-i'%)' s' '%c!'%)ra% a (is)a%cias i%7'rior's a :D D 's '" (i#/')ro (' "os orifcios o bi'%, a : a a, (i/'%si0% /4%i/a '% orifcios r'c)a%$!"ar's, s' (ic' !' "a co%)racci0% '% '" orifcio 's -arcia"/'%)' s!-ri/i(a. Si s' ""'$a a" caso ')r'/o '% !' !%a (' "as 7ro%)'ras ('" r'ci-i'%)' coi%ci(a co% !%a aris)a ('" orifcio, s' (ic' !' "a co%)racci0% 's s!-ri/i(a '% 'sa aris)a '% )a" caso '" orifcio s' a-oya sobr' "a -ar'( ('" r'ci-i'%)'. E% '" caso (' co%)racci0% -arcia"/'%)' s!-ri/i(a, s' -!'(' !)i"iar "a si$!i'%)' 'c!aci0% '/-4rica -ara ca"c!"ar '" co'fci'%)' (' $as)o a sab'r= C d=C d 0

[

1 + 0.641

( )] A 0

2

A r

Do%(' C( 's '" co'fci'%)' (' $as)o ('" orifcio C(o '" co'fci'%)' (' $as)o ('" /is/o orifcio co% co%)racci0% co/-"')a A '" #r'a ('" orifcio Ar '" #r'a (' "a -ar'( ('" r'ci-i'%)' '% co%)ac)o co% '" a$!a.

Ar A

c. D'f%a y c"asif!' a/-"ia/'%)' ac'rca (' "os orifcios (' ('scar$a Lab.Orifcios y Bo!i""as P#$i%a &


s!/'r$i(a.

C!a%(o '" orifcio ('scar$a a o)ro )a%!', !' c!yo %i2'" 's)# -or arriba ('" ca%)o i%7'rior ('" orifcio, s' (ic' !' "a ('scar$a 's a6o$a(a. E" a6o$a/i'%)o -!'(' s'r )o)a" o -arcia".

AHOGAMIENTO TOTAL

AHOGAMIENTO PARCIAL E% '" caso (' ('scar$a a6o$a(a )o)a" s' -!'(' ('ri2ar !%a 'c!aci0% a%#"o$a a "a $'%'ra" Q =C d × A × √ 2 gH , co% "a 3%ica (i7'r'%cia !' "a '%'r$4a )o)a" H 's '%)o%c's AH (i7'r'%cia (' %i2'"'s '%)r' "os (os r'ci-i'%)'s '" $as)o 's '%)o%c's= Q=C d × A × √ 2 × g ×  H

S' r'co/i'%(a !)i"iar '" /is/o co'fci'%)' (' $as)o C( !' '" (' !% orifcio (' ('scar$a "ibr'. C!a%(o '" a6o$a/i'%)o 's -arcia, '" $as)o )o)a" ('scar$a(o -or '" orifcio s' -!'(' '-r'sar co/o "a s!/a & y 9, (o%(' & 's '" $as)o corr's-o%(i'%)' a "a -orci0% ('" orifcio co% ('scar$a a6o$a(a, 's ('cir=

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Q1=C d 1 × A 1 × √ 2 gH

y 9 's '" $as)o (' "a -orci0% ('" orifcio co% ('scar$a "ibr', a sab'r= Q2=C d 2 × A2 × √ 2 gH

No 6ay i%2's)i$acio%'s co%fab"'s ac'rca (' "os co'fci'%)'s (' $as)o C(& y C(9 a" r's-'c)o, Sc6"a$ -ro-o%' !' C(&J. y C(9J.<, '% '" caso (' !' '" orifcio )'%$a !% !/bra" (' 7o%(o. D'f%a y c"asif!' a/-"ia/'%)' ac'rca (' "os orifcios (' -ar'( $r!'sa. C!a%(o "a -ar'( '% '" co%)or%o (' !% orifcio %o )i'%' aris)as af"a(as, '" orifcio 's (' -ar'( $r!'sa o )!bo cor)o.

E% 's)' )i-o (' orifcio s' obs'r2a !' '" c6orro, !%a 2' !' 6a -asa(o "a s'cci0% co%)ra4(a, )i'%' )o(a24a 's-acio ('%)ro ('" )!bo -ara '-a%(irs' y ""'%ar "a )o)a"i(a( (' "a s'cci0%. E%)r' "a s'cci0% co%)ra4(a y "a f%a" oc!rr' !% r#-i(o ('sc'%so (' "a 2'"oci(a( aco/-a5a(o (' )!rb!"'%cia y 7!'r)' -1r(i(a (' '%'r$4a. Por !% rao%a/i'%)o a%#"o$o a" (' "os orifcios (' -ar'( ('"$a(a. T!bo cor)o

T!bos ci"4%(ricos r'%)ra%)'s

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6. Co/'%)' y 6a$a co%c"!sio%'s '% bas' a "os $r#fcos -r's'%)a(os, /a%i7's)a%(o '%)r' o)ras cosas "as rao%'s (' "a co%cor(a%cia o (iscr'-a%cia co% "os 2a"or's -r'(ic6os -or "a )'or4a. Los (a)os ob)'%i(os s!7r'% (' !%a s'ri' (' 'rror's ('bi(o a" 'rror (' ca(a sis)'/a !' s' !)i"io -ara 6a""ar ca(a !%o (' "os (a)os, 's)as i%'ac)i)!('s $'%'ra% !%a (i7'r'%cia '%)r' "os r's!")a(os )'0ricos y "os r's!")a(os ob)'%i(os. A" a%a"iar "as c!r2as s' 6ac' %o)ar !' "as $rafcas (' C( '% )o(os "os -!%)os )i'%' "a /is/a ('s2iaci0% 's)#%(ar "o c!a" $'%'ra !% 'rror $'%'ra" '% "a )o/a (' )o(os "os -!%)os, co% "o !' s' co%c"!y' !' 's !% 'rror (' ca"ibraci0% a" %o s'r a"'a)orio. U%o (' "os -!%)os s' 6ac' %o)ar !' %o $!ar(a "a /is/a r'"aci0% co% "os ('/#s y 's)' 's '" !' /'%or car$a )'%ia -or "o c!a" s' co%c"!y' !' -ara ca!(a"'s /'%or's (' &. "s (ic6o (is-osi)i2o arro@ara 2a"or's 7!'ra ('" ra%$o, -or "o !' s' )'%(r4a !' !)i"iar !% (is-osi)i2o (' /ayor ca"ibraci0%. A" a%a"iar "as c!r2as (' )ray'c)oria ('" 8!i(o '" -!%)o (' r'7'r'%cia s' )o/a a !%a (is)a%cia (' .< c/ ('" orifcio, co% "o c!a" "a Vr s' 2' (is)orsio%a(a ya !' '% 's' -!%)o %o 's 6orio%)a", 's)o s' 6ac' %o)orio '% "as $rafcas (' a@!s)'s "a c!a" s' r'a"io -or /4%i/os c!a(ra(os '% "a !' "os -ri/'ros -!%)os (' ca(a /'(ici0% si'/-r' 's)#%

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('ba@o (' "a c!r2a a@!s)a(a. A('/#s c!a%)o /ayor 's '" ca!(a" )a/bi1% s' %o)a /ayor (is)orsi0% '% "a )ray'c)oria.

i. Pr's'%)ar !%a r'"aci0% (' co'fci'%)'s (' ('scar$a, (' 2'"oci(a(, (' co%)racci0%, (' -1r(i(as (' car$a )'0ricas, -ara (i2'rsos )i-os (' orifcios, bo!i""as y )!bos cor)os.

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@. M'%cio%ar "a a-"icaci0% -r#c)ica (' )a"'s co'fci'%)'s, -or '@'/-"o -ara '" Lab.Orifcios y Bo!i""as P#$i%a 9


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E% "a i%(!s)ria a!)o/o)ri '% "a a"i/'%)aci0% (' (i7'r'%)'s '!i-os co/o "os carb!ra(or's. E% "a i%(!s)ria (' "i/-i'a, '% "a ca%)i(a( (' $as's co%)a/i%a%)'s !' $'%'ra o ('s7o$a !%a /a!i%aria, o '% "os "a2a(or's (i%#/icos (' roci0 -ara "a '"i/i%aci0% (' /a)'ria" s!s-'%(i(o. E% "a i%$'%i'r4a /'c#%ica -ara "a '"aboraci0% (' (is-osi)i2os (' cor)' -or c6orro. E% "a i%$'%i'r4a ci2i" -ara '" (is'5o (' ca%a"'s y 2'r)'('ros, as4 co/o c#"c!"o ('" ca!(a" r'a".  as4 '% !% si%74% (' ra/as '% "as c!a"'s s' %'c'si)' r'a"iar "a /'(ici0% ('" 8!@o !' -asa -or !%a s'cci0%.

#I#LIOGRAFIA, Do/4%$!' F. Hi(r#!"ica= E(i)oria" U%i2'rsi)aria U%i2'rsa" (' C6i"' <)a '(. & i%$ H. Ma%!a" (' Hi(r#!"ica UTEHA M1ico &: So)'"o A. G. Hi(r#!"ica G'%'ra". Vo" & = F!%(a/'%)os. E(i)oria" Li/!sa S.A. D' C.V. M1ico & S)r'')'r V. M'c#%ica (' "os F"!i(os McGra Hi"" Boo Co/-a%y. Es-a5a  &.

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