NAME
MATRIX NO.
SHARIFAH NURSYAHIDA NURSYAHIDA BINTI SYED ZAFAR MUHAM MU HAMMA MAD D NA NAMI MI BIN MOH MOHD D AM AMIR IR MASIZANAZIFA BINTI MOHAINI
2014251136 201465 201 465!60 !602 2
20146233!2
NUR FATHUL "ARDA BINTI MAT ARIFFIN
2014#$$#44
MUHAMAD HAFIZUDIN BIN MD SIDEK
201440204#
MUHAMMAD ARIF DANIAL BIN RAMLI
201421121#
Faculty of Architecture, Architecture, Planning and Surveying Department of Surveying, Science and Geomatics COURSE
FUNDAMENA!S "F P#""G$AMME$% &GE"'()* TITLE
!A+ - !".A/NG P$/N./PA! P"/NS 0 +ASE !/N/NG PREPARED BY
GROUP
$AP1')2F LECTURER NAME
MADAM N""$FAE3A# N""$FAE3A# +/N/ A!/+ A!/+ SUBMITION DATE
455')16 MARK
TABLE OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTION%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%3 OBECTI&ES..........................................................................................................................4 STUDY AREA............................. AREA.................................................... .............................................. .............................................. ..................................... ........................ ..........5 5 INSTRUMENT USED......................................... USED................................................................ .............................................. ............................................ ......................6 .6 METHODOLOGY............................ METHODOLOGY..... .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .........................................$ ..................$ DATA DATA PROCESSING............................ PROCESSING................................................... .............................................. ...................................................... ............................... ...10 RESULT%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%..14 INDI&IDUAL COMMENTS%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%1! CONCLUSION%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%...24 REFERENCE.............................. REFERENCE..................................................... .............................................. .............................................. .......................................... ......................24 ...24
2
INTRODUCTION Paralla7 is the apparent displacement in the position of an o89ect, :ith respect to a frame of referent, caused 8y a shift in the position of o8servation; A simple e7periment :ill serve to illustrate paralla7; /f a finger is held in front of eyes, and :hile galy shifted from side to side :ithout moving the finger, the finger :ill appear to move from side to side :ith respect to o89ects 8eyond the finger, such as picture on the :all; $ather than shifting the head, the same effect can 8e created 8y alternately 8lin>ing one?s eyes; he closer the finger is held to the eyes, the greater :ill 8e its apparent shift; his apparent motion of the finger is paralla7, and it is due to the shift in the position of o8servation; Paralla7 is the apparent shift in the position of an o89ect, :ith respect to a frame of reference, caused 8y a shift in the position of o8servation; From this, para lla7es of points on a stereopair may 8e measured either monoscopically or stereoscopically; here are certain advantages and disadvantages associated :ith each method; /n either method the photographic flight line a7es must first 8e carefully located 8y mar>ing principal points and corresponding points; A disadvantage of this method is that t:o measurements are re=uired for each point; /n this method, p1 p2 and p’1 p’2 are mar>ed as usual on manila card and the t:o photos are carefully mounted and the flight lines of photographic are coincident :ith AA?&a long straight line*; +esides that, paralla7es of points can 8e measured :hile vie:ing stereoscopically :ith the advantages of speed and accuracy; Stereoscopic measurement of paralla7 ma>es use of the principle of the @floating mar>?; he principle of the floating mar> can 8e used to transfer principal points to their corresponding locations, there8y mar>ing the flightline a7es; hen, through the principal of the floating mar>, paralla7es of points may 8e measured stereoscopically; his method used an instrument called a parallax bar. A paralla7 8ar consists of a metal rod to :hich are fastened t:o half mar>s; he right half mar> may 8e moved to the left mar> 8y turning a micrometer scre:; "ne of the advantages of measuring paralla7 stereoscopically is increased speed and increased accuracy; +y using the =uality e=uipment and clear photos is generally a8le to o8tain paralla7es to :ithin appro7imately );)mm of their correct values;
3
OBECTI&ES
o calculate paralla7
o produce 8ase lining
o introduce the principles and measuring method from aerials photos;
o e7pose the students :ith the different method use in height determination from aerial photos;
o understand that photographic coordinates for paralla7 determination are measured :ith respect to the flightline a7is system;
!earnt ho: to locate and mar> the flight lines on photos;
o e7pose the students :ith the different method use in height determination from aerial photos;
o understand that photographic coordinates for paralla7 determination are measured :ith respect to the flightline a7is system;
!earnt and apply ho: to orient stereopairs for paralla7 measurements;
4
STUDY AREA
Figure 1: Photogrammetry Lab, UiTM, Arau, Perlis.
5
INSTRUMENT USED
Figure 2: Mirror Stereosopi.
o ad9ustment photo o ma>e the stereo pair photo •
•
Figure !: Parallax "ar. •
o measure paralla7 on the aerial photograph;
6
Figure #: $uler.
o measure distance 8et:een 3 1 and 3 '?;
Figure %: Ma&ila 'ar( •
Manila card used to stic> couple of Aerial Photo on it ;
Figure ): Aerial Photo L2S%ph11*.T+F •
/mage 1
7
Figure :Aerial Photo L2Sph12-.pg. •
/mage '
8
METHODOLOGY FLO" "ORK OF LOCATING BASELINES AND PRINCIPAL POINTS. RECONNAISSANCE Reconnaissance is the frst step to get the overa instr!"ent an# apha$et paper %hich a o& that in goo# con#ition'
IN(R)*EN( SE( )+ A instr!"ent nee# to set !p correct, a$ove the apha$etica car#'
O-SER.A(ION O$servation nee# to $e caries o!t $, &oo%ing the instr!ction in the a$ "an!a'
9
DATA PROCESSING 'LAB PROCEDURE( 1; First of all, prepare the aerial photos; '; he re=uirements of the photos is the photos must 8e ta>en at the same area :hich is ta>en from slightly different positions; And the 8est is :ith at least 6)B overlap; ; hen arrange the photos in the same se=uence in :hich they :ere ta>en; he overlap area should 8e to:ards the insides; 2; Mar> a principal point Cthe centre of the photo &U* on 8oth aerial photographs 8y dra:ing lines 8et:een opposite fiducial mar>s; •
; 6; 4; ;
Mar> U1 on left photograph and U' on right photograph ;
"n manila card, dra: a straight line; Get your eye 8ase and set in the stereoscope; Ad9ust your stereoscope so that it :ill parallel :ith the line on the manila card; Mar> a midpoint on the straight line for each vie:ing monocularly; !eft midpoint &3i* • $ight midpoint &3a* •
/0
/mplement the transferring process of principal point;
• • •
• •
Put the left principal point on 3i; +y using your finger5pencil, find the same o89ect on right photo and put it on 3a; Ad9ust right photo stereoscopically for D vie:ing;
"n the right photo, mar> U1?; Do the same method on the left photo 8y put U' &right photo* on 3a and ad9ust left photo
•
for D vie:ing; "n the left photo, mar> U'; oining 8oth principal point on the left and right photo, :hich are U1?, U' &right photo*
•
and U'? &left photo*; he line that connecting 8oth principal point of left and right photo is calls HFlight !ineI;
•
//
•
+y referring to the flight line on left photo, put U1 on 3i and ad9ust the flight line so that it
•
:ill parallel :ith the line on manila card; Ad9ust the right photo 8y putting U1? on 3a and ma>e sure that the flight line is parallel :ith
• •
the line on manila card; +y vie:ing stereoscopically, :e can loo> 8oth photographs in D; /f not, ad9ust only the right photo 8y moving it into flight line up:ard and do:n:ard;
;1;' !ocating Principle Points 1; Prepare the entire instrument 8efore do the measurement; '; hen, find D and d distance on the photo 8y monoscopic method;
# 1 /8'8 c"
+
+/
+2
+2
1 34'9 c"
; Mar> the control point on the left and right photo & point* as 1,',,2 and :hich is the control point must 8e the permanent features;
/2
/
/ 2
2
3
3 4
4 5
5
2; hen, 8y using our o:n eye &ra:*, put the paralla7 8ar at the point 1 and ad9ust the paralla7 8ar until the red mar> on the mirror of paralla7 8ar is level :ith the mar> at point 1?
/
/
; hen, 8y using the mirror stereoscope, once again, ad9ust the paralla7 8ar li>e in step 2; his time, for left photo, close the right eye :hile vie:ing it and vice versa; hen, vie: it :ith 8oth eyes; 6; After that, read the result from the paralla7 8ar; From this, :e could >no: the height of P point; 4; $epeat step 2 until 4 for point ', , 2 and ; ; $ecord all data in ta8le;
/3
RESULT P)*)++), B)* R-)/ P*//+- P/7.
Paralla7 measurementJ GivenJ •
Photo Scale K 1 J 1) )))
•
Elevation height, # K 14(;()) m
•
.amera focal length, f K 1';4() mm
•
$eference point, hi &assume* K 4) m
C)+8+)/9 1. :P/ ; P)*)++), R-)/ A<-*)-
Point 1 K &';)L';2)L';2)* 5 K ';2 cm Point ' K &';6)L';)L';2)* 5 K ';) cm Point K &';))L'2;()L';1)* 5 K ';)) cm Point 2 K &';')L';1)L';')* 5 K ';14 cm Point K &';2)L';)L';)* 5 K '; cm
2. :P)/ ; P)*)++), D/-*--
Point 1
K ';2 ';2 K ) cm
Point '
K ';) - ';2 K );)4 cm
Point
K ';)) - ';2 K );2 cm
Point 2
K ';14 - ';2 K ';'6 cm
Point
K '; - ';2 K ';1) cm
/4
Pi - Paralla7 At Point Point 1 KP1K . L fi
K '2L6;('
K '1;(' mm K '1(;' cm
Point ' KP'K P1 L Pai'
K '1;(' L &';*
K '2(;)( mm K '2();( cm
Point KPK P1 L Pai
K '1;('L';46
K '2;6mm K '26; cm
Point 2 KP2K P1 L Pai2
K '1;('L2);((
K '(';(1mm K '('(;1 cm
Point KPK P1 L Pai
K '1;('L(;(
K '(1;4 mm K '(1;4 cm
:hAi &Different #eight*
# - 1)))cm K &1';4( 5 1)* 5 &151))))* K14)4() cm Point 1 K &14)4() - 1)))* &)5'4;)* K )cm Point ' K &14)4() - 1)))* &);)45'4;)* K (6;1''cm Point K &14)4() - 1)))* &);25'4;)* K '2;'' cm Point 2 K &14)4() - 1)))* &';'65'4;)* K 1'4(;)( cm Point K &14)4() - 1)))* &';15'4;)* K 11;664 cm hi &Point Elevation* h1
K hA L hAi K1))) L ) K) /5
h'
K hA L hA' K 1))) L (6;1'' K 1(6;1'' cm
h
K hA L hA K 1))) L &'2;''* K 166;64
h2
K hA L hA2 K 1))) L &1'4(;)(* K '1);(11cm
h
K hA L hA K 1))) L &11;664* K 6116; cm
Since the paralla7 8ar that :e used had error, it also causes error to our data;
/6
INDI&IDUAL COMMENT
NAMEJMAS/OANAO/FA +/N/ M"#A/N/ SUDEN /DJ ')12')' Firsty than>ed to Allah 8ecause give us chance to finish our report on time; han>ed too at to our lecturer Puan Noorfate>ah ali8, :ho has guided us to carry out this practical :or> and my group mate :ho give full commitment on finishing this tas>; Many things i learn :hen on finishing my tas>; , / >no: ho: to locating the principle point of the aerial photograph;hen, 8y using this principle point, :e can locate another point at each photograph in order to get the overlapping of 8oth photograph, 8y that, / can produced D vie: of the photograph and lastly 8y using the point / can define the flight strip of the photograph and learn ho: to identify the flight line on the manila card and map and also / could study detail a8out the aerial photograph such as aerial photograph num8er, focal length and another;
•
/; //; ///; /;
Ne: things that you have learned in this practical tas>J / learn ho: to overcome our pro8lem :hile doing the practical; / learn ho: to calculate the paralla7 8ar value; / learn ho: to create D images / learn ho: to control my emotions :hen they are completely a lot of pro8lems occur in our practical;
/7
Name MUHAMMAD NAMI ARIF DANIAL FATHUL "ARDA SHARIFAH NURSYAHIDA MOHAMAD HAFIZUDIN
.ommitment 1) 1) 1) 1) 1)
!eadership 1) 1) 1) 1) 1)
Attendances 1) 1) 1) 1) 1)
NAMEJMU#AMMAD A$/F DAN/A! +/N $AM!/ N" MA$/3 J ')12'11'1 First of all, / :ould to e7press my gratitude to our lecturer Puan Noorfate>ah +t ali8 8ecause al:ays help us and e7plain clearly ho: to get the D images through paralla7 8ar also :ant to say much than>you to my mem8er group :ho give a great commitment on finishing this tas>;+y doing this practical tas>, / >no: ho: to locating the principle point of the aerial photograph; hen, :e can locate another /8
point at each photograph in order to get the overlapping of 8oth photographs 8y using this principle point; +esides that, :e also had pro8lem such as the reading of paralla7 8ar had an error; So, :e need to proceed 8ecause :e didn?t have much time to redo it;
Ne: things that you have learned in this practical tas>J /; / understand the theory of stereoscopic paralla7; //; / learn a8out ho: to set up the instrument; ///; #o: to solve the simple photogrammetric pro8lems; /; / also learn steps to 8oo>ing the data of vie:ing test;
NAMEJMU#AMMAD NAM/ +/N M"#D AM/$ N" MA$/3 J ')12646)' Firstly, praised to Allah 8ecause :illing us to finish our practical tas> on time; Although :e had pro8lem :hile doing the tas>, / :ould li>e to than> to my lecturer Puan Noorfate>ah ali8, :ho has guided and helped me and mem8ers to carry out this practical :or>; Do not forget also to my class mates that also helped me a lot and al:ays give a good cooperation :ithin the la8 class;Many things that / learned from this practical tas>, there are ho: to calculate the paralla7 8ar value, / also learn #o: to solve the simple photogrammetric pro8lems; Ne: things that you have learned in this practical tas>J /; !earnt ho: to locate and mar> the flight lines on photos //; / learn a8out ho: to set up the instrument; ///; #o: to solve the simple photogrammetric pro8lems; /; / also learn steps to 8oo>ing the data of vie:ing test; /9
NAMEJ S#A$/FA# NU$S%A#/DA +/N/ S%ED OAFA$ SUDEN /DJ ')12'116 Alhamdulillah than>s full to Allah 8ecause :e had done our first tas> stereoscopic vie:ing test; Firstly, / :ant to than>ed to our lecturer Puan Noorfate>ah ali8 as our lecturer :ho teach and handle all student a8out the procedure ho: to use the instruments such as poc>et stereoscope and mirror strereocopic, ho: to calculate the paralla7 8ar value, ho: to ma>e 8ase line, flight line, ho: to determine 8oth of principle point; / also not forget to say than> to all my friends 8ecause they also had help us teach me in the photo la8; Ne: things that you have learned in this practical tas>J /; / understand the theory of stereoscopic paralla7; //; / learn a8out ho: to set up the instrument; ///; ho: to determine 8oth of principle point; /; / also learn steps to 8oo>ing the data of vie:ing
20
NAMEJNU$ FA#U! QA$DA +/N/ MA A$/FF/N N" MA$/3 J ')122((22 First of all, han>ed to Allah for :illing us in finishing this practical tas> on time; Although :e had face o8stacle :hile doing our tas> such as :e didn?t have much time to do it, 8ut :e success to finish it; !astly, /?m very feel comforta8le :ith my friend?s mem8er :ho gives good commitment and carry this tas> together in the la8 photo :ithout pro8lems; /n this practical tas>, / had learn ho: to determine 8oth of principle point also getting more e7plore and understand the theory of stereoscopic paralla7; •
/; //; ///; /;
Ne: things that you have learned in this practical tas>J / learn ho: to overcome our pro8lem :hile doing the practical; / learn ho: to calculate the paralla7 8ar value; #o: to orient stereopairs for paralla7 measurements; o understand that photographic coordinates for paralla7 determination are measured :ith respect to the flightline a7is system;
2/
NAMEJ M"#AMAD #AF/OUD/N +/N MD S/DE3 SUDEN /DJ ')122)')2 / :ould li>e to say than> to all my friends 8ecause they had help and teach me in the photo la8; Although :e had face o8stacle :hile doing our tas> such as :e didn?t have much time to do it, 8ut :e success to finish it; / had learn many thing from this practical tas> that is procedure ho: to use the instruments such as poc>et stereoscope and mirror strereocopic, ho: to calculate the paralla7 8ar value, ho: to ma>e 8ase line, flight line, ho: to determine 8oth of principle point; / also >no: ho: to use alpha8etical card in practical :or>; / also learned ho: to the vie:ing test; "ur group manages to full fill all re=uirement and specification; "ur group had difficults :ith our data 8ecause the paralla7 8ar is 8ro>en; he reading measurement of the paralla7 8ar had error and :e need to dou8le chec> :ith other paralla7 8ar to confirm the error;
/; //; ///;
Ne: things that you have learned in this practical tas>J / learn ho: to overcome our pro8lem :hile doing the practical; / learn ho: to calculate the paralla7 8ar value; / learn ho: to overcome our pro8lem :hile doing the practical;
/;
/ learn ho: to control my emotions :hen they are completely a lot of pro8lems occur
•
in our practical
CONCLUSIONS /n conclusion, :e can manage to handle the instrument stereoscopic; Qe also >no: ho: to use alpha8etical card in practical :or>; Qe also learned ho: to the vie:ing test; "ur group manages to full fill all re=uirement and specification; "ur group had difficults :ith our data 8ecause the paralla7 8ar is 8ro>en; he reading measurement of the paralla7 8ar had error and :e need to dou8le chec> :ith other paralla7 8ar to confirm the error;
22
REFERENCE
• •
!ecturer - Madam NoorFate>ah !ecture notes - GE"'() J Fundamentals of Photogrammetry
23
