Korean grammar2.pdf

-a, -eo, -yeo

-아, -어, -여 conjugation Category Conjunction TOPIK Level Level

Beginner

아/어/여 are the syllables that start the present tense conjugation for the simple present tense (both intimate and standard politeness levels), the past tense (both intimate and standard politeness levels) and also start a few other grammatical constructions.

ㅏ - is used for verbs that have ㅏ or ㅗ as the last vowel in the verb stem. ㅓ - is used for verbs that do not have ㅏ or ㅗ as the last vowel in the verb stem. ㅕ - is used for 하다 (hada) verbs. Many times there are deletions and contractions with repeating vowels (If a verb stem ends in a consonant there are no deletions or contractions). The following is a list:

Formation

ㅗ/ㅏ Verb Stems 1.ㅏ + ㅏ -> ㅏ 2.ㅗ + ㅏ -> ㅘ

All other verbs 3.ㅓ + ㅓ -> ㅓ 4.ㅜ + ㅓ -> ㅝ 5.ㅡ + ㅓ -> ㅓ 6.ㅣ + ㅓ -> ㅕ 7.ㅐ + ㅓ -> ㅐ

하다 verbs 8.하 + ㅕ -> 해

Example Sentences 1.Verb stem with ㅏ[ㅏ + ㅏ -> ㅏ]

사다 (sada) - to buy 사+아-사 사 (Intimate politeness level - simple present tense) 사요 (Standard politeness level - simple present tense) 2.Verb stem with ㅗ [ㅗ + ㅏ -> ㅘ]

오다 (oda) - to come 오+아-와 와 (Intimate politeness level - simple present tense) 와요 (Standard politeness level - simple present tense) 3.Verb stem with ㅓ [ㅓ + ㅓ -> ㅓ]

서다 (seoda) - to stand 서+어-서 서 (Intimate politeness level - simple present tense) 서요 (Standard politeness level - simple present tense) 4.Verb stem with ㅜ [ㅜ + ㅓ -> ㅝ]

주다 (juda) - to give 주+어-줘 줘 (Intimate politeness level - simple present tense) 줘요 (Standard politeness level - simple present tense) 5.Verb stem with ㅡ [ㅡ + ㅓ -> ㅓ]

예쁘다 (yeppeuda) - to be pretty 예쁘 + 어 -> 예뻐 예뻐 (Intimate politeness level - simple present tense) 예뻐요 (Standard politeness level - simple present tense) 6.Verb stem with ㅣ [ㅣ + ㅓ -> ㅕ]

마시다 (masida) - to drink 마시 + 어 -> 마셔 마셔 (Intimate politeness level - simple present tense)

마셔요 (Standard politeness level - simple present tense) 7. Verb with ㅐ [ㅐ + ㅓ -> ㅐ]

보내다 (bonaeda) - to send 보내 + 어 -> 보내 보내 (Intimate politeness level - simple present tense) 보내요 (Standard politeness level - simple present tense) 8.하다 (hada) verb [하 + ㅕ -> 해]

하 + 여 -> 해 해 (Intimate politeness level - simple present tense) 해요 (Standard politeness level - simple present tense)

Notes The standard politeness level typically just adds the politeness suffix -요 (-yo).

je, nae, ni, uri, jeohui

제, 내, 니, 우리, 저희 my, your, our (informal and formal) Category Noun TOPIK Level -

Level

Absolute Beginner

We use possessive pronouns to attribute ownership of an object to someone. Like any other pronoun, these replace the nouns. We use different possessive pronouns according to the speaker’s relationship with the listener. Humbling pronouns, neutral pronouns, and intimate pronouns, all indicate the relationship between the listener and the speaker.

Formation In reality, possessive pronouns are a contraction of pronouns and the possessive particle.

1. 제 =저의 (jeo-ui) -저 + 의 first person humbling pronoun + possessive particle We use 제 (je) to humble oneself in the presence of someone the speaker respects.

2. 내 =나의 (na-ui) -나 + 의 informal first person pronoun + possessive particle We use 내 (nae) in informal contexts where the speaker feels that 제 (je) is too polite and inappropriate for the relationship with the listener. We use 내 (nae) when the speaker does not feel the need to show the highest respect to the listener.

3. 니 = 너의 (neo-ui) - 너 + 의 informal second person pronoun + possessive particle We use 니 (ni) in informal contexts when the speaker feels very comfortable with the listener and the power relationship is at least equal. We commonly use it when the speaker has the upper hand in the relationship.

4. 저희 = 저희 + 의 - 저희(의) humbling first person plural noun + (possessive particle) We actually drop the possessive particle for this possessive pronoun (as we do in many cases.) We use this possessive particle in formal situations such as when the speaker does not know the listener well, or when the listener holds much of the power in the relationship.

5. 우리 = 우리 + 의 - 우리(의) intimate first person plural pronoun + (possessive particle) We actually drop the possessive particle for this possessive pronoun (as we do in many cases.) We use this possessive particle in informal situations when the speaker feels that 저희 (jeohui) is too polite.

Example Sentences

1. 제 친구가 호주에 살아요.

je chingu-ga hoju-e sarayo. “My friend lives in Australia.”

2. 내 차가 죽었어.

nae cha-ga jukeosseo. “My car broke down (died).”

3. 니 연필 줘.

ni yeonpil jwo. “Give me your pencil.”

4. 우리 집은 넓어.

uri jib-eun neolbeo. “My home is big.” (neutral/intimate)

5. 저희 집은 좁아요.

jeohui jip-eun jobayo. “My home is small.” (polite)

-at, -eot, -yeot

-았, -었, -였 did, was (past tense) Category Particle TOPIK Level Level

Beginner

-(았/었/였)- is a verbal infix, which we use to convey the past tense.

We use 았 for verbs that have ㅏ or ㅗ as the last vowel in the verb stem. We use 었 for verbs that do not have ㅏ or ㅗ as the last vowel in the verb stem. We use 였 for 하다 (hada) verbs.

Many times, there are deletions and contractions with repeating vowels. If a verb-stem ends in a consonant, there are no deletions or contractions. These contraction and deletion rules follow the 아/어/여 conjugation. Please refer to the grammar bank entry on -아/어/여 conjugation to refer to rules for contraction and deletion.

Formation (Contraction and Deletion Rules follow the same rules as the 아/어/여 conjugation. Please refer to entry on 아/어/여 conjugation in the grammar bank for contraction and deletion rules.) [Verb Stem] + [았/었/였] + [Conjugation (politeness level/mood/etc.]

1. (ㄱ) Example: 먹다 (“to eat”)

먹 - verb stem [Verb Stem] + [었] + [Intimate Politeness Level - 아/어/여] [먹] + [었] +[어]

먹었어. - Simple Past Tense (Intimate Politeness Level)

2. (ㄴ)

Example: 먹다 (“to eat”)

먹 - verb stem [Verb Stem] + [었] + [Standard Politeness Level - 아/어/여 + 요] [먹] + [었] +[어요] . - Simple Past Tense (Standard Politeness Level)

3. (ㄷ) Example: 먹다 (“to eat”)

먹 - verb stem [Verb Stem] + [었] + [Formal Politeness Level - 습니다] [먹] + [었] +[습니다] . - Simple Past Tense (Formal Politeness Level)

4. Example: 배우다 (“to learn”)

배우 - verb stem [Verb Stem] + [었] + [Intimate Politeness Level - 아/어/여] [배우] + [었] + [어]

배웠어. - Simple Past Tense (Intimate Politeness Level)

5. (ㄴ) Example: 배우다 (“to learn”)

배우 - verb stem [Verb Stem] + [었] + [Standard Politeness Level - 아/어/여 + 요] [배우] + [었] + [어요] . - Simple Past Tense (Standard Politeness Level)

6. (ㄷ) Example: 배우다 (“to learn”)

배우 - verb stem [Verb Stem] + [었] + [Formal Politeness Level - 습니다] [배우] + [었] + [습니다] . - Simple Past Tense (Formal Politeness Level)

Example Sentences

1. 저는

십년 동안

.

jeo-neun hanguk-eseo simnyeon dongan sarasseoyo. "I lived in Korea for ten years." Verb: 살다 (“to live”)

살 + 았 + 어요 [Standard Politeness Level Conjugation - 아/어/여 + 요]

2.

?

nuguyeossji? "Who was it?" Verb: 이다 (“to be”)

이 + 었 + 지 (Confirmation/Agreement Conjugation - 지)

3. 만두

.

mandu mandeureotneunde. "I made dumplings." Verb: 만들다 (“to make”)

만들 + 었 + 는데 [Introductory Non-Final Ending - (ㄴ/은/는)데]

'eu' bulgyuchik dongsai hwalyong

'으' 불규칙 동사의 활용 Irregular 'eu' Verbs' conjugation Category Irregular Verbs TOPIK Level Level

Intermediate

Verbs that end with the vowel '으' are conjugated differently than other verbs when the conjugation starts with a vowel. Essentially, ' ㅡ' is replaced with the vowel that starts the conjugation. When the conjugation starts with a consonant, the verb is conjugated as normal. The conjugation must start with a vowel. In addition, the verb must end with the '으' vowel, and not with a consonant for this irrgular conjugation to take place (e.g.

늦다 (neutda) to be late - this verb is conjugated as normal). In addition, there is an irregular conjugation when the verb that is being conjugated has two or more syllables and the vowel in the syllable immediately preceding the ' 으' syllable is either '아' or '오.' The preceding syllable affects the conjugation and instead of determining which conjugation to use according to 으 (which would be typically be a

어 conjugation), the verb is conjugated as if ' 아' or '오' was the determining vowel (which would be typically be a 아 conjugation).

Formation

Example: 1. 쓰다 (sseuda) + 아/어/여 conjugation - to write + Intimate Simple Present Tense conjugation

쓰 (sseu) + 아/어/여 conjugation - verb stem + Intimate Simple Present Tense conjugation

ㅆ + 아/어/여 conjugation - verb stem (with the vowel 으 removed) + 어 (this conjugation is used because there is no 아 or 오 vowel to affect the conjugation)

써 (sseo) - to write (Intimate Politeness Level simple present tense conjugation) 2. 끄다 (kkeu-da) + 아/어/여 conjugation - to turn off + Intimate Simple Present Tense conjugation

끄 (kkeu) + 아/어/여 conjugation - verb stem + Intimate Simple Present Tense conjugation

ㄲ + 아/어/여 conjugation - verb stem (with the vowel 으 removed) + 어 (this conjugation is used because there is no 아 or 오 vowel to affect the conjugation)

꺼 (kkeo) to turn off (Intimate Politeness Level simple present tense conjugation) 3. 바쁘다 (ba-ppeu-da) + 아/어/여 conjugation - to be busy + Intimate Simple Present Tense conjugation

바쁘 (ba-ppeu) + 아/어/여 conjugation - verb stem + Intimate Simple Present Tense conjugation

바ㅃ (ba-pp) + 아/어/여 conjugation - verb stem (with the vowel 으 removed) + 아 (this conjugation is used because 아 influences the conjugation)

바빠 (ba-ppa) - to be busy (Intimate Politeness Level simple present tense conjugation)

Example Sentences 1. 저를 불렀어요? (jeo-reul bulleosseoyo?) - Did you call? Verb - 부르다 (bureuda) - to call 2. 내 핸드폰을 썼어? (ne handeupon-eul seosseo?) - DId you use my cell phone? Verb 쓰다 (sseuda) - to use 3. 바빠서 숙제를 못 했어요. (bappaseo sukje-reul mot haesseoyo.) - I was busy, so I couldn't do my homework. Verb 바쁘다 (bappeuda) - to be busy

Notes There are "regular" conjugations, which are much more uncommon than this "irregular" conjugations.

-sida, -eusida

-시다, -으시다 Honorific Infix Category Honorifics TOPIK Level Level

Intermediate

-(으)시[-(eu)si] makes a standard verb (descriptive or action) 존댓말[jondaetmal], honorific speech. It is used to expresses respects to the subject of the sentence when attached to a verb stem. It's not used necessarily only towards people who are in the conversation, but is used very widely in order to lift up (honor) the topic of the sentence, a person or group of people.

Formation To make a verb honorific, take the verb stem, and add - 시 or -(으)시. And this is now the honorific form of the verb in the dictionary form. I. "-으시다" is attached to the end of clauses that end in consonants.

1. 읽다[ikda]: "to read"

읽(Verb stem ending in a consonant) + - 으시다 ---> 읽으시다[ilgeusida]: "to read / honorific" 2. 앉다[anda]: "to sit"

앉(Verb stem ending in a consonant) + - 으시다 ---> 앉으시다[anjeusida]: "to sit / honorific"

II. "-시다" is attached to the end of clauses that end in vowels.

1. 오다[oda]: "to come"

오(Verb stem ending in a vowel) + - 시다 ---> 오시다[osida]: "to come / honorific"

2. 가다[gada]: "to go"

가(Verb stem ending in a vowel) + - 시다 ---> 가시다[gasida]: "to go / honorific"

Example Sentences 1. 자리에 앉았습니다. Eomeoniga jarie anjatseumnida. My mother is sitting in the seat. 2. 가셨어요? Hanguk-euro gasyeosseoyo? Did you go to Korea? 3. 세 시에 오십니다. Sajang-nimeun se sie osimnida. My boss is coming at 3.

Notes Note: The difference between honorifics and politeness levels: Politeness levels are verb conjugations used for the relationship between the speaker and the listener(s). Honorifics are words/infixes/conjugations/etc. that are used to respect the topic of the sentence (whomever the speaker is speaking of). *** -시 + 어요 can become both 세요 and 셔요 - it was srcinally 셔요 but 세요 has become more common because it's easier to pronounce

5W1H, eonje, eodiseo, nuga(nugu), mwo, wae, eotteoke5W1H, when, where, who, what, why, how

5W1H, 언제, 어디서, 누가(누구), 뭐, 왜, 어떻게 5W1H, when, where, who, what, why, how Category Adverb TOPIK Level

-

Level Absolute Beginner

어디예요? (eodi-yeyo?) is a phrase used to ask where something is. The literal translation of this phrase is 어디 (eodi) - where, 예요(yeyo) - is. This phrase can be translated as "Where is (it)?"

언제 (eonje) has the same meaning as the English word "when." We use it in Korean just as frequently as in English. The focus of this is the question word 언제 (eonje), which we translate as "when." When asking a question in Korean, the question word typically comes at the front of the sentence. Imlesson mediately after that, we say the verb. Oftentimes in Korean, a subject is unnecessary and we can ask a question without a subject. When we leave out a subject, we can usually assume it from the context of the conversation.

왜 (wae) is a question word that we use to ask someone for an explanation. It is equivalent to the word "why" in English. 왜 (wae) is not limited to questions. We can also use it in sentences to provide clarification.

We translate 왜 (wae) as "why" in English. In the same situations we use "why" in English, we can also use 왜 (wae) to find a specific reason or explanation for something.In the context of this lesson, a verb follows 왜 (wae). We use왜 (wae)to find out the reason for the action of the verb. The formation of this particular usage is as follows:

왜 + 동사 (wae + dongsa) "Why + verb"

* Note: We can often omit subjects in Korean. We have omitted the subjects in all the lines of the dialogue in this particular lesson.

무슨 (museun) is a question word we use to specify and inquire about details. We translate it as "what kind of?" Typically, a noun follows it. The noun that follows the question word 무슨 (museun) is what the speaker wishes to specify. However, when 무슨(museun) meets any verb, it becomes 뭐(mwo). For example, 뭐

해 (mwo hae) is an expression to ask, "what are you doing?" 뭐 (mwo) means "what" and 해 (hae) is the verb for "to do." Look up (하다) in the dictionary. You can make this more polite by saying, "뭐 해요?" (mwo haeyo). In addition, if you know the noun that indicates what you're doing now, you can use that word in place of 뭐 (mwo).

어떻게(eoteokke) is a question word that we use to ask 'how'. You can place this adverb in any locations. Also, you can simply say '어떻게(eoteokke)?' to ask 'how it happened' or 'how will we do?' We can use the phrase 어떻게 (etteoke) in conjunction with verbs other than 해요 (haeyo), meaning "do." Simply replace the verb 해요 (haeyo) with different verbs.

누가 (nuka)/누구(nuku) is a question word that we use to ask 'who'. 누구 (nugu) is a question word that is equivalent to "who" in English. To ask who someone is in Korean, you should use the question word 누구 (nugu) along with the Korean copula 이다 (ida), which is equivalent to "to be" in English. 이다 (ida) has a number of conjugations, but in conjunction with the question word 누구 (nugu), the conjugation becomes 예요 (yeyo).

The phrase "Who is (he/she)" in Korean is

? (nuguyeyo?).

Formation (Subject) + Question Word(언제,누가,왜,뭐,어떻게) + Action Verb

Example Sentences ( ) ? [(pyeonuijeom-i) eodi-yeyo?] Where is (the convenience store)?

언제 공부 해? (eonje gongbu hae?) "When do you study?"

왜 안 가?(wae an ga?) "Why aren't you going?"

오늘 무슨

?(oneul musun yoil-ieyo?)

"What day is it today?"

뭐 해? (Mwo hae?) "What are you doing?" 이거 어떻게 할 거야? (igeo eoteokke halgeoya?) "How will you do this" 누가 왔어? (nuga watseo) "Who did come?"

apeuda (apa)

아프다 (아파) to sick Category Verb TOPIK Level Level

Beginner

아파 (apa) comes from the verb 아프다 (apeuda) meaning, "to be painful, to hurt." This is in casual language, so we can use it with close friends, family members, and between people on close terms. 아빠 (appa) comes after the noun that refers to a part of the body that is aching or a person who is sick.

Formation Subject(이)가+아프다

Example Sentences

배 아파요.(bae apayo.) "I have a stomachache."

myeongneonghyeong

명령형 Imperative (Standard/Intimate Politeness Level) Category Grammartical Information TOPIK Level 1

Level

Beginner

One of the imperative conjugations of Korean verbs has the same set of conjugations as the simple present tense (in regards to the standard/intimate politeness level). We can conjugate verbs the same as the simple present tense, yet they have different usages, one of which is the imperative. Although we can conjugate these verbs in the same manner, they have a different function.

As stated above, the imperative is the same as the simple present tense in regards to the standard and informal politeness levels.

Formation [Verb Stem] + [야/아/어] For example:

1. 하다 (hada) [하] + [야] = 해 (ha) + (ya) = hae

2. 가다 (gada) [가] + [아] = 가

(ga) + (a) = ga

3. 보다 (boda)

[보] + [아] = 봐 (bo) + (a) = bwa

4. 쓰다 (sseuda) [쓰] + [어] = 써 (sseu) + (eo) = sseo

The formal politeness level uses the conjugation: ( 으)십시오 (sipsio)

Verb Stem + (으)십시오

For example:

1. 오다 (oda) “to come”

오 + (으)십시오 “come” (imperative - formal politeness level)

Note: We can often find the written form (으)시오 on signs on the street, giving warning or directions to the public. We can find the spoken version of this in many historical Korean dramas as well, however, its use is only relegated to written Korean in modern Korean.

Example Sentences

1. 빨리 밥 먹어.

ppalli bap meogeo. "Hurry and eat." (intimate)

2. 집에 가세요.

jip-e gaseyo. "Please go home." (standard)

3. 물 마셔요.

mul masyeoyo. "Drink water." (standard)

4. 문을

.

mun-eul dadeusipsio. "Please, close the door." (formal)

5. 문을

.

mul-eul dadeusio.

"Please, close the door." (written)

Notes This conjugation is the same as the simple present tense, only in regards to standard and intimate politeness levels. We do not use the formal politeness imperative often in casual spoken Korean, or even in formal situations. We generally reserve it for people of extreme importance (i.e., kings, queens, royalty, presidents, high-ranking military officials, etc.).

Related Expressions Imperative (positive) - Formal Politeness Level Imperative (negative) - Formal/Standard/Intimate Politeness Levels

-sida, -eusida

-시다, -으시다 Honorific Infix Category Honorifics TOPIK Level Level

Intermediate

-(으)시[-(eu)si] makes a standard verb (descriptive or action) 존댓말[jondaetmal], honorific speech. It is used to expresses respects to the subject of the sentence when attached to a verb stem. It's not used necessarily only towards people who are in the conversation, but is used very widely in order to lift up (honor) the topic of the sentence, a person or group of people.

Formation To make a verb honorific, take the verb stem, and add - 시 or -(으)시. And this is now the honorific form of the verb in the dictionary form. I. "-으시다" is attached to the end of clauses that end in consonants.

1. 읽다[ikda]: "to read"

읽(Verb stem ending in a consonant) + - 으시다 ---> 읽으시다[ilgeusida]: "to read / honorific" 2. 앉다[anda]: "to sit"

앉(Verb stem ending in a consonant) + - 으시다 ---> 앉으시다[anjeusida]: "to sit / honorific"

II. "-시다" is attached to the end of clauses that end in vowels.

1. 오다[oda]: "to come"

오(Verb stem ending in a vowel) + - 시다 ---> 오시다[osida]: "to come / honorific"

2. 가다[gada]: "to go"

가(Verb stem ending in a vowel) + - 시다 ---> 가시다[gasida]: "to go / honorific"

Example Sentences 1. 자리에 앉았습니다. Eomeoniga jarie anjatseumnida. My mother is sitting in the seat. 2. 가셨어요? Hanguk-euro gasyeosseoyo? Did you go to Korea? 3. 세 시에 오십니다. Sajang-nimeun se sie osimnida. My boss is coming at 3.

Notes Note: The difference between honorifics and politeness levels: Politeness levels are verb conjugations used for the relationship between the speaker and the listener(s). Honorifics are words/infixes/conjugations/etc. that are used to respect the topic of the sentence (whomever the speaker is speaking of). *** -시 + 어요 can become both 세요 and 셔요 - it was srcinally 셔요 but 세요 has become more common because it's easier to pronounce

-eul su itda , -eul su eopda

-을 수 있다 ,-을 수 없다 can, cannot Category Verb TOPIK Level Level

Beginner

-ㄹ/을 수 있다[-l/eul su itda] is a grammatical structure we use to express ability, capability, or possibility (e.g., whether you can or can't speak English, or you can or can't use a computer). We add this structure onto the end of both descriptive and action verbs to express the possibility or capability of those verbs. We can translate this as "can" or "able to."

We can conjugate the last verb, 있다 (itda), to express politeness level, tense, or mood. Traditionally, the verb can inflect negation as well, but in this grammatical structure, the negated form would come from the verb opposite to the verb 있다[itda], which is -없다 [eopta]. We can translate the construction - ㄹ/을 수 없다[-l/eul su eoptda] as "cannot" or "not able to." However, when using the construction ㄹ/을 수 없다[-l/eul su eoptda], this carries the notion that the speaker (or subject of the sentence) was unable to do something because he or she did not have the capacity to perform that activity. Using this structure implies that the subject does not possess the ability to perform that action (i.e., 먹을 수 없어 meaning "I can't eat" ("I don't have the ability to eat")). When expressing the "can't" because of factors other than inability, we use the impossibility adverb 못 (mot).

Formation Verb Stem + -ㄹ/을 수 있다 or -ㄹ/을 수 없다

Future / Present Tense I. Verb stems ending in a vowel + - ㄹ 수 있다 or -ㄹ 수 없다

1. 가다[gada] – “to go”

가 + -ㄹ 수 있다 => 갈 수 있다[gal su itda]: "to be able to go" 가 + -ㄹ 수 없다 => 갈 수 없다[gal su epda]: "to not be able to go" 2. 보다[boda] – “to see”

보 + -ㄹ 수 있다 => 볼 수 있다[bol su itda]: "to be able to see” 보 + -ㄹ 수 없다 => 볼 수 없다[bol su eopda]: "to not be able to see" 3. 하다[hada] - "to do"

하 + -ㄹ 수 있다 => 할 수 있다[hal su itda]: "to be able to do" 하 + -ㄹ 수 없다 => 할 수 없다[hal su eopda]: "to not be able to do"

II. Verb stems ending in a consonant + -을 수 있다 or - 을 수 없다

1. 있다[itda]: "to exist" or "to have"

있 + - 을 수 있다 => 있을 수 있다[itseul su itda]: "to be able to have ...” 있 + -을 수 없다 => 있을 수 없다[itseul su eopda]: "to not be able to have" 2. 잡다[japda] – “to catch”

잡 + - 을 수 있다 => 잡을 수 있다[jabeul su itda]: "to not be able to catch...” 잡 + - 을 수 없다 => 잡을 수 없다[jabeul su eopda]: "to not be able to catch" III. Verb stems ending with ㄹ + - 수 있다 or - 수 없다

1. 알다[alda] – “to know”

알 + - 수 있다 => 알 수 있다[al su itda]: "to not be able to know...” 알 + - 수 없다 => 알 수 없다[al su eopda]: "to not be able to know"

Example Sentences 1. 학교 갈 수 없어요. hakgyo gal su eopseoyo. "I wasn't able to go to school." ("I didn't have the ability to.") 2. 손이 아파서, 쓸 수 없어요.

son-i apaseo, sseul su eopseoyo. "I can't write because my hand hurts." 3. 영국에 살 수 있습니다. yeongguk-e sal su isseumnida. "I can live in England." 4. 말할 수 없어요. malhal su eopseoyo. "I can't tell you." 5. 내일도 올 수 있어요? naeil-do ol su isseoyo? "Can you come again tomorrow?" 6. 저녁에

갈 수 있어요?

jeonyeok-e yeonghwa boreo gal su isseoyo? "Can you go see a movie (with me) tonight?" 7. 자동차 좀 빌릴 수 있어요? jadongcha jom billil su isseoyo? "Can I borrow (your) car for a while?" 8. 저 도와줄 수 있어요? jeo dowajul su isseoyo? "Can you help me?" 9. 저는 한국어 할 수 있어요. jeo-neun hangukeo hal su eopseoyo. "I can speak Korean." (standard politeness level) 10. 저는 한국어 할 수 없어요.

jeo-neun hangukeo hal su eopseoyo. "I can't speak Korean." (standard politeness level) 11. 김치를 먹을 수 . gimchi-reul meogeul su eopseumnida. "I can't eat kimchi." (formal politeness level) 12. 김치를 먹을 수 있습니다. gimchi-reul meogeul su isseumnida. "I can eat kimchi." (formal politeness level)

jigeum

지금 now Category Adverb TOPIK Level -

Level

Beginner

지금 (jigeum) means "now," and in Korean, the word 지금 (jigeum) usually comes before the verb. ♣ More Examples ♣ Here are some of the more common expressions using 지금: 1. 지금

? (Jigeum eodi-yeyo?) "Where are you now?"

2. 지금 몇 시예요? (Jigeum myeot si-yeyo?) "What time is it now?" 3. 지금 있어요? (Jigeum isseoyo?) "Do you have it now?" 4. 지금 없어요. (Jigeum eopseoyo.) "I don't have it now." 5. 지금 바빠요. (Jigeum bappayo.) "I'm busy at the moment."

Example Sentences

지금 청소 해. (Jigeum cheongso hae.) "I'm cleaning now."

-seupnida,-pnida

-습니다, -ㅂ니다 to be (formal) Category Honorifics TOPIK Level 1

Level

Absolute Beginner

-ㅂ/습니다 - The Formal Declarative Sentence Ending. This can be attached to any verb to form a present tense declarative sentence. This conjugation is in the formal politeness level.

Formation

Take the stem of any verb and attach "( ㅂ/습)니다" at the end. •If the verb stem ends in a vowel, " ㅂ" would be added to the stem to form a new syllabic block, and 니다 would be come after the new syllabic block. Verb stem + ㅂ 니다

이다 - ida - to be (copula) 이 - verb stem 이 + ㅂ 니다 = 입니다 오다 - oda - to come 오 - verb stem 오 + ㅂ 니다 = 옵니다 - gongbuhada - to study

공부하 - verb stem 공부하 + ㅂ 니다 = •If the verb stem ends in a consonant, " 습니다" is added to the end of the verb stem.

Verb stem + 습니다

앉다 - antda - to sit 앉 - verb stem 앉 + 습니다 = 잡다 - japda - to catch 잡 - verb stem 잡 + 습니다 =

Example Sentences

유리 씨가 잡니다 - yuri ssi-ga jamnida - Yuri sleeps. 지금

- jigeum babbeumnida - (Subject) is busy now.

버스를 탑니다 - beoseu-reul tamnida - (Subject) rides the bus.

-seumnikka?

-습니까? formal interrogative sentence ending Category Honorifics TOPIK Level 1

Level

Absolute Beginner

-ㅂ/습니까 - The Formal Interrogative Sentence Ending. This can be attached to any verb to form a present tense question with that verb. This conjugation is in the formal politeness level and is used for very formal situations.

Formation

Take the stem of any verb and attach "( ㅂ/습)니까?" at the end. •If the verb stem ends in a vowel, " ㅂ" would be added to the stem to form a new syllabic block, and 니다 would be come after the new syllabic block. Verb stem + ㅂ 니까

이다 - ida - to be (copula) 이 - verb stem 이 + ㅂ 니까 = 입니까? 가다 - gada - to go 가 - verb stem 가 + ㅂ 니까 = 갑니까? - saranghada - to love

사랑하 - verb stem 사랑하 + ㅂ 니까 =

?

•If the verb stem ends in a consonant, " 습니까" is added to the end of the verb stem.

Verb stem + 습니까

먹다 - meokda - to eat 먹 - verb stem 먹 + 습니까 =

?

웃다 - utda - to laugh, to smile 웃 - verb stem 웃 + 습니까 =

?

Example Sentences

지금 왜

? - jigeum meokseumnikka? - Are you eating now? ? - wae usseumnikka? - Why are you laughing/smiling?

갑니까? - gamnikka? - Are you leaving? 사라

? - sara ssi-imnikka? - Are you Sara?

Notes When ㅂ (b) is the last syllable of one syllabic block and ㄴ is the first character in the next syllabic block, a phonetic change occurs. ㅂ changes to ㅁ. The written ㅂ does not change, but it changes when spoken. •ㅂ + 니다 = ㅁ 니다 (spoken form)

-do

-도 too, also Category Particle TOPIK Level Level

1 Absolute Beginner

We use the particle -도 (-do) to express that a statement we already expressed holds true for another noun. If we issue a statement and that statement holds true for another person or thing, we use the particle -도 (-do). We attach this particle directly to the noun it is modifying. This correlates with the English words "too" and "also."

Formation This is a very simple particle to use. It is simply suffixed to the end of the noun it is modifying. For Example:

1. 저는 . jeo-neun seonsaengnim-imnida "I am a teacher."

저도 . jeo-do seonsaengnim-imnida "I am also a teacher." Here, we replace the topic-marking particle -은/는 (-eun/-neun) with the augmentative particle -도 (-do).

Example Sentences 1. 저는 . jeo-neun seonsaengnim-imnida "I am a teacher."

우리 누나도 . uri nuna-do seonsaengnim-imnida "My sister is also a teacher." 2. 저는 추워요. jeo-neun chuwoyo "I'm cold."

미지 씨도 추워요. minji-ssi-do chuwoyo "Minji is also cold."

juseyo

주세요 please give me Category Noun TOPIK Level -

Level

Absolute Beginner

Noun + 주세요... (juseyo) is a very useful and basic expression in Korean that we use to politely request something. We can simply translate 주세요 (juseyo) as "please give me..."

Formation Noun + 주세요... (juseyo)

To form this kind of phrase, simply use a noun(s) that you want to request and add

주세요 (jooseyo) right after the noun(s).

Example Sentences For Example:

1. 물 주세요.

Mul juseyo. "Please give me some water." Item: 물 (mul) "water" "Please give me...": 주세요... (juseyo) "Please give me [item]": 물 주세요 (mul juseyo) "English": "Please give me some water. And...

1. 커피 주세요. Keopi juseyo. "Please give me some coffee."

Item: 커피 (keopi) "coffee" "Please give me...": 주세요 (juseyo) "Please give me [item]":커피 주세요 (keopi juseyo) "English": "Please give me some coffee."

Related Expressions

주세요 (juseyo) is a formal expression. The informal expression would be 줘 (jwo). For Example:

1. 물 주세요 (formal) = 물 줘 (informal) 2. 커피 주세요 (formal) = 커피 줘 (informal)

ida, imnida

이다, 입니다 I am, to be Category Sentence Ending Particle TOPIK Level -

Level

Absolute Beginner

저는 (name/noun) + 입니다 (imnida ) This pattern becomes the predicate of a sentence when followed by a noun.

We can translate 입니다 (imnida) as "to be" ("be" verb).

입 니다 (imnida) is a "be" verb. Actually, its srcinal form is 이다 (ida), meaning "to be"; however, the polite form becomes 입니다 (imnida). Korean people often use

입니다 (imnida) when saying their names.

Formation

저는 name + 입니다 (imnida ), meaning "to be" 저 는 nationality + 입니다 (imnida )

Example Sentences Names:

1. 저는 크리스 입니다. Jeoneun Keuris imnida. "(I) am Chris." 2. 저는 요코 입니다. Yoko imnida. "(I) am Yoko."

3. 저는 린 입니다. Lin imnida. "(I) am Linn." Nationalities:

1. 저는

입니다.

Jeoneun migooksalam imnida. "(I) am American." 2. 저는 입니다. ilbonsaram imnida. "(I) am Japanese." 3. 저는 입니다. joonggooksaram imnida "(I) am Chinese."

Notes

입니다 (imnida) is formal language of 이다 (ida) "to be." But Koreans don't often say "I + Name + 이다" or "I + Nationality + 이다."

geureonde, geunde

그런데, 근데 however, but Category Conjunction TOPIK Level -

Level

Beginner

When you want to say "but" in Korean, 근데 (geunde) is the most common expression among many that Koreans use. 근데 (geunde) comes from 그런데 ( geureonde), but Koreans use 근데 much more commonly than 그런데 except for in writing. For Example: 1. 이거 봤어. 근데

.

igeo bwasseo. geunde jaemieopseo. "I saw this. But it's not interesting." Although it's a shortened form of 그런데 (geureonde) and 그런데 is certainly more formal, you can use 근데 (geunde) in polite language too.

Example Sentences

밖에 비 와요. 근데 우산이 없어요.(bakk-e bi wayo. geunde usan-i eopseoyo.) "It's raining outside, but I don't have an umbrella."

5W1H, eonje, eodiseo, nuga(nugu), mwo, wae, eotteoke5W1H, when, where, who, what, why, how

5W1H, 언제, 어디서, 누가(누구), 뭐, 왜, 어떻게 5W1H, when, where, who, what, why, how Category Adverb TOPIK Level

-

Level Absolute Beginner

어디예요? (eodi-yeyo?) is a phrase used to ask where something is. The literal translation of this phrase is 어디 (eodi) - where, 예요(yeyo) - is. This phrase can be translated as "Where is (it)?"

언제 (eonje) has the same meaning as the English word "when." We use it in Korean just as frequently as in English. The focus of this is the question word 언제 (eonje), which we translate as "when." When asking a question in Korean, the question word typically comes at the front of the sentence. Imlesson mediately after that, we say the verb. Oftentimes in Korean, a subject is unnecessary and we can ask a question without a subject. When we leave out a subject, we can usually assume it from the context of the conversation.

왜 (wae) is a question word that we use to ask someone for an explanation. It is equivalent to the word "why" in English. 왜 (wae) is not limited to questions. We can also use it in sentences to provide clarification.

We translate 왜 (wae) as "why" in English. In the same situations we use "why" in English, we can also use 왜 (wae) to find a specific reason or explanation for something.In the context of this lesson, a verb follows 왜 (wae). We use왜 (wae)to find out the reason for the action of the verb. The formation of this particular usage is as follows:

왜 + 동사 (wae + dongsa) "Why + verb"

* Note: We can often omit subjects in Korean. We have omitted the subjects in all the lines of the dialogue in this particular lesson.

무슨 (museun) is a question word we use to specify and inquire about details. We translate it as "what kind of?" Typically, a noun follows it. The noun that follows the question word 무슨 (museun) is what the speaker wishes to specify. However, when 무슨(museun) meets any verb, it becomes 뭐(mwo). For example, 뭐

해 (mwo hae) is an expression to ask, "what are you doing?" 뭐 (mwo) means "what" and 해 (hae) is the verb for "to do." Look up (하다) in the dictionary. You can make this more polite by saying, "뭐 해요?" (mwo haeyo). In addition, if you know the noun that indicates what you're doing now, you can use that word in place of 뭐 (mwo).

어떻게(eoteokke) is a question word that we use to ask 'how'. You can place this adverb in any locations. Also, you can simply say '어떻게(eoteokke)?' to ask 'how it happened' or 'how will we do?' We can use the phrase 어떻게 (etteoke) in conjunction with verbs other than 해요 (haeyo), meaning "do." Simply replace the verb 해요 (haeyo) with different verbs.

누가 (nuka)/누구(nuku) is a question word that we use to ask 'who'. 누구 (nugu) is a question word that is equivalent to "who" in English. To ask who someone is in Korean, you should use the question word 누구 (nugu) along with the Korean copula 이다 (ida), which is equivalent to "to be" in English. 이다 (ida) has a number of conjugations, but in conjunction with the question word 누구 (nugu), the conjugation becomes 예요 (yeyo).

The phrase "Who is (he/she)" in Korean is

? (nuguyeyo?).

Formation (Subject) + Question Word(언제,누가,왜,뭐,어떻게) + Action Verb

Example Sentences ( ) ? [(pyeonuijeom-i) eodi-yeyo?] Where is (the convenience store)?

언제 공부 해? (eonje gongbu hae?) "When do you study?"

왜 안 가?(wae an ga?) "Why aren't you going?"

오늘 무슨

?(oneul musun yoil-ieyo?)

"What day is it today?"

뭐 해? (Mwo hae?) "What are you doing?" 이거 어떻게 할 거야? (igeo eoteokke halgeoya?) "How will you do this" 누가 왔어? (nuga watseo) "Who did come?"

geureonikka

그러니까 so, therefore Category Conjunction TOPIK Level -

Level

Beginner

(geureonikka) literally means "so" or "therefore," but in colloquial situations, we use you."

(geureonikka) more often to mean "that's what I'm saying" or "I told

Example Sentences , 공부 해.(geureonikka, gongbu hae.) "That's what I'm saying. Do some studying!" , 괜찮아.(geureonikka, gwenchanha.) "I'm telling you, it's okay." , 일어나. (geureonikka, ireona.) "So get up!" / "That's why you should get up." , 가자.(geureonikka, gaja.) "For that reason, let's go." / "That's why we should go."

man (1)

만 (1) only, just Category Particle TOPIK Level -

Level

Beginner

만 (man) is a particle that expresses the meaning of "just" or "only." We can attach 만 (man) to all nouns and some particles, but not verbs. So if you want to describe something and add the meaning of "only" to the sentence, you add 만 (man) to a noun, whether it's the subject or object of the sentence. While in English "only" or "just" are separate words, in Korean we attach this function to the noun as a particle.

Formation Noun + 만 (man) 1. 영화 (yeonghwa) "movie"

영화 + 만 = 영화만 (yeonghwa-man) "only movies" 영화만 봐요. ilyoil-eneun yeonghwa-man bwayo. "I only watch movies on Sundays." Verb Stem + -기 (gi) + 만 (man) + 하다 (hada) 1. 놀다 (nolda) "to play"

자기 (nolda) + 만 = 놀기만 (nolgiman) 이 학생은 놀기만 해요. i haksaeng-eun nolgiman haeyo. "This student only plays."

Example Sentences 1. 5분만 주세요. o-bun-man juseyo. "Please just give me five minutes."

2. 저는 쉬어요. jeo-neun ilyoil-man swieoyo. "I only take Sundays off."

eoddae?

어때? What about A? Category Verb TOPIK Level

-

Level Beginner

A. Noun(s) + 어때요 (eoddaeyo?) is a very basic and simple "how" question.

B. Koreans often politely (formally) ask about opinions by saying - 어때요? (eoddaeyo?), meaning "How is?" or "How about?"

Formation Here is the way to form this construction: - noun(s) + Topic-marking particle 은 (eun )/는 (neun ) + 어 때요 (eoddaeyo?)

Example Sentences

1. 내 옷 어때요? "How about my clothes?" (Note: "my" is 내 (nae), and "clothes" are 옷 (ot)) C. When informally speaking, we use -어때? (eoddae?), meaning "How is?" or "How about?"

Notes 1. 커피(는) 어때요? Keopi(neun) eoddayo? "How is coffee?"/"How about coffee?" 2. 책(은) 어때요? Chaek(eun) eoddaeyo? "How is a book?"/"How about a book?" 3. 반찬들(은) 어때요? Banchandeul(eun) eoddaeyo? "How are side dishes?"/"How about side dishes?" 4. 한국어(는) 어때요? Hangukeo(neun) eoddaeyo? "How is Korean?"/"How about Korean?"

Related Expressions -어때? (casual)

buteo

부터 from (time and place) Category particle TOPIK Level -

Level

Beginner

-부터 (-buteo) is a particle that marks a point in time or a certain location in which a certain action starts. We can translate it as "from," "since," or "starting from." When we use it with location words, it is typically followed by another location word and the particle 까지 (kkaji), the time/location point marker. 부터 (buteo) marks a place where a movement has started, and the other particle, 까지 (kkaji), marks where a movement has ended.

Formation Time word/Location word + 부터

Time word: 어제 (eoje) "yesterday" For Example:

1. 어제 + 부터 = eojebuteo "since yesterday" 2.

. eojebuteo pigonhaesseo. "I was tired since yesterday."

Location word: 학교 (hakgyo) "school" For Example:

1. 학교 + 부터 = hakgyobuteo "starting from school" 2.

집까지 걸었어. hakgyo-buteo jip-kkaji georeosseo. "I walked from school to home."

Example Sentences 1. 2 시부터 일했어. du si-buteo ilhaesseo. "I worked since two o'clock." 2. 집부터 자전거 탔어요. jip-buteo hoesa-kkaji jajeongeo tasseoyo. "I rode a bicycle from home to the office."

Related Expressions

까지 - time/location marking particle.

-at, -eot, -yeot

-았, -었, -였 did, was (past tense) Category Particle TOPIK Level Level

Beginner

-(았/었/였)- is a verbal infix, which we use to convey the past tense.

We use 았 for verbs that have ㅏ or ㅗ as the last vowel in the verb stem. We use 었 for verbs that do not have ㅏ or ㅗ as the last vowel in the verb stem. We use 였 for 하다 (hada) verbs.

Many times, there are deletions and contractions with repeating vowels. If a verb-stem ends in a consonant, there are no deletions or contractions. These contraction and deletion rules follow the 아/어/여 conjugation. Please refer to the grammar bank entry on -아/어/여 conjugation to refer to rules for contraction and deletion.

Formation (Contraction and Deletion Rules follow the same rules as the 아/어/여 conjugation. Please refer to entry on 아/어/여 conjugation in the grammar bank for contraction and deletion rules.) [Verb Stem] + [았/었/였] + [Conjugation (politeness level/mood/etc.]

1. (ㄱ) Example: 먹다 (“to eat”)

먹 - verb stem [Verb Stem] + [었] + [Intimate Politeness Level - 아/어/여] [먹] + [었] +[어]

먹었어. - Simple Past Tense (Intimate Politeness Level)

2. (ㄴ)

Example: 먹다 (“to eat”)

먹 - verb stem [Verb Stem] + [었] + [Standard Politeness Level - 아/어/여 + 요] [먹] + [었] +[어요] . - Simple Past Tense (Standard Politeness Level)

3. (ㄷ) Example: 먹다 (“to eat”)

먹 - verb stem [Verb Stem] + [었] + [Formal Politeness Level - 습니다] [먹] + [었] +[습니다] . - Simple Past Tense (Formal Politeness Level)

4. Example: 배우다 (“to learn”)

배우 - verb stem [Verb Stem] + [었] + [Intimate Politeness Level - 아/어/여] [배우] + [었] + [어]

배웠어. - Simple Past Tense (Intimate Politeness Level)

5. (ㄴ) Example: 배우다 (“to learn”)

배우 - verb stem [Verb Stem] + [었] + [Standard Politeness Level - 아/어/여 + 요] [배우] + [었] + [어요] . - Simple Past Tense (Standard Politeness Level)

6. (ㄷ) Example: 배우다 (“to learn”)

배우 - verb stem [Verb Stem] + [었] + [Formal Politeness Level - 습니다] [배우] + [었] + [습니다] . - Simple Past Tense (Formal Politeness Level)

Example Sentences

1. 저는

십년 동안

.

jeo-neun hanguk-eseo simnyeon dongan sarasseoyo. "I lived in Korea for ten years." Verb: 살다 (“to live”)

살 + 았 + 어요 [Standard Politeness Level Conjugation - 아/어/여 + 요]

2.

?

nuguyeossji? "Who was it?" Verb: 이다 (“to be”)

이 + 었 + 지 (Confirmation/Agreement Conjugation - 지)

3. 만두

.

mandu mandeureotneunde. "I made dumplings." Verb: 만들다 (“to make”)

만들 + 었 + 는데 [Introductory Non-Final Ending - (ㄴ/은/는)데]

igeo, geugeo, jeogeo

이거, 그거, 저거 this thing, that thing, the thing Category Noun TOPIK Level Level

1 Absolute Beginner

이거 (igeo), 그거(geugeo), 저거(jeogeo) are demonstrative pronouns, which we can express as "this," "that," and "that over there," respectively. These words are pronouns and we use them just as we use nouns.

이거 (igeo) means "this." 그거 (geugeo) means "that." It indicates the speaker is far from item under discussion but the listener is close to it.

저거 (jeogeo) means "that." It indicates both the speaker and listener are far from the item under discussion.

All three of these have corresponding written forms.

Spoken:

이거, 그거, 저거 Written:

이것, 그것, 저것

Formation We can break down the written form of these words as such: [demonstrative modifier] + 것 = 이것, 그것, 저것 For Example:

1. 것 (geot) means "thing." Literally, 이것 (igeot) means "this thing," 그것 (geugeot) means "that thing," and 저것 (jeogeot) means "that thing over there." In spoken Korean, however, they are as follows: [demonstrative modifier] + 거 = 이거, 그거, 저거

거 (geo) means "thing."

Example Sentences 1. 이거는 제 책이야. igeo-neun je chaek-iya. "This is my book." 2. 저거는 ? jeogeo-neun nugukkeo-eyo? "Who is that over there?" 3. 그거요? 그거는 . geugeoyo? geugeo-neun moja-imnida. "That? That's a hat."

rang, irang

랑, 이랑 and, with Category particle TOPIK Level -

Level

Beginner

We use -(이)랑[-(i )rang ] to link nouns in coordination in a sentence. We can translate it as "and" or "with" both of which must be implied from context. -(이)랑 links the nouns in consecutive order. We can use -( 이)랑 with as many nouns as desired. However, we must link it to each noun in coordination.

When we use this particle with one noun, a non-present noun is assumed to be connected to the linked noun. In this case, we still translate it as "with" or "and."

This particle is interchangeable with -하고 (-hago).

Formation 1. Noun1 + -(이)랑[-(i)rang ] + Noun2 : "Noun1 and Noun2 "

I. Noun ending in a vowel + - 랑

사과[sagwa]: apple- Noun 1 / 감[gam]: persimmon- Noun 2 사과(ending in a vowel) + -랑 감 ---> 사과랑 감[sagwarang gam]: "an apple and a persimmon" II. Noun ending in a consonant + -이랑

감[gam]: persimmon- Noun1 / 사과[sagwa]: apple- Noun 2 감(ending in a consonant) + -이랑 사과 ---> 감이랑 사과[gamirang sagwa]

2. Someone + -(이)랑[-(i)rang ] + verb : "to verb with someone"

I. Noun ending in a vowel + - 랑

친구[chingu]: "friend" /

[iyagihada]: "to talk"

친구(ending in a consonant) + -랑 + iyagihada]: "to talk with my friend"

---> 친구랑 이야기하다[chingurang

II. Noun ending in a consonant + -이랑

선생님[seonsaeng-nim]: "teacher" / 먹다[meokda]: "to eat" 선생님(ending in a vowel) + -랑 + 먹다 ---> 선생님이랑 먹다[seonsaeng-nimirang meokda]: "to eat with the teacher"

Example Sentences

1. 저는 사과랑 감을 . Jeoneun sagwarang gameul joahaeyo. I like apples and persimmons. 2. 그는 감이랑 사과를 . Geuneun gamirang sagwareul sireohaeyo. He doesn't like persimmons and apples. 3. 지금 친구랑 있어요. Jigeum chingurang iyagihago itseoyo. I am talking with my friend right now. 4. 선생님이랑 밥 . Seonsaengnim-irang bap meogeosseoyo. I ate with the teacher.

eolma

얼마 how much? Category Adverb TOPIK Level -

Level

Beginner

(eolmayeyo) is composed of two parts: 얼마 (eolma) and 예요 (yeyo). -예요 (-yeyo) is the standard politeness level form of the verb 이다 (ida, or "to be"), but we almost always use it in this form/politeness level when it's used in a store.

Formation The specific item or service that you want to ask for the price of is proceeded by (eolmayeyo). ♣ Example: ♣ [ Item A ] + ? [ Item A ] + eolmayeyo? "How much is [ Item A ]?"

Example Sentences

사과

? (sagwa eolmayeyo?) How much is an apple?

kkaji (1)

까지 (1) till, until, to, up to Category Particle TOPIK Level -

Level

Absolute Beginner

-까지 (kkaji) is a particle that marks a point in time or a certain location in which a certain action ends. We can translate it as "until" or "up to." When we use it with location words, it is typically preceded by another location word and the particle 부터 (buteo), the time/location point marker. 까지 (kkaji) marks a place where a movement or an action has started, and the other particle, 부터 (buteo), marks where a movement or action has ended.

Formation Time word/Location word + 까지 Time word: 6시 (yeol si) "six o'clock" For Example:

1. 6시 + 까지 6시까지

yeol "untilsi-kkaji six o'clock" 2. 친구랑 6시까지 있을 거야. chingu-rang yeol si-kkaji isseul geoya. "I'm going to be with my friend until six o'clock." Location word: 시장 (sijang) "market" For Example:

1. 시장 + 까지

sijang-kkaji "up to the market" 2.

대려다 줄게. sijang-kkaji daeryeoda julge. "I'll drive you up to the market."

Example Sentences 1.

멀어요. yeogi-buteo nyuyok-kkaji meoreoyo. "It's far from here to New York."

2. 12시까지 약속이 있어서, 만날 수 없어요. yeoldusi-kkaji yaksog-i isseunikkan, mannal su eopseoyo. "Because I have plans till twelve o'clock, I can't meet you." 3.

왔어? yeogi-kkaji wasseo? "You came all the way here?"

4.

열까지 hana-buteo yeol-kkaji "one to zero" ("every little detail")

5. 오늘은 . oneul-eun yeogi-kkaji-yeyo "Today, it's until here." ("That's it for today.") 6.

가세요? eodi-kkaji gaseyo? "Until where do you go?" ("Where are you going?")

7.

해야 돼요? igeot-kkaji haeya dwaeyo? "Do I even have to do this?" 시간 있어요?

8.

eonje-kkaji isseoyo? "Until whensigan do you have time?"

Notes -까지 (-kkaji) can also mean "even" in certain situations. In this case, we link 까지 (kkaji) to a noun. For Example:

1.

만났어? chingu-kkaji mannasseo? "You even met his friends?"

2. eodinga, nugunga, mwonga, eonjenga, waenji 3.

어딘가, 누군가, 뭔가, 언젠가, 왠지

somewhere, someone, somewhat, sometime, somehow 4. 5. Category 6. Noun 7. TOPIK Level 9. Level

8. -

10. Beginner 11. 12. These words are used to describe an indefinite place/thing/person/time/reason. It is used when the speaker is not sure of details, or when the speaker does not wish to be so specific. These words can be translated as "somewhere," "someone," "something," "sometime," and "some reason." 13. 14. Formation 15. These are the interrogative words with - ㄴ가 or -ㄴ지 suffixed to the end. However, it is recommended that these be learned as set phrases, not as conjugations. The conjugations are provided below as a reference. Interrogative + -ㄴ가/-ㄴ지 1.어디 + -ㄴ가 = 어딘가 eodi + -nga = eodinga where -> somewhere 2.누구 + -ㄴ가 = 누군가 nugu + (-nga) = nugunga who -> someone 3.뭐 + -ㄴ가 = 뭔가 mwo + (-nga) = mwonga what -> something 4.언제 + -ㄴ가 = 언젠가 eonje + (-nga) = eonjenga when -> sometime 5.왜 + -ㄴ지 = 왠지 wae + (-nji) = waenji why -> some reason 16. 17. Example Sentences

18. 1. 나 어딘가 여행 하고 싶다. (na eodinga yeohaeng hago sipda.) I want to travel somewhere. 2. 시켜! (nugunga-hante sikyeo!) Tell someone to do it! 3. 유석 씨의 얼굴에 뭔가

. (yuseok ssi-ui eolgul-e mwonga

mudeosseoyo.) Yuseok, you have something on your face. 4.문제 , 언젠가 연락 해도 돼요. (munje isseusimyeon, eonjenga yeollak hae-do dwae yo.) If you ever have any problems, you can contact me anytime. 5.요즘 왠지 . (yojeum waenji pigonhaeyo.) These days, I'm tired for some reason. 19. 20. Notes 21. These words are often contracted to simply their interrogative forms in speech. In the context of a sentence, they are nearly indecipherable from their interrogative counterparts because they have the same pronunciations. However, they can be differentiated from the different stresses in a sentence.

어딘가 --> 어디 (somewhere --> where) 누군가 --> 누구 (someone --> who) 뭔가 -->뭐 (something --> what) Examples: 1.뭐

? (with stress on 뭐) - What do you want to drink?

2.뭐

? (with stress on

[뭔가

) - Do you want to drink something?

?]

1.누구 왔어요? (with stress on 누구 ) - Who came? 2.누구 왔어요? (with stress on 왔어요) - Did somebody come? [ 누군가

왔어요?] 1.어디 가세요? (with stress on 어디) - Where are you going? 2. 어디 가세요? (with stress on 가세요) - Are you going somewhere? [ 어딘가

가세요?]

hago

하고 with, and Category Particle TOPIK Level -

Level

Beginner

We use -하고 (-hago) to link nouns in coordination in a sentence. We can translate it as "with," or "and," both of which must be implied from context. - 하고 (-hago) links the nouns in consecutive order. We can use - 하고 (-hago) with as many nouns as desired. However, we must link it to each noun in coordination.

When we use this particle with one noun, a non-present noun is assumed to be connected to the linked noun. In this case, we still translate it as "with" or "and."

This particle is interchangeable with -(이)랑 [(-i)rang].

Formation -하고 (-hago) attaches to nouns.

Example Sentences

1.

밥

.

seonsaengnim-hago bap meogeosseoyo. “I ate with the teacher.”

2. 밥하고,

,

, 김치

.

bap-hago, jjigae-hago, galbi-hago, gimchi meogeosseoyo. “We ate rice, stew, galbi, and kimchi.”

Please note: -하고 (-hago) is suffixed to all the nouns in the sequence.

-eullae, -eullae?

-을래, -을래? I want to, I would like to, shall we? Category Sentence Ending Particle TOPIK Level Level

Beginner

We use this grammatical structure (ㄹ/을래) to convey one's desired intention for the future. It does not express one's actual intention, but one's desired intention. We often translate it as "want to (verb)." We use this construction with action verbs.

This grammatical construction is in the intimate politeness level. The standard politeness level adds the politeness particle -요 (ㄹ/을래요). We use this structure in colloquial situations. There is no formal politeness conjugation.

When you want to suggest doing something together to someone or ask whether the other person wants to do something, you can use this structure. We can translate this as both "Shall we do something?" or "Do you want to do something?" in English. When you say something using - ㄹ/을래? (-l/eullae?), when you're referring to something that the otherreferring person is do alone,that it's translated as "Doit's you want to...?" but when you're toto something you can doonly together, also translated as "Shall we...?"

Formation Verb Stem +ㄹ/을래

We useㄹ래 for verb stems ending in vowels.

For example:

1. 주다 (juda) “to give”

주 + ㄹ래 줄래(요) “I want to give (something).”

Verb stem + -ㄹ/을래? (-l/eullae?) For Example: 1. 가다 (gada) - "to go" --> 갈래? (gallae?) "Do you want to go?" or "Shall we go?" 2. 사다 (sada) - "to buy" --> 살래? (sallae?) "Do you want to buy it?" or "Shall we buy it?" We use을래 for verb stems ending in consonants.

For example:

1. 잡다 (japda) “to grab”

잡 - verb stem 잡 + 을래 잡을래 (요) “I want to grab.”

Verb stem + -ㄹ/을래? (-l/eullae?)

For Example:

1. 가다 (gada) - "to go" --> 갈래? (gallae?) "Do you want to go?" or "Shall we go?" 2. 사다 (sada) - "to buy" --> 살래? (sallae?) "Do you want to buy it?" or "Shall we buy it?"

Example Sentences

갈래요.

1.

hanguk-euro gallaeyo. "I want to go to Korea."

2. 나는 오늘

.

na-neun oneul gyeolhon hallae. "I want to get married today."

3.

.

saranghaebollaeyo. "I want to give love a try.

내일 같이 영화 볼래?(naeil gachi yeong-hwa bollae?) "Do you want to watch a movie together tomorrow?"

-gi

-기 verb nominalization Category Verb Nominalization TOPIK Level -

Level

Beginner

Most Korean action verbs can be nominalized by taking the verb stem and attaching -기 (gi) at the end. This nominalization is very important to remember since it is used with many other grammatical structures. With the new construction, the verb can be used as a noun. These verbal nouns indicate activity, quality, quantity, extent, or state of being. When nominalized, these nominalized verbs can be translated as "(verb)ing, to (verb), (adjective)ness." This verb nominalization refers to the actual act of "(verb)ing."

Formation (action) verb stem + 기 Example:

먹다 (meokda) - to eat (infinitive) 먹 (meok) - verb stem 먹 + 기 = 먹기 (meokgi) - to eat, eating (as a noun) 먹기가 제

.

Eating is my hobby.

저는

싫어요.

I don't like working.

공부 하기를

Example Sentences

.

1. 걷다 (to walk - the infinitive) - 걷기 (to walk - when used as a noun)

걷기가 힘들어. (geotgi-ga himdeureo.) To walk is tiring. 2. 쓰다 (to write - the infinitive) - 쓰기 (to write - when used as a noun)

한자 쓰기가 어려워. (hanja sseugi-ga eoryeowo.) To write Hanja is difficult. 3. 듣다 (to listen - the infinitive) - 듣기 (to listen - when used as a noun)

듣기 싫어 (deutgi silheo.) I don't want to listen. 4. It's tiring to shop.

. (syopinghag-i himdeuleoyo.)

5.걷기는 몸에 좋아요. (geotgi-neun mom-e johayo.) Walking is good for your body. 6.제 취미는 음악 . (je chwimi-neun eumak deutgi-yeyo.) My hobby is listening to the music.

Notes In Korean, the infinitive form of verbs cannot be used as nouns. These verbs must be nominalized with a verb nominalizer (such as - 기). When these nominalized verbs are used as subjects, they take the subject marking particle -가 (-ga). When they are used as objects, they use the object marking particle -

를 (-reul).

-neun geot

-는 것 Verb Nominalization Category Verb Nominalization TOPIK Level Level

Beginner

Verbs can be nominalized in a number of ways. One way is to use the grammatical construction -는 것 (-neun geot). This structure is used to to nominalize action verbs and indicates 'the act of (verb)ing.' It stresses the fact or manner of "(verb)ing." It can be translated as "(verb)ing." Often times, 것 (geot) is changed to 거 (geo) to make pronunciation easier, and for speech to flow more easily. 거 (geo) is used in spoken Korean. When 거 (geo) is used with the subject marking particle, 게 (ge) is often used in its place.

것이 = 거이 = 게 When 거 (geo) is used in conjunction with the object marking particle, 를 (reul), it becomes 거를 (geo-reul). But this is often contracted to 걸 (geol) in speech.

것을 = 거를 = 걸

Formation This verb nominalization is only used with action verbs. Verb Stem + 는 것

가다 (gada) - to go 가 (ga) - verb stem 가 + 는 것 = 가는 것 학교 가는 것을

. (hakgyo ganeun geos-eul silheohaeyo.) I don't like going to school.

만나다 (mannada) - to meet

만나 (manna) - verb stem 만나 + 는 것 = 만나는 것 친구 만나는 것을

. (chingu mannaneun geos-eul johahamnida)

I like meeting friends.

Example Sentences 1.모자 쓰는 것을 좋아해. (moja sseu-neun geos-eul johahae.) I like wearing hats. 2.친구 하는 것이 어때? (chingu haneun geos-i eottae?) What about being friends? 3.일하는 것이 Working is tiring.

. (ilhaneun geos-i himdeureoyo.)

4.비 오면 영화를 보는 것이

. (bi omyeon yeonghwa-reul boneun goes-i

seupgwan-ieyo.) It is my habit to watch a movie if it rains. 5.엄마는 밤에 것을 안 . (eomma-neun namjachingu-ga bam-e jeonhwahaneun geos-eul an johahaseyo.) My mom hates my boyfriend calling me at night.

'b' bulgyuchik dongsa

'ㅂ' 불규칙 동사의 활용 Irregular 'b' Verbs' conjugation Category Irregular Verbs TOPIK Level Level

Intermediate

With irregular 'ㅂ' verbs, the verb stem ends with ' ㅂ.' If this is followed by a construction which starts with a vowel, then the ㅂ is changed to 오 or 우 (mostly, ㅂ is changed to 우). The conjugation then affects 오 or 우.

Formation With irregular 'ㅂ' (b) verbs, the verb stem ends with 'ㅂ.' If this is followed by a construction which starts with a vowel, then the ㅂ is changed to 오 (o) or 우 (u) (most of the time, ㅂ is changed to 우). The conjugation then affects 오 or 우. When the verb stem ends with the vowel ' ㅏ' or 'ㅗ', it is followed by 오, and when verb stem ends with any vowel other than 'ㅏ' and 'ㅗ', it is followed by 우. 1.덥다[deopda] - to be hot

덥 [deop] - verb stem 덥 [deop] + 으면[eu-myeon] -> ㅂ[b] - changes to 우 --> 더우면[deo-u-myeon]

2. 춥다[chupda] - to be cold

춥 [chup] - verb stem 춥 [chup] + 으면[eu-myeon] -> ㅂ[b] - changes to 우 --> 추우면[chu-u-myeon]

3. 줍다 - (jupda) - to pick up

줍[jup] - verb stem

줍[jup] + 은[eun] -> ㅂ[b] - changes to 우 --> 주운[ju-un]

4.어렵다[eoryeopda] - to be difficult

어렵[eoryeop] - verb stem

어렵[eoryeop] + 은[eun] -> ㅂ[b] - changes to 우 --> 어려운[eoryeo-un]

Example Sentences

1. 더우면 옷을 . [Deo-umyeon oseul beoseuseyo.] Take off your cloth if it's hot. 2. 추우면 이 옷을

. [Chu-umyeon oseuol ibeuseyo.]

Wear this cloth if it's cold. 3. 이것은 내가 주운 This is the pen I picked up.

.[Igeoseun naega ju-un penimnida.]

4. 그것은 정말 어려운 It's really a difficult problem.

.[Geugeoseun jeongmal eoryeo-un munje-imnida.]

Notes The following verbs are exceptions and don't follow the rule above, therefore conjugated like other regular verbs. 1. 입다 - (ipda) - to wear 2. 잡다 - (japda) - to catch, to hold 3. 씹다 - (ssipda) - to chew 4. 좁다 - (jopda) - to be narrow 5. 넓다 - (neobda) - to be wide

-ji anta, -haji anta

-지 않다 / -하지않다. negative sentence ending Category Sentence Ending Particle TOPIK Level -

Level

Beginner

-지 않다 (-ji anta) is a the negative sentence ending, used for negating a sentence. It is considered the standard in which to negate a sentence. It is often used in written Korean (i.e. books, novels, manuals, newspapers) as well as it is used in spoken Korean. This construction can be translated as "no" or "not." This structure is attached to the end of verbs (both descriptive and action) to negate these verbs. 않다 (anta) can be conjugated to reflect politeness level, tense, mood, etc.

Formation Verb Stem + 지 않다

마시다 (masida) - to drink 마시다 + -지 않다 마시지 않다 (masiji anta) - not drink 저는 술을 마시지

. (jeo-neun sul-eul masiji anhseumnida)

I don't drink alcohol.

Example Sentences (1) 나는 외롭지 않아! (na-neun oeropji anha!) I am not lonely! (2) 오늘 진짜 덥지 않아? (oneul jinjja dupji anha?) Isn't it really hot today? (3) 저는 학교를 다니지 I don't go to school.

. (jeo-neun hakgyo-reul daniji anhseumnida.)

Notes Another way a sentence can be negated is by using the negative adverb 안 (an). The difference between the two is that 안 (an) is considered more colloquial, and 지 않다 (ji anta) is considered the standard way to negate a sentence. 지 않다 (ji anta) would be the negation most likely found in novels, textbooks, and newspapers, however, it is still used commonly in colloquial situations. 안 (an) would most likely be heard during a conversation and would typically not be found in written Korean.

ppalli, neutge

빨리, 늦게 early, late Category Adverb TOPIK Level Level Beginner

We often use 빨리 (ppalli) as an adverb to encourage someone to do something "quickly." In addition to using it as an adverb, we can use it by itself without a verb to encourage someone to do something quickly. When we use it by itself, we often repeat it for added emphasis. Although this adverb does not have any politeness levels and we can use it with all levels of speech, you can add 요 at the end of this word to be more polite when you're using this word alone as in 빨리요 (ppalliyo).

늦게 (neutge) is an adverb that means "late." In Korean, we usually place adverbs before verbs, unlike in English, where most adverbs come after the verbs.

* 늦게 (neutge) - "late" * 늦게 가다 (neutge gada) - "to go late" * 늦게

(neutge dochakhada) - "to arrive late"

* 가다 늦게 (x) - Not correct *

늦게 (x) - Not correct

Formation As with any adverb we use, we use this one before verbs.

빨리 + Verb (or Verbal phrase) ♣ Examples ♣ 1. 가다 (gada) "to go"

가 (ga) "go" : imperative (intimate politeness level) 빨리 + 가 (ppalli + ga) 빨리 가 (ppalli ga) "go quickly, hurry up and go" 2. 먹다 (meokda) " to eat"

먹어 (meogeo) "eat" : imperative (intimate politeness level) 빨리 + 먹어 (ppalli + meogeo) 빨리 먹어 (ppalli meogeo) "eat quickly, hurry up and eat"

Example Sentences

진규: 야, 빨리 가자. jingyu: ya, ppalli gaja. Jingyu: "Hey, hurry up! Let's go!"

어제 늦게 잤어요.(eoje neutge jasseoyo.) "I went to bed late yesterday."

-na, -ina

-나, -이나 or Category Particle TOPIK Level Level

Absolute Beginner

-(이)나 [-(i)na ] is a particle, which attaches to nouns. It has a number of usages that can change the translation.

Usages: 1. It is a particle which separates two nouns to express different options. It is used as "or." (e.x.

월요일 - Sunday or Monday)

2. When it is used with only one noun, the latter half is assumed and is usually translated as "or something." It is not to discriminate between person / time / place "wh-ever, any-, all every".

(e.x. 숙제나 해! - Do your homework, or something) 3. When used in conjunction with time phrases, the time given is an approximation. (이)나, in this situation, is often translated as "about" or "approximately."

(e.x. 몇

? - About how many hours did it take?)

4. It can be used to express one's missed expectations. In this situation it is used when it is much more than one expects. When used in this manner it gives off the nuance "much more than expected."

(그 영화는 3 expected.)

. - That movie lasted 3 hours, much more than I

Formation -(이)나 [-(i)na] is a particle and is attached to the end of nouns. For all the following

constructions, -이나 [-ina] is used with nouns ending in consonants, and -나 [-na] is used with words ending in vowels. Usage 1 < Noun + -(이)나 + Noun: "or" >

한국어[hangugeo] + -나 + 영어[yeong-eo] ---> eo]: Korean or English

영어[hangeugeona yeong-

책[chaek] + -이나 + 연필[yeonpil] ---> 책이나 연필[chaegina yeonpil]: a book or a pencil

Usage 2 < Noun + -(이)나 : wh-ever, any-, all, every >

숙제[sukje] + -나 + 해[hae] ---> 숙제나 해![Sukjena hae!]:Do your homework, or something!

Usage 3

몇 시간[myeot sigan] + -이나 ---> 몇

[myeot siganina] : "About how many

hours" Usage 4 < phrase + -(이)나 : much more than expected>

3시간[se sigan] + 이나 ---> 3 than expected"

[sesiganina]: " 3 hours which is much more

Example Sentences 1. 한국어나 영어로 . Hangugeona yeong-eoro malhaseyo. Please speak Korean or English. 2. 책이나 잡지를 많이 읽어요.

Chaek-ina japji-reul manni ilgeoyo. I read books or magazines a lot. 3. 유럽이나 아프리카에 가고 싶어요. Yurob-ina apeurika-e gago ipeoyo. I want to go to Europe or Africa. 4. 커피나 마시러 갈래요? Keopi-na masireo galraeyo? Do you want to go drink some coffee or something? 5. 몇 시간이나 ? Myeot sigan-ina geolryeosseoyo?

About how many hours did it take? 6. 그 영화는 3시간이나 . Geu yeonghwa-neun se sigan-ina geolryeosseoyo. That movie lasted 3 hours (much more than I expected).

yoil

요일 day of the week Category Noun TOPIK Level -

Level

Absolute Beginner

We express the days of the week in Korean by adding the word 요일 (yoil) to the end of the letter that represents each day. The names are based on the Chinese characters that represent different things in nature.

Name

Chinese Character

Meaning

Days

일

日 (il)

Sun

일요일 (iryoil)

월

月 (wol)

Moon

월요일 (woryoil)

화

火 (hwa)

Fire

화요일 (hwayoil)

수

水 (su)

Water

수요일 (suyoil)

목

木 (mok)

Tree

목요일 (mogyoil)

금

金 (geum)

Gold

금요일 (geumyoil)

토

土 (to)

Earth

토요일 (toyoil)

Notes Sometimes, when referring to several days of the week, we only use the first letters. For Example:

1. 월화수 (wolhwasu) "Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday" 2. 월수금 (wolsugeum) "Monday, Wednesday, Friday"

je, nae, ni, uri, jeohui

제, 내, 니, 우리, 저희 my, your, our (informal and formal) Category Noun TOPIK Level -

Level

Absolute Beginner

We use possessive pronouns to attribute ownership of an object to someone. Like any other pronoun, these replace the nouns. We use different possessive pronouns according to the speaker’s relationship with the listener. Humbling pronouns, neutral pronouns, and intimate pronouns, all indicate the relationship between the listener and the speaker.

Formation In reality, possessive pronouns are a contraction of pronouns and the possessive particle.

1. 제 =저의 (jeo-ui) -저 + 의 first person humbling pronoun + possessive particle We use 제 (je) to humble oneself in the presence of someone the speaker respects.

2. 내 =나의 (na-ui) -나 + 의 informal first person pronoun + possessive particle We use 내 (nae) in informal contexts where the speaker feels that 제 (je) is too polite and inappropriate for the relationship with the listener. We use 내 (nae) when the speaker does not feel the need to show the highest respect to the listener.

3. 니 = 너의 (neo-ui) - 너 + 의 informal second person pronoun + possessive particle We use 니 (ni) in informal contexts when the speaker feels very comfortable with the listener and the power relationship is at least equal. We commonly use it when the speaker has the upper hand in the relationship.

4. 저희 = 저희 + 의 - 저희(의) humbling first person plural noun + (possessive particle) We actually drop the possessive particle for this possessive pronoun (as we do in many cases.) We use this possessive particle in formal situations such as when the speaker does not know the listener well, or when the listener holds much of the power in the relationship.

5. 우리 = 우리 + 의 - 우리(의) intimate first person plural pronoun + (possessive particle) We actually drop the possessive particle for this possessive pronoun (as we do in many cases.) We use this possessive particle in informal situations when the speaker feels that 저희 (jeohui) is too polite.

Example Sentences

1. 제 친구가 호주에 살아요.

je chingu-ga hoju-e sarayo. “My friend lives in Australia.”

2. 내 차가 죽었어.

nae cha-ga jukeosseo. “My car broke down (died).”

3. 니 연필 줘.

ni yeonpil jwo. “Give me your pencil.”

4. 우리 집은 넓어.

uri jib-eun neolbeo. “My home is big.” (neutral/intimate)

5. 저희 집은 좁아요.

jeohui jip-eun jobayo. “My home is small.” (polite)

eodinga, nugunga, mwonga, eonjenga, waenji

어딘가, 누군가, 뭔가, 언젠가, 왠지 somewhere, someone, somewhat, sometime, somehow Category Noun TOPIK Level Level Beginner

These words are used to describe an indefinite place/thing/person/time/reason. It is used when the speaker is not sure of details, or when the speaker does not wish to be so

specific. These words can be translated as "somewhere," "someone," "something," "sometime," and "some reason."

Formation These are the interrogative words with - ㄴ가 or -ㄴ지 suffixed to the end. However, it is recommended that these be learned as set phrases, not as conjugations. The conjugations are provided below as a reference. Interrogative + -ㄴ가/-ㄴ지 1.어디 + -ㄴ가 = 어딘가 eodi + -nga = eodinga where -> somewhere 2.누구 + -ㄴ가 = 누군가 nugu + (-nga) = nugunga who -> someone 3.뭐 + -ㄴ가 = 뭔가 mwo + (-nga) = mwonga what -> something 4.언제 + -ㄴ가 = 언젠가 eonje + (-nga) = eonjenga when -> sometime 5.왜 + -ㄴ지 = 왠지 wae + (-nji) = waenji why -> some reason

Example Sentences 1. 나 어딘가 여행 하고 싶다. (na eodinga yeohaeng hago sipda.) I want to travel somewhere. 2. 시켜! (nugunga-hante sikyeo!) Tell someone to do it! 3. 유석 씨의 얼굴에 뭔가 . (yuseok ssi-ui eolgul-e mwonga mudeosseoyo.) Yuseok, you have something on your face.

4.문제 , 언젠가 연락 해도 돼요. (munje isseusimyeon, eonjenga yeollak hae-do dwae yo.) If you ever have any problems, you can contact me anytime. 5.요즘 왠지 . (yojeum waenji pigonhaeyo.) These days, I'm tired for some reason.

Notes These words are often contracted to simply their interrogative forms in speech. In the context of a sentence, they are nearly indecipherable from their interrogative counterparts because they have the same pronunciations. However, they can be differentiated from the different stresses in a sentence.

어딘가 --> 어디 (somewhere --> where) 누군가 --> 누구 (someone --> who) 뭔가 -->뭐 (something --> what) Examples: 1.뭐

? (with stress on 뭐) - What do you want to drink?

2.뭐

? (with stress on

) - Do you want to drink something? [ 뭔가

?] 1.누구 왔어요? (with stress on 누구 ) - Who came? 2.누구 왔어요? (with stress on 왔어요) - Did somebody come? [ 누군가 왔어요?] 1.어디 가세요? (with stress on 어디) - Where are you going? 2. 어디 가세요? (with stress on 가세요) - Are you going somewhere? [ 어딘가

가세요?]

-gi jeone

-기 전에 before Category Conjunction TOPIK Level -

Level

Intermediate

We use this grammatical pattern to set a timeline and express an action that occurs before another action. This pattern emphasizes the last action in the construction. We use the first action to give a time reference. We can translate this construction as "before (verb1), (verb2)."

We use this pattern to connect two verbs. We express politeness level, tense, negation, and mood through the second verb.

Formation This construction uses two verbs. The second verb expresses the politeness level, tense, negation, and mood. For Example:

[Verb 1 - verb stem] +기 전에 + [Verb 2] Before [Verb 1], [Verb 2]

Verb 1 - 자다 (jada) – “to sleep”

자 (ja) - verb stem Verb 2 - 먹다 (meokda) – “to eat”

자 + 기 전에 + 먹다 자기 전에 막다. (jagi jeon-e meokda) “Before sleeping, eat.” 자기 전에 먹었어. “I ate before sleeping.”

자기 전에 못 먹었어. “I couldn't eat before sleeping.” Example Sentences

1. 한국 가기 전에 러시아

.

hanguk gagi jeon-e reosia gasseumnida. "Before going to Korea, he went to Russia."

2. 자기 전에 책을 읽어.

jagi jeon-e chaek-eul ilgeo. "Read a book before sleeping."

3. 저는

전에

.

jeo-neun nongguhagi jeon-e syawohaesseoyo. "Before playing basketball, I took a shower."

Notes This grammatical construction is actually the nominalization of Verb 1 followed by the

전에 (jeone). 전 (jeon) means "before" and 에 (e) is the time marking particle.

eun, neun (1)

은, 는 (1) topic maker, As for Category Particle TOPIK Level 1

Level

Absolute Beginner

Note that -은/는 is called the topic particle and placed after a noun to make it the topic under discussion. Using the topic particle is one way to designate a noun as the subject of a particular sentence. 1. When a conversation can go any way, the topic marking particle is used to bring attention to what the speaker wishes to talk about. When nothing is being said by either party in a conversation, and a speaker wishes to bring up a topic to talk about, the topic marking particle is used to introduce a new topic to a conversation. 2. If a topic has already been introduced into the conversation, it is old information. If it is old information, it is no longer necessary to mention the topic again (topics and subjects may be dropped in sentences). But if the speaker wishes to clarify what is being spoken about, the topic marking particle is used to clarify the topic of the sentence. 3. The topic marking particle may be used to contrast. For example: 1.저는 한국

- jeo-neun hanguk saramimnida.

2.저는 일본

- jeo-neun ilbon saramimnida.

Sentence 1 uses the topic marking particle because it is bringing a new topic of conversation to attention. 2 uses the topic marking particle to make the contrast that the person is Sentence not Korean, but rather Japanese.

Formation -은/는 (eun/neun) is attached to the end of a noun, an adverb, or another particle.

는 (neun) is used when the previous syllabic block ends in a vowel [i.e. 저는(jeo-neun), ㅓ is the last vowel; 성주 씨는 (seongjussi-neun), ㅣ is the last vowel; 대구는, (daeguneun), ㅜ is the last vowel].

은 (eun) is used when the previous syllabic block ends in a consonant [i.e. 이름은 (ireum-eun), ㅁ is the last consonant; 서울은 (Seoul-eun), ㄹ is the last consonant;

부산은 (busan-eun), ㄴ is the last consonant].

Example Sentences

저는

. (jeo-neun yunseol-imnida) (-는 attached to a noun) I am Yunseol. . (baksukyeong-eun hakseng-imnida) (-은 attached to a noun) Su Kyeong Park is a student. . (jungguke-neun saramimanhseumnida) (-는 attached to another particle) There are many people in China.

i, ga

이, 가 subject-marking particle Category Particle TOPIK Level 1

Level

Absolute Beginner

-이/가 (i/ga) is a subject-marking particle. We attach this particle to the end of a word to indicate that it's the subject of the sentence. Sometimes we must use 이/가 with certain verbs as they are part of a set (아니다, 있다, 없다, etc).

Formation [Noun] + 이/가.

이 (i) and 가 (ga) both accomplish the same thing: indicate the subject of the sentence. But they change according to the word they attach to. We use 이 (i) when the word it is attaching to ends in a consonant, as in (ilbonsaram-i animnida). The subject is

(ilbonsaram), and it ends

in ㅁ (-m), which is a consonant. Therefore, we use 이 (i) here. We use 가 (ga) when the word it is attaching to ends in a vowel, as in 가수가 (gasu-ga animnida). The subject is 가수 (gasu), and it ends in ㅜ (u), which is a vowel. Therefore, we use 가 (ga) here. For Example:

1. 돈이 없어요. don-i eobseoyo "I don't have money."

돈 + 이 (don + i) 2. 학생이 . hakseng-i animnida

"(I) am not a student." (I is inferred)

학생 + i (hakseng + i)

Example Sentences 1. 의자가

.

uija-ga animnida "(It) is not a chair." 2. 저는 . jeo-neun miguksaram-i animnida "I am not American." 3. 우리 돈이 . uri abeoji-neun don-i eobseumnida "My father does not have money."

mani, jeokke

많이, 적게 many, little Category Adverb TOPIK Level Level

Beginner

많이 (mani) is an adverb and we use it to describe actions that are done "many" times or "a lot." We also use it as an intensifier for descriptions to say that the subject is "very" (description). As with any adverb, we place this in front of verbs.

적게(jeokke) is an adverb and we use it to describe actions that are doing 'a little' or 'not that many'. We also say the adverb with 'very'( 매우/maeu) to describe 'very little'. As with any adverb, we place this in front of verbs.

Formation

많이 (mani) + Verb 적게 (jeokke) + Verb

Example Sentences

많이 자요. (mani jayo.) "I seep a lot."

적게 먹어요 (jeokke meokeoyo) "I eat a little"

eul,reul

을,를 object-marking particle Category Particle TOPIK Level 1

Level

Absolute Beginner

-을/를 (eul/reul) is an object-marking particle. It marks the object of the sentence, the noun that the verb of the sentence is acting upon. We typically use this particle in conjunction with action verbs. We attach 을 (eul) to nouns that end in consonants. We attach 를 (reul) to nouns that end in vowels.

Formation [ 끝나는 목적격] + [을] [batchim-euro kkeutna-neun mokjeokgyeok] + [eul] [objects ending in a consonant] + [ eul] [받침이 없는 목적격] + [를] [bachim-i eops-neun mokjeokgyeok] + [reul] [object not ending in a consonant] + [ reul]

Example Sentences 1. 저는 짬뽕을 . jjamppong-eul meokeosseumnida. "I ate jjampong." 2. 신디 씨는 액션 영화를 싫어요. sindi ssi-neun aeksyeon yeonghwa-reul silheoyo. "Sindy doesn't like action movies." 3.

? hangukeo-reul johahajyo? "You like Korean, right?"

Notes We often drop particles, such as the object-marking particle, in speech, and we simply infer them from the context.

-deul

-들 -s (plural suffix) Category Noun TOPIK Level Level Absolute Beginner

In General, singular and plural are not secifically stated but are infered from context. You can attach the suffix " 들[deul] after any nouns.

Formation Noun + 들[deul ]

1. 학생[haksaeng] : a student

학생 + 들 -> 학생들[haksaengdeul]: students

2. 책상[chaeksang] : a table

책상 + 들 -> 책상들[chaeksangdeul]: tables

Example Sentences

1. 많은 학생(들)이 교실에 있어요.[Maneun haksaeng(deur)i gyosire itseoyo ] - " There are many students in a class."

2. 소들이 들판에 걸어가고 있어요. [Sodeuri deulpane georeogago itseoyo ] - " Cows are walking in the field."

sutja

숫자 Korean numbers Category TOPIK Level Level Beginner

Korean has two systems for numbers: sino-Korean numbers and native-Korean numbers. We use the sino-Korean numbers for counting dates, money, people, and so on. We generally use the native-Korean numbers for counting.

Sino Numbers Native Numbers

1 일 (il)

하나 (hana)

2 이 (i)

둘 (dul)

3 삼 (sam)

셋 (set)

4 사 (sa)

넷 (net)

5 오 (o)

다섯 (daseot)

6 육 (yuk)

여섯 (yeoseot)

7 칠 (chil)

일곱 (ilgop)

8 팔 (pal)

여덟 (yeodeol)

9 구 (gu)

아홉 (ahop)

10 십 (sip)

열 (yeol)

11 십일 (sibil)

열하나 (yeolhana)

12 십이 (sibi)

열둘 (yeoldul)

13 십삼 (sipsam) 열셋 (yeolset) 14 십사 (sipsa)

열넷 (yeolnet)

15 십오 (sibo)

열다섯 (yeoldaseot)

16 십육 (sipyuk)

열여섯 (yeolyeoseot)

17 십칠 (sipchil) 열일곱 (yeolilgop) 18 십팔 (sippal)

열여덟 (yeolyeodeol)

19 십구 (sipgu) 20 이십 (isip)

열아홉 (yeolahop) 스물 (seumul)

-ja

-자 let's, why don't weCategory Sentence Ending Particle TOPIK Level Level Beginner

We use this sentence ending to express invitation, persuasion, or solicitation for an action, and -자 is in the intimate politeness form. So make sure you use it only with people with whom you are on intimate terms.

Formation Whenever we conjugate a verb or a sentence ending to - 자, it shows this grammatical structure.

Example Sentences

1. 밥 먹자.

bob meokja. "Let's eat."

2. 영화 보러 가자.

yeonghwa boreo gaja. "Let's go watch a movie."

3. 놀자!

nolja! "Let's hang out!"

4. 자자!

jaja! "Let's sleep!"

5. 만나자!

mannaja! "Let's meet!"

6.

!

domanggaja! "Let's run away!"

7.

!

gongbuhaja! "Let's study!"

8. 그렇게 하자.

geureotke haja. "Let's do so."

9. 집에 가자.

gaja. "Let's go home."

10.

.

geuman duja. "Let's forget about it."

Notes -자 is very intimate language. We use it very commonly in everyday conversation, but you have to be very careful with whom you use this grammar point. You can only use this very casual language with family and close friends.

ppalli, neutge

빨리, 늦게 early, late Category

Adverb

TOPIK Level Level Beginner

We often use 빨리 (ppalli) as an adverb to encourage someone to do something "quickly." In addition to using it as an adverb, we can use it by itself without a verb to encourage someone to do something quickly. When we use it by itself, we often repeat it for added emphasis. Although this adverb does not have any politeness levels and we can use it with all levels of speech, you can add 요 at the end of this word to be more polite when you're using this word alone as in 빨리요 (ppalliyo).

늦게 (neutge) is an adverb that means "late." In Korean, we usually place adverbs before verbs, unlike in English, where most adverbs come after the verbs. * 늦게 (neutge) - "late" * 늦게 가다 (neutge gada) - "to go late" * 늦게

(neutge dochakhada) - "to arrive late"

* 가다 늦게 (x) - Not correct *

늦게 (x) - Not correct

Formation As with any adverb we use, we use this one before verbs. 빨리 + Verb (or Verbal phrase) ♣ Examples ♣ 1. 가다 (gada) "to go"

가 (ga) "go" : imperative (intimate politeness level) 빨리 + 가 (ppalli + ga) 빨리 가 (ppalli ga) "go quickly, hurry up and go" 2. 먹다 (meokda) " to eat"

먹어 (meogeo) "eat" : imperative (intimate politeness level) 빨리 + 먹어 (ppalli + meogeo) 빨리 먹어 (ppalli meogeo) "eat quickly, hurry up and eat"

Example Sentences

진규: 야, 빨리 가자. jingyu: ya, ppalli gaja. Jingyu: "Hey, hurry up! Let's go!"

어제 늦게 잤어요.(eoje neutge jasseoyo.) "I went to bed late yesterday."

myeongneonghyeong

명령형 Imperative (Standard/Intimate Politeness Level)

Category Grammartical Information TOPIK Level 1 Level Beginner

One of the imperative conjugations of Korean verbs has the same set of conjugations as the simple present tense (in regards to the standard/intimate politeness level). We can conjugate verbs the same as the simple present tense, yet they have different usages, one of which is the imperative. Although we can conjugate these verbs in the same manner, they have a different function.

As stated above, the imperative is the same as the simple present tense in regards to the standard and informal politeness levels.

Formation [Verb Stem] + [야/아/어] For example:

1. 하다 (hada) [하] + [야] = 해 (ha) + (ya) = hae

2. 가다 (gada) [가] + [아] = 가 (ga) + (a) = ga

3. 보다 (boda) [보] + [아] = 봐 (bo) + (a) = bwa

4. 쓰다 (sseuda) [쓰] + [어] = 써 (sseu) + (eo) = sseo

The formal politeness level uses the conjugation: ( 으)십시오 (sipsio)

Verb Stem + (으)십시오

For example:

1. 오다 (oda) “to come”

오 + (으)십시오 “come” (imperative - formal politeness level)

Note: We can often find the written form (으)시오 on signs on the street, giving warning or directions to the public.

We can find the spoken version of this in many historical Korean dramas as well, however, its use is only relegated to written Korean in modern Korean.

Example Sentences

1. 빨리 밥 먹어.

ppalli bap meogeo. "Hurry and eat." (intimate)

2. 집에 가세요.

jip-e gaseyo. "Please go home." (standard)

3. 물 마셔요.

mul masyeoyo. "Drink water." (standard)

4. 문을

.

mun-eul dadeusipsio. "Please, close the door." (formal)

5. 문을

.

mul-eul dadeusio. "Please, close the door." (written)

Notes This conjugation is the same as the simple present tense, only in regards to standard and intimate politeness levels. We do not use the formal politeness imperative often in casual spoken Korean, or even in formal situations. We generally reserve it for people of extreme importance (i.e., kings, queens, royalty, presidents, high-ranking military officials, etc.).

-myeonseo, -eumyeonseo

-면서, -으면서 while Category Conjunction TOPIK Level Level Beginner

We use -(으)면서 [-(eu)myeonseo] to express two simultaneous actions taking place. We can translate this as “while.” It can also link two clauses, which are taking action at the same time.

We only use this construction with actions verbs. We express tense, negation, and politeness level in the final verb or clause. We can only use this construction with two simultaneous actions, not consecutive or subsequent actions.

Formation Action 1 (verb stem) + -(으)면서 Action 2 I. Verb stems ending in consonants use 으면서 -

먹다 (meokda) "to eat" 먹 (meok ) - verb stem 먹 + -으면서 영화를 봐요.[Meogeumyeonseo yeonghwa-reul bwayo.]: "While eating, I watch a movie."

II. Verb stems ending on vowels use 면서 -

자다 (jada) "to sleep" 자 (ja) - verb stem 자 + -면서 자면서 말해요.[Jamyeonseo malhaeyo.]: "While I sleep, I talk."

Example Sentences

1. 노래 들으면서 그림 그려요. Norae deuleumyeonseo geurim geuryeyo. "I am drawing a picture while I am listening to the music."

2. 밥 먹으면서 티비 봐요. Bap meokeu myeonseo tibi bwayo. "I am watching TV while I am eating."

3. 기다리면서 먹어요. Gidarimyeonseo aiseukeurim meokeoyo. "I am eating ice cream while waiting."

-gi ttaemune

-기 때문에 because Category Conjunction TOPIK Level Level

Beginner

-기 때문에 (-gi ttaemune) means "because," and we use it to show the reason for an action or a state. Originally, 때문에 in Korean means "because of," so by adding - 기 at the end of the [verb stem] or the [verb stem + past infix], you literally nominalize the verb and say "because of verb(-ing)."

There are several ways to express reasons in Korean.

1. Verb stem + (past infix if necessary) + -아/어/여 + 서

2. Verb stem + (past infix if necessary) + -(으)니까

3. Verb stem + (past infix if necessary) + -(으)므로

4. Verb stem + (past infix if necessary) + -기 때문에

때문에 generally expresses a stronger justification of the consequence than - 아/어/여서, and is equally as strong as -( 으)니까. So if you say -기 때문에 or 때문에, you are (in

most cases) indicating that what has happened, is happening, or will happen as a consequence, has all the right reasons to happen.

Formation Verb stem + (past infix if necessary) + -기 때문에 Noun + 때문에

Example Sentences

1. 비싸기 때문에 살 수 없어요.

bissagi ttaemune sal su opseoyo. "Because it is expensive, I can't buy it."

2. 너무 멀기 때문에 가기 싫어요.

neomu meolgi ttaemune gagi silheoyo. "Because it is too far, I don't want to go."

3. 오늘은 비가 오기 때문에 우산이 잘 팔려요.

oneul-eun bi-ga ogi ttaemune usan-i jal pallyeoyo. "It's raining today so the umbrellas are selling well."

4. 야근 때문에 너무 피곤해!

yageun ttaemune neomu pigonhae! "I'm so tired because of working extra hours!"

5. 너

!

neo ttaemuniya. "It's all because of you!"

6. 무엇 때문에

?

mueot ttaemune geureoseyo? "Why are you doing that?" ("You are doing it because of what?")

7. 그렇기 때문에

.

geureoki ttaemune geumandueosseoyo. "That's why I quit."

Notes The syntax order in Korean is often different from that in English, so we can also translate -기 때문에 as “therefore” or “so,” depending on which part of the entire sentence you translate first.

-aseo, -eseo (1)

-아서, -어서 (1) and then Category Conjunction TOPIK Level -

Level

Beginner

-서 [-seo] is a connective ending that we use when one subject performs one action and then another action. We can translate it as, "(verb1) and (verb2)." And as the order suggests, the verbs occur in the order they appear in the sentence.

Formation We use -아서 [-eoseo] with verbs that have a either the vowel ㅗ [o] or ㅏ [a] in the verb stem's final syllable. 1. 가다 [gada]: "to go"

가[ga] - verb stem -> 가 + 서[ga + seo] -> 가서[gaseo] 가다[gada] + 먹다(meokda) - "go" + "eat" -> 가서 먹다 [gaseo meokda]: go and eat

2. 오다[oda] "to come"

오[o] - verb stem

-> 오 + 아서 [o + aseo] -> 와서[waseo]

오다(oda) + 자다(jada) - "come" + "sleep" -> 와서 자다[waseo jada]

Note: We often fuse -아 [-a] in -아서 [-aseo] into verb stems if the verb stem doesn't end in a consonant.

Example Sentences

1. 친구랑 레스토랑에 가서 먹었어요.[Chingurang leseutorang-e gaseo meogeosseoyo] I went to a restaurant and ate with my friend. 2. 집에 와서 자거라.[Jibe waseo jageora] Come back home and sleep.

Notes For situations in which you make suggestions as to what to do and say - 자 or -ㅂ시다, you use -(으)니까, and can't use - 아/어/여서. For example:

1. Incorrect:오늘은 추워서, 집에 있자

2. Correct:오늘은

, 집에 있자

For situations in which you connect two separate actions in logical order and say, "I did XX because I did YY," you can use both -기 때문에 and -아/어/여서.

However, when you are apologizing for a past action, you can't say - 기 때문에, but must use -아/어/여서 +

/미안해.

/

For example:

1. Incorrect:늦게

미안해.

2. Correct:늦게 와서 미안해.

-eullae, -eullae?

-을래, -을래? I want to, I would like to, shall we? Category Sentence Ending Particle TOPIK Level Level Beginner

We use this grammatical structure (ㄹ/을래) to convey one's desired intention for the future. It does not express one's actual intention, but one's desired intention. We often translate it as "want to (verb)." We use this construction with action verbs.

This grammatical construction is in the intimate politeness level. The standard politeness level adds the politeness particle -요 (ㄹ/을래요). We use this structure in colloquial situations. There is no formal politeness conjugation.

When you want to suggest doing something together to someone or ask whether the other person wants to do something, you can use this structure. We can translate this as both "Shall we do something?" or "Do you want to do something?" in English. When you say something using - ㄹ/을래? (-l/eullae?), when you're referring to something that the other person is to do alone, it's translated only as "Do you want to...?" but when you're referring to something that you can do together, it's also translated as "Shall we...?"

Formation Verb Stem +ㄹ/을래

We useㄹ래 for verb stems ending in vowels.

For example:

1. 주다 (juda) “to give”

주 + ㄹ래 줄래(요) “I want to give (something).”

Verb stem + -ㄹ/을래? (-l/eullae?) For Example: 1. 가다 (gada) - "to go" --> 갈래? (gallae?) "Do you want to go?" or "Shall we go?" 2. 사다 (sada) - "to buy" --> 살래? (sallae?) "Do you want to buy it?" or "Shall we buy it?"

We use을래 for verb stems ending in consonants.

For example:

1. 잡다 (japda) “to grab”

잡 - verb stem 잡 + 을래 잡을래 (요) “I want to grab.”

Verb stem + -ㄹ/을래? (-l/eullae?) For Example:

1. 가다 (gada) - "to go" --> 갈래? (gallae?) "Do you want to go?" or "Shall we go?" 2. 사다 (sada) - "to buy" --> 살래? (sallae?) "Do you want to buy it?" or "Shall we buy it?"

Example Sentences

갈래요.

1.

hanguk-euro gallaeyo. "I want to go to Korea."

2. 나는 오늘

.

na-neun oneul gyeolhon hallae. "I want to get married today."

3.

.

saranghaebollaeyo. "I want to give love a try.

내일 같이 영화 볼래?(naeil gachi yeong-hwa bollae?) "Do you want to watch a movie together tomorrow?"

-nikka

-니까 so Category Conjunction TOPIK Level Level Beginner

-(으)니까 (nikka) is the connective ending which is used to express the reason for an action or state.

으 니까 We can translate -(

)

(nikka) as "because," "since," or "so."

We use -(으)니까 when expressing a reason, along with - 기 때문에 (gi ttaemune) and -

서 (seo). While we usually use the other two to express reasons related to the past tense, we usually use -(으)니까 to express a future decision or a command, or when we use it to discuss a past action, it expresses something that was rightfully supposed to be that way.

Formation

( Reason ) +(으)니까

1. "니까" is attached to the end of clauses that end in vowels. 2. "으니까" is attached to the end of clauses that end in consonants.

1. 비싸다(bissada): be expensive

비싸(bissa) + 다(da) -> 비싸(bissa)- adjective stem 비싸 + 니까 (bissa + nikka) ->

(bissanikka)

2. 있다(itda): have

있(it) + 다(da) -> 있(it) - verb stem 있 + 으 + 니까 (it + eu + nikka) ->

(itssunikka)

For example:

1. 이 가방은 다른 가방을 살게요.(i gabang-eun bissanikka dareun gabang-eul salgeyo) This bag is expensive so I will buy another one. 2. 내일 시험이 해.(naeil siheomi itsseunikka gongbuhaeya hae) I have a test tomorrow so I should study.

Example Sentences

1. 오늘은

켜세요.

oneul-eun deounikka eeokeoneul kyeoseyo. "Today is hot, please turn on the air conditioner."

2. 비가 오니까 가지 말자.

biga onikka gaji malja.

"It's raining, so let's not go."

3. 이 영화 재미

다른 영화 보자.

i yeongwha jaemi eopseunikka dareun yeonghwa boja. "Let's watch a different movie, this movie is boring."

4.

어제

오늘은 다른 거 먹어.

haembeogeo-neun eoje meogeosseunikka, oneul-eun dareun geo meogeo. "You ate hamburger yesterday, so eat something different today."

Notes Sometimes, we can leave out the second clause and simply infer it from the context.

3.

공부 하려고 해. hangukeo-reul gongbu haryeogo hae. "I plan on studying Korean."

Notes

Many times, we shorten this grammatical structure. The following are a few different colloquial variations of this grammatical structure:

Original Construction: -(으)려고 하다

For example:

1. 자다 (jada) "to sleep"

자 (verb stem) 자 + 려고 하다 자려고 하다. "to intend to sleep" 자려고 해. "to intend"

Abbreviated/Shortened Variations:

I. -(으)려고

We remove 하다 from the construction. As we remove 하다 from this construction, there is no way to inflect politeness level. Generally speaking, to end a sentence in this manner makes it is closer to the intimate politeness level.

For example:

1. 자다 (jada) "to sleep"

자 (verb stem) 자 + 려고

자려고. "I intend to sleep."

II. -ㄹ/을라구

In addition to removing 하다, we have changed the construction itself. This is closest to the intimate politeness level.

For example:

1. 자다 (jada) "to sleep"

자 (verb stem) 자 + ㄹ라구 잘라구. "I intend to sleep."

-eulge(yo)

-을게(요) I will do A, let me do

Category Verb TOPIK Level Level Intermediate

VST + 'ㄹ/을게(요)' [r/eulkke(yo) ] is used to express "a will or an intention of the speaker = will (VERB)" . VST + ㄹ/을게 [r/eulkke ] is often used between 'friends' or is spoken to 'someone younger'.

VST + ㄹ/을게요 [r/eulkkeyo ] is often spoken to 'the elderly' or to 'customers'.

Formation Verb Stem + ㄹ/을게(요) [r/eulkke(yo) ] - "(the speaker) will do something for (somebody else)" {Rule #1} - ㄹ게(요) is attached to verb stems ending in a vowel (without a 받침) {Rule #2} - 을게(요) is attached to verb stems ending in a consonant (with a 받침)

Verb

Verb Stem +

ㄹ/을게(요)

Becomes... Translation

1. 사다 {Rule #1} "to buy"

사 + ㄹ게(요)

살게(요)

2. 먹다 {Rule #2} "to eat"

먹 + 을게(요)

먹을게(요) "(I) will eat (it for you)"

3. 하다 {Rule #1} "to do"

하 + ㄹ게(요)

할게(요)

4. 찾다 {Rule #2} "to find / to search for"

찾 + 을게(요)

찾을게(요) "(I) will find (it for you)"

"(I) will buy (you) (something)"

"(I) will do (it for you)"

Example Sentences 1. 내가 오늘 저녁 살게! (사 + ㄹ게 => 살게) Naega o-neul jeo-nyeok salkke! (salkkeyo) "Dinner is on me tonight! = I will treat you to dinner tonight!"

2. 걱정 마세요, 제가 남은 음식(을) 다 ... (먹 + 을게요 => 먹을게요) Geokjeong maseyo, jega nameun eumsik(eul) da meogeulkkeyo... "Please do not worry. I will eat all of the leftovers..." 3. 내가 이것을 할게, 넌 저것을 해줘! (하 + ㄹ게 => 할게) Naega igeoseul halkke, neon jeogeoseul haejwo! "I will (work on) this. Can you (work on) that, please?" 4. 내가 여기를 찾을게, 넌 저기를

? (찾 + 을게 => 찾을게) Naega yeogireul chajeulkke, neon jeogireul chajajul-lae? "I will search here. Can you please search over there?"

neo, neohui, dangsin

너, 너희, 당신 you, you guys, you(formal) Category

Noun

TOPIK Level Level Absolute Beginner

Second-person pronouns are those which refer to the listener. Each word has their own nuance, and specific relationship for which they should be used.

너 (neo) - 'You' - Singular - Generally, this second-person pronoun is used by a speaker who holds a great deal of power in the relationship, or when both speakers share an equal amount power the in the relationship. This word is used when the people speakertalking does not feel the need toofrespect listener. (i.e. extremely close friends, older to younger people, people of high positions) Note: A boss would not use this word because respect would be necessary in an office atmosphere (even with the difference in social hierarchy).

너희 (neohui) - 'You' - Plural - This would be used in situations when a speaker is addressing a group and when he or she holds the power in the relationship. Just like the singular 너 (neo), it would be used when the speaker does not feel the need to respect the other party. In most cases it is used towards children. Note: 너희 (neohui) is often followed by the pluralizing suffix 들 (deul).

당신 (dangsin) - 'You' - Singular - A second-person pronoun that is often used for (1) neutrality and distance (2) a term of endearment between a couple (typically married) (3) speaking in a condescending or confrontational manner. Note: 당신 (dangsin) is politer than 너 (neo), but is still not considered very polite because it is too direct to refer to someone as 'you' unless the two parties are on familiar terms. Therefore it is often used to confront strangers, or those that have no prior relationship.

Example Sentences

너 (neo) - 'You' - Singular 너 밥 먹었어? (Did you eat?) ▷This sentence can generally be used for the following relationships: close friends, older people talking to younger people (when they are familiar), classmates of the same age, etc.

너희 (neohui) - 'You' - plural 너희들 뭐 해?! (What are you doing?) ▷This sentence can generally be used for the following relationships: a mother scolding her children, a teacher scolding students.

당신 (dangsin) - 'You' - singular (1) neutrality and distance

당신의 가족을 생각 하세요! (Think of your family!) ▷This sentence may be found in an advertisement. (2) a term of endearment between a couple (typically married)

당신...

. (Dear... I love you.) Because it is used as a term of endearment, it can also be translated as 'dear' in this situation. (3)Speaking in a condescending or confrontational manner.

당신이

! (You threw it away!)

▷This sentence may be used to be confrontational with two people who are not on very close terms.

-eul geosida

-을 것이다 will, am going to Category Sentence Ending Particle TOPIK Level -

Level

Beginner

We use this grammar point to express a future action or an intention. This is stronger than the other intentionals. We can change the latter part, 것이다, to 거야, 거예요, and tense, depending on the politeness levels.

in the present

Formation Verb stem + -ㄹ/을 것이다

I. Verb stems ending in a vowel + - ㄹ 것이다

1. 가다[gada] – “to go”

가(다) + ㄹ 것이다 = 갈 것이다[gal geosimnida]: "will go”

갈 거야[gal geoya] - intimate 갈 거예요[gal geo-yeyo] - standard 갈

[gal geosimnida] or 갈 겁니다[gal geomnida] - formal

2. 보다[boda] – “to see”

보(다) + ㄹ 것이다 = 볼 것이다[bol geosida]: “will see”

볼 거야[bol geoya] - intimate 볼 거예요[bol geo-yeyo] - standard 볼

[bol geosimnida] or 볼 겁니다[bol geomnida] - formal

II. Verb stems ending in a consonant + -을 것이다

1. 잡다[japda] – “to catch”

잡(다) + 을 것이다 = 잡을 것이다[jabeul geosida]: “will catch”

잡을 거야[jabeul geoya] - intimate 잡을 거예요[jabeul geo-yeyo] - standard 잡을

[jabeul geosimnida] or 잡을 겁니다[jabeul geomnida] - formal

III. Verb stems ending with - ㄹ + 것이다

1. 살다[salda] – “to live”

살(다) + 것이다 = 살 것이다[sal geosida]: “will live”

살 거야[sal geoya]: - intimate 살 거예요[sal geo-yeyo]: - standard 살

[sal geosimnida] or 살 겁니다[sal geomnida] - formal

Example Sentences

1. 집에 갈 거야!

jib-e gal geoya! "I'm going to go home!"

2. 뭐 먹을 거야?

mwo meogeul geoyo? "What are you going to eat?"

3. 너랑 안 놀 거야!

neo-rang an nol geoya! "I'm not going to play with you!"

4. 나도 내일 영화 볼 거야.

nado naeil yeonghwa bol geoya. "I'm going to watch a movie tomorrow, too."

5. 너만 결혼해? 나도 결혼할 거야!

neo-man gyeolhonhae? nado gyeolhonhal geoya!

"You think only you can get married? I'm going to get married too!"

Notes We often replace 것이다 with 거다. It is a pronunciation change that occurs in natural conversation.

-go itda

-고 있다 -being doing Category TOPIK Level

Sentence Ending Particle -

Level Beginner

-고 있다 is the present progressive and shows a continual action. We use it with action

verbs. We express tense and politeness level in the final verb 있다 (itda).

Formation Action Verb Stem +고 있다 (go itda )

1. 먹다 (meokda) - "to eat"

먹 - verb stem 먹고 있다 - "to be eating"

2.

(mogyokhada) - "to bathe"

목욕하 - verb stem 목욕하 + 고 있다

있다 - "to be bathing"

Example Sentences

1. 지금, 뭐 하고 있어요?

jigeum, mwo hago isseoyo? "What are you doing now?"

2.

보고 있어요. tellebijyeon bogo isseoyo. "I'm watching TV."

3. 뭐 보고 있어요?

mwo bogo isseoyo? "What are you watching?"

4.

.

하늘을 날고 있어요.

syupeomaeniyo. syupeomaen-i haneul-eul nalgo isseoyo. "Superman. Superman is flying in the sky."

Notes

We use the progressive to describe wearing articles of clothing. We use it to describe the actual action of putting on an article of clothing. We also use it to describe the state of wearing an article of clothing. For example:

1. 입다 (ipda) – “to wear”

잠바를 입고 있어요. jamba-reul ipgo isseoyo. “(He) is putting on a jacket.” OR

“(He) is wearing a jacket.”

2. 쓰다 (sseuda) – “to wear”

모자를 쓰고 있어요. moja-reul sseugo isseoyo. “(She) is putting on a hat.” OR

“(She) is wearing a hat.”

-a(eo/yeo) juda, -deurida

-아(어/여) 주다, -드리다 do - as a favor Category Verb

TOPIK Level Level Intermediate

We can use the verb 주다[juda] as the requestive when it's in an imperative sentence or in a question. We use the requestive to request to an action from someone and we use it in conjunction with action verbs. The action we request is always a request on behalf of, or for the sake of a person (the speaker, a third party, etc.) or an entity (a group, a school, etc.). The request we make must be on behalf of another party.

We can literally translate this phrase as "please do (verb) for (me)." We can conjugate the final verb 주다[juda], which literally means "to give," according to tense, politeness level, and negation.

We can replace the final verb 주다[juda] with its humbling version, 드리다[deurida] in this grammatical construction. To use the humbling version, simply replace 주다[juda] with 드리다[deurida] and use the same grammatical pattern. When the action itself is 주다 (“to give”) however, you use 주다[juda] only once.

Formation Action Verb + (아 / 어 / 여 ) + 주다 or 드리다(the honorific form) 1. -아[-a ]: the final vowels ㅏ[a] or ㅗ [o]

사다[sada]: to buy 사 + 아 -> 사아 -> 사[sa] + 주다 ---> 사 주다[sa juda] ---> 사 드리다[sa deurida]: the honorific form 2. -어[-eo]: any other final vowels

빌리다[bil-lida]: to lend 빌리 + 어 -> 빌리어 -> 빌려[bilryeo] + 주다 ---> 빌려 주다[bilryeo juda] ---> 빌려 드리다[bilryeo deurida]: the honorific form

3. -여[-yeo]: verb 하다[hada ]

[seolgeoji-hada]: to wash dishes + 여 ->

->

[seolgeojihae] + 주다

--->

주다[seolgeojihae juda]

--->

드리다[seolgeojihae deurida]: the honorific form

Example Sentences

1. 아이에게 책을 사 주었다.[Ai-ege chaekgeul sa ju-eotda] "I bought my child a book."

어머니깨 책을 사 드렸다.[Eomeoni-kke chaegeul sa deuryeotda] - the honorific form "I bought my mother a book."

2. 친구에게 돈을 빌려 주었다.[chingu-ege doneul bilryeo ju-eotda] I lent my friend some money.

선배님에게 돈을 빌려 드렸다.[Seonbaenim-ege doneul bilryeo deuryeotda] the honorific form I lent my senior some money. 3. 동생이 설겆이해 주었다.[Dongsaeng-i seolgeojihae jueotda] My little brother washed dishes for me.

나는 어머니를 위해 설겾이해 드렸다.[Naneun eomeonireul wihae seolgeojihae deuryeotda] I washed dishes for my mother.

Notes When we use this construction in the question along with the grammatical pattern -

ㄹ/을까 (요) [-l / eulkka (yo)], the speaker is asking if he/she should perform that specific action on behalf of the other person. When used as a question, we can translate it as, "Should /Shall I (verb) for you?" For example:

1. 지워 줄까?

jiwo julkka? “Shall I erase it (for you)?”

2. 나가 줄까?

naga julkka? “Do you want me go outside (so that you can do things in private)?”

** Note: It is also possible to say 지워 줘 and 나가 줘 to mean the same thing as the

sentences above. This is quite common, but it's more correct and clearer to say 지워

줄까 and 나가 줄까?

-go(2)

-고(2) and Category Conjunction TOPIK Level Level Absolute Beginner

We use 고 (go) to connect verbs together. Generally, we translate it as “and” in English, and it works like the English conjunction "and." We also use it for connecting two or more clauses together in a single sentence.

When we use it in a sequence of verbs, the last verb in the sequence does not carry 고 (go).

Formation Verb Stem +고 (Verb Stem 1) 고, (Verb Stem 2) 고, (Verb 3).

1.

(syopinghada) "to shop" verb stem = 쇼핑하

2. 밥 먹다 (bap meokda) "to eat food" verb stem = 밥 먹

3. 커피 마시다 (keopi masida) "to drink coffee"

(쇼핑하 + 고), + (밥 먹 + 고), + (커피 마시다) =

1.

, 밥 먹고, 커피 마시다.

syopinghago bap meokgo keopi masida. "To shop and eat and drink coffee."

Clause 1 + 고, Clause 2 (Clause 3, Clause 4, etc.)

*In this construction, we attach 고 (go) to the verb stem in the clause.

1.

(gongbuhada) "to study"

2. 가다 (gada) "to go"

한국어

, 집에 갔어요.

hangugeo gongbuhaetgo, jib-e gasseoyo. "I studied Korean and went home."

Example Sentences

1. 먹고 놀고 자는게 제일 좋다.

meok-go nol-go janeunge jeil pyeonhada. "Eating, hanging out, and sleeping is the best."

2. 같이 밥 먹고

게

.

gati bap meok-go yeonghwa boneunge deiteuipnida. "Eating and watching a movie together is a date."

수업 듣고 공부 하고 왔어요.

3.

hakgyo-eseo sueop deu-go gongbu hago wasseoyo. "I went to class, studied at school, and came back."

4. 요즘에

일해요.

yojeum-e gongbuhago ilhaeyo. "I study and work lately."

5. 이거 먹고 저것도

.

igeo meokgo jeogeot-do meokeullaeyo. "I want to eat this one, and eat that one, too."

6. 영화 보고 밥 먹으러 가자!

yeonghwa bogo bap meogeureo gaja. "Let's watch a movie and go eat!"

7. 어제? 게임 하고, 영화 보고, 노래방 갔어.

eoje? geim hago, yeonghwa bogo, noraebang gasseo. "Yesterday? I played games, watched a movie, and went to a karaoke club."

8. 사진 찍고,

.

sajin jjikgo, georeodanyeoyo. "I take pictures and walk around."

Notes The last verb in the sequence does not carry 고.

-gi jeone

-기 전에 before Category Conjunction TOPIK Level Level Intermediate

We use this grammatical pattern to set a timeline and express an action that occurs before another action. This pattern emphasizes the last action in the construction. We use the first action to give a time reference. We can translate this construction as "before (verb1), (verb2)."

We use this pattern to connect two verbs. We express politeness level, tense, negation, and mood through the second verb.

Formation This construction uses two verbs. The second verb expresses the politeness level, tense, negation, and mood. For Example:

[Verb 1 - verb stem] +기 전에 + [Verb 2] Before [Verb 1], [Verb 2]

Verb 1 - 자다 (jada) – “to sleep”

자 (ja) - verb stem Verb 2 - 먹다 (meokda) – “to eat”

자 + 기 전에 + 먹다 자기 전에 막다. (jagi jeon-e meokda) “Before sleeping, eat.” 자기 전에 먹었어. “I ate before sleeping.” 자기 전에 못 먹었어. “I couldn't eat before sleeping.”

Example Sentences

1. 한국 가기 전에 러시아

.

hanguk gagi jeon-e reosia gasseumnida. "Before going to Korea, he went to Russia."

2. 자기 전에 책을 읽어.

jagi jeon-e chaek-eul ilgeo. "Read a book before sleeping."

3. 저는

전에

.

jeo-neun nongguhagi jeon-e syawohaesseoyo. "Before playing basketball, I took a shower."

Notes This grammatical construction is actually the nominalization of Verb 1 followed by the

전에 (jeone). 전 (jeon) means "before" and 에 (e) is the time marking particle.

tto

또 again Category Adverb TOPIK Level -

Level

Beginner

또 (tto) is the word that means "again," and just like in English, this word can give off various nuances depending on the tone of speech by the speaker. Examples: 1. If you say it plainly, it just means "again" or "once again." For example: A. 또 보자! (Tto boja!) "See you again!" (intimate) 2. If you say it with a rising tone, you can express sarcasm or surprise, like in this lesson's dialogue. A.

먹자. (Aiseukeurim meokja.) "Let's eat ice cream." (intimate)

B. 또??? (Tto???) "Again???" (intimate)

Example Sentences

또 저예요. (tto jeo-yeyo.) "It's me again."

mot

못 cannot, unable, incapable Category Adverb TOPIK Level Level Absolute Beginner

못 (mot) is an adverb that expresses impossibility, inability, strong denial, or strong refusal. We use this adverb mostly with action verbs. We can translate this adverb as "can't," "won't," "not (possible)," or "unable to."

Formation

못 (mot), an adverb, immediately precedes verbs. [못 + Verb] For Example:

1. 놀다 (nolda) "to play"

못 놀다 (mot nolda) "to not be able to play"

With [noun] + [하다 (hada)] verbs, we place 못 (mot) between the [noun] and [하다 (hada)]. [Noun + 하다] verb For Example:

(gongbuhada) "to study"

1.

공부 못 하다 (gongbu mot hada) "to not be able to study" With other 하다 (hada) verbs, which are not [noun] + [ 하다 (hada)] verbs, 못 (mot) immediately precedes the whole verbs. Other 하다 verbs: For Example:

1. 못 "to not be able to dislike"

Example Sentences

1. 많이 . 못 먹어요. manhi meogeosseoyo. keikeu-reul mot meogeoyo. "I ate a lot. I can't eat cake." 2.

! 나 공부 못 해! sikkeureowo! na gongbu mot hae! "It's too loud! I can't study!"

3. 지혜 씨를 못

.

Jihye ssi-reul mot mannasseoyo. "I wasn't able to meet Jihye."

-eul su itda , -eul su eopda

-을 수 있다 ,-을 수 없다 can, cannot Category Verb TOPIK Level Level Beginner

-ㄹ/을 수 있다[-l/eul su itda] is a grammatical structure we use to express ability, capability, or possibility (e.g., whether you can or can't speak English, or you can or can't use a computer). We add this structure onto the end of both descriptive and action

verbs the possibility or capability of those verbs. We can translate this as "can" to or express "able to." We can conjugate the last verb, 있다 (itda), to express politeness level, tense, or mood. Traditionally, the verb can inflect negation as well, but in this grammatical structure, the negated form would come from the verb opposite to the verb 있다[itda], which is -없다 [eopta]. We can translate the construction - ㄹ/을 수 없다[-l/eul su eoptda] as "cannot" or "not able to." However, when using the construction ㄹ/을 수 없다[-l/eul su eoptda], this carries the notion that the speaker (or subject of the sentence) was unable to do something because he or she did not have the capacity to perform that activity. Using this structure implies

that the subject does not possess the ability to perform that action (i.e., 먹을 수 없어 meaning "I can't eat" ("I don't have the ability to eat")). When expressing the "can't" because of factors other than inability, we use the impossibility adverb 못 (mot).

Formation Verb Stem + -ㄹ/을 수 있다 or -ㄹ/을 수 없다

Future / Present Tense I. Verb stems ending in a vowel + - ㄹ 수 있다 or -ㄹ 수 없다

1. 가다[gada] – “to go”

가 + -ㄹ 수 있다 => 갈 수 있다[gal su itda]: "to be able to go" 가 + -ㄹ 수 없다 => 갈 수 없다[gal su epda]: "to not be able to go" 2. 보다[boda] – “to see”

보 + -ㄹ 수 있다 => 볼 수 있다[bol su itda]: "to be able to see” 보 + -ㄹ 수 없다 => 볼 수 없다[bol su eopda]: "to not be able to see" 3. 하다[hada] - "to do"

하 + -ㄹ 수 있다 => 할 수 있다[hal su itda]: "to be able to do" 하

ㄹ 수 없다 +-

할 수 없다 =>

[hal su eopda]: "to not be able to do"

II. Verb stems ending in a consonant + -을 수 있다 or - 을 수 없다

1. 있다[itda]: "to exist" or "to have"

있 + - 을 수 있다 => 있을 수 있다[itseul su itda]: "to be able to have ...” 있 + -을 수 없다 => 있을 수 없다[itseul su eopda]: "to not be able to have"

2. 잡다[japda] – “to catch”

잡 + - 을 수 있다 => 잡을 수 있다[jabeul su itda]: "to not be able to catch...” 잡 + - 을 수 없다 => 잡을 수 없다[jabeul su eopda]: "to not be able to catch" III. Verb stems ending with ㄹ + - 수 있다 or - 수 없다

1. 알다[alda] – “to know”

알 + - 수 있다 => 알 수 있다[al su itda]: "to not be able to know...” 알 + - 수 없다 => 알 수 없다[al su eopda]: "to not be able to know" Example Sentences 1. 학교 갈 수 없어요. hakgyo gal su eopseoyo. "I wasn't able to go to school." ("I didn't have the ability to.") 2. 손이 아파서, 쓸 수 없어요. son-i apaseo, sseul su eopseoyo. "I can't write because my hand hurts." 3. 영국에 살 수 있습니다. yeongguk-e sal su isseumnida. "I can live in England." 4. 말할 수 없어요. malhal su eopseoyo. "I can't tell you." 5. 내일도 올 수 있어요? naeil-do ol su isseoyo? "Can you come again tomorrow?" 6.

저녁에 갈 수 있어요 ? jeonyeok-e yeonghwa boreo gal su isseoyo? "Can you go see a movie (with me) tonight?"

7. 자동차 좀 빌릴 수 있어요? jadongcha jom billil su isseoyo? "Can I borrow (your) car for a while?" 8. 저 도와줄 수 있어요? jeo dowajul su isseoyo? "Can you help me?" 9. 저는 한국어 할 수 있어요. jeo-neun hangukeo hal su eopseoyo. "I can speak Korean." (standard politeness level)

10. 저는 한국어 할 수 없어요. jeo-neun hangukeo hal su eopseoyo. "I can't speak Korean." (standard politeness level) 11. 김치를 먹을 수 . gimchi-reul meogeul su eopseumnida. "I can't eat kimchi." (formal politeness level) 12. 김치를 먹을 수 있습니다.

gimchi-reul meogeul su isseumnida. "I can eat kimchi." (formal politeness level)

ssi

씨 Mr.Ms. Category Honorifics TOPIK Level 1 Level Absolute Beginner

씨 (ssi) is an honorific suffix, which is used to show respect. Generally speaking, when two people meet for the first time and are on an even keel, this suffix will be used. Whenever a title is not applicable [e.g. 사장님 (sajangnim), 선생님 (seonsaengnim), kinship terms], the honorific suffix is used. This should be used with people you meet for the first time.

(ssi) should be used only with given names, and not family names. When it is used 씨 only with family names, it can be rude.

Formation [세례명] + [씨] [given name] + [ssi] or

[성명 + 세례명] + [씨] [family name + given name] + [ 씨]

Example Sentences 1.사라 씨는 ? sara ssi-neun hakseng-iseyo? Are you a student sara? 2.박준호 씨는 ? bakjunho ssi-neun nuguseyo? Who is Park Junho? 3.민지 씨... . minji ssi... junhwahaejuseyo. Minji... Please call me.

-eulkkayo?, -halkkayo?

-을까요?, -할까요? shall we, let's, why don't we Category Sentence Ending Particle TOPIK Level Level Beginner

We use the volitional form to express intention on the part of the speaker or to invite someone to do something in informal situations. Specifically, we use when asking someone if one would like to do something with the speaker, or with a group that includes the speaker. In English, we can translate this as, " shall we...?" In addition to inviting someone to do something, we also use it to ask for one's opinion, view, or appraisal about a certain fact. In this specific usage, we can translate it as "will it be (verb)?" This form is a sentence ender. Formation

-ㄹ/을까요? - (-l / e ul kkayo) - Standard Politeness Level -ㄹ/을까? - (-l / eulkkayo) - Intimate Politeness Level I. Verb stem ending in a vowel + -ㄹ까요? (-lkkayo? )

1. 보다[boda] "to see, to watch"

보 - verb stem 보 + ㄹ까요? 볼까요?[ bolkkayo?] "Shall we watch?" (Standard Politeness Level) 볼까?[ bolkka?] "Shall we watch?" (Intimate Politeness Level)

II. Verb stem ending in a consonant + - 을까요? (-eulkkayo? )

[jaemi-itda] "to be fun, to be interesting"

재미있 - verb stem 재미있 + -을까요 (jaemiit) + (-eulkkayo?) ? (jaemiisseulkkayo?) "Will it be fun?" / "What do you think?" (Standard Politeness Level) ? (jaemiisseulkka?) "Will it be fun?" / "What do you think?" (Intimate Politeness Level)

Example Sentences 1. 우리 오늘 영화 볼까요?

uri oneul yeonghwa bolkkayo? (Standard Politeness Level) "Shall we see a movie today?" 2. 숙제를

?

sukje-reul haesseulkkayo? (Standard Politeness Level) "Will (he) have done the homework?" ("What do you think?") 3. 이 책이

?

i chaek-i jaemiisseulkka? (Intimate Politeness Level) "Will this book be interesting?" ("What do you think?") 4. 광주로 갈까?

gwangju-ro galkka? (Intimate Politeness Level) "Shall we go to Gwangju?"

itda

있다 to exist, there is Category Verb TOPIK Level 1 Level Absolute Beginner

The verb 있다 (itda) expresses existence. Do not confuse this with the Korean copula

이다 (ida), which expresses equation. We can use the verb 있다 (itda) to express existence, location, or possession. We can use 있다 (itda) to say "to have" (possession).

For Example:

1. 저는 . jeo-neun namjachingu-ga issseumnida. "I have a boyfriend." (Literally, "I, boyfriend, exists" - "A boyfriend exists for me.")

있다 We can use

(itda) to say "to be" (location).

For Example:

1. 저는 학교에 . jeo-neun hakgyo-e issseumnida. "I am at school." (Literally, "I, school, at, exist" - "I exist at school.") We can also use 있다 (itda) to express "to be" (existence). For Example:

1. 여기 . yeogi goyangi-ga issseumnida. "A cat is here." (Literally, "here, cat, exist" - "A cat exists here.")

Formation

있다 (dictionary form) 있 (verb stem) For Example:

1.

- Conjugated in the formal simple present tense.

2. 있어요 - Conjugated in the standard simple present tense. 3. 있어 - Conjugated in the intimate simple present tense. 4.

- Conjugated in the formal present interrogative.

Example Sentences 1. 천호 씨는 . cheonho ssi-neun yeojachingu-ga issseumnida. "Cheonho has a girlfriend." 2. 한국에 김치가 . hanguk-e kimchi-ga issseumnida. "There is kimchi in Korea." 3. 은주 씨는 집에 . eunju ssi-neun jib-e issseumnida . "Eunju is at home." Notes

The opposite of 있다 (itda), meaning "to exist," is 없다 (eoptda), meaning "to not exist."

Related Expressions

없다 (eoptda)

eoptda

없다 to not exist Category Verb TOPIK Level 1 Level Absolute Beginner

없다 (eoptda) is the verb that expresses "to not exist." Do not confuse this with the negative Korean copula 아니다 (anida), meaning "to not be." This can express absence or lack of possession. We can use 없다 (eoptda) to express "to not be" (absence, non-existence). For Example:

1. 김치가 . kimchi-ga eoptseumnida. "There is no kimchi." (Literally, "kimchi, not exist" - "kimchi does not exist") We can use 없다 (eoptda) to express "to not have" (possession). For Example:

1. 저는 친구가 . jeo-neun chingu-ga eopsseumnida. "I don't have friends." (Literally, "I, friend, not exist" - "Friends do not exist for me") Formation

없다 - Dictionary form 없 - Verb stem For Example:

1.

- Conjugated in the formal simple present tense.

2. 없어요 - Conjugated in the standard simple present tense. 3. 없어 - Conjugated in the intimate simple present tense. 4.

- Conjugated in the formal present interrogative.

Example Sentences 1. 제윤 씨는 친구가 . jeyun ssi-neun chingu-ga eopsseumnida. "Jaeyun does not have friends. " 2. 여기 나영 씨가 . yeogi nayeong ssi-ga eopsseumnida. "Nayeong is not here." 3. 저는 . jeo-neun yeojachingu-ga eopssseumnida. "I don't have a girlfriend." Notes The opposite of 없다 (eoptda), meaning "to not have," is 있다 (itda), meaning "to have."

ida, imnida

이다, 입니다 I am, to be Category Sentence Ending Particle TOPIK Level

Level Absolute Beginner

저는 (name/noun) + 입니다 (imnida ) This pattern becomes the predicate of a sentence when followed by a noun.

We can translate 입니다 (imnida) as "to be" ("be" verb).

입 니다 (imnida) is a "be" verb. Actually, its srcinal form is 이다 (ida), meaning "to be"; however, the polite form becomes 입니다 (imnida). Korean people often use

입니다 (imnida) when saying their names.

Formation

저는 name + 입니다 (imnida ), meaning "to be" 저 는 nationality + 입니다 (imnida )

Example Sentences Names:

1. 저는 크리스 입니다. Jeoneun Keuris imnida. "(I) am Chris." 2. 저는 요코 입니다. Yoko imnida. "(I) am Yoko." 3. 저는 린 입니다. Lin imnida. "(I) am Linn." Nationalities:

1. 저는 입니다. Jeoneun migooksalam imnida. "(I) am American."

2. 저는 입니다. ilbonsaram imnida. "(I) am Japanese." 3. 저는 입니다. joonggooksaram imnida "(I) am Chinese."

Notes

입니다 (imnida) is formal language of 이다 (ida) "to be." But Koreans don't often say "I + Name + 이다" or "I + Nationality + 이다."

-aseo, -eseo (2)

-아서, -어서 (2) because, for the reason of, so Category Conjunction TOPIK Level Level Beginner

This grammatical structure indicates the cause or reason for a consequence. It is a nonfinal ending, and thus we typically introduce a consequential sentence after this structure. However, we commonly use it as a sentence ending because many times we can infer the consequential sentence. We use it mostly with descriptive verbs (some action verbs are exceptions).

Formation -(아/어)서, provides the reason for .

[verb] + -(아/어)서

1. 바쁘다[bappeuda]: "to be busy"

바ㅃ + 아서 -> 바빠서[bappaseo] : "because I am busy..." 2. 예쁘다[yeppeuda]: "to be pretty"

예ㅃ + 어서 -> 예뻐서[yeppeoseo] : "because you are pretty..." Example Sentences 1. 바빠서, 못 왔어요. bappaseo, mot wasseoyo. "I was busy, so I couldn't come." 2. 술이 좋아서, 어제도 술 . sul-i johaseo, eoje-do sul masyeosseoyo. "Because alcohol is good, I drank again yesterday." 3. 예뻐서 . yeppeoseo jeonhwahaetji. "Because you're pretty, I called." Notes Here are examples of situations where we must imply the consequential sentence. For Example:

아버지: 왜 늦게 왔어? [oe neutge watseo?] Father: "Why did you come late?"

아들: 차가 막혀서... [chaga makyeoseo...] Son: "Because there was traffic..." We should make the ending of the sentence 늦었어, meaning "I was late."

-aseo, -eseo (2)

-아서, -어서 (2) because, for the reason of, so Category Conjunction TOPIK Level Level

Beginner

This grammatical structure indicates the cause or reason for a consequence. It is a nonfinal ending, and thus we typically introduce a consequential sentence after this structure. However, we commonly use it as a sentence ending because many times we can infer the consequential sentence. We use it mostly with descriptive verbs (some action verbs are exceptions). Formation -(아/어)서, provides the reason for . [verb] + -(아/어)서

1. 바쁘다[bappeuda]: "to be busy"

바ㅃ + 아서 -> 바빠서[bappaseo] : "because I am busy..." 2. 예쁘다[yeppeuda]: "to be pretty"

예ㅃ + 어서 -> 예뻐서[yeppeoseo] : "because you are pretty..." Example Sentences 1. 바빠서, 못 왔어요. bappaseo, mot wasseoyo. "I was busy, so I couldn't come." 2. 술이 좋아서, 어제도 술 . sul-i johaseo, eoje-do sul masyeosseoyo. "Because alcohol is good, I drank again yesterday." 3. 예뻐서

.

yeppeoseo jeonhwahaetji. "Because you're pretty, I called."

Notes Here are examples of situations where we must imply the consequential sentence. For Example:

아버지: 왜 늦게 왔어? [oe neutge watseo?] Father: "Why did you come late?"

아들: 차가 막혀서... [chaga makyeoseo...] Son: "Because there was traffic..." We should make the ending of the sentence 늦었어, meaning "I was late."

-do

-도 too, also Category Particle TOPIK Level 1 Level Absolute Beginner

We use the particle -도 (-do) to express that a statement we already expressed holds true for another noun. If we issue a statement and that statement holds true for another person or thing, we use the particle -도 (-do). We attach this particle directly to the noun it is modifying. This correlates with the English words "too" and "also." Formation This is a very simple particle to use. It is simply suffixed to the end of the noun it is modifying. For Example:

1. 저는 . jeo-neun seonsaengnim-imnida "I am a teacher."

저도 . jeo-do seonsaengnim-imnida "I am also a teacher." Here, we replace the topic-marking particle -은/는 (-eun/-neun) with the augmentative particle -도 (-do).

Example Sentences 1. 저는 . jeo-neun seonsaengnim-imnida "I am a teacher."

우리 누나도

.

uri nuna-do seonsaengnim-imnida "My sister is also a teacher." 2. 저는 추워요. jeo-neun chuwoyo "I'm cold."

미지 씨도 추워요. minji-ssi-do chuwoyo "Minji is also cold."

neunyo, eunyo

는요, 은요 How about? Category Sentence Ending Particle TOPIK Level Level Beginner

When asking questions, one can ask about another person or thing outside of the conversation (a noun) by saying the noun and then attaching -은/는요? (-eun/neunyo?). The question asked prior is applied to this new question "How about...?" This is used much like the English "How about...?" -은요? (-eunyo?) is applied to nouns that end in consonants. -는요? (-neunyo?) is applied to nouns that end in vowels. Formation [noun] + -은/는요? (-eun/neunyo?) - "How about [noun]?"

Example Sentences ? (beoseu-neunyo?) - "How about the bus?" ? (sajangnim-eunyo?) - "How about the boss?"

eul,reul

을,를 object-marking particle Category Particle TOPIK Level 1 Level Absolute Beginner

-을/를 (eul/reul) is an object-marking particle. It marks the object of the sentence, the noun that the verb of the sentence is acting upon. We typically use this particle in conjunction with action verbs. We attach 을 (eul) to nouns that end in consonants. We attach 를 (reul) to nouns that end in vowels.

Formation [ 끝나는 목적격] + [을] [batchim-euro kkeutna-neun mokjeokgyeok] + [eul] [objects ending in a consonant] + [ eul] [받침이 없는 목적격] + [를] [bachim-i eops-neun mokjeokgyeok] + [reul] [object not ending in a consonant] + [ reul]

Example Sentences

1. 저는 짬뽕을 . jjamppong-eul meokeosseumnida. "I ate jjampong." 2. 신디 씨는 액션 영화를 싫어요. sindi ssi-neun aeksyeon yeonghwa-reul silheoyo. "Sindy doesn't like action movies." 3.

?

hangukeo-reul johahajyo? "You like Korean, right?"

Notes We often drop particles, such as the object-marking particle, in speech, and we simply infer them from the context.

johahada, sireohada

좋아하다, 싫어하다 like, dislike Category Verb TOPIK Level Level Beginner

The verb (joahada), which means "to like." The sentence order in Korean is different than it is in English. In English, the basic sentence order is Subject Verb Object. In Korean, however, the word order is Subject Object Verb. So we often find the verb front.

(joahada) at the end of simple sentences, with the object coming in

The verb (sireohada), which means "to not like." The sentence order in Korean is different than it is in English. In English, the basic sentence order is Subject Verb Object. In Korean, however, the word order is Subject Object Verb. So you'll

(sireohada) at the end of simple sentences, with the

often find this verb object coming in front.

KoreanClass101.com 여러분. 한국어 공부는 잘

있나요? 언어를

? ‘한국어’라는 새 한국어 공부를 하면서 무엇을 한국의 말만 아니면, 한국의 문화,

사고 방식, 생활 습관 그리고 한국의 문화를 오늘 제가

처음

않나요? 전

문화 쇼크 ‘culture shock’ 에 대해서 이야기

해 볼려고 합니다. 제가 혹시 눈물을

아마도 제가

이해해 주세요…

머문지 2주일이 체 안되서 생겼던

굳게 닫고 방에서 한발 자욱도

제 자신을 해주는 저녁 식사도

.

가져온 ‘신라면’을 “내가 왜 이러지?”, “ 내가

사람을

. 전 방문을

스스로

느끼고 행하는 제

제방한

그걸

제

건가?” 라는 생각도

. 항상 밝고

태도를 잃지 않는 도무지 이해할 수가

그런 현상을 직접 .

그렇게 하루, 이틀, 삼일이 지났고… 무엇이 그렇게 날 힘들게 하던 끝에 하나의 결론에

보며

고심을

. 20여년 이상을

편하게 쓰다가 갑자기 언어를 갑자기 접하게 되서, 제 몸과 마음이 그 새로운 언어와 문화에 적응을 못하는 즉, culture shock, 에 걸렸던 것을 깨닫게 너무 심하게 문화 쇼크에 걸린 나머지

. 정말

것은 한국의

문화와 한국

향기를 느낄 수 있는 ‘신라면’을 통해서

아주

이 문화

몹쓸 병에 걸렸던

.

병은 병원과 . 이건

없는 아주 희귀한 오는 병이며 스스로

스스로 조금씩 깨닫게

. 하지만

하는 머리로 아는 것과 그

것은 매우 다른 울리는 소리가

것을

. 그때, 바로 그 순간,

– “피할 수 없다면 즐겨라!!!”

그 소리를 들은 날부터 전 모든 것들을 새롭게 보기

.

대화를 하는데 있어서 언제나

영어는 어느새

실수를 해도 괜찮은 ‘찰흙’같은 존재가 되어 여겼던

친분을

,

문화와 사고

하는 ‘새로운 친구’같은 존재가

어느새 내가 . 그 후로 모든 것이

180도 변하게 되었고 어느새 그 ‘신라면’은 가끔 나의 허기를

존재로 다시 원래의 본 모습을 되찾게

KoreanClass101.com 여러분, ? 혹시

.

처음 접할때 어떤 느낌을

저와 같이 문화 쇼크, culture shock, 을

? 만약

접할때 정말

라면의

무엇이

? 처음

느꼈던 부분은 무엇이

모국의 문화와 특별히 다른 한국의 문화를

? ?

저는

여러분 모두가 ‘승리자’라고 생각을 합니다. 사실 이렇게 저의 듣고 이해를 한다는 것이 절대 공짜로 얻어진 . 여러분 더욱 힘 , 제가 여러분 모두를 위해

한마디

.

“피할 수 없다면 즐겨라!”

.

Formation The word order in Korean sentences is Subject Object Verb. Often in Korean, we can omit the subject, so a sentence can often start with simply the object and then end with the verb. As an example, we will look at the phrase 저는 김치 joahaeyo), which means "I like kimchi."

Example Sentences

소주(soju) meaning "rice wine" (similar to vodka) 저는 소주 . jeoneun soju joahaeyo.

(jeoneun gimchi

김치(gimchi) meaning "fermented Chinese cabbage" . 저는 김치 jeoneun gimchi sireohaeyo.

비빔밥(bibimbab) meaning "vegetables and other toppings over rice" 저는 비빔밥 . jeoneun bibimbab sireohaeyo.

Notes Remember: the word order for Korean is Subect + Object + Verb.

anida

아니다 to not be Category Verb TOPIK Level 1 Level Absolute Beginner

아니다 (anida) is the Korean negative copula. This is roughly equivalent to the English verb "to not be." Using 아니다 (anida) is the most useful and basic way to identify that people and objects are not something. “(topic and particle) + [Noun]+ .” This expresses that the (topic) of the sentence is not the [noun]. If the topic is not included in the sentence, it must be inferred.

Formation The verb stem is " 아니" (ani). This does not have any irregular conjugations.

•

(animnida) is the formal simple present conjugation of 아니다 (anida).

•

(anieyo) is the standard simple present conjugation of 아니다 (anida).

•아니야 (aniyaa) is the casual simple present conjugation of 아니다 (anida). •

(animnikka) is the formal interrogative conjugation of 아니다 (anida).

Example Sentences

저는

. (jeo-neun byeonhosa-ga animnida.) I am not a lawyer.

보라는 학생이

. (bora-neun hakseng-i animnida.) Bora is not a student.

이거는 영화가

. (igeo-neun yeonghwa-ga anieyo.) This is not a movie. Notes Just like the affirmative copula, "이다," the negative copula, "아니다," cannot be used to express existence.

igeo, geugeo, jeogeo

이거 그거 저거 , thing, , the thing this thing, that Category Noun TOPIK Level 1 Level Absolute Beginner

이거 (igeo), 그거(geugeo), 저거(jeogeo) are demonstrative pronouns, which we can express as "this," "that," and "that over there," respectively. These words are pronouns and we use them just as we use nouns.

이거 (igeo) means "this." 그거 (geugeo) means "that." It indicates the speaker is far from item under discussion but the listener is close to it.

저거 (jeogeo) means "that." It indicates both the speaker and listener are far from the item under discussion. All three of these have corresponding written forms. Spoken:

이거, 그거, 저거 Written:

이것, 그것, 저것

Formation We can break down the written form of these words as such: [demonstrative modifier] + 것 = 이것, 그것, 저것 For Example:

1. 것 (geot) means "thing." Literally, 이것 (igeot) means "this thing," 그것 (geugeot) means "that thing," and 저것 (jeogeot) means "that thing over there." In spoken Korean, however, they are as follows: [demonstrative modifier] + 거 = 이거, 그거, 저거

거 (geo) means "thing." Example Sentences 1. 이거는 제 책이야. igeo-neun je chaek-iya. "This is my book." 2. 저거는 ? jeogeo-neun nugukkeo-eyo? "Who is that over there?" 3. 그거요? 그거는 . geugeoyo? geugeo-neun moja-imnida. "That? That's a hat."

je, nae, ni, uri, jeohui

제, 내, 니, 우리, 저희 my, your, our (informal and formal) Category Noun TOPIK Level -

Level

Absolute Beginner

We use possessive pronouns to attribute ownership of an object to someone. Like any other pronoun, these replace the nouns. We use different possessive pronouns according to the speaker’s relationship with the listener. Humbling pronouns, neutral pronouns, and intimate pronouns, all indicate the relationship between the listener and the speaker.

Formation In reality, possessive pronouns are a contraction of pronouns and the possessive particle.

1. 제 =저의 (jeo-ui) -저 + 의 first person humbling pronoun + possessive particle We use 제 (je) to humble oneself in the presence of someone the speaker respects.

2. 내 =나의 (na-ui) -나 + 의 informal first person pronoun + possessive particle We use 내 (nae) in informal contexts where the speaker feels that 제 (je) is too polite and inappropriate for the relationship with the listener. We use 내 (nae) when the speaker does not feel the need to show the highest respect to the listener.

3. 니 = 너의 (neo-ui) - 너 + 의 informal second person pronoun + possessive particle We use 니 (ni) in informal contexts when the speaker feels very comfortable with the listener and the power relationship is at least equal. We commonly use it when the speaker has the upper hand in the relationship.

4. 저희 = 저희 + 의 - 저희(의) humbling first person plural noun + (possessive particle) We actually drop the possessive particle for this possessive pronoun (as we do in many cases.) We use this possessive particle in formal situations such as when the speaker does not know the listener well, or when the listener holds much of the power in the relationship.

5. 우리 = 우리 + 의 - 우리(의) intimate first person plural pronoun + (possessive particle) We actually drop the possessive particle for this possessive pronoun (as we do in many cases.) We use this possessive particle in informal situations when the speaker feels that 저희 (jeohui) is too polite.

Example Sentences

1. 제 친구가 호주에 살아요.

je chingu-ga hoju-e sarayo. “My friend lives in Australia.”

2. 내 차가 죽었어.

nae cha-ga jukeosseo. “My car broke down (died).”

3. 니 연필 줘.

ni yeonpil jwo. “Give me your pencil.”

4. 우리 집은 넓어.

uri jib-eun neolbeo. “My home is big.” (neutral/intimate)

5. 저희 집은 좁아요.

jeohui jip-eun jobayo. “My home is small.” (polite)

gwaenchana?

괜찮아? okay? Category Verb TOPIK Level Level Absolute Beginner

괜찮아? (gwaen-chan-a), which means "Are you all right?" is a very common expression we use to ask whether or not someone is feeling okay. You can add 좀 (jom), which means "some," "a little," or "a few," right before 괜찮아 (gwaen-chan-a) to make it sound more natural.

For Example:

1. 좀 괜찮아? jom gwaen-cha-a? "Are you all right?"

The expression 괜찮아? "Are you all right?" is very similar to 어때? (eo-ddae), which means "How is?"/"How about?" As you will see below, you can use these phrases in conjunction to ask about someone's condition. You can review them in Absolute Beginner Season 2 Lesson 5.

Formation Specific Body Part (noun) + particles (은/는) + (좀 jom ) + 괜찮아? (gwaen-chan-a ): "Is your (noun) all right/okay?"

Example Sentences 1. 머리는 (좀) 괜찮아? Meo-ri-neun (jom) gwaen-chan-a? "Is your head okay?" 2. 팔은 좀 어때? 팔은 괜찮아?

Pal-eun jom eo-ddae? Pal-eun gwaen-chan-a? "How is your arm? Is it all right?" 3. 배는 좀 어때? 배는 좀 괜찮아? Bae-neun jom eo-ddae? Bae-neun jom gwaen-chan-a? "How is your stomachache? Is it okay?" 4. 다리는 어때? 다리는 좀 괜찮아? Da-ri-neun eo-ddae? Da-ri-neun jom gwaen-chan-a? "How is your leg? Is it all right?"

sutja(nai)

숫자(나이) Numbers for counting age Category Noun TOPIK Level Level

Beginner

The Native Korean numbers have distinct words for numbers in the tens' place. 10 is 열 (yeol) 20 is 스물 (seumul) 30 is 서른 (seoreun) 40 is 마흔 (maheun) To construct the numbers in between these numbers, simply say the number in the tens' place, (i.e. 10, 20, 30), and then the number in the ones' place. 21 = 20 + 1 = 스물 + 하나 = 25 = 20 + 5 = 스물 + 다섯 = 37 = 30 + 7 = 서른 + 일곱 = 42 = 40 +2 = 마흔 + 둘 = 마흔둘 For numbers past 40, Korean speakers typically switch from the native-Korean numbers to the Sino-Korean numbers. The Sino-Korean numbers will be introduced in the next lesson. Reciting Age When reciting age, the counter, 살 (sal) is attached to the end of a number. This counter means "years of age." And when a counter is attached to the end of these numbers (the Native Korean numbers), numbers 1 through 4 change slightly in pronunciation.

하나 (hana) 하나 (hana) changes to 한 (han) when something is attached to the number. 둘 (dul) 둘 (dul) changes to 두 (du) when something is attached to the number. 셋 (set) 셋 (set) change to 세 (se) when something is attached to the number.

넷 (net) 넷 (net) changes to 네 (ne) when something is attached to the number.

Formation '-한 살 (han sal) - 1 year of age. -두 살 (du sal) - 2 years of age. -세 살 (se sal) - 3 years of age This rule also applies to numbers that end in the numbers 1 through 4 (i.e. 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 24, 31, etc.) and all counters, not just the counter for age 살 (sal).

-열한 살 (yeolhan sal) - 11 years of age. -열두 명 (yeoldu myeong) - 12 people. -스물세 살 (seumulse sal) - 23 years of age. -서른네 장 (seoreunne jang) - 34 sheets of paper.

Example Sentences

저는25

. (jeo-neun seumuldaseotsal-imnida.) - "I am 25 years old”

sutja(sigan)

숫자(시간) numbers for checking time Category Noun TOPIK Level

Level Beginner

1 하나 (한) - hana (han) 2 둘 (두) - dul (du) 3 셋 (세) - set (se) 4 넷 (네) - net (ne) 5 다섯 - daseot 6 여섯 - yeoseot 7 일곱 - ilgob 8 여덟 - yeodeol 9 아홉 - ahob 10 열 - yeol 11 열하나 (열한) - yeolhana (yeolhan) 12 열둘 (열두) - yeoldul (yeoldu) To state an hour, simply state the hour with a Native-Korean number and add the counter 시 (si). Korean Romanization English

한 시 han si 1 o’clock 두 시 du si 2 o’clock 세 시 se si 3 o’clock 네 시 ne si 4 o’clock 다섯 시 daseot si 5 o’clock 여섯 시 yeoseot si 6 o’clock

일곱 시 ilgob si 7 o’clock

여덟 시 yeodeol si 8 o’clock 아홉 시 ahob si 9 o’clock 열 시 yeol si 10 o’clock 열한 시 yeolhan si 11 o’clock 열두 시 yeoldu si 12 o’clock Note: Numbers one through four change slightly in pronunciation when a counter, such as 시 (si - hour), follows. Please refer to the following. Typical Pronunciation Pronunciation Change Number with 시 (si)

하나 (hana) 한 (han) 한 시 (han si) 둘 (dul) 두 (du) 두 시 (du si) 셋(set) 세(se) 세 시 (se si) 넷(net) 네(ne) 네 시 (ne si) To express minutes, state the minute using a Sino-Korean number and add the counter

분 (bun), which means minute. Korean Romanization English

오 분 o bun 5 minutes 십 분 sip bun 10 minutes 십오 분 sibo bun 15 minutes 이십 분 isip bun 20 minutes 이십오 분 isibo bun 25 minutes 삼십 분 samsip bun 30 minutes 삼십오 분 samsibo bun 35 minutes 사십 분 sasip bun 40 minutes 사십오 분 sasibo bun 45 minutes 오십 분 osip bun 50 minutes 오십오 분 osibo bun 55 minutes For 1:15, the construction is 한 시 십오 분 (han si sibo bun), literally "1 o'clock, 15 minutes." Please see the following examples.

Example Sentences 1:00 - 한 시 (han si) 8:00 - 여덟 시 (yeodeolp si) 3:10 - 세 시 십 분 (se si sip bun) - note the pronunciation change for 3 7:15 - 일곱 시 십오 분 (ilgop si sipo bun) 5:30 - 다섯 시 삼십 분 (daseot si samsip bun) 9:45 - 아홉 시 사십오 분 (ahop si sasipo bun) 12:57 - 열두 시 오십칠 분 (yeoldu si osipchil bun)

il, nal

일, 날 days Category Noun TOPIK Level -

Level

Beginner

There are native Korean names used to express the number of days. Sino-Korean numbers + 일(il) is a more formal usage than the native names for the number of days.

Example Sentences 1 day = 하루 (haru) = 1일 (iril) 2 days = 이틀 (iteul) = 2일 (iil) 3 days = 사흘 (saheul) = 3일 (samil) 4 days = 나흘 (naheul) = 4 일 (sail) 5 days = 닷새 (dassae) = 5 일 (oil) 6 days = 엿새 (yeossae) = 6일 (yugil) 7 days = 이레 (ire) = 7일 (chiril) 8 days = 여드레 (yeodeure) = 8일 (paril) 9 days = 아흐레 (aheure) = 9일 (guil) 10 days = 열흘 (yeolheul) = 10일 (sibil) 15 days = 보름 (boreum) = 15일 (siboil)

-yo

-요 politeness particle Category Sentence Ending Particle TOPIK Level 1

Level

Absolute Beginner

-요 (-yo) is sometimes used as a politeness particle. Generally speaking, if the -요 (-yo) particle is left out, it becomes the intimate politeness level (sometimes known as the casual politeness level). You can add - 요 (-yo) onto nouns, verbs conjugated into the intimate politeness level, grammatical structures, as well as many other parts of speech. When -요 (-yo) is added, as its title suggests, makes the word or sentence polite. This is in the standard politeness level. This is used to show to the listeners that you are respecting them. Typically this politeness particle is used in everyday speech, without active knowledge of it. Also, sometimes with active effort to be polite, it is added on at the end.

Formation [명사] + [요] [noun] + [yo] [반말 동사] + [요] [Verbs, intimate politeness level] + [yo] Example Sentences

아닌데 (aninde) - but it\'s not (anindeyo) - but it\'s not (polite)

친구는 와? (chingu-neun wa?) - Is your friend coming? 친구는 와요? (chingu-neun wayo?) - Is your friend coming? (polite)

학교? (hakgyo?) - School? 학교요? (hakgyoyo?) - School? (polite)

Hanjaeo sutjawa hamkke ssuiineun danwui myeongsa

한자어 숫자와 함께 쓰이는 단위 명사 counting units used with sino-Korean numbers Category Counting Units TOPIK Level Level Beginner

한자어 숫자와 함께 쓰이는 단위 명사 (Hanjaeo sutjawa hamkke ssuiineun danwui myeongsa) "Counting Units Used with Sino-Korean Numbers" These are the counting units we use with Sino-Korean numbers.

Formation 1. Counting Units used with Sino-Korean numbers "Unit in English" / Korean / Romanization

1. "Korean money" /원 / won 2. "Minutes" / 분 / bun 3. "Serial numbers" /번 / beon 4. "Months of the year and days of the month" / 월, 일 / wol, il 5. "Months" / 개월 / gaewol 6. "Portions of food" / 분 / bun 7. "Weeks" / 주 / ju 8. "Years" / 년 / nyeon 9. "Floors" / 층 / cheung Note: For more information on the counting units we use with Sino-Korean numbers, please look for Counting Units used with Sino-Korean Numbers in the Grammar Bank.

Remembering all the categories of counting units used with Sino-Korean Numbers is quite difficult. Give yourself enough time to learn them!

Example Sentences 1. 이것은 35,000입니다. Igeoteun samman dcheon won imnida. "This is thirty-five thousand Korean won." 2. 2. 지금은 3시 45분 입니다. Jigeumeun se si sa sip o bun imnida. "It's three-forty-five." Note: We use Pure Korean numbers for "hours," 시 (si), and Sino-Korean numbers for "minutes," 분 (bun).

1. 이 물건의 번호는 468번 입니다. I mulgeonui beonhoneun sabaek yuksip pal beon imnida. "The serial number for this product is #468." 2. 오늘은 9월 6일 입니다. Oneuleun gu wol yuk il imnida. "Today is September sixth."

Notes Here is a list of some of the Sino-Korean numbers. Number / Korean / Romanization

1 / 일 / il 2/이/i 3 / 삼 / sam 4 / 사 / sa 5/오/o 6 / 육 / yuk 7 / 칠 / chil

8 / 팔 / pal 9 / 구 / gu 10 / 십 / sip

11 / 십일 / sip il 12 / 십이 / sip i 13 / 십삼 / sip sam 20 / 이십 / i sip 30 / 삼십 / sam sip 40 / 사십 / sa sip 50 / 오십 / o sip 60 / 육십 / yuk sip 70 / 칠십 / chil sip 80 / 팔십 / pal sip 90 / 구십 / gu sip

100 / 백 / baek 1,000 / 천 / cheon 10,000 / 만 / man 100,000 / 십만 / sip man 1,000,000 / 억 / eok

Hoching (ajeossi, ajumma, jagi)How to call Mr.Ms.Honey

호칭 (아저씨, 아줌마, 자기) how to call Mr.Ms.Honey Category Noun TOPIK Level -

Level

Beginner

In Korea many people do not refer to each other by names but rather by titles. This applies to siblings, cousins, friends, professors, and even strangers. Strangers have titles according to the age they seem. And this can create some difficulties because of the fact that age must be guessed.

아저씨 (ajeossi) - This title is used for older men approximately in their 30's and above. There is no exact age when one is regarded as 아저씨 (ajeossi), but it generally means that the person is not considered young any more. This phrase is neither considered rude, nor impolite. (ajumeoni) - This title is used for older women approximately in their mid 30's and above. Again, there is no exact age when one is regarded as (ajumeoni), but it is used when the person is not considered young anymore. Because of this, it can also be taken as an insult by women who want to consider themselves as young. This phrase is neither considered rude, nor impolite, but is something that women do not desire to be called. Also, many Koreans call '아줌마(Ajumma) for shorten way, but it is considered rude in some cases.

학생 (haksaeng) - This word means 'student.' This word is used for young people who are (or seem to be) in High School or University. This is a general term for young people, both male and female of this age, and it is not considered rude, nor impolite.

자기/당신 (Jagi / Dangshin) - This word means 'Honey, Darling' This word is used for a wife/husband/boyfriend/girlfriend who are in serious relationship. Both men and women can be called by this. It is not considered rude, not impolite.

Example Sentences

아저씨,

. (Ajeossi, Jamkanmanyo.) Hey, Mister. Hold on a sec.

아줌마 여기 주문 좀 ,

. (Ajumma, eogi jumun jeom batdajuseyo). Excuse

me but please take an order please.

학생, 이것 좀 도와줘. (Haksaeng, Igeok jjom dowajeo) Excuseme (Young guy) but please help this.

자기, 사랑해. (Jagi, saranghae) Honey, I love you.

juseyo

주세요 please give me Category Noun TOPIK Level Level Absolute Beginner

Noun + 주세요... (juseyo) is a very useful and basic expression in Korean that we use to politely request something. We can simply translate 주세요 (juseyo) as "please give me..."

Formation Noun + 주세요... (juseyo)

To form this kind of phrase, simply use a noun(s) that you want to request and add 주세요 (jooseyo) right after the noun(s).

Example Sentences For Example:

1. 물 주세요. Mul juseyo. "Please give me some water."

Item: 물 (mul) "water" "Please give me...": 주세요... (juseyo) "Please give me [item]": 물 주세요 (mul juseyo) "English": "Please give me some water. And...

1. 커피 주세요. Keopi juseyo. "Please give me some coffee." Item: 커피 (keopi) "coffee" "Please give me...": 주세요 (juseyo) "Please give me [item]":커피 주세요 (keopi juseyo) "English": "Please give me some coffee."

Related Expressions

주세요 (juseyo) is a formal expression. The informal expression would be 줘 (jwo). For Example:

1. 물 주세요 (formal) = 물 줘 (informal) 2. 커피 주세요 (formal) = 커피 줘 (informal)

wie

위에 on top of Category Adverb TOPIK Level -

Level Beginner

위에 (wi-e) means "on top of, over," or "above." This is a combination of two words: 위 (wi), meaning "up" or "above," and 에 (e), which means "at, to," or "in." Therefore together, 위 + 에 (wi-e) has the meaning of "on top of (something)." The word that 위에 (wi-e) modifies comes before 위에 (wi-e). When we use 위에 (wi-e) on its own, it means "up there."

Formation For Example: Noun + 위에 = "on top of/over/above" + Noun

1. 자동차 (jadongcha) "car" +

위에 (wi-e) "on top of" Becomes -

자동차 위에 jadongcha wi-e "on top of the car" / "on the car"

Example Sentences Romanized Korean Chaeksang wi-e 책상 위에 있어. isseo. Chaeksang wi-e 책상 위에 놔. nwa. Chaeksang wi-e 책상 위에 없어. eopseo. Wi-e isseoyo. 위에 있어요.

거기 위에 봐.

Geogi wi-e bwa.

"English" "It's on the table."

"Please put it on the table." "It's not on the table." "It's up there." "Check up there."

mite

밑에 under, beneath Category Adverb TOPIK Level -

Level

Beginner

밑에 (mit-e) means "below, under," or "beneath." 밑에 (mit-e) is a combination of two words, 밑 (mit) and 에 (e). 밑 (mit) is a noun that means, "under, below," or "beneath."

에 (e) means, "at, to," or "in." So together, 밑에 (mit-e) means, "under (something)." The word that 위에 (mit-e) modifies comes before 위에 (mit-e). When we use 위에 (mit-e) on its own, it means "under there." Formation For Example: Noun + 밑에 = "under/below/beneath" + Noun

1. 의자 (uija) "chair" +

밑에 (mit-e) "under" Becomes -

의자 밑에 uija mit-e "under the chair"

Example Sentences Romanized Korean "English" Uija mi-teo isseo. "It's under the table." 의자 밑에 있어.

의자 밑에 없어. 밑에 없어요.

Uija mi-te eopseo. "It's not under the table." i-te eopseoyo. "It isn't down there."

밑에 찾아봐.

i-teo chajabwa. "Search down there."

밑에 둬.

it-e dwo.

"Please put it under there."

an

안 not, don't (intentionally) Category Adverb TOPIK Level 1

Level

Absolute Beginner

안 (an) is an adverb which functions to negate a verb. It is typically translated as "not" or "do not." It is usually used with action verbs, and placed before the verb. When used in conjunction with action 하다 (hada) verbs, it is usually placed after the 하다 (hada) noun and right before 하다 (hada). For non-action 하다 (hada) verbs, it is placed before the whole verb.

Formation [안] + [동사] [an] + [dongsa] [do not] + [verb] [명사] + [안] + [하다 동사] [myeongsa] + [an] + [hada dongsa] [noun] + [not] + [hada verb] [안] + [하다 동사] [an] + [hada dongsa] [not] + [hada verb] Example Sentences 1.오늘 학교 안 갔어요. oneul hakgyo an gasseoyo. I didn't go to school today. 2.저는 공부 안 해요. jeo-neun gongbu an haeyo. I don't study.

3.커피를 안 . keopi-reul an johahaeyo. I don't like coffee.

-do doeda

-도 되다 may, can Category Sentence Ending Particle TOPIK Level Level Beginner

-도 되다 (do doeda) is a grammatical construction that asks for, or gives permission to conduct a certain activity. This construction can be translated as "May I... (verb)?" or "Is it alright to (verb)," when it is used as a question. When it is used to give someone permission, it can be translated as "You may (verb)" or "It's alright if you (verb)." It is used in conjunction with action verbs. The final verb, 되다 expresses tense and politeness level. Negation occurs in the front of the construction before the verb. The negation of this structure can be translated as "May I not (verb)?" or "Is it ok if I don't (verb)" when used to ask for permission. When it is used to allow someone, or to tell someone they don't have to do something it can be translated as "You don't have to (verb)."

Formation Action Verb Stem + 아/어/여 Conjugation + 도 되다

자다 (jada) - to sleep 자 + 아 + 도 되다 자 + 도 되다 (아 + 아 = 아 - contraction) 자도 되다 - To be allowed to sleep. 선생님. 제 머리가 아파요. 저 자도 돼요? (Teacher. My head hurts. May I sleep?)

Example Sentences 1.아빠, 나 밥 다 먹었어. 나 컴퓨터 써도 돼요? (Dad, I finished eating. May I use the computer?) 2.지윤 씨도 와도 돼요. (Jiyun may also come.) 3.저 내일 돼요? (May I call tomorrow?) 4.이거 안 마셔도 돼? (Is it alright if I don't drink this?)