Korean Grammar I

ipda, beotda

입다, 벗다 to wear, to take off Category Verb TOPIK Level Level Absolute Beginner

In Korean, in most cases, the imperative form for a verb is the same as the plain present tense so it's very simple to make imperative sentences. We will practice making imperative sentences using the verbs for wearing and taking off clothes.

입다 (ipda) is the verb that means "to wear" and "to put on" clothes in Korean. You change it to 입어 (ibeo) to make it the present tense and also the imperative. * 입다 (ipda) - "to wear" * 입어. (ibeo) - "I wear it." / "I put it on." * 입어. (ibeo) - "Wear it." / "Put it on." * 입어요. (ibeoyo) - "I wear it." / "I put it on." (polite) * 입어요. (ibeoyo) - "Please wear it." / "Please put it on." (polite) In the dialogue of this lesson, since the speakers are family members, they are just using intimate language and not adding -요 (yo) at the end.

벗다 (beotda) is the verb that means "to take off" and "to remove" clothes in Korean. You change it to 벗어 (beoseo) to make it the present tense and also the imperative. * 벗다 (beotda) - "to take off" * 벗어 (beoseo) - "I take it off." * 벗어 (beoseo) - "Take it off." * 벗어요 (beoseoyo) - "I take it off." (polite) * 벗어요 (beoseoyo) - "Please take it off." (polite)

Example Sentences

치마 입어.(chima ibeo.) "Put on this skirt." 그 바지 벗어.(geu baji beoseo.) "Take off those trousers." juseyo

주세요

please give me Category Noun TOPIK Level Level Absolute Beginner

Noun + 주세요... (juseyo) is a very useful and basic expression in Korean that we use to politely request something. We can simply translate 주세요 (juseyo) as "please give me..."

Formation Noun +

... (juseyo)

To form this kind of phrase, simply use a noun(s) that you want to request and add

주세요 (jooseyo) right after the noun(s).

Example Sentences For Example:

1. 물 주세요. Mul juseyo. "Please give me some water." Item: 물 (mul) "water" "Please give me...": 주세요... (juseyo)

"Please give me [item]": 물 주세요 (mul juseyo) "English": "Please give me some water. And...

1. 커피 주세요. Keopi juseyo. "Please give me some coffee." Item: 커피 (keopi) "coffee" "Please give me...": 주세요 (juseyo) "Please give me [item]":커피 주세요 (keopi juseyo) "English": "Please give me some coffee."

Related Expressions (juseyo) is a formal expression.

The informal expression would be

(jwo).

For Example:

1. 물 주세요 (formal) = 물 줘 (informal) 2. 커피 주세요 (formal) = 커피 줘 (informal)

yeogi, geogi, jeogi

여기, 거기, 저기 here, there, over there Category Noun TOPIK Level 1

Level Absolute Beginner

여기 (yeogi), 거기 (geogi), 저기 (jeogi) are place words, and correlate to the English "here," "there," and "over there." 여기 (yeogi) is equivalent to the English "here." 거기 (geogi) is roughly equivalent to the English "there." This word implies that the location of conversation is far from the speaker, but close to the listener. 저기 (jeogi) is roughly equivalent to the English "over there." This word implies that the location of conversation is far from both the speaker and listener. These words function as nouns, and adjectives as well.

Formation These words can be used as nouns. 1.여기는 한국입니다. (yeogi-neun hanguk-imnida) Here is Korea. If they are used in conjunction with the verbs 가다 (gada) - to go, or 오다 (oda) - to come, the direction particle or location particle, 에(서) [e(seo)], is attached to these words.

여기 + 에 = yeogi-e 1.여기에서 술 마셨어. (yeogi-eseo sul masyeosseo.) (I) drank here. 2.저기에 갔어요. (jeogi-e gasseoyo.) (She) went over there.

Example Sentences

1.저도 거기에 갑니다. (jeo-do geogi-e gamnida) I am also going there. 2.저기에는 지하철 역이 없습니다. (jeogi-e-neun jihacheol yeogi eopsseumnida) There is no subway station over there. (lit. Over there, there is no subway station). [location is far away from both speaker and listener] 3.거기는 안 추워? (geogi-neun an chuwo?) Isn\'t it cold there? (lit. There, isn\'t it cold?) [location is far away from speaker, but close to the listener]

-a, -eo, -yeo

-아, -어, -여 conjugation Category Conjunction TOPIK Level Level Beginner

아/어/여 are the syllables that start the present tense conjugation for the simple present tense (both intimate and standard politeness levels), the past tense (both intimate and standard politeness levels) and also start a few other grammatical constructions. ㅏ - is used for verbs that have ㅏ or ㅗ as the last vowel in the verb stem. ㅓ - is used for verbs that do not have ㅏ or ㅗ as the last vowel in the verb stem. ㅕ - is used for 하다 (hada) verbs. Many times there are deletions and contractions with repeating vowels (If a verb stem ends in a consonant there are no deletions or contractions). The following is a list:

Formation

ㅗ/ㅏ Verb Stems 1.ㅏ + ㅏ -> ㅏ 2.ㅗ + ㅏ -> ㅘ All other verbs 3.ㅓ + ㅓ -> ㅓ

ㅜ ㅓ ㅝ 4. + -> 5.ㅡ + ㅓ -> ㅓ 6.ㅣ + ㅓ -> ㅕ 7.ㅐ + ㅓ -> ㅐ

하다 verbs 8.하 + ㅕ -> 해

Example Sentences 1.Verb stem with ㅏ[ㅏ + ㅏ -> ㅏ]

사다 (sada) - to buy 사+아-사 사 (Intimate politeness level - simple present tense) 사요 (Standard politeness level - simple present tense) 2.Verb stem with ㅗ [ㅗ + ㅏ -> ㅘ]

오다 (oda) - to come 오+아-와 와 (Intimate politeness level - simple present tense) 와요 (Standard politeness level - simple present tense) 3.Verb stem with ㅓ [ㅓ + ㅓ -> ㅓ]

서다 (seoda) - to stand 서+어-서 서 (Intimate politeness level - simple present tense) 서요 (Standard politeness level - simple present tense) 4.Verb stem with ㅜ [ㅜ + ㅓ -> ㅝ]

주다 (juda) - to give 주+어-줘 줘 (Intimate politeness level - simple present tense) 줘요 (Standard politeness level - simple present tense) 5.Verb stem with ㅡ [ㅡ + ㅓ -> ㅓ]

예쁘다 (yeppeuda) - to be pretty 예쁘 + 어 -> 예뻐 예뻐 (Intimate politeness level - simple present tense) 예뻐요 (Standard politeness level - simple present tense) 6.Verb stem with ㅣ [ㅣ + ㅓ -> ㅕ]

마시다 (masida) - to drink 마시 + 어 -> 마셔 마셔 (Intimate politeness level - simple present tense) 마셔요 (Standard politeness level - simple present tense) 7. Verb with ㅐ [ㅐ + ㅓ -> ㅐ]

보내다 (bonaeda) - to send 보내 + 어 -> 보내 보내 (Intimate politeness level - simple present tense) 보내요 (Standard politeness level - simple present tense) 8.하다 (hada) verb [하 + ㅕ -> 해]

하 + 여 -> 해 해 (Intimate politeness level - simple present tense) 해요 (Standard politeness level - simple present tense)

Notes The standard politeness level typically just adds the politeness suffix -요 (-yo).

alda, moreuda (ara, molla)

알다, 모르다 (알아, 몰라) I know, I don't know Category Verb TOPIK Level

-

Level -

알아 (ara) comes from the verb 알다 (alda) meaning "to know." It is casual language and we can use it with close friends, family members, and people on close terms. We can use it on its own as a statement expressing "I know (something)," with (something) coming before the word 알아 (ara). Or we can use it to ask if one "knows (something)," with (something) coming before the word 알아 (ara). To be a bit more polite, one can add the politeness particle - 요 (-yo) to the end of 알아 (ara). Then we can use this with strangers and with people whom we should respect. ---

몰라 (molla) comes from the verb 모르다 (moreuda) meaning "to not know." It is casual language, and we can use it with close friends, family members, and people on close terms. We can use it on its own as a statement expressing "I don't know (something)," with (something) coming before the word 몰라 (molla). Or we can use it to ask if one "doesn't know (something)," with (something) coming before the word

몰라 (molla). To be a bit more polite, one can add the politeness particle - 요 (-yo) to the end of 몰라 (molla). Then, we can use this with strangers and with people whom we should respect.

Formation Noun+알다/모르다

Example Sentences

제 번호 알아요? (je beonho arayo?) "Do you know my number?" 중국어 몰라.(jungugeo molla.) "I don't know Chinese."

apeuda (apa)

아프다 (아파) to sick Category Verb TOPIK Level Level Beginner

아파 (apa) comes from the verb 아프다 (apeuda) meaning, "to be painful, to hurt." This is in casual language, so we can use it with close friends, family members, and between people on close terms. 아빠 (appa) comes after the noun that refers to a part of the body that is aching or a person who is sick.

Formation Subject(이)가+아프다

Example Sentences

배 아파요.(bae apayo.) "I have a stomachache."

-go sipda

-고 싶다 want to doCategory Sentence Ending Particle TOPIK Level 1 Level Beginner

-고 싶다 (-go sipda) is a grammatical structure that expresses desire. We use this in conjunction with action verbs (and the static verb 있다). We can translate this ending as "want to (verb)." The verb stem is inflected with the grammatical structure -고 싶다 (-go sipda). 싶다 (sipda) then can express mood, tense, politeness level, as any other verb.

Formation [verb stem] + [

]

For example:

1. 노래하다 (noraehada) - "to sing" [노래하] + [- 고 싶다] (noraeha) + (go sipda)

노래하고 싶다

noraehago sipda "to want to sing"

2. 살다(salda) - "to live"

[살] + [- 고 싶다] (sal) + (go sipda)

살고 싶다

salgo sipda "to want to live"

Example Sentences

1. 저는 한국에서 살고 싶어요.

jeo-neun hanguk-eseo salgo sipeoyo. I want to live in Korea.

2. 오늘 아침에 아버지가 삼겹살을 먹고 싶었어요.

oneul achim-e abeoji-ga samgyeopsal-eul meokgo sipeosseoyo. This morning, my father wanted to eat Korean bacon.

3. 말 해줘... 나 알고 싶어.

mal haejwo... na algo sipeo. Tell me...I want to know.

deo

더 more Category Adverb TOPIK Level -

Level Absolute Beginner

더 (deo) means, "more" and we use it in the same way as the English word "more" in a sentence. We can use it as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb, and it comes before the word that it modifies.

For Example:

1. 비싸요.

bissayo. "It's expensive." 더 (deo) + 비싸요 (bissayo) "It's + more + expensive."

Example Sentences 1. 더 주세요.

Deo juseyo. "Please give me some more." 2. 더 먹어. Deo meogeo. "Please eat some more." 3. 이거 더 있어?

I-geo deo isseo? "Do you have more of this?" 4. 더 공부해. Deo gongbuhae. "Study more." 5. 그녀가 더 보고 싶어.

Geunyeo-ga deo bogo sipeo. "I miss her more."

neomu

너무 too Category Adverb TOPIK Level Level Beginner

너무 (neomu) is an adverb we use to describe something as excessive. When this is the case, we translate it as "too" or "overly." At times, we use it as an intensifier. When that is the case, we translate it as "very," "extremely," or "so."

Formation (neomu ) + Descriptive Verb

Example Sentences

1. 이 영화 너무 재밌어.

i yeonghwa neomu jaemisseo. "This movie is so good."

2. 영어 너무 어려워요.

yeongeo neomu eoryeowoyo. "English is too difficult."

3. 키가 너무 커. 싫어.

ki-ga neomu keo. silheo. "He's too tall. I don't like him."

ppareuda, neurida

빠르다, 느리다 fast, slow Category Verb TOPIK Level Level Beginner

빨라요 (pallayo) means "fast" and is in the standard politeness level. We can use this in situations that call for polite language. This comes from the verb 빠르다 (ppareuda) meaning "to be fast." --

느려요 (neuryeoyo) means "slow" and is in the standard politeness level. We can use this in situations that call for polite language. This comes from the verb 느리다 (neurida) meaning "to be slow."

Example Sentences

저는 걸음이 빨라요.(jeo-neun georeum-i ppallayo.) "I walk fast." (literally, "my walking is fast.")

이 버스는 너무 느려요.(i buseu-neun neomu neuryeoyo.) "This bus is too slow."

5W1H, eonje, eodiseo, nuga(nugu), mwo, wae, eotteoke5W1H, when, where, who, what, why, how

5W1H, 언제, 어디서, 누가(누구), 뭐, 왜, 어떻게 5W1H, when, where, who, what, why, how Category TOPIK Level

Adverb -

Level Absolute Beginner

? (eodi-yeyo?) is a phrase used to ask where something is. The literal

translation of this phrase is 어디 (eodi) - where, 예요(yeyo) - is. This phrase can be translated as "Where is (it)?" (eonje) has the same meaning as the English word "when." We use it in Korean just as frequently as in English.

The focus of this is the question word 언제 (eonje), which we translate as "when." When asking a question in Korean, the question word typically comes at the front of the sentence. Imlesson mediately after that, we say the verb. Oftentimes in Korean, a subject is unnecessary and we can ask a question without a subject. When we leave out a subject, we can usually assume it from the context of the conversation.

(wae) is a question word that we use to ask someone for an explanation. It is

equivalent to the word "why" in English. 왜 (wae) is not limited to questions. We can also use it in sentences to provide clarification.

We translate 왜 (wae) as "why" in English. In the same situations we use "why" in English, we can also use 왜 (wae) to find a specific reason or explanation for something.In the context of this lesson, a verb follows 왜 (wae). We use 왜 (wae)to find out the reason for the action of the verb. The formation of this particular usage is as follows:

왜 + 동사 (wae + dongsa) "Why + verb"

* Note: We can often omit subjects in Korean. We have omitted the subjects in all the lines of the dialogue in this particular lesson.

(museun) is a question word we use to specify and inquire about details. We

translate it as "what kind of?" Typically, a noun follows it. The noun that follows the question word 무슨 (museun) is what the speaker wishes to specify. However, when 무슨(museun) meets any verb, it becomes

(mwo). For example, 뭐

해 (mwo hae) is an expression to ask, "what are you doing?" 뭐 (mwo) means "what" and 해 (hae) is the verb for "to do." Look up (하다) in the dictionary. You can make this more polite by saying, "뭐 해요?" (mwo haeyo). In addition, if you know the noun that indicates what you're doing now, you can use that word in place of 뭐 (mwo). (eoteokke) is a question word that we use to ask 'how'. You can place this

adverb in any locations. Also, you can simply say '어떻게(eoteokke)?' to ask 'how it happened' or 'how will we do?' We can use the phrase 어떻게 (etteoke) in conjunction with verbs other than 해요 (haeyo), meaning "do." Simply replace the verb 해요 (haeyo) with different verbs. (nuka)/ (nuku) is a question word that we use to ask 'who'. 누구 (nugu) is a question word that is equivalent to "who" in English. To ask who someone is in Korean,

you should use the question word 누구 (nugu) along with the Korean copula 이다 (ida), which is equivalent to "to be" in English. 이다 (ida) has a number of conjugations, but in conjunction with the question word 누구 (nugu), the conjugation becomes 예요 (yeyo).

The phrase "Who is (he/she)" in Korean is 누구예요? (nuguyeyo?).

Formation (Subject) + Question Word(

,

,

,

,

) + Action Verb

Example Sentences (편의점이) 어디예요? [(pyeonuijeom-i) eodi-yeyo?] Where is (the convenience store)?

언제 공부 해? (eonje gongbu hae?) "When do you study?" 왜 안 가?(wae an ga?) "Why aren't you going?" 오늘 무슨 요일이에요?(oneul musun yoil-ieyo?) "What day is it today?"

뭐 해? (Mwo hae?) "What are you doing?" 이거 어떻게 할 거야? (igeo eoteokke halgeoya?) "How will you do this" 누가 왔어? (nuga watseo) "Who did come?"

mani, jeokke

많이, 적게 many, little Category Adverb TOPIK Level

-

Level Beginner

많이 (mani) is an adverb and we use it to describe actions that are done "many" times or "a lot." We also use it as an intensifier for descriptions to say that the subject is "very" (description). As with any adverb, we place this in front of verbs. 적게(jeokke) is an adverb and we use it to describe actions that are doing 'a little' or 'not that many'. We also say the adverb with 'very'( 매우/maeu) to describe 'very little'. As with any adverb, we place this in front of verbs.

Formation

많이 (mani) + Verb 적게 (jeokke) + Verb

Example Sentences

많이 자요. (mani jayo.) "I seep a lot." 적게 먹어요 (jeokke meokeoyo) "I eat a little"

malgo

말고 not A but B Category Particle TOPIK Level Level Beginner

말고 (malgo) is an expression that you can use to negate one thing and emphasize the other, telling another person that what you meant is different from what the other person is saying or making it clear which one to choose over the other(s). We use 말고 almost as an independent word but it actually comes from the verb 말다 (malda) meaning "to stop doing something" or "to give up doing something," which we use in sentences patterns such as "Let's not go," or "Let's not do it." When we use 말고 along with nouns, you can replace 말고 with -이/가 아니라 (-i/ga anira) or -이/가 아니고(-i/ga anigo), which come from the verb 아니다 ("to not be").

Formation You can use 말고 with both nouns and verbs. I. Noun + 말고 A 말고 B = "Not A but B" For example:

1. 이거 말고 저거 "Not this one but that one." 2. 너 말고 나 "Not you but me." 3. 오늘 말고 내일 "Not today but tomorrow." II. Verb Stem + - 지 + 말고 For example:

1. 놀지 말고 공부해. "Don't play but study."

놀다 ("to play") + 공부하다 ("to study") 2. 여기 오지 말고, 저기로 가. "Don't come here but go over there." - 여기 ("here") + 오다 ("to come") + 저기 ("there") + 가다 ("to go")

Example Sentences

오늘 말고 내일 오세요. (oneul malgo naeil oseyo.) "Please come tomorrow, not today."

saek

색 colors in Korean Category Noun TOPIK Level Level Beginner

There are two ways to say most of the colors in Korean.

The first way is to use the names for the colors without using the word 색깔 (saek kkal) or 색 (saek), both of which mean "color" in Korean.

The second way is to use the adjective forms of the color names and add 색깔 or 색 at the end of them.

The two ways of saying the color names are equally common, but remember that you need to use the adjective form of the color name to modify another noun.

Color Names in Korean

Korean Romanization "English" Adjective

Adjective + (

)

Descriptive Verb

빨강

palgang

"red"

빨간

빨간 색(깔)

빨갛다

파랑

arang

"blue"

파란

파란 색(깔)

파랗다

노랑

norang

"yellow"

노란

노란 색(깔)

노랗다

"black"

검은

검은 색 깔 ( )

검다

검정

eomjeong

하양

hayang

"white"

하얀

하얀 색(깔)

하얗다

초록

chorok

"green"

초록색

초록색(깔)

초록색이다

보라

bora

갈색

alsaek

회색

hoesaek

"purple"

보라색

보라색(깔)

보라색이다

"brown"

갈색

갈색

갈색이다

"gray"

회색

회색

회색이다

** Note: 초록, 보라, 갈색, and 회색 don't have a separate "adjective" form.

Example Sentences

하얀 티셔츠 주세요.(hayan tisyeocheu juseyo.) "Please give me a white T-shirt."

-eul su itda , -eul su eopda

-을 수 있다 ,-을 수 없다 can, cannot Category Verb TOPIK Level Level Beginner

-

/

[-l/eul su itda] is a grammatical structure we use to express ability,

capability, or possibility (e.g., whether you can or can't speak English, or you can or

can't use a computer). We add this structure onto the end of both descriptive and action verbs to express the possibility or capability of those verbs. We can translate this as "can" or "able to." We can conjugate the last verb, 있다 (itda), to express politeness level, tense, or mood. Traditionally, the verb can inflect negation as well, but in this grammatical structure, the negated form would come from the verb opposite to the verb 있다[itda], which is -없다 [eopta]. We can translate the construction or "not able to."

[-l/eul su eoptda] as "cannot"

/

However, when using the construction / [-l/eul su eoptda], this carries the notion that the speaker (or subject of the sentence) was unable to do something because he or she did not have the capacity to perform that activity. Using this structure implies that the subject does not possess the ability to perform that action (i.e., 먹을 수 없어 meaning "I can't eat" ("I don't have the ability to eat")). When expressing the "can't" because of factors other than inability, we use the impossibility adverb 못 (mot).

Formation Verb Stem + - /

or -

/

Future / Present Tense I. Verb stems ending in a vowel + -

or -

1. 가다[gada] – “to go”

가 + -ㄹ 수 있다 =>

[gal su itda]: "to be able to go"

가 + -ㄹ 수 없다 =>

[gal su epda]: "to not be able to go"

2. 보다[boda] – “to see”

보 + -ㄹ 수 있다 =>

[bol su itda]: "to be able to see”

보 + -ㄹ 수 없다 =>

[bol su eopda]: "to not be able to see"

3. 하다[hada] - "to do"

하 + -ㄹ 수 있다 =>

[hal su itda]: "to be able to do"

하 + -ㄹ 수 없다 =>

[hal su eopda]: "to not be able to do"

II. Verb stems ending in a consonant + -

or -

1. 있다[itda]: "to exist" or "to have"

있 + - 을 수 있다 =>

[itseul su itda]: "to be able to have ...”

있 + -을 수 없다 =>

[itseul su eopda]: "to not be able to have"

2. 잡다[japda] – “to catch”

잡 + - 을 수 있다 =>

[jabeul su itda]: "to not be able to catch...”

잡 + - 을 수 없다 =>

[jabeul su eopda]: "to not be able to catch"

III. Verb stems ending with

+-

or -

1. 알다[alda] – “to know”

알 + - 수 있다 =>

[al su itda]: "to not be able to know...”

알 + - 수 없다 =>

[al su eopda]: "to not be able to know"

Example Sentences 1. 학교

.

hakgyo gal su eopseoyo. "I wasn't able to go to school." ("I didn't have the ability to.") 2. 손이 아파서,

. son-i apaseo, sseul su eopseoyo. "I can't write because my hand hurts."

3. 영국에

. yeongguk-e sal su isseumnida. "I can live in England."

4.

.

malhal su eopseoyo. "I can't tell you." 5. 내일도

?

naeil-do ol su isseoyo? "Can you come again tomorrow?" 6. 저녁에 영화보러

? jeonyeok-e yeonghwa boreo gal su isseoyo? "Can you go see a movie (with me) tonight?"

7. 자동차 좀 ? jadongcha jom billil su isseoyo? "Can I borrow (your) car for a while?" 8. 저

? jeo dowajul su isseoyo? "Can you help me?"

9. 저는 한국어

.

jeo-neun hangukeo hal su eopseoyo. "I can speak Korean." (standard politeness level) 10. 저는 한국어

. jeo-neun hangukeo hal su eopseoyo. "I can't speak Korean." (standard politeness level)

11. 김치를 먹을 수 없습니다. gimchi-reul meogeul su eopseumnida. "I can't eat kimchi." (formal politeness level) 12. 김치를

. gimchi-reul meogeul su isseumnida. "I can eat kimchi." (formal politeness level)

dangyeonhaji, dangyeonhi

당연하지, 당연히 of course Category Verb TOPIK Level Level Beginner

당연하지 (dangyeonhaji) comes from the verb 당연하다 (dangyeonhada) meaning "to be a matter of fact," and is in its intimate politeness level and the emphatic form. To make it sound more polite, you can add -요 (yo) at the end to make it 당연하지요 (dangyeonhajiyo). But we often shorten this to 당연하죠 in colloquial situations. You can say 당연하지 whenever you want to say "Of course! That's a matter of course!" If you want to say 'Of course' as adverb, you can say '당연히' and place it in front of verbs. Similar expressions (in the intimate politeness level) are: 1. 물론이지! mullon-iji! "Of course! Sure!" 2. 당연한 거 아냐? dangyeonghan geo anya? "Isn't that a matter of course?" 3. 그렇고 말고! geureoko malgo! "That's for sure!"

Example Sentences

당연히 할 수 있어요. (Dangyeonhi halsu itseoyo) "Of course, I can do"

deowo, chuwo

더워, 추워 hot, cold Category Verb TOPIK Level Level Beginner

different from 뜨거워 (tteugeowo), which also means to be "hot to the touch." So, for example, you can say 더워 about the weather and 뜨거워 about a hot bowl of rice. You can say 더워 as is to mean that "it's hot" or that "you're feeling hot," but you can also add words to say what it is that's hot or what place it is that's hot. For example: 1. 날씨가 더워. nalssi-ga deowo. "The weather is hot." 2. 여기 너무 더워! yeogi neomu deowo! "It's too hot here."

---

추워 (chuwo) means, "to be cold" as in temperature or weather. 추워 is in the intimate politeness level and comes from the verb 춥다 (chupda), which means "to be cold." You can add -요 (yo) and say 추워요 to be more polite. This is different from 차가워 (chagaowo), which also means to be "cold to the touch." So, for example, you can say

추워 about the weather or a heavily air conditioned room and 차가워 about a cold piece of ice or a cold river after you have just jumped into it. You can say 추워 as is to mean that "it's cold" or that "you're feeling cold," but you can also add words to say what it is that's cold or what place it is that's cold. For example: 1. 오늘 추워요. oneul chuwoyo. "It's cold today." 2. 방이 추워요. bang-i chuwoyo. "The room is cold."

Formation Subject(이)가+더워/추워

Example Sentences

제 방은 더워요.(je bang-eun deowoyo.) "My room is hot." 우리 집은 너무 추워요.(uri jib-eun neomu chuwoyo.) "My house is too cold."

igeo, geugeo, jeogeo

이거, 그거, 저거 this thing, that thing, the thing Category Noun TOPIK Level Level

1 Absolute Beginner

이거 (igeo), 그거(geugeo), 저거(jeogeo) are demonstrative pronouns, which we can express as "this," "that," and "that over there," respectively. These words are pronouns and we use them just as we use nouns. 이거 (igeo) means "this." 그거 (geugeo) means "that." It indicates the speaker is far from item under discussion but the listener is close to it. 저거 (jeogeo) means "that." It indicates both the speaker and listener are far from the item under discussion. All three of these have corresponding written forms.

Spoken:

이거, 그거, 저거 Written:

이것, 그것, 저것

Formation We can break down the written form of these words as such: [demonstrative modifier] + 것 = 이것, 그것, 저것 For Example:

1. 것 (geot) means "thing." Literally, 이것 (igeot) means "this thing," 그것 (geugeot) means "that thing," and 저것 (jeogeot) means "that thing over there." In spoken Korean, however, they are as follows: [demonstrative modifier] + 거 = 이거, 그거, 저거

거 (geo) means "thing."

Example Sentences 1. 이거는 제 책이야.

igeo-neun je chaek-iya. "This is my book." 2. 저거는 누구꺼예요?

jeogeo-neun nugukkeo-eyo? "Who is that over there?" 3. 그거요? 그거는 모자입니다.

geugeoyo? geugeo-neun moja-imnida. "That? That's a hat."

5W1H, eonje, eodiseo, nuga(nugu), mwo, wae, eotteoke5W1H, when, where, who, what, why, how

5W1H, 언제, 어디서, 누가(누구), 뭐, 왜, 어떻게 5W1H, when, where, who, what, why, how Category

Adverb TOPIK Level Level Absolute Beginner

? (eodi-yeyo?) is a phrase used to ask where something is. The literal

translation of this phrase is 어디 (eodi) - where, 예요(yeyo) - is. This phrase can be translated as "Where is (it)?" (eonje) has the same meaning as the English word "when." We use it in Korean

just as frequently as in English. The focus of this is the question word 언제 (eonje), which we translate as "when." When asking a question in Korean, the question word typically comes at the front of the sentence. Imlesson mediately after that, we say the verb. Oftentimes in Korean, a subject is unnecessary and we can ask a question without a subject. When we leave out a subject, we can usually assume it from the context of the conversation.

(wae) is a question word that we use to ask someone for an explanation. It is

equivalent to the word "why" in English. 왜 (wae) is not limited to questions. We can also use it in sentences to provide clarification.

We translate 왜 (wae) as "why" in English. In the same situations we use "why" in English, we can also use 왜 (wae) to find a specific reason or explanation for something.In the context of this lesson, a verb follows 왜 (wae). We use 왜 (wae)to find out the reason for the action of the verb. The formation of this particular usage is as follows:

왜 + 동사 (wae + dongsa) "Why + verb"

* Note: We can often omit subjects in Korean. We have omitted the subjects in all the lines of the dialogue in this particular lesson.

(museun) is a question word we use to specify and inquire about details. We

translate it as "what kind of?" Typically, a noun follows it. The noun that follows the question word 무슨 (museun) is what the speaker wishes to specify. However, when 무슨(museun) meets any verb, it becomes

(mwo). For example, 뭐

해 (mwo hae) is an expression to ask, "what are you doing?" 뭐 (mwo) means "what" and 해 (hae) is the verb for "to do." Look up (하다) in the dictionary. You can make this more polite by saying, "뭐 해요?" (mwo haeyo). In addition, if you know the noun that indicates what you're doing now, you can use that word in place of 뭐 (mwo). (eoteokke) is a question word that we use to ask 'how'. You can place this

adverb in any locations. Also, you can simply say '어떻게(eoteokke)?' to ask 'how it happened' or 'how will we do?' We can use the phrase 어떻게 (etteoke) in conjunction with verbs other than 해요 (haeyo), meaning "do." Simply replace the verb 해요 (haeyo) with different verbs. (nuka)/ (nuku) is a question word that we use to ask 'who'. 누구 (nugu) is a question word that is equivalent to "who" in English. To ask who someone is in Korean,

you should use the question word 누구 (nugu) along with the Korean copula 이다 (ida), which is equivalent to "to be" in English. 이다 (ida) has a number of conjugations, but in conjunction with the question word 누구 (nugu), the conjugation becomes 예요 (yeyo).

The phrase "Who is (he/she)" in Korean is 누구예요? (nuguyeyo?).

Formation (Subject) + Question Word(

,

,

,

,

) + Action Verb

Example Sentences (편의점이) 어디예요? [(pyeonuijeom-i) eodi-yeyo?] Where is (the convenience store)?

언제 공부 해? (eonje gongbu hae?) "When do you study?" 왜 안 가?(wae an ga?) "Why aren't you going?" 오늘 무슨 요일이에요?(oneul musun yoil-ieyo?) "What day is it today?" 뭐 해? (Mwo hae?) "What are you doing?" 이거 어떻게 할 거야? (igeo eoteokke halgeoya?) "How will you do this" 누가 왔어? (nuga watseo) "Who did come?"

Hoching (ajeossi, ajumma, jagi)How to call Mr.Ms.Honey

호칭 (아저씨, 아줌마, 자기) how to call Mr.Ms.Honey Category Noun

TOPIK Level Level Beginner

In Korea many people do not refer to each other by names but rather by titles. This applies to siblings, cousins, friends, professors, and even strangers. Strangers have titles according to the age they seem. And this can create some difficulties because of the fact that age must be guessed.

아저씨 (ajeossi) - This title is used for older men approximately in their 30's and above. There is no exact age when one is regarded as 아저씨 (ajeossi), but it generally means that the person is not considered young any more. This phrase is neither considered rude, nor impolite.

아주머니 (ajumeoni) - This title is used for older women approximately in their mid 30's and above. Again, there is no exact age when one is regarded as 아주머니(ajumeoni), but it is used when the person is not considered young anymore. Because of this, it can also be taken as an insult by women who want to consider themselves as young. This phrase is neither considered rude, nor impolite, but is something that women do not desire to be called. Also, many Koreans call '아줌마(Ajumma) for shorten way, but it is considered rude in some cases.

학생 (haksaeng) - This word means 'student.' This word is used for young people who are (or seem to be) in High School or University. This is a general term for young people, both male and female of this age, and it is not considered rude, nor impolite.

자기/당신 (Jagi / Dangshin) - This word means 'Honey, Darling' This word is used for a wife/husband/boyfriend/girlfriend who are in serious relationship. Both men and women can be called by this. It is not considered rude, not impolite.

Example Sentences

아저씨, 잠깐만요. (Ajeossi, Jamkanmanyo.) Hey, Mister. Hold on a sec. 아줌마, 여기 주문 좀 받아주세요. (Ajumma, eogi jumun jeom batdajuseyo). Excuse me but please take an order please. 학생, 이것 좀 도와줘. (Haksaeng, Igeok jjom dowajeo) Excuseme (Young guy) but please help this. 자기, 사랑해. (Jagi, saranghae) Honey, I love you.

itda

있다 to exist, there is Category Verb TOPIK Level 1 Level Absolute Beginner

The verb 있다 (itda) expresses existence. Do not confuse this with the Korean copula

이다 (ida), which expresses equation. We can use the verb 있다 (itda) to express existence, location, or possession. We can use 있다 (itda) to say "to have" (possession).

For Example:

1. 저는 남자친구가 있습니다.

jeo-neun namjachingu-ga issseumnida. "I have a boyfriend." (Literally, "I, boyfriend, exists" - "A boyfriend exists for me.")

We can use 있다 (itda) to say "to be" (location).

For Example:

1. 저는 학교에 있습니다.

jeo-neun hakgyo-e issseumnida. "I am at school." (Literally, "I, school, at, exist" - "I exist at school.")

We can also use 있다 (itda) to express "to be" (existence).

For Example:

1. 여기 고양이가 있습니다.

yeogi goyangi-ga issseumnida. "A cat is here." (Literally, "here, cat, exist" - "A cat exists here.")

Formation (dictionary form) (verb stem) For Example:

1. 있습니다 - Conjugated in the formal simple present tense. 2. 있어요 - Conjugated in the standard simple present tense. 3. 있어 - Conjugated in the intimate simple present tense. 4. 있습니까 - Conjugated in the formal present interrogative.

Example Sentences

1. 천호 씨는 여자친구가 있습니다.

cheonho ssi-neun yeojachingu-ga issseumnida. "Cheonho has a girlfriend." 2. 한국에 김치가 있습니다. hanguk-e kimchi-ga issseumnida. "There is kimchi in Korea." 3. 은주 씨는 집에 있습니다.

eunju ssi-neun jib-e issseumnida . "Eunju is at home."

Notes The opposite of 있다 (itda), meaning "to exist," is 없다 (eoptda), meaning "to not exist."

eoptda

없다 to not exist Category Verb TOPIK Level 1 Level Absolute Beginner

없다 (eoptda) is the verb that expresses "to not exist." Do not confuse this with the negative Korean copula 아니다 (anida), meaning "to not be." This can express absence or lack of possession. We can use 없다 (eoptda) to express "to not be" (absence, non-existence).

For Example:

1. 김치가 없습니다.

kimchi-ga eoptseumnida. "There is no kimchi." (Literally, "kimchi, not exist" - "kimchi does not exist")

We can use 없다 (eoptda) to express "to not have" (possession).

For Example:

1. 저는 친구가 없습니다.

jeo-neun chingu-ga eopsseumnida. "I don't have friends." (Literally, "I, friend, not exist" - "Friends do not exist for me")

Formation

없다 - Dictionary form 없 - Verb stem For Example:

1. 없습니다 - Conjugated in the formal simple present tense. 2. 없어요 - Conjugated in the standard simple present tense. 3. 없어 - Conjugated in the intimate simple present tense. 4. 없습니까 - Conjugated in the formal present interrogative.

Example Sentences 1. 제윤 씨는 친구가 없습니다.

jeyun ssi-neun chingu-ga eopsseumnida. "Jaeyun does not have friends. "

2. 여기 나영 씨가 없습니다.

yeogi nayeong ssi-ga eopsseumnida. "Nayeong is not here." 3. 저는 여자친구가 없습니다. jeo-neun yeojachingu-ga eopssseumnida. "I don't have a girlfriend."

Notes The opposite of 없다 (eoptda), meaning "to not have," is 있다 (itda), meaning "to have."

mot

못

cannot, unable, incapable Category Adverb TOPIK Level Level Absolute Beginner

못 (mot) is an adverb that expresses impossibility, inability, strong denial, or strong refusal. We use this adverb mostly with action verbs. We can translate this adverb as "can't," "won't," "not (possible)," or "unable to."

Formation

못 (mot), an adverb, immediately precedes verbs. [못 + Verb] For Example:

1. 놀다 (nolda) "to play"

못 놀다 (mot nolda) "to not be able to play" With [noun] + [하다 (hada)] verbs, we place 못 (mot) between the [noun] and [하다 (hada)]. [Noun + 하다] verb For Example:

1. 공부하다 (gongbuhada) "to study"

공부 못 하다 (gongbu mot hada) "to not be able to study" With other 하다 (hada) verbs, which are not [noun] + [ 하다 (hada)] verbs, 못 (mot) immediately precedes the whole verbs. Other 하다 verbs: 싫어하다 For Example:

1. 못 싫어하다 "to not be able to dislike"

Example Sentences 1. 많이 먹었어요. 케이크를 못 먹어요.

manhi meogeosseoyo. keikeu-reul mot meogeoyo. "I ate a lot. I can't eat cake." 2. 시끄러워! 나 공부 못 해! sikkeureowo! na gongbu mot hae! "It's too loud! I can't study!" 3. 지혜 씨를 못 만났어요.

Jihye ssi-reul mot mannasseoyo. "I wasn't able to meet Jihye."

jal

잘 well, nicely, closely Category Adverb TOPIK Level Level Absolute Beginner

잘 (jal) is an adverb that means "well," and we use it to describe a person's adequate ability or capability of an action verb. When used in conjunction with the impossibility adverb 못 (mot), it describes a person's inadequate ability or capability of an action verb.

Formation A.잘 is an adverb and comes directly before action verbs as in the following structure: + 잘 "well동사 + (verb)" For Example:

1. 잘 먹어. "I eat well." B. When we use it in conjunction with 하다 verbs that contain nouns, we place it between the noun and 하다 as the following structure shows:

명사 + 잘 + 동사 (noun) + "well" + (verb) For Example:

1. 농구 잘 해. "I'm good at basketball." C. When we use the negative adverb 못 (mot), the order is:

잘 + 못 + 동사 "well" + "can't" + (verb) For Example:

1. 농구 잘 못 해. "I'm not good at basketball."

Example Sentences 1. 저는 글을 잘 써요. jeo-neun geul-eul jal sseoyo. "I write well." 2. 민수 씨는 운동을 잘 해요. Minsu ssi-neun undong-eul jal haeyo. "Minsoo is good at sports." 3. 그림을 잘 그려요. geurim-eul jal geuryeoyo. "I draw pictures well."

Notes Here are some common phrases you might use 잘 with. For Example:

1. 잘 갔어? "Did you get home well?" 2. 잘 잤어? "Did you sleep well?" 3. 잘 지냈어? "Have you been well?" 4. 잘 모르겠어. "I'm not sure."

boda

보다 than

Category Particle TOPIK Level Level Absolute Beginner

보다 (boda) works like the English word “than” and we use it in comparison sentences. But whereas the English word “than” comes before the word that is being the target of comparison, the Korean word 보다 comes right after the word without any spacing. When you want to compare verbs, you need to make the verb into its noun form before combining it with 보다.

Formation [Noun] +

나 (na) – “I” 나보다 – “than I” / “than me”

[Noun Form of The Verb] +

생각하다 (saenggakhada) – “to think” 생각한 것보다 – “than I thought” 생각하는 것보다 – “than thinking”

Example Sentences

1. 너보다 내가 똑똑해. [똑똑하다]

neo-boda nae-ga ttokttokhae. “I'm smarter than you.”

2. 이것보다 싼 거 있어요? [싸다] [있다]

igeot-boda ssan geo isseoyo? “Do you have anything cheaper than this?”

3. 라면보다 밥이 맛있어요. [맛있다]

ramyeon-boda bab-i masisseoyo. “Rice is more delicious than noodles.”

4. 버스보다 택시가 편해요. [편하다]

beoseu-boda taeksi-ga pyeonhaeyo. “Taxis are more convenient than buses.”

5. 오늘보다 내일이 좋아요. [좋다]

oneul-boda naeil-i joayo. “Tomorrow is better than today.”

Notes We often add 더 (deo) before the descriptive verb or adverb to emphasize the meaning.

-gi swipda, -gi eoryeopda

-기 쉽다, -기 어렵다 easy to do, hard to do

Category Verb TOPIK Level Level Intermediate

기 쉽다 어렵다 / (-gi swipda/eoryeopda) is used to describe something that is “easy/hard to + verb.” Adding -기 at the end of a verb stem is one of the ways to nominalize a verb in Korean. -기 쉽다/어렵다 is sometimes used with the subject particle in it. In this case, it becomes -기가 쉽다/어렵다, but it's more common to hear -기 쉽다/어렵다.

Formation ▷ Construction - Verb stem + -기 쉽다/어렵다 ☆

Note that 쉽다 and 어렵다 take the ㅂ irregular conjugation.

Ex) 졸다 (jolda) - to fall asleep ▷ 졸 + -기 쉽다 = 졸기 쉽다 ▷▷ 졸기 쉬워요. (It is easy to fall asleep.) Ex) 읽다 (ilgda) - to read ▷ 읽 + -기 어렵다 = 읽기 어렵다 ▷▷ 읽기 어려워요. (It is hard to read.)

Example Sentences 1. 오늘은 추워서 감기 걸리기 쉬워요. (oneul-eun chuwoseo gamgi geolligi swiwoyo) - It's cold outside today, so it’s easy to catch a cold. 2. 그 수업은 너무 이해하기 어려워요. (geu sueop-eun neomu ihaehagi eoryeowoyo) - That class is too hard to understand. 3. 너는 너무 사기 당하기 쉬워. (neo-neun neomu sagi danghagi swiwo) - You‘d fall for a fraud to easily.

4. 김치는 만들기 어려워요. (gimchi-neun mandeulgi eoryeowoyo) - Kimchi is difficult to make. 5. 이 책은 글씨가 너무 작아서 읽기 어려워요. (i chaek-eun geulssi-ga neomu jagaseo ilggi eoryeowoyo) - This book's print is too small, so it's difficult to read.

Notes -기 어렵다 is often interchanged with - 기 힘들다 (-gi himdeulda). Ex) - 찾기 어려워요. = 찾기 힘들어요. - 먹기 어려워요. = 먹기 힘들어요.

daeumnext

다음 next Category Adverb TOPIK Level Level Beginner

다음 (daeum) is the word that means "next" or "after." This word is commonly used both on its own and with other nouns. Examples of 다음 (daeum) being used with other words: 1. 다음 주 (daeum ju) "next week" 2. 다음 달 (daeum dal) "next month" 3. 다음 번 (daeum beon) "next time" 4. 다음 사람 (daeum saram) "next person"

Example Sentences

다음 주에 보자. (daeum ju-e boja.) "See you next week."

-myeon an doeda, -eumyeon an doeda.

-면 안 되다, -으면 안 되다. should not, must not Category Verb TOPIK Level Level Beginner

This grammatical construction expresses negative obligation in Korean. -( ) [-(eu)myeon an doeda] is a verb ending that means "should not" or "must not." It is a combination of the conditional "-면"[-myeon], the negative adverb "안"[an], and the verb to become "되다"[doeda]. This grammatical structure can be translated as "if (someone) doesn't (verb), it can't be" - or more simply: "must not (verb)." The final verb 되다 (doeda) can often be replaced with the verb "하다"[hada] as the final verb and still hold the same exact meaning. The tense and politeness level is regularly expressed in the verb " 되다"[doeda] /"하다"[hada]. Negation, however, is regularly expressed in the first verb.

Formation Verb Stem + -( ) I. "-

1.

: must not -

" is attached to the end of clauses that end in consonants. [ikda]: "to read"

읽(Verb stem ending in a consonant) + 으면 안 되다 --->

[ilgeumyeon an doeda]: "You must not read it." 2.

[meokda]: "to eat"

먹(Verb stem ending in a consonant) + 으면 안 되다 ---> [meogeumyeon an doeda]: "You shouldn't eat"

" is attached to the end of clauses that end in vowels.

II. "-

1.

[masida]: "to drink"

마시(Verb stem ending in a vowel) + 면 안 되다 --->

[masimyeon

an doeda]: "You must not drink it."

2.

[ttwida]: "to run"

뛰(Verb stem ending in a vowel) + 면 안 되다 ---> doeda]: ""You shouldn't run."

[ttwimyeon an

Example Sentences 1. 당신이 ! Dangsin-i tteonamyeon an dwaeyo! You must not leave! (If you leave, it can't be!) 2. 그 사람을 요. Geu saram-eul mannamyeon an dwaeyo. You must not meet that person. (If you meet that person, it can't be.) 3. 그 화장실 . Geu hwajangsil sseumyeon an dwae . You must not use that bathroom. (If you use that bathroom, it can't be.) 4. . Neujeumyeon an dwaeyo "You shouldn't be late." 5. 술 . Sul masimyeon an dwaeyo "You must not drink alcohol." 6. 내 일기

.

Nae ilgi bomyeon an dwae "You shouldn't read my diary."

7. 여기

.

Yeogi deureogamyeon an dwaeyo "You shouldn't go in here." 8. 나 ? Na dowajumyeon an dwae? "Can't you help me?"

an

안 not, don't (intentionally) Category Adverb TOPIK Level 1

Level

Absolute Beginner

안 (an) is an adverb which functions to negate a verb. It is typically translated as "not" or "do not." It is usually used with action verbs, and placed before the verb. When used in conjunction with action 하다 (hada) verbs, it is usually placed after the 하다 (hada) noun and right before 하다 (hada). For non-action 하다 (hada) verbs, it is placed before the whole verb.

Formation [안] + [동사] [an] + [dongsa] [do not] + [verb] [명사] + [안] + [하다 동사] [myeongsa] + [an] + [hada dongsa] [noun] + [not] + [hada verb] [안] + [하다 동사]

[an] + [hada dongsa] [not] + [hada verb]

Example Sentences 1.오늘 학교 안 갔어요. oneul hakgyo an gasseoyo. I didn't go to school today. 2.저는 공부 안 해요. jeo-neun gongbu an haeyo. I don't study. 3.커피를 안 좋아해요. keopi-reul an johahaeyo. I don't like coffee.

gwaenchana?

괜찮아? okay? Category Verb TOPIK Level Level Absolute Beginner

괜찮아? (gwaen-chan-a), which means "Are you all right?" is a very common expression we use to ask whether or not someone is feeling okay. You can add 좀 (jom), which means "some," "a little," or "a few," right before 괜찮아 (gwaen-chan-a) to make it sound more natural.

For Example:

1. 좀 괜찮아?

jom gwaen-cha-a? "Are you all right?"

The expression 괜찮아? "Are you all right?" is very similar to 어때? (eo-ddae), which means "How is?"/"How about?" As you will see below, you can use these phrases in conjunction to ask about someone's condition. You can review them in Absolute Beginner Season 2 Lesson 5.

Formation Specific Body Part (noun) + particles (

/

)+(

jom) +

"Is your (noun) all right/okay?"

Example Sentences 1. 머리는 (좀) 괜찮아?

Meo-ri-neun (jom) gwaen-chan-a? "Is your head okay?" 2. 팔은 좀 어때? 팔은 괜찮아?

Pal-eun jom eo-ddae? Pal-eun gwaen-chan-a? "How is your arm? Is it all right?" 3. 배는 좀 어때? 배는 좀 괜찮아?

Bae-neun jom eo-ddae? Bae-neun jom gwaen-chan-a? "How is your stomachache? Is it okay?" 4. 다리는 어때? 다리는 좀 괜찮아? Da-ri-neun eo-ddae? Da-ri-neun jom gwaen-chan-a? "How is your leg? Is it all right?"

eoddae?

? (gwaen-chan-a ):

어때? What about A? Category Verb TOPIK Level Level Beginner

A. Noun(s) + 어때요 (eoddaeyo?) is a very basic and simple "how" question.

B. Koreans often politely (formally) ask about opinions by saying - 어때요? (eoddaeyo?), meaning "How is?" or "How about?"

Formation Here is the way to form this construction: - noun(s) + Topic-marking particle

(eun )/

(neun ) +

(eoddaeyo?)

Example Sentences 1. 내 옷 어때요? "How about my clothes?" (Note: "my" is 내 (nae), and "clothes" are 옷 (ot)) C. When informally speaking, we use -어때? (eoddae?), meaning "How is?" or "How about?"

Notes 1.

(는) 어때요? Keopi(neun) eoddayo? "How is coffee?"/"How about coffee?"

2.

(은) 어때요? Chaek(eun) eoddaeyo? "How is a book?"/"How about a book?"

3.

(은) 어때요? Banchandeul(eun) eoddaeyo? "How are side dishes?"/"How about side dishes?"

4.

(는) 어때요? Hangukeo(neun) eoddaeyo? "How is Korean?"/"How about Korean?"

-go sipda

-고 싶다 want to doCategory Sentence Ending Particle TOPIK Level 1 Level Beginner

-고 싶다 (-go sipda) is a grammatical structure that expresses desire. We use this in conjunction with action verbs (and the static verb 있다). We can translate this ending as "want to (verb)." The verb stem is inflected with the grammatical structure -고 싶다 (-go sipda). 싶다 (sipda) then can express mood, tense, politeness level, as any other verb.

Formation

[verb stem] + [

]

For example:

1. 노래하다 (noraehada) - "to sing" [노래하] + [- 고 싶다] (noraeha) + (go sipda)

노래하고 싶다

noraehago sipda "to want to sing"

2. 살다(salda) - "to live" [살] + [- 고 싶다] (sal) + (go sipda)

살고 싶다

salgo sipda "to want to live"

Example Sentences

1. 저는 한국에서 살고 싶어요.

jeo-neun hanguk-eseo salgo sipeoyo. I want to live in Korea.

2. 오늘 아침에 아버지가 삼겹살을 먹고 싶었어요.

oneul achim-e abeoji-ga samgyeopsal-eul meokgo sipeosseoyo. This morning, my father wanted to eat Korean bacon.

3. 말 해줘... 나 알고 싶어.

mal haejwo... na algo sipeo. Tell me...I want to know.

tto

또 again Category Adverb TOPIK Level Level Beginner

또 (tto) is the word that means "again," and just like in English, this word can give off various nuances depending on the tone of speech by the speaker. Examples: 1. If you say it plainly, it just means "again" or "once again." For example: A. 또 보자! (Tto boja!) "See you again!" (intimate) 2. If you say it with a rising tone, you can express sarcasm or surprise, like in this lesson's dialogue. A. 아이스크림 먹자. (Aiseukeurim meokja.) "Let's eat ice cream." (intimate) B. 또??? (Tto???) "Again???" (intimate)

Example Sentences

또 저예요. (tto jeo-yeyo.) "It's me again."

ssada, bissada

싸다, 비싸다 inexpensive(cheap), expensive Category Verb TOPIK Level -

Level Beginner

싸요 (ssayo) is an expression that means "it's cheap." You can add a noun that you consider inexpensive before this verb. Look up 싸다 (ssada) in the dictionary.

비싸요

비 (bissayo) is an expression that means "it's expensive." ' (bi)' means 'not', so if you add '비(bi)' in front of 싸요(ssayo/cheap), it means 'expensive'. You can add a noun that you consider expensive before this verb. Look up 비싸다 (bissada) in the dictionary. For example: 1. 가방 (gabang) "bag" + 비싸요.

가방 비싸요. gabang bissayo "The bag is expensive."

Example Sentences

진짜 싸요. 이거 사세요.(Jinjja ssayo. Igeo saseyo.) "It's really cheap. Buy this one." 너무 비싸요. 이거는 얼마예요? (neomu bissayo. igeo-neun eolma-yeyo?) "It's too expensive. How much is this one?"

-kka?

- 까? is it? / does it? (question particle) Category Sentence Ending Particle TOPIK Level Level Absolute Beginner

[Noun] + 입니다 (imnida) = "to be" [Noun] This pattern becomes the predicate of a sentence when followed by a noun.

Now let's learn how to make the predicate of a sentence into a formal interrogative sentence. It's very simple. Locate

Adding the ending

(kka) in the position of

(da) , at the end of a sentence.

(kka) turns the predicate of a sentence into a formal interrogative

sentence.

Formation Formation : Subject + [Name/Noun] +

? (imnikka?) : "Am/Are/Is

[Noun]...?"

Example Sentences For Example:

1. 그는 팀 입니 ? Geu-neun Tim imnikka? "Is ["be" verb] he [subject] Tim [name]?" = " Is he Tim?" 2. 이것은 가방입니 ? I-geot-eun ga-bang-imnikka? "Is ["be" verb] this [subject] a bag [noun]?" = " Is this a bag?" 3. 저것은 학교입니

?

Jeo-geot-eun hak-kyo-imnikka? "Is ["be" verb] that [subject] a school [noun]?" = " Is that a school?" 4. 이것은 무엇입니

?

I-geot-eun mu-eot-imnikka? "What [interrogative pronoun] is ["be" verb] this [subject]?" = "What is this?" 5. 그것은 얼마입니 ? Gue-geot-eun eol-ma-imnikka? "How much [interrogative pronoun] is ["be" verb] the one [subject]?" = "How much is the one?"

Related Expressions Absolute Beginner Season 2 Lesson 2: [Noun] + 입니다 (imnida) = "to be" [Noun] This pattern becomes the predicate of a sentence when followed by a noun.

(imnida) "to be"

Subject + [name/noun] + For Example:

1. 그는 팀 입니다. Geu-nuen tim imnida. "He [subject] is ["be" verb] Tim [name]." = "He is Tim." 2. 이것은 가방입니다.

I-geot-eun ga-bang-imnida. "This [subject] is ["be" verb] a bag [noun]." = "This is a bag."

maewoyo, jjayo, singeowoyo

매워요, 짜요, 싱거워요 spicy, saulty, flat (tastes) Category Verb TOPIK Level Level Beginner

매워요 (maewoyo) means "it's spicy." As you know, the Korean cuisine includes a lot of spicy dishes, therefore, naturally 매워요 (maewoyo) is a very commonly used phrase when eating something spicy. You can put 안 (an) before 매워요 to mean "it's NOT spicy." Look up the word 맵다 (maepda) in the dictionary.

짜 (jja) means "It's salty." It's in the intimate politeness level. You can add -요 at the end to be more polite. Look up 짜다 (jjada) in the dictionary.

싱거워 (singgeowo) means, "It tastes flat." It's in the intimate politeness level. You can add -요 at the end to be more polite. Look up 싱겁다 (singgeopda) in the dictionary. Since many Korean dishes contain a lot of salt, we can also translate 싱거워 (singgeowo) as, "It needs more salt."

Example Sentences

이 김치 안 매워요.(I gimchi an maewoyo.) "This kimchi is not spicy." 어떤 한국 음식은 짜요. (Hanguk eumsik-eun jjayo.) "Some Korean food is salty." 국이 너무 싱거워요.(Guk-i neomu singgeowoyo.) "The soup tastes too flat."

myeongneonghyeong

명령형

Imperative (Standard/Intimate Politeness Level) Category Grammartical Information TOPIK Level 1 Level Beginner

One of the imperative conjugations of Korean verbs has the same set of conjugations as the simple present tense (in regards to the standard/intimate politeness level). We can

conjugate verbs the same as the simple present tense, yet they have different usages, one of which is the imperative. Although we can conjugate these verbs in the same manner, they have a different function.

As stated above, the imperative is the same as the simple present tense in regards to the standard and informal politeness levels.

Formation [Verb Stem] + [

/

/

For example:

1. 하다 (hada) [하] + [야] = 해 (ha) + (ya) = hae

2. 가다 (gada) [가] + [아] = 가 (ga) + (a) = ga

3. 보다 (boda) [보] + [아] = 봐 (bo) + (a) = bwa

]

4. 쓰다 (sseuda) [쓰] + [어] = 써 (sseu) + (eo) = sseo

The formal politeness level uses the conjugation: ( 으)십시오 (sipsio)

Verb Stem + ( )

For example:

1. 오다 (oda) “to come”

오 + (으)십시오 오십시오 “come” (imperative - formal politeness level)

Note: We can often find the written form (으)시오 on signs on the street, giving

warning or directions to the public. We can find the spoken version of this in many historical Korean dramas as well, however, its use is only relegated to written Korean in modern Korean.

Example Sentences

1. 빨리 밥 먹어.

ppalli bap meogeo. "Hurry and eat." (intimate)

2. 집에 가세요.

jip-e gaseyo. "Please go home." (standard)

3. 물 마셔요.

mul masyeoyo. "Drink water." (standard)

4. 문을 닫으십시오.

mun-eul dadeusipsio. "Please, close the door." (formal)

5. 문을 닫으시오.

mul-eul dadeusio. "Please, close the door." (written)

Notes This conjugation is the same as the simple present tense, only in regards to standard and intimate politeness levels. We do not use the formal politeness imperative often in casual spoken Korean, or even in formal situations. We generally reserve it for people of extreme importance (i.e., kings, queens, royalty, presidents, high-ranking military officials, etc.).

byeollo

별로 not especially, not particularly Category Adverb TOPIK Level

-

Level Beginner

The letter '별' in '별로' means 'particular' or 'special', so 별로 should (and used to) mean 'particularly' or 'especially.' But now it is only used to mean 'not particularly' or 'not especially,' as it must be followed by a negative ending or a negative adverb (a negative component).

Formation There are two ways to use 별로 with a negative component. 1. Used with a negative adverb ( 안, 못)

별로 + (negative adverb) + verb 안 - negative adverb (not) 바쁘다 (descriptive verb) - to be busy 별로 + 안 + 바쁘다 별로 안 바쁘다 = not very busy, not especially busy, not particularly busy 별로 + (negative adverb) + verb 못 - negative adverb (can't) 하다 (action verb) - to do 별로 + 못 + 하다 별로 못 하다 = can't particularly do (not particularly good at), can't especially do (not especially good at) 2. Used with a negative sentence ending.

별로 (verb) + negative ending

크다 (descriptive verb) - to be big -지 않다 (negative sentence ending)

별로 + 크다 + 지 않다 별로 크지 않다. = Not especially big, not particularly big.

Example Sentences (a) 별로 크지 않다. - It is not particularly big. (The negative component is 않다) (b) 이 책은 별로 비싸지 않아요. - This book is not too expensive. (The negative component is 않아요) (c) 저는 시간이 별로 없습니다. - I don't have much time. (The negative component is 없습니다) (d) 그 사람은 친구가 별로 없어요. - He doesn't have many friends. (The negative component is 없어요)

wie

위에 on top of Category Adverb TOPIK Level Level

Beginner

위에 (wi-e) means "on top of, over," or "above." This is a combination of two words: 위 (wi), meaning "up" or "above," and 에 (e), which means "at, to," or "in." Therefore together, 위 + 에 (wi-e) has the meaning of "on top of (something)." The word that 위에 (wi-e) modifies comes before 위에 (wi-e). When we use 위에 (wi-e) on its own, it means "up there."

Formation For Example: Noun +

= "on top of/over/above" + Noun

1. 자동차 (jadongcha) "car" +

위에 (wi-e) "on top of" Becomes 자동차 위에 jadongcha wi-e "on top of the car" / "on the car"

Example Sentences Romanized Korean 책상 위에 있어. Chaeksang wi-e

isseo. Chaeksang wi-e 책상 위에 놔. nwa. 책상 위에 없어. Chaeksang wi-e eopseo. Wi-e isseoyo. 위에 있어요. 거기 위에 봐.

Geogi wi-e bwa.

"English" "It's on the table."

"Please put it on the table." "It's not on the table." "It's up there." "Check up there."

mite

밑에 under, beneath Category Adverb TOPIK Level Level Beginner

밑에 (mit-e) means "below, under," or "beneath." 밑에 (mit-e) is a combination of two words, 밑 (mit) and 에 (e). 밑 (mit) is a noun that means, "under, below," or "beneath."

에 (e) means, "at, to," or "in." So together, 밑에 (mit-e) means, "under (something)." The word that 위에 (mit-e) modifies comes before 위에 (mit-e). When we use 위에 (mit-e) on its own, it means "under there."

Formation For Example: Noun +

= "under/below/beneath" + Noun

1. 의자 (uija) "chair" +

밑에 (mit-e) "under" Becomes 의자 밑에 uija mit-e "under the chair"

Example Sentences Korean Romanized "English" Uija mi-teo isseo. "It's under the table." 의자 밑에 있어.

의자 밑에 없어. 밑에 없어요.

Uija mi-te eopseo. "It's not under the table." i-te eopseoyo. "It isn't down there."

밑에 찾아봐.

i-teo chajabwa. "Search down there."

밑에 둬.

it-e dwo.

yoil

"Please put it under there."

요일 day of the week Category Noun TOPIK Level Level Absolute Beginner

We express the days of the week in Korean by adding the word 요일 (yoil) to the end of the letter that represents each day. The names are based on the Chinese characters that represent different things in nature.

Name

Chinese Character

Meaning

Days

일

日 (il)

Sun

일요일 (iryoil)

월

月 (wol)

Moon

월요일 (woryoil)

화

火 (hwa)

Fire

화요일 (hwayoil)

수

水 (su)

Water

수요일 (suyoil)

목

木 (mok)

Tree

목요일 (mogyoil)

금

金 (geum)

Gold

금요일 (geumyoil)

토

土 (to)

Earth

토요일 (toyoil)

Notes Sometimes, when referring to several days of the week, we only use the first letters. For Example:

1. 월화수 (wolhwasu) "Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday" 2. 월수금 (wolsugeum) "Monday, Wednesday, Friday"

meonjeo

먼저 first, before someone Category Adverb TOPIK Level Level Beginner

먼저 (meonjeo) means, "first" or "before" someone or something. We can use 먼저 (meonjeo) to indicate the order of certain actions or to start a speech or conversation. When we use it to start a speech, it's understood as "before anything" or "first of all."

Formation 1. 먼저 (meonjeo) + 가 (ga) = "first" + "you go" "You go first." ("I'll go after you.") 2. 먼저, 와 주셔서 감사합니다

meonjeo, wa jusyeoseo gamsahamnida "First of all, thank you for coming."

Example Sentences 1.먼저, 할 말이 있어요. Meonjeo, hal mal-i isseoyo. First, I have something to tell you. 2. 먼저 말해. Meonjeo malhae. You say it first. 3.먼저 나가. Meonjeo naga. You go out first. 4. 먼저 하기 싫어. Meonjeo hagi sireo. I don't want to do it first. 5. 먼저 갈게. Meonjeo gal-ge. I'm leaving first (before you).

meo haseyo?

뭐 하세요? what do someone do? Category

Phrase TOPIK Level Level Beginner

뭐 하세요? (mwo haseyo?) literally means "what are you doing?" or "what do you do?" 뭐 (mwo) means "what" and 하세요 (haseyo) is a way of saying that someone does something. But you can use this expression to ask about someone's profession, especially when you are starting to get to know more about a new person or his/her family. You can put a person's name or title before this expression to show to whom you're referring. For Example: 1. 아버지 (abeoji) "father" +

뭐 하세요? (mwo haseyo?) "What does he do?" = "What does your father do?" 2. 언니 (eonni) "older sister for a female" +

뭐 하세요? (mwo haseyo?) "What does she do?" = "What does your older sister do?"

Example Sentences

아버지는 뭐 하세요?(abeoji-neun mwo haseyo?) "What does your father do?"

ssitda, gamda, dakda

씻다, 감다, 닦다 to wash, to brush Category Verb TOPIK Level Level

Beginner

씻다 (ssitda) is the verb that means "to wash." For the verb 씻다 (ssitda), you get rid of 다 (da) and the end and you have 씻 (ssit), the verb stem, and then you add -었어 (eosseo) to make the past tense. You can add objects in front of the verb. * 손 (son) - "hand" * 손 씻었어 (son ssiseosseo) - "I washed m y hands." * 컵 씼었어 (keop ssiseosseo) - "I washed the cup."

머리를 감다 (meori-reul gamda) is the expression that means "to wash one's hair." If you translate "to wash one's hair" literally into Korean, it would be 머리를 씻다 (meori-reul ssitda) using the verb 씻다 (ssitda). However, Korean people use a different verb for washing hair, which is 감다 (gamda). We only use it for washing hair, and nothing else., To make the verb stem for this verb you use -았어 (asseo). 머리 (meori) is srcinally "head" but it also refers to "hair." * 머리를 감다 (meori-reul gamda) - "to wash one's hair" * 머리를 감았어. (meori-reul gamasseo) - "I washed my hair." * 머리를 감았어요. (meori-reul gamasseoyo) - "I washed my hair." (polite)

이를 닦다 (i-reul dakda) is the expression that means "to brush one' * 이를 닦다 (i-reul dakda) - "to brush one's teeth" * 이를 닦았어. (i-reul dakkasseo) - "I brushed my teeth." * 이를 닦았어요. (i-reul dakkasseoyo) - "I brushed my teeth." s teeth."

닦다 (dakda) literally means "to wipe" and 이 (i) means "teeth." You add - 았어 (asseo) at the end of the verb stem to make it the past tense.

Formation * 씻다 (ssitda) - "to wash" * 씻 (ssit) - verb stem

* 씻었어 (ssiseosseo) - "I washed." / "You washed." / "He washed." ... * 씻었어? (ssiseosseo?) - "Did you wash?" / "Did he wash?" ...

Example Sentences

진짜 씻었어?(jinjja ssiseosseo?) "Did you really wash up?"

어제 머리를 감았다. (eoje meorireul gamatda) "I wahed my hair yesterday." 이를 닦기 싫다. (I-reul dakki silta) "I don't want to brush my teeth)

ppalli, neutge

빨리, 늦게 early, late Category Adverb TOPIK Level Level Beginner

We often use 빨리 (ppalli) as an adverb to encourage someone to do something "quickly." In addition to using it as an adverb, we can use it by itself without a verb to encourage someone to do something quickly. When we use it by itself, we often repeat it for added emphasis. Although this adverb does not have any politeness levels and we can use it with all levels of speech, you can add 요 at the end of this word to be more polite when you're using this word alone as in 빨리요 (ppalliyo).

늦게 (neutge) is an adverb that means "late." In Korean, we usually place adverbs before verbs, unlike in English, where most adverbs come after the verbs. * 늦게 (neutge) - "late"

* 늦게 가다 (neutge gada) - "to go late" * 늦게 도착하다 (neutge dochakhada) - "to arrive late" * 가다 늦게 (x) - Not correct * 도착하다 늦게 (x) - Not correct

Formation As with any adverb we use, we use this one before verbs.

빨리 + Verb (or Verbal phrase) ♣ Examples ♣ 1. 가다 (gada) "to go"

가 (ga) "go" : imperative (intimate politeness level) 빨리 + 가 (ppalli + ga) 빨리 가 (ppalli ga) "go quickly, hurry up and go" 2. 먹다 (meokda) " to eat"

먹어 (meogeo) "eat" : imperative (intimate politeness level) 빨리 + 먹어 (ppalli + meogeo) 빨리 먹어 (ppalli meogeo) "eat quickly, hurry up and eat"

Example Sentences

진규: 야, 빨리 가자. jingyu: ya, ppalli gaja. Jingyu: "Hey, hurry up! Let's go!" 어제 늦게 잤어요.(eoje neutge jasseoyo.) "I went to bed late yesterday."

ireonada, jada

일어나다, 자다 to wake up, to sleep

Category Verb TOPIK Level Level Beginner

일어나다 (ireonada) is a verb that means, "to get up," or "to wake up." To make it to the past tense, you can add - 았어 (-asseo) at the end of the verb stem. * 일어나다 (ireonada) - "to get up" * 일어나 (ireona) - verb stem * 일어났어. (ireonasseo) - "I got up." * 일어났어요. (ireonasseoyo) - "I got up." (polite) * 일어났어? (ireonasseo?) - "Did you already get up?" "Are you already up?" "Good morning." * 일어났어요? (ireonasseoyo?) - "Did you already get up?" "Are you already up?" (polite)

자다 (jada) is a verb that means, "to sleep," "to go to bed," or "to get to sleep." To change it to the past tense, you can add - 았어 (-asseo) at the end of the verb stem. * 자다 (jada) - "to sleep" * 자 (ja) - verb stem * 잤어 (jasseo) - "I slept." * 잤어요 (jasseoyo) - "I slept." (polite) * 잘 잤어? (jal jasseo?) - "Did you sleep well?" "Did you get a good night's sleep?" * 잘 잤어요? (jal jasseoyo?) - "Did you sleep well?" "Did you get a good night's sleep?" (polite) * 아직 자? - "Are you still sleeping?" * 아직 자요? - "Are you still sleeping?" (polite)

Example Sentences

늦게 일어났어요. neutge ireonasseoyo.

"I got up late."

어제 늦게 잤어요. eoje neutge jasseoyo. "I went to bed late yesterday."

-yo

-요 politeness particle Category Sentence Ending Particle TOPIK Level 1 Level Absolute Beginner

-요 (-yo) is sometimes used as a politeness particle. Generally speaking, if the -요 (-yo) particle is left out, it becomes the intimate politeness level (sometimes known as the casual politeness level). You can add - 요 (-yo) onto nouns, verbs conjugated into the intimate politeness level, grammatical structures, as well as many other parts of speech. When -요 (-yo) is added, as its title suggests, makes the word or sentence polite. This is in the standard politeness level. This is used to show to the listeners that you are respecting them. Typically this politeness particle is used in everyday speech, without active knowledge of it. Also, sometimes with active effort to be polite, it is added on at the end.

Formation [명사] + [요] [noun] + [yo] [반말 동사] + [요] [Verbs, intimate politeness level] + [yo]

Example Sentences

아닌데 (aninde) - but it\'s not 아닌데요 (anindeyo) - but it\'s not (polite) 친구는 와? (chingu-neun wa?) - Is your friend coming? 친구는 와요? (chingu-neun wayo?) - Is your friend coming? (polite) 학교 ? (hakgyo?) - School? 학교요? (hakgyoyo?) - School? (polite)

-eul geoya

-을 거야 I suppose, I think Category Sentence Ending Particle TOPIK Level Level Intermediate

-

[-l /eul geoya] is the intimate politeness level of the structure -

/

/

[-l / eul geomnida]. This is the same form as the intentional, but is not of the same meaning. While the intentional 거야 expresses an intention or a plan to do something in the future, here, when this grammatical structure can express a suppositive or assumptive statement about all tenses.

Formation Future / Present Tense I. Verb stems ending in a vowel + --

or -

1. 가다[gada] – “to go”

가 + ㄹ 거야 =

[gal geoya]: "I will probably go...”

갈 거야[gal geoya] - intimate 갈 거예요[gal geo-yeyo] - standard 갈 겁니다[gal geomnida] - formal 2. 보다[boda] – “to see”

보 + ㄹ 거야 =

[bol geoya]: “I will probably see”

볼 거야[bol geoya] - intimate 볼 거예요[bol geo-yeyo] - standard 볼 겁니다[bol geomnida] - formal

II. Verb stems ending in a consonant + -

or -

1. 잡다[japda] – “to catch”

잡 + 을 거야 =

[jabeul geoya]: “I will probably catch...”

잡을 거야[jabeul geoya] - intimate 잡을 거예요[jabeul geo-yeyo] - standard 잡을 겁니다[jabeul geomnida] - formal III. Verb stems ending with

+-

or -

1. 살다[salda] – “to live”

살 + 거야 =

[sal geoya]: “I will probably live...”

살 거야[sal geoya]: - intimate 살 거예요[sal geo-yeyo]: - standard 살 겁니다[sal geomnida] - formal Past Tense - Verb stem of the past form + -

or -

1. 가다[gada] – “to go” ---> 갔다[gatda]: "went"

갔 + 을 거야 =

[gatseul geoya]: "(He) probably went...”

갔을 거야[gatseul geoya] - intimate 갔을 거예요[gatseul geo-yeyo] - standard 갔을 겁니다[gatseul geomnida] - formal 2. 잡다[japda] – “to catch” ---> 잡았다[jabatda]: "caught"

잡았 + 을 것이다 =

[jabatseul geosida]: “(He) probably caught”

잡았을 거야[jabatseul geosida](intimate) 잡았을 거예요[jabatseul geo-yeyo] (standard) 잡았을 겁니다[jabatseul geomnida] (formal)

Example Sentences

1. 나도 내일 영화 볼 거야.

Nado naeil yeonghwa bol geoya. "I will probably watch a movie tomorrow, too." 2. 너는 모를 거야. Neo-neun moreul geo-ya. - I probably don't know. 3. 한 시간 정도 걸릴 거야.

Han sigan jeong-do geolril geo-ya. - I guess it'll take about an hour. 4. 집에 갔을 거야!

Jib-e gatseul geoya! - She probably went home. 5. 엄마는 놀랐을 거야. Eomma-neun nollasseul geo-ya. - I think my mom was surprised.

6. 나도 내일 영화 볼 거야.

nado naeil yeonghwa bol geoya. "I'm going to watch a movie tomorrow, too."

-ji malda

-지 말다 please don't do-, don't doCategory Sentence Ending Particle TOPIK Level Level

Beginner

-지 말다 (-ji malda) is the negative imperative sentence ending and can be translated as "don't..." The verb in this construction, 말다 (malda), when used as an independent verb means "to stop," "to discontinue," "to cease." This construction is preceded by an action verb and is used to prohibit or dissuade someone from taking an action. This construction can also be used as a negative proposition. Proposition, in addition to tense, mood and politeness level, is indicated in the verb 말다 (malda).

Formation Verb Stem + 말다

Example Sentences 1.하다 (hada) - to do

하 - verb stem 하 + 지 말다. 하지 말다. - don't do (negative imperative) 하지 마 - intimate politeness level 하지 마요 - standard politeness level 하지 마세요 - standard politeness level (honorific) 하지 마십시오 - formal politeness level 2.울다 (ulda) - to cry

울 - verb stem 울 + 지 말다. 울지 말다 - don't cry (negative imperative) 울지 마 - intimate politeness level 울지 마요 - standard politeness level 울지 마세요 - standard politeness level (honorific) 울지 마십시오 - formal politeness level 3. 웃다 (utda) - to laugh

웃 - verb stem 웃 - 지 말다. 웃지 말다 - don't laugh (negative imperative) 웃지 마 - intimate politeness level 웃지 마요 - standard politeness level 웃지 마세요 - standard politeness level (honorific)

웃지 마십시오 - formal politeness level 4. 팔다 (palda) - to sell

팔 - verb stem 팔 + 지 말다. 팔지 말자 - let's not sell (it) (negative propositive) 팔지 말자 - intimate politeness level

팔지 말죠 - standard politeness level

Notes

말다 (malda) has an irregular conjugation (refer to 'ㄹ' verbs in the grammar bank for an in depth explanation). Colloquially, however, the irregular conjugation also applies to 말다 (malda) where it traditionally shouldn't (intimate/standard present tense conjugation). Traditional Conjugation: 말다 + 아(요) Verb stem + 아(요)

말 + 아(요) 말아 (mala) - intimate politeness 말아요 (malayo) - standard politeness Colloquial Conjugation:

말다 + 아(요) Verb stem + 아(요)

마 + 아(요) [ㅏ + ㅏ = ㅏ] 마아 (maa) --> 마 (ma) - intimate politeness 마아요 (maayo) --> 마요 (mayo) - standard politeness Both the irregular conjugation and colloquial conjugation are acceptable in speech.

neomu

너무 too Category Adverb TOPIK Level Level Beginner

너무 (neomu) is an adverb we use to describe something as excessive. When this is the case, we translate it as "too" or "overly." At times, we use it as an intensifier. When that is the case, we translate it as "very," "extremely," or "so."

Formation (neomu ) + Descriptive Verb

Example Sentences

1. 이 영화 너무 재밌어.

i yeonghwa neomu jaemisseo. "This movie is so good."

2. 영어 너무 어려워요.

yeongeo neomu eoryeowoyo. "English is too difficult."

3. 키가 너무 커. 싫어.

ki-ga neomu keo. silheo. "He's too tall. I don't like him."

ssada, bissada

싸다, 비싸다 inexpensive(cheap), expensive Category Verb TOPIK Level Level Beginner

싸요 (ssayo) is an expression that means "it's cheap." You can add a noun that you consider inexpensive before this verb. Look up 싸다 (ssada) in the dictionary.

비싸요 (bissayo) is an expression that means "it's expensive." '비(bi)' means 'not', so if you add '비(bi)' in front of 싸요(ssayo/cheap), it means 'expensive'. You can add a noun that you consider expensive before this verb. Look up 비싸다 (bissada) in the dictionary. For example: 1. 가방 (gabang) "bag" + 비싸요.

가방 비싸요. gabang bissayo "The bag is expensive."

Example Sentences

진짜 싸요. 이거 사세요.(Jinjja ssayo. Igeo saseyo.) "It's really cheap. Buy this one." 너무 비싸요. 이거는 얼마예요? (neomu bissayo. igeo-neun eolma-yeyo?) "It's too expensive. How much is this one?"

eolma

얼마 how much? Category Adverb TOPIK Level Level Beginner

얼마예요 (eolmayeyo) is composed of two parts: 얼마 (eolma) and 예요 (yeyo). -예요 (-yeyo) is the standard politeness level form of the verb 이다 (ida, or "to be"), but we almost always use it in this form/politeness level when it's used in a store.

Formation The specific item or service that you want to ask for the price of is proceeded by

얼마예요 (eolmayeyo). ♣ Example: ♣ [ Item A ] + 얼마예요? [ Item A ] + eolmayeyo? "How much is [ Item A ]?"

Example Sentences

사과 얼마예요? (sagwa eolmayeyo?) How much is an apple?

myeong

명 people (counting) Category Counting Units TOPIK Level

Level Beginner

명 (myeong) is a word used to count people. It can come after numbers and also 몇 (myeot), the interrogative adjective, to ask "how many people". A noun specifying the social title or the identity of the person usually comes before the number, but it can be omitted when you're answering a question. Ex) A: 친구 몇 명 있어? (chingu myeot myeong isseo? - How many friends do you have?) B: 두 명 있어. (du myeong isseo - I have two (friends).)

Formation (Nouns specifying a social status or a position) + Number + 명 Ex) ▷ 3 friends = 친구 세 명 (chingu se myeong) ▷ 3 teachers = 선생님 세 명 (seonsaengnim se meyong) ▷ 10 taxi drivers = 택시 기사 열 명 (taeksi gisa yeol myeong)

Example Sentences 1. 몇 명 정도 왔어요? (myeot myeong jeongdo wasseoyo?) - About how many people came? 2. 다섯 명 앉을 자리 있어요? (daseot myeong anjeul jari isseoyo?) - Are there seats for five people to sit? 3. 한 명만 오세요. (han myeong-man oseyo) - One person, come over here, please.

-at, -eot, -yeot

-았, -었, -였 did, was (past tense)

Category Particle TOPIK Level Level Beginner

았었였 -( / / )- is a verbal infix, which we use to convey the past tense.

We use 았 for verbs that have ㅏ or ㅗ as the last vowel in the verb stem. We use 었 for verbs that do not have ㅏ or ㅗ as the last vowel in the verb stem. We use 였 for 하다 (hada) verbs.

Many times, there are deletions and contractions with repeating vowels. If a verb-stem ends in a consonant, there are no deletions or contractions. These contraction and deletion rules follow the 아/어/여 conjugation. Please refer to the grammar bank entry on -아/어/여 conjugation to refer to rules for contraction and deletion.

Formation (Contraction and Deletion Rules follow the same rules as the 아/어/여 conjugation. Please refer to entry on 아/어/여 conjugation in the grammar bank for contraction and deletion rules.) [Verb Stem] + [

1. (

)

/

/

] + [Conjugation (politeness level/mood/etc.]

Example: 먹다 (“to eat”)

먹 - verb stem [Verb Stem] + [었] + [Intimate Politeness Level - 아/어/여] [먹] + [었] +[어]

먹었어. - Simple Past Tense (Intimate Politeness Level)

2. (

)

Example: 먹다 (“to eat”)

먹 - verb stem [Verb Stem] + [었] + [Standard Politeness Level - 아/어/여 + 요] [먹] + [었] +[어요]

먹었어요. - Simple Past Tense (Standard Politeness Level)

3. (

)

Example: 먹다 (“to eat”)

먹 - verb stem [Verb Stem] + [었] + [Formal Politeness Level - 습니다] [먹] + [었] +[습니다]

먹었습니다. - Simple Past Tense (Formal Politeness Level)

4. Example: 배우다 (“to learn”)

배우 - verb stem [Verb Stem] + [었] + [Intimate Politeness Level - 아/어/여] [배우] + [었] + [어]

배웠어. - Simple Past Tense (Intimate Politeness Level)

5. (

)

Example: 배우다 (“to learn”)

배우 - verb stem [Verb Stem] + [었] + [Standard Politeness Level - 아/어/여 + 요] [배우] + [었] + [어요]

배웠어요. - Simple Past Tense (Standard Politeness Level)

6. (

)

Example: 배우다 (“to learn”)

배우 - verb stem [Verb Stem] + [었] + [Formal Politeness Level - 습니다] [배우] + [었] + [습니다]

배웠습니다. - Simple Past Tense (Formal Politeness Level)

Example Sentences

1. 저는 한국에서 십년 동안 살았어요.

jeo-neun hanguk-eseo simnyeon dongan sarasseoyo. "I lived in Korea for ten years." Verb: 살다 (“to live”)

살 + 았 + 어요 [Standard Politeness Level Conjugation - 아/어/여 + 요]

2. 누구였지?

nuguyeossji? "Who was it?" Verb: 이다 (“to be”)

이 + 었 + 지 (Confirmation/Agreement Conjugation - 지)

3. 만두 만들었는데.

mandu mandeureotneunde. "I made dumplings."

만들다 Verb:

(“to make”)

만들 + 었 + 는데 [Introductory Non-Final Ending - (ㄴ/은/는)데]

-eullae, -eullae?

-을래, -을래? I want to, I would like to, shall we?

Category Sentence Ending Particle TOPIK Level Level Beginner

ㄹ 을래 We use this grammatical structure ( / ) to convey one's desired intention for the future. It does not express one's actual intention, but one's desired intention. We often translate it as "want to (verb)." We use this construction with action verbs.

This grammatical construction is in the intimate politeness level. The standard politeness level adds the politeness particle -요 (ㄹ/을래요). We use this structure in colloquial situations. There is no formal politeness conjugation.

When you want to suggest doing something together to someone or ask whether the other person wants to do something, you can use this structure. We can translate this as both "Shall we do something?" or "Do you want to do something?" in English. When you say something using - ㄹ/을래? (-l/eullae?), when you're referring to something that the other person is to do alone, it's translated only as "Do you want to...?" but when you're referring to something that you can do together, it's also translated as "Shall we...?"

Formation Verb Stem +

/

We use ㄹ래 for verb stems ending in vowels.

For example:

1. 주다 (juda) “to give”

주 + ㄹ래 줄래(요) “I want to give (something).”

Verb stem + -ㄹ/을래? (-l/eullae?) For Example: 1. 가다 (gada) - "to go" --> 갈래? (gallae?) "Do you want to go?" or "Shall we go?" 2. 사다 (sada) - "to buy" --> 살래? (sallae?) "Do you want to buy it?" or "Shall we buy it?" We use 을래 for verb stems ending in consonants.

For example:

1. 잡다 (japda) “to grab”

잡 - verb stem 잡 + 을래 잡을래 (요) “I want to grab.”

Verb stem + -

/

? (-l/eullae?)

For Example:

1. 가다 (gada) - "to go" --> 갈래? (gallae?) "Do you want to go?" or "Shall we go?" 2. 사다 (sada) - "to buy" --> 살래? (sallae?) "Do you want to buy it?" or "Shall we buy it?"

Example Sentences

1. 한국으로 갈래요.

hanguk-euro gallaeyo. "I want to go to Korea."

2. 나는 오늘 결혼할래.

na-neun oneul gyeolhon hallae. "I want to get married today."

3. 사랑해볼래요.

saranghaebollaeyo. "I want to give love a try.

내일 같이 영화 볼래?(naeil gachi yeong-hwa bollae?) "Do you want to watch a movie together tomorrow?"

geo(geot)

거( 것 ) possessive particle Category Particle TOPIK Level Level Absolute Beginner

In Korean, when you want to say "mine," "yours," "theirs," and so forth, you combine two words. It's very simple. You just put the word for "my," "your," or "theirs" and the word for "thing" together. The following is the list of possessive adjectives in their most commonly used forms.

1.

내 nae (intimate), je (polite) "my"

2. 니 ni (intimate - often omitted in polite language) "your"

3. 누구

nugu (both intimate and polite) "whose"

4. n/a (often replaced by the person's name) "his/her/their"

And you just add 거 (geo) after this. 거 (geo) is a colloquial form of 것 (geot), and we use it more often simply because it is easier to pronounce it that way.

For Example:

1. 내 거 nae geo (often pronounced as nae kkeo) meaning "mine"

2. 제 거 je geo (often pronounced as je kkeo ) meaning "mine" (polite)

3. 니 거 ni geo (often pronounced as ni kkeo) meaning "yours"

4. 누구 거 nugu geo (often pronounced as nugu kkeo) meaning "whose"

Example Sentences 1. 이거 제 거예요.

igeo je geo-yeyo. "This is mine." (polite) 2. 이 차 누구 거예요? i cha nugu geo-yeyo? "Whose car is this car?" (polite) 3. 이 책 니 거야?

i chaek ni geo-ya? "Is this book yours?" (intimate)

Notes Expressions Related to Agreeing and Denying When someone asks you whether something is true or not, you can acknowledge that it

is true or deny that it is true. For this purpose, you can use the expressions 맞아 (maja) and 아니야 (aniya). 맞아 (maja) comes from the verb 맞다 (matda), meaning "to be correct," and you can make it more polite by adding - 요 (-yo) at the end. 아니야 (aniya) comes from the verb 아니다 (anida), and you can make it more polite by saying

아니에요 (anieyo). For Example:

1. 맞아요. majayo. "That's correct."

2. 제 거 맞아요.

je geo majayo. "It IS mine."/"You're right. That's mine." 3. 아니에요. anieyo. "That's not true." /"It's not." 4. 제 거 아니에요.

je geo anieyo. "That's not mine."

je, nae, ni, uri, jeohui

제, 내, 니, 우리, 저희 my, your, our (informal and formal) Category Noun TOPIK Level -

Level

Absolute Beginner

We use possessive pronouns to attribute ownership of an object to someone. Like any other pronoun, these replace the nouns. We use different possessive pronouns according to the speaker’s relationship with the listener. Humbling pronouns, neutral pronouns, and intimate pronouns, all indicate the relationship between the listener and the speaker.

Formation In reality, possessive pronouns are a contraction of pronouns and the possessive particle.

1.

=저의 (jeo-ui) -저 + 의 first person humbling pronoun + possessive particle We use 제 (je) to humble oneself in the presence of someone the speaker respects.

2.

=나의 (na-ui) -나 + 의 informal first person pronoun + possessive particle We use 내 (nae) in informal contexts where the speaker feels that 제 (je) is too polite and inappropriate for the relationship with the listener. We use 내 (nae) when the speaker does not feel the need to show the highest respect to the listener.

3.

= 너의 (neo-ui) - 너 + 의 informal second person pronoun + possessive particle We use 니 (ni) in informal contexts when the speaker feels very comfortable with the listener and the power relationship is at least equal. We commonly use it when the speaker has the upper hand in the relationship.

4.

= 저희 + 의 - 저희(의) humbling first person plural noun + (possessive particle) We actually drop the possessive particle for this possessive pronoun (as we do in many cases.) We use this possessive particle in formal situations such as when the speaker does not know the listener well, or when the listener holds much of the power in the relationship.

5.

= 우리 + 의 - 우리(의) intimate first person plural pronoun + (possessive particle) We actually drop the possessive particle for this possessive pronoun (as we do in many cases.) We use this possessive particle in informal situations when the speaker feels that 저희 (jeohui) is too polite.

Example Sentences

1. 제 친구가 호주에 살아요.

je chingu-ga hoju-e sarayo. “My friend lives in Australia.”

2. 내 차가 죽었어.

nae cha-ga jukeosseo. “My car broke down (died).”

3. 니 연필 줘.

ni yeonpil jwo. “Give me your pencil.”

4. 우리 집은 넓어.

uri jib-eun neolbeo. “My home is big.” (neutral/intimate)

5. 저희 집은 좁아요.

jeohui jip-eun jobayo. “My home is small.” (polite)

-eul geosida

-을 것이다 will, am going to

Category Sentence Ending Particle TOPIK Level Level Beginner

We use this grammar point to express a future action or an intention. This is stronger than the other intentionals. We can change the latter part, 것이다, to 거야, 거예요, and 것입니다 in the present tense, depending on the politeness levels.

Formation Verb stem + -

/

I. Verb stems ending in a vowel + -

1. 가다[gada] – “to go”

가(다) + ㄹ 것이다 =

[gal geosimnida]: "will go”

갈 거야[gal geoya] - intimate 갈 거예요[gal geo-yeyo] - standard 갈 것입니다[gal geosimnida] or 갈 겁니다[gal geomnida] - formal

2. 보다[boda] – “to see”

보(다) + ㄹ 것이다 =

볼 거야[bol geoya] - intimate

[bol geosida]: “will see”

볼 거예요[bol geo-yeyo] - standard 볼 것입니다[bol geosimnida] or 볼 겁니다[bol geomnida] - formal

II. Verb stems ending in a consonant + -

1. 잡다[japda] – “to catch”

잡(다) + 을 것이다 =

[jabeul geosida]: “will catch”

잡을 거야[jabeul geoya] - intimate 잡을 거예요[jabeul geo-yeyo] - standard 잡을 것입니다[jabeul geosimnida] or 잡을 겁니다[jabeul geomnida] - formal

III. Verb stems ending with -

+

1. 살다[salda] – “to live”

살(다) + 것이다 =

[sal geosida]: “will live”

살 거야[sal geoya]: - intimate 살 거예요[sal geo-yeyo]: - standard

살 것입니다[sal geosimnida] or 살 겁니다[sal geomnida] - formal

Example Sentences

1. 집에 갈 거야!

jib-e gal geoya! "I'm going to go home!"

2. 뭐 먹을 거야?

mwo meogeul geoyo? "What are you going to eat?"

3. 너랑 안 놀 거야!

neo-rang an nol geoya! "I'm not going to play with you!"

4. 나도 내일 영화 볼 거야.

nado naeil yeonghwa bol geoya. "I'm going to watch a movie tomorrow, too."

5. 너만 결혼해? 나도 결혼할 거야!

neo-man gyeolhonhae? nado gyeolhonhal geoya! "You think only you can get married? I'm going to get married too!"

Notes We often replace 것이다 with 거다. It is a pronunciation change that occurs in natural conversation.

geurigo

그리고 and Category Conjunction TOPIK Level Level Absolute Beginner

When you want to connect sentences using "and" in Korean, you use the word 그리고 (geurigo). You can use 그리고 for connecting words, but we mostly use it for connecting sentences in spoken Korean.

Formation Sentence A.

, Sentence B.

For Example:

1. 밥 먹었어. 그리고 커피도 마셨어.

bap meogeosseo. geurigo keopi-do masyeosseo "I've eaten. And I've also had some coffee."

Example Sentences Romanization Korean "English" eurigo igeo-neun "And whose is 그리고 이거는 nugu geo-yeyo? this?"

누구 거예요? 이거 드세요. 그리고 커피도 드세요. 그리고 내일은 쉬는 날이에요.

"Have some of igeo deuseyo. this. And have eurigo keopi-do some coffee, deuseyo. too."

eurigo naeil-eun "And tomorrow swineun nal-ieyo. is a holiday."

geuraeseo

그래서 so,therefore,as a result, Category Conjunction TOPIK Level Level

Absolute Beginner

The Focus of This Lesson Is How to Say "So" or "Therefore" in Korean and also to Learn Some Expressions about Driving. . "So I don't have my driver's license now."

When you want to say "so" or "therefore" in Korean, the simplest way to say this is just using the word 그래서 (geuraeseo). You can conjugate the verb of a previous sentence

그래서 to connect two sentences, but even if you don't do that, saying (geuraeseo) will link two sentences just as well. And like in English, if you just say 그래서? (geuraeseo?) as a question, it can both be a curious inquiry as to what happened next and a sarcastic "so what?"

Formation For Example:

1. 어제 비가 왔어요. 그래서 집에 있었어요. eoje bi-ga wasseoyo. geuraeseo jib-e isseosseoyo. "It rained yesterday. So I stayed at home." Example Sentences Korean Romanization

그래서 언제 올 거예요? 그래서 어떻게 했어요? 그래서 결론이 뭐예요?

euraeseo eonje ol geo-yeyo? euraeseo eotteoke haesseoyo? euraeseo yeollon-i mwoeyo?

"English" "So when are you going to come?"

"So what did you do?" "So what's the conclusion?"

geurigo

그리고 and Category Conjunction TOPIK Level Level Absolute Beginner

When you want to connect sentences using "and" in Korean, you use the word 그리고 (geurigo). You can use 그리고 for connecting words, but we mostly use it for connecting sentences in spoken Korean.

Formation

Sentence A.

, Sentence B.

For Example:

1. 밥 먹었어. 그리고 커피도 마셨어. bap meogeosseo. geurigo keopi-do masyeosseo "I've eaten. And I've also had some coffee."

Example Sentences Romanization Korean

그리고 이거는 누구 거예요? 이거 드세요. 그리고 커피도 드세요. 그리고 내일은 쉬는 날이에요.

"English"

eurigo igeo-neun "And whose is nugu geo-yeyo? this?" "Have some of igeo deuseyo. this. And have eurigo keopi-do some coffee, deuseyo. too."

eurigo naeil-eun "And tomorrow swineun nal-ieyo. is a holiday."

geureonde, geunde

그런데, 근데 however, but Category Conjunction TOPIK Level Level Beginner

When you want to say "but" in Korean, 근데 (geunde) is the most common expression among many that Koreans use. 근데 (geunde) comes from 그런데 ( geureonde), but Koreans use 근데 much more commonly than 그런데 except for in writing. For Example: 1. 이거 봤어. 근데 재미없어. igeo bwasseo. geunde jaemieopseo.

"I saw this. But it's not interesting." Although it's a shortened form of 그런데 (geureonde) and 그런데 is certainly more formal, you can use 근데 (geunde) in polite language too.

Example Sentences

밖에 비 와요. 근데 우산이 없어요.(bakk-e bi wayo. geunde usan-i eopseoyo.) "It's raining outside, but I don't have an umbrella."

ireonada, jada

일어나다, 자다 to wake up, to sleep Category TOPIK Level

Verb -

Level Beginner

일어나다 (ireonada) is a verb that means, "to get up," or "to wake up." To make it to the past tense, you can add - 았어 (-asseo) at the end of the verb stem. * 일어나다 (ireonada) - "to get up" * 일어나 (ireona) - verb stem

일어났어 * . (ireonasseo) - "I got up." * 일어났어요. (ireonasseoyo) - "I got up." (polite) * 일어났어? (ireonasseo?) - "Did you already get up?" "Are you already up?" "Good morning." * 일어났어요? (ireonasseoyo?) - "Did you already get up?" "Are you already up?" (polite)

자다 (jada) is a verb that means, "to sleep," "to go to bed," or "to get to sleep." To change it to the past tense, you can add - 았어 (-asseo) at the end of the verb stem.

* 자다 (jada) - "to sleep" * 자 (ja) - verb stem * 잤어 (jasseo) - "I slept." * 잤어요 (jasseoyo) - "I slept." (polite) * 잘 잤어? (jal jasseo?) - "Did you sleep well?" "Did you get a good night's sleep?" * 잘 잤어요? (jal jasseoyo?) - "Did you sleep well?" "Did you get a good night's sleep?" (polite) * 아직 자? - "Are you still sleeping?" * 아직 자요? - "Are you still sleeping?" (polite)

Example Sentences

늦게 일어났어요. neutge ireonasseoyo. "I got up late." 어제 늦게 잤어요. eoje neutge jasseoyo. "I went to bed late yesterday."

i, geu, jeo, eoneu

이, 그, 저, 어느 this, that, the, some Category Noun

TOPIK Level

1 Level Absolute Beginner

We use demonstrative adjectives in conjunction with nouns in order to modify them. We can express them as follows:

이 [명사] - i [noun] - "this" [noun] 그 [명사] - geu [noun] - "that" [noun]

(This demonstrative modifier indicates that the noun is far from the speaker but close to the listener.)

저 [명사] - jeo [noun] - "that" [noun] "over there" (This demonstrative modifier indicates that the noun is far from both the speaker and listener.) 어느 [명사] - eoneu [noun] - "which" [noun]

Formation Simply place 이 (i), 그 (geu), 저 (jeo), or 어느 (eoneu) before any noun to describe the noun as such.

이 [명사] - i [noun] - "this" [noun] 그 [명사] - geu [noun] - "that" [noun] 저 [명사] -jeo [noun] - "that" [noun] "over there" 어느 [명사] - eoneu [noun] - "which" [noun]

Example Sentences 1. 그 사람이 미국사람입니다.

geu saram-i miguk-saram-imnida. "That person is American." 2. 어느 극장에 갈꺼야?

eoneu geukjang-e galkkeoya? "Which theater are you going to?" 3. 이 친구는 제 중학교 친구예요. i chingu-neun je junghakgyo chingu-eyo. "This friend is a junior high school friend." 4. 저 건물이 뭐에요?

jeo geonmul-i mwo-eyo? "What is that building over there?"

geo, geugeo, jeogeo

이거, 그거, 저거 this thing, that thing, the thing Category Noun TOPIK Level 1 Level Absolute Beginner

이거 (igeo), 그거(geugeo), 저거(jeogeo) are demonstrative pronouns, which we can express as "this," "that," and "that over there," respectively. These words are pronouns and we use them just as we use nouns. 이거 (igeo) means "this." 그거 (geugeo) means "that." It indicates the speaker is far from item under discussion but the listener is close to it. 저거 (jeogeo) means "that." It indicates both the speaker and listener are far from the item under discussion. All three of these have corresponding written forms.

Spoken:

이거, 그거, 저거 Written:

이것, 그것, 저것

Formation We can break down the written form of these words as such: [demonstrative modifier] + 것 = 이것, 그것, 저것 For Example:

1. 것 (geot) means "thing." Literally, 이것 (igeot) means "this thing," 그것 (geugeot) means "that thing," and 저것 (jeogeot) means "that thing over there." In spoken Korean, however, they are as follows: [demonstrative modifier] + 거 = 이거, 그거, 저거

거 (geo) means "thing."

Example Sentences 1. 이거는 제 책이야.

igeo-neun je chaek-iya. "This is my book." 2. 저거는 누구꺼예요? jeogeo-neun nugukkeo-eyo? "Who is that over there?" 3. 그거요? 그거는 모자입니다.

geugeoyo? geugeo-neun moja-imnida. "That? That's a hat."

gwaenchana?

괜찮아? okay? Category Verb TOPIK Level Level Absolute Beginner

괜찮아? (gwaen-chan-a), which means "Are you all right?" is a very common expression we use to ask whether or not someone is feeling okay. You can add 좀 (jom), which means "some," "a little," or "a few," right before 괜찮아 (gwaen-chan-a) to make it sound more natural.

For Example:

1. 좀 괜찮아?

jom gwaen-cha-a? "Are you all right?"

The expression 괜찮아? "Are you all right?" is very similar to 어때? (eo-ddae), which means "How is?"/"How about?" As you will see below, you can use these phrases in conjunction to ask about someone's condition. You can review them in Absolute Beginner Season 2 Lesson 5.

Formation Specific Body Part (noun) + particles (

/

)+(

jom) +

"Is your (noun) all right/okay?"

Example Sentences 1. 머리는 (좀) 괜찮아? Meo-ri-neun (jom) gwaen-chan-a? "Is your head okay?" 2. 팔은 좀 어때? 팔은 괜찮아?

Pal-eun jom eo-ddae? Pal-eun gwaen-chan-a? "How is your arm? Is it all right?" 3. 배는 좀 어때? 배는 좀 괜찮아? Bae-neun jom eo-ddae? Bae-neun jom gwaen-chan-a? "How is your stomachache? Is it okay?" 4. 다리는 어때? 다리는 좀 괜찮아? Da-ri-neun eo-ddae? Da-ri-neun jom gwaen-chan-a? "How is your leg? Is it all right?"

? (gwaen-chan-a ):

-a bogo sipda, -eo bogo sipda

-아 보고 싶다, -어 보고 싶다 want to try something Category Verb TOPIK Level

-

Level Intermediate

When you want to say that you want to try doing something in Korean, you can use the structure -아/어/여 보고 싶다 (-a/eo/yeo bogo sipda). This is a combination of -

아/어/여 보다 and -고 싶다, and you can use this structure when you talk about something that you hope to do. But the reason that a lot of Korean people say - 아/어/여

보고 싶다 instead of just - 고 싶다 is because this is a less direct of way of saying that you "want to" do something.

For Example:

1. 이거 쓰고 싶어요. igeo sseugo sipeoyo. "I want to use this." (more direct)

2. 이거 써 보고 싶어요. igeo sseo bogo sipeoyo. "I want to try using this." (less direct thus more polite)

Formation

Verb stem + -

/

(-a/eo/yeo bogo sipda)

/

For Example:

1. 하다 "to do" - 하 + -여 보고 싶다 - 해 보고 싶다 "to want to do/tr y doing something"

저도 해 보고 싶어요.

jeo-do hae bogo sipeoyo. "I want to try doing it too."

Example Sentences Romanization Korean

저도 마셔 보고 싶어요. 한번 가 보고 싶어요. 혼자 해 보고

"English" "I want to try eo-do masyeo drinking some bogo sipeoyo. of it too." "I want to try han beon ga bogo going there sipeoyo. once." "I want to try honja hae bogo doing it by

sipeoyo. 싶어요. 저도 이거 써 보고 eo-do igeo sseo bogo sipeoyo. 싶어요.

myself." "I want to try using it as well."

-eoya doeda, -aya doeda.

-어야 되다, -아야 되다. have to be, should be, must be Category Sentence Ending Particle TOPIK Level Level Intermediate

This grammatical construction expresses obligation in Korean. We use it with all verbs (both action and descriptive) to express what someone must do or must be. We often translate this grammatical structure as "have to (verb)" or "must (verb)."

The final verb, 되다 (doeda), usually means "become," but it can also mean "work out smoothly," "go without problem," or "be able to achieve." We can often replace the final verb 되다 (doeda) with the verb 하다 (hada) as the final verb and still hold the same exact meaning.

되다 하다 We regularly express the tense and politeness level in the verbs (doeda) or (hada). We regularly express negation, however, in the first verb.

Formation Verb stem + (

/

/

)

Verb stem + (

/

/

)

We use 아 (a) with verb stems with the final vowels ㅏ (a) or ㅗ (o). We use 어 (eo) with verb stems with any other final vowels. We use 여 (yeo) with 하다 (hada) verbs. 1. 준비하다 [junbihada]: "to prepare"

준비하(verb stem) + 여야 되다 : -여 (yeo) conjugation is used with 하다 (hada) verbs [junbi haeya doeda]: "to have to prepare"

--->

2. 전화를 받다[jeonhwareul batda]: "to answer the phone"

전화를 받(verb stem) + 아야 되다 ---> 전화를 받아야 하다[jeonhwareul badaya hada]: "to have to answer the phone"

Example Sentences 1. 전화하지 마. 나 일해야 돼.

junhwahaji ma. na il haeya dwae. "Don't talk on the phone. I have to work." 2. 시끄럽게 하지 마. 나 공부해야 돼. sikkeureopge hajima. na gongbuhaeya dwae. "Don't be loud. I have to study."

3. 무슨 일 생겨도, 이 전화를 받아야 해요!

museun il saenggyeo-do, i jeonhwa-reul badaya haeyo! "Whatever happens, you must answer this phone!" 4. 저는 준비해야 되겠어요. jeo-neun junbi haeya doegesseoyo. "I'll have to prepare." 5. 저는 준비 안 해야 되겠어요.

jeo-neun junbi an haeya doegesseoyo. "I won't have to prepare."

Notes The final verb, -되다 (-doeda), cannot inflect the past tense. Instead, we must inflect the past tense using the verb 하다 (hada) in place of 되다 (doeda).

-aseo, -eseo (2)

-아서, -어서 (2) because, for the reason of, so

Category Conjunction TOPIK Level Level Beginner

This grammatical structure indicates the cause or reason for a consequence. It is a nonfinal ending, and thus we typically introduce a consequential sentence after this structure. However, we commonly use it as a sentence ending because many times we can infer the consequential sentence. We use it mostly with descriptive verbs (some action verbs are exceptions).

Formation

-(

/

)

,

provides the reason for . [verb] + -(

/

)

1. 바쁘다[bappeuda]: "to be busy"

바ㅃ + 아서 ->

[bappaseo] : "because I am busy..."

2. 예쁘다[yeppeuda]: "to be pretty"

예ㅃ + 어서 ->

[yeppeoseo] : "because you are pretty..."

Example Sentences 1. 바빠서, 못 왔어요.

bappaseo, mot "I was busy, sowasseoyo. I couldn't come." 2. 술이 좋아서, 어제도 술 마셨어요. sul-i johaseo, eoje-do sul masyeosseoyo. "Because alcohol is good, I drank again yesterday." 3. 예뻐서 전화했지.

yeppeoseo jeonhwahaetji. "Because you're pretty, I called."

Notes Here are examples of situations where we must imply the consequential sentence. For Example:

아버지: 왜 늦게 왔어? [oe neutge watseo?] Father: "Why did you come late?" 아들: 차가 막혀서... [chaga makyeoseo...] Son: "Because there was traffic..." We should make the ending of the sentence 늦었어, meaning "I was late."

man (2)

만 (2) in the time of, for Category Particle TOPIK Level Level Intermediate

-만 (man) is a particle used to indicate how much time has passed since a previous action happened or a state began until the present moment, when another action is happening or the state is changing. There isn't a direct translation for this particle that always works, but it is usually translated as “it has been + time” or “after/in + time.” The form time + 만 is a noun, so - 에 can be attached to it to modify an action.

Formation Time + -만 + 이다 - 1 년 (1 year) + 만 + 이다 - 1 년만이에요 = It's been one year. Time + -만 + 에 - 3 달 (three months) + 만 + 에 - 3 달만에 한국에 왔어요. = I came back to Korea three months after I left.

Example Sentences 1. 3일만에 집에 돌아왔어요. [돌아오다] (samilman-e jib-e dorawasseoyo) - He came back home after three days (of not coming home). 2. 한달만에 학교에 갔어요. [가다] (handalman-e hakgyo-e gasseoyo) - I went to school after one month (of not going there). 3. 1년만에 만났어요. [만나다] (ilnyeonman-e mannasseoyo)

- We hadn't met for a year. 4. 얼마만이지? [이다] (eolmamaniji?) - How long has it been? 5. 5년만에 다시 영어 공부를 시작했어요. [시작하다] (onyeonman-e dasi yeongeo gongbu-reul dasi sijakhaesseoyo) - I started studying English again after not studying it for 5 years.

eoryeopda, swipda

어렵다, 쉽다 to be easy, to be difficult Category Verb TOPIK Level Level

Beginner

쉬워요 (suiwoyo) comes from the descriptive verb, 쉽다 (suipda), which means "to be easy." The conjugation of this verb is irregular, so please refer to the conjugation chart below to see the different politeness levels and conjugations.

We can use this word in terms of difficulty level. Please see some of the examples below.

--

어려워요 (eoryeowoyo) comes from the descriptive verb 어렵다 (eoryeopda), which means "to be difficult." The conjugation of this verb is irregular, so please refer to the conjugation chart below to see the different politeness levels and conjugations.

We can use this word in terms of difficulty level. Please see some of the examples below.

Formation

Politeness Level Formal

Standard Intimate

Korean

Romanization

Notes

쉽습니다. suipseumnida Most formal, least colloquial suiwoyo Polite, very 쉬워요 colloquial suiwo Informal, very 쉬워 colloquial

Romanization Politeness Korean Notes Level Formal 어렵습니다. eoryoepseumnida Most formal, least colloquial Standard eoryeowoyo Polite, 어려워요 very colloquial Intimate eoryeowo Informal, 어려워 very colloquial

Example Sentences 1. 오렌지 주스 만들기가 쉬워요.

orenji juseu mandeulgiga suiwoyo. "It's easy to make orange juice."

2. 수능시험이 쉬워요.

suneungsiheomi suiwoyo. "The Suneung Exam (College Entrance Exam) is easy."

1. 선생님... 어려워요! seonsaengnim... eoryeowoyo! "Teacher, it's difficult!" 2. 수학 수업 제일 어려워요. suhak sueop jeil eoryeowoyo. "Math class is the most difficult.

-ja

-자 let's, why don't weCategory Sentence Ending Particle TOPIK Level Level Beginner

We use this sentence ending to express invitation, persuasion, or solicitation for an action, and -자 is in the intimate politeness form. So make sure you use it only with people with whom you are on intimate terms.

Formation Whenever we conjugate a verb or a sentence ending to - 자, it shows this grammatical structure.

Example Sentences

1. 밥 먹자.

bob meokja. "Let's eat."

2. 영화 보러 가자.

yeonghwa boreo gaja. "Let's go watch a movie."

3. 놀자!

nolja! "Let's hang out!"

4. 자자!

jaja! "Let's sleep!"

5. 만나자!

mannaja! "Let's meet!"

6. 도망가자!

domanggaja! "Let's run away!"

7. 공부하자!

gongbuhaja! "Let's study!"

8. 그렇게 하자.

geureotke haja. "Let's do so."

9. 집에 가자.

gaja. "Let's go home."

10. 잊어버리자.

geuman duja. "Let's forget about it."

Notes -자 is very intimate language. We use it very commonly in everyday conversation, but you have to be very careful with whom you use this grammar point. You can only use this very casual language with family and close friends.

geo(geot)

거( 것 ) possessive particle Category

Particle TOPIK Level Level Absolute Beginner

In Korean, when you want to say "mine," "yours," "theirs," and so forth, you combine two words. It's very simple. You just put the word for "my," "your," or "theirs" and the word for "thing" together. The following is the list of possessive adjectives in their most commonly used forms.

1. 내

nae (intimate), je (polite) "my"

2. 니

ni (intimate - often omitted in polite language) "your"

3. 누구

nugu (both intimate and polite) "whose"

4. n/a (often replaced by the person's name) "his/her/their"

And you just add 거 (geo) after this. 거 (geo) is a colloquial form of 것 (geot), and we use it more often simply because it is easier to pronounce it that way.

For Example:

1. 내 거 nae geo (often pronounced as nae kkeo) meaning "mine"

2. 제 거 je geo (often pronounced as je kkeo ) meaning "mine" (polite)

3. 니 거 ni geo (often pronounced as ni kkeo) meaning "yours"

4. 누구 거 nugu geo (often pronounced as nugu kkeo) meaning "whose"

Example Sentences 1. 이거 제 거예요. igeo je geo-yeyo. "This is mine." (polite) 2. 이 차 누구 거예요?

i cha nugu geo-yeyo? "Whose car is this car?" (polite) 3. 이 책 니 거야?

i chaek ni geo-ya? "Is this book yours?" (intimate)

johahada, sireohada

좋아하다, 싫어하다 like, dislike Category Verb TOPIK Level Level Beginner

The verb 좋아하다 (joahada), which means "to like." The sentence order in Korean is different than it is in English. In English, the basic sentence order is Subject Verb Object. In Korean, however, the word order is Subject Object Verb. So we often find the verb 좋아하다 (joahada) at the end of simple sentences, with the object coming in front.

The verb 싫어하다 (sireohada), which means "to not like." The sentence order in Korean is different than it is in English. In English, the basic sentence order is Subject Verb Object. In Korean, however, the word order is Subject Object Verb. So you'll often find this verb 싫어하다 (sireohada) at the end of simple sentences, with the object coming in front.

안녕하세요 KoreanClass101.com 여러분. 한국어 공부는 잘 되어가고 있나요? 여러분은 한국어 공부를 하면서 무엇을 느끼시나요? ‘한국어’라는 새 언어를 접하면서 한국의 말만 배우시나요 아니면, 한국의 문화, 한국사람들의 사고 방식, 생활 습관 그리고 한국의 문화를 간접적으로 느끼지는 않나요? 전 오늘 제가 캐나다에서 처음 느꼈었던 문화 쇼크 ‘culture shock’ 에 대해서 이야기 해 볼려고 합니다. 제가 혹시 눈물을 머금더라도 이해해 주세요…

아마도 제가 캐나다에 머문지 2 주일이 체 안되서 생겼던 일입니다. 전 방문을 굳게 닫고 방에서 한발 자욱도 나가기를 거부하는 제 자신을 발견하게 되었습니다. 홈스테이 식구들이 해주는 저녁 식사도 마다하고 제 방 한 구석에서 한국에서 가져온 ‘신라면’을 꺼내들며 그걸 편안하게 부셔먹는 제 스스로를 보며 “내가 왜 이러지?”, “ 내가 미쳐가는 건가?” 라는 생각도 했었습니다. 항상 밝고

사람을 좋아하며 스스로 긍정적인 태도를 잃지 않는 저였기에 그런 현상을 직접 느끼고 행하는 제 스스로를 도무지 이해할 수가 없었습니다.

그렇게 하루, 이틀, 삼일이 지났고… 무엇이 그렇게 날 힘들게 하는것인지 고심을 하던 끝에 하나의 결론에 도달하게 되었습니다. 20 여년 이상을 한국이라는 나라안에서 한국말만 편하게 쓰다가 갑자기 캐나다라는 나라안에서 영어라는 언어를 갑자기 접하게 되서, 제 몸과 마음이 그 새로운 언어와 문화에 적응을 못하는 즉, culture shock, 에 걸렸던 것을 깨닫게 되었습니다. 정말 불쌍했던 것은 너무 심하게 문화 쇼크에 걸린 나머지 스스로를 사람들로부터 격리하고 한국의 문화와 한국 사람들의 향기를 느낄 수 있는 ‘신라면’을 통해서 스스로를 위로하고 격려하는 아주 희귀하고 몹쓸 병에 걸렸던 것이였습니다.

이 문화 쇼크라는 병은 병원과 약국에서도 처방전이 없는 아주 희귀한 병이였던 것이였습니다. 이건 마음에서 오는 병이며 스스로 이겨내야 하는 병이라는 것을 스스로 조금씩 깨닫게 되었습니다. 하지만 해결책을 머리로 아는 것과 그 해결책을 행동으로 실천하는 것은 매우 다른 것이였습니다. 그때, 바로 그 순간, 머리에서 울리는 소리가 있었습니다 – “피할 수 없다면 즐겨라!!!”

그 소리를 들은 날부터 전 모든 것들을 새롭게 보기 시작했습니다. 캐내디언 사람들과 대화를 하는데 있어서 언제나 장벽이라고 여겼었던 영어는 어느새 실수를 해도 괜찮은 ‘찰흙’같은 존재가 되어 있었으며, 캐내디언 사람들과 친분을 형성하는데 어려움이라고 여겼던 캐나다의 문화와 사고 방식들은 어느새 내가 알아가야만 하는 ‘새로운 친구’같은 존재가 되어있었습니다. 그 후로 모든 것이 180 도 변하게 되었고 어느새 그 ‘신라면’은 가끔 나의 허기를 채워주는 라면의

존재로 다시 원래의 본 모습을 되찾게 되었습니다.

KoreanClass101.com 여러분, 여러분은 한국어를 처음 접할때 어떤 느낌을

받았나요? 혹시 여러분도 저와 같이 문화 쇼크, culture shock, 을 느껴보지는 않았나요? 만약 느껴보았었다면 여러분의 노하우는 무엇이 있었나요? 처음 한국어를 접할때 정말 힘들었다고 느꼈던 부분은 무엇이 있었나요? 여러분들의 모국의 문화와 특별히 다른 한국의 문화를 발견하지는 않았나요?

저는 진심으로 여러분 모두가 ‘승리자’라고 생각을 합니다. 사실 이렇게 저의 블러그를 듣고 이해를 한다는 것이 절대 공짜로 얻어진 결과물이 아니니까요. 여러분 더욱 힘 내시고요, 제가 마지막으로 여러분 모두를 위해 한마디 하겠습니다.

“피할 수 없다면 즐겨라!”

들어주셔서 감사합니다.

Formation The word order in Korean sentences is Subject Object Verb. Often in Korean, we can omit the subject, so a sentence can often start with simply the object and then end with the verb.

As an example, we will look at the phrase 저는 김치 좋아해요 (jeoneun gimchi joahaeyo), which means "I like kimchi."

Example Sentences

소주(soju) meaning "rice wine" (similar to vodka) 저는 소주 좋아해요 . jeoneun soju joahaeyo.

김치(gimchi) meaning "fermented Chinese cabbage" 저는 김치 싫어해요. jeoneun gimchi sireohaeyo. 비빔밥(bibimbab) meaning "vegetables and other toppings over rice" 저는 비빔밥 싫어해요. jeoneun bibimbab sireohaeyo.

Notes remember: the word order for Korean is Subect + Object + Verb

-eul su itda , -eul su eopda

-을 수 있다 ,-을 수 없다 can, cannot Category Verb TOPIK Level Level Beginner

-

/

[-l/eul su itda] is a grammatical structure we use to express ability,

capability, or possibility (e.g., whether you can or can't speak English, or you can or can't use a computer). We add this structure onto the end of both descriptive and action verbs to express the possibility or capability of those verbs. We can translate this as

"can" or "able to." We can conjugate the last verb, 있다 (itda), to express politeness level, tense, or mood. Traditionally, the verb can inflect negation as well, but in this grammatical structure, the negated form would come from the verb opposite to the verb 있다[itda], which is -없다 [eopta]. We can translate the construction -

[-l/eul su eoptda] as "cannot"

/

or "not able to." [-l/eul su eoptda], this carries the / notion that the speaker (or subject of the sentence) was unable to do something because he or she did not have the capacity to perform that activity. Using this structure implies However, when using the construction

that the subject does not possess the ability to perform that action (i.e., 먹을 수 없어 meaning "I can't eat" ("I don't have the ability to eat")). When expressing the "can't" because of factors other than inability, we use the impossibility adverb 못 (mot).

Formation Verb Stem + - /

or -

/

Future / Present Tense I. Verb stems ending in a vowel + -

or -

1. 가다[gada] – “to go”

가 + -ㄹ 수 있다 => 가 + -ㄹ 수 없다 => 2. 보다[boda] – “to see”

[gal su itda]: "to be able to go" [gal su epda]: "to not be able to go"

보 + -ㄹ 수 있다 =>

[bol su itda]: "to be able to see”

보 + -ㄹ 수 없다 =>

[bol su eopda]: "to not be able to see"

3. 하다[hada] - "to do"

하 + -ㄹ 수 있다 =>

[hal su itda]: "to be able to do"

하 + -ㄹ 수 없다 =>

[hal su eopda]: "to not be able to do"

II. Verb stems ending in a consonant + -

or -

1. 있다[itda]: "to exist" or "to have"

있 + - 을 수 있다 =>

[itseul su itda]: "to be able to have ...”

있 + -을 수 없다 =>

[itseul su eopda]: "to not be able to have"

2. 잡다[japda] – “to catch”

잡 + - 을 수 있다 =>

[jabeul su itda]: "to not be able to catch...”

잡 + - 을 수 없다 =>

[jabeul su eopda]: "to not be able to catch"

III. Verb stems ending with

+-

or -

1. 알다[alda] – “to know”

알 + - 수 있다 =>

[al su itda]: "to not be able to know...”

알 + - 수 없다 =>

[al su eopda]: "to not be able to know"

Example Sentences

. 1. 학교 hakgyo gal su eopseoyo. "I wasn't able to go to school." ("I didn't have the ability to.")

2. 손이 아파서, . son-i apaseo, sseul su eopseoyo. "I can't write because my hand hurts." 3. 영국에 . yeongguk-e sal su isseumnida. "I can live in England."

4.

. malhal su eopseoyo. "I can't tell you."

5. 내일도 ? naeil-do ol su isseoyo? "Can you come again tomorrow?" 6. 저녁에 영화보러

?

jeonyeok-e yeonghwa boreo gal su isseoyo? "Can you go see a movie (with me) tonight?" 7. 자동차 좀

? jadongcha jom billil su isseoyo? "Can I borrow (your) car for a while?"

8. 저 ? jeo dowajul su isseoyo? "Can you help me?" 9. 저는 한국어

. jeo-neun hangukeo hal su eopseoyo. "I can speak Korean." (standard politeness level)

10. 저는 한국어

.

jeo-neun hangukeo hal su eopseoyo. "I can't speak Korean." (standard politeness level) 11. 김치를 먹을 수 없습니다.

gimchi-reul meogeul su eopseumnida. "I can't eat kimchi." (formal politeness level) 12. 김치를 . gimchi-reul meogeul su isseumnida. "I can eat kimchi." (formal politeness level)

geureonde, geunde

그런데, 근데 however, but Category Conjunction TOPIK Level Level Beginner

When you want to say "but" in Korean, 근데 (geunde) is the most common expression among many that Koreans use. 근데 (geunde) comes from 그런데 ( geureonde), but Koreans use 근데 much more commonly than 그런데 except for in writing. For Example: 1. 이거 봤어. 근데 재미없어. igeo bwasseo. geunde jaemieopseo. "I saw this. But it's not interesting." Although it's a shortened form of 그런데 (geureonde) and 그런데 is certainly more formal, you can use 근데 (geunde) in polite language too.

Example Sentences

밖에 비 와요. 근데 우산이 없어요.(bakk-e bi wayo. geunde usan-i eopseoyo.) "It's raining outside, but I don't have an umbrella."

-deul

-들 -s (plural suffix) Category Noun TOPIK Level Level Absolute Beginner In General, singular and plural are not secifically stated but are infered from context. You can attach the suffix " 들[deul] after any nouns.

Formation Noun +

[deul ]

1.

[haksaeng] : a student

학생 + 들 ->

2.

[haksaengdeul]: students

[chaeksang] : a table

책상 + 들 ->

[chaeksangdeul]: tables

Example Sentences ( ) .[Maneun haksaeng(deur)i gyosire itseoyo ] - " There are many students in a class." 1.

2. - " Cows are walking in the field."

. [Sodeuri deulpane georeogago itseoyo ]

eoddae?

어때? What about A? Category Verb TOPIK Level

-

Level Beginner

A. Noun(s) + 어때요 (eoddaeyo?) is a very basic and simple "how" question.

B. Koreans often politely (formally) ask about opinions by saying - 어때요? (eoddaeyo?), meaning "How is?" or "How about?"

Formation Here is the way to form this construction: - noun(s) + Topic-marking particle

(eun )/

(neun ) +

(eoddaeyo?)

Example Sentences 1. 내 옷 어때요? "How about my clothes?" (Note: "my" is 내 (nae), and "clothes" are 옷 (ot)) C. When informally speaking, we use -어때? (eoddae?), meaning "How is?" or "How about?"

Notes 1.

(는) 어때요? Keopi(neun) eoddayo? "How is coffee?"/"How about coffee?"

2.

(은) 어때요? Chaek(eun) eoddaeyo? "How is a book?"/"How about a book?"

3.

(은) 어때요? Banchandeul(eun) eoddaeyo? "How are side dishes?"/"How about side dishes?" (는) 어때요?

4.

Hangukeo(neun) eoddaeyo? "How is Korean?"/"How about Korean?"

soyugyek myeongsa

소유격 명사 Possessive Pronouns Category Noun TOPIK Level Level

Beginner

Making possessive pronouns is very easy in Korean. Simply add 것 (geot) right after the possessive-marking adjective.

Formation - Possessive-marking adjective noun + (

)+

(geot)

Example Sentences Noun/ Person

"I"

"you"

Possssive:

저 (jeo) (formal)

저 = (je) or

저의 = (jegeot) or

or 나 (na)

나

나의

(informal)

(nae)

+

당신 (danshin)

당신

(formal) or 너

너

(ui )

=

(neo) (informal)

"he"

"she"

Possessive Pronoun: PA + "English" (geot)

Korean/ Romanization

그 (geu) 그녀

"mine"

=

(naegeot)

당신의 (danshinui or geot) or 너의 (neoui geot) =

"yours"

(ne geot)

그

그의 (geuui geot)

"his"

그녀

그녀의 (geunyeoui geot)

"hers"

우리

우리의 (wuriui geot)

"ours"

(geunyeo) "we"

우리 (wuri)

"you"

당신들 당신들 (danshindeul)

당신들의 (dangshindeului "yours" geot)

"they"

그들 (geudeul)

그들의 (geudeului geot)

그들

"theirs"

"male"

남성 (namseong)

남성

남성의 (namseongui geot)

"male's"

"female"

여성 (yeoseong)

여성

여성의 (yeoseongui geot)

"female's"

"Tim"

팀 (tim)

팀

팀의 (Timui geot)

"Tim's"

Notes 1. 저것은 당신의

입니다. Jeogeoteun dangshinui geot imnida. "That is yours."

2. 2. 책들은 그들의

입니다. Chaekdeuleun geudeului geot imnida. "Books are theirs."

3. 한국어는 모든 사람들의

입니다. Hangukeoneun modeun saramdeului geot imnida. "Korean is (for) everyone."

je, nae, ni, uri, jeohui

제, 내, 니, 우리, 저희 my, your, our (informal and formal) Category Noun TOPIK Level Level

Absolute Beginner

We use possessive pronouns to attribute ownership of an object to someone. Like any other pronoun, these replace the nouns. We use different possessive pronouns according to the speaker’s relationship with the listener. Humbling pronouns, neutral pronouns, and intimate pronouns, all indicate the relationship between the listener and the speaker.

Formation

In reality, possessive pronouns are a contraction of pronouns and the possessive particle.

1.

=저의 (jeo-ui) -저 + 의 first person humbling pronoun + possessive particle We use 제 (je) to humble oneself in the presence of someone the speaker respects.

2.

=나의 (na-ui) -나 + 의 informal first person pronoun + possessive particle We use 내 (nae) in informal contexts where the speaker feels that 제 (je) is too polite and inappropriate for the relationship with the listener. We use 내 (nae) when the speaker does not feel the need to show the highest respect to the listener.

3.

= 너의 (neo-ui) - 너 + 의 informal second person pronoun + possessive particle We use 니 (ni) in informal contexts when the speaker feels very comfortable with the listener and the power relationship is at least equal. We commonly use it when the speaker has the upper hand in the relationship.

4.

= 저희 + 의 - 저희(의) humbling first person plural noun + (possessive particle) We actually drop the possessive particle for this possessive pronoun (as we do in many cases.) We use this possessive particle in formal situations such as when the speaker does not know the listener well, or when the listener holds much of the power in the relationship.

5.

= 우리 + 의 - 우리(의) intimate first person plural pronoun + (possessive particle) We actually drop the possessive particle for this possessive pronoun (as we do in many cases.) We use this possessive particle in informal situations when the speaker feels that 저희 (jeohui) is too polite.

Example Sentences

1. 제 친구가 호주에 살아요.

je chingu-ga hoju-e sarayo. “My friend lives in Australia.”

2. 내 차가 죽었어.

nae cha-ga jukeosseo. “My car broke down (died).”

3. 니 연필 줘.

ni yeonpil jwo. “Give me your pencil.”

4. 우리 집은 넓어.

uri jib-eun neolbeo. “My home is big.” (neutral/intimate)

5. 저희 집은 좁아요.

jeohui jip-eun jobayo. “My home is small.” (polite)

ui

의 of (Possessive-Marking particle) Category Particle TOPIK Level Level Absolute Beginner

When we use the particle 의 (ui) to connect two nouns, it indicates that the second noun belongs to the first. In this way, it is equivalent to the apostrophe "-s" ('s) in English. We sometimes omit it in casual conversation.

Formation 

Noun A/ Person

"I"

"you"

Noun A +

ui + Noun B

Korean / + Romanization

(ui ) "English"

저 (jeo) (formal) or

저 = (je) or

나 (na) (informal)

나 = (nae)

당신 (danshin) (formal) or

당신 or

너 (neo) (informal)

너 (ne)

=

"my"

"your"

"he"

그 (geu)

그

"his"

"she"

그녀 (geunyeo)

그녀

"her"

"we"

우리 (wuri)

우리 (wuri)

"our"

"you"

당신들 (danshindeul) 당신들

"your"

"they"

그들 (geudeul)

그들

"their"

"male"

남성 (namseong)

남성

"male's"

"female"

여성 (yeoseong)

여성

"female's"

"Tim"

팀 (tim)

팀

"Tim's"

Example Sentences 1. 이것들은 저

신발 입니다. Igeotdeuleun jeoui shinbal imnida. "These are my shoes."

2. 남성분들

신발은 여기에 있습니다. Namseongbundeului shinbaleun yeogie itseupnida. "There are men's shoes here."

3. 여 성분 신발은 저기에 있습니다. Yeoseongbundeului shinbaleun jeogie itseupnida. "There are women's shoes (over) there."

Notes Note: In this dialogue, "I," 저/나, becomes "my," 제 (je)/내 (nae). This is because becomes 제 (je) in a shortened form and 나 + 의 becomes 내 (nae) in a shortened form.

+

wa, gwa

와, 과 and Category Conjunction TOPIK Level Level Absolute Beginner

In Korean, we have two words that mean "and" (which is used to connect two nouns). Which one is used depends on whether the previous syllabic block ends in a consonant or a vowel.

Formation 1. A and B = A

(wa) B

wa means "and", and is used when the previous syllabic block ends in a vowel

Example:

A and B (Eng)

A (Korean)

A + "and" (Kor)

B (Kor)

"I and you"

나 (informal) na

나와 na wa

너 neo

나 너 na wa neo

"You and I"

너 (informal) neo

너와 neo wa

나 na

너 나 neo wa na

그 "He and she" (informal) geu

그와 geu wa

그 그녀 그녀 geu wa geunyeo geunyeo

2. A and B = A

A

wa B

(Kor)

kwa B

kwa is used when the previous syllabic block ends in a consonant

Example:

A andB (Eng)

A (Kor)

"They and we"

그들 geudeul

A + "and" (Kor)

그들과 우리 geudeul kwa wuri

동생과 "Younger sibling 동생 and dad" dongsaeng dongsaeng kwa "This and that"

이것 igeot

B (Kor)

이것과 igeot kwa

아빠 abba

A

kwa B

(Kor)

그들 우리 geudeul kwa wuri 동생

아빠

dongsaeng kwa abba

이것 저것 저것 igeot kwa eogeot eogeot

Example Sentences Sample Sentences:

수영을 좋아합니다. Nawa dongsaengeun suyeongeul joahapnida. "My younger brother and I like swimming." 1.

2. 있습니다. Gyulkwa baega itseupnida. "There are tangerines and pears."

좀 주세요. Jyuseuwa muleul jom juseyo. "Please give me some juice and water." 3.

4. 그는 좋아합니다. Geuneun suyeongkwa yagureul joahapnida. "He likes swimming and baseball."

Notes There are many ways to saying "and" in Korean: /

hago , -(

)

(i)rang , and -

wa/kwa

e.g) I like apples, bananas, oranges, and pears.

사과 sagwa "apples", 바나나 banana "bananas", 오렌지 orenji "oranges", and 배 bae "pears"

나는 naneun "I" 좋아합니다 joahamnida "like" Therefore, 1. with -하고 hago, 나는 사과하고, 바나나하고, 오렌지하고, 그리고 배를

좋아합니다 (mainly in speaking). 2. with -(이)랑 -(i)rang, 나는 사과랑, 바나나랑, 오렌지랑, 그리고 배랑 좋아합니다 (mainly in speaking). 3. with 와/과 wa/kwa, 나는 사과와, 바나나와, 오렌지와, 그리고 배를 좋아합니다 (mainly in writing and speaking).

Sunsu Hangukeo sutjawa hamkke ssuiineun danwui myeongsa

순수 한국어 숫자와 함께 쓰이는 단위 명사 counting units used with pure-Korean numbers Category Counting Units TOPIK Level Level Beginner

순수 한국어 숫자와 함께 쓰이는 단위 명사 (Sunsu Hangukeo sutjawa hamkke ssuiineun danwui myeongsa) means "counting units used with Pure Korean numbers." These are the counting units we use with Pure Korean numbers (native Korean numbers).

Formation 1. Counting Units Used with Pure Korean Numbers

"English Category" / Korean / Romanization "people" / 사 람, 명, 분 / saram, myeong, bun "items," "units," "objects" / 개 / gae "o'clock" / 시 / si

"times" / 번 / beon "hours" / 시 간 / sigan "animals" / 마 리 / mari "years of age" / 살 / sal "buildings," "houses" / 채 / chae "blossoms," "stems" / 송이 / songi "bowls," "cups" / 그릇 / geureut "glasses," "cups" / 잔 / jan "bottles" / 병 / byeong "packs (of cigarettes)" / 갑 / gab "sets of clothes" / 벌 / beol "pairs of shoes" / 켤레 / keolle "thin, flat objects (sheets)" / 장 / jang "vehicles," "machines" / 대 / dae Note: Remembering those all the categories is quite difficult. Try to remember these seven first: "people," "units," "times," "o'clock," "hours," "animals," and "years of age."

Example Sentences 1. 저기 에

/ / 있습니다. Jeogie nesaram/myeong/bun itseupnida. "There are four people."

2. 저기에

있습니다 Jeogie dugae itseupnida. "There are two units."

3.

시도했습니다. Yeolsebeoneul sidogaetseupnida. "I have tried thirteen times."

4. 저는 오전 일어납니다. Jeoneun ojeon yeodeolsie ileonapnida. "I get up at eight o'clock a.m." 5. 저는 매일

한국말을 공부합니다. Jeoneun maeil ne sigan hangukmaleul gongbuhapnida. "I study Korean four hours every day."

6. 저기에

(가) 있습니다. Jeogie yeolhan mari(ga) itseupnida. "There are eleven animals."

7. 저는 입니다. Jeoneun seumul se sal ipnida. "I am twenty-three years old."

Notes 2.

, "Pure Korean Numbers"

Pure Korean Number /

/ Romanization

1 / 하나 (한 + noun) / hana (han +) 2 / 둘 (두 + noun) / dul (du +) 3 / 셋 (세 + noun) / set (se +) 4 / 넷 (네 + noun) / net (ne +) 5 / 다섯 / daseot 6 / 여섯 / yeoseot 7 / 일곱 / ilgob 8 / 여덟/ yeodeol 9 / 아홉 / ahob 10 / 열 / yeol 11 / 열하나 (열한 + noun) / yeolhana (yeolhan +) 12 / 열둘 (열두 + noun) / yeoldul (yeoldu +) 13 / 열셋 (열세 + noun) / yeolset (yeolse +) 14 / 열넷 (열네 + noun)/ yeolnet (yeolne +) 15 / 열다섯 / yeoldaseot20 / 스물 (스무 + noun) / seumul (seumu +) 30 / 서른 / seoreun 40 / 마흔 / maheun 50 / 쉰 / shwin 60 / 예순 / yesun 70 / 일흔 / ilheun 80 / 여든 / yeodeun 90 / 아흔 / aheun 100 / 백 / baek

1,000 / 천 /cheon 10,000 / 만 / man 100,000 / 십만 / sipman 1,000,000 / 백만 / baekman 10,000,000 / 천만 / cheonman 100,000,000 / 억 / eok Note: The most important numbers are from 하나 (hana), meaning "one," to 열다섯 (yeoldaseot), meaning "fifteen." The numbers "twenty," "thirty," "forty," and "fifty" are difficult to remember. Give yourself enough time to learn them, please. For Example:

1. 저는 오전 일어납니다. Jeoneun ojeon ilgobsie ileonapnida. "I get up at seven o'clock a.m." 2. 저는 오후

점심을 먹습니다. Jeoneun ohu yeoldusie jeomsimeul meokseupnida. "I eat lunch at twelve o'clock p.m."

3. 저는 오후

잡니다. Jeoneun ohu yeolsie japnida. "I sleep at ten o'clock p.m."

ro, euro

로, 으로 with, by, using Category Particle TOPIK Level Level Beginner

1. -(

)

(-(eu)ro) "-by"

-로 (-ro) means "by" or "using", which we use to talk about tools, instruments, and methods that we use to do something. It is often used when talking about transportation.

2.

/

(-ro/-euro)

When do we use 로 (-ro) and 으로 (-euro)?

1. use -

(-ro) when the noun ends in a vowel.

자전거로 jajeongeor o "by bicycle"

2. use -

(-euro) when the noun ends in a consonant.

젓가락으로 jeotgalakeuro "with chopsticks"

★

Exception! If the consonant is

ro) instead of -으로 (-euro).

, with the sound of l, then, you have to use -

(-

Formation Formation: noun + (

)

Example Sentences For Example:

얼마나 걸립니까? (Note: 걸리다 (geollida) "to take")

1.

Beoseuro eolmana geolripnikka? "How long does it take by bus?"

1 시간 정도 걸립니다.

2.

Jihacheolro hansigan geolripnida. "It takes about one hour by subway."

3. 난 집에 갑니다. Nan jajeongeoro jipe gapnida. "I go home by bicycle."

라면을

4.

.

Jeotgarakeuro ramyeoneul meokseupnida. "I eat noodles with chopsticks.

Notes ★

Exception! If the consonant is

, with the sound of l, then, you have to use -

ro) instead of -으로 (-euro). Example:

1. 지하철 l ro jihacheo "by subway"

2. 연필 yeonpil r o "by a pencil"

Hanjaeo sutjawa hamkke ssuiineun danwui myeongsa

(-

한자어 숫자와 함께 쓰이는 단위 명사 counting units used with sino-Korean numbers Category Counting Units TOPIK Level Level Beginner

한자어 숫자와 함께 쓰이는 단위 명사 (Hanjaeo sutjawa hamkke ssuiineun danwui myeongsa) "Counting Units Used with Sino-Korean Numbers" These are the counting units we use with Sino-Korean numbers.

Formation 1. Counting Units used with Sino-Korean numbers "Unit in English" / Korean / Romanization

1. "Korean money" /원 / won 2. "Minutes" / 분 / bun 3. "Serial numbers" /번 / beon 4. "Months of the year and days of the month" / 월, 일 / wol, il 5. "Months" / 개월 / gaewol 6. "Portions of food" / 분 / bun 7. "Weeks" / 주 / ju 8. "Years" / 년 / nyeon 9. "Floors" / 층 / cheung Note: For more information on the counting units we use with Sino-Korean numbers, please look for Counting Units used with Sino-Korean Numbers in the Grammar Bank. Remembering all the categories of counting units used with Sino-Korean Numbers is quite difficult. Give yourself enough time to learn them!

Example Sentences 1. 이것은 35,000 입니다.

Igeoteun samman dcheon won imnida. "This is thirty-five thousand Korean won."

지금은 3 시 45 분 입니다. Jigeumeun se si sa sip o bun imnida. "It's three-forty-five."

2. 2.

Note: We use Pure Korean numbers for "hours," numbers for "minutes,"

(si), and Sino-Korean

(bun).

1. 이 물건의 번호는 468 번 입니다. I mulgeonui beonhoneun sabaek yuksip pal beon imnida. "The serial number for this product is #468." 2. 오늘은 9 월 6 일 입니다.

Oneuleun gu wol yuk il imnida. "Today is September sixth."

Notes Here is a list of some of the Sino-Korean numbers. Number / Korean / Romanization

1 / 일 / il 2/이/i 3 / 삼 / sam 4 / 사 / sa 5/오/o 6 / 육 / yuk 7 / 칠 / chil 8 / 팔 / pal 9 / 구 / gu 10 / 십 / sip 11 / 십일 / sip il

12 / 십이 / sip i 13 / 십삼 / sip sam 20 / 이십 / i sip 30 / 삼십 / sam sip 40 / 사십 / sa sip 50 / 오십 / o sip 60 / 육십 / yuk sip 70 / 칠십 / chil sip 80 / 팔십 / pal sip

90 / 구십 / gu sip 100 / 백 / baek 1,000 / 천 / cheon 10,000 / 만 / man 100,000 / 십만 / sip man 1,000,000 / 억 / eok

kkaji (1)

까지 (1) till, until, to, up to Category Particle TOPIK Level

Level Absolute Beginner

-까지 (kkaji) is a particle that marks a point in time or a certain location in which a certain action ends. We can translate it as "until" or "up to." When we use it with location words, it is typically preceded by another location word and the particle 부터 (buteo), the time/location point marker. 까지 (kkaji) marks a place where a movement or an action has started, and the other particle, 부터 (buteo), marks where a movement or action has ended.

Formation Time word/Location word + 까지 Time word: 6 시 (yeol si) "six o'clock" For Example:

1. 6 시 + 까지 6 시까지 yeol si-kkaji "until six o'clock" 2. 친구랑 6 시까지 있을 거야. chingu-rang yeol si-kkaji isseul geoya. "I'm going to be with my friend until six o'clock." Location word: 시장 (sijang) "market" For Example:

1. 시장 + 까지

시장까지 sijang-kkaji "up to the market" 2. 시장까지 대려다 줄게.

sijang-kkaji daeryeoda julge. "I'll drive you up to the market."

Example Sentences

1. 여기부터 뉴욕까지 멀어요.

yeogi-buteo nyuyok-kkaji meoreoyo. "It's far from here to New York." 2. 12 시까지 약속이 있어서, 만날 수 없어요.

yeoldusi-kkaji yaksog-i isseunikkan, mannal su eopseoyo. "Because I have plans till twelve o'clock, I can't meet you." 3. 여기까지 왔어?

yeogi-kkaji wasseo? "You came all the way here?" 4. 하나부터 열까지

hana-buteo yeol-kkaji "one to zero" ("every little detail") 5. 오늘은 여기까지예요. oneul-eun yeogi-kkaji-yeyo "Today, it's until here." ("That's it for today.") 6. 어디까지 가세요?

eodi-kkaji gaseyo? "Until where do you go?" ("Where are you going?") 7. 이것까지 해야 돼요?

igeot-kkaji haeya dwaeyo? "Do I even have to do this?" 8. 언제까지 시간 있어요? eonje-kkaji sigan isseoyo? "Until when do you have time?"

Notes -까지 (-kkaji) can also mean "even" in certain situations. In this case, we link 까지 (kkaji) to a noun. For Example:

1. 친구까지 만났어?

chingu-kkaji mannasseo? "You even met his friends?"

buteo

부터 from (time and place)

Category particle TOPIK Level Level Beginner

-부터 (-buteo) is a particle that marks a point in time or a certain location in which a certain action starts. We can translate it as "from," "since," or "starting from." When we use it with location words, it is typically followed by another location word and the particle 까지 (kkaji), the time/location point marker. 부터 (buteo) marks a place where a movement has started, and the other particle, 까지 (kkaji), marks where a movement has ended.

Formation

Time word/Location word + 부터

Time word: 어제 (eoje) "yesterday" For Example:

1. 어제 + 부터 = 어제부터 eojebuteo "since yesterday" 2. 어제부터 피곤했어. eojebuteo pigonhaesseo. "I was tired since yesterday." Location word: 학교 (hakgyo) "school" For Example:

1. 학교 + 부터 = 학교부터 hakgyobuteo "starting from school"

2. 학교부터 집까지 걸었어.

hakgyo-buteo jip-kkaji georeosseo. "I walked from school to home."

Example Sentences 1. 2 시부터 일했어.

du si-buteo ilhaesseo. "I worked since two o'clock." 2. 집부터 회사까지 자전거 탔어요. jip-buteo hoesa-kkaji jajeongeo tasseoyo. "I rode a bicycle from home to the office."

buteo/eseo

부터/에서 from, since Category TOPIK Level Level Beginner -부터 (buteo) and -에서 (eseo) are words that mean "from", and both can be used for indicating time, range and distance. They are often paired with 까지 (kkaji), which means "until" or "up to". Although 부터 and 에서 are of the same meaning, 부터 is much more commonly used than 에서. Also, 에서 doesn't sound very natural with some nouns, but there is no set rule for this.

Formation Noun + 부터/에서 Ex) - 오늘 (oneul) - today - 오늘 + 부터 = 오늘부터 = from today

Ex) - 여기 (yeogi) - here - 여기 + 에서 = 여기에서 = from here Example Sentences 1. 내일부터 담애 안 피울게요. [피우다] (naeil-buteo dambae an piulgeyo) - I won't smoke from tomorrow on. 2. 저부터 시작할게요. [시작하다] (jeo-buteo sijakhalgeyo) - I'll start first. 3. 언제부터 한국어 공부했어요? [공부하다] (eonje-buteo hangugeo gongbuhaesseoyo?) - Since when did you study Korean? 4. 다음 주부터 오지 마세요. [오다] (daeum ju-buteo oji maseyo) - Stop coming here, starting next week. 5. 커피부터 시키자. [시키다] (keopi-buteo sikija) - Let's start with ordering coffee. Notes Note that -에서 can also work as a location particle, expressing the place where an action takes place.

-do

-도 too, also Category Particle TOPIK Level 1 Level Absolute Beginner

We use the particle -도 (-do) to express that a statement we already expressed holds true for another noun. If we issue a statement and that statement holds true for another

person or thing, we use the particle -도 (-do). We attach this particle directly to the noun it is modifying. This correlates with the English words "too" and "also."

Formation This is a very simple particle to use. It is simply suffixed to the end of the noun it is modifying. For Example:

1. 저는 선생님입니다. jeo-neun seonsaengnim-imnida "I am a teacher."

저도 선생님입니다. jeo-do seonsaengnim-imnida "I am also a teacher." Here, we replace the topic-marking particle -은/는 (-eun/-neun) with the augmentative particle -도 (-do).

Example Sentences 1. 저는 선생님입니다. jeo-neun seonsaengnim-imnida "I am a teacher."

우리 누나도 선생님입니다. uri nuna-do seonsaengnim-imnida "My sister is also a teacher." 2. 저는 추워요. jeo-neun chuwoyo "I'm cold."

미지 씨도 추워요. minji-ssi-do chuwoyo "Minji is also cold."

e (2)

에 (2) at, in, on (time) Category Particle TOPIK Level 1 Level Absolute Beginner

The particle -에 (-e) can be translated into English as "at," "to," "on" or "in," depending on the context. It can be used to indicate time, direction, or a specific location where an action takes place. In this specific lesson it is used to indicate time and can be translated as "at," "to," or "in." Time Particle: The particle -에 (-e) can be used to indicate the time at which an action takes place. This particle is attached to time specific words, which includes time, day of the week, date, month, and year. Depending on context this particle can be translated as "at," "to," or "in." [두 시 반에 끝나요.] (du si ban-e kkeutnayo.) - It ends at two thirty. In this sentence, the particle -에 (-e) indicates the time it ends - 2:30. [천 구백 오십 일년에 태어났습니다] (cheon gubaek osip ilnyeon-e taeeonasseumnida) - (I) was born in 1951. In this sentence, the particle -에 (-e) indicates the year (I) was born. [월요일에 학교에 안 갑니다.] (woryoil-e hakgyo-e an gamnida] I don't go to school on Monday. In this specific sentence the particle -에 (-e) is used twice. The first is to mark the time (월요일/woryoil - Monday) and the other one (학교에) marks the direction (because it is used with the verb 가다 (gada) - to go. (Please refer to direction particle for more information on -에 as a direction particle)

Formation Formation: Time Noun +

(e) "at, in", which means "at" a certain time

Time: The particle -에 (-e) is attached to a time word at which the action is taking place.

Time word + 에 Time word + e Time word + in, at on

Example Sentences

몇 시 일어납니까? A-chim myeot-si-e ileo-namnikka? "At what time in the morning, do you get up?" 1.

2. 저는 을 7 시 먹습니다. Jeo-neun a-chim -eul il-gop-si-e meok-seumnida. "I eat breakfast at 7:00 in the morning." 3. 1시 을 먹습니다. O-hu han-si-e jeom-sim -eul meok-seumnida. "(I) eat lunch at 1:00 p.m." 4. 이번주 토요일

캐리비안 베이에 갑니다.

I-beon-ju to-yo-il-eBay kae-ri-bi-an gamnida. "I go to Caribbean on (this) be-i-e Saturday." * note: place noun +

(e) "to" : destination of movement

5. 올해 학교를 졸업합니다. Ol-hae-e hak-kyo-reul jol-eop-hamnida. "I will graduate school (in) this year." 6. 수요일

(는) 뭐해?

Su-yo-il-e(neun)mwo-hae? "What would you do on Wednesday?" *note: you may add

(neun) "particle" after

specific time

7. 다음주 뭐해? da-eum-ju-e mwo-hae? "What do you do (in) next week?" 8. 오늘밤 뭐해? O-neul-bam-e mwo-hae? "What do you do at tonight?"

Notes

(e) "to" when emphasizing the

* note: -

(e-neun) can be replaced each other. Add

(e) /

(neun) when

wanting to emphasize the Noun. Some time words do not use the time particle - 에 (-e). These words include: 지금 (jigeum), 오늘 (oneul), 내일 (naeil), 모레 (more), 어제 (eoje), 그저께 (geujeokke).

Related Expressions Supplement: other usages of A. Place Noun +

(e) "to, on, and per"

(e) + moving verbs such as "to go, to come, to bring..." -

destination of movement

1. 나는 한국 갑니다. Na-neun han-guk-e gamnida. "I go to Korea." 2. 저는 다음주 미국 갑니다. Jeo-neun da-eum-ju-e mi-guk-e gamnida. "I will go to America next week." B. Place Noun +

(e) + "at, in, on" (spatial location)

1. 의자

앉습니다. Ui-ja-e an-seumnida. "Sit on the chair."

2. 제 가족이 타이 있어요. Je ga-jok-i ta-i-e it-seo-yo. My family is in Thailand. C. Counting Noun +

(e) "per, for" (Counting Noun)

1. 불고기 일 인분 ? Bul-go-gi il-in-bu-e eol-ma-e-yo? "How much is it per one serving of Bulgogi?" 2. 사과 한 개

얼마예요? Sa-kwa han-gae-e eol-ma-e-yo? "How much is it for an apple?"

-에 as a time particle. -에 as a static locational particle. -에 as a proportional particle.

ireonada, jada

일어나다, 자다 to wake up, to sleep Category Verb TOPIK Level Level Beginner

일어나다 (ireonada) is a verb that means, "to get up," or "to wake up." To make it to the past tense, you can add - 았어 (-asseo) at the end of the verb stem. * 일어나다 (ireonada) - "to get up" * 일어나 (ireona) - verb stem * 일어났어. (ireonasseo) - "I got up." * 일어났어요. (ireonasseoyo) - "I got up." (polite) * 일어났어? (ireonasseo?) - "Did you already get up?" "Are you already up?" "Good morning." * 일어났어요? (ireonasseoyo?) - "Did you already get up?" "Are you already up?" (polite)

자다 (jada) is a verb that means, "to sleep," "to go to bed," or "to get to sleep." To change it to the past tense, you can add - 았어 (-asseo) at the end of the verb stem. * 자다 (jada) - "to sleep" * 자 (ja) - verb stem * 잤어 (jasseo) - "I slept." * 잤어요 (jasseoyo) - "I slept." (polite) * 잘 잤어? (jal jasseo?) - "Did you sleep well?" "Did you get a good night's sleep?" * 잘 잤어요? (jal jasseoyo?) - "Did you sleep well?" "Did you get a good night's sleep?" (polite)

* 아직 자? - "Are you still sleeping?" * 아직 자요? - "Are you still sleeping?" (polite)

Example Sentences

늦게 일어났어요. neutge ireonasseoyo. "I got up late." 어제 늦게 잤어요. eoje neutge jasseoyo. "I went to bed late yesterday."

eseo

에서 at, in, on (place) Category Particle TOPIK Level Level Absolute Beginner

This particle 에서 (e-seo) marks a location of an action, and it also marks a spatial or a temporal point of departure (Absolute Beginner Season 2 Lesson 13 - A 에서부터 B

까지 "from A to B").

Formation Formation: Place Noun +

(e-seo) "in" or "at (a place)"

1. 학교[hak-gyo]: school

학교 + 에서 -> 학교에서[hakgyo-eseo]: at a school

2. 방[bang]: room

방 + 에서 -> 방에서[Bang-eseo]: in a room

Example Sentences 1. 어디(

)

일합니까?

Eo-di-e-seo il-hap-nikka? "Where do you work (at)?" 2. 저는 공장

일합니다. Jeo-neun gong-jang-e-seo il-hap-nida. "I work at the factory."

3. 나는 식당 . 밥을 Na-neun sik-dang-e-seo bab-eul meok-seumnida. "I have a meal in the restaurant." 4. 한국 보자. Han-guk-e-seo bo-ja. "Let's see each other in Korea." 5. 서울

만나자.

Seo-ul-e-seo "Let's meet inman-naja. Seoul."

Notes ** Note: if the noun ends in a consonant sound, it's better to use If the noun ends in a vowel sound, you may use either

or

than just

.

Related Expressions The Other Usage of

(e-seo), meaning "from (a place)"

This particle, 에서 (e-seo ), meaning "from," marks a spatial or a temporal point of departure. (This supplement is related to Absolute Beginner Season 2 Lesson 13.) For Example:

1. 어느 나라 왔습니까? Eo-neu na-ra-e-seo wat-seum-nikka? "Where are you from?"

.

2. 서울

미국까지 몇 시간 걸립니까? Seo-ul-e-seo mi-guk-kkaji myeot si-gan geol-rim-nikka? "How many hours does it take [to go] from Seoul to America?"

-gi ttaemune

-기 때문에 because

Category Conjunction TOPIK Level Level Beginner

-기 때문에 (-gi ttaemune) means "because," and we use it to show the reason for an action or a state. Originally, 때문에 in Korean means "because of," so by adding - 기 at the end of the [verb stem] or the [verb stem + past infix], you literally nominalize the verb and say "because of verb(-ing)."

There are several ways to express reasons in Korean.

1. Verb stem + (past infix if necessary) + -아/어/여 + 서

2. Verb stem + (past infix if necessary) + -(으)니까

3. Verb stem + (past infix if necessary) + -(으)므로

4. Verb stem + (past infix if necessary) + -기 때문에

때문에 generally expresses a stronger justification of the consequence than - 아/어/여서, and is equally as strong as -( 으)니까. So if you say -기 때문에 or 때문에, you are (in most cases) indicating that what has happened, is happening, or will happen as a consequence, has all the right reasons to happen.

Formation Verb stem + (past infix if necessary) + -기 때문에 Noun + 때문에

Example Sentences

1. 비싸기 때문에 살 수 없어요.

bissagi ttaemune sal su opseoyo. "Because it is expensive, I can't buy it."

2. 너무 멀기 때문에 가기 싫어요.

neomu meolgi ttaemune gagi silheoyo. "Because it is too far, I don't want to go."

3. 오늘은 비가 오기 때문에 우산이 잘 팔려요.

oneul-eun bi-ga ogi ttaemune usan-i jal pallyeoyo. "It's raining today so the umbrellas are selling well."

4. 야근 때문에 너무 피곤해!

yageun ttaemune neomu pigonhae! "I'm so tired because of working extra hours!"

5. 너 때문이야!

neo ttaemuniya. "It's all because of you!"

6. 무엇 때문에 그러세요?

mueot ttaemune geureoseyo? "Why are you doing that?" ("You are doing it because of what?")

7. 그렇기 때문에 그만두었어요.

geureoki ttaemune geumandueosseoyo. "That's why I quit."

Notes The syntax order in Korean is often different from that in English, so we can also translate -기 때문에 as “therefore” or “so,” depending on which part of the entire sentence you translate first.

Hoching (ajeossi, ajumma, jagi)How to call Mr.Ms.Honey

호칭 (아저씨, 아줌마, 자기) how to call Mr.Ms.Honey Category Noun TOPIK Level Level Beginner

In Korea many people do not refer to each other by names but rather by titles. This applies to siblings, cousins, friends, professors, and even strangers. Strangers have titles according to the age they seem. And this can create some difficulties because of the fact that age must be guessed.

아저씨 (ajeossi) - This title is used for older men approximately in their 30's and above. There is no exact age when one is regarded as 아저씨 (ajeossi), but it generally means that the person is not considered young any more. This phrase is neither considered rude, nor impolite.

아주머니 (ajumeoni) - This title is used for older women approximately in their mid 30's and above. Again, there is no exact age when one is regarded as 아주머니(ajumeoni), but it is used when the person is not considered young anymore. Because of this, it can also be taken as an insult by women who want to consider themselves as young. This phrase is neither considered rude, nor impolite, but is something that women do not desire to be called. Also, many Koreans call '아줌마(Ajumma) for shorten way, but it is considered rude in some cases.

학생 (haksaeng) - This word means 'student.' This word is used for young people who are (or seem to be) in High School or University. This is a general term for young people, both male and female of this age, and it is not considered rude, nor impolite.

자기/당신 (Jagi / Dangshin) - This word means 'Honey, Darling' This word is used for a wife/husband/boyfriend/girlfriend who are in serious relationship. Both men and women can be called by this. It is not considered rude, not impolite.

Example Sentences

아저씨, 잠깐만요. (Ajeossi, Jamkanmanyo.) Hey, Mister. Hold on a sec. 아줌마, 여기 주문 좀 받아주세요. (Ajumma, eogi jumun jeom batdajuseyo). Excuse me but please take an order please. 학생, 이것 좀 도와줘. (Haksaeng, Igeok jjom dowajeo) Excuseme (Young guy) but please help this. 자기, 사랑해. (Jagi, saranghae) Honey, I love you.

mari

마리 animals (counting) Category Counting Units TOPIK Level Level Advanced

마리 (myeong) is a word used to count animals. It can come after numbers and also 몇 (myeot), the interrogative adjective, to ask 'how many animals'. A noun specifying the kind of animal usually comes before the number, but it can be omitted when you're answering a question. 마리 is also used for an animal or fish that is already dead and made into food. Ex) A: 나 개 2 마리 있어. (na gae du mari isseo - I have two dogs.) B: 나는 3 마리 있어. (na se mari isseo - I have three. )

Formation (Nouns specifying the kind of animal) + Number + 마리 Ex) ▷ 3 cats = 고양이 세 마리 (goyangi se mari) ▷ 5 birds = 새 다섯 마리 (sae daseot mari)

Example Sentences 1. 모기 한 마리가 들어왔어요. (mogi han mari-ga deureowasseoyo) - A mosquito came in. 2. 강아지 한 마리 키우고 있어요. (gangaji han mari kiugo isseoyo) - I'm raising a puppy. 3. 닭 한 마리 다 먹었어요. (dak han mari da meogeosseoyo) - I ate one whole chicken.

Notes ------------------------------------★ Animal Names in Korean ★ ------------------------------------1. dog = 개 (gae) 2. puppy = 강아지 (gangaji) 3. cow = 소 (so) 4. rabbit = 토끼 (tokki) 5. goat = 염소 (yeomso) 6. sheep = 양 (yang) 7. mouse = 쥐 (jwi) 8. horse = 말 (mal) 9. deer = 사슴 (saseum) 10. monkey = 원숭이 (wonsungi) 11. tiger = 호랑이 (horangi) 12. wolf = 늑대 (neukdae) 13. fox = 여우 (yeou) 14. lion = 사자 (saja) 15. elephant = 코끼리 (kokkiri) 16. pig = 돼지 (dwaeji) 17. bear = 곰 (gom) 18. whale = 고래 (gorae) 19. chicken = 닭 (dak) 20. duck = 오리 (ori) 21. frog = 개구리 (gaeguri)

22. fish = 물고기 (mulgogi) 23. bird = 새 (sae) 24. mosquito = 모기 (mogi) 25. fly = 파리 (pari)

의 세 명의 친구 Sometimes the form [Number + Counter + - (of) + Noun] (ex. ) can be used. However, it is mostly used in writing and uncommon.

apeuda (apa)

아프다 (아파) to sick Category Verb TOPIK Level Level Beginner

아파 (apa) comes from the verb 아프다 (apeuda) meaning, "to be painful, to hurt." This is in casual language, so we can use it with close friends, family members, and between people on close terms. 아빠 (appa) comes after the noun that refers to a part of the body that is aching or a person who is sick.

Formation Subject(이)가+아프다

Example Sentences

배 아파요.(bae apayo.) "I have a stomachache."

ddaemune

때문에 because of Category Conjunction TOPIK Level Level Absolute Beginner

Talking about the Reason or Cause for an Action or State

Koreans often use and say the phrase 때문에 (ddae-mun-e), meaning "because" or "because of," when they express the reason or cause for an action or state.

* NOTE: In this lesson, we are learning simply about [NOUN] + 때문에 (ddae-mun-e) "because of the [NOUN]." In the future lessons at upper Korean levels, we will learn more about the expression [VERB STEM] + 기 (gi) "a noun maker" + 때문에 (ddaemun-e) "because of."

Formation [Noun(s)] +

Example Sentences 1. 나 때문에... (너가 감기에 걸렸구나!...)

Na ddae-mu-e... (neo-ga gam-gi-e geol-ryeot-gu-na!...) "Because of me...(you got a cold!...) = "You got a cold from me." 2. 너 때문에, 난 한국어를 좋아해!

Neo ddae-mun-e, nan han-guk-geo-reul jo-a-hae! "Because of you, I like Korean!"

*Note: Please listen to Absolute Beginner Season 2 Lesson 18 to learn about

좋아해 (jo-a-hae), meaning "to like." 3. 날씨 때문에 난 집에 있어!

Nal-ssi ddae-mun-e, nan jip-e it-seo. "Because of the (poor condition of) weather, I am (staying) at home." 4. 너 땜에, 내가 밥을 못 먹어! Neo ddaem-e, nae-ga bab-reul mot meok-geo! "Because of you, I can't eat a meal!"

Notes In the future lessons at upper Korean levels, we will learn more about the expression [VERB STEM] + 기 (gi) "a noun maker" + 때문에 (ddae-mun-e) "because of."

-go itda

-고 있다 -being doing Category Sentence Ending Particle TOPIK Level Level Beginner

-

is the present progressive and shows a continual action. We use it with action

verbs. We express tense and politeness level in the final verb 있다 (itda).

Formation Action Verb Stem +

(go itda )

1. 먹다 (meokda) - "to eat"

먹 - verb stem 먹고 있다 - "to be eating"

2. 목욕하다 (mogyokhada) - "to bathe"

목욕하 - verb stem 목욕하 + 고 있다 목욕하고 있다 - "to be bathing"

Example Sentences

1. 지금, 뭐 하고 있어요?

jigeum, mwo hago isseoyo? "What are you doing now?"

2. 텔레비전 보고 있어요.

tellebijyeon bogo isseoyo. "I'm watching TV."

3. 뭐 보고 있어요?

mwo bogo isseoyo? "What are you watching?"

4. 슈퍼맨이요. 슈퍼맨이 하늘을 날고 있어요.

syupeomaeniyo. syupeomaen-i haneul-eul nalgo isseoyo. "Superman. Superman is flying in the sky."

Notes We use the progressive to describe wearing articles of clothing. We use it to describe the actual action of putting on an article of clothing. We also use it to describe the state of wearing an article of clothing. For example:

1. 입다 (ipda) – “to wear”

잠바를 입고 있어요.

jamba-reul ipgo isseoyo. “(He) is putting on a jacket.” OR

“(He) is wearing a jacket.”

2. 쓰다 (sseuda) – “to wear”

모자를 쓰고 있어요. moja-reul sseugo isseoyo. “(She) is putting on a hat.” OR

“(She) is wearing a hat.”