Ki ndsandDefi ni t i onofSl ander orOr al Def amat i on Defi ni t i on: Spea ki ngofba seandde f amat or ywor dswhi c ht endt opr ej udi c eano t h eri nhi sr e put a t i on,offic e, t r ade,bus i nes sormeansofl i v el i hood
T wok i ndsofor al orv er bal def amat i on: ( 1)Gr a v eSl ander ( 2)Si mpl eSl ander A.Fac t or st oc ons i der : 1.Theex pr es s i onu sedi nc l udi ngt hei rs ens e,gr ammat i c al s i gni fi c an ceandac c ep t edor di n ar y meani ng 2.Theper s ona lr el at i onsoft heac c us edandt heoff endedpar t y , a swh enbo t har ebi t t e renemi e s 3.Thesp ec i al c i r c ums t an cesoft heca seandi t sant e cedent s ,s uc hast het i me,pl a ceandoc c as i o n oft heut t er anc es ,per s onspr es ent 4.Thes oc i al s t a nd i nga ndpo si t i ono ft heoff end edpar t y
B.Wor dsut t er edi nt heheatofangerori naquar r el ,wi t hs omepr ov oc at i onon t hepar toft hev i c t i m,i ss i mpl es l ander . >Th ev i c t i m ma yno th av ehe ar dt hewo r d s,i ti sen ou ght h atat h i r dp er s onhe ar dt h em.
>Wo r d su t t e r edi non eo c ca si o na ndpl a cean dd i r e ct e da ts e v er a lp er s on sn otme nt i on ed i ndi v i dual l ycons t i t ut eonl yoneoffens e. >Wor dsus edasex pl e t i v es( t oe xpr es sang er ,di s pl ea sur e,ar eno tdef a mat ma or y )
Whati sSl anderByDeed? Theper f or manc eofanyac twhi c hs hal l c as tdi s honor ,di s cr edi torc ont empt uponano t herper s on.Dependi ngupont hes er i ous nes soft heac t ,t het i me, pl ac e,oc c as i on,t hec har ac t eroft hev i c t i m,i ti sei t herGr av eorLi ght .
LI BEL For msofLi bel a) .Thef ac i l i t i esoft hemas smedi ai . epr i ntandbr oadc as tmedi as uc hasar t i c l es ,ne wsi t ems , c ol umns ,c ar i c at u r es ,e di t or i al si nne ws paper san dmag az i nes ;c omment s ,opi ni ons ,ne wsai r edov er t het el ev i s i onorr adi os t at i ons b) .Moder ncommuni c at i o nf ac i l i t i ess uc hast hr ought hei nt e r ne torc el l phones ,CDs ,DVDs b) .Li t er ar yout l et ssuc hast hr oughl et t er s ,book s,poems ,s ongs ,s t agepl ay s,mov i es ,pai nt i ngs , dr awi ngs ,p i c t ur es ,s c ul pt ur eandt hel i k e
El ement s A.Fi r s tEl ement :Ther emus tbeadef amat or yi mput at i on 1.Thi sme meanst hatt hemat t erc l ai medt obel i bel ousmu mus ti mput eac r i me,v i c e,def ec t ,oran yac t ,or omi s si on,c ondi t i on,s t at usorc i r c ums t anc e,t endi ngt oc aus et hedi s honor ,di s cr edi torc ont emptt oa nat ur a lorj ur i di c al per s on,ort obl ac k ent hememor yofonewhoi sde ad. Thepur pos ei st ol o wert hees t eem o rhonor ,orr es pec t ,i nwhi c haper s oni sr e gar ded,s uc ha s:
a) .Thev i c t i mi shumi l i at edorpubl i c l y embar r as s ed b) .Thev i c t i mi svi l i fi ed,hat ed,bec omest hes ubj ec tofgos si p,nas t yst or i es ,s us pec t edof wr ongdoi ngs ,i sav oi ded c ) . Thev i c t i ml os sesf ac e,bec omesal aughi ngs t oc k,i st heobj ec tofr i di c ul e 2.Rul est ode t er mi n ewhe t he rt h el anguagei sdef amat or yorno t : a ) .Wh ats h ou l db ec o ns i d er edi swh att hema ma t t e rc o nv e y edt oaf a i ra ndr e as o na bl ema ma na ndno tt h e i nt ent i onoft heaut horort heac c us ed. b) .St a t ement ss houl dno tbei nt er pr e t edb yt ak i ngt hewor dsoneb yo neouto fc ont e x t ;t he ymu stbe t ak eni nt hei rent i r et y . c ) .Wo r d sar et obegi v e nt h eo r d i n ar yme mea ni n ga sar ec ommo nl yu nd er s t o odan da cc e pt e di nt h ei n dai l yl i f e.Thet ec hni c al meani ngsdonotappl y .Thi si ses pec i al l yt r uet oi di omat i csay i ngs .Thus “ Ba ba en gBa y a n“d oe sn otme anahe r o i n e.“ Ha y o ks aL ama n”d oe sn otme aname me ate at e r .“ Ad u c l i e ntn y an gap ag bi g as an ” 3 .Ho wt h ei mp ut a t i o ni sma ma de : a) .Byt heus eofdi r ec tande xpr es sdef amat or ywor ds ,des c r i pt i onsorac cus at i ons .Ex ampl es :( i ) . Hei sat hi ef ,s wi ndl er ,“ babaer o” ,ugl y ,wi f ebeat er ,ac r o ok( i i )dr awi ngac ar i c at ur eofaper s on depi c t i nghi m asac r oc odi l e b ) .Byt heus eofFi g ur e sofSp ee chs uc has : ( i )Hy per bol e-e xagger at i onac cor di ngt owhi c haper s oni sdepi c t edasbei ngbet t erorwor s e,or l ar gerors mal ma l ert hani sac t ual l yt hecas e.Ex ampl e:( a) .Mr .Xi st hegambl i ngl or d( b )Shei st he mot herofal l c heat er s .( c )Pr ai s eundes er v edi ss l anderi ndi s gui s e ( i i )I r on yors ar c as m orwher ewor dsar eus edt oc onv eyameani ngc ont r ar yt ot hei rl i t er al s ens e. Ex ampl es :( a) .“ Mar i abel ongst ot hel adi esc al l ed“ Kal apat i ngmababaangl i pad”( b) .Don ’ tbot her as ki nghi mf orat r eat .Hei sbo x er(i . es t i ngyorami s er )( c )Hehasaf ac eonl yamot herc anl o ve( d) Sh ei smy mywi f ewh ens hei sb es i d eme ,y o ur swh ens hei sn ea ry o u.( e ) .Sh ei sv e r yf a mo mo usb ec a us e s hei sapubl i cswee t hear t . ( i i i )Me t aphoro rt heus eo fwor d so rp hr as esdeno t i ngonek i ndofi deai np l ac eo fano t h erwor dor p hr a sef o rt hep ur p os eo fs u gg es t i n gal i k e ne s sb et we ent h et wo .Ex a mp mp l e s:( a )Hei sSa t a n per s oni fi edone ar t h.( b)Sheha sa nangel i cf ac ebu tc o ver e dwi t has k i nast h i c kast hehi deofa c a r a b a o
c )Orwo r d sorp hr a se swi t hdo ub l emea ni n gss uc hast h os ewh i c ha pp ar e nt l yar ei n no ce ntb uta r e del i b er a t el yc hos enbe caus ei nr eal i t yt he yc on v eyad i ff er en ta ndad er og at or ymean i ng .Ex ampl e : “ Hewi l l ma k eag oo dh u s ba n d.Hei sama ma ’ sb o y ” . ( i )Wher et heal l egedl i bel ousmat t eri ssus cept i bl eoft woormor ei nt er pr et at i ons ,onel i bel ousand t heot hernotl i bel ous ,t hec our t sar ej us t i fi edi nhol di ngt hatt her eal pur pos eoft hewr i t erwast o ha v et hepu bl i cunder s t andwh athewr o t ei nt h el i g hto ft hewor s tpos s i b l emeani ng 4 .Wh ata r eno td ef a ma t o r y a ) .Wo r d sc ommo nl yus e da se x pl e t i v e s,d en ot i n ga ng ero rd i s gu s tr at h ert h ana sde f a ma t i o n,s uc h ast hee xpr es si ons“ Put angi nak a,t ar andadok a” ,“ Ul ol ” ,“ Pun yet ak a” . b) .Ex pr es s i o nsofa nopi ni o nmad eb yonewhoi sent i t l edt os t a t ea nopi ni ononas ubj e cti nwh i c h hei si nt er es t ed.Ex ampl es : ( i )Anhei rwr i t est hatt hei rwasunf ai r nes si nt hedi s t r i but i onoft hepr oper t i es ( i i )Al adycompl ai nsov ert her adi ot hatt her ewasdi s cr i mi nat i onagai ns tCor di l l er agi r l swomeni n t hese l ec t i onofc andi dat est ot h eMi s sBagui oPageant ( i i i ) .Al aws t udentwr i t esi nt hes chool newsor gant hathebel i ev est hef ac ul t yi nt hec ol l egeofl aw ar ege ner al l yl az yandar eno tk ep tabr ea stwi t hne wj ur i s pr u denc e ( i v ) .At eac herdec l ar edi nani nt er v i ewt hatt hes t udent sofones chool ar el es si nt el l i gentt hant hos e i na no t he rs c h oo l c ) .Wor d swhi c har emer el yi ns ul t i ngar eno tac t i on abl easl i bel ors l ande rp ers e,andmer ewor dsof gener al abus ehowev eroppr obi ous ,i l l nat ur ed,orv ex at i ouswhet herwr i t t enrs pok en,dono t c ons t i t ut eabas i sf oranac t i onf ordef amat i oni nt heabs enc eofal l egat i onf ors pec i al damages .The f ac tt hatt hel anguagei soffens i v et ot hepl ai nt i ffdoesnotmak ei tac t i onabl eb yi t s el f(MVRSPub. I nc .v sI s l ami c Da ’ wah Counc i l oft hePhi l .444Phi l .20;Bi na yvs .Sec .ofJ us t i c eSept .8,2006)
B.Sec ondEl ement :Publ i c i t yoft heLi bel ousMat t er 1 .Th i sme an st h ea c cu se dc au se dt h el i b el o usma t e r i a lt obek no wnorr e adors ee no rhe ar dbya t hi r dpe r s on,o t hert ha nt h eper s ont owhom i thasbeenwr i t t eni . e.t hev i c t i m.Some bo dymus tha v e r ead,s eenorhe ar dt hel i be l ou smat er i al duet ot heac t soft h eac c us ed. ( A) .Th eaddr es s i n gofdef amat or ywor dsdi r ec t l yt ot h eper s onc onc er ne d,a ndt onoo t he rp er s on, doesnotc ons t i t ut eanac t i onabl el i bel .
( B) .I fi twast hev i c t i m hi ms el fandnott heac cus ed,whos ho wed,i nf or medorr el ay edt hel i bel ous mat er i al t oot her s ,t hent heac cus edi snotl i abl e. ( C) .Ci r c ul at i onorpubl i c i t yi snotnec es sar i l yt hr ought henews paper . ( D) .Ex a mp l e s : i ) .Pos t i ngt hemat er i al i nt hei nt er netorpos t i ngi nabul l et i nboar d i i ) .Showi ngt hec ar i c at ur e,ornak edpi c t ur e,oft hev i c t i mt oanot her i i i )Announ cemen t si nt her adi o,orpai dadv er t i s ement ss uc has“ Thepub l i ci swar nedno tt o pur c ha set hes k i nl o t i onpr od uc t sofABCCor p .t opr e v entp os s i bl ec an ce r ” i v ) .As k i ngs omeonet owr i t eadef amat or yl et t eraboutt hev i c t i m i v ) .Sendi ngt hel et t ert ot hev i c t i mt hr oughames sengerbuti ti si nanuns eal eden vel ope(t he pr es umpt i oni st hatt hel et t eri si nt endedt ober eadbyany oneot hert hant hev i c t i m) .Thusi ft hel et t er i ssenti nas eal edenv el ope,t heel ementofpubl i c i t yi smi s si ng. 2.Eff ec t :Eac hs epar at epubl i c at i onofal i bel ousmat t eri sas epar at ec r i me,whe t herpubl i s hedi n par t ,o ri nt h es amene ws pap er .Ex amp l e:( i )The r easman yc r i mesofl i be last he r ear ev a r i o us s ho wi ngo rs t agi ngofal i be l ousdr amao rs t ag epl a yi ndi ff er entv enuesanda tv a r i o ust i me s. ( i i )I ft hesamel i bel ousne wsi spub l i s he di nt woo rmor ene ws paper s ,t hent he r ebes uc hnumberof s epar at el i bel sc or r es pondi ngt ot hedi ff er entne ws paper swhi c hpubl i s hedt hemat er i al .
C.Thi r dEl ement :ThePer s onl i bel edmus tbei dent i fi ed. ( I dent i t yofv i c t i m) 1.Thi smeanst hec ompl ai nantorpl ai nt i ffmus tpr o vehei st heper s ons ubj ec toft hel i bel ousmat t er , t hati thi sr eput at i onwhi c hwast ar get ed. 2.Thi sel ementi ses t abl i s hedbyt het es t i mon yofwi t nes sesi ft hec ompl ai nantwasnotdi r ec t l y me nt i o ne db yna me .Th eymu stbet h ep ub l i cort h i r dp er s o nswh oc ani d en t i f yt h ec omp l a i na nta s t heper s ons ubj ec toft hel i bel .I ft hi r dper s onsc annots ayi ti st hepl ai nt i fforc ompl ai nantwhoi st he s ubj ec t ,t heni tc annotbes ai dt hatpl ai nt i ff’ snamehasbeent ar ni s hed. a) .Wh er et hep ubl i c at i oni sambi guou sa st ot h eper s ont owhom i tappl i es ,t het e st i mon yo f per s onswhor eadt hepubl i c at i oni sadmi s s i bl ef ort hepur pos eo fs ho wi ngwh oi si nt endedt obe des i gnat edb yt hewor dsi ns ai dpubl i c at i on
3.Howt hei dent i fi cat i onorr ef er r al t ot hepl ai nt i ffi smade a) .Di r ec t l ybyhi sname b) .Bydes cr i pt i onsofhi sper s on,hi saddr es s,nat ur eofhi soffic eorwor k ,hi sac t i ons ,oran yot her dat aper s onal l yconnec t edorr el at edt ot hepl ai nt i ff;ori dent i fi cat i onf r om s i mi l arot hert he c i r c ums t a nc es c )Fr om t hel i k enes sofhi sf ac eorf eat ur est ot hel i bel ousdr awi ng,c ar i c at ur e,pai nt i ngors cul pt ur e 4.Thev i c t i msma yb enat u r al per s onswhoar eal i v eorj ur i di c al per s ons ,orde ceas edpe r s onsast o t h ei rme mo r y . 5.Rul ei fs ev er al pe r s onswer edef amedorl i bel ed a) .I fs ev er al per s onswer el i bel edi nonear t i c l e,butal l ar ei dent i fi abl e,t hent her ear easmany c har gesofl i abl east her ear eper s onsl i bel ed b) .I ft hear t i c l ei sdi r ec t edt oac l as sorgr oupofs ev er al per s onsi ngener al t er msonl ywi t hout s pec i f y i nganypar t i c ul armember ,t her ei snov i c t i mi dent i fi edori dent i fi abl e,henc et her ei sno ac t i onabl el i bel .Noper s onc anc l ai mt oha vebeens pec i fi cal l yl i bel edast ogi v et hatper s ont her i ght t ofi l ec har gesofl i bel . Exampl es: ( i ) .Somel adyst udent si nt he4t hy earl a wc l as ss ec t i onA,ar eugl y ( i i ) .T wot hi r dsoft hel aws t udent sar ec heat er s ( i i i ) .Maj or i t yoft hepol i c emenar ec r o ok s ( i v ) .Mos tl awy er sar et hi ev esdi s gui s edi nc oatandt i e c ) .I ft hedef amat i oni sdi r ec t edagai ns tagr ouporc l as sandt hes t at ementi ssos weepi ngoral l e mbr a ci n ga st oapp l yt oev e r yme mb ero ft h atg r o uporc l a s s,t h enan yme mbe rc a nfi l eanac t i o n f orl i bel i nhi sownname,noti nt henameoft hegr oup/ c l as s .( Not e:Phi l i ppi nel a wsdonotr ec ogni z e gr oupl i bel ) .Ori ft hes t at ementi ssuffic i ent l yspec i fi cs ot hateac hi ndi v i dual c anpr ov et hatt he s t at e men ts pe ci fi c al l ypo i n tt ohi mt he nh ema yb r i n gana ct i o ni nh i sownn ame . Exampl es: ( i ) .Al l t hos ebel ongi ngt o4t hy earl awc l as ss ec t i onAar es exper v er t s
( i i )Eac handev er yempl o yeei nt heac c ount i ngoffic ei ss ec r et l yt ak i nghomepar toft het ui t i onf ees pai d. ( i i i )I fy ouar eaf ac ul t ymemberoft hec ol l egeofl a w ofU. B.t heny ouha venoi nt egr i t ybuty ouar ea y e s manoft h es c ho ol Pr e s i d en t d) .Butev eni fdi r ec t edagai ns tagr ouporc l as sbutt hes t at ementi sdi r ec t l yandper s onal l y a dd r e s s edt oame mb ero rme mb er st h er e of ,t h enon l ys u c hme mb er ( s )c a nb r i n ga na c t i o n. Ex a mp l e :Ar a di oan no un ce ra dd r e ss e sh i ms el ft oMr .Xa ndMr .Ya nds ay s :“Mr .X,a ndy ouMr .Y . YouPa ng al at ok sa r es exman i ac s ” .Onl yMr .Xan dMr .Yc anfi l eanac t i onf orl i bel .
D.Four t hEl ement :Thatt her ebemal i c eont hepar toft he accused. 1.Mal i c ei st hel egal t er mt odenot et hatt heac cus edi smot i v at edbyper s onal i l l wi l l ,s pi t e,hat r ed, j eal ous y ,anger ,ands peak snoti nr es pons et odut ybutt odoul t er i orandunj us t i fi abl ehar m.The pur pos ei sr e al l yt odes t r o y ,t oi nj ur e,t oi nfl i c thar m. 2.The r ear et wok i ndsofmal i c e a ) .Ma l i c ei nL awo rPr e s ume dMa l i c e . ( i )Thepl ai nt i ffneednotpr ov et heex i s t enc eofmal i c e.I ti sf ort heac cus edt odi s pr o vet hi s p r e s ump t i on ( i i )Thi spr es umpt i on,t hatac cus edwasac t uat edwi t hanev i l pur pos eormal i c e,ar i s esi ft hear t i c l ei s def amat or yoni t sf ac e,orduet ot hegr os snes soft hedef amat or yi mput at i onev eni ft hef ac t sar e t r ue,butt her ewasnogoodi nt ent i onorj us t i fi abl emot i v e. ( i i i )Ex ampl es : ( a) .Xwr i t esanar t i c l eaboutt hes ex ual es capadesofas oc i e t ymat r onc ompl et ewi t ht hede t ai l sof t i me ,p l a ce ,a nds up po r t e db yp i c t u r e s.I ns u chc as et h el a wp r e su me st h atXwa sa ct ua t e db y mal i c ee veni fwhathewr ot ei st r ue. ( b) .Xc al l st her adi oandannounc est hatt hef ami l yofJ uandel aCr uzi saf ami l yoft hi e vesand c r o o k s . b) .Mal i c ei nFac torMal i c easaFac t ..I ti st hemal i c ewhi c hmus tbepr o venb yt hepl ai nt i ff.He mus tpr o vet hepur pos eoft heac cus edi st omal i gnorhar m ori nj ur ehi sr eput at i on.Thi sar i s es ei t h erb ec aus e:
( i )t hear t i c l ei snotdef amat or yoni t sf ac eori fl i bel ousi ti sambi guous ( i i )t h eac c us edwasabl et oov er c omet h epr es umpt i onofma l i c e.
Pr os ec ut i onf orLi bel A.Remedi esoft heVi c t i m:( i )t heper s onl i bel edmayfil ea c r i mi nal c as eoras epar at ec i v i l c as ef ordamages( i i )but hema yoptt or ec o v erdamagesi nt hes amec r i mi nal c as e B.J ur i s di c t i onandVenueoft hec r i mi nal ac t i on 1.a) .Ac t i onsbas edonl i bel ,whet herc i v i l orc r i mi nal ,ar ewi t hi nt hee x cl us i v ej ur i s di c t i onoft he Regi onal T r i al Cour tev eni ft hepenal t yi swi t hi nt heJ ur i s di c t i onoft heMuni c i pal T r i al Cour t s . b) . Thec i v i l c as emus tal s obet r i edi nt heRTCt r y i ngt hec r i mi nal c as e( Nos epar at ec i v i l ac t i on) c )I ft hel i bel i mput esan yoft hepr i v at ec r i mes ,t hePr os ec ut i onmus tbeuponac ompl ai ntfi l edb y t h eo ffe nd edp ar t y 2.Venue:asagener al r ul et heac t i onf orl i bel s hal l bei nt heRTCoft hepr o vi nc e/ c i t ywher et he ar t i c l ewasfir s tpr i nt edandpubl i s hed(Rul eofPl ac eofFi r s tPr i ntandPubl i c at i on)buti tmayal s obe fi l e del s ewher ea sf ol l o ws : a) .I fapr i v at eper s on:i nt heRTCoft hepr ov i nc e/ c i t ywher eher es i des b) .I fapubl i coffic i al andhol di ngoffic ei nMani l a:I nt heRTCofMani l a c )I fapubl i coffic i al hol di ngoffic eout s i deMani l a:i nt heRTCoft hepr o vi nc e/ c i t ywher ehehol ds offic e
C.Per s onsLi abl ef orLi bel 1.I nc as eofwr i t t enl i bel : a) .TheAut hor soft hewr i t t endef amat or yar t i c l e,t hear t i s t s ,s cul pt or ,orpai nt er
b) .An yper s onwhos hal l publ i s h,e xhi bi torc aus et hepubl i c at i onorex hi bi t i ont her eof(i . e.t hos e per s onso t hert hant heaut ho r ,whomak ekno wnt hel i b el ousmat t ert oat hi r dper s on) c ) .t heedi t ororbus i nes smanageroft hepr i ntmedi awher et hear t i c l ewaspubl i s hed 2.I nc as eofnonwr i t t enl i bel a) .t hes peak er ,annou nc erorut t er eroft h edef amat or yst at e ment sai r e do v ert heb r oad cas tmedi a ; t h eh os to ft h es ho w wh er et h el i b el o uss t a t e me nti sma de b) .t hepr od uc er sandma k er soft hel i b el ousc i ne mat o gr aphi cfi l m,s t ag es ho w,p l a yord r ama 3.Ot herper s onsundert hepr i nc i pl eof“ Li bel byRepubl i c at i on”i . e.aper s oni sl i abl e,t houghhei s nott heaut horofhasnot hi ngt odowi t ht hel i bel ousmat t er ,i fhek nowi ngl yr epubl i s hesorc i r c ul at es t hes ai dl i bel ousmat t er .
Def ens esAl l owedi nLi bel 1.Conc ept : A.I ngener al :i ft heac cus edpr o vest heabs enc eofan yoft heel ement s ,t henhei snotl i abl e.Thus hema ys how:t hemat er i al i snotdef amat or y ;t her ei snopubl i c i t y ;i ti si mper s onal anddoesno tr ef er t ot hepl ai nt i ff;ort hatt her ei snomal i c e. B.Ther ear eho we v ers pe ci fi cdef en seswhi c hma yr ef ert oan yoft heel e ment sofl i be lorar e i n de pe nd en td ef e ns esi nt h ems el v e s .The s ede f e ns eswe r ee s t a bl i s he db yj u r i s pr u de nc e, par t i c ul ar l ybyUni t edSt at esDec i s i ons ,asourLi bel l awi sbas edpr i mar i l yonAmer i c anc onc ept s .
I I .TheDoc t r i neofPr i v i l egeCommuni c at i on A.Thi si sadef ens eagai ns tt heel ementofmal i c eandi tappl i est obot hl i bel andor al def amat i on.Thi smeanst hatev eni ft hemat er i al i scons i der ed l i bel ouss t i l l t her ei snomal i c ei nt heey esoft hel aw.Thes ec ons i s toft wo k i nds :( a)Abs ol ut el yPr i v i l egeCommuni c at i onandt he( b)Qual i fi edl y Pr i v i l egedCommuni c at i on. B.Abs ol ut el yPr i v i l egedCommuni c at i on:t hi sr ef er st oac ommuni c at i on, whe t he ro r a lo rwr i t t e nwh i c hi sdef a ma t or yan dma yev e nbemad ei nba d
f ai t hbutwhi c hc annotgi v er i s et oei t herc r i mi nal orc i v i l l i abi l i t y .Thi si s bec aus et her ear ehi gherc ons i der at i onsi n v ol v edwhi c har ec ons i der edmor e par amountt hant hedamaget ot her eput at i onofaper s on. 1.Pr i v i l eg eSp ee chesi nt heha l l sofCongr es s 2 .Co mmu ni c a t i o nsma deb yp ub l i coffic er si nt h ep er f o r ma nc eo ft h ei rd ut i e s,s u cha st h e e x pl anat i o nsonamat t erma debyapu bl i coffic ert ohi ss up er i ort houghi tc ont a i nshar s hl angu age 3.St at ement smadei nj udi c i al pr oc eedi ngsi fper t i nentandr el e vantt ot hec as ei n vol v ed,s uc hast he al l egat i onsi nt hepl eadi ngs 4.St at ement sandev i denc es ubmi t t edi naPr el i mi nar yI nv es t i gat i on.
C.Qual i fi edl y / Condi t i onal l yPr i v i l egedCommuni c at i on:t hi sr ef er st o c ommuni c at i onsi nwhi c ht hel a w pr es umest heabs en ceofmal i c e,t hu st he y ar ei ni t i al l ynotac t i onabl e.Thebur dent her ef or ei sont hepl ai nt i fft opr ov et he ex i s t enc eofac t ual mal i c e. D.T woKi nd sofQual i fi edl yPr i v i l egedCommuni c at i onsUnderAr t i c l e354. 1.Pr i v at eCommuni c at i o ns ,madeb yon et oano t heri nt hepe r f or manc eofal eg al ,mor al ors oc i al dut ypr o vi dedt hat :( i ) .Theonemak i ngt hec ommun i c at i onmus tha v eani nt er es ti nt hes ubj ec tand ( i i )t h ep er s o nt owh om t h ec o mmu ni c a t i o nwa sma dei so newh oc a na c to nt h ema t t e r ( a) .Thi scommuni c at i onma ybeor al orwr i t t en,pr i v at e,publ i coroffic i al doc umentwhi c har es entf or r edr es sofgr i ev anc esort or eques tf orappr opr i at eac t i on.Buti tmus tbepr i v at ei nt hati ti si nt ended t obeonl ybe t weent hesenderandt her ec i pi ent .Unduepubl i c i t yr emo vest hepr i v i l ege. Henc eas oc al l ed“ OpenLet t er ”i snotpr i v i l eged.Al s o,ac c us at i onsmadei napubl i cgat her i ngar e notpr i v i l eged. ( b ) .Th ec o mmu ni c a t i o nmu s tme ett h es eel e me nt s : ( i ) .Th ep er s o nwh oma det hec ommun i c a t i o nh adal e ga l ,mo r a lo rs oc i a ld ut yt oma k et h e c ommuni c at i on,oratl eas t ,hadani nt er es tt opr ot ec t ,whi c hi nt er es tma yei t herbehi sownoroft he o net owh om i ti sma de ( i i ) .The c ommuni c at i oni saddr es s edt oanoffic ero rabo ar d ,ors uper i or ,ha v i n gs omei nt er e stor dut yi nt hemat t er ,andwhohast hepo wert of ur ni s ht hepr o t ec t i ons ought(ort hatt her ec i pi enti sa p r o pe rp er s o nwh oc a nac to nt h ec ommu ni c a t i o n)a nd ( i i i ) .Th es t a t ement si nt h ec ommu ni c at i onar ema dei ngoo df a i t ha ndwi t houtmal i c e(Bi na yv s .Sec . ofJ us t i c e,Sept .08,2006)
L eg al d ut y :pr e su pp os esap r o v i s i o no fl a wi mp os i n gu po nt h ea c cu se dt h ed ut yt oc ommu ni c at e . Suc hast hec ompl ai ntbyac i t i z enc onc er ni ngt hemi s conduc tofapubl i coffic i al t ot hel at t er ‘ s s uper i ore veni f ,uponi nv es t i gat i on,t hemat t er sar eno ts ubs t ant i at ed.Buti tma ybes ho wnt hatt he c har ge swer emal i c i o us l ymadewi t h outr ea sona bl egr ou ndf orbe l i e vi ngt hem t obet r ue. Al s o,ar epor tt ot hepol i c ebyac i t i z enaboutt hes us pec t edc r i mi nal ac t i v i t i esofanot herper s on, ev eni fl at t eri ti spr o v edt hes us pi c i onswer egr oundl es s,i spr i v i l eged. ( d ) .Mor al ors oc i al d ut ypr e sup pos est hee x i s t enc eofar el at i ons hi pbe t wee nt hes endera ndt he r ec i pi ento ft hec ommuni c at i on,ort hec on fide nt i al andpr e ss i ngu r ge nc yoft hec ommuni c at i on. ( e ) .Thes endermu stha v eani n t er es ti nt h es ubj ec to ft hec ommuni c at i onandt her ec i pi en tmus tbe apr o pe rp er s onwh oc anac to nt h es ub j e ctt ot h ec ommu ni c at i o n. Thusal e t t er c ompl ai ntdes c r i bi n ganSL Ul a w pr of es s orasl a zyi n compe t ent ,an dana bs ent ee ,i s pr i v i l egedi fs entt ot heSL UPr es i dent .I ti snotpr i v i l egedi fs entt ot hePr es i dentofU. B. I fat eac herwr i t est ohi sf el l owt eac hert hatas t udentofhi si sbec omi ngi r r es pons i bl eandpos si bl ya dr ugus er ,t hes amel et t eri snotpr i v i l eged.Buti fs entt ot hepar ent soft hes t udentf ort hei r i nf or mat i onandac t i on,i ti sc ondi t i onal l ypr i v i l eged. ( f ) .I nAl c ant ar av s .Ponc e(Feb.28,2007)t hec our tadopt edt her ul i ngi nt heU. Sc as eofBor gv s . Bor gi nt hata” wr i t t enc har geori nf or mat i onfi l edwi t ht hepr os ec ut orort hec our ti snotl i bel ous al t h oughpr o v edorbef al s eandun f ounded.Fur t he r mor e ,t hei n f or mat i ongi v ent oapr os ec ut orb ya pr i v at eper s onf ort hepur pos eofi ni t i at i ngapr os ec ut i oni spr ot ec t edb yt hes amec l oakofi mmuni t y andc anno tbeu sedasab as i sf ora nac t i onf ord ef amat i on.“ I nt hi sAl c ant ar acas e,anews l et t ers ubmi t t edbypar t yi napr el i mi nar yi nv es t i gat i on,whi c hwas d ef a ma t or y , wa sc on si d er e da sap r i v i l e gec ommu ni c at i o n. I twasal s or ul edt hatundert heT es tofRel e vanc y ,amat t eral l egedi nt hec our s eoft hepr oc eedi ngs needno tbei nev er yc as emat er i al t ot hei s suesorbes oper t i nentt ot hec ont r ov er s yt hati tma y bec omet hes ubj ec tofi nqui r yi nt hec our s eoft r i al ,s ol ongast he yar er el ev ant . 2. A:Af ai randt r uer epor tofan yoffic i al pr oc eedi ng,orofan ys t at ement ,r epor t ,ors peec h,made t h e r e a t ( a ) .Th epr o c ee di ngmu s tn otb ec on fid ent i a l ,s uc ha st h eh ea r i n gsbe f o r et h eSe na t e,a sop po se dt o t hec l os edoorex ec ut i v es es si onsoft hes enat e.Thusi ft her epor ti swi t hr es pec tt oapubl i cr ec or d, i tr ef er sonl yt ot hos emadeac c es si bl et ot hepubl i cwhi c hma yber ev eal edf orpubl i ci nt er es tor pr ot ec t i onoft hepubl i c .
( b)Ther epor tmus tbewi t houtan yunnec es s ar yc ommentorl i bel ousr emar k s(i . e.noedi t or i al i z i ng) ( c ) . Ther epor tmus tbeac cur at eands houl dnoti nt ent i onal l ydi s t or tt hef ac t s .I ft her ei ser r ori nt he f ac t sr epor t ed,t her epor t i ss t i l l pr i v i l egei fmadei ngoodf ai t h ( d)Ex ampl es :Newsr epor tofaj udi c i al pr oc eedi ng,i nc l udi ngt hefi l i ngofac ompl ai nti nc our t ;or wh atawi t nes st es t i fi ed;oro fav er bal an dheat edar gumen tbe t weent wocoun ci l or sdur i n gt he s es si onoft hec i t ycounc i l . ( e ) .Th i sde f e ns ea pp l ymo s to f t ent ome mb er soft h emed i awh owr i t eo ns ai dma t t e r sorr e po r t t hem asn ews 2 B.Fa i ran dT r u eRe po r to ft h eOffic i a lAc t so faPu bl i cOffic i a l ( a) .Thepubl i candoffic i al ac t sofapubl i coffic i al ,i nc l udi nghi spol i c i es ,ar el egi t i mat es ubj ec t sof c ommen t san dc r i t i c i s ms ,t h ou ght h eyma yb eu nf a i r .Pu bl i coffic i a l sar eno ts up po se dt ob eon i o ns k i n ned .“ Publ i coffic i al s ,l i k eCeas ar ’ swi f e,mu stbeb ey on dr epr oac handa bo v es us pi c i on ” . ( b ) .Bu tt h ec ommu ni c at i o nma ybeac t i on abl e : ( i )I fi tc ont ai nsani mput at i onwhi c hi saf al s eal l egat i onofaf ac torac ommentbas edonaf al s e s uppos i t i on ( i i ) .I ft heat t ac k ,c r i t i c i s m ori mput at i onper t ai nst ohi spr i v at eac t sorp r i v at el i f e,unl es st hes er efl ec t onhi spu bl i cc har ac t erandi mageasapubl i coffic i a l . ( i i i )Ass t at edi nt h eU. S.c as eofNe w Yor kTi mesv s .Sul l i v an ,ap ubl i coffic i al ma yr ec ov e rd amag es i fhep r o v est h at:“ t hes t at ementwa sma dewi t ha ct ual da mage,t ha ti s ,wi t hk no wl edget ha ti twas f al s eorwi t hr ec kl es sdi s r egar dofwhet heri twasf al s eornot ”
B.Mat t er sCons i der edPr i v i l egedBy J ur i s pr udenc e 1.Fai rComment sonMat t er sofPubl i cI nt er es t ( a )I n Bo r j al v s .Ct .o fAppeal s ,( 30 1SCRA1 ,J an.14,19 99)i twashel dt hatt heenu mer a t i oni n Ar t i c l e354i snotane xc l us i v el i s tofqual i fi edl ypr i v i l egedc ommuni c at i onsbec aus e“ f ai rc omment s onmat t er sofpubl i ci nt er es tar epr i v i l egedandc ons t i t ut eav al i ddef ens ei nanac t i onf orl i bel or
s l ander ” ( b) .The yr ef ert oe vent s ,dev el opment s ,ormat t er si nwhi c ht hepubl i casawhol ehasal egi t i mat e i nt er es t . Exampl es ( i ) .Ane wsr epor tont hewel f ar eofy out hands t udent si nas c hool al l egedl ys t aff edb yi nc ompet ent s , oradumpi nggr oundofmi s fitt eac her s ,c onc er nsamat t erofpubl i ci nt er es t . ( i i ) .Anedi t or i al c r i t i c i z i ngt heownerofas hi pwhi c hs unk ,f orhi sdel ayi ne x t endi ngfi nanc i al hel pt o t hef ami l yoft hev i c t i ms ,i snotl i bel ousast hei nac t i oni samat t erofpubl i ci nt er es t . ( i i i ) .Thear r es tandpr os ec ut i onofl awv i ol at ori samat t eri nwhi c ht hepubl i chasar i ghtt ok now. Thust her ei snol i abi l i t yf orr epor t i ngt hatal adywasar r es t edf ors el l i ngs habuort hataper s onwas c har gedi nc ou r t o rc o nv i c t edb yac ou r t f orEs t af a.Thepe r s on si nques t i onc an no tfi l eac as ef o r l i bel . ( i v ) .Ar adi oannounc erl ambas t saf ami l yf ort hei radamantr ef us al t ov ac at eandr emo vet hei r s t r uc t ur ei ns i deapar k .
2.Comment sandCr i t i c i s msont heAc t uat i onsofPubl i c Fi gur es ( a)Publ i cfigur esr ef ert opeopl ewhopl ac et hems el v esi nt hepubl i cl i mel i ghtorat t ent i onei t her :by nat ur eoft hei rbus i nes sorac t i v i t y ,ormodeofl i v i ng,orbyadopt i ngamodeofpr of es si onorc al l i ng whi c hgi v est hepubl i cal egi t i mat ei nt er es ti nhi sdoi ngs ,hi saffai r sandi nhi schar ac t erorwhi c h affec tpubl i ci nt er es t( t hes ear et hec el ebr i t i es ) , orbec aus et heypar t i c i pat ei npubl i caffai r sor r egul ar l yandpubl i c l yex poundt hei rv i ewsonpubl i caff ai r s . Ex ampl esoft hefi r s t :mo vi es t ar s ;nat i onal at hl et es ;t hos er epr es ent i ngt hePhi l i ppi nesi nwor l d b ea ut yp ag ean t s ,Ma nn yPa cq ui a o;h os t so fTVs ho ws / p r o gr a mss u chast heT ul f obr o t h er s , mus i c i ans ,no vel i s t s .Thes pous eoft hePr es i denti sapubl i cfi gur e. Ex ampl esoft hes ec ond:c andi dat esf oranel ec t i v epos i t i on;c ol umni s t sofnat i onal ne ws paper s , TV/ r adi ocommen t at o r s ,Ca r di nal Si ndur i nghi st i me,J os eMar i aSi s on. (b)Aswi t hpubl i coffic i al s ,t hei mput at i onma y beac t i onabl ei fi ti s( i )af al s eal l egat i onoff ac tor( i i )i t i sba sedo naf al s es uppos i t i on .
3.J us t i fi edLi bel ort hePr i v i l egeofaRepl y . Thi si sfight i ngl i bel wi t hl i bel .Thi sr ef ert oc ommuni c at i onsmadei nr es pons et oal i beli nor dert o c ount erand/ orr emov et hel i bel ,pr o vi dedi ti sl i mi t edt oandr e l at edt ot hedef amat or yi mput at i onand notunnec es sar i l yl i bel ous .
4.T r ut hAndGoodMot i v e sorJ us t i fi abl eEnds . A.I ti sno ten ought hatwhatwa spubl i c i z edaboutano t heri st r u e.Th eac c us edmus tal s opr o v e goodmo t i v esori nt ent i onsandj us t i fi abl eends ,i nor dert odi s pr o vemal i c e. B.Thi sdef ens ei sav ai l abl eonl yi f :( a)Whati si mput edt oanot heri sac r i mer egar dl es si ft hev i c t i m i sapr i v at eorpubl i cper s onor( i i )i ft hev i c t i mi sapubl i coffic err egar dl es sofwhet herac r i mei s i mput ed,s ol ongasi tr el at est ot hedi s char geoft hei roffic i al dut i es C.I l l us t r at i ons :onewr i t esaboutt hec r i mi nal ac t i v i t i esofanot heri nor dert os howt hatc r i medoes no tpa y ,o rt os etanex ampl eofwhatc ond uc tt oa v oi d.
5.ThePr i nc i pl eofNeut r al Repor t age. A.Thi si sadef ens ea vai l abl et oonec har gednotast heaut horbutas ar epubl i s herofal i bel ous ma t er i al B.Ther epubl i s herwhoa cc ur at el yanddi s i nt er es t edl yr ep or t sce r t a i nd ef a mat or ys t at ement sma de agai ns tpubl i cfigur es ,i sshi el dedf r om l i abi l i t y ,r egar dl es sofhi ssubj ec t i v eawar enes soft het r ut hor f al s i t yoft hea cc us at i on .(SeeFi l Br o adc as t i n gNe tWor kv s.AGO Med i c al andEduc at i onal Ce nt er , 448SCRA413) Ex a mp l e :Ap ar e nto fas t u de ntg oe so nr a di ot ode no un c eas ch oo lt e ac he ra sbe i n gi n co mpe t e nt , abs en t ee,bi asandpr ej udi c ed.Ane wsr epo r t erquo t edt hea cc us at i on si nhi sne wsar t i c l e.Hei sno t l i abl ee veni fheper s onal l yk no wst heac cus at i onsar eunt r ue.
356.Li bel AsAThr eat( Bl ac kmai l i ng) I .Co nc e pt :Th el a wp un i s h esaper s o nwh od ema nd sa c ompens at i onormone yc ons i der at i onb y :
1.t hr eat eni ngt opubl i s hal i bel c onc er ni ngaper s onorhi sf ami l yand 2.offer i ngt opr ev entt hepubl i c at i onofal i bel
I I .Pr i nc i pl es : A.Thi saf or m ofbl ac kmai l i ngbec aus et her ei sane xt or t i onf ormone yundert hr eatofs oc al l ed “ e x po s i ng ”ap er s on .Th i si sof t e nc a l l e dd ema ndf o r“ Hu shMo ne y ” B.I fb ot hmo de swer ec o mmi t t e db yas i n gl ep er s o n,t he r ei sonl yon eo ffe ns e.I fc o mmi t t edb yt wo di ff er en tp er s onst her ebet wosepar at eoff ens es ,unl e ssbo t har ei nc ons pi r a cy . C.Th ec r i mei sc o n s uma t e do nc et h et h r e at so ro ffe r swe r ema de .
I I I .Ex ampl es : A.Theac cus edt hr eat enedt opubl i s hi naweek l yper i odi c al c er t ai nl et t er swr i t t enbyamar r i ed wo ma nun l e s ss h ep ai dac e r t a i ns u mo fmo ne y . B.Th ep r o du c ero faTVPr o gr a md ema nd edmo ne yf r o m apo l i t i c i a no t h er wi s ehewo ul de x po s et h e s ex capadesoft hepol i t i c i an.
CRI MESAGAI NSTHONOR 1.Aper s on’ sname,honorandr eput at i on,i sassac r edt o hi m ashi sv er yl i f e.Ti t l e13s eek st ogi v epr ot ec t i on t her et obydefi ni ngc er t ai nac t si nj ur i oust oaper s on’ s nameandr eput at i onascr i mesandpr es c r i bi ngpenal t i es t her ef or e. 2.Thes ec r i mes ,whi c har ei nt henat ur eofc har ac t er as s as si nat i on,ar ec l as si fi edac c or di ngt ot hemannerof t hei rc ommi s s i oni nt ot hef ol l owi ng:
a) .Li belwhi c hi sb ymak i ngus eoft hemas smedi aandl i t er ar yf or mso rl i t er ar yo ut l et s b) .Or al Def amat i onwhi c hi sbyt heu seofor al ut t er anc es c ) .Sl anderb yDeedwhi c hi sb yper f or mi n ganac ti n t en dedt oca stdi s honor ,d i s r es pe ctor c o n t e mp tu po nap er s o n . d ) . I nc r i mi na t or ymac hi nat i onswhi c hma ye i t he rbe: ( i )I nc r i mi nat i nga ni nnoc entper s oni nt hec o mmi s si ono fac r i meb ypl ant i nge v i denc e ( i i )I nt r i gui ngagai ns thonorbyr es or t i ngt oanys c heme,pl ot ,des i gn,butnotbyd i r ec ts pok en wor ds ,t odes t r o yt her eput at i onofanot her
3.El ement sc o mmont oc r i me sag ai n s th onor a)Thatt her ebeamat t er ,or al wr i t t enori nwhat ev erf or m,orofanac t ,whi c hi sdef amat or yt o a no t h er b) . Thatt her ei spubl i c i t yoft hedef amat or ymat t er c ) .Thatt h er ebemal i c eont hepa r t o ft heac c us ed d) .Thatt heper s ondef amedi si dent i fi abl e
4.Thef or egoi ngc r i mesc annotbec ommi t t edby negl i genc ebec aus eal l r equi r et heel ementofmal i c e. 5.Ti t l e13,es pec i al l yt hear t i c l eonl i bel c ons t i t ut es anot herl i mi t at i ont ot hef r eedom ofs peec handoft he pr es sast hes et wof r eedomsc annotbeal l owedt obe us edt odes t r o yt hegoodnameofani nnoc entper s on.
CRI MESAGAI NSTTHECI VI L ST ATUSOFPERSONS
Ar t .347.Si mul at i onofBi r t hs , Subs t i t ut i onandAbandonmentofa Legi t i mat eChi l d I .Ac t sPuni s hed: 1.Si mul at i onofBi r t h: 2.Subs t i t ut i onofonec hi l df oranot her 3.Conc eal i ngorabandoni ngal egi t i mat ec hi l dt oc aus et hel os eofc i v i l s t at us
I I .Pr i nc i pl es A.I ns i mul at i onands ubs t i t ut i on,t hec hi l dneednotbel egi t i mat e. B.Thepur pos eoft heac t spuni s hedmus tbet oc aus et hel os soft hec i v i l s t at usoft hec hi l dort o obt ai nt hec i v i l s t at usofanot her . C.Si mul at i onofbi r t h,t heac tofmak i ngi tappeart hatawomanga vebi r t ht oac hi l d,mus tbei nt he r ec or dofbi r t h/ bi r t hc er t i fi cat e.Abi r t hc er t i fi cat ei sobt ai nedi ndi c at i ngt hatt hewomangav ebi r t ht oa c hi l dwheni nt r ut hs hedi dnot . 1.I ft hes i mul at i oni si nan yot herdoc ument ,t hec r i mei sf al s i fi cat i on 2 .I ft h ewo ma nf e i g nsorp r e t e nd st ob ep r e gn an ta ndt h enma k esi ta pp ea rs h eg av eb i r t ht oab ab y wh eni nt r ut ht hebab yi st ha to fa no t h er ,s uc hpr e t ens ei sno tpuni s hed .Butwhens hec aus est he bi r t ht ober ec or ded,s ai dac tc ons t i t ut et hec r i meofs i mul at i onofbi r t h. 3 .Wh er et h ewo ma np r e t e nd st obepr e gn an ta ndt ogi v ebi r t hi nor de rt ode man ds up por tf r o mt h e al l egedf at her ,t hec r i mei ses t af a. D.Theabandonmenti snott ok i l l butt oc aus ei tt ol os ei t sci v i l s t at us .I tc ons i s t soft hepr ac t i c eof l eav i ngani nf antatt hedoorofar el i gi ousorc har i t abl ei ns t i t ut i on,hos pi t al s ,oraf os t erhomeort he DSWD.Thec hi l dbel egi t i mat eel s ei ti sac r i meag ai ns ts ec ur i t yi . e.a bandonme ntb yp er s ons ha vi ngc har geoft heeduc at i onorr ear i ngoft hec hi l d. E.Subs t i t ut i onhasf ori t spr i nc i pal el ementt heput t i ngofac hi l di npl ac eofanot herbor nofa
di ff er entmot her .Thi sr es ul t st oac hangeofs t at usbec aus eac hi l di si nt r oduc edi nt oaf ami l y al t houghs ai dc hi l di sas t r angert her et o.Thec hi l dac qui r esaname,s i t uat i onandr i ght st owhi c hi ti s notl awf ul l yent i t l ed. Ex ampl e:( i ) .Pl ac i ngadi ffer entbab yi nt hec r i bofanot her
Ar t .348.Us ur pat i onofCi v i l St at us . I .Conc ept :t hec r i mec ommi t t edbyanyper s onwhos hal l us ur pt hec i v i l s t at usofanot her .I ti st heac tofpr et endi ng t obeanot herper s ons oast oenj oyt hel at t er ’ sr i ght s , fi l i at i ons ,pat er ni t yorc onj ugal r i ght s ,i nc l udi nghi s pr of es s i onorpubl i cs t at us .I ti nv ol v est hei deaof i mper s onat i nganot her . A.Thepenal t yi shi gheri ft hepur pos ei st odef r audt heoffendedpar t yorhi shei r ss uc has p r e t en di n gt ob et h el o s ts o no rn ep he w ofar i c hma n B.Ex ampl e:( i )“ ThePr i nc eandt hePauper ”( i i )“ TheMani nt heI r onMas k” .( i i i ) .Pr et endi ngt obet he Ce s arOr a c i o ni no r d ert ob ea dd r e s s eda s“ De an ”
I I .Ot herRel at edCr i mesi nv ol v i ng us ur pat i on/ i mper s onat i on A.Ma ybeUs i n gFi c t i t i o usNa mea swh ent h ea c cu se dan ot he rt oa v oi db ei n ga r r e s t edf ort r a ffic v i ol at i ons . B.Es t af aasbypr et endi ngt obet hec r edi t ororc ol l ec t or C.Fal s i fi c at i ona sb ypr e t endi ngt obet h epa y eei nac hec k D.Per j ur y
Pr os ec ut i onofpr i v at ec r i mesand l i abi l i t yofper s onsgui l t yof c r i mesagai ns tc has t i t y Book 2- Crimes And Penalties i nShar e ART. 344. PROSECUTION OF PRIVATE CRIMES
I. Necessity of a complaint i.e a formal denunciation indicating that the victim and her family opt not to keep the incident a private matter but to bring it out in the open in order to prosecute the offender
A. In Adultery and Concubinage: the complaint can only be initiated by the offended spouse who must still be married to the guilty spouse at the time of the bringing of the complaint, and not when the marriage has already been annulled or voided at the time when the action was brought. 1. against both guilty parties if both are alive . provided there was no prior consent or pardon
!. In Acts of "asciviousness and abduction, the complaint must be initiated by the following enumerated persons.
N#$%: $he enumeration is both exclusive &no other person has the personality to file e'cept those in the enumeration( and successive (the order of preference must be followed) :
1. )ictim or offended party unless the victim is incapacitated by reasons other than minority. If she is of legal age, she alone can bring the action. . !y either of the parents if the victim is a minor who refuses to file, or is incapacitated as when she is demented or insane *. !y either of the +randparents
. !y the legal or the court appointed guardian -. !y the state as parens patriae when the victim dies or becomes incapacitated before she can file the complaint and has no known parent, grandparents or guardian
II. efenses in Acts of "asciviousness and Abduction
A. /ardon by the #ffended /arty
1. $he pardon must be e'press . If the offended party is of legal age and is not otherwise incapacitated, she alone can e'tend a valid pardon *. If a minor but of sufficient discretion, the victim can e'tend a valid pardon if she has no parent, otherwise the pardon must be concurred by the parent, grandparent or guardian
!. A valid 0arriage between the #ffended and the #ffender i.e contracted in good faith 1. e'tinguishes the criminal liability & case will be dismissed( or remits the penalty & accused will not suffer the penalty anymore(. . $his benefits the coprincipals &by indespensable cooperation and inducement but nto co principals by direct participation(, accomplices and accessories
ART. 345. CIVIL LIABILIT OF PERSONS !UILT OF CRIMES A!AINST C"ASTIT
I. $hey include:
A. Indemnification of the offended party. 0oral damages is recoverable in acts of lasciviousness by the victim as well by the parents !. Acknowledgement of the offspring, unless the law should prevent him from so doing C. $o support the offspring
1. In the following there can be no acknowledgement : &a(. in cases of adultery and concubinage &b(. where the offended party is married, provided that paternity is not that of the husband &c(. when paternity can not be determined. Note that NA testing is accepted to determine paternity
. 2here there are several accused and paternity can not be determined, all must give support.
ABDUCTI ON A.Con cep t :t het ak i nga wa yofawomanwi t hl e wdde si gnsi . e.t oo bt ai ns e xual gr at i fi c at i o n.
1.For c i bl e( Ar t i c l e342) :i ft het ak i ngawayi sagai ns ther wi l l .
a) .Thi sp r es uppos est heu seoff or c e,v i ol enc et hr eatori nt i mi dat i o noran yme t h odt oo v er c omehe r r es i s t anc e,ort odepr i v eheroft heabi l i t yt or es i s t . b)I ft hewomanwast her eaf t err aped,i tt hec r i mei sFor c i bl eAbduc t i onwi t hRape,andi ft her ebe s ev er al r apes ,t heo t herr apesar ec ons i der eda ss epar at ec r i mes .
c )Fr om Ki dnappi ng/ Ser i ousI l l egal Det ent i on
( i )I nk i dnappi ng,t her ei snol e wddes i gnbutt oei t herdepr i v eorr es t r ai nt hewomanofherper s onal l i b er t y / f r e ed om o fmo v eme nt ,o rt hepu r po s ei st ode ma ndar an so m
( i i )I fs ev er a lr ape swer ec ommi t t edont hewoman,t hec r i mei sk i dna ppi ngwi t hr apeandt heo t her r a pesar eabs or be dandar eaggr a v at i ngci r c ums t an ceswhi l ei nAbduc t i on,t heot herr ap esar e s e pa r a t eo ff en s es
d) .I ti sTr affic ki ngi nPer s onsi ft hepur pos ei sf ors ex ual ex pl oi t at i on,f or c edl aborors er v i c es , s l a ver y ,i n vol unt ar ys er v i t udeordebtbondage,ors al eofor gans
2.Cons ent ed( Ar t i c l e343)t het ak i ngawa yofawomanof goodr eput at i on,12y ear sorov erbutunder18y ear sof age,c ar r i edoutwi t hherc ons entandwi t hl ewddes i gns .
a )Th er ema yorma yno tb ed ec e i te mp l o y e dt og ett h ewo ma nt oa gr e e,a sf o re x a mp l e ,c o nv i n c i n g t hewomant oe l opewi t ht heman .Thec ons en tmu stbegi v enf r eel yandi nt el l i g en t l y . b )Th er ebel e wdde s i g ne l s et h ec r i mema yb ei n du c i n gami n ort oab an do nt h eh ome
ACTSOFLASCI VI OUSNESS A.Conc ept :t heac tofmak i ngaphy s i c al c ont ac twi t ht he bodyofanot herper s onf ort hepur pos eofobt ai ni ngs ex ual gr at i fi c at i onot hert han,orwi t houti nt ent i onof ,s ex ual i nt er c our s e. 1 .Theco nt a ctma ybeb yt h eb od yo ft heac c us eds u chasbyt h el i p s ,h and s ,f o ot ;o rb yme an so f an yobj ec tori ns t r ument .I nei t herc as et her emus tbenof or m ofi ns er t i oni nt ot heanus ,mout hor s e xor g anamo un t i n gt or a pet h r o ug hs e x ua lab us e.
2.I ti sdi s t i ngui s hedf r om At t empt edRapei nt hatt her ei snoi nt entt ohav es ex ual i nt er c our s ewi t h t hev i c t i m.Thei nt entma ybei nf er r edf r om t hec i r c ums t anc esoft i me,pl ac e,andoc cas i on,or i nf er r edf r om t henat ur eoft heac ti t s el f . 3.I ti sdi s t i ngui s hedf r om Unj us tVex at i oni nt hatt her ei snol ewddes i gni nunj us tv ex at i on Ex ampl e:( i )Theac t sofanar dentl o vers uc hask i s si ng,embr ac i ngar i s i ngf r om hi spas si on,ar e unj us tv ex at i onmer el y .( i i ) .Thet ouc hi ngoft hepr i v at epar t sofawomanoutofc ur i os i t yi sunj us t v ex at i on. 4.I ft heac t sofl as ci v i ous nes s( i nc l udi ngs ex ual i nt er c our s e)i sper f or meduponac hi l de xpl oi t edi n pr os t i t ut i onorot hers ex ual abus e( i . e.abus eo t hert hant heac t sofl as c i v i ous nes ss uc haswhent he c hi l di st hes ubj ec tofanobs c en epubl i c at i onorpor nogr ap hyoro fi n de cents ho ws )whe t hermal eor f e ma l e ,t h ea c t swo ul dc on s t i t u t ese x ua la bu sepun i s he du nde rR. A.7 61 0(Th eCh i l dAb us eLa w) (Ol i v ar ezv s .C. A. ,J ul y29,2006)
B.Ki nds : 1.For ci bl e( Ar t i cl e336) i fmadeunderc i r c ums t anc esoff or c i bl er ape,i . e
t hr oughf or c e,t hr eat ,v i ol at i on,i nt i mi dat i on. a .Th ea c c u s e dma yb ea n yp e r s o na n dt h ev i c t i m ma yb eama l eo rf e ma l e
2 .Conse nt ed:( Ar t i c l e3 39 ) i fmadeunderc i r c ums t anc esofs educ t i on
whet hers i mpl eorqual i fi edi . e. a)v i c t i mi saf emal eo fc has t ec har ac t er b )o v er12y e ar sb utb el o w1 8y e a r s ,o rawi do w c )t her ewasdec ei torabus eofaut hor i t y ,abus eofc onfi denc eorabus eofr el at i ons hi p
CONCUBI NAGE I .How commi t t ed/ Concept :Thecr i mecommi t t edbyamar r i edmanwho: 1 .Sha l lk ee pami s t r e ssi nt heconj uga ldwe l l i ng a) .t hec onc ubi nemus tl i v ei nt hec onj ugal dwel l i ngev enf orbr i efper i odsoft i me,andnotwher es he oc cas i onal l yc omesf orat r y s tort os pendt heni ghtt her ei n
2 .Sha l lha v ese x ua li nt e r c our s ewi t hhe runde rs ca nda l ousc i r c ums t a nc es a) .Pr oofofs exi snotnec es s ar ybutma ybei nf er r ed b) .Ther ebeapubl i coropenfl aunt i ngoft hei l l i c i tr el at i ons hi ps ot hatt hepubl i ci ssc andal i z ed, s hoc k ed,ort hec onduc tgi v er i s et ogener al pr ot es t ,ort hatt her el at i ons hi ps et sabadex ampl e. c ) .Ex ampl e:bei ngs eenwi t ht hewomani ns oc i al andpubl i cgat her i ngs ;i nt r oduc i ngort r eat i ngt he womanast houghshewer et hewi f e d)Si nc epubl i cr eac t i oni sgaugeoft hes candal i st her ec onc ubi nagei f : ( i )openl ygoi ngouti si npl ac eswher et het woar et ot al s t r anger s ( i i )r el at i v esandac quai nt anc esac ceptt hef ac toft her el at i ons hi p,aswhent hewi f el ef tt heman whonowi scar edandl ovedbyanot herwoman?
3 .Coha bi twi t hhe ri na nyot he rpl a ce a) .T oc ohabi ti st ol i v et oget herashus bandandwi f e. b )QUESTI ON:I sc o n c u bi n ag ec ommi t t e dbyt h ema ni np r o v i d i n gt h ewo ma nhe ro wnh ou s eor apar t mentbutdoesnotl i v ewi t hhert houghher egul ar l yvi s i t shert her eat ,atwhi c ht i met he yengage i ns e x?
I I .Unl i k ei na dul t e r y ,t hef a ctofc r i mi nalc onv er sa t i onorse xua li nt e r c our sewi t hawoma n doe sno tpe rs egi v er i s et oc onc ubi na ge .F ur t he r ,e ac hs e xua la c ti snotase pa r a t eoffe ns e becauseconcubi nagei st r eat edasacont i nui ngcr i me. No t e :I na du l t e r yt h ep en al t yi st h es a mef orb ot ht h ewo mana ndma n( Pr i s i onc or r e ct i o na lme di um a ndma xi mu m)b uti nco nc ub i n ag et hepe na l t yf o rt h ema ni sl o we rb yo ned eg r e e(p r i s i o n c or r e ct i on al mi n i mum an dmed i um)wh i l et h ec o nc ub i n ei sgi v e nase pa r a t epe na l t ywh i c hi s des t i er r o.
I I I .Thewoma ni sl i a bl ei fs heknowshi mt obema r r i e d( e v eni funha ppi l yatt ha ta nde ve ni f herpur posei st opr ovi decomf ortandcompani onshi p) I V.Thede f e ns esa v ai l a bl ei na dul t e r ya l s oa ppl ys uc ha sc ons e nta ndpa r don.
ADULTERY I .Conc ept :Thec r i mec ommi t t edbya mar r i edwomanwhos h al l ha v es e x u al i nt er c our s ewi t hamannother husband,andbyt hemanwhohas c ar nal k nowl edgeofher ,k nowi nghert o bemar r i ed” A.Thegi s ti sac t ual s ex ual i nt er c our s eandnotj us tmer er omant i cdat i ng,orpet t i ngork i s si ng B.Ther ei snof r us t r at eds t age:i ti sei t hert hatt heac cus edwer eabl et oengagei ns exorno t . C.I ti sno tac ont i nu i ngc r i mebe caus eeac hs epar a t es exac tonad i ff er entoc c as i oni sad i ff er ent a ndas ep ar a t ec r i me . D.Th i sma yb ec o mmi t t e dwh enama r r i e dwo ma nma r r i e sas e c on dt i mewi t h ou tt h efi r s th a v i n g beenj udi c i al l yannul l edorv oi ded.Herl i abi l i t yi si naddi t i ont obi gamy .
I I .TheJ udi c i al v al i di t yoft hewoman’ s mar r i agei snotmat er i al .I ti senough
t hatt her ewasamar r i agewhi c hhas noty etbeenannul l edordec l ar ednul l andv oi d. I I I .Rat i onal e: A.Thepos si bi l i t yofi nt r oduc i ngs pur i oushei r s B.Vi ol at i onoft hemar r i agev owsandt hes anc t i t yoft hemar r i agebas edont hee x cl us i v i t yoft he s ex ual par t ner .
I I I .Def ens esi nAdul t er y A.Par donbyt heoffendeds pous ei f( 1)gi v ent obot ht hegui l t ypar t i esand( 2)pr i ort ot hei ns t i t ut i on oft hec r i mi nal ac t i on B.Pa r d onma ybeex pr e sso ri mp l i e d,a sbys l e ep i n gwi t ht h ewo ma nd es pi t ek no wl e dg eo ft h e adul t er y( Par donoft heAc t ) C.Cons entgi v enpr i ort ot headul t er y , s uc hasi nmut ual agr eementt os epar at eandt ol i v ewi t h ano t herp ar t ne r D.Rec r i mi nat i onormut ual i nfi del i t yi smer el ymi t i gat i ng E.Th ef a ctt h att hewo ma ni sl eg al l ys ep ar a t e df r o mt h ehu s ba ndi snod ef e ns e.
I V.Pr i nc i pl esi nt hePr os ec ut i onof Adul t er y A.Di r e cte vi denc ei sno tne ces s ar yasadu l t er yma yb ei mp l i edf r o mt hec i r c ums t anc esoft i me , p l a cean do c ca si o n B.Th er ema ybeas e pa r a t et r i a lf o rt h ema na ndt h ewo ma n
C.Th ema nma yb ea c qu i t t e di fh ed i dno tk n owt h ewo ma ni sma r r i e d D.I ft h ema ni sma r r i e d,h ema yal s obel i a bl ef o rc o nc u bi n ag ea ndt h ema r r i e dwo ma nma nma y a l s obec ha r g edasac on c ub i n e
V.Spec i al Ex t enuat i ngCi r c ums t anc eof Unj ust i fi edAbandonment A.Thepen al t yi satl eas tonede gr eel o wer B.Th ee s se nc ei st h att h ewo ma nwa sf o r c edt oc ommi ta du l t e r yb yr e as onofe x t r emene ce s si t y whi c hr ef er st oec onomi cnec es si t yandt heneedf ors ur v i v al ,s uc haspr o vi di ngf ort hes hel t erand s us t e na nc eofhe rab and on edf a mi l y .
Seduc t i on Ast ot h ec r i meo fSe du c t i o n,aq ua l i fi c at i o nha st obema deb ec au s ei ta pp ea r st h i sc r i meh asbe en mo di fi edbyr a pec o mmi t t e db yme an so ff r a ud ul e ntma c hi n at i o no rb yg r a v ea bu seofa ut h or i t y .
I ns educ t i ont hev i c t i mc ons ent edt ot hes ex ual i nt er c our s e.
A.I nqual i fi eds educ t i on( Ar t i c l e337)whatmak est he offens equal i fi edi sbec aus eoft hec har ac t eroft he ac c u s ed,t hee x c e s sofpo werorabus eofc onfi denc e. Thust hec ons entoft hev i c t i m wasobt ai nedbec aus eof anyoft hef ol l owi ng:
( i ) .Abus eofaut hor i t ysuc hasbyper s onsi naut hor i t y ,guar di ans ,t eac her s ,per s onswhoar e ent r us t edwi t ht heeduc at i onorc us t odyoft hev i c t i m ( i i ) .Abu seoft hec onfi denc er e pos edi nt hem s uc hasbypr i es t ,mi n i s t er ,ho us es er v a nt s ,d omes t i c s i . e.onel i v i ngundert hes amer oofast hev i c t i m ( i i i ) .Abus eofr el at i ons hi ps uc hasbybr ot her soras cendant s
1.Und ert heAn t i Rap eLa w,t her ei sr apeb y“ gr a v eab us eofau t ho r i t y ”henc ei twoul ds eem t h ati f t heac cus ef al l sunderan yoft hef or egoi ngc l as si fi cat i onbuti ft heabus ei snot“ gr a ve” ,t heoffens e woul ds t i l l bequal i fi eds educ t i on.Butwheni st heabus ec ons i der edgr a ve,s oast ogi v er i s et or ape, andwh eni si tmi l dorno tgr a v e?
B.I ns i mpl es educ t i on( Ar t i c l e338)t hes educ t i onwas “ c ommi t t edbymeansofdec ei t ” . 1.Dec ei twasunder s t oodt obegener al l yi nt hef or m ofunf ul fi l l edpr omi s eofmar r i age.Henc e,i t woul ds ee mt ha ti ft h ec ons entt os exwasb yan yar t i fi c eo t hert ha nb yapr omi s eofma r r i age ,t he o ffe ns ewou l db er a peb y“ f r a ud ul e ntma c hi na t i o n” .
C.Requi r ement sf ors educ t i onorc ons ent eds ex ual i nt er c our s e: 1 .Th ev i c t i mi sawo ma nwh omu s tb eo v e r1 2y e ar sb ec a us ei fh era gei sb el o w1 2t h eo ffe ns ei s s t at ut or yr ape 2.Sh emus tno tbeo v er18y ear s( i ti spr e sume dt h ati fo v er18y e ar s ,s hei sofs uffic i ent under s t andi ngt ot ak ec ar eofherv i r t ueandchas t i t y ) .Howev erev eni ft hewomani sov er18i ft her e was“ Gr a v eAbus eofAut ho r i t y ”or“ f r audul entmac hi na t i on”t hec r i mewo ul dber ape.
3.Whi l et hel awr equi r est hev i c t i mt obea“ v i r gi n” ,t hi si st obeunder s t oodasr ef er r i ngt oawoman ofc has t ec har ac t ert houghs hemaynotl i t er al l ybev i r gi n. 4.Ther emustbeconsummat ed.
Cr i mesAgai ns tPr oper t y Book 2- Crimes And Penalties inShare The major classification includes the following:
1.Robber y : a). ith !iolence or "ntimidation Against Persons # $old-u%) &). ith 'ore (%on Things # Break-"n)
2.Thef t a). Sim%le &). ualified
3. Es t af a 4.Mal i c i ousMi s c hi ef a). *rdinar+ &). S%ecial Cases
5.Ar s on ,. !iolation of the Chattel ortgage aw
Cr i mesAgai ns tPr oper t y
Ti t l eNi neRev i s edPenal Code: Cr i mesAgai ns tPer s onal Li ber t y andSec ur i t y Book 2- Crimes And Penalties i nShar e
Cr i mesAgai ns tPer s onal Li ber t y andSec ur i t y I nt r oduc t i on:Thes ec r i mesar ec ommi t t edpr i nc i pal l yb ypr i v at eper s ons .I fapubl i coffic er par t i c i pa t es ,t h ec r i memus tc omef r om apr i v at eper s onast hep r i n ci pal a cc us ed,o t her wi s et he c r i mewo ul dbeacr i meag ai ns tt hef un da ment a ll a wsoft h es t at e
CRI MESAGAI NSTPERSONS
A.I nt r oduc t i on: Theyar ec l as s i fi edi nt o t hr eegener al c at egor i es : 1.Des t r uc t i onofLi f e 2.Phy si c al I nj ur i es a.Mut i l at i on b.Ser i ous c .L es sSer i ou s d.s l i ght 3.Rape a.Si mpl e b.Qual i fi ed
B. Des t r uc t i onofLi f ei ngener al .
1.Deat handi t si nev i t abi l i t yhasbeent hes ubj ec tof i nqui r y :phi l os ophi c al ,r el i gi ous ,bi ol ogi c al andl egal approaches
2.Homi c i de-whenus edi ni t sgener al s ens ei tdenot es t hatt hedeat hofaper s onwasnotduet oas ui c i deor bec aus eofanac c i dentort onat ur al c aus esbutbec aus e oft heac tofaper s on.Thet er m“ homi c i dal deat h”r ef er st o
adeat hwhi c hwascaus edbyanot herei t heri nt ent i onal l y orbynegl i genc e.
3.Thef ol l owi ngar et het er msus eddependi ngonwhot he v i c t i m was : a) .Par r i c i de-t hek i l l i ngofone’ sf at her b) .Mat r i c i de-t hek i l l i ngofone’ smot her c ) . Fi l i c i de-t hek i l l i ngofac hi l d d) .Fr at r i c i de-t hek i l l i ngofone’ s br ot herors i s t er e) .Ux or i c i de-t hek i l l i ngofone’ swi f e f ) .Pr ol i c i de-t hek i l l i ngofone’ soffs pr i ng g) .Hos t i c i de-t hek i l l i ngofanenemy h) .Hos pi t i c i de-t hek i l l i ngofone’ shos torgues t i ) .Femi ni c i de-t hek i l l i ngofawoman j )I nf ant i c i de-t hek i l l i ngofani nf ant k ) .Sui c i de-t hek i l l i ngofone’ ss el f l )Regi c i de-t hek i l l i ngofak i ngorqueen m) .Ge no c i d e-t h ema s s ac r eofape op l e
C.Cl as s i fi c at i onUndert heRev i s ed Penal Code
1 .Fa c t o r sWh i c hDe t e r mi n eWh atOff en s eAr o s ef r o mt h e De at hofaPer s o n
a) .Thepr es enc eofqual i f y i ngaggr a vat i ngci r c ums t anc es b) .Ther el at i ons hi pbet weent heac cus edandt hevi c t i m c ) . Whet hert hev i c t i mi sbor nors t i l l af et us d)Theageoft hev i c t i m
2.Cl as si fi cat i onofCr i mesRes ul t i ngf r om t heDeat hofa Pe r s o n a) .Des t r uc t i onofLi f e:t hek i l l i ngofahumanbei ng.Ques t i on:Xk i l l edY.Whatar et hepos si bl e c r i meswhi c har o sedu et ot heki l l i ng ?The yma yei t he rbe: ( i ) . Par r i c i de ( i i ) .Mur der ( i i i ) .Homi c i dewhi c hi nc l udes( a)UnderEx c ept i onal Ci r c ums t anc es( b)I nat umul t uousAffr a y( c )I na duel ( i v ) .Gi v i ngAs si s t anc et oaSui c i de ( v ) .I nf ant i c i de ( v i ) ,Abor t i on
Ar t .245Rev i s edPenal CodeABUSESAGAI NSTCHASTI TY Book 2- Crimes And Penalties i nShar e A#$. %45. ABUSES A!AINST C"ASTIT
A. Introduction. $his is different from Crimes Against Chastity which are private crimes and re3uire a complaint to be prosecuted.
$here are three situations when the crime is committed and in all three a woman is the victim.
!. 4irst: by soliciting or making immoral advances to a woman interested in matters pending before the public officer, or with respect to which he is re3uired to submit a report to or consult with a superior
1. $he offender is any public officer including a female officer . $o solicit is to demand, suggest, proposed or ask for se'ual favors. It must be characteri5ed by earnestness and persistence, not 6ust a casual remark even if improper. 0ere solicitation consumates the crime even if the solicitation or advances had been re6ected. *. If as a conse3uence the officer succeeds in committing an immoral act, the same is a separate offense
. 7econd: $he solicitation is upon a woman prisoner 1. $he offender is any person who is directly charged with the care and custody of prisoners, or persons under arrest such as 8ail +uards and law enforcers who have arrested a woman who has not yet been turned over to the 6ail. 4emale guards and law enforcers are included . If the woman succumbs or consented the 6ailer is liable
%. $hird: 9pon a female relative who is the sister, daughter or relative by affinity in the same line of a prisoner. Note the mother is not included.
9%7$I#N: what are the crimes or offenses involving 6ail guards;
AN72%<: $hey are the following: 1. elay in the
A. +eneral concept: 7e'ual harassment is the act of a person:
1. =aving authority, influence or moral ascendancy over another . In a work or training or education environment *. emands, re3uests or otherwise re3uires any se'ual favor from another . As a condition to giving a benefit or doing some favor to the victim regardless whether the demand is accepted
!. >inds
1. In a work related or employment environment: a(. As a condition in the &i( h iring, employment, reemployment of the victim &ii( for granting favorable terms or compensations, or as condition for promotion or grant of privileges &iii( if the refusal results in limitations, segregating or classifying the employee which would discriminate, deprive or diminish employment opportunities b(. 2ould impair the employee?s right or privileges under e'isting labor laws c(. 2ould result in an intimidating, hostile or offensive environment
. %ducation or
