Gramàtica essencial Trobareu explicacions gramaticals més detallades al Grammar Workshop, Student’s Book, pàgines 114–133.
Temps verbals TEMPS o FORMA ESTRUCTURA Afirmativa
Negativa
Interrogativa
Present simple
I/You/We/They work.
I/You/We/They do not (don’t)
He/She/It works.
work.
Do I/you/we/they work? Does he/she/it work?
I am (’m) working.
He/She/It does not (doesn’t) work. I am (’m) not working.
• dades i estats • hàbits i accions que es repeteixen • verbs d’estat
Am I working?
• accions que passen en aquest
He/She/It is (’s) not working.
Is he/she/it working?
Present continuous
Present perfect simple Present perfect continuous
He/She/It is (’s) working.
USOS
You/We/They are (’re) not You/We/They are (’re) working. working. I/You/We/They have not I/You/We/They have (’ve) worked. (haven’t) worked.
Are you/we/they working?
moment
• situacions temporals • amb valor de futur, per aplans i activitats organitzades
Have I/you/we/they worked?
• situacions actuals que van començar • experiències passades, sense
• accions acabades o fets del passat • fets que es van repetir en el passat • estats del passat • accions que es donaven en un
He/She/It has (’s)
He/She/It has not (hasn’t)
worked.
worked.
I/You/We/They have (’ve) been working. He/She/It has (’s) been working.
I/You/We/They have not (haven’t) been working. He/She/It has not (hasn’t) been working.
Has he/she/it worked? Have I/you/we/they been working? Has he/she/it been working?
I/You/He/She/It/We/ They worked.
I/You/He/She/It/We/They did not (didn’t) work.
Did I/you/he/she/it/we/ they work?
I/He/She/It was
I/He/She/It was not (wasn’t)
working.
working.
Was I/he/she/it working?
en el passat especificar quan es van produir
• accions repetides que afecten el present
• una acció repetida recent que influeix en el present
• l’explicació d’una acció o un fet del passat
Past simple
Past continuous
You/We/They were
working. Past perfect simple
I/You/He/She/It/ We/They had (’d) worked. I/You/He/She/It/We/ used to They used to work. I/You/He/She/It/We/ would per They would (’d) a hàbits del work. passat I/You/He/She/It/We/ will amb valor de futur They will (’ll) work. be going to I am (’m) going to amb valor de work.
futur
Future continuous Future perfect simple
You/We/They were not (weren’t) working.
moment determinat del passat
• accions passades interrompudes per
I/You/He/She/It/We/They had not (hadn’t) worked.
Were you/we/they uns altres fets del passat working? Had I/you/he/she/it/we/ • estats o accions anteriors a uns altres fets del passat they worked?
I/You/He/She/It/We/They did not (didn’t) use to work. I/You/He/She/It/We/They would not (wouldn’t) work.
Did I/you/he/she/it/we/ they use to work? Would I/you/he/she/it/ we/they work?
I/You/He/She/It/We/They will not (won’t) work. I am (’m) not going to work.
Will I/you/he/she/it/we/ • prediccions o opinions sobre el futur they work? • decisions espontànies Am I going to work? • prediccions basadas en certeses • plans i intencions Is he/she/it going to
He/She/It is (’s) going He/She/It is (’s) not going to to work. work. You/We/They are (’re) You/We/They are (’re) not going to work. going to work. I/You/He/She/It/We/ I/You/He/She/It/We/They will They will (’ll) be not (won’t) be working. working. I/You/He/She/It/We/ I/You/He/She/It/We/They will They will (’ll) have not (won’t) have been been working. working.
• hàbits o situacions del passat que ja no són certs en l’actualitat
• hàbits o situacions del passat que ja no són certs en l’actualitat
work? Are you/we/they going to work? Will I/you/he/she/it/we/ • accions futures que es donaran al llarg d’un període de temps they be working? • accions de futur ja planificades Will I/you/he/she/it/ • esdeveniments o accions que s’hauran acabat en un moment we/they have been concret working?
Gramàtica essencial 119
Per a ordres o instruccions indirectes, no s’utilitza say, sinó tell + complement (+ not) + to + infinitiu.
Proposicions de relatiu PRONOM RELATIU which / that who / that whose ADVERBI RELATIU when where
USOS referència a objectes referència a persones expressió de possessió
USOS referència temporal referència espacial
PROPOSICIÓ DE RELATIUA
FORM
USOS
Proposició especificativa
She’s the girl
informació essencial sobre el substantiu del qual va darrere
who helped me. Proposició explicativa The girl, who was very clever, helped me.
información addicional, no essencial, sobre el substantiu del qual va darrere
Omissió del pronom relatiu El pronom relatiu es pot ometre si no constitueix el subjecte de la proposició de relatiu especificativa.
That’s the DVD (that / which) Soledad bought. He’s the man (that / who) I was telling you about.
Sovint s’ometen els relatius who, which i that en la llengua parlada. Whose no es pot ometre mai.
Estil indirecte: temps verbals ESTIL DIRECTE
ESTIL INDIRECTE
Present simple He said, ‘I watch TV.’ Present continuous He said, ‘I am watching TV.’ Present perfect simple He said, ‘I have watched TV.’ Past simple He said, ‘I watched TV.’ will He said, ‘I will watch TV.’ can He said, ‘I can watch TV.’ must He said, ‘I must watch TV.’
Past simple He said he watched TV. Past continuous He said he was watching TV. Past perfect simple He said he had watched TV. Past perfect He said he had watched TV. would He said he would watch TV. could He said he could watch TV. have to He said he had to watch TV.
say i tell Els verbs say i tell, que introdueixen l’estil indirecte, tenen el mateix significat, però es fan servir d’una manera diferent. – say (+ that) + estil indirecte. – tell + complement indirecte (+ that) + estil indirecte.
The policeman said (that) they arrested the burglar. The policeman told me that they had arrested the burglar.
120 Gramàtica essencial
‘Be quiet!’
➞
The teacher told us to be quiet.
Estil indirecte: verbs introductoris VERB
ESTIL INDIRECTE
declare suggest explain insist say recommend invite order tell agree offer promise
verb + proposició encapçalada per that
apologize (for) suggest
verb + forma en –ing
He declared that he loved her. verb + objecte + to + infinitiu
He told her to sit down. verb + to + infinitiu
She offered to pay for the tickets. She apologized for being late.
Preguntes indirectes En la forma interrogativa de l’estil indirecte, l’ordre és diferent del de les preguntes directes. També canvia el temps verbal, com a la forma afirmativa de l’estil indirecte. Verb + subjecte (pregunta directa).
‘How tall are you?’ he asked.
Subjecte + verb (pregunta indirecta).
He asked me how tall I was.
Verbs modals VERB MODAL (o estructura relacionada) can / can’t could / couldn’t be able to / not be able to must may / may not (NO PAS
USOS • descriure capacitat
• expressar certesa • expressar possibilitat
mayn’t)
could / couldn’t might / mightn’t can’t have to / don’t have to need to / needn’t must (NO PAS mustn’t) should / shouldn’t ought to / oughtn’t to mustn’t VERB MODAL COMPOST must have + participi passat can’t have + participi passat may / might have + participi passat
could have + participi passat should have + participi passat
• expressar impossibilitat • expressar obligació
• aconsellar • fer recomanacions • expressar prohibició USOS expressar certesa en el passat expressar impossibilitat en el passat expressar possibilitat en el passat suggerir una acció passada alternativa criticar una acció passada
La veu passiva TEMPS VERBAL
Infinitiu i forma en -ing VEU ACTIVA
Present simple Present continuous Present perfect Past simple Past continuous
open is opening has opened opened was opening
Past perfect will be going to
had opened will open is going to open
VEU PASSIVA is opened is being opened has been opened was opened was being opened had been opened will be opened is going to be opened
Veu activa ➞ veu passiva Quan es passa una frase de la veu activa a la veu passiva, l’objecte es converteix en subjecte de la nova oració. Activa: The driver subjecte
opened verb
the door. objecte
VERBS admit avoid can’t stand can’t imagine consider don’t mind enjoy
USOS finish imagine mention miss practise report suggest
només amb la forma en -ing
afford agree arrange ask attempt choose decide expect
hope learn manage pretend promise seem want
només amb to + infinitiu
begin like hate
love prefer start
amb l’infinitiu o amb la forma en -ing
La forma en -ing amb funció de substantiu subjecte Passiva: The door
verb
(by + agent)
was opened (by the driver).
Ús de la veu passiva La veu passiva emfatitza l’acció (= el verb) per damunt de qui la fa (= l’agent).
El causatiu El causatiu s’utilitza per descriure accions que algú o alguna cosa porta a terme per nosaltres.
He had his shoes cleaned. (= Ell no es va netejar les
sabates.)
El causatiu es construeix amb have / get + objecte + participi passat. Have i get poden aparèixer en qualsevol temps verbal, però get se sol fer servir en frases menys formals. Igual que en la veu passiva, by + agent es pot ometre si no s’especifica qui o què fa l’acció.
La forma en -ing pot fer la funció de substantiu, sovint com a subjecte de la frase.
Living in a capital city can be very expensive.
Oracions condicionals FORMA
USOS
De primer grau if / unless + present simple, will + infinitiu O will + infinitiu if / unless + present simple De segon grau if + past simple, would + infinitiu O would + infinitiu if + past simple De tercer grau if + past perfect, would have + participi passat O would have + participi passat if + past perfect
fets possibles o probables en el futur
situacions hipotètiques ara o en el futur
fets hipotètics del passat
Gramàtica essencial 121
Phrasal Verbs (verbs amb partícula) PHRASAL VERB
PRONUNCIACIÓ
DEFINICIÓ
ask out
/ˌɑːsk ˈaʊt/
demanar una cita a algú
break into
/ˌbreɪk ˈɪntə/
entrar en un lloc per la força
break up with
/ˌbreɪk ˈʌp wɪð/
tallar amb algú
bring in
/ˌbrɪŋ ˈɪn/
introduir una nova llei, etc.
bring up
/ˌbrɪŋ ˈʌp/
criar i cuidar-se d’un nen o una nena
bump into
/ˌbʌmp ˈɪntə/
trobar-se amb algú per casualitat
call round
/ˌkɔːl ˈraʊnd/
visitar algú a casa seva
carry out
/ˌkæri ˈaʊt/
dur a terme una tasca, un estudi, etc.
catch on
/ˌkætʃ ˈɒn/
fer-se popular o posar-se de moda
chop up
/ˌtʃɒp ˈʌp/
tallar a trossets, picar
come across
/ˈkʌm əkrɒs/
trobar alguna cosa per casualitat
come along / go along
/ˌkʌm əˈlɒŋ/ /ˌɡəʊ əˈlɒŋ/
acompanyar algú
come round / over
/ˌkʌm ˈraʊnd/ /ˈəʊvə(r)/
visitar algú en un lloc
come together (as a group)
/ˌkʌm təˈɡeðə(r)/
ajuntar-se amb altres persones per crear un grup unit
cover up
/ˌkʌvər ˈʌp/
encobrir errors o accions il·legals d’altres persones
cut out
/ˌkʌt ˈaʊt/
deixar de menjar, d’utilitzar o de fer alguna cosa
dish up
/ˌdɪʃ ˈʌp/
emplatar menjar
dress up
/ˌdres ˈʌp/
mudar-se, posar-se roba elegant o especial
drop off
/ˌdrɒp ˈɒf/
deixar algú en algun lloc
eat out
/ˌiːt ˈaʊt/
menjar fora (en un restaurant, en una cafeteria, etc.)
end up
/ˌend ˈʌp/
trobar-se en un lloc, una situació, etc.
feel like
/ˈfiːl ˌlaɪk/
venir de gust prendre o fer alguna cosa
find out
/ˌfaɪnd ˈaʊt/
descobrir, obtenir informació preguntant, llegint, etc.
get on
/ˌɡet ˈɒn/
pujar a un autobús, tren, etc.
get on (well) with
/ˌɡet ˌɒn (ˈwel) wɪð/
avenir-se amb algú
get over
/ˌɡet ˈəʊvə(r)/
superar una situació o un fet del passat
give back
/ˌɡɪv ˈbæk/
tornar alguna cosa al seu amo o mestressa
give up
/ˌɡɪv ˈʌp/
cedir, oferir una cosa nostra a una altra persona
go ahead
/ˌɡəʊ əˈhed/
seguir, avançar en alguna cosa
go away
/ˌɡəʊ əˈwei/
anar-se’n (de casa) durant un temps
go back
/ˌɡəʊ ˈbæk/
tornar a un lloc
go off
/ˌɡəʊ ˈɒf/
passar-se (el menjar)
go on
/ˌɡəʊ ˈɒn/
continuar fent alguna cosa
go out
/ˌɡəʊ ˈaʊt/
sortir de casa
go out with
/ˌɡəʊ ˈaʊt wɪð/
sortir amb algú com a parella
go through
/ˌɡəʊ ˈθruː/
experimentar alguna cosa
go with
/ˈɡəʊ wɪð/
combinar amb alguna cosa
go without
/ˌɡəʊ wɪˈðaʊt/
passar sense alguna cosa, no tenir alguna cosa
hand out
/ˌhænd ˈaʊt/
donar, lliurar alguna cosa a algú
122 Phrasal verbs
PHRASAL VERB
PRONUNCIACIÓ
DEFINICIÓ
have round
/ˌhæv ˈraʊnd/
invitar algú a casa nostra
hear of
/ˈhɪər ɒv/
descobrir alguna cosa perquè algú ens l’ha explicat
join in
/ˌdʒɔɪn ˈɪn/
participar en una activitat amb altres persones
kick off
/ˌkɪk ˈɒf/
començar (una reunió, un acte, etc.)
let on
/ˌlet ˈɒn/
explicar un secret a algú
listen out for
/ˌlɪsn ˈaʊt fɔː(r)/
estar preparat per sentir / escoltar alguna cosa
look after (yourself)
/ˌlʊk ˈɑːftə(r)/
tenir cura d’alguna cosa, d’algú, etc.
look for
/ˈlʊk fɔː(r)/
buscar
look into
/ˌlʊk ˈɪntə/
analitzar alguna cosa
meet up with
/ˌmiːt ˈʌp wɪð/
reunir-se amb algú
own up to
/ˌəʊn ˈʌp tə/
reconèixer la nostra responsabilitat en alguna cosa
pack out (the streets / square)
/ˌpæk ˈaʊt/
omplir de gent (els carrers / una plaça)
pick at
/pɪk æt/
picar, menjar en petites quantitats
pick up
/ˌpɪk ˈʌp/
agafar i alçar alguna cosa o algú
pig out
/ˌpɪɡ ˈaʊt/
afartar-se de menjar
pull on
/ˌpʊl ˈɒn/
posar-se (unas botes, uns pantalons, etc.)
pull over
/ˌpʊl ˈəʊvə(r)/
decantar-se a un costat de la carretera amb el cotxe
put on (a show)
/ˌpʊt ˈɒn/
fer una representació davant dels altres
put up
/ˌpʊt ˈʌp/
col·locar alguna cosa on es vegi
put up with
/ˌpʊt ˈʌp wɪð/
suportar, acceptar alguna cosa o algú sense protestar
rip off
/ˌrɪp ˈɒf/
estafar algú
run over
/ˌrʌn ˈəʊvə(r)/
atropellar algú amb el cotxe
see through
/ˌsiː ˈθruː/
no abandonar una tasca, etc. fins a haver-la fet
set off (fireworks)
/ˌset ˈɒf/
preparar els focs artificials perquè explotin
set up
/ˌset ˈʌp/
parar una trampa a algú per fer-lo semblar culpable
sniff around
/ˌsnɪf əˈraʊnd/
ensumar, mirar d’obtenir informació sobre algú o alguna cosa
square up
/ˌskweər ˈʌp/
preparar-se per enfrontar-se a algú
stamp out
/ˌstæmp ˈaʊt/
eliminar alguna cosa
stand up for
/ˌstænd ˈʌp fɔː(r)/
donar suport a algú o defensar-lo
stand up to
/ˌstænd ˈʌp tə/
enfrontar-se a una mala situació, no acceptar-la d’entrada
stay in
/ˌsteɪ ˈɪn/
quedar-se a casa, no sortir
swallow up
/ˌswɒləʊ ˈʌp/
absorbir, utilitzar alguna cosa fins a acabar-la
take (time) off
/ˌteɪk ˈɒf/
agafar-se temps lliure a l’escola o a la feina
take out
/ˌteɪk ˈaʊt/
treure diners, etc. d’un compte, etc.
tell off
/ˌtel ˈɒf/
renyar algú perquè ha fet alguna cosa malament
touch on
/ˈtʌtʃ ɒn/
tocar un tema sense entrar en detalls
turn up
/ˌtɜːn ˈʌp/
arribar a un lloc, aparèixer, presentar-se
warm up
/ˌwɔːm ˈʌp/
escalfar un menjar
whip up
/ˌwɪp ˈʌp/
preparar ràpidamente un menjar
wrap up
/ˌræp ˈʌp/
embolicar-se amb roba d’abric
Phrasal verbs 123
Verbs irregulars INFINITIU be bear beat become begin bend bet bite bleed blow break bring build burn buy catch choose come cost cut dig do draw dream drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find fly forbid forget forgive freeze get give go grow hang have hear hit hold hurt keep know lead learn leave lend let lie light
126 Verbs irregulars
PAST SIMPLE /biː/ /beə(r)/ /biːt/ /bɪˈkʌm/ /bɪˈgɪn/ /bend/ /bet/ /baɪt/ /bliːd/ /bləʊ/ /breɪk/ /brɪŋ/ /bɪld/ /bɜːn/ /baɪ/ /kætʃ/ /tʃuːz/ /kʌm/ /kɒst/ /kʌt/ /dɪg/ /duː/ /drɔː/ /driːm/ /drɪŋk/ /draɪv/ /iːt/ /fɔːl/ /fiːd/ /fiːl/ /faɪt/ /faɪnd/ /flaɪ/ /fəˈbɪd/ /fəˈget/ /fəˈgɪv/ /friːz/ /get/ /gɪv/ /gəʊ/ /grəʊ/ /hæŋ/ /hæv/ /hɪə(r)/ /hɪt/ /həʊld/ /hɜːt/ /kiːp/ /nəʊ/ /liːd/ /lɜːn/ /liːv/ /lend/ /let/ /laɪ/ /laɪt/
was / were bore beat became began bent bet bit bled blew broke brought built burned, burnt bought caught chose came cost cut dug did drew dreamed, dreamt drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found flew forbade forgot forgave froze got gave went grew hung had heard hit held hurt kept knew led learned, learnt left lent let lay lit
PARTICIPI PASSAT /wɒz/, /wɜː(r)/ /bɔː/ /biːt/ /bɪˈkeɪm/ /bɪˈgæn/ /bent/ /bet/ /bɪt/ /bled/ /bluː/ /brəʊk/ /brɔːt/ /bɪlt/ /bɜːnd/, /bɜːnt/ /bɔːt/ /kɔːt/ /tʃəʊz/ /keɪm/ /kɒst/ /kʌt/ /dʌg/ /dɪd/ /druː/ /driːmd/, /dremt/ /dræŋk/ /drəʊv/ /eɪt/ /fel/ /fed/ /felt/ /fɔːt/ /faʊnd/ /fluː/ /fəˈbeɪd/ /fəˈgɒt/ /fəˈgeɪv/ /frəʊz/ /gɒt/ /geɪv/ /went/ /gruː/ /hʌŋ/ /hæd/ /hɜːd/ /hɪt/ /held/ /hɜːt/ /kept/ /njuː/ /led/ /lɜːnd/, /lɜːnt/ /left/ /lent/ /let/ /leɪ/ /lɪt/
been borne beaten become begun bent bet bitten bled blown broken brought built burned, burnt bought caught chosen come cost cut dug done drawn dreamed, dreamt drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen got given been / gone grown hung had heard hit held hurt kept known led learned, learnt left lent let lain lit
/biːn/ /bɔːn/ /ˈbiːtən/ /bɪˈkʌm/ /bɪˈgʌn/ /bent/ /bet/ /ˈbɪtn/ /bled/ /bləʊn/ /ˈbrəʊkn/ /brɔːt/ /bɪlt/ /bɜːnd/, /bɜːnt/ /bɔːt/ /kɔːt/ /ˈtʃəʊzn/ /kʌm/ /kɒst/ /kʌt/ /dʌg/ /dʌn/ /drɔːn/ /driːmd/, /dremt/ /drʌŋk/ /ˈdrɪvən/ /ˈiːtən/ /ˈfɔːlən/ /fed/ /felt/ /fɔːt/ /faʊnd/ /fləʊn/ /fəˈbɪdn/ /fəˈgɒtn/ /fəˈgɪvn/ /ˈfrəʊzən/ /gɒt/ /ˈgɪvn/ /biːn/, /gɒn/ /grəʊn/ /hʌŋ/ /hæd/ /hɜːd/ /hɪt/ /held/ /hɜːt/ /kept/ /nəʊn/ /led/ /lɜːnd/, /lɜːnt/ /left/ /lent/ /let/ /leɪn/ /lɪt/
INFINITIU lose make mean meet pay put read ride ring rise run say see sell send shake shine shoot show shut sing sink sit sleep smell speak spell spend spill spin split spoil spread spring stand steal stick sting sweep swim swing take teach tear tell think throw understand wake wear win write
PAST SIMPLE /luːz/ /meɪk/ /miːn/ /miːt/ /peɪ/ /pʊt/ /riːd/ /raɪd/ /rɪŋ/ /raɪz/ /rʌn/ /seɪ/ /siː/ /sel/ /send/ /ʃeɪk/ /ʃaɪn/ /ʃuːt/ /ʃəʊ/ /ʃʌt/ /sɪŋ/ /sɪŋk/ /sɪt/ /sliːp/ /smel/ /spiːk/ /spel/ /spend/ /spɪl/ /spɪn/ /splɪt/ /spɔɪl/ /spred/ /sprɪŋ/ /stænd/ /stiːl/ /stɪk/ /stɪŋ/ /swiːp/ /swɪm/ /swɪŋ/ /teɪk/ /tiːtʃ/ /teə(r)/ /tel/ /θɪŋk/ /θrəʊ/ /ʌndəˈstænd/ /weɪk/ /weə(r)/ /wɪn/ /raɪt/
lost made meant met paid put read rode rang rose ran said saw sold sent shook shone shot showed shut sang sank sat slept smelled, smelt spoke spelled, spelt spent spilt spun split spoiled, spoilt spread sprang stood stole stuck stung swept swam swung took taught tore told thought threw understood woke wore won wrote
PARTICIPI PASSAT /lɒst/ /meɪd/ /ment/ /met/ /peɪd/ /pʊt/ /red/ /rəʊd/ /ræŋ/ /rəʊz/ /ræn/ /sed/ /sɔː/ /səʊld/ /sent/ /ʃʊk/ /ʃɒn/ /ʃɒt/ /ʃəʊd/ /ʃʌt/ /sæŋ/ /sæŋk/ /sæt/ /slept/ /smeld/, /smelt/ /spəʊk/ /speld/, /spelt/ /spent/ /spɪlt/ /spʌn/ /splɪt/ /spɔɪld/, /spɔɪlt/ /spred/ /spræŋ/ /stʊd/ /stəʊl/ /stʌk/ /stʌŋ/ /swept/ /swæm/ /swʌŋ/ /tʊk/ /tɔːt/ /tɔː/ /təʊld/ /θɔːt/ /θruː/ /ʌndəˈstʊd/ /wəʊk/ /wɔː(r)/ /wʌn/ /rəʊt/
/lɒst/ /meɪd/ /ment/ /met/ /peɪd/ /pʊt/ /red/ /ˈrɪdn/ /rʌŋ/ /ˈrɪzn/ /rʌn/ /sed/ /siːn/ /səʊld/ /sent/ /ʃeɪkn/ /ʃɒn/ /ʃɒt/ /ʃəʊn/ /ʃʌt/ /sʌŋ/ /sʌŋk/ /sæt/ /slept/ /smeld/, /smelt/ /ˈspəʊkn/ /speld/, /spelt/ /spent/ /spɪlt/ /spʌn/ /splɪt/ /spɔɪld/, /spɔɪlt/ /spred/ /sprʌŋ/ /stʊd/ /stəʊlən/ /stʌk/ /stʌŋ/ /swept/ /swʌm/ /swʌŋ/ /ˈteɪkn/ /tɔːt/ /tɔːn/ /təʊld/ /θɔːt/ /θrəʊn/ /ʌndəˈstʊd/ /wəʊkn/ /wɔːn/ /wʌn/ /ˈrɪtn/
lost made meant met paid put read ridden rung risen run said seen sold sent shaken shone shot shown shut sung sunk sat slept smelled, smelt spoken spelled, spelt spent spilt spun split spoiled, spoilt spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung swept swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown understood woken worn won written
Verbs irregulars 127
