Key Grammar Practice Gr.10

Grammar and Composition

Grammar Practice Workbook Teacher’s Annotated Edition Grade 10

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; and be provided to to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with Writer’s Choice . Any other reproduct repr oduction, ion, for use or sale, is prohibited prohibited without written written permission permission of the publisher publisher.. Printed in the United States of America. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, Colu mbus, Ohio 43240 ISBN 0-07-823363 0-07-823363-1 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 079 04 03 02 01 00

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Contents Unit 10

Parts of Spee Speech ch 10.1 10.1 10.2 10. 2 10.3 10 .3 10.3 10. 3 10.4 10 .4 10.5 10 .5 10.6 10 .6 10.7 10 .7

Unit 11

Prepos Prep osit itio ional nal Ph Phras rases es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appo Ap posi siti tive vess and and App Appos osit itiv ivee Phras Phrases es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part artic icip iples les and Pa Parti rtici cipi pial al Phra Phrase sess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geru Ge rund ndss and and Ger Gerun und d Phras Phrases. es. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Infi In fini niti tive vess and and Inf Infin init itiv ivee Phras Phrases es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13 14 15 16 17

Clauses and Sentence Structure 13.1,, 3 13.1 13.5 13 .5 13.6 13 .6 13.7 13 .7 13.8 13 .8 13.9 13 .9 13.10 13. 10

Unit 15

Compou Comp ound nd Su Subj bjec ects ts and and Pre Predi dica cate tess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Indi In dire rect ct Obj Objec ects. ts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Obje Ob ject ct Co Comp mplem lement entss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Subj Su bjec ectt Com Comple pleme ments nts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Phrases 12.1 12.1 12.2 12 .2 12.3 12 .3 12.3 12 .3 12.3 12 .3

Unit 13

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Parts Pa rts of the Senten Sentence ce 11.3 11.3 11.5 11 .5 11.5 11 .5 11.5 11 .5

Unit 12

Nounss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noun Interr Int errogat ogativ ivee and and Relat Relativ ivee Pron Pronoun ouns. s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acti Ac tion on Verb erbss and and Ver Verb b Phras Phrases es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linkin Lin kingg Verb Verbs. s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adje Ad ject ctiv ives. es. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adve Ad verbs rbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prep Pr epos osit itio ions ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subo Su bord rdin inati ating ng Con Conju junc ncti tion ons. s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Main Clau Main Clause ses; s; Si Simp mple le and and Com Compo poun und d Sent Senten ence cess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adje Ad ject ctiv ivee Clau Clause ses. s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adve Ad verb rb Cla Claus uses es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noun No un Cl Clau ause sess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Four Fo ur Ki Kind ndss of of Se Sent nten ence cess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sent Se nten ence ce Frag Fragme ment nts. s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Run-o Ru n-on n Sente Sentence ncess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Verb Tenses and Voice 15.2 15.2 15.4 15 .4 15.7 15 .7

Reg egula ularr and and Irr Irreg egul ular ar Verb erbss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Per erfe fect ct Ten ense sess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Voi oice ce of Verb erbss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

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Contents Unit 16

Subject-Verb Agreement 16.2 16.2 16.4–5 16. 4–5

Unit 17

Using Pronouns Correctly 17.1 17.1 17.2 17 .2 17.3 17.5 17 .5 17.6 17 .6

Unit 18

Irregul Irreg ular ar Co Comp mpar aris ison onss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Inco In comp mple lete te Co Comp mpar aris ison onss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Mispla Mis placed ced and Dan Dangli gling ng Modi Modifie fiers. rs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Capita Capi tali liza zati tion on of Se Sent nten ence cess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Capita Cap italiz lizati ation on of of Pr Prope operr Noun Nounss and and Prop Proper er Ad Adjec jectiv tives es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Punctua Pu nctuation, tion, Abb Abbreviatio reviations, ns, and Numbers Numbers 21.1–3 21.1– 21.4 21 .4 21.5 21 .5 21.6 21 .6 21.6 21 .6 21.6 21 .6 21.6 21 .6 21.6 21 .6 21.7 21 .7 21.9 21 .9 21.10 21. 10 21.11 21. 11 21.12– 21.12 –13

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30 31 32 33 34

Capitalization 20.1 20.1 –3 20.2– 20.2

Unit 21

Case of Per Case erso sona nall Pro Prono noun unss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pron Pr onou ouns ns wi with th an and d as as App Appos osit itiv ives es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pronouns After Than Than and and As . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pron Pr onou ounn-An Ante tece cede dent nt Ag Agre reem emen entt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clea Cl earr Pro Prono noun un Ref efer eren ence ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Using Modifiers Correctly 18.2 18.2 18.4 18 .4 18.7 18. 7

Unit 20

Agreem Agre emen entt with with Lin Linki king ng Verb erbss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Agreem Agr eement ent with with Spec Special ial Subj Subject ectss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

End Pu Punct nctuat uation ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Thee Col Th Colon on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Thee Semi Th Semico colo lon. n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Comm Co mmas as an and d Coo Coord rdin inat atee Adj Adjec ecti tive ves. s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Comm Co mmas as an and d Com Compo poun und d Sen Sente tenc nces. es. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Comm Co mmas as wi with th Par Paren enth thet etic ical al Ex Expr pres essi sion onss and and Con Conju junc ncti tive ve Adv dverb erbss . . . . . . 45 Comm Co mmas as wi with th Di Dire rect ct Ad Addr dres esss and and Tag Qu Ques esti tion onss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Misu Mi suse se of Co Comm mmas as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Thee Das Th Dash h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Quot Qu otat atio ion n Mar Marks. ks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Italic Ita licss (Unde (Underli rlinin ning) g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 The Ap Apost ostro rophe. phe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Hyphens Hyph ens and and Abbrevia Abbreviations tions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Grammar Practice Name

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Nouns

10.1

Key Information A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea. A concrete noun names an object that can be recognized by any of the senses; an abstract noun names an idea, a quality, or a characteristic.  A.

A proper noun names a particular person, place, thing, or idea; a common noun is the general name of a person, place, thing, or idea. A collective noun names a group and can be regarded as either singular or plural.

Identifying Nouns

Underline the nouns in the following sentences. 1. During During the early early years years of the Unit United ed States, States, thou thousand sandss of set settle tlers rs tra travel veled ed west west to build build new homes. 2. Women and men work worked ed together together to clear the the land, plant crops, crops, and build build homes. homes. 3. Besi Besides des this work, work, wome women n tende tended d the children children and did housekee housekeeping ping chores. chores. 4. They prepared food to use during the winter. 5. They made made clothes clothes for the whole whole family family and used homema homemade de soap to wash wash the laundry. laundry. 6. A frontier frontier mothe motherr was often often the the only teacher teacher her childr children en had.

Because there there were were few doctor doctors, s, women had to take care of the medical medical needs needs of 7. Because their families. 8. Settle Settlers rs usuall usuallyy lived so far apart that isolation isolation was a common problem. problem. 9. Somet Sometimes imes pioneer pioneer families families became friends friends with Native Native Americans Americans who lived nearby nearby. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T © t h g i r y p o C

10. To help fight fight loneliness, loneliness, many women women wrote journals journals and diaries diaries about their their lives lives and experiences.  B.

Identifying Noun Types

From the nouns you identified identified in the sentences sentences above, list an example for each type of noun. Poss ossible ible an swers are given . family Collective noun ____________ _________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ __________________________ _________________ ____ isolation, is olation, loneli lonelines nesss Abstract noun ____________ _________________________ __________________________ _________________________ _________________________ ____________________ _______ wom en, lan land, d, Unite United d States States __________________________ Concrete noun _________________________ ____________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________ _____ years,, se years setttt lers lers,,__________________________ journals Common noun ____________ _________________________ __________________________ _________________________ __________________ ______ United Stat Stat es es,, Native Am eric ericans ans ____________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ___________________ Proper noun _________________

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Interrogative and Relative Pronouns

10.2

Key Information Questions are formed with interrogative pronouns. who whom whose which what Who is coming to dinner? Whose keys are these? A relative pronoun is used at the beginning of a special group of words that contains its own subject and verb and is called a subordinate a subordinate clause.  A.

who

whoever

whose

whom

whomever

that

which

whichever

what

whatever

The woman who won the marathon is 35. Whoever works hardest will get promoted.

Distinguishing Between Interrogative and Relative Pronouns

Underline the pronoun in each of the following sentences. sentences. Then write whether the pronoun is interrogative or relative. interrogative 1. Who finally auditioned for the lead role? _________________ ____ ______________ _ 2. The explosion that shook the town was caused by an error error at the factory. relative __________________

relative 3. The barn, barn, which was painte painted d red, red, stood in a field of daisi daisies. es. ____ ________ ________ ________ ______ __ interrogative _______ ___________ 4. What have you done to make Angela so angry? __________________ relative 5. Ben is trying to decide whom to ask for help with his biology. biology. ___________ __________________ _______  B.

Using Interrogative Pronouns

Use an appropriate interrogative pronoun pronoun to turn each of the following statements into questions. Write your new interrogative sentence in the space provided. provided. 1. Kendall called me last night.

Whom did Kendall call last night?/Who called you_______________________________________ last night? ____________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 2. This is the quickest way to get to the cafeteria.

Which/What is the quickest way to get to the cafeteria? ____________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 3. These are my sister’s jeans.

Whose jeans are these? ______________________________________ ____________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 4. I would like to have lasagna for my birthday dinner.

What would you like to have for your birthday dinner? ____________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 5. The Pulitzer Prize is named after Joseph Pulitzer.

Aft er wh om is the Pulitzer Pulitzer______________________________________ Prize nam ed? Prize ____________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____

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Action Verbs and Verb Verb Phrases

10.3

Key Information Action verbs tell what someone or something does, either physically or mentally. The ball slammed into the catcher’s mitt. The child dreamed of cotton candy. Transitive action verbs are followed by words that answer the question what? or whom? We finally spotted our mistake. [spotted what?] We eventually invited Kate. [invited whom?]

Intransitive acti action on verbs are not followed by words that answer what? or whom? Instead, they are frequently followed by words that tell when, where, why, or how an action occurs. I sometimes sing in the shower. [sing where?] Mark Twain wrote with great wit. [wrote how?] A verb phrase consists of a main verb and all of its auxiliary, or helping, verbs. The ice was melting quickly in the sun. He did remember to order french fries.

 A.

Distinguishing Between Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

Underline the entire action Underline action verb, verb, including all auxiliary auxiliary verbs, in each of the following following sentences. Then write whether whether the verb is transitive or intransitive. transitive 1. Sailboats have the right-of-way right-of-way over over motorboats. _____________ __________________ _____ intransitive _______ 2. The careful truck driver driver slowed noticeably in the the rain and snow. snow. ___________ __________________ transitive _______ 3. The Chinese pandas should attract attract many visitors visitors to the zoo. zoo. ___________ __________________ transitive _______ 4. Architects begin their work long before the start of construction. ___________ __________________ . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T © t h g i r y p o C

transitive 5. Mos Mostt of the actors actors have have alre already ady learned learned their lines lines.. ____ ________ ________ ________ ______ __ intransitive _______ 6. The new compact compact disc will arrive arrive in stores tomorrow tomorrow.. ___________ __________________ intransitive ______ 7. The ball landed only six inches from from the hole. ____________ __________________ transitive _______ 8. The scent scent of fres fresh h sheets sheets welcomes welcomes the hotel hotel’’s guests every night. ___________ __________________ intransitive 9. Did you simply simply guess on the last question? question? __________________ _____ _____________ transitive 10. A blues singer singer does not always always sing sing sad songs. songs. ____ ________ ________ ________ ______ __  B.

Using Action Verbs

Underline the verb in each of the following sentences. Then write a more Underline more lively verb verb that adds interest to the sentence. Poss ossible ible an swers are given . trudged 1. Jef Jefff walk walked ed home slowly slowly in the gray January January light. _____ _________ ________ ________ _____ _ plummeted _______ 2. The parachutist parachutist fell toward the ground. ground. ___________ __________________ raced 3. The police police car drove by at high speed. _____________ __________________ _____ pelted 4. During last month’ month’s storm, storm, hail hit our roof loudl loudlyy. ____ ________ ________ ________ ______ __ chatter 5. Those three girls talk talk constantly constantly.. _____________ __________________ _____

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Linking Linkin g Verb Verbss

10.3

Key Information A linking verb links, or joins, the subject of a sentence with a word or expression that identifies or describes the subject. The most commonly used linking verb is be in all its forms— forms —am, is, are, was, were, will be, has been, was being. Other verbs that sometimes act as linking verbs include the following: appear

look

become

remain

stay

feel

seem

taste

grow

s ound

Note: Except for seem, for seem, these words can also serve as action verbs. If seem If seem can be substituted for the verb in a sentence, that verb is probably a linking verb.

smell

The soup smelled delicious. [linking] The chef smelled the soup. [action]

 A.

Distinguishing Between Action and Linking Verbs

Underline the verb in each of the following sentences. Underline sentences. Then write whether whether it is an action verb or linking verb. action 1. Many people admire admire Andrew Jackson. ____________ __________________ ______ action 2. He came came from the Carolina pine woods. woods. ___________ __________________ _______ linking 3. He eventually became president. ____________ __________________ ______ action 4. Later he he built a house near Nash Nashville, ville, Tennessee. ____________ __________________ ______ action 5. Tourists still visit it today today. ___________ __________________ _______ linking 6. The house looks lovely lovely.. ____________ __________________ ______ action 7. Jackson grew hickory trees there. ____________ __________________ ______ action 8. Pe People ople called Jack Jackson son “Old Hickory.” Hickory.” __________________ linking 9. To many people he seemed a tough man. man. ____________ __________________ ______ linking 10. Ho Howeve weverr, he was a man of tend tenderness erness,, too too.. ____ ________ ________ ________ ______ __  B.

Using Linking Verbs

Complete each of the following sentences by writing a word word or group of words in the blank that follows the linking verb. verb. The words you write should identify or describe the subjects of vary.. the sentences. Senten ces will vary 1. Usual Usually ly our family vacations are _____________ __________________________ __________________________ _________________________ _____________ _ 2. That group’ group’s latest hit song was__________ was_______________________ _________________________ _________________________ __________________ _____ 3. The chocolate chocolate milk tastes ___________ ________________________ __________________________ __________________________ ____________________ _______ 4. After making a foul shot to to tie the game, Michelle felt____________ felt _________________________ _______________________ __________ 5. The temperature _____________________________________ ________________________ ____ temperature of the room seemed seemed unusually unusually _________________

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Adjectives

10.4

Key Information An adjective modifies a noun or pronoun and limits its meaning. freezing rain

fire exit

Possessive nouns: Terri’s books, the boy’’s desk boy

legal system

There are a few special types of adjectives.

Articles: a, an, the Pronouns as adjectives:

Proper adjectives: Maine lobsters, Irish music Nouns as adjectives: train station, biology class

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Possessive adjectives: his bike, our home Interrogative adjectives: which car, whose coat Demonstrative adjectives: that that job, job, this pen

A. Identifying Adjectives Adjectives

Underline Underl ine all adjectives in the following sentences. sentences. Do not count the articles a, an an,, or the. 1. An activ activee volc volcano ano destr destroye oyed d those those tin tinyy coun country try villa villages. ges. 2. Dav Davee loves loves spicy spicy Mex Mexican ican food but but dislike dislikess sweet, sweet, rich desse desserts. rts. 3. A Hawaiian Hawaiian vacation can be expensive, especially for a family with many children. 4. Bob Bob’’s two dog dogss ar aree fri friend endlie lierr tha than n his Sia Siames mesee cat cat.. 5. A narrow narrow but swift swift rive riverr kept the the young young hik hikers ers from from finishin finishingg their trip trip.. 6. Often characters characters in Roman mythology were were similar to to the Greek Greek gods. 7. Tha Thatt new stude student nt has has the loude loudest st voic voicee in the pep club club.. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T © t h g i r y p o C

8. Wh Which ich lock locker er in the girls’ girls’ gym belongs belongs to your older sist sister? er?  B.

Distinguishing Adjective Types

From the adjectives you identified identified above, list two in each category below. below. Poss ossible ible an swers are given . M ex exic ican, an, Ha Hawaiian, waiian, Roman, Gr Gree eek k Proper adjectives ____________ _________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ _________________ ____ Bob’s Bob ’s,, his his,, gir girls ls’,’,__________________________ yourr you Possessive Possessi ve adjectives _____________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ _____________ those, That ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ Demonstrative adjectives ___________________  C.

Using Adjectives

Write a sentence using each of the following nouns as an an adjective. Senten ces will vary vary.. 1. town______________ town___________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ _____________________ ________ 2. California____________ California________________________ _________________________ _________________________ ________________________ _____________________ _________ 3. power______________________ power___________________________________ __________________________ __________________________ _________________________ ____________ 4. water ___________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ___________________


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Adverbs Adv erbs

10.5

Key Information big]] I opened the very big door. [modifies big

An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb and makes its meaning more specific.

I very slowly opened the door. [modifies slowly [modifies slowly ]

I slowly opened the big door. [modifies opened ]

 A.

Negative words such as not, never, and rarely also function as adverbs.

Identifying Adverbs

Underline Underl ine the adverbs in the following sentences. 1. The archaeologist archaeologist carefully examined the ancient ancient ruins. 2. Any Anyone one who arrived arrived late was denied entrance. entrance. 3. A good surgeon never stops improving his or her her operating techniques. techniques. 4. The people people in the very small crowd crowd applau applauded ded loudly loudly and soon wer weree generating generating plenty plenty of no nois ise. e. 5. Can meteorologists predict the weather accurately?  B.

Determining What Adverbs Do

Underline the word being modified by the italicized adverb Underline adverb in each of the following sentences. Above each word word you underline, indicate whether it is a verb verb,, adjec adjective, tive, or adverb. verb

1. My brother’ brother’s loud snoring repeatedly wo woke ke me up. up. adverb

2. Julee worked extremely hard on her college applications. applications. adjective

3. The algebra homework was terribly complicated. verb

4. Robots routinely perform many complex industrial industrial tasks. tasks. verb

5. Did Rene Rene order the tickets tickets yesterday? yesterday?  C.

Using Adverbs

Change each of the following adjectives adjectives to an adverb, and then write a sentence using using the adverb. Sentences w ill vary vary.. recently 1. (recent ) ____________ ________________________ _________________________ __________________________ __________________________ ______________________ _________

reluctantly 2. (reluctant ) _____________ __________________________ _________________________ _________________________ __________________________ __________________ _____ quickly 3. (quick ) ____________ ________________________ _________________________ __________________________ __________________________ ______________________ _________ wisely 4. (wise ) _____________ _________________________ _________________________ __________________________ __________________________ ______________________ _________ well 5. (good ) _________________ ____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ _____________________ _

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Prepositions

10.6

Key Information A preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other word in a sentence. Some common prepositions are against, behind, for, of, over, to, and with. Some prepositions are made up of more than one word. These are called compound



prepositions. Some common compound prepositions are according to, because of, and instead of. The noun or pronoun that follows a preposition is called the object of the preposition. The ball rolled under the couch.

A. Identifying Prepositions Prepositions

Underline Under line the prepositions in the following sentences. 1. At the site site of Dan Daniel iel Webste Websterr’s birthplace birthplace in Fran Franklin klin,, New Hampsh Hampshire, ire, ther theree is a replica of hi hiss family family ’s original two-room house. 2. The home of this great orator reflects the struggles faced by the family. family. 3. Webster Webster’’s father kept a tavern and also ran a sawmill on nearby Punch Creek. Creek. 4. The farmhouse is is decorated with simple housekeeping housekeeping tools. 5. The young Webster’ Webster’s education came mostly from newspapers. 6. One of Webst ebster er’’s early employers employers sent him him to Phillips Academy at Exeter Exeter.. 7. Years later Webster Webster taught school for a while. 8. Webste ebsterr went to Dartmo Dartmouth uth College, College, wher wheree he distinguished distinguished himself himself in orat oratory ory.. 9. Years later before the Supreme Supreme Court, Webster spoke spoke highly of Dartmouth. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T © t h g i r y p o C

10. Ev Even en at the height height of his fame, fame, Webste ebsterr would would return to his humble humble birthpla birthplace. ce.  B.

Using Prepositions

Choose a preposition from from the list below to complete complete each of the following sentences. sentences. after

by

in

of

around

for

inside

without

in 1. Noah Webster Webster was born _________________ ____________ _____ West West Hartford, Connecticut. of 2. The birthplace was part ___________ _________________ ______ a 120-acre farm. inside 3. Exhibits illustrating his spellers and dictionaries are _________________ the house. 4. Without _________________ ___________ ______ its excellent definitions, Webster ebster’’s dictionary never would have become popular. 5. After _________________ ___________ ______ his death, Webster ebster’’s heirs sold the rights to his dictionaries.


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Subordinating Conjunctions

10.7

Key Information A subordinating conjunction joins conjunction joins two clauses, or ideas, in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent upon the other other.. The idea or clause introduced by a subordinating conjunction is considered subordinate, or dependent, because it cannot stand alone as a sentence. 

I like pizza unless it has anchovies on it. If it rains, the ceremony will be postponed. A traffic jam formed after police were forced to close two of the road’ road’s lanes.

A. Identifying Subordinating Subordinating Conjunctions

Underline Underl ine the subordinating conjunction conjunction in each of the following sentences. 1. You can call call the toll-free toll-free number number if you live live out of state. 2. Although the crowd crowd was small, small, the concert was a stunning stunning success. success. 3. We were not at home when our cousins stopped for a surprise visit. 4. As soon as the poet cleared cleared her throat, throat, the audience audience fell silent. silent. 5. I usually bring my my lunch whenever the cafeteria serves meatloaf sandwiches. 6. If there are no unexpected problems with the scheduling, scheduling, the job is yours. 7. Some players players wear sunglasses so that that they do not not lose sight of balls in the sun. 8. The chemist vowed vowed to keep experimenting until she finds a cure for the disease. disease. 9. Before you leave leave an answer answer blank, be sure you cannot make an educated guess. 10. The sculptor always always wore wore goggles whenever he worked with marble. 

B. Using Subordinating Conjunctions Conjunctions

For each of the following sentences, choose the correct correct subordinating conjunction in in parentheses, and write it in the blank. 1. Although _________________ ____________ _____ Emily Dickinson was a great poet, we know little about her personal life. (Alt (Although hough/If) /If) until 2. She lived a normal life _________________ ____________ _____ she was about thirty. (because/until) 3. After _________________ ____________ _____ she visited Boston for eye treatment, she resolved to stay at home with her family family.. (After/As if) 4. Dickinson spent spent nearly all of the last two decades of her life in a house in Amherst,

where Massachusetts, Massachu setts, ____________ _________________ _____ she wrote more than 1,700 poems. (because/where) so that 5. Some people travel to Amherst _________________ they can visit the old Dickinson home. (if/s (if/so o that) that)

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Compound Subjects and Predicates

11.3

Key Information In a compound subject a conjunction joins two or more simple subjects, which share the same verb.

Hyenas sometimes watch and follow the big cats. Some sentences have both a compound subject and a compound predicate.

Cheetahs and lions travel in prides. A compound predicate is made up of two or more verbs or verb phrases, also joined by a conjunction, that have the same subject.  A.

The students and their parents stood and applauded the speaker.

Identifying Simple and Compound Subjects and Predicates

Above each sentence, sentence, indicate whether each subject and predicate predicate is simple or compound. If compound, underline the nouns or verbs verbs that make make up the the compound element. simple

compound

1. Catherine Parr married England England’’s King Henry VIII and outlived him by one year. year. si m p l e

si m p l e

2. Clydesdal Clydesdales es often pull floats or large wagons in parades. co m p o u n d

si m p l e

3. Hay Haydn dn and Mozart Mozart maintained a close friendship. friendship. si m p l e

co m p o u n d

4. Few hay hay fever fever victims can either either prevent prevent or cure their symptom symptoms. s. simple

compound

5. One fifth fifth of Hu Hungary ngary ’s populatio population n lives lives and works works in Budapes Budapest, t, the country country ’s capital. simple

compound

6. Forts both both housed and protecte protected d peopl peoplee in feudal times. times. simple

compound

7. The primros primroses es grew and blossome blossomed d in the hot sun. sun. si m p l e

si m p l e

8. Poems can inspire us to great deeds. compound

simple

9. Nei Neill Armstrong Armstrong and the other astronau astronauts ts work worked ed long, har hard d hours. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T © t h g i r y p o C

co m p o u n d

si m p l e

10. The actors actors and actresses actresses rehe rehearse arsed d under the bright lights. lights. 

B. Using Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates Predicates

Each of the following sentences sentences has a simple subject and and a simple predicate. predicate. Expand the sentences so that that they include either compound subjects, subjects, compound predicates, predicates, or both. vary.. You may add other words to your sentences to make them more interesting. Sentences w ill vary 1. Monster Monsterss lurked under the bed.

3. I peeked carefully.

2. My toes tingled in delight.

4. Nothing was under there.

1. __________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 2. __________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 3. __________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 4. __________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ Writer ’ ’s Choice: Gra Grammar mmar Practice Practice Workbo Workbook, ok, Grade 10, 10, Unit 11

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Indirect Objects

11.5

Key Information An indirect object tells to whom or to what or for whom or for what something is done. A sentence can have an indirect object only if it has a direct object. The indirect object usually appears after the verb and before the direct object. The animal shelter gives stray animals protection. [The shelter gives protection to what?] what?]  A.

Contributions buy the shelter needed supplies. [Contributions buy supplies for what?] what? ] The words to and for for are are never used with indiT o for are for rect objects. and are prepositions. A noun or pronoun following to or for for is is actually the object of the preposition.

Identifying Direct and Indirect Objects

For each of the following sentences, sentences, underline the direct direct object once and the indirect object twice. One sentence does not have have an indirect object. 1. Pa Paris ris has alway alwayss given foreign foreign writers writers a place place of shel shelter ter.. 2. Pa Paris ris also also offered offered a source source of insp inspirati iration on to these these writers. writers. 3. In the twenties American American writers in Paris Paris would bring Gertrude Stein their writings. 4. In her criticisms she she would tell them the truth. 5. Sadly Sadly,, living in Paris Paris now costs costs such creative creative young young people a great deal. 

B. Using Indirect Objects Objects

Add an indirect indirect object to each sentence. Rewrite the sentences. sentences. Poss ossible ible answ ers are given. 1. The bride and groom pledged their love and faithfulness.

each ot her each _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 2. My brother left a funny message on my answering machine.

me ____________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 3. The doctor doctor sent sent notices notices of her change change of addr address. ess.

patients ____________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 4. Some people do not lend money. money.

anyone ____________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 5. Maria promised a phone phone call if she was going to be late.

her mother ______________________________________ ____________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____

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Object Complements

11.5

Key Information An object complement completes the meaning of a direct object by identifying or describing it.

An object complement follows a direct object and may be an adjective, noun, or pronoun.

Object complements appear only in sentences that contain direct objects. They also need an action verb that that has the general meaning of “make make” ” or “consider. consider.” ” appoint

consider

make

render

call

elect

name

think

ch o o s e

find

prove

vote



Dad makes common courtesy mandatory. [adjective] Her friends elected Sue captain. [noun] We now consider the stray dog ours. [pronoun]

A. Identifying Object Complements Complements

Underline the object complements in the Underline the following sentences. sentences. Above each, each, write whether it is an adjec adjective, tive, noun noun,, or or pronoun. pronoun. adjective

1. Computers and word processors have made typewriters practically obsolete. adjective

2. Most great musicians consider consider daily practice necessary and even enjoyable. enjoyable. noun

3. The art investigator has labeled that painting a fraud. pronoun

4. The woman’ woman’s will declares the land theirs forever forever.. 


B. Using Object Complements Complements

ossible ible answ ers are given. Complete each of the following sentences sentences with an object complement. Poss surprised 1. The president’ president’s resignation left everybody _________________. _________________ . unsafe 2. Several engineers have declared the factory _________________. _________________ . heroic 3. The newspaper called the wounded police police officer _________________. ______________ ___. chairperson 4. The committee members voted Mr. Franklin _________________. ________ _________.  C.

Writing Object Complements

Now try your your own sentences. Use verbs from from the list on this page or similar similar verbs, and write vary.. four sentences about your school or community and how people feel about it. Sentences w ill vary 1. __________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 2. __________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 3. __________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 4. __________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ Writer ’ ’s Choice: Gra Grammar mmar Practice Practice Workbo Workbook, ok, Grade 10, 10, Unit 11

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Subject Complements

11.5

Key Information A subject complement describes or further identifies the subject of a sentence. The two kinds of subject complements are predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives.

My neighbor is a plumber. Nestor remained a singer for many years. A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject.

A predicate nominative is a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and further identifies the subject.



The book was exciting. Gail feels confident about the test.

A. Identifying Subject Complements Complements

Underline the subject complements in the Underline the following sentences. sentences. Above each, each, write whether it is a predicate nominative (PN (PN ) or predicate predicate adjectiv adjectivee (PA (PA ). PN

1. A lawyer can become a judge. PA

2. The stew tastes too salty.

PN

3. The signal may have been a warning. PN

PN

4. Eddie and Alex Van Van Halen are brothers as well as professional musicians. PA

5. That director’ director’s movies alway alwayss have been mysterious. 

B. Using Subject Complements Complements

Complete each of the following sentences sentences with a subject complement. Identify your your subject vary. complement as a predicate nominative nominative (PN (PN ) or a predicate predicate adjecti adjective ve (P (PA ). Answers w ill vary. 1. Both of the politicians running running for re-election are _________________ _________________.. 2. The instructions on the box seemed _____________ _________________. ____. 3. The car’ car’s windshield is ____________ _________________. _____. 4. The acting in the Oscar-winning movie was _________________. 5. After winning the scholarship, scholarship, Amelia felt _________________. _________________.  C.

Subject Complements: You Are the Subject

Write five short sentences about yourself. Use a different linking verb in each sentence. vary.. Use a variety of predicate nominatives nominatives and predicate predicate adjectives. Sentences w ill vary 1. ___________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ___________________ 2. ___________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ___________________ 3. ___________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ___________________ 4. ___________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ___________________ 5. ___________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ___________________

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Prepositional Phrases

12.1

Key Information A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and usually ends with a noun or pronoun, called the object of the preposition. I left before halftime. [Halftime is the object of the preposition before. before.]] Prepositions may have more than one object.



We stopped at the supermarket and the mall. A prepositional phrase can act as an adjective or adverb. The man on the cover is a professional model. [adjective phrase modifying man man]] The model has appeared in many magazines. [adverb phrase modifying has appeared ]

A. Identifying Prepositional Prepositional Phrases

Underline Under line the prepositional phrases in the following sentences. 1. Langston Hughes Hughes was a major poet of the Harlem Renaissance. Renaissance. 2. Hughes stood out because he tried to incorporate jazz rhythms into his poems. 3. Beneath its formal surface, surface, his best poetry is filled with life and emotion. 4. Over the the years man manyy poets have have used the the poetry of Langs Langston ton Hughes Hughes as a model. 

B. Identifying Prepositional Prepositional Phrases and Their Functions

Underline the prepositional Underline prepositional phrase in in each of the following sentences. sentences. Then write whether whether each phrase is acting as an adjective or adverb.

adverb 1. Pabl Pablo o Neruda, Neruda, the great great Chilean Chilean poet, died in in 1973. _____________ _________________ ____ . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T © t h g i r y p o C

adjectives 2. He wrote beautiful poems for both adults and children. children. ____________ _________________ _____ 3. He wrote about the lonely, lonely, haunting, and remote Chilean Chilean countryside. adverb _________________

adjective 4. Neruda Neruda’’s poetry urges a return to simpler simpler things. _____________ _________________ ____ adjective 5. The superior superior quality quality of his poetry earne earned d him a Nobel Prize. Prize. ____ _________ _________ ________ ____ 

C. Using Prepositional Phrases Phrases

Use each of the following nouns or noun noun phrases in a sentence. sentence. Make each each noun or phrase the vary.. objectt of a prepositi objec preposition. on. Sentences w ill vary 1. (her aunt ) __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ___________________________________ ________________ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 2. (the restaurant )__________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________ ________________________________ _____________ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 3. (Indianapolis ) ___________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ________________________________ _____________ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 4. (the tornado ) ___________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ________________________________ _____________ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ Writer ’ ’s Choice: Gra Grammar mmar Practice Practice Workbo Workbook, ok, Grade 10, 10, Unit 12

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Appositives and Appositive Phrases

12.2

Key Information An appositive is a noun or pronoun next to another noun or pronoun that identifies or gives additional information about it. Our dog Buck likes to sleep next to the door.



An appositive phrase is an appositive plus any words that modify it. The car, a shiny, red convertible, sped past. As in the sentence above, appositive phrases that are not essential to the meaning of the sentence should be set off by commas.

A. Identifying Appositives Appositives and Appositive Phrases

Underline the appositive phrases in the following sentences once. Under Underline Underline line the appositives themselves twice. 1. The jade plant, plant, a popular houseplant, houseplant, is a hardy hardy and adaptable adaptable succulent. 2. Gil Gil’’s sister-in-law sister-in-law Marjorie is an attorney. attorney. 3. We enjoyed visiting Williamsport, Williamsport, a colonial village. 4. The actor Harrison Ford Ford has starred in several action films. films. 5. Compact discs now have have a new music music rival, digital audio tapes. 6. Melanie Melanie’’s boss, Ms. Gre Green, en, allo allowed wed her to report report to work late late during track season. season. 

B. Using Appositives and Appositive Phrases Phrases

Rewrite each each of the following following sentences, sentences, using the group of words in parentheses parentheses as an appositiv appos itivee phrase. phrase. If the phrase phrase is not not essential essential to to the meaning meaning of the sentenc sentence, e, set it off with commas. 1. James Joyce Joyce is considered considered one of the great writers of the English language. (a twentiethtwentiethcentury novelist)

James Joyc Joycee, a tw entie entieth-c th-century entury novelis novelist,t, is cons consider idered. ed. . . . ____________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 2. He wrote wrote three three novels novels,, all of them set set in Irelan Ireland. d. (the country country of of his birth) birth)

. . . set in Ire Ireland land,, the countr country y of his bir birth. th. _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 3. The action in his novel takes place place during one day in Dublin. ( Ulysses )

. . . h is is n ov o v el el Ulysses tak takes es placce. . . . pla ____________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 4. The day is celebrated by some as Bloomsday. Bloomsday. (June 16)

. . . Bloo looms msda dayy, June 16. ______________________________________ ____________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 5. Bloomsday is named named for Leopold and Molly Molly Bloom. (the novel’ novel’s central characters)

. . . for Leop eopold old and and Molly______________________________________ Bloom, Bl oom, the nove novell ’ s central characters.. characters ____________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____

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Participles and Participial Phrases

12.3

Key Information A participle is a verb form that can function as an adjective. The dripping faucet kept us awake all night. [dripping [dripping modifies the noun faucet ] Present participles always end in -ing. Past participles often end in -ed -ed but but can take other forms as well. The motorcycle’ motorcycle’s roaring engine shook the windows. The muted notes came from a hidden speaker. 

A partic participial ipial phras phrase e contains a participle plus any complements and modifiers. Running at great speed, the deer escaped the wolf. [phrase modifies noun deer ] Chris, smelling smoke from the basement, called the fire department. [phrase Chris]] modifies noun Chris The photographer, determined to get a picture of the comet, stayed awake all night. [phrase modifies noun photographer noun photographer ]

A. Identifying Participles Participles and Participial Phrases

Underline the participles and participial phrases in the following sentences. Underline sentences. Then circle the word each phrase modifies. 1. People looking for a word’ word’s exact definition should consult consult a dictionary. dictionary. 2. Elated with his grade report, Maurice sprinted home home to tell his parents. 3. The wolverine, wolverine, cornered by by the bear, bear, hissed and snapped its teeth. teeth. 4. The painting hanging hanging in the hall is an original Picasso. Picasso. 5. Frustrated, the inexperienced inexperienced golfer threw threw his putter into into the lake. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T © t h g i r y p o C

 B.

Using Verbs and Participles

Write two sentences using using each of the following words. words. In the first sentence use the word word as the vary.. main verb. In the second sentence sentence use the word as a participle. participle. Sentences w ill vary Example: walking a. I was walking home when the rain began. (verb) b. Walking home in the rain without an umbrella, I got drenched. (participle) 1. shaking a. __________________ _____________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ______________________ ___ b. __________________ _____________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ______________________ ___ 2. painted a. __________________ _____________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ______________________ ___ b. __________________ _____________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ______________________ ___ 3. leaping a. __________________ _____________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ______________________ ___ b. __________________ _____________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ______________________ ___ Writer ’ ’s Choice: Gra Grammar mmar Practice Practice Workbo Workbook, ok, Grade 10, 10, Unit 12

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Gerunds and Gerund Phrases

12.3

Key Information A gerund is a verb form that ends in -ing and is used in the same way a noun is used.

A ger gerund und phr phrase ase is a gerund plus any complement and modifiers.

Walking is an effective and safe exercise. [gerund as subject] My wife hates my singing. [gerund as direct object] She has not thought about running. [gerund as object of a preposition]

 A.

Bill’s secret for good pies was putting the Bill’ dough in the freezer for an hour. [gerund phrase as predicate nominative] Be careful not to confuse gerunds with present participles. Both end in -ing, but a present participle is used as an adjective, whereas a gerund is used as a noun. A gerund phrase can usually be replaced by the word it.

Identifying Gerunds and Gerund Phrases

Underline Underl ine the gerunds ger unds and gerund phrases in the following sentences. 1. Yves Saint-Laurent’ Saint-Laurent’s business, business, designing fashionable clothing, became popular popular in the sixties. 2. His brilliant capacity for setting new fashion standards standards helped him rise quickly. quickly. 3. Admirers have have noted his preference for combining the stylish with the unusual. 4. Actually Actually,, with all his talents, talents, succeeding was relatively relatively simple for Saint-Lauren Saint-Laurent. t. 

B. Using Participles and Gerunds Gerunds

Write two sentences using using each of the following words. words. In the first sentence use the the word as a participle. In the second sentence sentence use the word as a gerund. Senten ces wil l vary. Example: walking a. Walking home in the rain without an umbrella, I became drenched. (participle) b. Walking home in the rain without an umbrella is a good way to become drenched. (gerund) 1. cleaning a. _________________ ____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ b. _________________ ____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 2. driving a. _________________ ____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ b. _________________ ____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 3. shining a. _________________ ____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ b. _________________ ____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 4. placing a. _________________ ____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ b. _________________ ____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 16




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Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases

12.3

Key Information An infinitive is a verb form that is usually preceded by the word to and is used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. To apologize is not always easy. [infinitive as subject] Ernest Hemingway loved to hunt. [infinitive as direct object] That horse is the one to watch. [infinitive as adjective] 

Bonita practices piano to improve. [infiniti [inf initive ve as adver adverb] b] An infinitive phrase contains an infinitive and any complements and modifiers. To have admitted the problem is important. He hoped to save time with the shortcut.

A. Identifying Infinitives Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases

Underline Under line the infinitives and infinitive phrases in the following sentences. 1. The ability ability to budget budget time is a large part part of being a good good student. student. 2. Melissa has earned the opportunity to attend a prestigious college. 3. This engine has the ability to produce 180 horsepower. 4. I am not sure what I am going to do. 5. Karl certainly has the patience to teach small children. 6. Working up the nerve to ask another person out on a date is often a lengthy process. 7. After much inner debate, George finally decided to ask Jennifer Jennifer to the prom. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T © t h g i r y p o C

8. He started to dial Jennifer’ Jennifer’s phone number sixteen times before actually letting the call go through. 9. Without even hesitating, hesitating, Jennifer said she would would be delighted to go with George. 10. George hopes that he will be able able to overcome the effects of his astonishment astonishment in time for the prom. 

B. Using Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases

Write a sentence using each each of the following infinitives. infinitives. Then write whether the infinitive infinitive S entences w ill vary. vary . functions as a noun, an adjective or an adverb. 1. (to hide ) ___________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ___________________________________ ________________ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 2. (to have won ) ___________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ________________________________ _____________ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 3. (to save ) ___________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ___________________________________ ________________ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 4. (to instruct )_________________ _____________________________________ _______________________________________ ___________________________________ ________________ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ Writer ’ ’s Choice: Gra Grammar mmar Practice Practice Workbo Workbook, ok, Grade 10, 10, Unit 12

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Main Clauses; Simple and Compound Sentences Sentences

Key Information A simple sentence may contain a compound subject, compound predicate, or both, but it must have only one main clause. Remember that a main clause has a subject and a predicate and can stand alone as a sentence. Kim dances.

A compound sentence contains two or more main clauses. Kim dances, and Terry sings. The main clauses are usually joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, nor, yet, or for.

Kim and Terry dance. [compound subject] Kim dances and sings. [compound predicate] Kim and Terry dance and sing. [compound subject and compound predicate]



Kim also dances professionally, but Terry sings only as an amateur. The main clauses may also be joined by a semicolon. Kim also dances professionally; Terry sings only as an amateur.

A. Identifying Simple and Compound Sentences Sentences

Write whether each of the following sentences sentences is simple or compound. In the sentences that are compound, bracket the main clauses. clauses.

simple 1. Under cover of darkness, the scout __________________ scout crossed the enemy enemy ’s line. compound 2. Tomatoes are usually easy to grow, but broccoli is more difficult. __________________ compound 3. Naomi shrieked, __________________ shrieked, but Paulette Paulette only laughed. compound 4. The pencil sharpener was __________________ was broken; the teacher permitted the use of pe pens ns.. compound 5. You should read the entire chapter, __________________ chapter, but I can summarize it for you. simple 6. The dog and the cat got along quite well and even shared each __________________ other’’s food. other 

B. Writing Simple and Compound Sentences Sentences

Use each each of the following pairs of verbs to form first a simple sentence sentence and then a compound sentence. sente nce. You may change change the the tenses of the verbs verbs if you wish. wish. Sentences w ill vary vary.. 1. saw ____________________________________ _______________________________________ _____________________________________ _________________ saw,, hear heard d _________________ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 2. liv ______________________________________ _______________________________________ _________________________________ ______________ lived, ed, mov moved ed __________________ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 3. leape _____________________________________ _______________________________________ _________________________________ ______________ leaped, d, bolt bolted ed _________________ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 4. fly ______________________________________ _______________________________________ _____________________________________ _________________ fly,, land ___________________ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 18




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Adjective Clauses

13.5

Key Information An adjective clause is subordinate and modifies a noun or pronoun. That show is one that always amuses me.

That is one show that the public loves.

My room is the place where I have the most privacy. Adjective clauses are introduced by relative pronouns (who, (who, whom, whose, that, and which which)) or by the subordinating conjunctions where and when.



Adjective clauses that cannot be removed without clouding the sentence’ sentence’s meaning are essential, or restrictive, clauses.

Adjective clauses that are not needed to make a sentence’’s meaning clear are called nonessential, sentence or nonrestrictive, clauses. They are always set off by commas. That show, which is my favorite also, airs every Monday night at 9:00 P.M.

A. Understanding Adjective Adjective Clauses

For each of of the following following sentences, sentences, underl underline ine the adjective adjective clause clause once, write either essential or nonessential above it, and circle the word that it modifies. One sentence has two adjective clauses. nonessential

1. In the game of crick cricket, et, play takes takes place place between two two teams, whic which h have eleven eleven members each. essential

2. The two wickets are the objects that are central to the game. nonessential

3. The wickets, wickets, which are three wooden stumps, stumps, are placed placed sixty feet apart. apart. essential

4. The player player whose whose turn it is to bat stands in front of a wicket. nonessential

5. The bowler, bowler, who is like a pitcher pitcher in baseball, throws a ball ball that resembles a baseball. baseball. nonessential


6. The batter tries to hit the ball while defending his wicket, which has two crosspieces crosspieces balanced on top. essential

7. A batter who successfully successfully hits the ball runs to the opposite wicket. wicket.

essential

8. The pitcher’ pitcher’s goal is is to knock knock off the two two crosspiec crosspieces es that are are on top top of the wicket wicket by making the batter swing and miss. 

B. Using Adjective Clauses Clauses

Combine each each of the following following pairs of sentences to to form one complex sentence. sentence. To do this, change the second sentence sentence to an adjective clause, and then add it to the first sentence. 1. Wallace Stevens Stevens was born in Reading, Reading, Pennsy Pennsylvania, lvania, in 1879. Wallace Stevens Stevens is considered one of the greatest greatest American American poets.

Wallace Stevens Stevens,, w ho is______________________________________ considered one of th e _______________________________________ considered greatest American poets, greatest poets__________________________ , w as born in Reading, Reading, ______ _____________________________________ __________________ Pennsy ennsylvania, lvania, in 1879. ______________________________________ __________________ _____________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 2. The fact that Stevens did not win the Nobel Prize for literature surprised many Americans. The Americans were were familiar with his work.

The fact that Stevens did not w in the N obel Prize Priz e for literature surprised surprised many Americans who w______ ere _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ familiar with his work. ______________________________________ __________________ _____________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ Writer ’ ’s Choice: Gra Grammar mmar Practice Practice Workbo Workbook, ok, Grade 10, 10, Unit 13

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Adverb Adv erb Clauses

13.6

Key Information An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. Adverb clauses tell when, where, how, why, to what extent, or under what conditions. After I passed my test, I dr drove ove home home as a fully licensed driver. [adverb clause telling when the subject drove drove]] I was happy because I had obtained my license on my first try. [adverb clause telling why why the the subject was happy ]



An adverb clause is introduced by a subordinating conjunction. An adverb clause may appear before or after the main clause. Because I had obtained my license on my first try, I was happy. Certain words can sometimes be left out of an adverb clause. You can easily supply the missing words, however, since they are implied. I doubt if he can spell better than I [can spell].

A. Identifying Adverb Adverb Clauses

In each of the following following sentences, underline the the adverb clause clause once, and underline underline the word word or words that it modifies twice. 1. John Keats’ Keats’s work will be studied studied as long as English poetry is studied. 2. Before Before he died at at the early early age of twen twenty-fi ty-five, ve, Keats had had written written some of the finest finest poems poems in the English language. 3. It is actually actually quite easy for one to gain a quick taste of Keats Keats’’s talents talents,, sinc sincee many many of his most acclaimed works are short poems called odes. 4. Some were written in great haste haste as if he were were afraid to lose his inspiration. inspiration. 5. For exampl example, e, afte afterr he had spent spent a few hours hours sittin sittingg outside outside one day, day, he wrote wrote one of his most famous poems, “Ode to a Nightingale.” Nightingale.” 6. When the the poet Shelley Shelley heard of Keats Keats’’s death, death, he wrote wrote a long poetica poeticall lament lament entitled “Adonais. Adonais.”” 7. Since Keats Keats had not been very popular with the the critics, Shelley blamed them for the poet’’s death. poet 8. Late in his his life, when he learned he was dying from tuberculosis, tuberculosis, Keats moved from England to Rome. 

B. Using Adverb Clauses Clauses

Combine each each of the following following pairs of sentences to form one complex sentence. sentence. To do this, change the second sentence to an adverb adverb clause. Then add it to the first sentence. 1. Great Britain Britain has surprisingly mild winters. The Gulf Stream brings warm warm air from the south.

Great Britain Britain has surprisingly surprisingly mild w inters because because the Gulf Stream Stream brings________________________ w arm air from the south. ____________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ____ 2. A lunar eclipse occurs. The earth passes between the sun and and the moon.

A lunar eclipse occurs w hen the earth passes passes between th e sun and the m________________________ oon. ____________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ____ 3. A tree is deciduous. It loses its leaves in the fall. fall.

A tree is deciduous if it loses its leaves in the fall._______________________________________ ____________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 20




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Noun Clauses

13.7

Key Information A noun clause is a subordinate clause that functions as a noun. A noun clause can serve as a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, the object of a preposition, or nominative.

The prime suspect will be who whoeve everr doe doess not have an alibi. [predicate nominative] The following are some of the words that can be used to introduce noun clauses.

Whoever committed the crime will be caught. [subject] The detective wondered where each suspect had been that night. [direct object] The police have photos of what was stolen. [obje [object ct of a prep preposit osition] ion] 

how

when

who, whom

that

where

whoever

what

which

whose

whatever

whichever

why

A. Identifying Noun Clauses Clauses

Underline the noun clause in each Underline each of the following sentences. sentences. Then write above the the clause how it is used, used, as a subject subject (S (S ), ), direc directt object object (DO (DO ), indirect object (IO (IO ), predicate nominative (PN (PN ), ), or object object of a prepositi preposition on (OP (OP ). DO

1. The biology teacher showed the class how to begin the frog dissection. DO

2. No one knows who invented the wheel.

DO

3. The explorers dreamed that they would some day find the “fount fountain ain of you youth. th.”” PN

4. In today ’s meet, the winner will be whoever has the most stamina. S

5. When they will get here alwa always ys remains a mystery until the last minute. OP

6. I could not see for whom the audience was applauding. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T © t h g i r y p o C

 B.

Using Noun Clauses

In each of the following sentences, replace the words in italics with an appropriate noun noun clause. Write your new sentence in the space provided. Poss ossible ible a nsw ers are given. Example: Swimming enthusiasts like to go to the beach. Whoever enjoys swimming likes to go to the beach. 1. You can usually find necessary news about recent happenings in the newspaper.

Y__________________ ou can usually find w hat you need to k now about current events in the newspaper. newspaper. _____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 2. At a crowded crowded restaurant, people were talking talking about the approaching weather.

At a crowded restaurant, restaurant, people were talking talking about w hether itit w ould __________________________ rain or snow. snow. _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ______ 3. They will award the winner the trophy.

T__________________ hey will aw ard w hoever wins the trophy. _____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 4. The mail carrier will deliver any of of the postage-paid postage-paid packages. packages.

T__________________ he m ail carrier will deliver w hicheve hicheverr packages have the prop er postage. _____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______


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Fourr Kinds Fou Kinds of Sente Sentences nces

13.8

Key Information A declarative sentence is a statement. It usually ends with a period.

An interrogative sentence asks a question. It ends with a question mark.

The eggs are in the refrigerator. An imperative sentence is a command or request. The subject “you you” ” is understood. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period.

Will you bring me the eggs? An exclamatory sentence expresses strong emotion. It ends with an exclamation point. Bring me the eggs now!

Bring me the eggs from the refrigerator.  A.

Identifying Sentence Types

In the space provided, indicate whether each each sentence is decla declarativ rative, e, impe imperativ rative, e, inte interroga rrogative, tive, or exclamatory. imperative 1. Always make sure there are good batteries in your smoke detector. __________________

exclamatory 2. It __________________ It’’s pizza day in the cafeteria! declarative 3. I would like to see your rough drafts by Monday. __________________ imperative 4. Read that again, __________________ again, but this time with feeling. feeling. interrogative 5. Do you have __________________ have a hall pass, young man?  B.

Using the Various Sentence Types

Classify each of the following sentences sentences according according to the sentence type. Then rewrite the the sentence to make it the type t ype indicated in parentheses. interrogative __________________ 1. Did you listen to that tape yet? (imperative) Listen Lis ten to that tape.

imperative __________________ 2. Do not turn on the television until your homework is finished. (declarative) You can turn on the television television w hen your hom ewo rk is finished. finished. declarative __________________ 3. Some people think The Thin Man is the funnie funniest st movie of all. (exclamatory) What a funny m ovie The Thin M an is! exclamatory __________________ 4. Watch out for the edge of that cliff! (interrogative) (interrogative) Did you wat ch out for the edge of that cliff? exclamatory __________________ 5. What a perfect day this has been! (declarative) This has been a perf ect day.

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Sentence Fragments

13.9

Key Information A sentence fragment is an incomplete sentence punctuated as though it were a complete sentence. A sentence fragment can often be corrected by joining it to a main clause. Sometimes it may be necessary to add missing words to make a complete sentence. Following are samples of the three basic errors that cause sentence fragments, each followed by one possible correction.

NO SUB SUBJEC JECT T:

Hal dr Hal drov ove e tha thatt car car la last st we week ek.. Says it was fast.

CORRECTED:

Hal dr Hal drov ove e tha thatt car car la last st we week ek,, and he says it was fast.

NO COM COMPLE PLETE TE

Its annoying bark going on for hours.

VERB: CORRECTED:

Its ann Its annoy oyiing ba bark rk ha hass bee been n going on for hours.

NO MA MAIN IN

My mother was mad. Because we were two hours late.

CLAUSE: CORRECTED:

 A.

My mot othe herr was was mad be beca caus use e we were two hours late.

Identifying Sentence Fragments

Write whether each of the following items contains contains a fragment a fragment or two complete sentences. fragment 1. He has become too interested __________________ interested in his personal personal statistics. Like so many other professional athletes these days.


fragment 2. The dance will be held in the gym. Which is __________________ is going to be decorated. sentences 3. The computer class that was going to be offered every Monday has __________________ been canceled. There apparently is a scheduling scheduling conflict. fragment 4. After staking out the old warehouse __________________ warehouse for two weeks. weeks. The detective arrested the smugglers.  B.

Correcting Sentence Fragments

Choose any two of the items above that you identified as containing containing fragments and rewrite each so that the fragment is corrected. Answers w ill vary. vary.


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Run-on Sentences

13.10

Key Information A run-on sentence consists of two or more complete sentences presented as though they were one sentence.

NO PUNCT PUNCTUA UATION TION:

I gav gave e the the fi firs rstt spe speec ech h I wa wass nervous.

CORRECTED:

I gave the first speech. I was nervous.

There are three basic types of run-on sentences. COMMA COM MA SPL SPLICE ICE:

I called Ma Mark with th the ne news, he called Sara.

CORRECTED:

I gave the first speech; I was nervous.

CORRECTED:

I called Mark with the news. Then he called Sara.

CORRECTED:

I gave the first speech, and I was nervous.

CORRECTED:

I called Mark with the news, and then he called Sara.

NO CO COMM MMA A BE BEFO FORE RE

My sister drives to school each day but day but I sti stillll ta take ke th the e bus bus..

THE CONJ CONJUNCTIO UNCTION N: CORRECTED:



My sister drives to school each day, but I still take the bus.

A. Identifying Run-on Sentences Sentences

Write whether each of the following sentences sentences is a run-on or a correct sentence. run-on 1. Many jazz critics consider Duke Ellington’ __________________ Ellington’s big band the most talented group of all time, time, some think think Count Count Basie Basie’’s band was more exciting.

correct sentence 2. The bands’ __________________ bands’ differences could could be seen in their leaders, for Ellington was sophisticated and sometimes very showy while Basie was less pretentious and more direct. run-on 3. Despite these differences an amazing event occurred in 1961 when __________________ the two entire bands played together in a New York recording studio it was the first and last time the bands ever combined their talents. correct sentence 4. The members of both all-star bands __________________ bands crammed into the studio, and the Count and the Duke sat across from each other at twin grand pianos. run-on 5. The recording that resulted from this collaboration is truly a classic, __________________ it was as if the two great basketball basketball players Larry Bird Bird and Michael Jordan teamed up only once to play on the same team.  B.

Correcting Run-on Sentences

Choose any two of the sentences above that you identified as run-ons, and write correct versions vers ions of them them.. Answers w ill vary. vary.

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Regular and Irregular Verbs

15.2

Key Information A regular verb forms its past and past partici-ed to ple by adding -ed to the base form. Base Form jump paint

 A.

Past Form jumped painted

Past Participle jumped painted

An irregular verb forms its past and past participle in some way other than adding -ed to the base form. Base Form grow swim

Past Form grew swam

Past Participle grown swum

Supplying the Correct Principal Part

Complete the following following sentences with the correct correct form of the verb in parentheses. parentheses. ridden 1. I have _______________ _____ __________ a horse only once. (ride) performed 2. The eager tenor _______________ _____________ __ his favorite solo for the audition. (perform) swim _______ so soon after lunch. (swim) 3. Mother does not think we should _______________ ________ written 4. Is there anyone here who has not _______________ his or her essay yet? (write) ripped_________ into must be _______________ ______ into the tiniest of bits to make make good confetti. (rip) 5. Paper must 6. Every March March 21, Grandpa would open the windows and cry, cry, “Spring has

sprung ___________ _______________ ____ !” (spring) carried 7. Mary _______________ _____________ __ the groceries home from the store and set them on the kitchen table. tabl e. (carry (carry)) rose ________ after 8. A huge cloud of dust _______________ _______ after the building building was demolished. (rise) lain 9. For years my father has _______________ _____________ __ on the sofa for a nap every ever y night after dinner. (lie) . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M © t h g i r y p o C

declared _____ a long time ago that the sofa was 10. In fact, Dad _______________ __________ was to be his every night at this time. time. (decl (declare) are)  B.

Using the Correct Principal Part

Write a sentence using each each of the following verb forms. Senten ces w ill vary. thought 1. (past form of think ____________________________________ ______________________________________ _____________________________ __________ of think ) _________________ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______

gone 2. (past participle of go __________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ of go ) _____________________________________ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______

hurried 3. (past form of hurry ___________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ of hurry ) ______________________________________ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______

known 4. (past participle of know _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ______________________ ___ of know ) ___________________ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ exclaimed 5. (past participle of exclaim _____________________________________ _______________________________________ ______________________ ___ of exclaim)) _________________ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ Writer’s Choice: Gramm Grammar ar Practice Workbook, Grade 10, 10, Unit 15

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Perfect Tenses

15.4

Key Information The present perfect tense is used to express an action or condition that occurred at some indefinite time in the past. It consists of has or have plus the past participle of a verb. Paul has ordered his class ring. The past perfect tense is used to indicate that and ended one past action or condition began and ended before another past action started. It consists of had plus had plus the past participle of a verb.

 A.

He had asked three times before she agreed to marry him. The future perfect tense is used to express one future action or condition that will begin and end before another future event starts. It consists of will have or or shall shall have plus the past participle of a verb. By the time I am old enough to drive, our car probably will have become a heap of junk.

Identifying Perfect Tenses

Underline the correct auxiliary Underline auxiliary verb in each each of the following sentences. sentences. Above each each verb write whether the entire verb is in the present perfect (PRP (PRP ), ), past perfec perfectt (PP (PP ), ), or future future perfect perfect (FP ) tense. FP

1. By 2010, people (have/will (have/will have) been reading the the works of Charles Dickens Dickens for more than 170 years. PRP

2. In the years after the Victorian Victorian era, people (had/have) enjoyed enjoyed reading about Ebenezer Scrooge in A Christmas Carol. PP

3. After millions millions of people (had/have) (had/have) experienced this tale of a cheap English businessman businessman who is scared into changing changing his ways, ways, the name Scrooge Scrooge came came to mean a person who is greedyy, mean greed mean,, and hatefu hateful. l. 4. Thanks to another great Dickens work, A Tale Tale of Two Cities, millions more people (will PRP have/have) have/h ave) understood the very real human emotions involved in a historical event as important as the French Revolution. Revolution. PP

5. By the time of his death, Charles Dickens Dickens (has/had) (has/had) published more more than fifteen novels.  B.

Using Perfect Tenses

vary.. Write a sentence using each each of the following verb tenses. tenses. Senten ces will vary w ill have begun 1. (future perfect tense of begin _______________________________________ _____________________________________ _________________ of begin ) ___________________ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ had rehearsed 2. (past perfect tense of rehearse _______________________________________ _____________________________________ _________________ of rehearse ) ___________________ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ has o r have lost _______________________________________ 3. (present perfect tense of lose ____________________________________ _____________________ _ of lose ) _________________ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____

w ill have printed printed _______________________________________ 4. (future perfect tense of print ____________________________________ _____________________ _ print ) _________________ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____

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Voice V oice of Verbs

15.7

Key Information An action verb is in the active voice when the subject of the sentence performs the action. The student sharpened her pencil. An action verb is in the passive voice when its action is performed on the subject.

In general, you should choose the active voice over the passive, because it is more expressive and less wordy. However, if you cannot or do not want to identify the performer, use the passive voice.

The pencil was sharpened by the student.  A.

The stolen goods were returned. returned. [You may not know or wish to identify who returned them.]

Identifying the Active and Passive Voices

Above each each verb in the following sentences, sentences, write whether it is active active or or passive passive . passive

1. The vaccine for polio was developed by Dr. Dr. Jonas Salk. active

2. American researchers are continuing to explore alternativ alternativee energy sources. active

3. The defense attorney will file her motion for dismissal early this morning. passive

4. The Academy Award nominees are announced early each spring. passive

5. The student council’ council’s plan was praised by a majority of faculty members.  B.

Changing the Voice of Verbs

Rewrite each of the following sentences by changing changing the active voice to passive or the passive passive voice to active. 1. The candidates for class president were introduced by the principal. The principal introduced______________________________________ the candidates for class president. _____________________________________ __________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M © t h g i r y p o C

_____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 2. An immature act of vandalism damaged the football football field before the big game. The football field was damaged by an immature_______________________________________ act of vandalism before the big game. _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ __________________________ ______ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 3. The band performed three encores.

Three encores encores were performed by the band. _______________________________________ __________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________ __________________________ ______ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 4. My family has been invited to a dinner by our neighbors the Mendozas.

Our neighbors the M endozas have invited m y family to a dinner. dinner. _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 5. My friend’ friend’s bike tire was punctured by a sharp rock yesterday.

Yesterday a sharp rock______________________________________ punctured my friend’s bike tire. _____________________________________ __________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ Writer ’ ’s Choice: Gra Grammar mmar Practice Practice Workbo Workbook, ok, Grade 10, 10, Unit 15

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Agreement with Linking Verb Verb

16.2

Key Information Do not be confused by a predicate nominative that differs in number from the subject. Only the subject affects the number of the linking verb. The biggest expense was the new math books. [The singular linking verb was  A.

agrees with the singular subject expense, not the plural predicate nominative books. books.]] The monster trucks were the main attraction. [The plural linking verb were agrees with the plural subject trucks, not the singuattraction.]] lar predicate nominative attraction.

Making Linking Verbs Agree with Their Subjects

Underline the subject in each of the following Underline following sentences. sentences. Then underline underline the form of the verb in parentheses that agrees with that subject. 1. The two king cobras cobras (was/were) a highlight highlight for me at the zoo. 2. The book club’ club’s monthly feature (is/are) three stories by Zora Neale Neale Hurston. 3. Keesha Keesha’’s three favorite music groups (is/are) the the subject of the cable special. 4. The candidate’ candidate’s downfall (was/were) his his ignorance and his bad temper. temper. 5. The declining test scores scores (have/ha (have/has) s) been a cause for alarm for educators. educators. 6. Halogen headlights headlights (was/wer (was/were) e) last week week ’s sale special at the auto store. 7. As usual, my mail (is/are) mostly promotional items items and sweepstakes sweepstakes forms. 8. New test tubes (is/are) usually usually the chemistry department’ department’s biggest expense. 9. For some people a symphony ’s movements movements (is/a (is/are) re) a source source of joy joy.. 10. The power outage’ outage’s cause (was/were) the two two crossed high-tension high-tension wires.  B.

Writing Sentences with Linking Verbs

Write five original sentences that each include include a linking verb. Be sure that each linking verb agrees with its subject. Sentences w ill vary vary.. 1. ___________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ ______________________________________ ___________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 2. ___________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ ______________________________________ ___________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 3. ___________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ ______________________________________ ___________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 4. ___________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ ______________________________________ ___________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 5. ___________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ ______________________________________ ___________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____

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Agreement with Special Spe cial Subjects

16.4–5

Key Information A collective noun names a group. Consider a collective noun singular when it refers to a group as a whole, and plural when it refers to each member of a group individually. Certain nouns that end in -s look plural but take singular verbs (measles, ( measles, news), news ), but certain other nouns that end in -s take plural verbs scissors). ( pliers, scissors). A noun of amount is singular when it refers to a total considered as one unit, and plural when it refers to a number of individual units.

 A.

A title is always singular, even if a noun within the title is plural. A compound subject that is joined by and and or or both... both ...and and is is plural unless its parts belong to one unit or refer to the same person or thing. When a compound subject is joined by or or or or nor (or by either ...or ...or or or neither ...nor ...nor ), ), the verb always agrees with the subject nearer the verb. When many a, a, every , or each precedes a compound subject, the subject is considered singular.

Making Verbs Agree with Special Subjects and Compound Subjects

Underline the subject in each of the following Underline following sentences. sentences. Then underline underline the the form of the verb in parentheses that agrees with that subject. 1. I still think six hours (is/are) a long time to play play video games every day. day. 2. The office staff (make/mak (make/makes) es) a large donation to charity every year. 3. Twelve Angry Men (remain/remains) Men (remain/remains) popular among movie fans to this day. 4. When even a few quarters (is/are) jingling jingling in my my pocket, I feel good. 5. Two hundred dollars (is/are) in that two-inch pile. 6. Neither the fans nor the air conditioner conditioner (was/were) working. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M © t h g i r y p o C

7. Man Manyy a chair, table, and sofa (was/were) destroyed in the warehouse fire. 8. The videocassette recorder and the camcorder (has/hav (has/have) e) become popular popular items.  B.

Using Verbs That Agree with Special Subjects and Compound Subjects

Each of the following sentences contains contains an error error in subject and and verb agreement. Rewrite each sentence correctly in the space provided. 1. Scalloped potatoes goes well with both ham and meat loaf. loaf.

potatoes go well ______________________________________ __________________ _____________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 2. The staff is arrivi arriving ng one one at a time. time.

The staff are __________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 3. Poli Politics tics are alway alwayss more widely publicized during major election years.

Politics is __________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 4. Peac Peaches-and-cream hes-and-cream describe a clear, clear, healthyhealthy-looking looking complexion. complexion.

Peaches eaches-and-cream -and-cream describes __________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ Writer ’ ’s Choice: Gra Grammar mmar Practice Practice Workbo Workbook, ok, Grade 10, 10, Unit 16

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Case of Pe Persona rsonall Pronouns Pronouns

17.1

Key Information Personal pronouns refer to persons or things. These pronouns have three cases: Nominative, objective, and possessive. The case of a personal pronoun depends upon its function in the sentence. Personal pronouns can function as sub jects, complem complements, ents, or objects objects or prepositi prepositions. ons.  A.

In a sentence with a compound subject or object, take out the conjunction and the other subject or object to help you figure out which form of the pronoun to use.

Choosing Proper Pronoun Case

In each of the following following sentences, sentences, circle the correct pronoun pronoun in parentheses. 1. Michael and (I/me) didn’ didn’t know much about northern lights. 2. Ms. Cerutti, my science science teacher teacher,, asked (he/him) (he/him) and and (I/me) to to write reports reports on this celestial phenomenon. 3. (He/Him) and and (I/me) were to submit our reports to her by the end of the marking period. 4. She also said the decision of which reports would would be entered in the science science fair would be (her/hers). 5. Michael read faster than (I/me) because his book was so good. 6. I learned from listening to (him/his) summarizing. 7. For example, example, the scientific scientific term is aurora aurora borealis; borealis; (its/it (its/it’’s) name is almost as pretty as the phenomenon itself 8. The librarian told Michael and (I/me) that the lights are caused by electrical discharges in electrically unstable air. 9. The northern lights occur most often in mid-December; mid-December; it astonished (he/him) (he/him) and (I/me) the first time we saw them. 10. (He/him) and (I/me) hope that that (we/us) and our families see more more of them this winter. winter. 

B. Using Pronouns in Compound Parts of Sentences

vary.. For each of the following phrases, write a sentence sentence that uses the phrase phrase correctly. correctly. Sentences w ill vary 1. (Beth and I ) __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ _________________________________ ______________ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 2. (Beth and me ) ____________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________ ___________ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 3. (Gary and him) ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________ ___________ him) ___________________ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 4. (Gary and he ) _________________ _____________________________________ _______________________________________ _________________________________ ______________ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 5. ( you and she ) _________________ _____________________________________ _______________________________________ _________________________________ ______________ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 30




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Pronouns with and as Appositives

17.2

Key Information If a pronoun is in apposition to a subject or predicate nominative, use the nominative case. The best math students, she and Matthew, are also good in science. [Students [Students is the subject.] 

If a pronoun is in apposition to an object, use the objective case. The math teacher praised the achievements of his best students, her and Matthew. [Students is the object of a preposition.]

A. Using Pronouns as Appositives Appositives

In each of the following sentences, underline the correct correct pronoun in parentheses. parentheses. 1. The win pleased the team’ team’s two biggest fans, fans, Nick and and (I/me). 2. All those associated with the team— team —the players and (they/them)— (they/them)—cheered. 3. The people with good seats, (we/us) and the coaches, coaches, saw a terrific game. 4. Our favorite favorite players, players, Mitchell and (he/him), played well well as usual. 5. After the the game three of my friends friends— —Bill Bill,, Davi Davina, na, and (she/ (she/her) her)— —went to a movie.  B.

Writing Sentences with Pronouns as Appositives

Write five original sentences. sentences. In each sentence, sentence, include at least one pronoun pronoun that is used with or as an appositive. Write about a current news news event, a recent activity at your your school, or vary.. another anot her topic topic of your choice. choice. Sentences w ill vary 1. _________________ ____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ ____________________________________ _________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 2. _________________ ____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M © t h g i r y p o C

____________________________________ _________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 3. _________________ ____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ ____________________________________ _________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 4. _________________ ____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ ____________________________________ _________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 5. _________________ ____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ ____________________________________ _________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______


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Pronouns After Than and As

17.3

Key Information In an elliptical adverb clause introduced by than or as, choose the case of the pronoun you would use if the missing words were present. Karen scored more points than he. [The nominative pronoun he is the subject of

 A.

the incomplete adverb clause than he scored.]] scored. Still, the team appreciated Karen as much as her. [The object pronoun her her is is the direct object of the incomplete adverb clause as much as it i t appreciated her.] her.]

Using Pronouns After Than and As Than and As

In each of the following following sentences, sentences, underline the the correct pronoun pronoun in parentheses. 1. Dogs have have better senses of smell than (we/us). 2. You can draw much better than (I/me). 3. The concert was enjoyed more by Jennifer than (he/him). 4. I learned to walk earlier than (she/her). 5. Did the special assembly interest you as much as (I/me)? 6. Daryl is better at balancing chemical equations equations than (she/her). 7. The stories of Dr Dr.. Seuss delight my sister as much as (they/them). 8. Does she really like pizza as much as (he/him). 9. Our neighbors painted their house the same week as (we/us). 10. The thought of shaking the governor governor’’s hand excited Anna as much as (I/me).  B.

Writing Sentences with Pronouns After Than and Than and As As

Write five sentences of your own. own. In each sentence, include a pronoun used used correctly after than or as as in in the manner indicated. Sentences should use correct pronoun forms. I , y o u, u , h e, e, sh e, e, i t,t , t h ey ey, _______________________________________ we 1. (nominative pronoun) ___________________ ______________________________________ ________________________ ____ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____

See #1. 2. (nominative pronoun) ___________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____

m e, e, y o u, u , h im im , h er er, i t,t , t ______________________________________ h em em , u s 3. (objective pronoun) __________________ _____________________________________ ___________________________ ________ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____

See #3. 4. (objective pronoun) __________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________ ___________________________ ________ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____

See #1. 5. (nominative pronoun) ___________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____

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Pronoun-Antecedent Pronoun-Ant ecedent Agreement

17.5

Key Information A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number (singular number (singular or plural) and gender and gender (mascu(masculine, feminine, or neuter). A talk show host asked her her guest guest many questions. [singular feminine pronoun] The brass lamp is losing its luster. [singular neuter pronoun]

I want

to go where you can swim. [shift from first to second person] I want

to go where I can swim. [consistent use of first person] When a personal pronoun has an indefinite pronoun for its antecedent, make sure the pronouns agree in number.

The fans indicated their their pleasure. pleasure. [plural pronoun] A pronoun must also agree with its antecedent in person. in person. Avoid shifting pronouns from one person to another.  A.

Each of the boys is happy with his grade. [singular pronouns] Several of the companies advertise their water filters vigorously. [plural pronouns]

Making Pronouns and Antecedents Agree

In each of the following following sentences, sentences, fill in the blank with the appropriate appropriate pronoun. pronoun. Make sure the pronoun you you choose agrees with its italicized italicized antecedent in person, person, number number,, and gender. gender. it s 1. The wild horse horse refused refused to allow anyone onto _______________ back.

their 2. The fifty protesters fifty protesters formed formed a human chain by locking _______________ arms. h er 3. My mother mother sometimes sometimes forgets _______________ briefcase. h is __________ old 4. Mike Mike is is thinking of selling _______________ _____ old bike. their 5. The boys boys have have memorized all _______________ lines for the upcoming play. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M © t h g i r y p o C

he he 6. Randall said Randall said _______________ would not eat any food _____________ _______________ __ could not recognize as animal or vegetable. their 7. The local citizens citizens voted voted against the plan to raise _______________ taxes. their 8. Maria and her friends are friends are inviting everyone to _______________ party.  B.

Making Pronouns Agree with Indefinite Pronoun Antecedents

In each of the following sentences, fill in the blank blank with the appropriate possessive possessive pronoun. pronoun. Make sure the pronoun you choose agrees with its italicized antecedent in number. number. his o r h er 1. Each Each of of the candidates for office office has been explaining explaining _______________ _____________ __ plans for the future. their 2. Many Many of of the people have made made _______________ _____________ __ decisions about whom to to support.

their __________ names 3. Several of Several of the early candidates have have already withdrawn _______________ _____ from ballots. 4. Later this year, all all of of the newspaper newspaperss will print endorseme endorsements nts of the candidat candidates es of their _______________ choice.

his o r h er 5. Everyone Everyone hopes hopes _______________ own candidate will win. Writer ’ ’s Choice: Gra Grammar mmar Practice Practice Workbo Workbook, ok, Grade 10, 10, Unit 17

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17.6

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Clear Pronoun Reference Key Information Avoid vague pronoun reference. The pronouns this, that, which, and it it should should refer to a clearly stated antecedent.

antecedent, either reword the sentence to make the actual antecedent’s antecedent’s identity clear or eliminate the pronoun.

The mechanic is looking for the problem, which could take a long time. [vague] The mechanic is looking for the problem, and his inspection could take a long time. [clear] Avoid ambiguous pronoun reference. If a pronoun seems to refer to more than one  Making

Tennis player Jennifer Capriati smiled at fellow player Monica Seles when she was given the winner’ winner’s check. [ambiguous] Tennis player Jennifer Capriati smiled at fellow player Monica Seles when Capriati was given the winner’ winner’s check. [clear]

Pronoun References Clear

Rewrite each of the following sentences to make make all pronoun references references clear. 1. When the cat entered the dog’ ___________________________________ _________________ dog’s pen, it became became nervous. nervous. __________________ When th e cat cat entered the______________________________________ dog ’ s pen, pen, the dog became nervous. nervous. _______________________________________ ____________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 2. The bill for the sculptor’ sculptor ’s new work was $20,000, and this surprised the citizens. ______________ T____________________ he bill f or the sc sculptor ulptor ’ s ______________________________________ new w ork w as $20,000,_______________________________________ and this amount surpris surprised ed the citizens citizens.. _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 3. After the Cardinals ____________________ _ Cardinals beat the Dodgers, they left for a nine-game road trip. trip. ___________________

The Cardinals left for a nine-game ro ad trip after _______________________________________ they beat t he Dodgers. Dodgers. ________________________ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ ____ 4. Marleen was saddened _________________________ ________ saddened by the news, and it was evident on her face. _________________

M arleen was saddened saddened by______________________________________ the new s, and her sadness sadnes s was evident on her________________________ face. face. _______________________________________ ____________________ _______________________________________ ____ 5. Whenever Rebecca eats dinner at Carla’ _________________________ ________ Carla’s house, she drinks iced tea. _________________

Rebecca drinks iced tea whenever she eats dinner_______________________________________ at Carla ’ s house. _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 6. Darrell is an excellent ___________________________ ________ excellent artist; this was apparent from his sketches. sketches. ___________________

Darrell is an excellent artist; his skill skill w as apparen_______________________________________ t from his sketches sketches.. _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 7. It is disappointing when my favorite team loses. _________________ _____________________________________ ________________________ ____

I____________________ am disappointed w hen my favorite team lose losess. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 8. The lawyer lawyer made his his case for the defendant, defendant, and then he walked walked out of the courtroom. _________

After making his case case for ______________________________________ the defendant, the law yer w alked out of the courtroom courtroom . _______________________________________ ____________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 9. When the snowflake snowflake hit the sidewalk, sidewalk, it melted. __________________________________________

T____________________ he snow snow flake melted wh______________________________________ en it hit the sidewalk. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 10. The two athletes were exhausted, exhausted, which made them unable to finish the marathon. ____________

Bec Because ause the tw o athletes______________________________________ were exhausted, exhausted, they w_______________________________________ ere unable to finish the ________________________ marathon . _______________________________________ ____________________ ____

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Irregular Comparisons

18.2

Key Information A few modifiers used in making comparisons have irregular forms.

ill

worse

worst

far (distance)

farther

farthest

further

furthest

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

good

better

best

far (degree, time)

well

better

best

little (amount)

less

least

bad

worse

worst

many

more

most

badly

worse

worst

much

more

most



A. Revising Incorrect Comparisons Comparisons

Each of the following sentences contains contains an incorrect incorrect comparative comparative form. Draw a line through the incorrect word word or words, words, and then write the the correct form of the comparative comparative modifier. modifier. worst 1. That has to be the worsest worsest song ever written. ____________ _______________ ___

much 2. I’m a much more better table tennis player than she is. _____________ _______________ __ best 3. He He’’s the most good guitar player we’ we’ve heard. ____________ _______________ ___ farther 4. Is it further to Detroit or to Cleveland? _______________ least 5. Use the recipe recipe that calls for the littlest salt. ____________ _______________ ___  B.


Making Correct Comparisons

Complete the the following sentences with the correct degree degree of comparison of the modifier in parentheses. best 1. The rebuilt rebuilt engine ran the ____________ _______________ ___ of them all. (well)

further 2. I have progressed progressed _______________ ____________ ___ in my study of French than than my brother. brother. (far) worst 3. That puppy is not the best-behaved best-behaved dog, but he’ he’s not the _______________ __________ _____ either. either. (bad) worse 4. The medical conditions conditions of patients in intensive intensive care are generally _______________ ___________ ____ than thosee of the patients thos patients in regular regular hospital hospital rooms. rooms. (ill (ill)) better 5. The home team won because they shot _______________ ___________ ____ than their opponents. (well). 

C. Using Correct Comparisons Comparisons

Write three sentences sentences of your own that make comparisons. comparisons. Be sure to use the correct form of vary.. the modifers you choose. Sentences w ill vary _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________ ___________ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________ ___________ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________ ___________ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________ ___________


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Incomplete Comparisons

18.4

Key Information Be careful of making an incomplete or unclear comparison by omitting other other or or else when comparing one member of a group with others. UNCLEAR:



He ha hass ap appe pear ared ed in mo morre movies than anyone.

CLEAR:

He has appeared in more movies than anyone else.

UNCLEAR:

French Fren ch is mo morre mel melod odic ic th than an any language.

clear:

French is is mo more me melodic th than an any other language.

You must also make sure you are comparing like things. UNCLEAR:

A rowboat’s cost is less than a yacht.

CLEAR:

A rowboat’s cost is less than that of a yacht.

CLEAR:

A rowboat’s cost is less than a yacht’s.

A. Revising Incomplete Comparisons Comparisons

Each of the following sentences sentences contains a comparison comparison error. error. Rewrite each sentence sentence to correct the error. 1. A typical flight attendant works harder than any worker.

than any other worker ______________________________________ ____________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 2. The work of a fashion model is probably probably more glamourous glamourous than a flight attendant. attendant.

than the w ork of a flight attendant _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 3. Howev However, er, a flight attendant has more opportunities to travel than anyone. anyone.

than anyone else else _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 4. In my opinion, opinion, serving airline passengers deserves more respect respect than any job. job.

than any other job ____________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 

B. Using Complete Comparisons Comparisons

Write a sentence sentence that includes a complete comparison comparison for each of the following pairs of terms. For example, example, a correct correct response for the first pair of terms might be The weight weight of a basketball basketball vary.. player often is less than that of a football player. player. Sentences w ill vary 1. basketball player— player—football player _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 2. pizza— pizza—chocolate _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 3. winter sports— sports—summer sports _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 4. poetry —prose _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 36




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Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers

18.7

Key Information A misplaced modifier either modifies the wrong word in a sentence or seems to modify more than one word in a sentence. By placing the modifier as close as possible to the word it modifies, you can correct this situation. Darlene saw a cat with three kittens driving her car. [MISPLACED: The participial phrase driving her car suggests car suggests the kittens or the cat is driving.] Driving her car car,, Darlene saw a cat with three kittens. [clear] 

Logically, a dangling modifier seems to modify no word in a sentence. By simply supplying a word that the dangling modifier can sensibly modify, you can correct the problem. While taking a shower, the phone rang. [DANGLING: [DANGLIN G: With no logical word for the participial phrase to modify, the sentence suggests the phone was taking a shower.] While taking a shower, I heard the phone ring. [clear]

A. Correcting Misplaced Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers

Rewrite the following sentences, sentences, correcting the misplaced or dangling modifier in each. 1. Aunt Bernice Bernice draped the lovely shawl on her shoulders that she had bought in Italy. Italy.

Aunt Ber Bernice nice draped______________________________________ on her shoulders the lovely shawl t hat she had__________________________ bou ght in Italy Italy.. _____________________________________ __________________ _______________________________________ ______ 2. I finished my breakfast as the bus arrived and brushed my teeth.

I finished my breakfast and b rushe rushedd m y teeth_______________________________________ as the bu s arrived. arrived. __________________________ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ ______ 3. While mowing mowing the grass, the thunderstorm approached. approached.

While mow ing the grass gras s, I saw saw t he thunderstorm approach. _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 4. There There’’s an article about the harmful effects of slugs on garden plants plants in today ’s newspaper. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M © t h g i r y p o C

There’ s an article in to day ’ s newspaper about_______________________________________ t he harmful effec effects ts of __________________________ slugs on garden p lants lants.. ______ __________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________ 

B. Getting the Modified Modified Facts

You are an auto insurance insurance agent. Part of your job is to review written accident accident reports. Decipher the reports below and write what you think really happened to these motorists. 1. Jayw Jaywalking, alking, I realized the the pedestrian would not get out of the way in in time.

I reali realize zedd the jaywalking jaywalking pedestrian pedes trian would. ._______________________________________ .. __________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________ __________________________ ______ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 2. Holding my foot on the brake, it went up over the curb and into the fire hydrant.

As I was holding my______________________________________ foot on the brak brakee, the car c_______________________________________ ar went up . . . __________________ _____________________________________ __________________________ ______ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______


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Capitalizatio Capita lization n of Sente Sentences nces

20.1

Key Information Capitalize the first word of a sentence. Tom ran home. He was late for dinner. Capitalize the first word of a sentence in parentheses only if the sentence stands by itself. Do not capitalize a sentence within parentheses that is part of another sentence. My dog loves water. (M ( My neighbor’ neighbor’s cat once nearly drowned in their swimming pool.)

Do not capitalize the first word of a quotation unless the entire quotation can stand as a sentence. The skier said winning the gold medal was the “thrill of all thrills.” thrills. ” Do not capitalize an indirect quotation, which is often introduced by that that and and does not repeat a person’’s exact words. person

My dog (h (his name is Bugsy) loves water.



My aunt said that the cookware party was a big success.

A. Capitalizing Sentences Sentences

Many of the following following items lack lack one capital capital letter, letter, although a few are correct. In each item with a capitalization capitalization error error,, underline the word that that should be capitalized. capitalized. If a sentence sentence is correct, corr ect, write correct correct after after it. 1. The New York Times does Times does more than report report news. it also conducts conducts fund-raising fund-raising efforts. 2. The Sunday New York Times now Times now costs more than a dollar and weighs a great deal.

correct

3. The Times Times is is called “the paper paper of reco record. rd.” (wha (whatt does that phrase phrase mean?) 4. The Times Times crosswor crossword d puzzle is famous. have you ever ever worked worked one? 5. review reviewss in the Times Times (the (the paper reviews all all areas of the arts) are often quoted. 6. Some people say that they alwa always ys read the newspaper’ newspaper ’s Sunday magazine first. correct 7. The Times Times once once printed printed an amazi amazing ng photo photo of Mou Mount nt Saint Saint Helens. Helens. (it erupt erupted ed on Mayy 18, 1980. Ma 1980.)) 8. For many years Hal Borland (he died in 1977) wrote certain Times Times editorials. editorials. correct 9. In January 1961 the Times Times reported reported that John F. F. Kenn Kennedy edy had been sworn in as president. correct 10. That day Kennedy said, “the torch has has been passed to a new generation.”  B.

Capitalizing Sentences in Quotation Marks and Parentheses

Underline any words Underline words in the following following sentences that should be capitalized. capitalized. If a sentence is correct, corr ect, write correct correct after after it. 1. “a fooli foolish sh consisten consistency cy is the hobgoblin hobgoblin of littl littlee minds,” Ralph Waldo Emerson said. 2. Emerson said, “a fooli foolish sh consiste consistency ncy is the hobgoblin hobgoblin of littl littlee minds.” 3. Emerson said that we should not assume that consistency is always always wise.

correct

4. Emerson said, “a fooli foolish sh consiste consistency ncy is the hobgoblin hobgoblin of littl littlee minds.” (he meant that people should sometimes change their minds.) 5. Emerson said that those who are foolishly consistent consistent (he was thinking particularly of peoplee afraid peopl afraid of char charges ges of hypo hypocrisy crisy)) have have “little minds.” minds.” correct 38




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Capitalization of Proper Nouns Nouns and Proper Adjectives Adjectives

20.2–3

Key Information In proper nouns consisting of several words, do not capitalize articles, coordinating conjunctions, or prepositions of fewer than five letters. Capitalize proper adjectives (adjectives formed from proper nouns). Some examples of proper adjectives are the following:  A.

Adjectives formed from names of people Adjectives formed from names of places, and names of national, ethnic, and religious groups

Capitalizing Proper Nouns and Proper Adjectives

In the following sentences underline any word that should be capitalized and any word that is capitalized but should not be. 1. At Green Green Lakes Lakes high school, students must must first pass algebra II before they can take a trigonometry class. 2. Th Thee name of cha charle rless lin lindbe dbergh rgh’’s pla plane ne was was sp spir irit it of St St.. Lou ouis is.. 3. yom kippur is a jewish Holida Holidayy that usually occurs in September. September. 4. My FatherFather-In-L In-Law aw belon belongs gs to the Fraternal Fraternal order order of Polic olicee and works for general general electri electric. c. 5. An Englishm Englishman, an, sir Isaa Isaacc Newton, Newton, inv invented ented the the Reflectin Reflectingg teles telescope cope.. 6. I think canadi canadian an baco bacon n is more popular popular in the the east than it is anyw anywhere here west west of the Mississippi river. 7. The chri christi stian an scie science nce mon monito itor r is is a newspaper with high Journalistic Journalistic standards. 8. From Montana one would would drive drive East to get to to south Dakota and mount mount Rushmor Rushmore. e.  B. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M © t h g i r y p o C

Using Capitalization

Use each of the following following words in two different sentences. sentences. First, write a sentence sentence in which which the the vary.. word remains lowercase. lowercase. Then write a sentence in which the word is capitalized. Sentences w ill vary 1. father ____________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ___________________ father’’s _________________ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 2. chemistry __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ___________________________________ ________________ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 3. southeast___________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ___________________________________ ________________ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 4. river_________________ ____________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ______________________ ___ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 5. senator _________________ ____________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ___________________ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______


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End Punctuation

21.1–3

Key Information Use a period to end a declarative sentence or a polite command.

Sit down this minute! Use a question mark after a direct question.

I do not have to work this weekend. Call me when you get home. Use an exclamation point to indicate strong feeling or a forceful command.

How long have you been waiting? Do not place a question mark after an indirect question that is part of a declarative sentence. I wondered how long Tina had been waiting

That’’s a terrific outfit! That 

A. Using End Punctuation Punctuation

Write the necess necessary ary period, period, quest question ion mark, mark, or exclama exclamation tion point point at the end of each of the following sentences. 1. Did you know that Babe Didrikson is considered considered one of the greatest woman athletes athletes? 2. As an amateur she entered 634 contests and won 632 times. 3. What an amazing record ! 4. She wondered how many medals she could win in the 1932 Olympics. 5. In both the javelin and the hurdles she broke Olympic and world records . 6. Because of a technical technical fault, she finished in second place in the high jump jump . 7. After taking up golf, she won sixteen straight tournaments tournaments. 8. Despite an operation operation for cancer in 1953, she told herself herself she would win the National National Women’’s Open. Women  B.

Writing Sentences with Correct End Punctuation

Use the following following guidelines to write sentences sentences that demonstrate correct correct use of end punctuation. Sentences w ill vary vary.. 1. Write a sentence describing how to staple sheets of paper together. together. __________________________ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 2. Write a question that asks when summer begins. _________________________________________ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 3. Write an exclamation that tells how you felt once when you were very angry. _________________ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 4. Politely tell someone to listen closely to what you have to say. ___________________ ______________________________ ___________ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____

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The Colon

21.4

Key Information Use a colon to introduce a list, especially after words such as these, the following, or as follows. I need to buy these items for my cake: sugar, milk, and butter If a list immediately follows a verb or preposition, omit the colon.

 A.

For her hike Aimee wore shorts, a T-shirt, socks, and hiking boots. Use a colon to introduce words that illustrate, explain, or restate the preceding material. A complete sentence following a colon is generally not capitalized. Jamaal could not go to the dance: he had tennis practice and then had to work.

Identifying Colon Errors

In the following sentences add colons where they are needed and circle colons that should be omitted. omitt ed. Write correct correct after after the one correct sentence. 1. My brother refuses refuses to buy buy a car car in any any of the following colors: red, red, gold, or blue. 2. That carpet needs to be replaced: it is stained in many places and worn out in the heavy traffic areas near the front front door, door, the rocking chair, chair, and in the kitchen. kitchen. 3. The percussionist plays many types of rhythm instruments, including bongos, snare drums,, and the tambourine. drums tambourine. correct 4. Her reasons for resigning resigning were as follows: she was working too many many hours, receiving too little pay, pay, and seeing little room for advancement. 5. Last winter’ winter’s rise in the cost of citrus products such as: orange juice and lemons can be attributed to one main cause a freak freak cold spell in Florida destroyed destroyed millions millions of pounds of fr frui uit. t. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M © t h g i r y p o C



B. Using Colons Correctly Correctly

Combine each each of the following following pairs of sentences with a colon. You may eliminate eliminate repeated repeated words. words. Example: Lee could read three languages. Lee could read English, Spanish, and French. Lee could read three languages: English, Spanish, and French.

1. We arrived later than expected. There was ice on the roads._________________________________

expecte expe cted: d: there _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 2. Most people think two American poets stand out among the rest in the nineteenth century.. Most people think Whitman century Whitman and Dickinson stand stand out.

nineteenth century: century: Whit man and Dickinson Dickinson _______________________________________ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ __________________________ ______ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 3. Secondary colors include the following. following. Secondary colors include green, orange, and

the following: following: gre green, en,_______________________________________ orange ora nge,, and purple purple _______________________________________ _____________________________________ ___________________ purple.__________________ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 4. I feel refreshed. I slept for nine hours hours last night.

refreshed: refres hed: I slept slept ______________________________________ __________________ _____________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ Writer ’ ’s Choice: Gra Grammar mmar Practice Practice Workbo Workbook, ok, Grade 10, 10, Unit 21

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The Semicolon

21.5

Key Information Use a semicolon to separate items in a series when the items contain commas.

coordinating conjunction when the the clauses clauses contain several commas.

The road trip will take the team to Syracuse, New York; York; Scranton, Pennsylvania; and Fort Lee, New Jersey. Use a semicolon to separate two main clauses joined without a conjunction or joined by a 

The medical student had studied many topics, including anatomy, psychology, and internal medicine; but she finally chose to work in pediatrics, her favorite field.

Using Semicolons Correctly Correctly

Insert and circle the missing semicolons in the following sentences. 1. My neighbor neighbor Ted Ted washes his his car every Saturday Saturday,; my cousin cousin Morris, every other week,; and my pal pal Bud, Bud, the laziest laziest of all, every three three months months.. 2. The new movie was directed by Francis Ford Ford Coppola, the director of Apocalypse of Apocalypse Now,; but the major film critics, upset by its unrealistic unrealistic ending, ending, gave it poor reviews. reviews. 3. Some people, for reasons reasons they feel are quite valid, valid, refuse to give money to beggars,; but other people, for reasons they feel are are also valid, valid, never fail to give. 4. For dessert we could could choose from from German chocolate chocolate cake, cake, a rich decadent delight,; a ; ’ lemon tart, made from my grandmother grandmother’s recipe, and fresh fresh strawberries, strawberries, pick picked ed just that afternoon. 5. Hector was responsible for hanging banners that announced the upcoming talent show being held to raise money for the school’ school’s activity fund,; and Maria was given the job of recruiting five five judges, all of whom had had to be faculty members. 6. From From the top of of the fire fire tower tower,, Jak Jakee could could see acres acres of trees trees,, mostl mostlyy pines, pines,; a few houses houses and and cabins, cabi ns,; the river river,,; and the county county ’s two main highways, highways, routes 62 and 75. 7. Several people in the auditorium, perhaps because they hadn hadn’’t expected the play to last so long, starte started d to yawn yawn during the the final act, act,; and one man, man, sitti sitting ng a few rows rows in front front of me, fell asleep. 8. My favorite teams are are the St. St. Louis Cardinals, Cardinals, because they play nearby nearby,,; the Bulls, because I like Chicago, Chicago,; and the Dolphins, Dolphins, because they have have the best-looking best-looking team colors. 9. A large truck, going about twenty miles per hour, hour, moved slowly slowly up the the steep grade,; and the motorists behind it, because the road curved curved so much, could not see far enough ahead to risk passing. 10. Yolan olanda, da, who plays plays the saxophon saxophone, e, is in jazz band, band,; but Theo, Theo, who plays plays the clarinet, clarinet, is in marching band.

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Commas and Coordinate C oordinate Adjectives Adjectives

21.6

Key Information Use a comma to separate coordinate adjectives that precede a noun. Coordinate adjectives modify the same noun to an equal degree. To check whether adjectives are coordinate, reverse their order or put the word and between and between them. If the sentence sounds right, then the adjectives are coordinate. The fire gave off a thick, black, foul smoke. [coordinate adjectives]  A.

Investigators found a red gas can at the scene. [noncoordinate adjectives] Some, but not all, of the adjectives in a series may be coordinate. In this case, use a comma only between the coordinate adjectives. The rescue team rode a large, fast fire engine to the fire site. [Large and fast could be reversed, but fire cannot be moved without creating confusion.]

Punctuating Coordinate Adjectives Correctly

Insert and circle the missing commas in the following sentences. 1. The movie star wore a shimmering ,sequined evening gown to the ceremony. ceremony. 2. My silly, curious golden retriever puppy likes to chase his tail. 3. Painting a long ,white picket fence on a hot day is not fun. 4. A salad that features crisp,fresh ,tasty greens adds to any meal. 5. The colorful,romantic early-morning sky lures many walkers to a beach.  B.

Using Commas and Coordinate Adjectives Correctly

Use the following guidelines to write sentences that demonstrate correct punctuation of coordinatee adjectives. Poss coordinat ossible ible a nsw ers are given. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M © t h g i r y p o C

1. Write a sentence about an aquarium that includes the words tropi tropical cal fish, nutriti nutritious, ous, beautiful bea utiful,, fish food food,, fres fresh, h, and delicate.

The beautiful, delicate tropical fish fish in an aquarium need fresh, fresh, nutritio us fish food. __________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 2. Write a sentence about the space shuttle that includes the words weight weightlessn lessness ess tests tests,, six, landin lan ding, g, top top-se -secre cret, t, smo smooth oth,, saf safe, e, and successful.

The astronau ts in th e______________________________________ space shuttl e carried out space six success successful, ful, top -sec -secret ret w eight less lessness ness tests ______ __________________ _____________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ beforee making a safe, befor safe______________________________________ , smooth landing. __________________ _____________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 3. Write a sentence about a bicycle that includes the words tenten-spee speed, d, fast, shin shinyy, and black frame.

M y fast ten-speed ten-speed bicycle has a shiny shiny,, black _______________________________________ frame. _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ __________________________ ______ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 4. Write a sentence about a dog dog that that includes the words fur, words fur, soft, bark, long, vicious-sounding, harmless, and obedient.

The vicious-s vicious-soundin oundin g______________________________________ bark came came from a harmless, harmless , obedient dog w ith__________________________ long, soft fur. fur. __________________ _____________________________________ _______________________________________ ______ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ Writer ’ ’s Choice: Gra Grammar mmar Practice Practice Workbo Workbook, ok, Grade 10, 10, Unit 21

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Commas and Compound Sentences

21.6

Key Information Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction that joins two main clauses.

The pitch was thrown and the game had begun.

I doubted my father’ father’s prediction, but it turned out to be correct.

I had dinner with David and Leslie went home. [confusing]

When a coordinating conjunction connects two very short main clauses, you may omit the comma unless it is needed to avoid confusion.

I had dinner with David, and Leslie went home. [clear]

 A.

Using Commas Correctly

Insert and circle the missing commas in the following sentences. 1. People are recycling recycling more now, but companies are still using packaging that is too wasteful. 2. Our landfills are closing every day,yet there are no easy answers to our nation’ nation’s growing trash problem. 3. There are many opinions,and solutions are being sought. 4. The issue tops the agendas of many town town council meetings and and state legislature sessions, and even Congress has begun looking into the trash disposal problem. 5. We must act soon, for the problem is now.  B.

Writing Compound Sentences with Commas

Use the following following guidelines to write sentences sentences that demonstrate correct use of commas in vary.. compound sentences. Sentences w ill vary 1. Use the coordinating conjunction but but in in a compound sentence about your favorite musician or group. _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 2. Use the coordinating conjunction and and in in a compound sentence about a recent important event in your life. Make this this a clear sentence that does not not require require a comma. _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 3. Use the coordinating conjunction yet conjunction yet in in a compound sentence about a movie you have seen. _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 4. Use the coordinating conjunction or or in in a compound sentence about two things you might do next weekend. Make this a clear sentence sentence that does not require a comma. _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 44



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Commas with Parenthetical Expressions and Conjunctive Adverbs

21.6

Key Information Use commas to set off parenthetical expressions (such as on the other hand and hand and by the way ) and conjunctive adverbs (such as thus and moreover ). ). I am sure mark will appreciate it, nevertheless.

 A.

Robyn, unfortunately, scored well below her average. I discovered, however, that I was out of stamps. I could not mail the letter until Tuesday; consequently, it arrived a day late.

Punctuating Parenthetical Expressions and Conjunctive Adverbs

Insert and circle the missing commas in the following sentences. 1. Me Meryl ryl Streep is,of cour course se,consider considered ed one of the world world’’s great actors. 2. Actually, December December usually features features a great deal of rain in this state. 3. We felt the gymnast’ gymnast’s performance,given the circumstances, was excellent. excellent. 4. The famous painting,in Kia’ Kia’s opinion,should not be sold to the corporation. 5. We didn’ didn’t think they would lose; however, that is exactly what what eventually happened. 6. That shirt ,to be honest ,is really hideous. 7. The story of Ulysses,to be sure sure, is an exciting exciting one. 8. Unfortunately, I have seen only one good movie recently.  B. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M © t h g i r y p o C

Using Commas with Parenthetical Expressions and Conjunctive Adverbs

Rewrite each of the following sentences. Insert the parenthetical parenthetical expression or conjunctive conjunctive adverb in a logical place, place, and punctuate it correctly. correctly. 1. Mitch decided to to go to the dentist for a check-up. check-up. (as a result )

A s a r es esu ltlt , M i t ch ch . . .______________________________________ . o r M itc itchh deci decided ded,, _______________________________________ as a res result, ult,.. . . . __________________ _____________________________________ __________________________ ______ 2. My plane arrived arrived two hours hours late; the airline airline lost my luggage. ( furthermore )

late; further furthermore, more, ______________________________________ __________________ _____________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 3. I enjoyed the meal and and movie on the flight very much. (on the other hand ) On the othe otherr hand, hand, I______________________________________ enjoye enj oyed. d. . . . o r I, on_______________________________________ the other other hand, hand, _____________________________________ __________________ __________________________ ______ 4. The weather weather is usually very very warm here. ( in fact ) o r In fact, w ea eather ther,, in fact, fact, is ______________________________________ fact, the weather_______________________________________ _____________________________________ __________________ __________________________ ______ 5. If you wate waterr that that plant plant too much much,, it will will die. (of co cour urse se )

much, of cours course o r ______________________________________ Of course course,, if o r w ill die, of course die, course __________________ _____________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 6. Oh, did I mention that that my sister is getting married? (by (by the way )

Oh, by the way way,, did ______________________________________ __________________ _____________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ Writer ’ ’s Choice: Gra Grammar mmar Practice Practice Workbo Workbook, ok, Grade 10, 10, Unit 21

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Commas with Direct Address and Tag Tag Questions

21.6

Key Information Use commas to set off words used in direct address. I’m not sure whether or not I can attend, attend , Jill.

Use commas to set off tag questions. A tag question suggests the answer to the statement that precedes it.

The Bears, Bears, my friend, will win the game.  A.

You rembered the tickets, tickets, didn’ didn’t you?

Punctuating Direct Address and Tag Questions Correctly

Insert and circle commas where they are needed in the following sentences. 1. Alicia,do you know whether Cheryl has to work tonight? 2. The lab reports,Ms. Jenkins,are are due tomorrow, aren aren’’t they? 3. Do you think ,Doctor,that I will need to have the operation? 4. Thanks for this excellent compact disc ,Dad. 5. It was you ,Sis,who told Dad this is the one I wanted ,wasn’ wasn’t it? 6. I would like to thank you,class,for working so productively while I was absent. 7. You are going to be able to stay for band practice today ,aren ’t you? 8. Please remember, ladies and gentlemen ,that the keynote speech is tomorrow evening.  B.

Using Direct Address and Tag Questions

Use the following guidelines to write sentences that demonstrate correct use and punctuation of direct address address and and tag questions. Sentences w ill vary vary.. 1. Write a sentence that begins with a direct direct address to one of your friends. _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 2. Write a sentence that ends with w ith the tag question haven’t you. _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 3. Write a sentence that ends with w ith the tag question weren ’ ’t they. _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 4. Write a sentence that ends with a direct address to a teacher. _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____

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Misuse Mis use of Com Commas mas

21.6

Key Information Do not use a comma before a conjunction that connects the parts of a two-part predicate.

The fire burned brilliantly brilliantly,, and warmth filled the room. [correct]

The baker mixed the dough, and then let it rise for an hour. [incorrect]

The fire burned brilliantly; warmth filled the room. [correct]

The baker mixed the dough and then let it rise for an hour. [correct]

Do not use a comma between a subject and its verb or between a verb and its complement.

Do not use a comma alone to join two main clauses that are not part of a series. Add a coordinating conjunction, or use a semicolon, to avoid a run-on sentence. The fire burned brilliantly, warmth filled the room. [incorrect] 

Walking to the store at the end of the block, excited Fred. [comma between subject and verb] The trucking firm transported, groceries, electronics, and dry goods. [comma between verb and complement]

A. Identifying Misused Misused Commas

Circle the misused misused commas commas in the following following sentences. sentences. If another form of punctuation should replace a comma, insert it in the sentence. You may also insert coordinating conjunctions conjunctions if they are needed. 1. Most Nigerians Nigerians earn their living in agriculture,;they follow their ancestors ancestors’’ traditions. 2. Most Nigerians Nigerians live live in rural areas, ;Nigeria does, however however,, have several several large cities. 3. Abuja is the capital, capital, and largest city. city. 4. Othe Otherr large cities cities include, include, Lagos Lagos,, Ibada Ibadan, n, Kan Kano, o, and Ogbomos Ogbomosho. ho. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M © t h g i r y p o C

5. Nigeria is quite famous for its its art,;for instance, instance, traditional African African sculpture was was an important influence influence on the work of Pablo Picasso. Picasso. 6. The first African writer to win the Nobel Prize for literature was named Wole Soyinka, and was Nigerian.  B.

Avoiding Comma Errors in Your Writing

Combine Comb ine each of the followin followingg pairs of sent sentences ences.. Be sure to use correct correct punctuatio punctuation. n. 1. An actor, actor, dressed as a very old man, shuffled onstage. onstage. He turned toward the audience. audience.

onstage and turned ______________________________________ _____________________________________ __________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 2. Finally Finally,, the old man began began to speak. He spoke spoke of day dayss gone by, by, mista mistakes kes made and and regretted, and lessons painfully learned.

began to spe speak ak of days gone by __________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______


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The Dash

21.7

Key Information Use dashes to indicate abrupt breaks or changes in thought within sentences. Who—of all the people in this Who— room— room —would have done such a thing?  A.

At the height of the eclipse— eclipse—wasn wasn’’t that a fantastic moment?— moment?—there was an eerie silence.

Punctuating Sentences with Dashes

Insert and circle missing dashes dashes in each of the following sentences. sentences. — — 1. That man in the corner corner
Interrupting Sentences Correctly

Rewrite each of the following sentences. sentences. Use dashes dashes to insert the parenthesized parenthesized comments comments at an appropriate place in each sentence. 1. The big concert is two weeks from Wednesday. (let me know know if you get tickets) tickets)

. . . co nc n ce r t — if you get tickets — is_______________________________________ — let me know ____________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ ________________________ ____ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 2. The leading candidate will appear in a debate this week. (and I certainly don ’ ’t see him losing now) The leading candidate — and I certainly don ’ t see him lo sing now — w i l________________________ l ap a p pe p e a r.r. . . . _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ____ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 3. The vehicle ran the red light and crashed into a truck. (the driver wasn ’ ’t paying attention) . . . l i g h t — the driver w______________________________________ asn’ t paying attention —_______________________________________ and.... _______________________________________ ____________________ ________________________ ____ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 4. The woman over there is talking very loudly. (I wonder if she knows people people are staring)

The w oman o ver there — I wo nder if she knows_______________________________________ people are staring staring — is________________________ talking very loudly. ____________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ ____ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____  C.

Writing Sentences with Dashes

Use each of the following phrases within within dashes in a sentence. sentence. Sentences w ill vary vary.. 1. (it was a stunning upset) __________________ _____________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 2. (I was amazed) ____________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________ ___________ _______________________________________ ____________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ ____ 48




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Quotation Marks

21.9

Key Information A comma or a period should always be placed inside closing quotation marks.

A semicolon or colon should always be placed outside closing quotation marks.

“She She’’ll never give us a pop quiz,” quiz, ” said my friend Stu. Stu thus was suprised the next day when Ms. Harding said, “Close your books for a little quiz on last night’ night ’s reading.” reading.”



In eighth grade we had to memorize the poem “Richard Cory” Cory”; I remember it to this day. The newspaper quoted two sources in its article “Governor to Unleash Soaring Taxes” Taxes ”: the governor’ governor’s secretary and the budget director.

A. Using Quotation Marks with Other Punctuation Punctuation

Insert and circle quotation marks where needed in the following sentences. sentences. All other sentence punctuation is correct. 1. Darlene said,“I will work only one school school night a week.” ^ ^ ” “ 2. I’ll be there at eight, said my brother, brother, which meant he probably probably would would arrive closer to ten. ^ ^ “ ” 3. For years my my mother has said, A stitch in time saves saves nine; to this day I have have no idea what ^ ^ that saying means. 4. There are are two versions of the song“ Run Run to Me: Me:” one features vocals, and the other contains contains ^ ^ only instrumentals. “ ” 5. Yes, I know that Daniela Daniela said, I will never never go out with him; however however,, I think that that she ^ ^ might.  B. . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M © t h g i r y p o C

Writing Sentences with Quotation Marks

Rewrite each of the following sentences. Change the indirect indirect quotation to a direct quotation quotation and punctuate the sentence correctly. You may need to change several words. 1. Mom told us to take take our coats with us, and so we did. M om told us, us, “ Take ______________________________________ your coats with you, ” and so we did. _____________________________________ __________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 2. Wendy said that the view is breathtaking. Wendy said, “ The view is breathtakin breathtakin g.” _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 3. Nath Nathan an reminded us that the baseball season was about to begin; we were as excited as he was. Nathan reminded us, us______________________________________ , “ The baseball season is about to begin ” ; w e were as exc excited ited as he was.______ _____________________________________ __________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ 4. Martin commented that the marching band sounded good. “ The marching b and sounds M artin commented, commented, ______________________________________ good. ” _____________________________________ __________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ _____________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ______ Writer ’ ’s Choice: Gra Grammar mmar Practice Practice Workbo Workbook, ok, Grade 10, 10, Unit 21

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Italics (Underlining)

21.10

Key Information Italicize (or underline if typing or handwriting) the titles of the following kinds of items: books

A Prayer for Owen Meany

Long poems

The Waste Land

Plays

Death of a Salesman

Films

The Karate Kid

Television series

Cheers

Titles of paintings and sculptures, long musical compositions, newspapers and magazines, ships, trains, airplanes, and spacecraft should also be italicized. Italicize words, letters, and numerals that represent themselves. I really do not know what the word galvanize means. Chyna spells her name with a y a y instead instead of an i. It’’s easy to turn 0 into 8. It



Using Italics Properly Properly

Underline Underl ine the item or items in the following sentences that should be italicized. 1. The PBS series Sesame Street Street has helped millions of children learn to read. 2. I always have have a hard time spelling Luxembourg, but I can easily find the country on a map of Eu Euro rope. pe. 3. Saint Peter’ Peter’s High School is putting on a production of My Fair Fair Lady this year. year. 4. Her phone number has five 7’ 7’s in it, and she lives lives on Mulberry Mulberry Street. 5. Business people from all over the country subscribe to the Wall Wall Street Journal, which they can have delivered delivered to their homes by the U.S. Postal Service. 6. My parents took a ride down the Mississippi River on a riverboat called The Delta Queen. 7. Mozart Mozart’’s opera The Marriage Marriage of Figar Figaro o is consider considered ed a classic. classic. 8. Art collectors have paid more than thirty million dollars for paintings such as Van Gogh’ Gogh’s Irises. 9. The Great Gatsby is one of the most frequently frequently read novels novels in American American high schools. schools. 10. How many e’ e ’s are there in committee? 11. My brother is going to renew his subscription to the Sporting News. 12. Hart Crane’ Crane’s book-length poem The Bridge uses the Brooklyn Bridge Bridge as a central symbol. 13. The word word adjectival refers to adjectives. 14. Citizen Kane Kane is considered by by some to be the best film ever made. 15. Ralph Ellison’ Ellison’s reputation as a writer rests primarily on his novel Invisible Man. 16. I have just finished Annie Dillard’ Dillard ’s An American American Childho Childhood; od; I plan to read another another of her books, perhaps Pilgrim at Tinker Tinker Creek. Creek. 17. The Thinker Thinker is a sculpture by Rodin. 18. Her name has three l’ l ’s in it; I believe the word for such such a name is mellifluous. 50




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The Apostrophe

21.11

Key Information Use an apostrophe and -s to form possessives in the following types of situations involving nouns and pronouns. Singular indefinite pronouns: someone’ pronouns: someone’ss plate

Individual ownership, two or more people: van Gogh’ Gogh s ’ and Monet s ’ paintings. ’ Use an apostrophe alone to form the possessive of plural nouns ending in -s -s..

Singular nouns, even ones that end in -s: the duchess’ duchess s ’ wedding Plural nouns that do not end in -s: the children’ children s ’ sandbox

the teams’ teams’ mascot two hours’ hours’ delay Use an apostrophe in place of letters omitted in contractions.

Compound nouns: my brother brother-in-law -in-law s ’ dog ’

I am— am—I’m

Joint ownership: Ricky and Maria’ Maria s ’ cat



they are—they they’’re

cannot— cannot —can can’’t

A. Using Apostrophes to Show Possession Possession

Insert apostrophes where they are needed in the following phrases. 1. a trips length

trip ’ s mother ’ s

2. his mothers ambitions 3. Chriss response

Chris’ s

4. many residents signatures 5. no ones fault

residents’

m en ’ s

8. the two brothers jobs

prince ’ s

Wagner ’ s

brothers’

17. several stores sales

Dodges’

someone’ s

16. one books conclusion

book ’ s

stores’

18. Tammy Johnsons contribution

9. Mr Mr.. Cars Carsons ons job Carson ’ s

Johnson ’ s

19. the girls locker room girls’

10. a womans autobiography woman ’ s 

mice ’ s

14. the Dodges new home 15. someones gloves

7. Wagners “Wedding March March”” . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M © t h g i r y p o C

12. the mices cunning 13. the princes sister

no one ’ s

6. a pair pair of mens pant pantss

everybody ’ s

11. everybodys problem

20. an umpires decision umpire ’ s

B. Using Apostrophes in Contractions Contractions

The following song titles each contain two words that should be combined and written as contractions. Write the contraction in the space provided. I ’ ve 1. “I Have Got You Under My Skin” Skin” _______________

Rain ’ s 2. “A Hard Rain Is Gonna Fall” Fall ” _______________ It ’ s 3. “For What It Is Worth” Worth” _______________ She ’ s 4. “She Is Funny That Way ” _______________ There’ s 5. “There Is a Small Hotel” Hotel” _______________


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21.12–13

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Hyphens and Abbreviations

Key Information Although hyphens are not usually used to join a prefix to a word, note the following exceptions: • to join a prefix to a proper noun or a proper adjective: pre-World adjective: pre-World War II • after the prefix re- when the resulting word looks like but is different in meaning and pronunciation from another word: re-mark the test but test but remark on the scores. • in compound adjectives that precede nouns: up-to-the-minute news

• in expressions made up of an adverb ending in -ly -ly and and an adjective: the beatifully prepared dinner. dinner. Abbreviations can save time and space. Capitalize abbreviations of proper proper nouns and titles. Clancy M. McDonald, M.D. Abbreviate names of many organizations and of states in addresses.

Hyphens are not used in the following cases: • in compound adjectives that follow nouns: The news was up to the minute. 

EPA

NATO

FDA

FL

NY

WV

Using Hyphens and Abbreviations Abbreviations

Decide where hyphens and abbreviations are needed in the following sentences and write the hyphenated word or phrase or the abbreviation in the blank. Write correct correct if if a sentence sentence is correct correct.. Dr.. S________ Dr mith_______ self-diagnosed lf-diagnosed ’ s, se 1. Doctor Smith’ Smith’s illness, illness, self diagn diagnosed osed as as influenz influenza, a, got worse. worse. ____ ________ ___

re-sort 2. I will have to resort all these these files. _____________ _______________ __ 3. The ZIP code abbreviations for Ohio and California are Ohio and California. ZIPP-c ZI -code; ode; OH; CA _______________

correct 4. The visibly dejected skater buried her head head in her hands. _____________ _______________ __ vice-consul ___ 5. The vice consul addressed the British Parliament. Parliament. ____________ _______________ A .M . 6. Hal Hal’’s sister remarried yesterday at 9:00 ante meridiem. ____________ _______________ ___

correct 7. The boxer was penalized penalized for hitting below the belt. _____________ _______________ __ pre-Depression 8. Life in pre Depression America was carefree carefree and extravagant. ___________ _______________ ____ pro-Basque ____ 9. The pro Basque supporters rallied in the streets of Madrid. ___________ _______________ 10. State of the art technology technology filled filled Steve’ Steve’s office at the Young Men’ Men’s Christian Association. State-of-the-art; YMCA _______________

thirty-yard ___ 11. The thirty yard run made the fans watching the football game cheer. cheer. ____________ _______________ 12. My seventy seventy year old aunt, aunt, who lives lives in Washi Washington ngton,, Distr District ict of Colu Columbia mbia,, still seems seems seventy-year-old; seve nty-year-old; D.C. C. young. _____________ _______________ __D.

1 lb.; lb________ .; 1g _______ 13. Us Usee 1 pound pound of butte butterr and 1 gram gram of salt. ____ ________ ___ correct 14. Mos Mostt of the novels novels of Ann Beattie Beattie are are well written. written. ____ ________ _________ _______ __ self-deprecating 15. A self deprecating person is not necessarily necessarily humble. humble. ___________ _______________ ____

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Key Grammar Practice Gr.10

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