quTaisis akaki wereTlis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi instituti
tariel futkaraZe istoriuli sacxovrisi dedaena
qarTvelebi
nawili I qristianobamdeli epoqa
2005
dialeqtebi
Akaki Tsereteli Kutaisi State University Dialectology Research Institute
AKAKİ TSERETELİ KUTAİSİ DEVLET ÜNİVERSİTESİ DİYALEKTOLOJİ BİLİMSEL ARAŞTIRMA ENSTİTÜSÜ
Tariel Putkaradze Tariel Putkaradze
Gürcüler The Georgıans
Kartveller
The Kartvels Historical Home Mother Tongue Dialects
Tarihsel Yerleşim Anadili Lehçeler
Part I Pre-Christian Period
1. Kısım Milattan Önceki Dönem
2005
2005
Kitabın birinci kısmında, Kartvellerin (Gürcülerin)* eski tarihiyle ilgili konular, dilbilimi, arkeoloji ve etnoloji alanlarındaki araştırmaların ve belgesel kaynakların karşılaştırmalı tahlilleri yapılarak Tarih öncesi Kartveli (Gürcü) kavimlerinin ve Kartvellerin tarihsel yerleşim alanları; Kartvel (Gürcü) edebi dilinin dilbilimsel temeli olarak, ortak Kartvelgil dil; Kartvellerin (Gürcülerin) ana dilinin - Kartvelgil edebi dilin ve lehçelerin ses bilgisi, yapı bilgisi ve cümle bilgisi ile sözcük hazinesi arasındaki ilişkiler; Çeşitli Gürcü bölgelerinde oturan Gürcü kavimlerin (Megrel-Lazlar, Svanlar, Meshler, Acaralılar, Kartlililer v.s) tarihi ortak edebi dilin oluşmasına, nasıl katkıda bulunduklarına dair kaynaklar; Kartvelgil halkların kendilerini kime, niçin ve hangi millete ait ettikleri konular; Gürcü ulusunu ifade eden terimlerin etimolojisi ve tarihi: Kartvel, Kolh, Mosok, İber, Virk, Gürcü, Gurgan, Abhaz, Obez, Gruzin gibi terimler; Özel Kartvelgil kabileler ve toplulukların isimleri; Bununla birlikte topluluk, kabile, etno, ulus, edebi dil, sözlü dil (yazılı olmayan dil), lehçe, resmi dil, ulusal dil, anadil, yabancı dil, lehçe gibi terimler incelenmiştir. Kartvelgil kavimlerin bir kısmının (Megrel, Svan, Lazlar, Acaralılar, Meshler v.s.) yazısı olmayan halklar oldukları ileri sürülerek, bu halklar Kartvellerin atalarının kurduğu büyük yazı kültüründen koparılmak istenmektedir. Kitabımızda bu konudaki iddialara ilişkin belgelere dayalı cevaplar bulunmaktadır. Gürcüstan’daki Kartveloloji çalışmaları, Gürcistan dışında az bilindiği için bu kitapta İngilizce ve Türkçe kısa bilgiler sunulmaktadır. *Etnonimler olan "Kartvel" ve "Gürcü" kelimeleri sinonimlerdir, bu nedenle metnin esas kısmkında "Kartvel" kelimesi kullanılmıştır. “KUTAİSİ DEVLET ÜNİVERSİTESİ ”
© T.Putkaradze ISBN-99928-79-64-X
Yayınları
wignSi ganxilulia qarTvelTa enobrivi da eTnikuri istoriis sakiTxebi, kerZod: - winareqarTveluri tomebisa da sakuTriv qarTvelebis istoriuli sacxovrisis sazRvrebi; - saerToqarTveluri ena, rogorc samwignobro qarTuli enis sabazo enobrivi struqtura; - qarTvelTa dedaenis - qarTveluri samwignobro enisa da qarTveluri kiloebis fonematur-morfologiur-sintaqsur-leqsikuri mimarTebebi; - mravalsaukunovani qarTveluri samwignobro enis qmnadobis procesSi sxvadasxva kuTxis qarTvelTa (megrel-lazTa, svanTa, mesxTa...) monawileobis amsaxveli masala; - qarTveluri mosaxleobis TviTaRqma; - qarTveli eris aRmniSvneli eTnonimebisa (qarTveli, kolxi, mosoqi, iberi, virqi, gurji, gurgani, georgian, afxazi, obezi, gruzini...) da calkeul qarTvelur tomTa/TemTa saxelwodebebis istoria-etimologiebi... saqarTvelos gareT naklebad icnoben saqarTveloSi Seqmnil qarTvelologiur kvlevebs, amitomac, qarTulis armcodneTaTvis wigns axlavs SedarebiT mokle inglisurenovani da Turqulenovani variantebi; Sesabamisad, naSromi bevr siaxles Seicavs misTvis, visac sakmarisi informaciis verflobis gamo hgonia, rom qarTvelTa nawils - megrelebs, lazebs, svanebs, mesxebs - ara aqvT istoriuli samwignobro ena.
gamomcemloba ”quTaisis saxelmwifo universiteti” © t.futkaraZe ISBN-99928-79-64-X
The present book deals with the questions of the linguisticethnic history of the Georgians (/the Kartvels), in particular: - The boundaries of the historical home of the proto-Kartvelian tribes and the Georgians proper; - The common Kartvelian language, as the basic linguistic structure of the Georgian literary language; - Phonemic, morphological, syntactic and lexical relations of the mother tongue of the Georgians – the Kartvelian literary language and the Kartvelian dialects; - The material demonstrating the participation of the Georgians of various provinces (Megrels, Laz, Svans, Meskhs, etc.) in the process of the formation of the centuries-old Kartvelian literary language; - The identity of the Georgians/Kartvels; - History and etymologies of the ethnonyms denoting the Georgian Nation (Kartvel, Colchian, Mosoch, Iberian, Virk, Gurj, Gurgan, Abkhazian, Obez, Gruzin, etc.) and individual Kartvelian tribes and communities. The Kartvelological studies written in Georgia are little known abroad; therefore, the book is accompanied by comparatively brief versions in English and Turkish, for persons not speaking Georgian. The study will hopefully help those who, due to lack of relevant information, think that the mother tongues of the Megrels, the Laz and the Svans are unwritten continua.
Press “Kutaisi State University“ © T.Putkaradze ISBN-99928-79-64-X
inglisuri Targmani - irine kucia; Turquli - abdulah zorlu (arCil zoiZe), giga qamuSaZe; pativiscemiT aRvniSnavT, agreTve, lela gaCeCilaZis, iasin msxalaZisa da roin yavreliSvilis Rvawls. naSromis gamoqveynebis procesSi Tanadgomas miwevdnen: eka dadiani, ia vaSakiZe, levan vaSakiZe, Salva kirTaZe, buba kudava, Teimuraz futkaraZe, fahredin CiloRlu, emzar WanturiZe, xaTuna javaxaZe.
1.2.
qarTvelTa aRmniSvneli Zveli da axali saxelebi.. Old and new names denoting the Georgians........................... Kartvelileri tanımlayan eski ve yeni isimler............................
1.2.1.
winareqarTvelur (iberiul-kavkasiur-winaaziur) da qarTvelur tomTa aRmniSvneli saxelebi................ The names denoting proto-Kartvelian (Iberian-CaucasianWestern Asian) and Kartvelian tribes...................................... Proto-Kartvelgil (İberylı-Kafkasyalı-Ön Asyalı) ve Kartvelgil kavimleri tanımlayan isimler.........................................
sarCevi Contents İÇİNDEKİLER
qarTuli asoniSnebis satransliteracio sqema................. transliteration diagram.................................................................................
Gürcüce, Inglizce, Almanca, Türkçe, Rusça ve Uluslararası harflar..........................................................................
23-24
winasityvaoba ….............................................................................. Preface …………………………………………............................... Önsöz ...................................................................................................
25-32 397-403 333-337
Tavi I - terminologiuri problemebi …………….............. Chapter I - Terminological problems ……........................................... I Bölüm - Terminolojik Sorunlar…………………..............................
33-200 404-447 338-370
1.1.
enisa da kilos mimarTebis sakiTxi da eri.................. The relation of language and dialect and nation...................... Dil ile Lehçe arasındaki ilişki ve ulus......................................
33-78 404-420 338-350
1.1.1.
Temi, tomi, eTnosi, eri....................................................... Community, tribe, ethnos, nation............................................. Topluluk, kabile, etno, ulus......................................................
33-41 404-408 338-341
1.1.2.
1.1.3.
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti; saxelmwifo ena, erovnuli ena, dedaena, ucxo ena.............. Literary language, unwritten language, dialect; state language, national language, mother tongue, foreign language................................................................................... Edebi dil, sözlü dil (yazısız), lehçe, resmi dil, ulusal dil, anadil, yabancı dil, lehçe.......................................................... qarTvelTa Tanamedrove enobrivi erTeulebis dajgufebis sakiTxi...................................................................... Towards the grouping of modern linguistic units of the Georgians................................................................................. Kartvellerin çağdaş dilsel birimlerinin sınıflandırılması....
42-70
408-414 342-346 71-78 415-420 346-350
1.2.2.
1.2.3.
1.3.
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba – qarTveli................. The self-designation of the Georgians – Kartveli................... Kartvelilerin kendilerine verdikleri isim - “Kartveli”.............. qarTvelebis aRmniSvnel eTnonimTa da TemonimTa lingvisturi mimarTebis amsaxveli sqema....................... The diagram of the linguistic relations of the ethnonyms and themonyms denoting the Georgians......................................... Kartvelleri tanımlayan terimlerin dilbilimsel şeması............... sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa ….......................................................... Choronyms of different languages and various historical periods...................................................................................... Çeşitli tarihi çağlar ve ülkelerin çeşitli dillerdeki adlandırılmaları........................................................................
Tavi II - qarTvelebi uZvelesi droidan qristianobamde; saerToqarTveluri enis Teoriuli modelisa da daTariRebis sakiTxebi.................................................... Chapter II - The Georgians from the ancient times to Christianity; towards the theoretical model and dating of the common Kartvelian language............................................................. II. Bölüm - Milattan Önce Kartveller; Ortak Kartvelgil dilin tarihlendirilmesi ve kuramsal modeli .............................. 2.1.
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis sakiTxi.......................................................... The original home of the Caucasian-Kartvelian ethnos.......... Kafkas-Kartvelgil etnonun anayurdu.......................................
79-185 420-443 351-368 79-159 420-439 351-363 160-181 439-443 363-366 182-185 443-446 366-368 186-200 447-450 368-370
201-322
451-486 371-389 201-259 451-464 371-379
2.1.1.
2.1.2.
bibliuri da miTologiuri TvalTaxedva …............... Biblical and mythological viewpoints................................. Kitabı Mukaddes’te ve mitolojide görüşler.........................
201-209 451-453 371-372
mecnieruli mosazrebani............................................... Scholarly views. ................................................................. Bilimsel görüşler.................................................................
210-236 453-461 372-378
2.1.2.1.
migraciis Teoria ........................................................... 210-220 The theory of migration ..................................................... 453-457 Göç kuramı.......................................................................... 372-375
2.1.2.2.
amierkavkasiaSi avtoqTonobis Teoria ...................... The theory of autochthony in Transcaucasia ...................... Transkafkasya'da yerli topluluklarla ilgili kuramlar ...........
220-225 457-457 376-376
kavkasia-winaaziaSi avtoqTonobis Teoria …........... The theory of autochthony in Caucasia – western Asia....... Kafkasya-Ön Asya'da yerli topluluklarla ilgili kuramlar....
225-236 457-461 376-378
2.1.2.3.
2.1.3.
2.2.
winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelurkavkasiuri (iberiul-kavkasiuri) enobrivi veli; winaaziur-kavkasiur monaTesave enaTa mimarTebis sqema.................................................................................... The cultural world of western Asia and the KartvelianCaucasian (Iberian-Caucasian) linguistic field; the diagram of the relation of the kindred western Asian – Caucasian languages........................................................... Ön Asya'nın kültürel dünyası ve Kartvelgil - Kafkasylı (İberyalı-Kafkasyalı) dil alanı, Ön Asyalı-Kafkasyalı akraba dillerin ilişki şeması................................................. aietidan farnavazamde: kolxuri kultura; aietis qveynis SesaZlo oficialuri enis - saerToqarTveluri enis - Teoriuli modeli da arsebobis dro..................................................................... From Aeetes to Parnavaz: the Colchian Culture; the theoretical model and time of existence of the probable official language of the country under Aeëtes - the common Kartvelian language.................................................................... Aieti'den Parnavaz'a kadar: Büyük Kolh uygarlığı; Aie-
ti'nin ülkesinin olası resmi dili olan ortak Kartvelgil dilin var olduğu dönem ve bu dilin kuramsal modeli...... ........... 2.2.1.
2.2.2.
2.2.3.
saerToqarTveluri enis Teoriuli modelis sakiTxi da misi arsebobis dro........................................... The question of the theoretical model of the common Kartvelian language and the time of its existence............... Ortak Kartvelgil dilin kurumsal modeli ve var olduğu dönem..................................................................................
465-466 380-381 264-279 466-472 381-382 280-297 472-474 383-384
384-389
2.3.1.
istoriuli realiebi .................................................... Historical realia.................................................................... Tarihsel olgular....................................................................
298-302 474-476 384-385
2.3.2.
qarTuli anbani da farnavazisdroindeli saxelmwifo enis fonematuri modelis sakiTxi................ The Georgian alphabet and the phonemic model of the state language in the period of Parnavaz
237-258
461-464 378-379
465-474
kolxuri kulturis Semqmneli eTnosis enis sakiTxi................................................................................ The language of the ethnos creating the Colchian culture.................................................................................. Kolh uygarlığını yaratan etnonun dili……..........................
259-263
qujisa da farnavazis saqarTvelo; 23 saukunis winandeli saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ena da qarTveluri dialeqtebi; qarTvelTa asomTavruli damwerloba............................................................ Georgia under Kuji and Parnavaz; the state language of Georgia and the Kartvelian dialects 23 centuries ago; the Georgian alphabet................................................................ Kuci ve Parnavaz döneminde Gürcistan, 23 yüzyıl önce Gürcistan'ın resmi dili ve Kartveli lehçeler, Gürcü alfabesi.........................................................................................
2.3.
259-297
kolxuri kulturis sazRvrebis sakiTxi arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT.......................................... The boundaries of the Colchian culture according to archeological evidence......................................................... Arkeolojik bulgulara göre Kolh uygarlığının sınırları.........
380-389
298-322 474-486
303-307 476-478
............................
Parnavaz döneminde resmi dilin sesbirimsel modeli ve gürcü alfabesi................................................. 2.3.3.
Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro.............................................................................. The problem of dating the formation of the modern Kartvelian dialects...................................................................... Çağdaş Kartvelgil lehçelerin oluşması ve tarihlendirilmesı...............................................................................
385-386 308-322
References ………….......................................................................... Seçilmiş kaynakça…………...............................................................
493-528
saZiebeli Index Dizin
…………...............................................
529-566
gaanalizebuli fuZeebi, sityvaformebi da terminebi............................................................................... ...
531-544
a.
473-486
Analyzed stems, word forms and terms ..................................... Kökler, Sözcükler, Terimler.......................................................
386-389
b. daskvnis nacvlad .......................................................................... By way of a conclusion ...................................................................... Sonuç olarak .........................................................................................
323-329 487-492 390-393
a.
naSromSi warmodgenili ZiriTadi debulebebi Main propositions of the study............................................ Kitapta yer alan genel düşünceler.......................................
323-327 487-491 390-393
b.
iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis, saerToqarTveluri enis, samwignobro qarTulisa da qarTvelTa Tanamedrove dialeqtebis mimarTebis amsaxveli sqema.......................................................................... The diagram of the relationship of the Iberian-Caucasian languages, the common Kartvelian language, literary Georgian and modern Georgian/Kartvelian dialects........... İberiya-Kafkas dillerin, ortak Kartvelgil dilin, edebi gürcü dilinin ve çağdaş gürcü lehçelerinin ilişki şeması...................................................................................
328-329 491-492
392-394
mokle Turquli varianti...................................................... Brief Turkish version.......................................................................... Kısatılmış Türkçe Metin..............................................................
331-394
mokle inglisuri varianti.................................................... Brief English version.......................................................................... Kısatılmış İnglizce Metin.............................................................
395-492
damowmebuli literatura…………........................................
g.
pirTa saxelebi da wyaroebi....................................... Personal names and sources .................................................... Ad-Soyadlar ve Tarihi Kaynaklar ........................................... ena-kiloebi, eTnonimebi/Temonimebi, adgilis saxelebi............................................................................... Languages-dialects, ethnonyms/themonyms, place names....... Dil-Lehçeler, Etnonimler, Temonimler ve Yer Adları .............
549-546
546-569
qarTvelTa sxvadasxvaenovani (qarTuli, inglisuri, rusuli, Turquli, germanuli) eTnonimebi/Temonimebi, qoronimebi, ena-kiloebi........................................................... Ethnonyms, choronyms and languages/dialects of the Georgians in various languages (Georgian, English, Russian, Turkish, German)... Kartveliler'in çeşitli dilsel ( Gürcüce, Almanca, İngilizce, Rusça, Türkçe...) etnonimleri, koronimleri ve lehçeleri................................
571-578
I danarTi I Appendix I Ek (Eleştirim yazıları) T.gvancelaZe - qarTveluri enebi Tu qarTveluri dialeqtebi? (gamoxmaureba)....................................................... T. Gvantseladze - Kartvelian languages or Kartvelian dialects ? (Response)............................................................................................. T.Gvanceladze - Kartvelgil Dilleri mi Kartvelgil Lehçeleri? (Görüş yazısı)........................................................................................
579-612
II danarTi II Appendix II Ek (Eleştirim yazıları) sqematuri rukebi Schematic Maps Haritalar ..........................
613-622
a.
xuritul-xaTur-kavkasiuri
mosaxleobis
ganf-
b.
g.
d.
e.
v.
z.
enis veli Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulebSi................... The area of diffusion of the Hurrian-Hattic-Caucasian population and the Sumerians in the 3rd millenium BC...... M. Ö. IV-III yüzıllarda Hurit, Hat ve Kafkas halkların yerleşim alanı....................................................................... kolxuri kultura da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri tomebi Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasasrulsa da Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi............................... Colchian culture and Kartvelian-Caucasian tribes at the end of the 2nd millenium BC and the beginning of the 1st millenium BC....................................................................... M. Ö. II. binyılın sonu ile I. binyılın başlarında KartvelgilKafkasyalı kavimler ve Kolh kültürü...................................
T. 615
622
wignis meore nawilis (mzaddeba gamosaqveyneblad) Sinaarsi Contents of Part Two of the Book (Forthcoming)
616
Kitabın II. Kısmı (yayıma hazırlanmaktadır) İçindekiler qristianobis epoqa Period of Christianity Milattan Sonraki Dönem
qarTveluri da sxva iberiul-kavkasiuri tomebi Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua periodSi................. The Kartvelian and other Caucasian tribes in the middle period of the 1st millenium BC............................................ M. Ö. I. binyılın ortasında Kartvelgil ve diğer IberiyalıKafkasyalı kavimler.............................................................
617
qarTveluri saxelmwifoebi welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze................................................................................ The Kartvelian states at the turn of our era.......................... M. Ö. I. binyılın son döneminde Kartvelgil Prenslikleri.....
618
saqarTvelo da misi ymadnafici (vasali) qveynebi ax.w. XI-XII saukuneebSi.................................... Georgia and her vassal countries in the 11th-12th centuries............................................................................... XI-XII yüzyıllarda Gürcistan ve Gürcistan'a tabi olan ülkeler...................................................................................
Tanamedrove saqarTvelos administraciuli ruka..................................................................................... The administrative map of modern Georgia........................ Bügünkü Gurcustan´in Bögesel haritası......................
Tavi III - qarTvelebi I-X saukuneebSi; qarTuli (zogadqarTuli, qarTveluri) samwignobro enis ganviTarebis axali etapi saeklesio mwerlobis ena Chapter III - The Georgians in the 1st – 10th centuries; a new stage of the development of the Georgian (common Georgian, Kartvelian) literary language – the language of ecclesiastical writing III. Bölüm - I-IX. yüzyıllarda Gürcüler, Gürcü (Ortak Gürcü, Kartvelgil) edebi dilinin gelişmesinde yeni aşama-dini yazı dili 3.1.
619
sruliad qarTli (saqarTvelo) I-IV saukuneebSi All Kartli (Georgia) in the 1st – 4th centuries
3.1.1.
I -IV. yüzyıllarda Bütün Kartli (Gürcistan) sruliad qarTlis danawevreba Division of Kartli
Tanamedrove qarTveluri dialeqtebis ruka... The map of modern Kartvelian dialects............................... Çağdaş Kartvelgil lehçelerinin haritası........................
620
Tanamedrove kavkasiisa da anatoliis ruka........ The map of modern Caucasia and Anatolia......................... Çağdaş Kafkasya ve Ön asya haritası........................
621
3.1.2.
Bütün Kartli'nin parçalanması qristianoba - qarTveluri kulturis axali orientiri; kabadokia da oSkis sakaTalikoso; ioane lazi da petre iberi; qristianuli literaturis warmoqmna Christianity as a new landmark of Kartvelian culture; Cappadocia and the Catholicosate of Oshki. John the Laz and Peter the Iberian; rise of
Christian literature
3.3.1.
Kartvelgil kültürün yeni simgesi Hıristiyanlık; Kapadokya ve Oşki piskoposluğu; Laz Iovane ve Petre İberi; Hıristiyan edebiyatın 3.1.3.
oluşturulması
Divided Georgia; the influx of refugees into western Georgia; the formation of the dialectal circle of the hushing sounds
saxelmwifo enis sakiTxi saqarTvelos (sruliad qarTlis) teritoriaze I-IV saukuneebSi
Gürcüstan'ın parçalanması; Batı Gürcüstan'a büyük göç; Sert ünsüzlerin kullanıldığı diyalektik alanın oluşumu
The state language on the territory of Georgia (Kartli) in the 1st-4th centuries
3.3.2.
gorgasalis epoqa - didi qarTlis nawilobrivi aRdgena; samwignobro enaSi asaxuli qarTveluri kiloebi The period of Vakhtang Gorgasali – revival of Kartli; the Kartvelian dialects reflected in the archaic literary language
Kartvelgil Mesih düşüncesinin temelleri; “Kartvellerin ve Gürcü dilinin methi” 3.3.3.
Gorgasali dönemi -Kartli'nin kalkınması; Edebi dilde Kartvelgil lehçeler 3.2.1
"Kartli-Gürcüce ayın okunulan bölgeler"- Kartlileşme/Gürcüleşme ya da Kartvellerin birleşmesinde yeni dönem
The boundaries of Kartli 3.2.2.
The language of original Kartvelian Christian literature Gürcü (Kartvelgil) Özgün Hıristiyan edebi dili 3.2.3.
qarTvelTa dialeqtebi The dialects of the Georgians Kartvelgil lehçeleri
3.3.
sruliad qarTli VII-X saukuneebSi; qarTuli mesianizmi da qarTvelTa dedaena Kartli in the 7th -10th centuries; Georgian Messianism and mother tongue of the Georgians VII-X. yüzyıllarda Bütün Kartli; Kartvelgil Mesih düşüncesinin ortaya çıkışı ve anadil
"qarTlad friadi (/mravali) queyana~ aRiracxebis..." - qarTizacia/qarTvelizacia Tu qarTvelTa morigi konsolidacia? Georgia is reckoned to consist of those numerous lands...- Kartization/ Kartvelization or a new stage of the consolidation of the Georgians
sruliad qarTlis sazRvrebi Bütün Kartli'nin sınırları qarTuli/qarTveluri originaluri qristianuli literaturis ena
qarTuli mesianizmis safuZvlebi; "qeba~ qarTvelTa da qarTvelTa enisa~" Foundations of the Georgian Messianism; “Praise and Glorification of the Georgian Language”
I –IV yy. Gürcüstan (Bütün Kartli)'da resmi dil 3.2.
dayofili saqarTvelo; didi xiznoba dasavleT saqarTveloSi; SiSina dialeqturi wris formirebis dasasruli
Tavi IV - qarTvelebi XI-XVIII saukuneebSi; samwignobro qarTulis stiluri variantebi Chapter IV - The Georgians in the 11th-18th centuries; stylistic varieties of literary Georgian IV. Bölüm - XI-XVIII. Yüzyıllarda Kartveller; Gürcü edebi dilinin üsluba ilişkin çeşitleri 4.1.
saqarTvelos oqros xana Georgia’s Golden Age
4.1.1.
Gürcistan'da ''Altın Çağ'' kulturul-istoriuli foni evraziaSi; didi saqarTvelos sazRvrebi (ymadnafici qveynebis CaTvliT) The cultural and historical background in Eurasia; the boundaries of Great Georgia (including the Trebizond Empire)
Avrasya'da kültürel durum, Büyük Gürcüstan’ın sınırları (Trabzon Krallığı ve diğer prenslikler dahil) 4.1.2.
4.3.2.
The Kartvelian cultural heritage and the state language in the Georgian principalities
qarTvelTa kulturuli kerebi Cultural centers of the Georgians
Gürcü krallıklarında ve prensliklerinde Kartvelgil kültürel miras ve resmi dil
Kartvellerin kültürel merkezleri 4.1.3.
qarTuli samwignobro enis stiluri variantebi Stylistic varieties of the Georgian literary language
4.3.3.
4.2.1.
"İberyalıların Birlik Antlaşması"
monRolobidan Temur-lengamde From the Mongol Period to Tamerlane Moğol'lardan Timur’a kadar olan dönem cotne dadianisa da giorgi brwyinvalis saxelmwifoebrivi azrovneba State mentality of Tsotne Dadiani and Giorgi the Brilliant
”iberielTa erTobis traqtati” “The Treaty on the Unity of the Iberians”
Kartvelgil yazı dilinin çeşitleri 4.2.
qarTveluri kulturuli memkvidreobisa da saxelmwifo enis sakiTxi qarTul samefo-samTavroebSi
Tavi V - qarTvelebi XIX-XX saukuneebSi; samwignobro qarTulis gavrcelebis velis SezRudva Chapter V - The Georgians in the 19th – 20th centuries; limitation of the diffusion area of literary Georgian V. Bölüm - XIX-XX yüzyıllarda Kartveller, Kartvelgil yazı dilinin yayılma alanının daralması
Tsotne Dadiani’nin ve V.Giorgi (Parlak)’ın devlete ilişkin görüşleri 4.2.2.
erTiani kulturul-saganmanaTleblo veli orad gayofil saqarTvelosa da kavkasiaSi The single cultural and educational field in Georgia divided into two and Caucasia Kafkasya’da ve ikiye bölünmüş Gürcüstan'da genel kültürel ve eğitimsel alanlar
4.2.3.
qarTveluri anbani Crdilo kavkasiaSi The Kartvelian alphabet in northern Caucasia
5.1.
Annexation and occupation of Georgia by Tsarist Russia Gürcüstan'ın Çarlık Rusya’sınca işgali ve ilhakı 5.1.1.
Gürcü Prensliklerinin durumu, Siyası eğilimleri ve gerçekler 5.1.2.
4.3.1.
XV-XVIII. yüzyıllarda Kartveller (Gürcüler) patar-patara saqarTveloebi Several small Georgian principalities Küçük Gürcü krallıkları
ruseTis imperiis Seteva qarTvelur cnobierebaze: enobrivi diversia The attack of the Empire against the Kartvelian consciousness
qarTvelebi XV-XVIII saukuneebSi The Georgians in the 15th - 18th Centuries
qarTul samTavroTa orientirebi da mkacri sinamdvile Landmarks of Georgian principalities and the reality
Kuzey Kafkasya'da kartvelgil alfabe 4.3.
saqarTvelos aneqsia da okupacia mefis ruseTis mier
Kartvelgil bilinç ile dile Rus İmparatorluğu’nun baskısı 5.1.3.
mowinave qarTuli azri ruseTis kulturuli agresiis winaaRmdeg; 1918 wlis "saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis aqti" da samwignobro qarTulisTvis saxelmwifo enis statusis aRdgena Progressive Georgian thought against Russia’s cultural aggression; the “Act of the Declaration of Independence of Georgia" in 1918 and the re-
5.2.
establishment of literary Georgian as the state language
putsch organized by the empire
Rusya'nın kültürel baskısı karşısında entelektüel gürcü düşüncesi, 1918 yılında Gürcüstan'ın bağımsızlığını ilan etmesi ve Gürcüce’nin resmi dil kimliği kazanması
1991 yılında Gürcüstan'ın bağımsızlığını ilan etmesi, Sovyet İmparatorluğunun Gürcüstan’da düzenlediği yeni darbe. 5.3.1.
saqarTvelos aneqsia bolSevikuri ruseTis mier; sabWoTa imperiis enobrivi politikis ori aspeqti
Political situation in the world; the Malta deal and the 1991 Act of Independence
Annexation of Georgia by Bolshevik Russia; two aspects of the language policy of the Soviet empire Bolşevik Rusya’nın Gürcüstan'ı ilhak etmesi, Sovyet İmparatorluğunun dil politikasının iki yönü 5.2.1.
Dünyada politik durum, Malta antlaşması ve 1991 yılında Gürcüstan'ın bağımsızlığını ilan etmesi 5.3.2.
kulturul-istoriuli foni evraziaSi; saqarTvelos okupacia da aneqsia; qveynis teritoriis morigi Semcireba The cultural and historical background in Eurasia; occupation and annexation of Georgia; further reduction of the frontiers
İmparatorluğunun Gürcü Dili’ni yok etmek için yeni teşebbüsü, Stalin'in sözde küçük ulusları ve İshak Jvania'nın gazetesi (Kadzahişi Gazeti) 5.2.3.
qarTvelTa brZola "internacionaluri" kulturuli aneqsiis winaaRmdeg (gr. robaqiZe, p. ingoroyva, k. gamsaxurdia...) The struggle of the Georgians against "international" cultural annexation (G.Robakidze, P.Ingoroqva, K.Gamsakhurdia...) Gürcüler’in kültürel işgale karşı savaşı (P. İngorokva, G. Robakidze, K. Gamsahurdia...)
5.3.
1991 – 1993 yıllarındaki yasadışı emperyal darbe, Gürcülük bilincini ve gürcü dilini parçalamak için yeni teşebbüs ; sözde üç dilli gazete “Gali”
imperiis enobrivi diversiis axali etapi; stalinis e.w. "mcire erebi" da isak Jvanias "yazaxiSi gazeTi" New attempt of the empire to undermine the Georgian language; Stalin’s so-called small nations and Isak Zhvania’s “Qadzakhishi Gazeti”
1991 wlis "saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti"; ruseTis imperiis mier organizebuli axali putCi “The Act of Restoration of Independence of Georgia” in 1991; new
1991-93 wlebis imperiul-kriminaluri putCi da qarTvelTa enobrivi da eTnikuri daSlis mcdelobis axali etapi; e.w. samenovani gazeTi “gali” The 1991-1993 putsch and a new attempt to divide the language and consciousness of the Georgians; the so-called trilingual newspaper “Gali”
Avrasya’nın kültürel ve tarihi durumu, Gürcüstan'ın ilhakı ve işgali, sınırlarının daralması 5.2.2.
politikuri situacia msoflioSi; 1991 wlis "saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti" da maltis SeTanxmeba
5.3.3.
qarTvelebi vulgaruli globalizmis winaaRmdeg; qarTvelologTa IX simpoziumis memorandumi (quTaisi, 2002 weli) The struggle of the Georgians against vulgar globalism; the memorandum of the Ninth Symposium of the Kartvelologists (2002) Kartvellerin vulgarist, küresel, kültürel işgale karşı mücadelesi, Kartvelologların IX. sempozyum bildirisi (2002) ZiriTadi daskvnebi Main conclusions Genel Sonuçlar
qarTuli asoniSnebis saerTaSoriso (laTinuri), inglisuri, germanuli, Turquli da rusuli Sesatyvisebi (satransliteracio sqema)
The international (Latin), English, German, Turkish and Russian correspondences of the Georgian letters and graphemes (transliteration diagram)
Ortak Kartvelgil yazı diline veya Gürcü lehçelerine ait kelime köklerinin analizi sırasında, Gürcüce sesleri (fonemleri) Latin alfabesine dayanarak yazabilmek için aşağıdaki şema kullanılmaktadır. Gürcüce, Inglizce, Almanca, Türkçe, Rusça ve Uluslararası harflar. qarTuli anbani mxedr. asomT. nusx. anbani anbani anbani a a a
saerTaSoriso a
inglisuri anbani
germanuli anbani
Turquli anbani
rusuli anbani
a
a
a
а
K
ā
ā
@
ä
ä
o
o saerTaSoriso
o inglisuri anbani
o germanuli anbani
o Turquli anbani
ö
ö
p
p
p
п
dz
dsj
j
ж
ö
о rusuli anbani
p
p
p
J
J
J
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
р
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
с
t
t
t
ţ
t
t
t
т
Q(Â)
u
u
u
u
u
у
u å
ž
ū
O
ū
ü
f
f
f
q
q
q
q° R
p
ü
ü
p
p
f (v)
p
k
k
q
k
ф
k° R
y
д
R° y Ï
y
e
е
S
S
S
š
sh
sch
ş
ш
C
C
C
č
ch
tsch
ç
ч
c
c
c
c
ts
c
Z
Z
Z
ĵ
dz
w
w
w
ċ
ts
W
W
W
ĉ
ch
ch
kh
ch
b
b
b
b
b
b
б
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
г
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
e
e
e
e
e
e
ē
o
qarTuli anbani mxedr. asomT. nusx. anbani anbani anbani ú
R
b
L
o
ē
v/E
v
v
v(w)
v(w)
w
v
в
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
з
T
T
T
t
t
t
t
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
и
k
k
k
ķ
k
k
k
к
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
л
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
м
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
н
~
Á
U
y
y
ğ
gh
ğ
ğ° q
q
¥
ц
x
x
x
ħ
B
Ã
O
ĥ
j
j
j
j
j
dsh
c
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
H
ŭ
х
winasityvaoba
eris werilobiT wyaroebamdeli warsuli SeuZlebelia SeviswavloT am xalxis enis istoriis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe; garda amisa, bibliidan moyolebuli dRemde, eri (eTniuri gagebiT) da ena lamis sinonimur cnebebad iTvleba; magaliTad, qarTvelur saazrovno sivrceSi, ZvelTaganve, ena, eri da saxelmwifo erTmaneTis ganmsazRvrelad miiCneva: giorgi merCule: "qarTlad (saqarTvelod) friadi (mravali) queyana~ (mxare) aRiracxebis (iTvleba), romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locva~ yoveli aResrulebis”; grigol orbeliani: "ra ena waxdes, eri daeces"; ilia WavWavaZe: "ena istoriaa erisa… pirveli niSani eris vinaobisa - enaa"; vaJa-fSavela: “eri dedaa enisa"; zviad gamsaxurdia: "…qarTulSi, iseve rogorc sxva Zvel enebSi, ena mxolod enas ki ar niSnavda, aramed xalxs, erovnebas, modgmas"… Sdr.: v.humboltis, l.vaisgerberis, g.ramiSvilisa da mraval sxvaTa mixedviT, eri ganimarteba, rogorc enobrivi erToba; Sdr., agreTve, g.ramiSvili, 2000, gv.172: "ena sxva araferia, Tu ara eris msoflxedva". erisa da enis mimarTebis sakiTxs sxva mxriTac SevxedoT: rogorc wesi, msoflioSi arsebuli enobrivi erTeulebi enad Tu kilod iwodeba ara sakuTriv lingvisturi (fonematuri, morfologiuri, sintaqsuri, leqsikuri, semantikuri) parametrebis, aramed mocemuli xalxis eTnokulturul-erovnuli TviTaRqmis mixedviT; kerZod, Tuki konkretuli sazogadoeba Tavs damoukidebel erad/naciad, an naciis Semadgenel erTeulad Tvlis, misi metyvelebac, Sesabamisad, enad an kilod ganisazRvreba; sazogadoebis TviTaRqmas (meobas, TviTobas) gansazRvravs ara mxolod genetikuri kodi, aramed codna Tavisi tradiciuli (werilobiTi Tu umwerlobo) kulturis isto-
riisa... Sesabamisad, mocemuli xalxis istoria enisa da kulturis istoriasTan SepirispirebiT unda miewodos momaval Taobas Tu ucxoels, rac sulac ar aris iolad gadasaWreli probleba. SeniSvna: Tanamedrove gamokvlevebSi erad iwodeba mocemuli saxelmwifos mTeli mosaxleoba; aseT SemTxvevaSic ki gverds ver avuvliT qveynis ZiriTadi mosaxleobisa da saxelmwifo enis istoriis urTierTmimarTebiT ganxilvas. sakuTari erisa da enis istoriis codna arsebiTia pirovnebis TviTaRqmis TvalsazrisiTac: pirovnebis erovnuli meobis (TviTobis) ganmsazRvrel faqtorTagan, rogorc wesi, ZiriTadia dedaenis codna; dedaenis flobaSi vgulisxmobT an samwignobro enis, an misi romelime kilos (mag., qarTvelis SemTxvevaSi: aWarulis, lazuris, megrulis, laSxuris, lentexuris, imerxeulis, samcxur-javaxuris, livanuris da sxv.) bazaze azrovnebasa da, sul mcire, saojaxo komunikacias. dedaenis floba TavisTavadi, imanenturi codnaa sakuTari erovnulobisa. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom individis erovnuli meobis ganmsazRvrel waxnagTa (dedaena, tradiciuli sarwmunoeba, eTnikuri fesvebis codna...) Zala erTgvarovani ar aris samSobloSi mcxovreb, samSoblos gareT mcxovreb da sakuTari miwa-wyliTurT sxva saxelmwifos iurisdiqciaSi moxvedril pirTa TviTaRqmaSi; mag., TurqeTis respublikis iurisdiqciis velSi mcxovreb SavSel Tu izmiTel qarTvelTa nawils aRara aqvs arc dedaena (daviwyebuli aqvs qarTuli samwignobro enac da mSobliuri kiloc), arc istoriuli sarwmunoeba, magram Tavs mainc TurqeTis moqalaqe qarTvelad aRiqvams Tavisi qarTuli warmomavlobis codnis gamo: dedaenis verflobis pirobebSi sakuTari eTnokulturulri fesvebis codna didwilad gansazRvravs erovnul TviTmikuTvnebas, Sesabamisad, erovnul meobas. Sdr., qarTvel muhajirTa nawili, mSobliuri miwa-wylisa da dedaenis daviwyebis pirobebSi, sxvebs emijneba Tundac mxolod Tavisi cekvis stiliT, ojaxSi SemorCenili qarTuli tradiciuli kerZebiTa Tu TviTobis ganmsazRvreli sxva niSniT maSin, roca aWaraSi (saqarTvelos amJamindel sazRvrebSi) mcxovrebi aWarelisTvis Tavisi qarTvelobis mTavari niSani dedaenis flo-
baa. yvela adamians ufleba aqvs, icodes sakuTari enobriv-eTnikuri istoria, magram sxva eTnosis saxelmwifoSi mcxovreb individs yovelTvis ara aqvs obieqturi codna sakuTari fesvebis Sesaxeb (mag., TurqeTSi mcxovreb lazebs). obieqturi swavlebis process arTulebs isic, rom yoveli eris istoriis ramdenime varianti iqmneba; kerZod, istorias qmnian JamTaaRmwerni, mocemuli qveynis saxelisuflebo struqturebis rogorc obieqturi, ise medrove mematianeni da sxvadasxva xedvis mqone istorikosebi; agreTve, Soreuli warsulic ki aRbeWdilia xalxis mexsierebaSi, vinaidan ambavTa cikli, gadadis ra Taobidan Taobaze, legendur-fragmentuli saxiT eZleva STamomavlobas... Tqmulebeb-gadmocemebidan, dokumenturi wyaroebidan Tu miwas SemorCenili arqeologiuri monacemebidan mkvlevarni aRvadgenT savaraudo warsuls, Tumca, Tavisi konkretuli erovnul-enobrivi Tu erTdargobrivi xedvis gamo, samwuxarod, mecnierTa nawilic Tavs ver aRwevs mikerZoebas (rac yovelTvis maqsimalurad unda daiZlios)... sinamdvilis kvlevas didad uSlis xels samecniero asparezis politizebac, rac, rogorc wesi, imperiuli saxelmwifoebis nebisamebr xorcieldeba. samwuxarod, bolo 80 wlis ganmavlobaSi, roca mecnieruli azri mTel msoflioSi STambeWdavad ganviTarda, qarTveli eris cxovrebis, kulturis Tu enis istoria, ZiriTadad, sabWoTa imperiis sqemiT iwereboda; mag., "ratomRac" naklebperspeqtiulad iTvleboda: qarTveluri da Zveli winaaziuri kulturebis mimarTebis hipoTeza, ivane javaxiSvilisa da arnold Ciqobavas mier naloliavebi iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis naTesaobis Teoria da sxva; samagierod, metismeti subieqturobiTa da intensivobiT Suqdeboda ruseT-saqarTvelos "megobruli" Tanacxovreba; umwerlobo enebad miCneuli qarTveluri dialeqtebis bazaze, ruseTis imperiis ideologiuri mrwamsis (dasapyrobi teritoriis mflobeli eris daSla-daqucmaceba!) Sesabamisad, kulturuli qvelmoqmedebis niRbiT, daCagrul "xalxebs" uqmnidnen "samwignobro enebs" (iwyebdnen mocemul kiloze saxarebis TargmniT); am gziT cdilobdnen qarTvelTa erTi nawilisTvis gaeucxoebinaT ara mxolod sakuTari istoriuli
mwignobroba, aramed sxva qarTvelebic: qarTveloba warmoidgineboda ramdenime damoukidebel naciad: sakuTriv qarTvelebad, xevsurebad, TuSebad, svanebad, lazebad, megrelebad, aWarlebad, mesxebad... sabWouri inercia dResac arsebobs; gareSe Zalebi dResac cdiloben saqarTveloSi enobriv umciresobad gamoacxadon da am gziT did samwignobro kulturas mowyviton: lazebi, megrelebi, svanebi (amgvari enobrivi diversia zogsac uneburad gamosdis sakmarisi samecniero informaciis verflobis gamo; ix., mag., "evropis enebis centris" grifiT 2002 wels espaneTSi gamoqveynebuli wigni "Europe of the Peoples"); maTi mizani ucvlelia: qarTvelobis jer enobrivad daSla, Semdeg eTnikurad, bolos ki - teritoriulad. mecnierebis politizebis TvalsazrisiT, saintereso msjeloba aqvs g.meliqiSvils: “qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTSegneba Zlierdeba XIX saukunis bolos; amave periodSi gamoqveynda f.homelis axali samecniero Teoria, romlis mixedviTac qarTvelobis winaprebad miiCneoda kavkasiaSi, axlo aRmosavleTsa da evropis did nawilSi ganfenili winareindoevropuli mosaxleoba - “xalxTa alarodiuli ojaxi: elamelebi, kasitebi, urartuelebi (maTi STamomavlebi arian qarTvelebi), pelazgebi, etruskebi, baskebi... f.homelis samecniero Teoriam gaaZliera qarTvelTa konsolidacia, magram am dros qarTvelobis winaaRmdeg antagonisturad ganewyvnen ruseTis imperiis mesveurni da amierkavkasiaSi arsebuli Zlieri somxuri burJuazia…” (g.meliqiSvili, narkvevebi, I, gv.329)… qarTvelTa istoriis mimarT Tvisobrivad amgvari (“gaTiSe da ibatone”) dapirispireba gagrZelda sabWoTa imperiis periodSi da sazRvargareTul garkveul wreebSi grZeldeba dResac (ix., mag., j.hiuitis, i.zeirekisa da v.foirStainis Semoqmedeba). sabWoTa imperiis daSlis Semdeg saqarTveloSic SesaZlebeli gaxda mecnieruli azris bunebrivi da Tavisufali ganviTareba; gaiolda sazRvargareTul (evropul, amerikul, aziur) centrebTan Tavisufali TanamSromloba. gansakuTrebuli
keTilganwyobiT aRsaniSnavia is, rom TurqeTisa da iranis xelisuflebam qarTvel mkvlevrebs ufleba mogvca, dagvewyo maT saxelmwifoebSi mcxovrebi qarTveluri warmoSobis mosaxleobis metyvelebis, eTnografiisa da folkloris Seswavla; amgvari kulturul-samecniero TanamSromloba gadaarCens did kulturul memkvidreobas da Cveni qveynebis keTilmezobluri urTierTobebis myari safuZvelic gaxdeba (am mimarTulebiT gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia evropuli orientaciis TurqeTi)... ukanaskneli wlebis lingvisturi, kulturologiuri, arqeologiuri, istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi, eTnografiuli da anTropologiuri gamokvlevebis SejerebiT, agreTve, zogi problemis, cnebisa Tu terminis kritikuli gaazrebiT, safuZveli momzadda, sabWouri "tradiciisgan" gansxvavebulad arapolitizebulad, mecnierul debulebebze dayrdnobiT - ganvixiloT qarTvelTa enobrivi erTeulebis istoriuli urTierTmimarTeba da qarTvelTa istoriis zogadi qarga; Sesabamisad, naSromSi "qarTvelebi" miznad davisaxeT qarTveli eris istoriis logikuri sqemis ageba (Sdr., a.toinbi: enis istoria, eris istoriis konspeqti). sagangebod aRvniSnavT, rom warmodgenili naSromis xasiaTi didwilad gansazRvra “quTaisurma saubrebma”: dialeqtologiuri xasiaTis kvlevebi warmatebuli ver iqneba istoria-eTnologiis gareSe da, piriqiT; Sesabamisad, istoriuli dialeqtologiis problemebze muSaobisas Tavidan did sirTuleebs qmnida specialur literaturaSi arsebuli terminologiuri siWrele da momijnave samecniero dargebs Soris informaciis gaucvlelobis xelovnuri, sabWouri tradicia; amitomac, Cveni iniciativiTa da reqtoratis aqtiuri xelSewyobiT 1994 wlidan quTaisis ak.wereTlis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi instituti organizebas uwevs qarTvelologTa yovelwliur saerTaSoriso (Tematur) simpoziums - “quTaisuri saubrebi”, romelzec viwvevT lingvistebs, eTnografebs, folkloristebs, istorikosebs, arqeologebs, kulturologebs, anTropologebs; ramdenime simpoziumi mieZRvna terminologiur problemebsac (simpoziumebis masalebi yovelwliuradve ibeW-
deba institutis samecniero krebulSi: “qarTveluri memkvidreoba”). am STambeWdav samecniero forumebze warmodgenili diskusiebic aisaxa winamdebare wignSi. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom, ramdenadac "qarTvelebi" moicavs momijnave samecniero dargebs, misi zogi monakveTi ufro mimoxilviTi xasiaTisaa, mag., zogad StrixebSi warmodgenili winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa istoria ufro gankuTvnilia araistorikosTaTvis, xolo saxeluri da zmnuri ZiriTadi paradigmebi - aralingvistTaTvis. wignis ZiriTad struqturul modelad Camoyalibda Semdegi bibliur-miTologiur-istoriuli qarga: Zvel mematianeTa warmodgeniT, sxva ZirZvel xalxTa msgavsad, qarTvelTa istoriac saTaves RvTaebrivi kalTidan iRebs; noe-iafet-iavan-TarSiS-Targamosis bibliuri gzis miTologiur saxesxvaobad pirobiTad SeiZleba davsaxoT zevsamdeli RvTaebis - iafetis Zis - amiran-promeTeosis - protoiberiuli (winareberZnuli) kulturis periodi; qarTvelTa winareistoriul xanad vvaraudobT kavkasiasa da wina aziis did nawilSi ganfenil mtkvar-araqsis kulturis qmnadobis periods. vaviTarebT azrs, rom kolxuri kultura Seiqmna saerToqarTveluri enis mqone xalxisgan da igi moicavda: pitiuntidan (biWvinTidan) sinopimde SavizRvispireTs, anatoliis nawilis, rion-yvirilas, Woroxis, mtkvris zemo welis (mcxeTamde) xeobebs, agreTve, cxinvalisa da yobanis regionebs; pirobiTad, am kolxur/saerToqarTvelur saxelmwifos aietis qveyanas vuwodebT. qarTveli mematianeni konkretul mefeTa aRricxvas azos, farnavazisa da qujis istoriiT iwyeben - swored am droidan berZenTaTvis kargad cnobili "oqromravali aia-kolxeTi" isev aRorZinda erTian saxelmwifod, oRond ufro mcire teritoriaze da ZiriTadi centriT - mcxeTaSi (pirobiTad - farnavazis saxelmwifo). welTaRricxvaTa mijnidan ukve iolia qarTvelTa samwignobro enisa da, zogadad, qarTvelobis istoriis konkretul monakveTebad warmodgena… uZvelesi periodidan dRemde qarTveli eris savaraudo is-
toriuli jaWvi aseT saxes miiRebs: winareqarTveluri (iberiul-kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri kulturis) epoqa - Zv.w. V-III aTaswleulebi; kolxuri (saerToqarTveluri) kulturis epoqa - Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua periodidan Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua periodamde; sruliad saqarTvelos aRorZineba azos, qujisa da farnavazis qarTlad - Zv.w. I aTaswleulis meore naxevari; gardamavali Jami - welTaRricxvaTa mijna; qristianobidan gorgasalis mkvlelobamde - ax.w. IV-V saukuneebi; arabobidan qarTul mesianizmamde - VII-IX saukuneebi; daviT aRmaSenebeli da Tamari - oqros xana; dro laSa-giorgidan giorgi brwyinvalemde; spars-Turqobis didi periodi - patar-patara saqarTveloebad daSla; rusobis periodi - mefe giorgi meTormetedan - prezident zviad gamsaxurdias mkvlelobamde. warmodgenil istoriul qargasTan mimarTebiT ganxiluli qarTvelTa enobrivi istoria, vfiqrobT, adekvaturad da argumentirebulad warmoaCens erTiani eTnokulturuli sistemisa da mravalsaukunovani samwignobro enis mqone qarTveli eris - mravalwaxnagovani eTnografiuli Taviseburebebisa da mravalferovani dialeqtebis patroni xalxis - mozaikur saxes. qarTveli eris istoria da awmyo TviTgadarCenisTvis brZolaa; rogorc wesi, momxdurni agresiis or ZiriTad formas iyeneben: xalxis fizikuri mospobisa Tu gadasaxlebis Semdeg imkvidreben cariel teritorias, an TavianTi enisa da religiis TavsmoxveviT TandaTanobiT imsgavseben adgilobriv mosaxleobas... dapyrobis orive saxe agresiuli globalizaciis gamovlinebaa. istoria adasturebs, rom xalxis fizikurgenetikuri mospoba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia: erisTvis yvelaze did safrTxes agresiis meore saxeoba - enobriv-kulturuli (cnobieri) asimilacia warmoadgens; erovnul-kulturuli Ta-
visTavadobis (erovnuli meobis, TviTobis) SenarCunebisaTvis imeddaukargavi brZolis kargi magaliTia qarTveli eris istoria, Tumca qarTvelobam Tavisi teritoriis didi nawili dakarga... kvlevis am etapze qarTvelTa qveyanaSi semitebis, xeTebis, Zveli berZnebis Tu bizantielebis, sparsebis, arabebisa da Turqebis imperiuli enobrivi politikis amsaxvel masalaze metia is dokumenturi wyaroebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi (kavkasiaSi) imperiuli ruseTis enobriv politikas asaxaven, amdenad, erT-erT TavSi samagaliTod vrclad ganvixilavT ruseTis enobriv agresias XIX-XX saukuneebis saqarTveloSi. bolos, xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom wina Taobebis mkvlevarTa (m.brose, n.mari, iv.javaxiSvili, s.janaSia, arn.Ciqobava, g.axvlediani, a.SaniZe, v.Tofuria, g.meliqiSvili, m.qaldani, g.ramiSvili, g.rogava, o.jafariZe, o.lorTqifaniZe, gr.giorgaZe, b.jorbenaZe, q.lomTaTiZe, T.gamyreliZe, T.uTurgaiZe, i.zicari, h.fenrixi...) didi pativiscemiT, magram, garkveulwilad, maTgan gansxvavebuli xedviT Seqmnili Cveni wignis pirveli gamocema miznad isaxavs diskusiis gaSlas ganxiluli problematikis irgvliv. aqve madlierebas gamovxatavT profesorebis: Teimuraz gvancelaZis, qevin TuiTis, manana sanaZis, manana tabiZis, giorgi qavTaraZisa da vaxtang jafariZis mimarT, romelTac gamoqveynebamde waikiTxes naSromi; maTi rCeviT ganivrco ramdenime sakiTxi. wignis meore gamocemisas siamovnebiT gaviTvaliswinebT axalaRmoCenil wyaroebsa da sxva specialistTa argumentirebul msjelobebs.
Tavi I terminologiuri problemebi 1.1.
enisa da kilos mimarTebis sakiTxi da eri 1.1.1. Temi, tomi, eTnosi, eri
gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, eTnikuri erTobis, eTnikuri jgufis, eTnosis, eris ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia: istoriuli dedaena (erTiani enobrivi xedva-aRqma), istoriuli kultura (tradiciuli religiur-kulturuli Rirebulebani), istoriuli mexsiereba, istoriuli fsiqikuri wyoba (tradiciul garemosTan mimarTebiT formirebuli enobriv-kulturuli mentaloba) da istoriuli teritoria/saxelmwifo (Sdr.: didi warsuli - maRali Rirsebis gancda). mecnierTa erTi nawili terminebSi: eTnosi, eTnikuri jgufi,”eTnografiuli jgufi moiazrebs rogorc ersa da toms, aseve, ama Tu im kuTxis mosaxleobasac; sanimuSod SevexebiT qarTulad Targmnil erT saxelmZRvanelos: 1991 wels gamocemuli "eTnografiis" SesavalSi vkiTxulobT: "eTnografiuli jgufis qveS igulisxmeba eTnosis garkveuli nawili, romelic gamoirCeva salaparako enis, kulturisa da yofis lokaluri specifikiT, zogjer gaaCnia TviTsaxeli da rogorRac gaorebuli TviTSegneba... qarTvelTa eTnografiuli jgufebia: qarTlelebi, kaxelebi, xevsurebi, imerlebi, gurulebi, ingiloebi, megrelebi, raWvelebi da sxva"... samecniero literaturaSi eTnografiuli jgufis paralelurad gamoiyeneba termini subeTnosic. winaswarve SevniSnavT, rom amgvari mcdari kvalifikaciebis saTave terminologiuri aRrevaa: termini "eTnografiuli jgufi" rusul samecniero literaturaSic ki "eTnikuri jgufis" parale-
lurad ixmareba; mag., l. tolstovas tajikebisa da uzbekebis gverdiT gamoyofili aqvs iseTi eTnografiuli jgufebi, rogorebic arian: Sua aziis boSebi, ironebi, qurTebi, Turqebi, yivCayebi da sxv. (msjelobisaTvis ix. m.gegeSiZe, 1971, gv.117)... eTnografiis saxelmZRvanelos Sesavlidan gamodis, rom rogorRac gaorebuli cnobiereba SeiZleba hqondes qarTlels, kaxels, megrels, aWarels, guruls, TuSs... rac TavisTavad gamoricxulia, vinaidan qarTleli, kaxeli, megreli, guruli, aWareli Tu TuSi imitomaa qarTveli, rom qarTlelia, kaxelia, megrelia, gurulia, aWarelia, TuSia! "gaorebuli cnobiereba" SeiZleba hqondes safrangeTSi axaldamkvidrebul italiels, TurqeTSi - berZens, saqarTvelos moqalaqe somexs da a.S. Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi kompaqturad mcxovrebi araqarTvelebi CaiTvlebian eTnikur Tu eTnografiul jgufad, subeTnosad Tu eTnikosad... terminologiuri TvalsazrisiT, winaaRmdegobani gvaqvs TviT arn. Ciqobavas redaqtorobiT gamoqveynebul qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis rvatomeulSic (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT calkeul lingvistur, eTnologiur Tu istoriografiul gamokvlevebze), romelic, TavisTavad, metad Zvirfas da akademiur gamocemas warmoadgens; kerZod, leqsikonSi gurulebi, imerlebi, fSavelebi, kaxelebi, megrelebi da sxva ganmartebulia, rogorc "saqarTvelos erT-erTi kuTxis mkvidrni;" xolo aWarlebi, TuSebi da svanebi - rogorc "erT-erTi qarTveli tomi"... aq, pirvel rigSi, miuRebelia aWaris, TuSeTisa da svaneTis Tanamedrove mcxovrebTa mimarT termin tomis gamoyeneba, vinaidan eTnologiur literaturaSi am cnebis qveS igulisxmeba pirvelyofili eTnikuri ujredi; aseve, gaugebaria svanis, TuSisa da aWarelis gansxvavebuli terminologiuri kvalifikacia xevsurTan, gurulTan, kaxelTan SedarebiT... samwuxarod, zog enaTmecnierul fundamentur gamokvlevaSic ki dasanani uzustobebia; mag., b.jorbenaZis mier calkeul eTnosebadaa CaTvlili: kaxeli, guruli, qarTleli da sxva; am "eTnosTa" sacxovrisebi miCneulia eTnikur kuTxeebad, xolo metyvelebebi - "eTnikur dialeqtebad" (b.jorbenaZe, 1989, gv.29, 42).
ucxour Tu zog qarTul gamocemebSic (sainterneto cnobarebSi, enciklopediebSi, saxelmZRvaneloebSi, calkeul gamokvlevebSi), araiSviaTad, saqarTvelo warmodgenilia arabunebrivad mravalenovan da mravaleTnikur qveynad; zogjer komentarebis saxiT damatebulia isic, rom saqarTveloSi sxva eTnosTa uflebebi ilaxeba; garda amisa, zogi politizebuli ucxoeli dResac aqtiurad iRvwis, qarTvelTa nawili, mag., megrel-lazebi, gamocxaddes sxva xalxad/xalxebad (naciad/naciebad) da, Sesabamisad, aris mcdeloba, megrul da lazur kiloebze Seiqmnas axali saliteraturo enebi (ix. j.hiuiti, 2004; v.foirStaini, 2003). xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom megrel-lazebs gamorCeulad aqtiuri monawileoba aqvT miRebuli saerToqarTvelur enobriv koineze dafuZnebuli mravalsaukunovani qarTuli (qarTveluri) samwignobro enis SeqmnaSi; vis sWirdeba laz-megrelTa kiloebis mixedviT, ”gaTiSe da ibatones” principiT Seqmnili saliteraturo enebi? vis aZlevs xels didi qarTveluri kulturis Tanaavtori sazogadoebebis gamocxadeba damwerlobis armqone enobriv umciresobebad? araiSviaTad, laz-megrelebi araqarTvelebadaa CaTvlili zogi evropeli mecnieris mierac. keTilsindisieri ucxoeli avtorebis mier qarTvelur sinamdvilesTan mimarTebiT daSvebuli amgvari Secdomebis saTave, zog SemTxvevaSi, laz-megrelTa istoriis arcodnaa, zogjer ki - qarTvel mecnierTa Sromebi; kerZod, rodesac adgilobrivi mecnieris gamokvlevaSi uzustodaa gamoyenebuli lingvistur-eTnologiuri terminebi da qarTvelTa calkeuli jgufebi - eTnosebad, Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva kuTxis qarTvelTa kiloebi damoukidebel umwerlobo enebadaa gamocxadebuli, saqarTvelos istoriis armcodne ucxour sazogadoebaSi bunebrivad Cndeba azri, daexmaro "daCagrul" da "CamorCenil" eTnosebs: Seuqmna maT damwerloba, saxelmwifo da a.S. magaliTad, araqarTvel mecnierTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom vinaidan svaneTis, lazeTisa da samegrelos mcxovrebTa saojaxo-saSinao metyvelebani saliteraturo qarTuli enisagan metad gansxvavebulia, vidre sxva qarTveluri dialeqtebi, svanebi, lazebi da megrelebi umwerlobo enebis mqone damoukidebeli eTnosebia, romelTac kultu-
ris asparezze "gamoyvana" sWirdebaT; Sesabamisad, cdiloben, am uZvelesi werilobiTi kulturis mqone qarTvelebs (amis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT) umwerlobo enebad "monaTluli" kiloebis mixedviT Seuqmnan anbani, samwignobro ena, uTargmnon saxareba, klasikosTa Semoqmedeba da sxv. samwuxarod, asea dResac: zogi Tanamedrove qarTveli mkvlevaric ver izRvevs Tavs uneblie Secdomebisgan; mag., k.gabunias azriTac, megrelebi, svanebi, lazebi da qarTebi calkeuli qarTveluri eTnikuri jgufebia, xolo zanuri da svanuri - umwerlobo enebi (k.gabunia, 2004, gv.172-177). pirvel rigSi, aRvniSnavT, rom qarTi xelovnurad Seqmnili terminia (ix. qvemoT), garda amisa, mocemuli sazogadoebis eTnosad Tu Temad saxeldeba gaumarTlebelia erTi romelime niSniT (genetikuri, eTnografiuli, lingvisturi Tu religiuri TaviseburebiT), ramdenadac, eTnosi da eri enobriv-kulturul-fsiqikuri istoriuli erTobaa, xolo konkretuli Temi eris, rogorc zogaderovnuli erTobis konkretuli variantia (Semadgeneli nawilia); Sesabamisad, mocemuli sazogadoebis statusze msjelobisas sakiTxs kompleqsurad unda mivudgeT; Cvens SemTxvevaSi, qarTveli eri, rogorc istoriuli superorganizmi, Camoyalibebulia ramdenime aTeuli monaTesave tomisgan; qarTveluri erovnuli meobis, qarTuli kulturis da qarTuli samwignobro enis CamoyalibebaSi Tav-Tavisi wvlili Setanili aqvs qarTvelur dialeqtebze molaparake yvela sazogadoebas - istoriuli Tu Tanamedrove saqarTvelos yvela kuTxis qarTvels, amdenad, roca vlaparakobT dRevandeli qarTveli eris eTnostruqturasa da kulturaze, TavisTavad moiazreba is zogadqarTveluri fenomeni, romelic samwignobro enisa da erTiani TviTsaxelwodebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg mainc erTian eTnosad unda ganvixiloT... qarTul sinamdvileSi eTnikur terminTa araswor gamoyenebas ramdenime naSromi mieZRvna (g.gegeSiZe, v.iToniSvili), sadac aRiniSna araqarTvel avtorTa mcdeloba, qarTveli eris Semadgenlobidan gamoacalkevon svanebi, megrelebi, gurulebi, kaxelebi da sxv... eTnologTagan ukanasknelad am problemas sayuradRebo
werili uZRvna r. TofCiSvilma (r.TofCiSvili, 1995; r.TofCiSvili, 2005); qarTveli eris istoriisa da eTnostruqturis safuZvliani analizis Semdeg is samarTlianad askvnis: "saqarTvelos sxvadasxva istoriul-eTnografiuli mxaris mosaxleobis _ aWarlebis, gurulebis, megrelebis, imerlebis, svanebis, TuSebis... moxsenieba ar SeiZleba eTnosad, eTnikur erTobad, eTnikur jgufad, xalxad, tomad, eTnografiul jgufad, subeTnosad da misT; aseTi aRreva garedanaa Tavs moxveuli. dasaxelebuli terminebi eTnologiur literaturaSi aRniSnaven ers, erovnebas, an jer erad Camouyalibebel enobriv-kulturuli TviTSegnebis mqone erTobliobas; eTnosebia: ingliselebi, germanelebi, frangebi, qarTvelebi da a.S., xolo tomi mxolod winafeodaluri gaerTianebebis aRsaniSnavad SeiZleba iyos gamoyenebuli da ara Tanamedrove mosaxleobis mimarT." warmodgenili mniSvnelobiT termin tomis gamoyeneba imitomac aris gaumarTlebeli, rom Zvel qarTul originalur Tu Targmnil ZeglebSi saSualo sparsulidan nasesxebi es sityva damoukidebel eTnoss aRniSnavda (ix., mag., "SuSanikis wameba", saxarebis Targmanebi da sxv.; terminis istoriisaTvis ix. d.meliqiSvili, 1998). termini "tomi" unda damkvidrdes, rogorc mxolod pirvelyofili sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebis - winareeTnosis - aRmniSvneli sityva. saqarTvelos istoriul-geografiuli provinciebis mosaxleTa aRsaniSnavad Tanamedrove avtorebi inerciiT mainc iyeneben arazust terminebs. magaliTad, v.iToniSvilTan dafiqsirebulia: eTnografiuli jgufi, eTnolingvisturi jgufi, eTnoteritoriuli jgufi... r.TofCiSvili gvTavazobs axal termins eTnografiul-dialeqtologiuri erTeuli; Cveni azriT, mis damkvidrebasac ramdenime garemoeba SeuSlis xels: a) mouxerxebelia samsityviani termini; b) cneba “"eTnografiul-dialeqtologiuri" mainc ver gamoricxavs eTnikurobis gagebas... aRniSnuli mniSvnelobiT iseTi erTsityviani termini unda gamoviyenoT, romelic ufro teqnikuri xasiaTisa iqneba da TavisTavSi ar moiazrebs eTnikurobas; garda amisa, vinaidan, saqarTvelos ama Tu im mxaris mosaxleoba aris qarTveli eris erTi kerZo
saxe (rogorc, magaliTad, aWaruli kilo aris qarTuli enis erTi mikrovarianti), terminma xazi unda gausvas swored am aspeqts: Tanamedrove qarTveloba ar warmoadgens megrelTa, gurulTa, svanTa, aWarelTa, imerelTa da sxvaTa meqanikur jams; mag., megreli Tu kaxeli qarTvelis kerZo gamovlinebaa; zogadad, qarTveli, rogorc eTnofsiqikur-enobrivi erTeuli, konkretulad ganxorcielebulia sxvadasxva Taobis svanad, megrelad, aWarelad, gurulad, kaxelad, TuSad, imerelad, taoelad... da, amdenad, TiToeuli es jgufi iseve miemarTeba qarTvelis cnebas, rogorc saerTo enas misi regionaluri nairsaxeobani - kiloebi... am da sxva mizezebis gamo, Cveni azriT, sxvadasxva kuTxis qarTvelebis: aWarlebis, gurulebis, svanebis, kaxelebis da a.S. aRsaniSnavad mizanSewonilia, gamoviyenoT istoriuli termini Temi. Temi berZnulidanaa Semosuli; dasavlur-qarTul dokumentebSi XIII saukunis ukanaskneli meoTxediTaa damowmebuli (T. beraZe, 1976, gv.225) ); sabasTan Temi ganmartebulia, rogorc "qveynis erTi nawili," d.CubinaSvilTan - rogorc "xalxi erTi Temisa" ("народ одной области"); CvenTvis saintereso mniSvnelobiT damowmebulia qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSic: "am TveSi guriis Temi Seiyris Tavs Cvens sofelSi" (e.ninoSvili). saqarTvelos istoriul-geografiuli provinciebis mosaxleobis aRsaniSnavad Tems iyenebs mixako wereTelic, ivane javaxiSvilic da niko berZeniSvilic... qarTulSi Tems sxva mniSvnelobebic aqvs: is, rogorc teqnikuri termini, niSnavs sazogadoebis erT socialur-ekonomikur mTlianoba; gamoyenebulia "xevis" Tu "erTi gvaris" xalxis aRsaniSnavadac da a.S. magaliTad, svaneTSi termini "Temi" gulisxmobs rogorc dasaxlebul punqts (magaliTad, lenjeris Temi, latalis Temi) aseve, mTel xeobas: Cube Tem /Cube xeE (qveda Temi /qveda xevi igulisxmeba balsqvemo svaneTi), Jibe Tem /Jibe xeE (zeda Temi /zeda xevi - igulisxmeba balszemo svaneTi)... al.WinWaraulis cnobiT, xevsureTSi gamoiyeneba Temwyali: "Cveni Temwylisa aris," e.i. Cveni xeobis, Cveni Temis kacia (Sdr.: makroTemi - kuTxis, mxaris mosaxleoba, mikroTemi - xeobis mosaxleoba).
amgvarad, eTnikuri terminebiT: "eTnosi", "eTnikuri jgufi", "subeTnosi" da misT. unda aRiniSnos damoukidebeli eTnostruqturisa da enis mqone adamianTa erTobebi; teqnikuri terminiT: Temi ki - erTi eTnosis SigniT arsebuli lokaluri jgufebi (Sdr.: eTnosi - Temi - pirovneba ise miemarTeba erTmaneTs, rogorc ena - kilo - idioleqti); mag., eTnologiuri Tu lingvisturi aspeqtiT, qarTveli eris calkeuli Temebia: aWarlebi, gurulebi, CaRmaTuSebi, wovaTuSebi, imerlebi, herebi (ingiloebi), megrelebi, lazebi, mTiulebi, imerxevelebi, maWaxlelebi, samcxelebi, SavSelebi, livanelebi, taoelebi, moxeveebi, svanebi, fereidnelebi, javaxebi, xevsurebi, qarTlelebi, fSavelebi, kaxelebi, raWvelebi, leCxumlebi... SeniSvna: warmodgenili sityvebis (eri, tomi Temi...) myar terminebad qcevas garkveulwilad xels uSlis maTi polisemanturoba...
istoriulad qarTveli eris erT-erT Temad moiazreba afxazebic, magram ruseTis imperiis zewoliT maTi erTi nawili Tavs qarTvelad aRar aRiqvams (metic, maTs gaorebul cnobierebas dResdReobiT antiqarTuli mimarTuleba aqvs; afxazTa TviTaRqmisa da erovnuli meobis gaorebis istoriisaTvis ix.: z.papaskiri, 1994; z.papaskiri, 1998; T.gvancelaZe, 2000; T.gvancelaZe, m.tabiZe, r.Serozia, r.Wanturia, 2001 da sxv.). evropul saxelmwifoebSi, eTnikuri warmomavlobis miuxedavad, sxva kontinentidan Camosulic ki, Tuki is mocemuli qveynis moqalaqe gaxdeba, saxelmwifos ZiriTadi (saxelmdebeli) eris Semadgenel nawilad iTvleba, ramdenadac is ukve flobs saxelmwifo enas da emorCileba saxelmwifo kanonebs. saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebuli eTnikuri jgufebis: osebis, TaTrebis, rusebis, somxebis (da sxv.) erTi nawili istoriis am etapze qarTveli eris nawilad ver miiCneva, vinaidan es adamianebi ver floben saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enas, ar aRiareben saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobas da saxelisuflebo struqturebTan dRemde rusuli politikis interesebis Sesabamisad urTierToben. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos Semdgomi ganviTareba swored im mimarTulebiT unda warimarTos, rom saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqes, eTnikuri warmomav-
lobis miuxedavad, hqondes patriotuli grZnoba Tavisi samSoblos - saqarTvelos - mimarT, SeeZlos Tavisufali urTierToba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo eniT da gaaCndes moTxovnileba, daemorCilos saqarTvelos konstitucias. mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi iqneba is Tavisufali sazogadoebis srulfasovani wevri saqarTveloSi... mxolod amis Semdeg SegveZleba Cven vTqvaT, rom, msgavsad frangi, germaneli, espaneli… erebisa, qarTvel nacias, ZiriTad - qarTul (qarTvelur) eTnosTan erTad qmnian sxva zemoT dasaxelebuli eTnikuri jgufebic... bevr seriozul Secdomas udebs saTaves, agreTve, termin eTnonimis araswori gamoyeneba; specialur literaturaSi "eTnonimad" CaTvlilia ara mxolod eris/naciis aRmniSvneli sityvebi (qarTveli, rusi, osi...) aramed, TemTa saxelebic; mag.: kaxeli, qarTleli, megreli, imereli da sxva (v.iarceva, l.tolstova, p.cxadaia, n.xazaraZe, T.oCiauri, b.jorbenaZe, g.Tofuria, v.iToniSvili da mravali sxva); Cven mier zemoT warmodgenili msjelobidan logikurad gamomdinareobs, rom eTnonimad CaiTvalos mxolod is istoriuli leqsika, romelic eris, eTnosis, eTnikuri jgufis, tomis aRmniSvnel sakuTar saxelad damkvidrda (samecniero literaturaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa eTnonimis sakuTar saxelad miCnevis Sesaxebac: zogi mas Tvlis onimad, zogi nomenad). Temis aRmniSvnel saxels SeiZleba vuwodoT Temonimi; igi sxva enebSic SeiZleba gamoviyenoT (temonym), an axali termini SevqmnaT inglisuri sityvidan community "Temi", "erToba", "mxaris mosaxleoba". Sdr.: qomiunonimi/komunonimi... Tuki moveridebiT axali terminis SemoRebas, aseT SemTxvevaSi, umjobesi iqneba, gamoviyenoT sintagma warmomavlobis saxeli da ara - eTnonimi; gurulis, mesxis, svanis, kaxelis, qarTlelis... mimarT eTnonimis gamoyeneba aSkarad gaumarTlebelia. amgvarad, ramdenadac qarTveli eris Temebad anu qarTveli eris Semadgenel nawilebad erTnairad ganixilebian: svanebic, megrelebic, lazebic, aWarlebic, gurulebic, kaxelebic, qarTlelebic, raWvelebic, imerlebic, fSavlebic, xevsurebic, TuSebic, ingiloebic, taoelebic, SavSelebic, imerxevelebic, fereidnele-
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
bic… maTi aRmniSvneli saxelebi erTnairad unda CavTvaloT ara "eTnonimebad", aramed warmomavlobis saxelTa gansakuTrebul jgufad - Temonimebad. zog lingvistur leqsikonSi "eTnonimebis" gverdiT ganxilulia aramxolod Temonimebi, aramed - regionebis mcxovrebTa aRmniSvneli saxelebic da lokalur jgufTa saxelwodebebic; Sdr., magaliTad: "К энтонимам близки названия жителей, образующиеся от разл. типов топонимов. Это могут быть этнохоронимы - названия от имен обширных регионов (хоронимов): "Европа - европейцы" и т. п. - или названия жителей крупных или малых поселений: "Москва - москвичи" и т.п. а также неофициальные, исторически сложившиеся прозвищные обозначения групп насселения, напр., "Казаки", "москали", "чалдоны"... (Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь, М., 1990, gv.598).
Cveni azriT, aseTi gaudiferencirebeli masala erTi terminis qveS ver gaerTiandeba; dasaxelebuli sityvebis erTi nawili warmomavlobis saxelia, xolo meore nawili (kazakebi, moskalebi) ki - Temonimebi. calke samsjeloa qarTul lingvonimTa (ena-kiloebis saxelTa), eTnonimTa, TemonimTa, qoronimTa da warmomavlobis saxelTa ucxoenovani dawerilobac; gansakuTrebuli tradiciis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi daculi unda iyos qarTulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi mimarTeba eTnonimsa (Temonimsa) da qoronims Soris; Sdr.: qarTulSic zogjer Temis/tomis saxelia amosavali kuTxisTvis (svani - svaneTi), zogjer ki - qoronimisgan iwarmoeba sazogadoebis saxeli (aWara - aWareli). garda amisa, geografiuli saxelebis ucxourad dawerilobisas daculi unda iyos qarTuli sityvis struqtura (sqema ix. gv. 567-575). SeniSvna: wignis daskvniT nawilSi warmodgenil TemonimTa, eTnonimTa, qoronimTa da lingvonimTa leqsikinSi zogjer mocemulia fuZis erTze meti varianti (mag., Бальсземойский / Верхнобальский...), rac aixsneba imiT, rom Cven miznad ar dagvisaxavs qarTveluri eTnonimebis, qoronimebis... ucxouri Sesatyvisebis sarekomendacio variantebis warmodgena: pirvelad vwerT CvenTvis misaReb variantebs. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom wignis SesavalSi mocemuli satransliteracio sqemis (gv. 23-24) laTinuri variantebi SevarCieT kompiteruli simboloebis mixedviT.
1.1.2. samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti;
saxelmwifo ena, erovnuli ena, dedaena, ucxo ena Tanamedrove saxelmZRvaneloebsa da enciklopediebSi msoflioSi arsebul enaTa raodenoba meryeobs 4000-dan 7000-mde. daaxloebiT sami aTasi enobrivi erTeulis statusi specialistebis mier sxvadasxvagvaradaa warmodgenili; Sdr., arn.Ciqobava, 1952, gv.119: "msoflioSi ori aTasze met enas iTvlian; es cifri udavod gadaWarbebulia: bevri dialeqti enadaa miCneuli, radgan bevri ena Tu dialeqti jerovnad ar aris Seswavlili”… mravali enobrivi erTeulis statusis gansazRvras dResac abrkolebs: enisa da kilos gasamijn sakvalifikacio kriteriumTa sxvadasxvaoba, msjelobisas gamoyenebuli terminebis (cnebebis) siWrele, eTnosis istoriis sxvadasxvagvari gaazreba da sxv. (sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. m.tabiZe, 2000). warmodgenil problemaze msjelobisas, Cveni azriT, terminebis mkafio ganmartebis Semdeg, arsebiTia, erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavdes problemis xedvis ori aspeqti: _ istoriulad (tradiciulad) ra principebis mixedviT moxda ukve arsebuli enobrivi erTeulebis saxeldeba enebad Tu kiloebad; _ Tanamedrove mecnierTagan ra kriteriumebia SemoTavazebuli enisa da dialeqtis gasamijnavad. aseve, sxvadasxva ganzomilebis mixedviT, gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiTaa Sesaswavli is enobriv-eTnikuri da istoriul-politikuri viTareba, sadac mZafri kamaTia lingvisturi erTeulis enad Tu dialeqtad miCnevis gamo. msoflios tradiciul enebze dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom enad kvalificireba xdeba "sistemuri igiveoba-sxvaobebis" miuxedavad, kerZod, eTnikur-politikuri niSniT enebadaa kvalificirebuli analogiuri fonematur-gramatikuli sistemis mqone erTeulebi (belorusuli da rusuli, ruminuli da moldovuri, azerbaijanuli da Turquli da sxv.) da piriqiT, fonematur-gra- 42 -
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
matikuli sistemis mixedviT sagrZnoblad gansxvavebuli buxaruli da alJiruli, prusiuli da bavariuli (da sxv.) erTi enis kiloebadaa miCneuli. rogorc wesi, monaTesave enobrivi erTeulebis erTi enis variantebad Tu sxvadasxva enebad CaTvla uSualod ukavSirdeba mocemuli sazogadoebis (sazogadoebebis) miCnevas erTi istoriuli kulturis mqone eTnosad (Tu naciad). araiSviaTad, enis statusi ganisazRvreba religiuri an politikur-saxelmwifoebrivi midgomis mixedviTac (sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. m.tabiZe, 1999; m. tabiZe, 2002; m.tabiZe, 2003); es ukanaskneli ki mWidro kavSirSia saxelmwifoTa Soris sazRvrebis problemasTan da qveynebis saSinao Tu sagareo politikur orientaciebTan; kerZod, eTnikur-politikuri konfliqtebi zogjer "enobrivi konfliqtebidan" iwyeba (p.h.nelde); Sdr., g.ramiSvili, 2000, gv.172: "gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erTa Soris konfliqtis mizezi, agreTve, lingvisturia". araiSviaTad, agresori qveynebis mesveurni TviTmiznur enobriv politikas ideologiur iaraRad iyeneben (globalizaciis enobrivi aspeqti!): dasapyrobi teritoriis mcxovrebTa erTiani erovnuli cnobierebis dasaSlelad dialeqtebs acxadeben enebad; am e.w. enebisTvis qmnian anbans, saliteraturo enas da aseTi formiT axal ”erad” Sobil xalxs ubiZgeben kulturul-saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobisaken; paralelurad, imperia am ”damoukidebel” xalxs Tavs axveves imperiul enasa da kulturas. mag., sabWoTa imperiis mSeneblobis dasawyisSive i.stalinis mier daixvewa mefis ruseTSi SemuSavebuli imperiuli koncefcia, romelic TiTqosda emyareboda enebisa da erebis Tanasworobisa da "Cagruli" "erebisadmi", "enebisadmi" daxmarebis ideas; sinamdvileSi, erTi romelime kuTxis mosaxleobis damoukidebel eTnosad, xalxad, xolo misi dialeqtis enad gamocxadebiT imperiis mesveurni miznad isaxavdnen istoriuli eris (enis) da axalwarmoqmnili "xalxis" ("enis") "gaTanasworuflebianobas", Sesabamisad, dasapyrobi qveynebis istoriuli mosaxleobis warmodgenas eTnikur-enobriv konglomer-
atad - mcire imperiebad (ruseTis politikis SedegebisaTvis afxazeTSi, CeCneT-inguSeTSi, daRestanSi... ix., T. gvancelaZe, m. tabiZe, r. Serozia, r. Wanturia, 2001). sakuTriv qarTul sinamdvileSi i.stalinma Tavisi ”enis" mqone erovnebebad gamoacxada ara mxolod megrelebi, lazebi da svanebi, aramed - aWarlebic, qobuleTlebic, ingiloebic; misi azriT, jer unda ayvavebuliyvnen am patara "daCagruli" erebis enebi, Semdeg ki yvelas gza unda daeTmo erTi msoflio enisTvis - TavisTavad cxadia, didi rusi eris enisTvis (ix. i. i.stalinis naSromebi: "marqsizmi da nacionaluri sakiTxi", "nacionaluri sakiTxi da leninizmi"; msjelobisaTvis ix., agreTve, a.nikoleiSvili, 2000, gv.34-35). i.stalinma daiwyo kidec erTa da, Sesabamisad, enaTa daaxloeba-Serwymis politikis ganxorcieleba, romelic momavalSi enaTa sruli SerwymiT unda dasrulebuliyo (T.bolqvaZe, 2003, gv.9). sastiki sabWouri ideologiuri wnexis pirobebSi saxelganTqmuli mecnierebic ki veRar bedavdnen am sakiTxebze profesionaluri azris gamoTqmasa Tu msjelobas... i.stalinis sabWoTa epoqis suliskveTebis gagrZelebasa da recidivs warmoadgens j.hiuitis, v.foirStainis da sxvaTa msjeloba (j. hiuiti, 2004; v. foirStaini; 2000; kaCkari, 2003…) lazuri da megruli saliteraturo enebis Seqmnis aucileblobis Sesaxeb; nebsiT Tu uneblieT, es ucxoelebi megrelebsa da lazebs arTmeven sakuTar udides werilobiT kulturas - qarTvelur mwignobrobas, romelsac, ax.w. V saukunis moRvawe ioane laziT dawyebuli dRemde, sxva qarTvelebTan erTad qmnian Woroxisa da rionenguris auzebSi mosaxle laz-megrelebic. monaTesave enobriv erTeulTa SefardebiTi gansazRvra-kvalifikacia, rogorc wesi, iolad xerxdeba erTi istoriuli naciis/erovnebis farglebSi (sabWoTa periodSi xelovnurad garTulda qarTveluri enobrivi erTeulebis kvalifikaciis sakiTxi); metic, adrec da Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSic, xangrZlivi Tanacxovrebis Sedegad gaCenili msgavsebebis gamo, aramonaTesave lingvisturi erTeulic ki mocemuli enis dialeqtad kvalificirdeba; kerZod, samecniero literaturaSi aramonaTesave
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samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
enobrivi erTeulis dialeqtad qcevis gansasazRvravad SemuSavebulia e.w. gadafarvis kriteriumi (ix. i.gosensi, 1977); sanimuSod ganvixilavT prusiuli metyvelebis istorias: 1230-1284 wlebSi germanelebma daipyres litvuri modgmis tomebi – prusielebi; droTa ganmavlobaSi prusiis mosaxleoba gagermanelda (g.tivaZe, 1970, gv.101-102); me-17 saukunemde arsebuli Zveli prusiuli enis - litvuris monaTesave baltikuri enis "memkvidre" axali prusiuli metyveleba dRes ukve ramdenime germanul (brandenburgul) dialeqtad ganixileba; Sdr., aseve, v. Jirmunskis pozicia slavTa teritoriaze - saqsoniis miwaze Camoyalibebuli aRmosavlur Suagermanuli dialeqtebis Sesaxeb (v.Jirmunski, 1956, gv.24); Sdr., a.onianis Sefaseba: germanuli enisa da dialeqtebis specialistebi zemogermanul da qvemogermanul enebs, erovnul-politikuri interesebidan gamomdinare, dialeqtebs uwodeben (ix. a.oniani, 2003, gv.139-140). mecnierTa mier enisa da dialeqtis problemis araarsebiTad CaTvla an politikis interesebis sferod miCneva kacobriobisaTvis zianis momtani SeiZleba gaxdes. garkveviT unda iTqvas, rom enisa da dialeqtis mimarTebis TiTqosda uwyinar lingvistur problemasTan dakavSirebulia ara mxolod erTi konkretuli qveynisa da eris bedi, aramed sxvadasxva erTa mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebis perspeqtivac. Cveni azriT, enisa da dialeqtis mimarTebis problema sinqronuladaa gansaxilveli sazogadoebriv-istoriuli, eTnikur-kulturuli, religiuri da sakuTriv lingvisturi aspeqtebiT; aseve, saWiroa mecnierTa kvlevis Sedegebis gasazogadoebrioba, vinaidan, aseT SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebeli gaxdeba mocemuli sazogadoebis mowyveta Tavis kulturul warsulTan: xalxs eqneba gacnobierebuli arCevani TviTidentifikaciisaTvis da, rac mTavaria, daculi iqneba adamianis Tu eTnosis ufleba, icodes Tavisi warsuli; samagaliTod moviyvanT TurqeTSi mcxovrebi lazi gogonas werils, romelic daibeWda Jurnal mJoraSi (Sdr.: laz. mJora/bJora, megr. bJa, svan. miJ da samwign. qarT. mze) da 2002 wlis oq-
tomberSi internetiTac gamoqveynda (Lazebura.com); werilis saTauria: "erTi qalaqeli gogonas ”egoisturi" siyvaruli"; moviyvanT werilis ZiriTad fragmentebs:
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"wlebis manZilze megona, rom me musikis armqone kulturis Svili viyavi, radganac, lazur garemocvas mowyvetili, erTi Soreuli qalaqis kulturis pirobebSi gavizarde... rizes findiklis raionis sofeli pizxala Cemi sofelia. me pizxalas xeobis Svili var. dedaCemic imave raionis sofel derbentidanaa. ese igi, me orive mxridan lazi var. magram 1972 wels izmiTis goljuqis raionSi davbadebulvar. Tvramet wlamde iqve, Semdeg ki, universitetis wlebis gamoklebiT, sul stambolSi vcxovrobdi da vcxovrob. vxedav, rom lazebi, rogorc eTnikuri koleqtivi, viSlebiT da sadacaa im wertilze mivalT, roca aRar viarsebebT. Cemi mSoblebi sakmaod axalgazrdul asakSi, rogorc yvela, realur sinamdviles gamoeqcnen da movidnen ucxo qalaqSi... deda - saswavleblad, mama ki - samuSaod. yovel zafxuls davdiodiT sofelSi. Cemi mSoblebis iq yofna da gaCaRebuli keria axlac maxsovs. yvavilian da msxlis xeebian baRs, viwro arxiT orad gayofil ezosa da ded-mamisagan uCumrad gasaxmobad gafenili Txilis moparvas roca vigoneb, Tvalebi cremlebiT mevseba xolme... 1992 wlis 10 ivliss ded-mama davkarge. ori wlis Semdeg ki 90 wlis da CemTvis ”mosiarule biblioTekad” miCneuli babuac mivabareT miwas... maT didi monatrebiT vixseneb... maTTan gamomSvidobebis Semdeg arc sofeli SemrCa da aRarc saxli. qalaqma ufleba ar momca, maT davpatronebodi. ukve aRarc moxucebi myavs, aRarc yanebi da baRebi maqvs da arc sofelSi wasvlis SesaZlebloba. 1997 wlis oqtombris TveSi, roca bolos Cavedi sofelSi, saxlis Weridan cis kamara moCanda ukve. arada, sityva mqonda micemuli, rom roca gavizrdebodi, aRvadgendi. diax, gavizarde, magram me saxli aRar dameloda. Cavikece Sua oTaxSi da vitire Cveni daqcevis gamo. yvela es Cemi ubedoba da naRveli cota xniT daviviwyoT da imas mogiTxrobT, Tu dRevandel Segnebamde rogor mivedi. 1994 wels Jurnal OGNI-s saSualebiT Sevityve zugaSi berepes musikaluri moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. xazis radioTi lazuri programebisa da zogierTi gadacemis, aseve birol TofaloRlus "HEYAMO"-s wyalobiT Segnebam imisa, rom me lazi var, mTlianad momicva. gudastviris sulSi Camwvdomi xma, lazur enaze siamovnebiT mosmenili nawarmoebebi, maTSi gamoTqmuli arsi da Sinaarsi me TiTqmis Tavs ma-
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
kargvinebs... mixaria, rom Cvenc gvqonia desTanebi da Setirebebi, musikaluri kultura; bolo or weliwadSi lazurs kargad daveufle. nawarmoebebis sityvebis gagebac daviwye da ukve lazurad SemiZlia laparaki.
laSqari osmaleTis dasaxmareblad, magram lazTa razmebi Turquli jarisagan yovelTvis gancalkevebiT idgnen da masTan arasodes hqondaT urTierToba" (АКТЫ КАК, t. 3 gv.53)...
axla lazuri Jurnali MJORA-c gvaqvs. me mjera, rom, misi wyalobiT, erTmaneTis Sesaxeb ufro meti informacia gveqneba, erTmaneTs ufro gavuwvdenT daxmarebis xels. uwinares yovlisa, mimaCnia, rom, iseve rogorc yvela xalxma, lazebmac TavianTi warsulisa da warmomavlobis Zieba unda daiwyon. amisaTvis Tanadgoma da mxardaWera aucilebelia, radganac Tanadgomis gareSe darCenili koleqtivi TandaTan mcirdeba, degradirdeba da evropis qveynebis universitetebSi "mkvdar enaTa kaTedrebze" mxolod sakvlevad iyeneben. Cvenc aseve SeiZleba dagvemarTos, magram, sabednierod, varsebobT da nabij-nabij win mimavali kultura varT. me, siyvaruliTa da pativiscemiT, rwmeniTa da enTuziazmiT savse erTi lazi gogona, uaxloes momavalSi Sexvedris da azrTa gaziarebis surviliT yvelas gesalmebiT". pativiscemiT: refika yadioRlu (Turqulidan Targmna giga qamuSaZem).
miuxedavad didi survilisa, rom waSalon yvelaferi, rac miuTiTebs lazebis (qarTvelebis) araTurqul warmoSobaze, TurqeTis mmarTveli wreebi iZulebulni arian aRiaron, rom lazebi miekuTvnebian kavkasiuri jgufis xalxebs da warmoadgenen erT-erT qarTvel toms. amasTan, cdiloben, es problema moaqcion wminda lingvistur CarCoebSi. yvela Turquli leqsikoni erTxmad amtkicebs, rom "lazebi arian lazurad molaparake, patara kavkasiuri tomis warmomadgenlebi, xolo stambolSi miRebuli azri, aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis yvela mcxovrebs ewodos lazi, mcdaria" (Turquli enis didi leqsikoni, stamboli, 1977, gv.786; axali Turquli leqsikoni, stamboli, 1980, gv.649; Turqul enaze). oficialur Turqul istoriografiaSi lazi moRvawis lazad xseneba miRebuli ar aris da Turqi erisaTvis mavned aris miCneuli. rogorc i.da-
"sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom sulTnis "qveSevrdomni" Tavis Tavs mkveTrad ganasxvavebdnen eTnikuri gagebiT. bunebrivia, rom qarTvelebi (lazebi), albanelebi, arabebi da sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi arasodes uwodebdnen Tavs Turqebs. amasTan erTad, lazeTis mTavrebi, ramdenadac es SesaZlo iyo, inarCunebdnen erTgvar damoukideblobas. amas isini axerxebdnen XIX saukunis Sua wlebamde, Tumca evalebodaT, omis SemTxvevaSi gamoeyvanaT
niSmendi wers, "saxelwodeba "laz"-s akuTvnebdnen trapizonelebs. iqauri mosaxleoba amayad iCemebda lazobas. am cudi Cvevis bevri magaliTi gvaqvs" (i.daniSmendi, osmaleTis istoriis ganmartebiTi qronologia, IV tomi, 1955, gv.492; Turqul enaze). magram imave istorikoss ratomRac aviwydeba imis Tqma, Tu ratom iCemebdnen ase amayad lazebi lazobas da ara albanelobas, arabobas da a.S.; meore mxriv, islamis enciklopediaSi garkveviT weria, rom "lazebi" arian samxreT kavkasiuri (qarTuli) tomis warmomadgenlebi da istoriulad ukaviaT Savi zRvis sanapiros samxreT-aRmosavleTi" (islamis enciklopedia, VII tomi, stamboli, 1955, gv.25; Turqul enaze). doRan avjioRlu Tavis "Turqul istoriaSi" pirdapir uTiTebs, rom "XI saukunis dasawyisSi Turqmenebis (seljukebis - w.b.) mosvlamde, Crdilo-aRmosavleT TurqeTSi Warbobdnen qarTvelebi da lazebi, maT enaze laparakobda mosaxleobis umravlesoba" (d.avjioRlu, Turqebis istoria, wigni I, stamboli, 1979, gv.44, 144; Turqul enaze). fars TuRlajis enciklopediur leqsikonSi vkiTxulobT: "lazuri ena axloa qarTulTan da warmoadgens megruli enis kilos" (f. TuRlaji, enciklopediuri leqsikoni "okeane", IV tomi, me-2 gamocema, gamomcemloba "jemnieTi", 1978, maisi, gv.1776; Turqul enaze). "ena, romelzec laparakoben lazebi, miekuTvneba kavkasiuri enebis samxreTul jgufs da Zalian axloa qarTulTan" (i.a.govse, axali leqsikoni da enciklopedia ilustraciebiT, gv.1954; Turqul enaze). qemal qaradenizli Tavis "trapizonis istoriaSi" ambobs: "trapizonis, giresunis, rizes, Torulis da sxva adgilebis mosaxleoba Sedgeba lazebisagan, romlebic cxovroben qarTuli wes-CveulebebiT da aqvT saerTo warmoSoba, rjuli da adaTi" (q.qaradenizli, trapizonis istoria, stambo-
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aSkaraa, rom TurqeTSi mcxovreb lazTa udidesi nawilisaTvis jerjerobiT miuwvdomelia ara mxolod TavianTi istoriuli warsulis, samwignobro enis Tu mSobliuri literaturis, aramed sakuTriv lazuri folkloris arsebobis codnac. mag., refika qadioRlum ar icis, rom ioane lazi, stefane sananoisZe, iovane minCxi, iovane petriwi, giorgi Wyondideli, iovane maruSisZe da mravali sxva lazi Tu megreli didi qarTveluri werilobiTi kulturisa da saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis burjni arian; aseve, mas ara aqvs informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor xdeboda lazTa dagegmili asimilacia: ra gulmodginebiT cdilobda qemalisturi TurqeTi lazTaTvis sakuTari warsulis daviwyebas - lazTa gaTurqebas. am sakiTxs mravali naSromi mieZRvna, mag., davimowmebT waTe bawaSis mimoxilvis vrcel fragments (w.bawaSi, 1988, gv.13-15):
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti... li, 1877, gv, 68; Turqul enaze). avtori iZulebulia aRiaros: "es qveyana dasaxlebuli iyo WanebiT, lazebiT da qarTvelebiT, romlebic, marTalia, sulTnis qveSevrdomebad iTvlebodnen, magram ar cnobdnen centralur xelisuflebas da eqvemdebarebodnen mxolod Tavis begebsa da aRebs"... Turquli istoriografia ver axerxebs, uaryos lazebisa da qarTvelebis naTesaoba da eTnikuri erToba, magram mainc cdilobs, "mecnierulad" daamtkicos laz-WanTa Turquli warmoSoba. am sakiTxs garkveul adgils uTmoben saxelmZRvaneloebsa da popularul gamocemebSi. ewevian imis propagandas, TiTqos laz-Wanebi ganekuTvnebian alTauri warmomavlobis Turqul eTnikur jgufs".
lazTa sakiTxi ufro da ufro rTuldeba: sakuTari erovnuli istoriis arcodnis gamo, qarTvelobas Tavisi nebiT emijneba TurqeTSi mcxovreb lazTa erTi nawili; maT ar ician, rom qarTuli (qarTveluri) samwignobro enis, kulturisa da saxelmwifoebriobis SeqmnaSi arsebiTi wvlili swored laz-megrelebisaa; rom, gansxvavebiT germanuli, italiuri, espanuri da sxva enebisgan, qarTvelTa samwignobro ena saerToqarTveluri enis bazaze Seiqmna (da ara romelime kilos mixedviT); rom maTi winaprebi saukuneebis manZilze sxva qarTvelebTan erTad saerTo enaze qmnidnen samwignobro kulturas... saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi da ganaTlebuli lazebisTvis cnobilia es istoriuli simarTle; Sdr.: ucxoeTSi myof zog lazs es sinamdvile e.w. qarTuli imperiuli azrovnebis gamovlineba hgonia. araiSviaTad, lazTa amgvari ganwyoba marTulia romelime imperiis mesveurTa mierac. qarTvelur kulturasTan lazTa TviTgaigivebas, TviTidentifikacias arTulebs saerTo qarTveluri enis divergenciis is mcdari qronologiebic, romlebic aqamde iyo damkvidrebuli; sanimuSod moviyvanT germaniaSi moRvawe lazi gubaz Cibarisis msjelobis fragments werilidan: "megrel-lazebi da saqarTvelo" (statia Turqulad gamoqveynda Lazebura.com-is gverdebze 2003 wlis martSi): "megreli (? - t.f.) arqeologi da istorikosi lorTqifaniZe aRniSnavs, rom iberiuli kultura da kolxuri kultura erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli materialuri kulturis mflobelebi arian. aseTi
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samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti... viTareba gviCvenebs, rom am periodSi megrel-lazebsa da iberielebs (qarTvelebs) Soris kavSiri an ar arsebobda, anda iseT doneze iyo, rom erTmaneTze gavlenas ver axdendnen. kolxuri kultura, megrel-lazTa gaqristianebis periodamde, ese igi, Cv. w. aR-is me-4, me-5 saukuneebamde grZeldeba (afaqiZe). elinuri da romauli kolonizacia da am kulturebis gavlenaze damokidebuli megrel-lazebi gaqristianebis Semdeg saberZneTis marTlmadideblur eklesiaze iyvnen damokidebulni da eklesiis ena berZnuli iyo. qarTvelebisa da megrel-lazebis SesaZlo pirveli seriozuli kulturuli Sexeba megrel-lazTa adreul saukuneebSi qarTul orTodoqsul eklesiasTan dakavSirebiT daiwyo... qarTvelebi da megrel-lazebi daaxloebiT 3000 weli erTmaneTisagan sruliad damoukideblad viTardebodnen. kolxuri kultura iberiuli (qarTuli) kulturidan daaxloebiT 700 wliT gvian iwyeba. gnebavT enobrivi, gnebavT istoriuli ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, naTlad Cans, rom megrel-lazebi qarTvelebisagan (qorTuebisgan) gansxvavebuli eTnikuri jgufia. am ori xalxis fizionomiuri saxeebic ki Tavisuflad SeiZleba ganvasxvavoT. mokled rom vTqvaT, megrel-lazTa da qarTvelebs Soris yvelaze axlo kavSirebi mxolod am ori enis erTi da imave enaTa ojaxis wevrobaa... megrel-lazTa, qarTvelTa da svanTa erT xalxad gamocxadeba da "qarTvelianebad" saxeldeba istoriulad da lingvisturad alogikuria. Tuki yvelani qarTvelebi varT, ese igi, erTi xalxi varT, maSin mecnierebisa da literaturis enad qarTulis gamoyeneba faruli asimilaciis tolfasia. aq arsebuli alogikuroba qarTulis Cv. w. aRricxvamde 40005000 wlebSi daSlis Sedegad warmoqmnili enis verdanaxva, anda, danaxvis usurvelobaa. lazebi ukve Tavisi nebiT, qarTvelebisa da Turqebis survilebs ar TanaugrZnoben; maTi asimilaciis msurvelTa umarTebuloba cxadia" (Turqulidan Targmna giga qamuSaZem).
gubaz Cibarisis msjeloba efuZneba qarTvelur dialeqtTa daSlis im mcdar qronologias, romelic pirvelad warmoadgina g.klimovma. aq mokled vityviT (vrclad ix. qvemoT): dRes bunebaSi ar arsebobs Tvisobrivad ucvleli arc erTi ena, romelic arsebobda 5000 wlis win; raRa svanuri, qarTuli Tu lazur-megruli SemorCa dedamiwas? bevri wyaro da logikuri argumenti arsebobs saimisod, rom vTqvaT: saerTo qarTveluri enis kiloebad divergenciis ufro logikuri da realobasTan axlo myofi Tari- 50 -
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
Ria welTaRricxvaTa mijna (t.futkaraZe, 2000, gv.98-100); garda amisa, am dros saerToqarTveluridan iRebs saTaves samwignobro qarTulic (Sdr., arn.Ciqobava, 1966, gv.92), megrulWanuric, qarTlur-kaxuric da sxva qarTveluri kiloebic. Sesabamisad, qarTuli samwignobro kultura isevea lazebis kuTvnileba, rogorc - aWarlebis, qarTlelebis, raWvelebis, svanebis, kaxelebisa Tu mesxebisa. kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT: eTnikur-erovnuli TviTaRqmis TvalsazrisiT, arsebiTia codna sakuTari fesvebisa; Sdr.: saqarTvelos amJamindel sazRvrebSi mcxovrebi Tanamedrove megrellazebis mier kargadaa gacnobierebuli, rom maTi winaprebis Rvawlis Sedegicaa qarTuli/qarTveluri samwignobro kultura; TurqeTSi/ruseTSi mcxovrebTaTvis ki ukve gaucxoebulia ioane lazis, Wyondidlebis, bagrationebis da sxva moRvaweTa mier naloliavebi samwignobro enac da kulturuli tradiciac (vinaidan maTi ganaTlebis ena Turqulia/rusulia); Tumca, gubaz Cibariss kargad rom Seeswavla Tundac TurqeTis moqalaqe lazTa folkori, is iolad aRmoaCenda, rom lazebisTvis sayvareli winaparia Tamar mefe (ix., magaliTad, i.yifSiZe, 1917): XII saukunis erTiani saqarTvelos didi mefe Tamari lazuri xalxuri Tqmulebebis gamorCeuli gmiria, msgavsad svanuri, megruli, heruli, taouri, aWaruli, fSav-xevsuruli, qarTl-kaxuri Tu imerxeuli gadmocemebisa; garda amisa, saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeTa msgavsad, lazeTSic Tamaris saxels ukavSirdeba mravalsaukunovani xidebis, cixesimagreebis, taZrebis mSenebloba da a.S. aqve sainteresoa imis aRniSvnac, rom sofel makrialis (amJamindeli xofis raionis sofeli qemalfaSa) mkvidri memd-ali veziroRli-anCabaZis cnobiT, lazebi Tamar mefes lazad Tvlian; metic, makrialelTa (qemalfaSelTa) rwmeniT, Tamar mefis saflavi makrialis taZarSia (bagrationTa lazur warmomavlobas qarTuli saistorio wyaroebic amowmebs; memdali veziroRli-anCabaZis Canawerebi daibeWdeba "qarTveluri me-
mkvidreobis" IX tomSi; teqstebs da gamokvlevas gamosaqveyneblad amzadebs mixeil labaZe). saukuneebis manZilze romeli xalxi inaxavs "sxvaTa" mefis saxels aseTi didi siyvaruliT? dampyrobel-asimilatorTa mefis xotba-dideba imperiis dacemasTan erTad kvdeba... aSkaraa, rom Tamaris saxe erT-erTi arsebiTi maxasiaTebelia qarTvelTa saerTo istoriuli mexsierebisa, Sesabamisad, qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTaRqmisa. megrul-lazur enobriv velSi samwignobro enis saxis Sesaxeb uTuod sayuradReboa prokopi kesarielis msjeloba quTaisis saxelis Sesaxeb; kerZod, is wers: lazebma berZnuli ena ar ician, amitom amaxinjeben da kotiaions quTaTiss/qoTaiss eZaxian (georgika, 1965, gv.195). cnobilia, rom megrul-Wanurad quTaiss quTeSi hqvia; gamomdinare aqedan, prokopis dros an lazuri (megrullazuri) metyveleba CvenTvis cnobili saxiT jer Camoyalibebuli ar aris, an lazTa ZiriTadi saurTierTo-saxelmwifo ena iyo samwignobro qarTuli; Sdr., bagrati, giorgi I Tu saqarTvelos gamaerTianebeli da qarTuli mwignobrobis amRorZinebeli sxva mefeebi, aseve, Wyondidlebi da mravali sxva moRvawe lazeT-klarjeT-egrisidan iyvnen (dawvrilebiT ix. qvemoT). tradiciulad, erTi eris Svilebs erTi ena aqvT, swored amitomaa, rom, mag., Zveli mematianeni da Cveni didi moRvaweni (grigol xanZTeli, leonti mroveli, vaxuSti, sulxan-saba, ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, iakob gogebaSvili, konstantine gamsaxurdia...) arasodes saubroben qarTvelTa ramdenime enis arsebobaze; metic, Cveni mwignobari winaprebi xazgasmiT weren, rom qarTvelTa istoriuli kulturis tradiciuli enaa - dedaenaa - samwignobro qarTuli, xolo odiSuri (megruli), mesxuri, kaxuri, svanuri da qarTvelTa sxva metyvelebani kuTxur-sofluri kiloebia (sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix. arn.Ciqobava, 1948; b.jorbenaZe, 1989, gv.22-23; a.jafariZe, 1996, gv.58-63, 114-118; ix., agreTve, t.futkaraZe, 2000; t.futkaraZe, n.nakani, 2001; T.gvancelaZe, 2003).
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samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
adreul saukuneebSi enis statusis gansazRvrisa da qarTvelTa erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa "iverielTa erTobis traqtati", romelsac 1790 wels xeli moaweres qarTl-kaxeTis, samegrelos, imereTisa da guriis mefe-mTavrebma; traqtatSi mkafiodaa naTqvami: "vinaidan yovelTave iverielTa, msaxlobelTa samefosa Sina qarTlisa, kaxeTisa, imerTa, odiSisa da guriisaTa aqvsT erT morwmuneoba, arian Svilni erTisa kaTolike eklesiisagan Sobilni da erTisa enisa mqonebelni, aqvsT mavasxelobiTica ( - urTierTvaldebulebiTi - t.f.) siyvaruli viTarca sisxliT naTesavTa da moyvarobiT SekrulTa urTierTTa Soris. amisaTvis Cven zemoxsenebulad qveyanaTa iveriisa da mefeni da mTavarni damamtkicebelni saukunosa amis pirobisa saxeliT yovlad Zlierisa RvTisaTa aRvsTqvamT mtkicesa amas erTobasa, romelica TviTeulad SemdgomTa Sina hazrTa cxad iqmnebis..." sayuradReboa istorikosTa da eTnografTa daskvnac: “daqucmacebul saqarTveloSi “marto sakuTriv qarTli ar aris saqarTvelo, sxva samefo-samTavroebic Tavs saqarTveloebad warmoadgenen. aseTi mravlobiTi Segnebidan ibadeba uCveulo forma “saqarTveloni anu saqarTveloebi; aseTi saqarTveloebia: mesxeTi, kaxeT-hereTi, qarTli, imereTi, guria, odiS-afxazeTi (msjelobisa da literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. a.jafariZe, 1996; r.TofCiSvili, 2002); yvela am mcire samefoSi samefo kancelariis ena qarTuli, xolo kultura - zogadqarTuli iyo. naTelia: tradiciulad, qarTvelebi vTvlidiT, rom mxolod erTi enis mqoneni varT. ra safuZvlis, kriteriumis Tu mecnieruli argumentis mixedviT gaCnda mosazrebebi, rom gvaqvs ori Tu sami samwignobro ena (Zveli, axali, saSuali), sami Tu oTxi qarTveluri ena: qarTuli, zanuri (megruli, Wanuri) da svanuri da... ramdenad Seesabameba realur viTarebas amgvari kvalifikaciebi? qarTvelTa sami sxvadasxva samwignobro enis - Zveli literaturuli enis, saSualo saukuneebis literaturis enisa da axali
qarTuli enis - Sesaxeb msjeloba pirvelad warmodgenilia n.maris naSromSi (n.mari, 1922, gv.5); ak. SaniZem da mecnierTa didma jgufma ukritikod miiRo amgvari Sefaseba. arn. Ciqobavam aCvena, rom saSuali qarTuli aris "Zveli" da "axali" normebis Sereva, Sesabamisad, man ganaviTara mosazreba, rom sinamdvileSi arsebobs mxolod Zveli da axali qarTuli ena. b.jorbenaZis azriT, qarTuli samwignobro enis ganviTarebaSi SeiZleba gamoiyos xuTi an eqvsi etapi (sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix., t.futkaraZe, 1993). Cveni azriT, gaumarTlebelia samwignobro qarTulis warmodgena e. w. Zvel, saSual da axal qarTul enebad (an Zvel da axal enebad) berZnulisa da sxva enaTa msgavsad (Zveli qarTuli enisa da axali qarTuli enis arsebobis dausabuTeblobis Sesaxeb ix.: r.TvaraZe, 1985, gv.19; z.gamsaxurdia, 1991, gv.534; t. futkaraZe, 1993; t.futkaraZe, 1998; c.bendeliani, 2003...). Zveli da axali berZnuli marTlac sxvadasxva struqturis enebia da maT Soris gagebinebac SeuZlebelia; Sdr., qarTvelur sinamdvileSi Zveli da axali qarTuli enobrivi qvesistemebi erTmaneTisagan Tvisobrivad ar gansxvavdeba: "gansxvavebul droTa Wrilebsa da horizontalur ganStoebebSi qarTuli ena struqturul saxes arsebiTad yvela doneze inarCunebs" (T.uTurgaiZe, 2002, gv.19; Sdr., T.uTurgaiZe, 1966, gv.12); garda amisa, saukuneebis manZilze leqsikuri fondis gasaocari simyaris gamo, arc gagebineba gamxdara problema. samwignobro qarTulis amgvari stabiluroba gansazRvra unikalurma situaciam: igi TiTqmis oci saukunis manZilze erTdroulad aris saxelmwifo enac, saeklesio enac da samwerlobo enac; amdenad, ufro logikuria, vilaparakoT qarTuli samwignobro enis stilur variantebze; kerZod, saukuneebis manZilze gverdigverd funqcionirebda da dResac arsebobs erTi samwignobro enis saeklesio, saliteraturo, sakancelario, samecniero stilebi da xalxuri metyvelebis nairsaxeobani. ukanasknelad am Temas Seexo g.gogolaSvili (2004, gv.32-37; TandarTuli SeniSvniT, naSromis saboloo varianti Seqmnilia 2000 wels), romelic Seecada daesabuTebina, rom arsebobs sami saerTo-saxalxo qarTuli ena (Zveli, saSuali da axali) da ori qar-
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samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
Tuli saliteraturo ena (Zveli da axali). g.gogolaSvilis msjeloba aseTia: "Zveli qarTuli ena da axali qarTuli ena Cvens warmodgenaSi sxvadasxva donis enobrivi erTeulebia" (gv.35); "ar arsebobs erTiani saSuali qarTuli saliteraturo ena, magram arsebobs saSuali qarTuli ena, rogorc enobrivi realoba Tavisi mravalgvari nairsaxeobiT" (gv.37). vfiqrobT, qarTuli samwignobro enis stiluri variantebi ar warmoadgenen "klasikuri gagebiT or saliteraturo enas" (Sdr., g.gogolaSvili, 2004, gv.35); isini erTmaneTs arc droSi enacvlebian: XI saukuneSi ar wydeba "e.w. Zveli qarTuli"; amave stiliT iwereba saeklesio xasiaTis Sromebi XII-XVIII saukuneebSic da XIX s. pirvel naxevarSic ki; garda amisa, qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis RvTismsaxureba amJamadac am eniT mimdinareobs; e.i. qarTuli samwignobro enis saeklesio da saero-samecniero stilebi dResac Tanaarseboben saeklesio da saero velebis mixedviT; es stiluri variantebi ar arian sxvadasxva drois enobrivi doneebi. garda amisa, Tavisi funqcionirebis yvela periodSi qarTuli saerTo-erovnuli ena warmodgenilia Tavisi "mravalgvari nairsaxeobiT". Sesabamisad, Cven SeiZleba vilaparakoT qarTuli saerTo-saxalxo erovnuli enis stiluri variantebis funqcionirebis periodebze (da ara ramdenime qarTuli samwignobro enis arsebobaze), mag.: damwerlobamdeli periodi: funqcionirebs zogadqarTuli enobrivi koine, misi oficialuri (saxelmwifo), sakulto saxesxvaobebi da qarTveluri kiloebi; V-X saukuneebi: funqcionirebs saeklesio ena da qarTvelTa zepiri metyvelebis oficialuri da xalxuri nairsaxeobebi; IX-XX saukuneebi: gverdigverd arsebobs samwerlobo enis normirebuli saeklesio, saliteraturo (saero-sakancelario), samecniero stilebi, teritoriuli da socialuri dialeqtebi, Jargonebi da a.S. saerToqarTvelurisgan momdinare erTiani qarTveluri erovnuli samwignobro enis uwyvetad arsebobis pirobebSi, vfiqrobT, naklebargumentirebulia msjeloba sami Tu oTxi qar-
Tveluri enis (qarTulis, zanuris, svanuris) Sesaxebac. dRes amgvar daskvnebs akeTeben isini, vinc Tvlis, rom ena-kilos sakvalifikaciod sakmarisia gagebineba, rogorc lingvisturi kriteriumi (bolo amgvari msjelobis Sesaxeb, ix. T.gamyreliZe, z.kiknaZe… 2003, gv.615). Tavidanve aRvniSnavT, rom gagebineba ar aris lingvisturi kriteriumi (vrclad ix.: t.futkaraZe; 2002, T.gvancelaZe, 2003). garda amisa, sayovelTaodaa cnobili (ix., mag., h.paulis, h.hirtis, v.Jirmunskis, g.t.Sarbatovis, n.v.iuSmanovis, v.a.Jukovskis da sxvaTa gamokvlevebi), rom gagebinebis ararsebobis Tu sakuTriv lingvistur maxasiaTeblebSi didi gansxvavebis miuxedavad, arabTa, germanelTa, sparselTa, CinelTa, espanelTa, italielTa, frangTa, iaponelTa da mraval sxva xalxTa "saSinao metyvelebani" saerToerovnuli samwignobro enis dialeqtebad iTvleba; metic, araiSviaTad, adamianebi ver floben samwignobro enas, magram maT dedaenad mainc zogaderovnuli ena miiCneva. sanimuSod moviyvanT n.i.konradis daskvnas: "iaponiasa da CineTSi ara mxolod sofelSi, aramed qalaqSic mosaxleobis nawili saerTod ver flobs saerTo saliteraturo enas da zepiri urTierTobebis dros iyenebs Tavis dialeqts" (n.i.konradi, 1960); es sulac ar niSnavs, rom iaponels, romelic ver flobs samwignobro enas da mxolod dialeqtze metyvelebs, dedaena ara aqvs, an misi dedaena misive dialeqtia: saerTo-samwignobro enis armcodne iaponelisTvisac dedaenaa saliteraturo iaponuri. swored msgavsi faqtebis aralogikuri gansjis gamo zogs gauCnda azri, rom SeiZleba arsebobdes ori dedaena (ix., mag., a.oniani, 2003, gv.143); iqve, erTmaneTSia aRreuli dedaenisa da samwignobro enis cnebebi. dedamiwaze arsebuli enobrivi erTeulebi, rogorc wesi, enebad da dialeqtebad kvalificirebuli ar aris gagebinebis kriteriumis mixedviT; Tumca am faqtors arsebiTi mniSvneloba SeiZleba mieniWos werilobiTi tradiciis armqone enobrivi erTeulebis statusis gansazRvrisas: Tu monaTesave sazogadoebebs ar gaaCniaT winaprebisgan Seqmnili saerTo mwignobroba, aseT SemTxvevaSi, ar arsebobs erovnuli meobis CamomZerwavi, gama-
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samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
erTianebeli kulturul-enobrivi sistema; Sesabamisad, saerTo eTnokulturuli erTobis codnis ararsebobisa da metyvelebis gagebinebis dabali xarisxis pirobebSi, umwerlobo monaTesave kontinuumebi am sazogadoebebis mier enebad SeiZleba iqnen miCneulni. werilobiTi tradiciis mqone sazogadoebis zepiri (xalxuri) metyvelebis statusis gansazRvrisas gagebinebis kriteriums ver daveyrdnobiT, vinaidan, logikaSi gagebineba metad pirobiTi
neTi, kaxeTi da TuSeTi…): bunebrivi barierebi xels uSlis intensiur komunikacias; Sdr., TiTqmis yvela enaSi mkveTrad gansxvavebulia aramomijnave kiloebic.
enisa da kilos gammijnavi kriteriumebis Sesaxeb msjelobis gagrZelebamde, ganvmartavT samecniero literaturaSi gamoyenebul terminebs - ena, dedaena: ena. ena aris garkveuli semantikis mqone bgeriT niSanTa - enobriv niSanTa - istoriulad Camoyalibebuli sistema, romelic warmoadgens samyaros xedva-aRqmis, azrovnebis, codnis Senaxvis da komunikaciis saSualebas; Sdr.: calke aRebuli dialeqtic (rogorc mocemuli enis qvesistema/mikrosistema) bgeriT niSanTa bunebrivad mowesrigebuli sistemaa; dialeqtic warmoadgens samyaros xedva-aRqmis, azrovnebis, komunikaciis saSualebas; Sesabamisad, enis am logikuri definiciis mixedviT ver gavmijnavT enasa da kilos. enis ganmartebis sxva variantebic ar iZleva saSualebas, gavmijnoT ena da kilo; Sdr., mag: "ena aris urTierTgagebinebis saSualebaTa sistema: sistema pirobiTi bgeriTi niSnebisa, romelic azris gamoxatvisa da urTierTgagebinebisaTvis gamoiyeneba" (a.oniani, 2003, gv.142-143). bevri qveynis (iaponiis, CineTis, espaneTis, saqarTvelos, arabeTis...) zog raionSi ZiriTadad dialeqtiT xdeba komunikacia; aseve, urTierTgagebinebis saSualebaTa sistema SeiZleba iyos morzes anbani, cxovelis bgeriTi ena, raime pirobiTi bgeriTi niSnebi da sxv. a.onianis ganmartebaSi sakamaToa bgeriTi niSnebis pirobiTobis sakiTxic; saxeldebis motivaciisa da enobrivi niSnis nebismierobis - am uZvelesi problematikis - Sesaxeb vrclad sxvagan vmsjelobT; aq ki sakiTxs mokled SevexebiT (ix., agreTve, t.futkaraZe, 1996): enobrivi niSnis arsze mecnieruli msjeloba saTaves iRebs C.persisa da f.sosiuris naSromebidan; mag., f.sosiuri, gulisxmobs ra aRmniSvnelisa da aRsaniSnis mimarTebis pirobiTobas, wers: "aRmniSvneli motivirebuli ar aris; e.i. pirobiTia aRsaniSnis mimarT" (f.sosiuri, 2002, gv.76). ramdenad zustia amgvari midgoma maSin, roca Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi enobrivi niSnis cneba moiazrebs: morfemas, damxmare sityvas, damoukidebel sityvas, Sesityvebas, winadadebas; esenia pirobiTi bgeriTi niSne-
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cnebaa da, rac mTavaria, amgvari e.w. araprofesionalur-xalxuri midgomiT, iZulebulni gavxdebiT, werilobiTi tradiciis mqone TiTqmis yvela ena ramdenime enad davSaloT: msoflioSi arsebul TiTqmis yvela enas moepoveba iseTi dialeqti, romlis gageba gauWirdeba sxva dialeqtis mflobels; araTu kiloebs Soris, aramed kilokavebs Sorisac ki xSirad ara gvaqvs gagebineba. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom msoflios sxva enebisa da maTi kiloebis msgavsad, momijnave qarTvelur kiloebs Soris gagebinebis problema naklebadaa; mag., qvemoimerulsa da megruls Soris abaSis raionSi arsebuli gardamavali zonis metyveleba SemaerTebel xids warmoadgens megrulsa da imeruls Soris (Sdr., v.boederi, 2003 da k.gabunia, 2004, gv.171). saqarTveloSi sustadaa Seswavlili gardamavali sametyvelo zonebi; samwignobro enis normebis dawoliT amJamad gardamavali zonis metyveleba ufro da ufro nivelirdeba, Tumca, qsu dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis TanamSromlebis mier mainc moxerxda gardamavali metyvelebis saintereso nimuSebis Cawera; ix., agreTve, "qarTul dialeqtologiaSi" gamoqveynebuli teqstebi (1961, gv.479-480). momijnave monaTesave enobriv erTeulebs Soris gagebineba rTuldeba mTagoriani landSaftis pirobebSi (samegrelo da sva-
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
bi? aqve moviyvanT g.ramiSvilis mier dasmul kiTxvas (g.ramiSvili, 2000, gv.93): Tu pirobiTia niSnis kavSiri sityvasa da sagans (warmodgenas) Soris, maSin rogor SeiZleba ena, rogorc pirobiT niSanTa sistema, gamodges sagnobrivi viTarebis Sesaxeb codnis mopovebis instrumentad? anda: ras niSnavs f.sosiuriseuli motivirebuloba: bgeriTi xatisa da cnebis Sepirobebulobas? zogadad, saxeldebis gamWvirvalobas? saxeldeba motivirebuli SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod xmabaZviTa da bgerweriT, aramed sagnobrivi mimarTebiTac; mag.: Seneba: mSenebeli, asaSenebeli, amSenebeli, auSenebeli, aSenebs, uSenebs, gadaSenebuli da a.S. aSkaraa, rom Tanamedrove aglutinaciur enebSi amgvari sityvebi umravlesobas Seadgens; garda amisa, f.sosiurive gvafrTxilebs, rom uxsovari enobrivi tradicia anu "warsulTan kavSiri erTTavad abrkolebs arCevanis Tavisuflebas. vambobT "adamiani" da "ZaRli", radgan Cvenamdec ase ambobdnen" (f.sosiuri, 2002, gv.80). enobrivi niSnis nebismierobis kritikis TvalsazrisiT, sayuradRebo daskvna warmoadgina T.gamyreliZem naSromSi: "damatebiTobis principi" da enobrivi niSnis pirobiTobis problema" (T.gamyreliZe, 2000, gv. 246): aRsaniSnTa "horizontaluri" mimarTebebi garkveulwilad apirobebs aRmniSvnelT; Sesabamisad, amgvari motivirebuloba gasaTvaliswinebelia enobrivi niSnis daxasiaTebisas. vfiqrobT: morfemebi, frazebi Tu winadadebebi ver miiCneva pirobiT niSnebad; garda amisa, saxeldebis procesSi sagnobrivi mimarTebis arsebiTi rolis gamo, Tanamedrove enebis sityvaTa didi nawilic motivirebulad unda miviCnioT (ZiriTadad, nawarmoebi sityvebi; mag.: sakace, kacuri, kacoba); Sesabamisad, aRmniSvnelisa da aRsaniSnis mimarTebis sxvadasxvawaxnagovani Teoriebis arsebobis
pirobebSi, enis (rogorc niSanTa sistemis) ganmartebaSi enobrivi niSnis ucilobeli pirobiTobis moazreba, rbilad rom vTqvaT, uzustobaa... dedaena. dedaena (Muttersprache; Mather tongue, Native language) aris winaprebis mier Seqmnili kulturis ena, romelic, rogorc samyaros xedva-aRqmis sistema, mraval Taobas aerTianebs (magram, Tu mag., romelime afrikeli daibada safrangeTSi da is Tavis dedaenad franguls Tvlis, bunebrivia, mis dedaenad franguli miiCneva); dedaena mTavari enaa da ara maincdamainc mxolod biologiuri dedis ena (Sdr.: dedamiwa, dedaboZi... Sdr., mamazecieri!). miCneulia, rom erovnuli ena, rogorc konglomerati, aerTianebs saliteraturo enasa da dialeqtebs (ix., mag., b.jorbenaZe, 1989, gv.151; Sdr., i. boduen de kurtene, 1963, gv.76: "erovnuli/tomobrivi ena warmoadgens garkveuli raodenobis individTa metyvelebebis tolqmeds"). qarTul enobriv sinamdvileSi konglomerati sqematuri, pirobiTi enobrivi sistemaa, romelic samwignobro enis mixedviT igeba; Teoriulad navaraudevi sxvaenobrivi modelebi naklebad emTxveva arsebul enobriv erTeuls; is, rac ar aris realuri enobrivi sistema, rogor SeiZleba iyos dedaena? dedaenad ver miviCnevT savaraudo (Teoriul) models. Sdr., amgvarive daSvebiT, oTxi svanuri da ori zanuri kiloebis mixedviT, Teoriulad warmosaxaven e.w. zogad svanur da zogad zanur enebs da maT dedaenebad (a.oniani, m.qurdiani…) Tu erovnul enebad miiCneven (j.hiuiti, v.foirStaini…). amave principiT vinmem SeiZleba aRadginos fxouri "ena" (miT umetes, arsebobs fxouri koine – poeziis ena), mesxuri ena da a.S. faqtia: qarTvelTa saerTo enis - samwignobro qarTulis - fonze arsebobs fxouri xuTi, svanuri xuTi da zanuri ori kilo, magram bunebaSi ar arsebobs saerTo fxouri, saerTo svanuri da saerTo zanuri enebi. Tuki, mag., zanuri kiloebis amosaval enobriv sistemazea laparaki, aseTad SeiZleba aRdges saerToqarTveluri ena,
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samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
misi zanur-svanuri dialeqti, an sakuTriv zanuri dialeqti (Sdr., kaxuri kilosgan sam saukuneSi kaxelisTvis Znelad gasagebi fereidnuli kilo warmoiqmna). qarTvelTa Tanamedrove dialeqtebica da saliteraturo enac momdinareoben saerToqarTveluri enobrivi koinesgan (ix. qvemoT); amosavali viTareba ZiriTadad daculi aqvs samwignobro enas, Sesabamisad, qarTvelTaTvis zogaderovnuli ena, dedaena da samwignobro qarTuli sinonimebad unda davsaxoT: qarTvelTa samwignobro ena Tvisobrivad erTnairad iqmneboda istoriul lazeTSic, samegreloSic, svaneTSic, mesxeTSic, imereTSic, saqarTvelos mTianeTSic da kaxeT-hereTSic, Sesabamisad, saerToqarTvelur enobriv koineze aRmocenebuli samwignobro qarTuli yvela am kuTxis qarTvelis dedaenaa, xolo zanuri, svanuri, mesxuri, heruli, fxouri, raWuli, mesxuri da centraluri jgufis dialeqtebi qarTvelTa mSobliuri kiloebia... Sdr.: iaponiaSi, indoeTsa Tu CineTSi, mravali adamiani ver flobs oficialur saxelmwifo enas, magram maT dedaenad
"enis niWi" da romel sazogadoebaSic aidgams is enas, im sazogadoebis enis mixedviT realizdeba misi enobrivi unari). mocemuli saxelmwifos mTel teritoriaze oficialuri urTierTobebis (saxelisuflebo struqturebis, mecnierebisa da kulturis) ena saxelmwifo enaa; mocemuli eTnosisTvis saxelmwifo ena SeiZleba iyos dedaenac da ucxo enac. araiSviaTad, saxelmwifo enis sinonimad dasturdeba termini erovnuli ena; erovnuli ena am mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba gamoviyenoT, Tuki termin ers moviazrebT mocemuli qveynis moqalaqeebis aRsaniSnavad; roca eri erT eTnoss gulisxmobs, maSin erovnuli ena” erTi naciis, erTi modgmis xalxis enas aRniSnavs; aseT SemTxvevaSi erovnuli enis sinonimad dedaena ufro gamodgeba (dedaenasa da erovnul enas sinonimebad miiCnevs cnobili enaTmecnieri g.ramiSvili). warmodgenil msjelobaSic da sxvaganac CvenTvis amosavalia mimarTebani:
mainc iTvleba samwignobro ena (iaponuri, Cinuri, induri). zogadad, dedaena SeiZleba iyos umwerlobo enac, Tuki konkretul sazogadoebas werilobiTi kultura ar Seuqmnia. Sdr.: qarTuli enis semantikuri velis mixedviT, sxvaTa enas ucxo ena hqvia
rogorc wesi, erT ers (eTnikuri gagebiT) erTi dedaena aqvs (frangebs, qarTvelebs, somxebs…), erT saxelmwifos - erTi an ramdenime saxelmwifo ena, Sesabamisad, erTi saxelwifos moqalaqeebs ramdenime oficialuri enac SeiZleba hqondeT (Sveicarielebs, ka-
(Sdr.: иностранный язык - sityvasityviT: "sxva qveynis ena"). samecniero kvlevebisas, bunebrivia, hipoTezis saxiT unda davuSvaT zogaderovnuli enis Teoriuli modeli. vfiqrobT, erovnuli enobrivi modeli arsebobs genetikur kodSic: z.jafariZis gamokvlevebma daadastura, rom memkvidreobiTia bavSvis saartikulacio Cvevebi (z.jafariZe, i.strelnikovi, 1981); aseve, savaraudoa, rom genetikurad kodirebulia mocemuli enis (kilos) percefciuli bazac... Tanamedrove neirolingvisturi kvlevebi daadasturebs, rom dedaenac iseTive memkvidreobiTi fenomenia, rogorc adamianis sxva pirovnul-genetikuri maxasiaTeblebi (Sdr., gansxvavebuli midgoma: adamians genetikurad eZleva
nadelebs…), xolo erTi ena ramdenime saxelmwifos saxelmwifo ena SeiZleba iyos (am sakiTxebis garSemo vrclad ix. wignis meore nawilSi). civilizebuli sazogadoebis kulturis ena (RvTismsaxurebis, mecnierebis, mwerlobis, TviTSemoqmedebis) da saxelmwifo ena, rogorc wesi, aris tradiciuli damwerlobis mqone ena. kulturis an saxelmwifo ena mocemuli xalxisTvis SeiZleba iyos: sakuTari ena - dedaena, sxvisi ena - ucxo ena (mag., ukve ramdenime aTeuli welia, afxazebis kulturis enaa Tavsmoxveuli rusuli ena). bunebaSi ori dedaena ar arsebobs, amdenad, e.w. diglosiis pirobebSi gvaqvs: dedaena da mSobliuri dialeqti; orenovno-
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eris (eTnosis) metyveleba - ena eris Semadgeneli nawilis (Temis) metyveleba - kilo
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
bis (bilingvizmis) dros ki arsebul or enaTagan erTi dedaenaa, meore - ucxo ena... zogi mkvlevari iswrafvis, mis mier orenovnad gamocxadebuli qarTvelTa nawilis (megrelebisa da svanebis) erTi ena CaTvalos dedaenad, meore ena ki - erovnul enad (ix., mag., m.qurdiani 1999: "svaneTsa da samegreloSi istoriulad damkvid-
damkvidrebuliyo terminebi: mSobliuri ena da meore mSobliuri ena... "mSobliuri ena" rusulis kalkia da saqarTveloSi mis damkvidrebas mizanmimarTulad cdilobdnen wlebis ganmavloba-
rebulia orenovneba: svanur-qarTuli da megrul-qarTuli…"; aqve, es mimarTebani bilingvur diglosiad cxaddeba). Cveni azriT, igive mkvlevari winaaRmdegobaSi vardeba maSinac, rodesac saqarTveloSi mcxovreb zanTa (qarTvelTa!) metyvelebas (misi terminologiiT - "lingvisturad ueWvel enas") ganixilavs qarTulis sociolingvistur dialeqtad, xolo TurqeTSi mcxovreb zanTa metyvelebas - Turquli enis sociolingvistur dialeqtad (ix. m.qurdiani, 1996, gv.42). Sdr., amgvari midgomiT, saxelmwifo enis statusis mqone dedaenis mimarT erTnairi rangiT ganixileba: ucxo ena, ucxo enis erT-erTi kilo da dedaenis organuli kiloebi; mag., TurqeTSi Turqulis mimarT: qarTuli, afxazuri, ubixuri da Cerqezuli enebi, lazuri kilo da Turquli enis kiloebi. moyvanili aRrevebic cxadyofs, rom gaumarTlebelia enobrivi erTeulebisadmi enisa Tu kilos statusis miniWeba gansxvavebuli (e.w. sakuTriv lingvisturi, e.w. sakuTriv sociolingvisturi, eTnopolitikuri, religiuri, normirebulobis da sxva) kriteriumebiT; enobrivi erTeulebis statusis gansazRvrisas sakvalifikacio niSnad erTi saxis kriteriumi unda aviRoT; rogorc wesi, dRes arsebuli ZiriTadi enebis statusi gansazRvrulia eTnopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT (Sdr., k.gabunia, 2004); aqve aRvniSnavT: sxvadasxva ojaxis enebi erTmaneTis kiloebad sociolingvisturi aspeqtiTac ki ar unda ganvixiloT; umjobesia sxvagvari midgoma, mag., lazuri metyveleba TurqeTis respublikaSi Turqulis sociolingvisturi dialeqti ki ara, saojaxo enis funqciis mqone qarTveluri kiloa (Sdr.: saojaxo enis funqciiT SeiZleba iyos: samwignobro ena, dedaena, sxvaTa ena, mSobliuri kilo...). sabWoTa periodSi iyo mcdeloba, agreTve, dedaenis nacvlad
gv.70-71, sadac mimoxilulia germaniaSi gamarTuli diskusiac termin Muttersprache-s (dedaenis) Sesaxeb. Cvens Semdgom msjelobebSi gamoyenebuli iqneba naTlad gansazRvruli Semdegi terminebi: saxelmwifo ena, saeklesio ena, dedaena (eTnosis, anu eTnikuri gagebiT, eris ena), ucxo ena, dialeqti (kilo). warmodgenili zogadi mimoxilvis fonze sainteresoa enisa da kilos gamijvnis is sxva kriteriumebic, romlebic arsebobs Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi. Cvens xelT arsebul ganmartebebs garkveuli pirobiTobiT vajgufebT debulebaTa msgavsebis mixedviT (aqve, madlobas movaxsenebT marburgis universitetis germanuli enis kvlevis institutis direqtors, prof., doqt. gurgen erix Smidtsa da mis asistents, doqt. stefan rabanuss, romelTac CemTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxades ara mxolod TavianTi Sexedulebebi, aramed zog sxva mkvlevarTa mosazrebanic); qvemoT warmodgenili kriteriumebi dadgenilia monaTesave enobrivi erTeulebisTvis: g.e.Smidti, u.amoni, a.baxi, T.levandovski, p.vizingeri, b.sovinski, a.linke da sxv.: ena - ganfenis xarisxis mravalferovneba (prestiJuloba) gamoyenebis maRali xarisxi, kodificirebuli damwerloba, standartuloba, samwerlobo statusi, garkveulwilad xelovnuroba. dialeqti - gamoyenebis dabali xarisxi, arastandartuloba, zepiri komunikaciis saSualeba, bunebrioba... p.finke, b.jorbenaZe, g.nebieriZe (dialeqtebis mflobelTa Soris gagebineba unda iyos)... v.Jirmunski, e.koseriu, i.qloupeki, j.hergeni da mravali sxva (dialeqtebs Soris gagebineba araarsebiTia):
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Si; am kalkis, agreTve, terminebis: "pirveli ena"(first language), "bazisuri ena" miuReblobis Sesaxeb msjeloba ix. g.ramiSvili, 2000,
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
ena - ZiriTadi sistemaa, dialeqti ki aris sistemis (erovnuli enis) nairsaxeoba, varianti. mecnierTa erTi jgufis azriT, monaTesave enobriv erTeulebs Soris Tuki aris bgeraTSesatyvisoba, maSasadame, isini enebad unda kvalificirdes (m.qurdiani)... g.belmanis, v.konigis da sxvaTa azriT, dialeqtsa da enas Soris zRvari Zneli gasavlebia; dialeqtidan enaSi gadasvla Tavisuflad xdeba... h.harmani, p.aueri da sxv. Tvlian, rom enobrivi erTeulis statusi misma mflobelma sazogadoebam unda gansazRvros. prestiJuloba-standartulobis mixedviT SeiZleba samwignobro enisa da dialeqtis daxasiaTeba, magram, Cveni azriT, SeuZlebelia umwerlobo enisa da dialeqtis gamijvna. enobrivi sistemis variantulobis mixedviT msjelobac metad pirobiTia, vinaidan, magaliTad, fonematuri, morfologiur-sintaqsuri da leqsikur-semantikuri struqturebis mixedviT rusuli, belorusuli, ukrainuli, polonuri enebi erTmaneTTan mimarTebiT ufro axlomdgomi variantebi arian, vidre, magaliTad, germanuli enis dialeqtebi; aqve, kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom xelovnuri da problemis kvlevisaTvis TiTqmis arafris momcemia enobrivi erTeulebis enebad Tu dialeqtebad kvalificireba, erTi mxriv, sociolingvisturi, meore mxriv ki, "sakuTriv" lingvisturi kriteriumebis mixedviT.
Tu mkvlevris mizania mocemuli enobrivi erTeulis statusis kvleva sakuTriv lingvisturi Tu sociolingvisturi aspeqtebiT, Sesabamisad, man jer unda Seiswavlos ukve arsebuli (sayovelTaod miRebuli) enebisa da dialeqtebis saxeldebis principebi da Semdeg, miRebuli daskvnebidan gamomdinare, unda ganaviTaros
msjeloba sakamaTo statusis mqone enobrivi erTeulis Sesaxeb; lingvistikis Tu sociolingvistikis fardobiTi cnebebiT ar unda xdebodes saukuneebis manZilze ukve arsebuli tradiciuli kvalifikaciebis TviTmiznuri gadasinjva, mag., rusuli ramdenime saukunea damoukidebel enadaa miCneuli da risi momtania Tanamedrove rusulis CaTvla erT-erT slavur kilod? anda, megruli (odiSuri) metyveleba mravali saukunis manZilze qarTvelTa erT-erT dialeqtad iTvleboda (qarTvelTa sxva kiloebis msgavsad) da ras moemsaxura, an moemsaxureba XX saukuneSi misi statusis Secvlaze msjeloba? miT umetes, svanTa, megrelTa da lazTa zepiri metyvelebebisaTvis axali damwerlobebis Seqmna? pasuxi erTia: amgvari "aqciebiT" dasaxelebul qarTvelT gauucxovdebaT da, faqtobrivad, daekargebaT qarTul-qarTveluri mwignobrobis saxiT arsebuli sakuTari didi kulturuli warsuli, Tundac is Teqvsmetsaukunovani warsuli, romelic ioane lazisa (ix.a.jafariZe, 2002) da petre iberis moRvaweobiT iwyebs Tavisi ganviTarebis axal etaps. warsuldaviwyebul xalxs ki Tavisi interesebisaTvis iolad iyenebs xolme esa Tu is imperia. sagangebod aRvniSnavT: enisa da dialeqtis gamijvnis problema ver gadaiWreba mxolod sakuTriv lingvisturi kriteriumebiT; metic, kulturuli tradiciis mqone msoflios arc erTi ena sakuTriv lingvisturi niSnebiT (bgeraTSesatyvisoba, morfologiuri da sintaqsur-semantikuri kategoriebi, leqsika) ar aris saxeldebuli enad; garda amisa, jer aravis daudgenia enobriv cvlilebaTa Tu TaviseburebaTa is zRvari, ris Semdegac monaTesave enobriv erTeulTa Soris arsebuli raodenobrivi gansxvavebani gadadis TvisobrivSi, Sesabamisad, sistemis varianti iqceva damoukidebel sistemad. Cveni es mosazreba adre gamoqveynda statiis saxiT (t.futkaraZe, 2003); am debulebis sapasuxod da masze dayrdnobiT k.gabuniam Tavis msjelobaSi gamoiyena e.w. "sistemurobis kriteriumi" (k.gabunia, 2004); misi azriT, "megrul-lazurisa da qarTulis brunebebi sxvadasxva sistemebia, vinaidan raodenobrivi cvaleba gadasulia TvisobrivSi; Sesabamisad, isini sxvadasxva enebia”.
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SeniSvna: ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia, qarTvelur sinamdvileSi pirveli amgvari mcdeloba hqonda niko mars i.vostorgovis antiqarTveluri poziciis mxilebisas; ix. n.mari, 1905, gv.7-10 da arn. Ciqobava, 1952, gv.358, sadac warmodgenilia n.maris kritika: "lingvisturad erTi" enis or dialeqts "kulturuli daSorebis" gamo n.mari or enad lazur da megrul enebad miiCnevda).
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
sapolemiko werilSi k.gabunia ver pasuxobs mTavar kiTxvas: romeli kriteriumiT Tu samaniT ganisazRvreba raodenobrivi cvalebis gadasvla TvisobrivSi? is sxvaoba, romelic gvaqvs, mag., megrulsa da samwignobro qarTuls Soris, sakmarisia enebad misaCnevad? Sdr., saliteraturo arabulsa da buxaruls Soris ufro meti sxvaobaa, magram mainc buxaruli arabulis dialeqtadaa miCneuli maSin, roca metad axlo mdgomi rusuli da belorusuli aRiarebuli enebia... garda amisa: samwignobro qarTulisgan met-naklebad gansxvavebulia qarTveluri qvesistemebic (imerulic, xevsurulic, megrulic, lazuric, balszemouric...) da sxva enebic: afxazuric, rusulic, Cinuric... romeli myari kriteriumiT vavlebT zRvars qvemoimerulsa da megruls Soris? megruli fonematuri struqtura imerulis analogiuria; saxeluri paradigmac ZiriTadad imeorebs ara mxolod adrindeli samwignobro enis brunvaTa sistemas, aramed qarTuli enis xevsuruli dialeqtisac ki; aseve, Tvisobrivad erTgvaria megrulisa da imerulis mwkrivTa sistema da sxv. garkveuli sxvaobebic arsebobs, magram sakmarisia isini megrulisa da imerulis Tvisobrivi sxvaobis samtkiceblad? Sdr.: Cveni azriT, sistemuri sxvaobaa, mag., qarTulsa da mis monaTesave afxazurs Soris, qarTulsa da arabuls Soris, da ara samwignobro qarTulsa da megruls, an TuSurs Soris. arsebobs Tu ara enobriv cvlilebaTa Tu TaviseburebaTa (sistemur sxvaobaTa!) is zRvari, romlis Semdegac monaTesave enobriv erTeulTa Soris arsebuli raodenobrivi gansxvavebani gadadis TvisobrivSi? aseTi zRvris dadgena SeuZlebelia: dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom sxvadasxva enad saxeldebul sistemebs Soris arsebul lingvistur sxvaobaTa procentuli maCvenebeli SeuzRudavad meryeobs. "wesi" Tu "kanoni" erT sasurvel kerZo SemTxvevas ar unda movargoT; Tuki Cveni mizani enobrivi situaciis realuri aRweraa, unda gaviTvaliswinoT mocemuli enobrivi koleqtivis tradiciac, monaTesave enobriv erTeulebTan sakuTriv lingvisturi mi-
marTebac da sociolingvisturi statusic; miT umetes, Tu Cveni kvlevis mizania ara enobriv erTeulTa istoriulad Camoyalibebuli statusebis gadasinjva, aramed sadavo statusis mqone ena-kiloTa argumentirebuli kvalifikacia. enisa da kilos gamijvnisTvis lingvistur niSanTagan yvelaze sando kriteriumad zogs enobriv erTeulebs Soris arsebuli bgeraTSesatyvisoba miaCnia. bgeraTSesatyvisobis arsebobaararsebobis mixedviT, msoflioSi arsebuli arc erTi ena Tu dialeqti ar aris kvalificirebuli; garda amisa, mraval monaTesave enas Soris bgeraTSesatyvisoba ar gvaqvs da piriqiT: kanonzomieri da regularuli bgeraTSesatyvisobebi gvaqvs dialeqtebad miCneul enobriv erTeulebs Soris (germanulSi, CinurSi, iaponurSi...), metic, mag., Crdilokavkasiur enebSi bgeraTSesatyvisobebi dadasturebulia TqmebSic ki... enisa da dialeqtis statusis gansazRvra Tavad mocemuli enobrivi koleqtivis mier adekvatur Sedegebs mogvcems axalSeqmnili mwignobrobis mqone an werilobiTi kulturis armqone enobrivi erTeulis SemTxvevaSi: werilobiTi kulturis armqone xalxis TviTaRqma xdeba gagebinebis mixedviT gansazRvruli umwerlobo enis farglebSi (Sdr., Crdilokavkasiuri enebi). am meTods gadaulaxavi problemebi Seeqmneba xangrZlivi werilobiTi kulturis mqone sazogadoebis gamokiTxvisas, radganac, sazogadoebis ganaTlebuli fenisTvis Tu gasagebi da mSobliuri iqneba arqauli ena da kultura, sazogadoebis gaunaTlebeli fenisTvis is ucxo aRmoCndeba; mag., saliteraturo iaponuris an sinhaluris armcodne glexisTvis Tu Tavisi mSobliuri dialeqti aRiqmeba dedaenad, igi misdauneburad emijneba sakuTar uZveles kulturas; Sdr., agreTve: istoriulad afxazebic qmnidnen zogad qarTul-afxazur samwignobro kulturas; meoce saukunemde afxazTa ganaTlebulma nawilma kargad icoda, rom, sxva qarTvelTa darad, didi qarTveluri kulturis memkvidre iyo. ruseTis imperiis mesveurTa mecadineobiT XX saukuneSi aqtiurad ganviTarda afxazTa jer kulturul-enobrivi separatizmi, Semdeg ki sabWoTa imperiis mier afxazTa ganaTlebuli nawilis - aristokratiisa da
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samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...
inteligenciis - gaJletiT, am kuTxis mosaxleobam dakarga bunebrivi kavSiri zogadqarTul kulturul warsulTan. dRes afxazTa nawili uars ambobs qarTvelebTan saerTo saxelmwifozec ki... ase rom, ganaTlebis simwiris (erovnuli kulturisa da samwignobro enis verflobis) pirobebSi, adamianTa jgufma dedaenad SeiZleba CaTvalos mSobliuri kilo. Cveni azriT, enisa da dialeqtis gamijvna arc am e.w. plebiscituri meTodiTaa SesaZlebeli da seriozulad arc aravin cdilobs am kriteriumis gamoyenebas; Sdr., rogorc wesi, enobrivi TviTmikuTvneba Sedegia erovnul-eTnikuri TviTmikuTvnebisa.
vfiqrobT, naTelia, rom arsebuli enebis statusi, rogorc wesi, gansazRvrulia eTnokulturuli da politikur-religiuri niSnis mixedviT. enisa da dialeqtis gamijvna rTulia umwerlobo sametyvelo erTeulis SemTxvevaSi. damwerlobis mqone kontinuumi, rogorc wesi, enadaa kvalificirebuli (Sdr., erTi mxriv, Tanamedrove moldavuri ena, meore mxriv ki - italiuri kiloebi); Sesabamisad, pirvel rigSi, erTmaneTTan mimarTebiT naTlad unda ganvsazRvroT umwerlobo ena da dialeqti. dialeqti unda ganimartos, rogorc mocemuli eris/naciis saerTo-saxalxo (oficialuri) enis ganStoeba, romelic qveynis teritoriis erTi nawilis mosaxleobis an romelime socialuri fenis zepiri (araoficialuri) urTierTobis saSualebas warmoadgens. sxva sityvebiT: konkretuli sametyvelo erTeuli monaTesave struqturis mqone oficialuri, samwignobro (standartuli) enis dialeqtad CaiTvleba, Tuki am sametyvelo kodis mflobel sazogadoebas istoriulad monawileoba miRebuli aqvs mocemuli samwignobro enis SeqmnaSi. Sesabamisad, umwerlobo enad unda miviCnioT enobriv-eTnikuri erTobis mqone im sazogadoebis metyveleba, romelsac sakuTar dedaenaze ara aqvs werilobiTi kultura da Semoqmedebis Tu saqmiswarmoebis procesSi iyenebs sxvaTa mier Seqmnil samwignobro enas. umwerlobo ena zepiri formiT (dialeqtebis, kilokavebis, Tqmebis, Jargonebis saxiT...) arsebobs. msoflios xalxebisa da ena-kiloebis mimarTebebze dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom enobrivi variantebis ierarqia TavisTavad regulirdeba samwignobro enis istoriasTan mimarTebiT; kerZod, aqtualuria sqema: eri _ misi samwignobro ena _ am eris calkeul TemTa saSinao metyvelebani.
SeniSvna: qarTul samecniero literaturaSi dRes mkvidrdeba ucxouri termini identoba (identity), arada, masze bevrad moxerxebulia tradiciuli TviTobac da m.tabiZiseuli TviTaRqmac; agreTve, rig SemTxvevebSi, identity-s warmatebiT Secvlis Cveneuli TviTmikuTvnebac.
enisa da kilos gasamijn kriteriumebze msjelobis dasasruls, kidev erTxel sagangebod aRvniSnavT, rom Tu romelime specialisti kriteriumad aiRebs bgeraTSesatyvisobas, misTvis monaTesave enobriv erTeulTa ena-kiloebad kvalifikacia, bunebrivia, sxvagvarad moxdeba (mag., germanuli enis bavariuli da meklenburguli kiloebi sxvadasxva enebad CaiTvleba); Tu gagebinebas aiRebs kriteriumad, bevri enobrivi erTeulis statusi gaxdeba gadasasinji (mag., arabuli kiloebi: alJiruli da buxaruli, qarTveluri kiloebi: ingilouri da guruli sxvadasxva enebad misaCnevi gaxdeba) da a.S. bunebrivia, yvela mkvlevars aqvs ufleba, airCios romelime kriteriumi, imsjelos, mis mixedviT gadaajgufos enebi Tu kiloebi (ix., mag., gagebinebis mixedviT, T.gamyreliZe slavuri enebis mxolod sam zonas gamoyofs; T.gamyreliZe, z.kiknaZe.. 2003, gv.616) da samsjelod gamoitanos… Cveni mizani Tavidanve naTlad iyo gansazRvruli: sasurvelia, dadgindes is zogadi logikuri sqema, romlis mixedviTacaa enebad kvalificirebuli ukve arsebuli erTeulebi da amis Semdeg moxdes sadavo statusis mqone kontinuumis - enobrivi erTeulis - saxeldeba enad Tu kilod. - 69 -
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qarTvelTa Tanamedrove enobrivi erTeulebis dajgufebis sakiTxi 1.1.3.
qarTvelTa Tanamedrove enobrivi erTeulebis dajgufebis sakiTxi
qarTvelTa Tanamedrove enobrivi erTeulebis dajgufebis sakiTxi
sagangebod aRsaniSnavia isic, rom qarTuli samwignobro enis SeqmnaSi Tavidanve yvela qarTveluri modgma iRebda monawileobas (mag., pirveli qarTuli warwerebi ioane lazisa da petre ib-
eris saxelTan dakavSirebul palestinis monasterSi dasturdeba); samwignobro-kulturuli mZlavri kerebi iyo egrisSi, lazeTSi, svaneTSi, tao-klarjeTSi, mesxeTSi, afxazeTSi, qarTl-kaxeTsa da sxv., Sesabamisad, am qarTul kuTxeTa mosaxleobas aqvs istoriulad formirebuli erTiani samwignobro ena da Tav-Tavisi kiloebi. aqve, dasamowmebelia, agreTve, arn.Ciqobavas daskvna: qarTuli samwignobro ena Seiqmna zanuri da svanuri dialeqtebis monawileobiT (arn. Ciqobava, 1948; sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonSi megrul-Wanuri leqsikisaTvis ix. k.danelia, 1984; T.bolqvaZe, 2003...); Sdr., agreTve, n.maris mosazreba: "qarTuli saliteraturo enis Seqmna-ganviTarebaSi monawileobas iRebdnen: qarTlelebi, imerlebi, megrelebi, svanebi, laz-Wanebi, da sxvani… saRvTo werilis teqstSi Cven vpoulobT wminda Wanur anu megrul, imerxeul da sxva tomTa sityvebs. am realuris kulturul-istoriulis SexedulebiT, qarTuli saliteratoro ena imdenaTve svanuria da megruli, imdenaTve gurulia da imeruli, ramdenaTac qarTluri. is aris RviZli samwerlo ena yvela saqarTvelos tomisaTvis…" (n.mari, 1905, gv.9-10). saerToqarTveluridan zanur-svanuri wris (e. w. SiSina tipis) dialeqtebis Camoyalibebis dasawyisad vvaraudobT Zv. w. pirveli aTaswleulis dasasruls (dawvrilebiT ix. qvemoT); aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom T.gamyreliZisa da g.maWavarianis adrindeli mosazrebiT, amave periodSi emijneba erTmaneTs qarTuli da zanuri (T.gamyreliZe da g.maWavariani, 1965, gv.14). saukuneebis manZilze qarTveloba ara mxolod qmnida samwignobro enas, aramed masSi, rogorc dedaenaSi, iwrToboda kidec; Sesabamisad, qarTvelTa kulturul-erovnul da saxelmwifoebriv cnobierebas saukuneebis manZilze gansazRvravs erTiani da tradiciuli werilobiTi kultura (rogorc, magaliTad, berZenTa, CinelTa, arabTa da sxva Zvel xalxTa cnobierebas TavianTi tradiciuli werilobiTi kultura)... dRes arsebuli qarTvelTa zepiri Tu saSinao metyvelebani samwignobro enis (saerToqarTveluri modelis) meoreuli variantebi arian rogorc fonematuri da morfologiur-sintaqsuri,
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msoflioSi cnobili bevri mecnieris mier qarTveluri ena-kiloebi Tanamedrove Crdilokavkasiuri da wina aziis Tu evropis Zveli enebis (Sumeruli, xaTuri, urartuli... agreTve, etruskuli, pelazguri, baskuri...) monaTesaved ganixileba. Cveni azriT, iberiul-kavkasiuri saerTo kontinuumis arsebobis periodi qronologiurad SeiZleba daukavSirdes mtkvar-araqsis arqeologiuri kulturis arsebobis periods, xolo iberiul-kavkasiurisgan momdinare saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro da gavrcelebis areali _ did kolxur kulturas (dawvrilebiT ix. qvemoT). saerToqarTvelur enas uSualod agrZelebs qarTvelTa samwignobro ena, romlis dokumenturi nimuSebi uwyvetad arsebobs bolo 16 saukunis ganmavlobaSi; misi fonematuri, morfologiursintaqsuri da leqsikur-semantikuri struqturebi saerToqarTveluri Teoriuli modelis struqturuli adekvatia. gansxvavebiT bevri sxva samwignobro enisgan, qarTuli samwignobro ena ar momdinareobs arc erTi cnobili dialeqtisgan. samwignobro enas yvela zepiri qarTveluri metyveleba Tvisobrivad erTgvarad miemarTeba, ramdenadac yvela erTeuli saerToqarTveluridan momdinareobs da yvela met-naklebad Secvlilia; amosavali viTareba metadaa daculi samwignobro enaSi, vidre kiloebSi; dialeqtebSi cvlilebebi matulobs samwignobro enis velis Sesustebis pirdapirproporciulad. SeniSvna: Sdr., iv.javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.20, 49: "Tanamedrove qristianobis niadagze aRmocenebuli qarTuli mwerlobis ena qarTluria; "strabonisa da pliniusis dros saqarTvelos "barad sxvebis garda sami umTavresi tomi unda yofiliyo: kaxni, qarTlelni, romelTa enac Semdeg yvela qarTveli modgmis tomebis sazogado da samwerlobo enad gadaiqca, da iberni, anu imerni/imerelni, romelnic megrul-lazur Stos ekuTvnodnen".
qarTvelTa Tanamedrove enobrivi erTeulebis dajgufebis sakiTxi
qarTvelTa Tanamedrove enobrivi erTeulebis dajgufebis sakiTxi
aseve, leqsikur-semantikuri struqturebis mixedviT; magaliTad, qvemoT CamoTvlil qarTvelur dialeqtebs saerTo aqvT ZiriTadi xmovnebi da maTi refleqsebi (mxolod zog ganapira kiloSi, kerZod, sam svanur, erT zanur, ramdenime mesxur da fxour, agreTve, herul kiloebSi dasturdeba sxva enaTa gavleniT warmoqmnili palatalizebuli xmovnebi), TiTqmis identuria TanxmovanTa da sonantTa raodenoba da xasiaTi; svanuri dialeqtebis gamoklebiT, erTgvarovania V-XXI saukuneebis samwignobro qarTulisa da yvela sxva dialeqtis saxelisa da zmnis paradigmebi (Sdr., T.uTurgaiZe, 1966, gv.12; k.gabunia, 2004, gv.170); garkveuli superstratuli gavlenebis miuxedavad, svanur kiloTa paradigmebic ZiriTadad qarTvelur modelebs mihyveba (ix. mag., v.Tofuria, 1967; g.maWavariani, 2002, gv.78-79)... zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, qarTveluri (zogadqarTuli) samwignobro ena yvela qarTvelis istoriuli dedaenaa da, ramdenadac, adamians ar SeiZleba hqondes ori dedaena, qarTvelTa sxva saSinao metyvelebani CvenTvis dialeqtebad kvalificirdeba. SeniSvna: Sdr., qarTveluri musikaluri dialeqtebis Sesaxeb n.mai-
besarion niJaraZe, 1904 (gazeTi "iveria"): "svanuri namdvilad qarTulia, mxolod aqa-iq Secvlilia, magram zogierTebi ver Sehrigebian am azrs da gaiZaxian, svanebi sul sxva xalxiao! netav vicode, visTvis an risTvisaa saWiro is daJineba da svanebis gasxvistomeba". sabWoTa imperiis pirobebSi moRvawe mecnierTagan iSviaT gamonakliss warmoadgenda akad. giorgi wereTeli, romelic megrul-lazur-svanurisTvis ufro Sesaferisad miiCnevda termin qarTvelur dialeqtebs (nacvlad qarTveluri enebisa); cnobili mecnieri oTar gigineiSvilic analogiur pozicias emxroboda, kerZod, lazuri paramiTefes (1982, gv. 3) winasityvaobaSi is wers: "lazuri zRaprebi dawerilia qarTuli enis lazur-megrul dialeqtze. es dialeqti Seqmnes saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma qarTvelebma, romlebic antikur samyaroSi kolxebis saxeliTac iyvnen cnobilni; amitom lazur-megrul dialeqts kolxur dialeqtsac uwodeben" (wigni Seadgina naTela quTeliam, leqsikoni daurTes naTela quTeliam da sergi jiqiam; wignis redaqtoria zurab Tandilava; n.quTelias cnobiT, am winasityvaobis avtoria o.gigineiSvili).
suraZe (2002, gv.242) askvnis: svanuri da megruli musikaluri erTeulebi "qarTul musikalur fuZe-enas mxolod musikaluri dialeqtebis doneze gamoeyofian".
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom saqarTveloSi sabWoTa imperiis gabatonebamde megrul-Wanur da svanur enobriv erTeulebs kiloebad Tvlidnen qarTvelTa wina Taobebic da mecnierebic; mag., megruls kilod, ena-kavad, damaxinjebul anu arastandartul qarTulad (Sdr.: "mrudi qarTuli", "wamxdari qarTuli") e.i. samwignobro qarTulis dialeqtad moixseniebdnen: saba, vaxuSti, ilia, akaki, iakob gogebaSvili, petre Waraia, konstantine gamsaxurdia, besarion niJaraZe, giorgi wereTeli, oTar gigineiSvili, zviad gamsaxurdia da sxv; Sdr., k. danelia, 1984, gv. 68); ix., mag.: konstantine gamsaxurdia, 1983, gv. 411: "Cemis azriT, unda xdebodes enis reparacia adgilobrivi dialeqtebis saSualebiT. unda SemouSvaT qarTul (samwignobro) enaSi rogorc megrulsvanuri dialeqtebis sityvebi, ise fSav-xevsuruli... vaJa-fSavelam am mxriv didi samsaxuri gauwia qarTul enas, miuxedavad imisa, rom akaki wereTeli enas uwunebda mas". - 73 -
SeniSvna: sabWoTa periodis enaTmecnierebaSi aqtiurad damkvidrda termini qarTveluri enebi; adre gamoqveynebul gamokvlevebSi mas Cvenc viyenebdiT. qarTveluri enobrivi erTeulebis statusisa da zanur-svanuri dialeqturi teqstebis samwignobro enaze Targmanebis (da ara - Targmnis!) principebis problema samsjelod warmovadgineT 1994 wels "quTaisur saubrebze" (quTaisSi gamarTul samecniero seminarze); 1997 wlis 4-11 aprilis "literaturul saqarTveloSi" dabeWdil werilSi: "eTnosis, eTnonimisa da sxva terminTa Sesaxeb" qarTveluri enobrivi erTeulebis statusi germanuli enis kiloebTan SepirispirebiT ganvixileT; kerZod, vwerdiT: "qarTul sinamdvileSi bavarielebisa da saqsonelebis enobrivi mimarTebis xarisxiT SeiZleba ganvixiloT zanebi da svanebi, xolo bavarielebisa da prusielebis xarisxiT - qarTvelebi, wovaTuSebi, udebi, qistebi da sxva". 1999 wels me-6 "quTaisur saubrebze" termin "qarTveluri enebis" paralelurad Cven ukve viyenebT terminebs: "qarTveluri ena" da "qarTveluri saSinao sametyvelo kodebi" (t.futkaraZe, 1999). samwignobro qarTulisa
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qarTvelTa Tanamedrove enobrivi erTeulebis dajgufebis sakiTxi (qarTveluri samwignobro enisa) da qarTveluri kiloebis (da ara qarTveluri enebis) istoriuli mimarTebis amsaxveli axali sqema pirvelad daibeWda "quTaisuri saubrebi - VII" masalebSi (ix. t.futkaraZe, 2000). enisa da kilos cnebebis gaanalizebis fonze qarTvelTa dialeqtebis axleburi klasifikacia gamoqveynda 2001 wels (t.futkaraZe, 2001). enaTmecnierTa da istorikosTa erTma nawilma gaiziara Cven mier warmodgenili sqema, meore nawili ki polemikaSi CaerTo. aq davimowmebT mxolod erT niSandobliv mosazrebas: "qarTul enas enaTmecnierebi qarTvelur anu iberiul enaTa ojaxs miakuTvneben. am ojaxSi Sedian qarTuli, megruli, svanuri, lazuri enebi, ufro zustad, dialeqtebi" (T.beraZe, m.sanaZe, 2003, gv. 29). sakiTxis istoriis ufro sruli mimoxilvisaTvis ix. T.gvancelaZis naSromi, romelic wignis danarTSia warmodgenili. aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom enaTmecnierTa erTi nawili (r.Serozia, a.lomTaZe, m.tabiZe, T.gvancelaZe, e.dadiani, t.futkaraZe...) miviCnevT, rom qarTvelTa erTaderTi samwignobro enis qmnadobis istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enas unda ewodos qarTveluri (samwignobro) ena, Sesabamisad, qarTvelTa sxva enobriv erTeulebs - qarTveluri dialeqtebi.
Cveni azriT, samwignobro qarTulis gavlenis velis Sesabamisad, qarTvelTa Tanamedrove saSinao-sametyvelo erTeulebi unda daiyos centralur, ganapira da saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriis gareT arsebul dialeqtebad; Tavis mxriv, ganapira dialeqtebs eqvs qvejgufad warmovadgenT, kerZod: centraluri kiloebi: kaxuri, qarTluri, imeruli, leCxumuri, guruli. ganapira kiloebi: mesxuri kiloebi: aWaruli, livanuri, maWaxluri, imerxeuli (SavSuri), taouri, samcxuri, javaxuri (aqve Semova ordus regionSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa metyveleba); heruli kiloebi: kakuri, aliabaTuri; fxouri kiloebi: CaRmaTuSuri, fSauri, xevsuruli, moxeuri, mTiulur-gudamayruli; aqve SeiZleba ganvixiloT wovaTuSuri, romelSic STambeWdavadaa warmodgenili rogorc qarTveluri, aseve vainaxuri enobrivi Sreebi; CvenTvis sainteresoa,
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qarTvelTa Tanamedrove enobrivi erTeulebis dajgufebis sakiTxi
rom d.meliqiSvili wovaTuSur metyvelebas qarTul Sereul dialeqtad miiCnevs (d.meliqiSvili, 2001, gv.16). raWuli kiloebi: barisraWuli, mTaraWuli; svanuri kiloebi: laSxuri, lentexuri, Coluruli, balsqvemouri, balszemouri (Sdr., germanuli enis almenuri metyveleba iyofa sam dialeqtad: Svaburi, qvemoalmenuri da zemoalmenuri; v. Jirmunski, 1956, gv.39). zanuri kiloebi: megruli, lazuri (xofuri, viwur-arqabuli, aTinuri; muhajir lazTa STamomavlebis metyvelebis nimuSebi mcire gvaqvs, Sesabamisad, maTi dialeqtebis/kilokavebis kvalificireba momavlis saqmed rCeba). saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriis gareT arsebuli qarTvelTa kiloebi: fereidnuli (Sua sparseTSi Sah-abasis mier gadasaxlebul qarTvelTa metyveleba), "Cveneburebis qarTuli" (bursa-inegolSi, adafazar-izmiTSi, gonensa da kaizeris midamoebSi gadasaxlebul muhajirTa qarTuli) da yizlar-mozdokel qarTvelTa metyveleba. qarTvelTa sametyvelo kodebis magaliTze istoriulad erTi eTnokulturuli sistemis mqone xalxis - eris - ori enobrivi erTeulis Tanaarseboba e.w. diglosiad SeiZleba warmovadginoT, sadac istoriuli samwignobro ena (standartuli ena) dedaenaa, xolo saSinao metyveleba (mag., balszemouri kilo) - mSobliuri dialeqti (Sdr., q. TuiTi, 1997, gv. 2-3). SeniSvna: bolo dros isev gaaqtiurdnen adamianebi, romelTac surT saqarTveloSic enobriv/eTnikur umciresobebad warmoadginon lazebi, megrelebi, svanebi... (ix., mag., am mxriv v.foirStainis, j.hiuitis da sxvaTa "moRvaweoba"). saqarTveloSi am TvalsazrisiT aqtiuroben saqarTvelos garedan dafinansebuli politikuri Zalebi; mag., i.Jvanias, g.siWinavas, m.ZaZamiasa da sxvaTa dausabuTebel mosazrebebze dayrdnobiT, (pro)rusi politikosi a.WaWia wers: "faqtia, rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi ena, romelzec qarTvelTa erTi mesamedi nawili laparakobs, uZvelesi ena, romlis leqsikuri maragi erT-erTi umdidresia msoflioSi, qarTvelebis mier xan kiloTi, xan dialeqtiT, xan damaxinjebuli qarTuliT iwodeboda" (a. WaWia, 2002, gv.264)... aqve, a.Wa-
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qarTvelTa Tanamedrove enobrivi erTeulebis dajgufebis sakiTxi Wia acxadebs, rom arsebobs megrelebis TviTmyofadi ena da kultura (gazeT „galis" 2004 wlis 16-31 agvistos nomerSi analogiurad msjelobs j.hiuitic)... am problematikas wignis meore nakveTSi SevexebiT; aq mokled vityviT: specialistebs ar dasWirdebaT imis Sexseneba, rom megrelTa da sxva qarTvelTa TviTmyofadi ena da kultura maTi winaprebis mier saukuneebis manZilze Seqmnili zogadqarTuli ena da kulturaa, xolo metad Zvirfas megrul kilos - udides ganZs da dauSretel mravalsaukunovan wyaros qarTveluri samwignobro enisas, mofrTxileba da Seswavla sWirdeba (amJamad megruli masalis uwyveti programuli Cawera-damuSaveba, ZiriTadad, quTaisis saxelmwifo universitetis dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviT institutSi xdeba, rac sulac ar aris sakmarisi; qarTvelur kiloTa Seswavlisa da SenarCunebisTvis specialuri saxelmwifo programa unda SemuSavdes). sagangebod aRvniSnavT imasac, rom isak Jvaniasa da mis mimdevarTa faruli miznebi Tavis droze amxiles didma sazogado moRvaweebma: konstantine da zviad gamsaxurdiebma (ix., mag., z.gamsaxurdia, 1989).
qarTvelTa Tanamedrove enobrivi erTeulebis dajgufebis sakiTxi hqondes yovel enobriv erTeuls, xolo prosodiuli - idioleqtsac ki (warmodgenil cxrils ara aqvs srulyofilebis pretenzia).
vfiqrobT, svanTa, megrelTa, lazTa da qarTvelTa sxva calkeuli jgufebis saSinao metyvelebis aRsaniSnavad aseve araadekvaturi da aralogikuria samecniero literaturaSi gamoyenebuli terminebi: erovnuli ena da eTnikuri ena, vinaidan warmodgenili Sesityvebebi uSualod gulisxmoben damoukidebel eTnokulturul erTobas - ers: eTnikuri ena damoukidebeli eTnosis enaa (eTnosi - Tavdapirveli teritoriis, enisa da kulturis erTobis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli adamianTa istoriuli jgufi, sazogadoeba); Sdr.: eri (erovneba) _ Temi (eris regionaluri saxe) _ pirovneba dedaena _ kilo (enis regionaluri saxeoba) _ idioleqti
sxvagvari mimarTebani myardeba aramonaTesave enobriv-eTnikuri sistemebis SereviT warmoqmnili pijinis, kreolisa da postkreoli kontinuumis SemTxvevaSi, agreTve, maSin, roca sazogadoeba iyenebs sxvaTa mier Seqmnil samwignobro enas. SesaZlo mimarTebani Semdegi sqemis saxiT SeiZleba gamoixatos (yoveli sqema garkveulwilad pirobiTad asaxavs SesaZlo sinamdviles; Sdr.: t.futkaraZe, 2002, gv.73 da T.bolqvaZe, 2003, gv.7): SeniSvna: qvemoT warmodgenil sqemaSi socialur dialeqtSi moviazrebT: pijinsac, Jargonsac da argosac (pijini met Taviseburebebs avlens, amitom bolo grafaSi moTavsebuli meore niSnebi mas miemarTeba). intonaciuri Taviseburebani SeiZleba
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qarTvelTa Tanamedrove enobrivi erTeulebis dajgufebis sakiTxi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
enobrivi erTeulebi umwerlobo ena samwignobro ena formobriv-funqciuri postkreistori-uli istori-uli kreo-li maxasiaTeblebi oli gansxvaveb. fo-nosakuTriv + + + + taqt. wesebi lingvisturi maxasiaTmorfologiur-sin+ + + + eblebi taqs. Tavis. leqsik. Tavis. + + + + normatiuli maxasiaTeblebi
eTnikursazogadoebrivi maxasiaTeblebi
kulturulistoriuli maxasiaTeblebi
SemecnebiTSemoqmedebiTi maxasiaTeblebi saero funqciuri maxasiaTeblebi sasuliero funqciuri maxasiaTebl.
dialeqti adgilobrivi
socialuri
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bunebrivi metyveleba eTnosis, eris, naciis ena Temis ena socialuri fenis ena eTnosis kul-turasTan uwy-veti kavSiri praenasTan uSualo kavSiri werilobiTi tradicia pirveladi msoflaRqm. ena xalxuri Semoqmedebis ena profesionalu-ri msoflaRqma saxelmwifo ena regionaluri metyveleba saSinao ena wm. werilis ena samRvdel. ena
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1.2. qarTvelTa aRmniSvneli Zveli da axali saxelebi 1.2.1. winareqarTvelur (iberiul-kavkasiur-winaaziur)
da qarTvelur tomTa aRmniSvneli saxelebi samecniero literaturaSi arsebobs mosazreba, rom uZvelesi droidanve (mag., Zv.w. III aTaswleulidan, zogis mixedviT ki - V aTaswleulidan!) arsebobda sami qarTveluri tomi sami gansxvavebuli eniT: qarTebi, zanebi (megrel-Wanebi) da svanebi; varaudoben, rom Semdgom periodSi qarTebisgan moxda sxva tomTa asimilacia-qarTizacia... gaCnda saocrad araadekvaturi frazac: qarTi tomiylapia (n.berZeniSvili). arada, arc erTi wyaros mixedviT ar Cans qarTis tomis arsebobis kvalic ki; am fonze sruliad usafuZvloa e.w. qarTizacia-qarTvelizaciis Teoria; miT umetes, ara mxolod Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebSi, aramed I aTaswleulis dasasrulsac ki ocamde qarTveluri tomis arseboba dokumenturad dasturdeba (Sdr., pontos qalaq amasiaSi dabadebuli strabonis cnobiT, dioskuriaSi Tavs iyris sul mcire 70 tomi, romlebic Tav-TavianT enebze saubroben; T.yauxCiSvili, 1957, gv.123); rogorc wesi, TiToeul toms sakuTari sacxovrisi da gansxvavebuli metyveleba (ena Tu kilo) hqonda, mag., qsenofonte sagangebod laparakobs adgilobriv tomebTan salaparako enebis (kiloebis) Sesaxeb; kerZod, makronebTan mimarTebiT is wers: makronebTan urTierToba gaWirda; bedad, aTenSi tyvedmoxvedril molaSqres gaaxsenda bavSvobisdroindeli ena da qsenofontes Tarjimnoba gauwia (qsenofonte, 1967, gv.86); Sdr., qsenofontem (435-355) mtkvris saTaveebidan ordumde teritoriaze naxa: karduxebi, kolxebi, xaldebi, xalibebi, tibarenebi, mosinoikebi, fasianebi, taoxebi... Tu Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi 20-mde qarTveluri tomi arsebobs, - 79 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
rogor unda virwmunoT Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi mxolod im sami tomis arseboba, romlebic ar Canan Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua periodis wyaroebSic ki, da romlebic dRes arseboben? aseT SemTxvevaSi daismeba upasuxo kiTxva: saidan, rogor gaCndnen da maleve sad gaqrnen danarCeni tomebi? an: e.w. qarTebi, zanebi da svanebi Tuki iyvnen 5000 wlis win (da SemTxveviT ar aisaxnen wyaroebSi), ram ganapiroba mxolod am sami tomis uprecedento unikaluroba - 5000 wlis manZilze arseboba Tvisobrivi cvalebis ganucdelad maSin, roca aseT xangrZliv periods udidesma kulturebmac ki ver gauZles? Cveni xedviT: termini qarTveluri tomebi (aseve: Cerqezuli/afxazuradiRuri, vainaxuri, lekuri/daRestnuri...)SeuZlebelia gamoviyenoT Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulebis kavkasiis da mcire aziis sazogadoebrivi jgufebis aRsaniSnavad; rogorc Cans, am periodSi arsebobda winareqarTveluri, pirobiTad, iberiul-kavkasiuri mosaxleoba, romlis divergenciiTa da sxva xalxebTan met-naklebi konvergenciiT Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi CamoiZerwnen - Crdilokavkasiuri tomebic da maSindel kavkasiaSi dominanti saerToqarTveluri eTnosic, romelmac Seqmna STambeWdavi "kolxuri kultura" (t.futkaraZe, 1999, gv.11-13); Semdeg, mravalricxovani omebisa Tu migraciis Sedegad, es xalxic daiqsaqsa 20-ze met qarTvelur tomad. am tomTagan Zv.w. I aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi isev Seikra qarTveli eri, aRdga qarTvelTa saxelmwifoc, romelic Semdeg periodebSi drodadro calkeul TemTa kuTxur samTavroebad iSleboda da isev erTiandeboda...
ramdenad logikuria 4000-5000 wlis winandeli da amJamindeli sazogadoebebis (maTi enebis Tu eTnonimebis) gaigiveba? mag., zogi mecnieri xaTebs afxazebTan akavSirebs, zogic - qarTvelebTan... uZvelesi kulturebis werilobiT ZeglebSive dadasturebuli zogi sxva eTnonimic specialistTa erTi nawilis mier qarTvelTa aRmniSvnelad miiCneva, meore nawils isini sxva iberiulkavkasiuri (araindoevropeli da arasemiti) xalxebis, mesames ki indoevropelebis aRmniSvnelad warmoudgenia da a.S. winaswarve vityviT, rom Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulSi mcxovrebi Sumerebis, subarelebis (xuritebis) da xaTebis, Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi mcxovrebi abeSlaelebisa Tu Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisis xubuSqielebis enis (/xalxis) gaigiveba Tanamedrove qarTvelebis (CeCnebis, inguSebis, afxazebis, adiRelebis... qurTebis, somxebis... miT umetes, Turqebis, arabebis...) romelime enobriv erTeulTan, rbilad rom vTqvaT, gaWirdeba; 4000-5000-wliani intervali Zalian didia amgvari identifikaciisaTvis; sakiTxze msjelobisas uTuod gasaTvaliswinebelia enaTa da eTnosTa istoriis tipologiac; kerZod: Tanamedrove msoflioSi arsebuli yvela eris (eTnosis) enam, fsiqikurma wyobam, xasiaTma Tu kuTvnilma teritoriam bolo 10 saukuneSic ki seriozuli cvlileba ganicada; miT umetes, arsebiTad Seicvleboda 40-60 saukunis manZilze; mag., Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulebSi mcxovrebi didi tradiciebis damwerlobebis mqone xalxebic ki (Sumerebi, egviptelebi...) gaqrnen istoriis asparezidan da, warmoudgenelia, damwerlobis armqone, gacilebiT mcirericxovan eTnikur jgufebs dRemde Tvisobrivad ucvlelad SemoenaxaT TavianTi ena/dialeqti, kultura (rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, am mxriv, garkveulwilad, iSviaTi gamonaklisia qarTuli samwignobro ena: qarTulis unikaluroba ki gansazRvra sruliad gansakuTrebulma garemoebam: sul mcire, 15 saukunis manZilze qarTuli uwyvetad aris saeklesio, saxelmwifo da saliteraturo ena). ufro logikuria davuSvaT, rom Zv.w. VI-II aTaswleulebSi qarTvelur-Crdilokavkasiur-winaaziuri modgmis bevri tomi ar-
SeniSvna: aqve aRvniSnavT: kavkasia (teritoria Sav da kaspiis zRvebs Soris) aerTebs dasavleT evropas, aRmosavleT evropas, mcire aziasa da Sua azias; Sesabamisad, mas ver ganvixilavT verc oden evropis da verc aziis nawilad; gaumarTlebelia, agreTve, kavkasiis moazreba axlo aRmosavleTis cnebaSic. Tavisi evro-aziuri enobrivkulturuli da geografiul-klimaturi maxasiaTeblebis gamo, kavkasia evraziis centralur/gardamaval, Sesabamisad, TavisTavad regionad unda miviCnioT.
kidev erTi kiTxva: - 80 -
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winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
sebobda, romelTa nawili saerTod daikarga, mezoblebTan airia, nawili ki, xangrZlivi konvergenciis procesiT, met-naklebad "aisaxa" Tanamedrove iberiul-kavkasiur eTnosebSi; uZvelesi droidan vidre "did kolxur kulturamde" arsebuli tomebi, pirobiTad, saerTokavkasiur-axloaRmosavlur modgmad SeiZleba miviCnioT, xolo Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasasrulidan ukve SegviZlia vilaparakoT sakuTriv qarTvelur da Crdilokavkasiur tomebze. am naSromSi miznad ar visaxavT qarTvelur-kavkasiurwinaaziur tomTa istoriis kvlevas; mxolod gvsurs, cxadliv vaCvenoT, rom Zv.w. III-I aTaswleulebSi aTobiT qarTveluri tomi arsebobda (da ara mxolod sami!); Sesabamisad, qvemoT zogad StrixebSi warmovadgenT qarTvelur Tu winareqarTvelur (iberiul-kavkasiur-winaaziur) im eTnonimebs, romelTa didi nawili qarTvelTa winaprebis aRmniSvneli Cans (sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix.: f.homeli, 1889; iv.javaxiSvili, 1908; a.svaniZe, 1937; s.yauxCiSvili, 1964; T.yauxCiSvili, 1967; gr.giorgaZe, 2002; S.gabeskiria, 2003; g.qavTaraZe, 2004 da sxv.): xuritebi, miTanelebi, matienebi (miTani/miTanis mosaxleoba), urartuelebi - Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebSi xuris enaze molaparake tomebi binadrobdnen mdinare evfratis Suawels zemoT CrdiloeTiT gadaWimul olqebSi (Crdilo mesopotamiaSi); am qveyanas Sumerebi - subirs, aqadelebi da asurelebi subarTus eZaxdnen (Sdr., subarTu - geografiuli cneba). Zv.w. XVI saukunidan maT Seqmnes miTanis didi saxelmwifo. specialistTa daskvniT, xuritebis/miTanis ena aglutinaciuri tipis da ergatiuli konstruqciisa iyo; mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis azriT (arn.Ciqobava, i.diakonovi, s.starostini, n.nozaZe), igi enaTesaveba iberiul-kavkasiur enebs: arn. Ciqobavas azriT, iberiul-kavkasiuri enebi (maT Soris qarTulic - t.f.) enaTesaveba axlo aRmosavleTis Zveli kulturis mkvdar enebs: xeTurs, haruls/xurituls, mitani-enas, urartuls, elamurs... qarTuli ena aris xeTur-iberiuli wris cocxali ena; arsebuli gansxvavebani meoreulia (arn. Ciqobava, 1950,
gv. 006). Sdr., g.meliqiSvili, 1999, gv.19: "xuris ena da masTan dakavSirebuli eTnikuri elementi meore aTaswleulSi Cvens eramde metad farTo teritoriazea gavrcelebuli, Tumca am xalxis umTavres keras, politikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis centrs, am dros zemo mesopotamia da vanis tbis sanaxebi warmoadgenen; zemo mesopotamiaSia miTanis samefo, vanis tbis sanaxebSi ki - xuris samefo (adre, xuris nacvlad, kiTxulobdnen xaris). "Tavisi fizikuri tipiTa da eniT xuri-mitanis (Semdgomi urartus) mosaxleobasTan dRes mcxovreb xalxTagan yvelaze axlos qarTveluri, kavkasiuri modgmis xalxebi dganan". xuritebis gansaxlebis sazRvari ZiriTadad emTxveva mtkvararaqsis kulturis gavrcelebis arealis nawils (specialuri literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix.: o.jafariZe, 1976; g.avaliSvili, 1994; gr.giorgaZe, 2002). miTani daemxo Zv.w. XIII saukuneSi. savaraudoa, rom amis Semdeg gaZlierdnen daiani/daiaene, kolxa, urartu da e.w. nairis sxva qveynebi. iTvleba, rom xuritulis uSualo memkvidrea urartuli, romelic TvalsaCinodaa Secvlili, rac sxva monaTesave Tu ucxo enebTan intensiuri interferenciiT aixsneba: Zvel msoflioSi tomTa dapyrobiTi omebi Serevis did perspeqtivebs qmnidnen; Sdr., mag.: "eniT semiti asurelebi anTropologiurad narev xalxs - semituri elementisa da xuritebis Serevis produqts warmoadgenen" (g.meliqiSvili, 1999, gv. 29). logikuria mosazreba, rom xuritul-urartul enaze/enebze (abruptivebisa da ergatiuli konstruqciis mqone enaze) molaparake xalxis erTi nawili monawileobda qarTveli eris formirebaSi, meore nawili asaxulia sxva iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, mesame nawili ki asimilirda mosuli indoevropeli armenebis mier (swored urartuli an qarTveluris monaTesave sxva romelime enis substratiT unda aixsnas somxurSi abruptivebis arseboba). Sdr.: hekata~os miletelis (Zv.w. 549-472), herodotes (Zv.w. 484-425) da sxvaTa cnobebiT, matienebi cxovrobdnen mcire aziis CrdiloaRmosavleTiT, mesopotamiis CrdiloeTiT mosxebis, saspe~rebisa da alarodielebis mezoblad (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.42, 144;
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winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
herodote, 1975, gv.61, 111, 332). Sdr.: s.janaSias mtkicebiT, "qarTlis moqcevis" arian-qarTli warmoadgens mogonebas hari-qveynis, rogorc qarTvelTa uZvelesi sacxovrisis Sesaxeb. realurad, aq SesaZlebelia, igulisxmebodes rogorc mitani, ise urartuc - vanis tbis midamoebi, radgan hari-qveyana Seicavda erTsac da meoresac" (s.janaSia, 1952, gv.70); es mosazreba gaziarebulia Tanamedrove zog samecniero literaturaSic (ix., mag., k.z. gamsaxurdia, 1997, gv.66; e.TayaiSvilis dakvirvebiT, arian-qarTli aris hari-qveyana - xuritebis adgilsamyofeli).
mxreT amierkavkasiaSi - araratis sanaxebSi. iv.javaxiSvilis azriT, alarodeb/urartuelebSic unda vigulisxmoT qarTvelTa uSualo winaprebi (iv.javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.437). misive azriT, ramdenadac qsenofonte am regionSi alarodebis nacvlad ukve armenielebs asaxelebs, SesaZlebelia, vimsjeloT armenebis kavkasiaSi mosvlis SedarebiT zust TariRzec; Sdr., armenebs ar axsenebs hekata~os mileteli. qsenofontesave cnobiT, armenebs didi brZolebi aqvT xaldebTan; rac metyvelebs imazec, rom urartuelTa mezoblad mosuli armenebis damxvduria urartuelTa moZme tomi - xaldebi; yovel SemTxvevaSi, SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos eTnonim xaldisa da urartuelTa RmerTis saxelis - xaldis fonetikuri damTxveva; Sdr., mkvlevarTa yvela Taobis mier xaldebi qarTvelur tomad miiCneva.
SeniSvna: garkveuli albaTobiT, xurit- fuZeSi SesaZloa gamoiyos xur- Ziri, romelic har-/hal-/*xar-/*xal- variantebis saxiT SeiZleba veZioT hal-is-, xal-ib-, xal-d-, qal-d-, qar-T- formebSi, xolo xmovnis labializebuli variantiT - kol-/kul-x(<*qol-/*qul-<*xul-/hur-); sakiTxi sagangebo kvlevas moiTxovs; Tumca, am mimarTulebiT formobriv analizs Seaferxebs it- (-et-/eT?), -T- (/eT?), -d- (/-ed-?) da -ib- (-eb-?) segmentebis kvalifikaciis sirTule (ix., agreTve, qvemoT).
SeniSvna: urartuelebi eomebodnen diaoxsac, kolxasac, magram arc erTi maTganis saxeli ar uqceviaT zogadad mtris saxelad; g.meliqiSvilis cnobiT, maT mtris sinonimad aqcies mteri qveynis mosaxleobis saxeli - lulu (g.meliqiSvili, 1999, gv.21); savaraudoa, rom eTnonimi lulu miemarTeboda mosul indoevropuli enis mqone tomebs.
Zv.w. IX-VI saukuneebSi samxreT amierkavkasiisa da dRevandeli iran-TurqeTis momijnave teritoriaze arsebobda im droisaTvis erT-erTi uZlieresi saxelmwifo - urartu; Tavad urartuelebi TavianT qveyanas biainilis uwodebdnen (Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoria, 1971, gv.407), xolo TavianT Tavs - xaldebs (i.meSCaninovi, 1927, gv.3; Sdr., g.meliqiSvili, 1954, gv.28-29: TviTsaxelwodebaa bia/bianili); Sdr., urartuelTa RmerTi iyo xaldi. asurul wyaroebSi urartus saxelad dadasturebulia uruatri; Sdr., agreTve: bibliuri ararati da berZnuli alarud. sayuradReboa, rom movses xorenaci ar imowmebs am toponims da irCevs aSkarad Zvel, armenielebis mosvlamdel saxelwodebas masis mTa. urartuli ena uaxlovdeba xurituls. miiCneven, rom urartuelebi arian herodotes mier matienebisa da saspe~rebis gverdiT moxseniebuli alarodielebi/alarodebi (herodote, 1976, gv.226), romlebic armenielTa mosvlamde cxovrobdnen sa-
xaTebi - Zv.w. XXIII saukunidan aTasi wlis manZilze centralur anatoliaSi (kabadokiisa da pontos teritoriaze) arsebobda Zlieri xaTis saxelmwifo (specialuri literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. gr.giorgaZe, 2002). Sumerulisa da xuritulis msgavsad, xaTuri ena iTvleba ergatiuli konstruqciisa da aglutinaciuri tipis enad; specialistTa varaudiT, igi enaTesaveba Tanamedrove qarTvelur da afxazur-adiRur enebs (qr. girbali, i.dunaevskaia, v. ivanovi). logikuria, vifiqroT, rom xaTuri, rogorc oficialuri ena, Secvala mosuli indoevropuli eTnosis enam - xeTurma, magram xaTuri tomebis ena-kiloebi darCa yoveldRiur gamoyenebaSi da garkveuli transformaciebiT Semogvenaxa qarTvelur da sxva iberiulkavkasiur enebSi siRrmiseuli dafenebis saxiT.
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winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi SeniSvna: qarTvelurisa da xuritulis msgavsad, qarTvelur-xaTuri naTesauri mimarTebis kvlevas seriozuli perspeqtiva uCans (ix.: arn. Ciqobava, 1948; arn.Ciqobava, 1950; S.gabeskiria, 2003; Sdr., gr.giorgaZe, 2002, gv.90)...
qasqebi/qaSqebi da abeSlaelebi - Zv.w. XVII-XIII saukuneebis xeTur lursmul wyaroebSi, aseve, asurul, egviptur ugaritul teqstebSi moxseniebulia xalxi, romelTa aRmniSvneli saxeli iyo: qasqa, qaSqa, gaSga, kaSka, kaSqa, qaSka; kaSkaS (egvipt.), kaSkaia, kaSka, kaSku (asur.); Ktkym (ugarit.)... isini cxovrobdnen xeTebisgan CrdiloeTiTa da Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mogviano xanis anatoliaSi (pontoSi). mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis (g.meliqiSvili, i.dunaevskaia, i.diakonovi, a.kamenxuberi, v.arZinba, g.Cirikba) azriT, qasqebis ena erT-erTi afxazur-adiRuri enaa (terminis fonetikuri variantebisa da literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. gr.giorgaZe, 2000, gv.917). asuruli da xeTuri wyaroebis qaSqeb/qasqebis erT-erT saxelad (sinonimad) miCneulia asurul lursmul teqstebSi moxseniebuli abeSlaelebi. miuxedavad imisa, abeSla da qasqa sinonimebad gamocxaddeba, Tu monaTesave tomebad (msjelobisaTvis ix.: g.qavTaraZe, 1985, gv.125; gr.giorgaZe, 2002, gv.113-121), xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom SeuZlebelia 30-40 saukunis winandeli da Tanamedrove enebis igiveobaze laparaki; Sdr., agreTve, mag., m.qurdianis azriT, daaxloebiT 30 saukunis win arsebobdnen zanurenovani xubuSqielebi; avtoris varaudiT, paralelurad iyvnen qarTulenovani abaSebic, romelTa saxelic Semonaxulia toponim abaSas saxiT (arada, swored dRevandeli Tu istoriuli abaSelebi metyveleben erT-erT zanur dialeqtze - t.f.); misive varaudiT, xubuSqielebi abaSidan erT-erTi samxedro eqspediciis dros amierkavkasiidan gadasaxldnen vanis tbis midamoebSi; salmanasar IIIsTan damarcxebis Semdeg maTgan mxolod "qveynis saxeli da samefo dinastia darCa" (m.qurdiani, 2001, gv.130-131)... m.qurdiani am daskvnebs akeTebs xubuSqias saTuo etimologiis mixedviT; kerZod, - 86 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
misi azriT, saerToqarTveluri (resp. qarTuli) abaS- formisgan warmoiqmna abeSal- da zanuri xubuSq- varianti; aq logikuri Cans abaS- fuZis dakavSireba abaz- da abeSal- formebTan (ix. qvemoT). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom specialistTa daskvniT, xubuSqias mosaxleoba ZiriTadad xuritulenovani iyo... iv.javaxiSvilis, p.uSakovis da sxvaTa azriT, qaSqebi mermindeli kolxebis winaprebi arian; gr.giorgaZis varaudiT, tomTa gaerTianebani qasqebi da abeSlaelebi megrul-lazuri warmoSobisani SeiZleba iyvnen, ramdenadac, eTnonim muSqSic da sxva toponimebSic xSiria sq/sg/Sq TanxmovanTkompleqsebi, romlebic zanursvanuri rigis kompleqsebia (gr.giorgaZe, 2000, gv.16; gr.giorgaZe, 2002, gv.121). pirvel rigSi, savaraudoa, rom mosx-/muSq- fuZeSi gamoiyofa -x- ( > q krebiTobis gamomxatavi sufiqsi. SesaZloa, qasq- fuZeSic veZioT Sexorcebuli uZvelesi -x/-q morfema; Sesabamisad, s-q (S-q) xom ar aris morfemaTa zRvari (Sdr.: qaSagi "tyve" saba; yabardoeli - m.andronikaSvili)?; meorec, sq/Sq kompleqsi ar ikrZaleba arc saerToqarTveluris, arc samwignobro qarTulis da arc sxva qarTveluri dialeqtebis fonematuri struqturiT; amdenad, mxolod am kompleqsis mixedviT msjeloba gaWirdeba. ufro logikuria, vTqvaT, rom xaTebisa da xuritebis monaTesave qasqebi, abeSlaelebi, xubuSqielebi, urartuelebi... winareqarTvelur-kavkasiur tomTa aRmniSvneli saxelebia; am da sxva tomebisgan Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebSi CamoiZerwnen qarTvelebic, Cerqezebic, vainaxebic da lekebic... sxvagvarad ver aixsneba is faqti, rom Zveli winaaziuri enebis kvali STambeWdavia qarTvelurSic da sxva iberiul-kavkasiur (afxazur-adiRur, vainaxur, daRestnur) enebSic; aseve, Zvel eTnonimebTan masalobrivad axlos myofi terminebi dasturdeba rogorc qarTveluri, aseve Crdilokavkasiuri sazogadoebebis mimarTebiT (qaSagi, abaza/ebze...). muSqebi, muSqa/muSqi, mosxebi,
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mosoxi/meSexi, mosxikes
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
mcxovreblebi - samecniero literaturaSi miRebuli azris Tanaxmad, Zv.w. XII-VII saukuneebis asurul lursmul wyaroebSi moxseniebuli muSqebi, bibliuri mosoq-/mosox-meSex- saxelwodebebi (Sesaqme, X 2, 22-32), berZnul-romauli teqstebis mosoxebi, Zv. w. IV saukuneSi arsebuli saxelmwifo mosxike (iv.javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.22; iv.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.18; n.xazaraZe, 1998, gv.177; n.xazaraZe, 2001, gv.273; Sdr., i.diakonovi, 1984) - mosxebis/mesxebis qveyana, "qarTlis cxovrebis" arian qarTli da qarTvelTa erTi jgufis aRmniSvneli Temonimi mesxi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli cnebebia; kerZod, isini miemarTeba qarTvelur modgmas, romlis gansaxlebis (Tu moZraobis) ZiriTadi teritoriaa zemo evfratispireTi (Zv.w. XII s.)-kabadokia-halisis Sua dinebis samxreTi (Zv.w. VIII s.)-pontos teritoris nawili da, bolos, samxreTdasavleTi amierkavkasia. Sdr.: "feodaluri xanis nomenklaturiT, mosxebis qveyana moicavda: samcxes, javaxeTs, klarjeTs, aWaras, egriss, SavSeTs, kolaartaans, amier da imier taos, basians, spers, anu mTel samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos" (msjelobisa da vrceli samecniero literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix.: n.xazaraZe, 1984, gv.36-70; gr.giorgaZe, 1985; gr.giorgaZe, 2002). Zv.w. XII saukuneSi (1165 wels) zemo mesopotamiaSi gamoCenili muSqebi e.kaveniakma istoriuli saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleT olqebidan Camosulebad miiCnia (g.meliqiSvili, 1965, gv.22); n.xazaraZis azriTac, "muSqebi, abeSlaelebis msgavsad, CrdiloeTidan unda gavrcelebuliyvnen samxreTisaken xeTebis samefos dacemis Semdeg (n.xazaraZe, 2002, gv.124); mkvlevris varaudi efuZneba imas, rom xeTur lursmul teqstebSi muSqebi saerTod ar arian moxseniebuli. Cveni azriT, savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom muSqTa winaprebad moviazroT xaTebisa da xuritebis monaTesave da maTi gansaxlebis velSi mcxovrebi qarTvelur-kavkasiuri modgma; logikuri Cans muSqebisa da qaSqebis monaTesaveobis daSvebac (qaSqi da muSqu eTnonimebis mimarTebis Sesaxeb gr.giorgaZisa da e.fon Suleris
mosazrebebis analizi ix. n.xazaraZe, 2001, gv.283); Sdr.: xeTebi qasqebTan debdnen sxvadasxva xasiaTis xelSekrulebas, qasqebi da xaTebi ki monaTesave tomebad iTvlebian. ramdenadac, araindoevropeli xaTebis teritoriaze indoevropeli xeTebi mosulebi arian, logikuria varaudi, rom xaTebis SesaZlo memkvidre qasqebsa da xeTebs Soris daZabuli urTierToba iyo; Sesabamisad, sxvagvarad
berZnul wyaroebSi mosxebis tomi pirvelad naxsenebia Zv.w. VI s. berZeni mwerlis - hekata~os miletelis mier; misi mowmobiT, mosxebi kolxuri tomia (Cveni azriT, aq kolxuri qarTveluris sinonimia - t.f.); isini cxovrobdnen matienebis (miTanis) mezoblad - mesopotamiis CrdiloeTiT, anda mcire aziis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.43-44). herodotes (Zv.w. V s.) mixedviT, mosxebi kolxebTan (aq ukve kolxebi mxolod erT-erTi qarTveluri tomis saxelia - t.f.), saspeirebTan, xalibebTan (qalibebTan), makronebTan, tibarenebTan, mosinoikebTan da marebTan erTad cxovrobdnen mcire aziis CrdiloeTiT Savi zRvis aRmosavleT Tu samxreT sanapiroze sparseTis mefe darios I (Zv.w. 524-485) dros (ix. herodote, 1976, gv.634; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.47, 660). strabonis (Zv.w. 64 - ax.w. 24) mixedviT, mosxebi cxovroben amJamindel dasavleT saqarTveloSi - Savi zRvis sanapiroze kolxebis gverdiT, henioxebisa da kerketebis samxreTiT (sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix., g.qavTaraZe, 1985, gv. 82-86); strabonisve cnobiT, adrindeli mosxuri qveynis (ivaraudeba Zv.w. IV saukuneSi arsebuli mosxike? albaT, ufro Zveli muSqebis sacxovrisi - t.f.) erTi nawili aqvT kolxebs, meore - iberebs da mesame - armenielebs (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.140-145).
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dadgeba qarTvelur tomTa migraciis mimarTulebis sakiTxic. SeniSvna: k.f.leman-haupti fiqrobda, rom qarTvelebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze Camoyalibdnen Crdilo mesopotamiidan mosuli karduxebis (istoriuli gorduenes - korduqis mkvidrebis) da mcire aziidan mosuli mesxebis Serwymis Sedegad (vimowmebT g.meliqiSvilis mixedviT; g.meliqiSvili, 1965, gv. 19-20).
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
ioseb flaviusis azriT (37-95), mosoxenebi dafuZnebulni arian mosoxis mier da "axla maT kabadokielebi ewodaT; kabadokielTa es Zveli saxeli SemorCenilia maTi dedaqalaqis saxelad, romelic aris mazaxa" (ioseb flaviusi, 1987, gv.103). evstaTi antioqelTan (280-360) kabadokielTa winaprebad dasaxelebulia mesxenebi, maT eTnarqad ki - osoxi (georgika, 1961, gv.34). ori saukunis Semdeg ki prokopi kesarieli mesxTa (mesxoi) sacxovrisad miiCnevs iberiis gaswvriv arsebul mTebs (georgika, 1965, gv.127). stefane bizantielTan (IV-VII s.s.) dadasturebulia eTnonimi mosxi; igi, mihyveba ra strabons, mosxebs asaxelebs kerketebis zemoT (e.i. samxreTiT - t.f.). XI saukunis moRvawe leon gramatikosi ucvlelad imeorebs wina Taobebis mosazrebebs da iafetis Svilad miCneul mesxosisgan momdinared miiCnevs mesxebs, romelTac axla kabadokielebi ewodebaTo...(georgika, 1963, gv.3-4). mosx-/mesex-/mesx- terminTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa Crdilokavkasiur enaTa monacemebi: p.uslarisa da a.diris cnobebiT, daRestnur enaTa samyaroSi qarTvelebis aRsaniSnavad iyeneben termins - mosoqi/museqi; igi miemarTeba, agreTve, wovaTuSebsac (g.burWulaZe, b.SavxeliSvili, 1993, gv.325). logikuria, davuSvaT, rom qarTlis mosaxleoba muSq-mesxebis uSualo memkvidrea; toponim mcxeTisa da qoronim samcxis mimarTeba amis kidev erTi argumenti Cans: sa-mesx-e > *samsxe > samcxe;
r.abaSia, 2001), romelic krebiToba-warmomavlobas gamoxatavs: *mas-x-; fuZisaTvis Sdr.: mas-is-i, fas-is-i da bas-ian-i. Cveni azriT, *mas-x- marTlac SeiZleba iyos amosavali forma, magram warmodgenili formebi (mosx-/musx-) iseve ver miiCneva qarTvelur dialeqtur (zanur-svanur-) variantebad, rogorc, mag., sxvadasxva Zvel enaSi dadasturebuli Targamosi/Togarma/Torgoma/Tegerama/Tilgarimu, ararati/urartu da sxva paraleluri formebi; am rigis masala ise Zvelia, rom saTave (mizezi) winareqarTvelur-kavkasiur periodsa da sxvadasxva msesxebeli enis fonematur TaviseburebebSi unda veZioT (Sdr., iv.javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.401-402; g.Tofuria, 1970, gv.120; m.qurdiani, 2000, gv.189; n.xazaraZe, 2001, gv.285 da sxv.).
mesx-eT-a > *msxeTa > mcxeTa (literaturis mimoxilvisa da gansxvavebuli msjelobisaTvis ix. g.bedoSvili, 1981). Sdr.: i.zicaris azriT (i.zicari, 1998): mes-x- > vesk > bask-; bask- fuZis amgvari etimologia damatebiT argumentebs moiTxovs. varaudoben, rom mesx-, mosx- musx- fuZeebi qarTveluri dialeqturi variantebia; maTTvis amosavali SeiZleba iyos *mas- Ziri (Sdr.: masisi - maRali mTa istoriul mesxeTSi - parxalis axlos; masis mTa - araratis Zveli saxeli), xolo -x- iyos xuritul-urartul-kavkasiuri sufiqsi (sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. - 90 -
SeniSvna: mesxi/masxi eTnonims saerToqarTveluri eTnosis TviTsaxelwodebad aRadgens m. qurdiani (m.qurdiani, 2000, gv.188); mesx-/mosxtermini qarTvelTa erTi jgufis aRmniSvneli romaa, es ueWvelia, magram iyo Tu ara is saerToqarTveluri eTnosis TviTsaxeli, saTanadod argumentirebuli ar aris; am mosazrebis kritikisaTvis ix.: gr. giorgaZe, n.xazaraZe 2002, gv.191)...
sadavo ar unda iyos, rom mosxebi/mesxebi erT-erTi Zveli qarTveluri tomis saxelia, romelic mezobel Tu aramezobel xalxTagan istoriis erT monakveTSi ganzogadebuli iyo "yovelTa qarTvelTa" saxelad. daianelebi, diauxelebi, taoxebi - Zv. w. XII-VIII saukuneebis asurul da urartul lursmul teqstebSi damowmebulia daiaenis qveyana; mkvlevrebi am saxelwodebas ukavSireben urartuli lursmuli teqstebis diauxs, berZnuli wyaroebis taoxois, Zveli somxuri wyaroebis taiqs da istoriuli saqarTvelos erT kuTxes - taos (literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. gr.giorgaZe, 2002); varaudoben, rom es iyo Zlieri qarTveluri tomi (Sdr.: g.meliqiSvili, i.diakonovi da sxv. diaoxis mosaxleobas xuritulenovnad miiCneven), romlis mefe senze gamarjvebiTac sagangebod trabaxobda asureTis mefe tiglaTfileser I (1115-1077).
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winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
daianelebi/taoxebi/taoelebi cxovrobdnen TorTumis, evfratisa da mtkvris saTaveebSi; sarwmuno Cans, diaoxis dedaqalaqi SaSilu (SaSilo/sasiro) mdebareobda cnobili TorTumis cixis mimdebare teritoriaze - amJamindeli esendurakis adgilas (g.qavTaraZe, 2005, gv. 13-18). berZnul-bizantiur wyaroebSi taoxebi pirvelad gvxvdebian qsenofontesTan (Zv. w. V_IV s.s.): taoxebi, romlebic cxovroben mermindel olTisis olqSi, sparseTis mefes ar emorCilebian da xalibebTan erTad sparseli satrapis - tiribaZis - moqiravneebi arian (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.52). mogvianebiTac, mag., stefane bizantielic (IV-VII s.s.) taoxebs Sida pontoSi mosaxle tomad Tvlis; misi cnobiT, "zogierTebi maT taoelebsac eZaxian, rogorc ambobs sofainete Tavis "anabazisSi" (georgika, 1936, gv.284). Zveli berZnebis cnobiT, aia igive kolxeTia; ix., mag., herodote: argonavtebi "micuravdnen a~aSi, kolxidaSi, sawmisisaTvis"; "movida es kitisorosi a~a-kolxididan da gaaTavisufla igi"... (herodote, 1975, gv.472-473); amave azrs imeorebs apolo-
romelsac SeeZlo moeca, erTi mxriv, aia (< *haia), meore mxriv *xaia (< *haia). aia SeiZleba gamoiyos aiet- fuZeSic: -et- sufiqsi berZnulSi warmomavloba-kuTvnilebiTobis mawarmoebelia, Sesabamisad, mefe aietis saxeli miRebulia aia-sgan: aia-eti > aieti; Sdr. o.lorTqifaniZe, 1986, gv.32: "argonavtebis uZveles versiebSi, qveyana, sadac argonavtebma ilaSqres, iyo aia; ufro gvian am qveyanas kolxidad moixsenieben".
nios rodoselic Tavis "argonavtikaSi". Sesabamisad, logikuria T.miqelaZis azri, rom daiaeni SeiZleba iyos igive aia; Sdr., aia da xaiasa (Semdgomi suxmis qveyana) gaigivebuli aqvs g.hiusings (sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix.g.qavTaraZe, 1985, gv. 161, 163; g.qavTaraZe, 2005). dentalur da velarul TanxmovanTa monacvleobis, agreTve, maTi dakargvis TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa sxva kavkasiur-aRmosavleTanatoliur toponimTa variantebic: xalibi/alibi, xabareni/obareni, xarimati/arimati, qaRzevani/aRzevani, tapiri/apiri, toreti/oreti, Tuni/uni (magaliTebi moiZia g.qavTaraZem; ix. 1985, gv. 53-58); Sdr., agreTve: aia, daia-en-i da xeTuri wyaroebis xaia-sa (-sa da qarTv. -is-: Sind-is-i)... d > x, q > 0, x > 0, t > 0 procesebi Znelad dasaSvebia, Sesabamisad, gardamaval formebad savaraudoa s/h fonemebis Semcveli fuZeebi, ramdenadac, bunebrivia s > h > 0 procesi (winaenismieri yru Tanxmovnis h-d qcevisaTvis Sdr.: saerToqarTv. w > svan. W > h); Sdr., mag., SesaZlo transformaciebi: *daia > *taia > (*waia/*Waia, an *saia >) *haia, - 92 -
SeniSvna: diodore sicilieli (Zv.w. I s.), romelic qsenofontes teqsts mihyveba, taoxebis nacvlad axsenebs xaebs: karduxebi, armenielebi, xaebi (e.i. taoxebi), fasianebi, xaldebi, skotinebi, makronebi, kolxebi, motvinoikebi, tibarenebi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.124); Sdr., hekata~os mileteli (Zv.w. 549-472) mosxebsa da beqe~rebs Soris asaxelebs xo~ebs; rizes maxloblad mcxovreb xo~ebs Cveulebriv taoxo~s Seryvnil formad miiCneven, magram s. yauxCiSvilis azriT, maTi sacxovrisi imdenadaa daSorebuli taoxebis sacxovriss, rom xo~ebisa da taoxebis identifikacia gaWirdeba (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.44).
kolxebi - Zv. w. XII-VIII saukuneebis asurul da urartul lursmul teqstebSi dadasturebulia kilxi da kulxa/kolxa geografiuli terminebi, romlebic gaigivebulia berZnul-romauli wyaroebis kolxoi da kolxis saxelwodebebTan; iv.javaxiSvilis azriT, kolxebi asuruli wyaroebis kaskebi arian (iv.javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.30). samecniero literaturaSi gaziarebulia n.maris azri, rom kolxTa politikuri gaerTianeba Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasasruls da I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi (Zv.w. VII s. 20-ian wlebamde) iyo samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi, centriT Woroxis xeobaSi; VII saukunidan misi centri gadadis dasavleT saqarTveloSi - rionispireTSi (g.meliqiSvili, T.miqelaZe, n.lomouri, m.inaZe; msjelobisaTvis ix., agreTve: o.lorTqifaniZe, 1986, gv.68-69). Sdr., o.lorTqifaniZe, 1986, gv.4: "argonavtebis oqros sawmisisaTvis laSqrobis Sesaxeb berZnuli Tqmuleba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli Cvens qveyanasTan - Zvel kolxeTTan, romelic dRevandel dasavleT saqarTvelos miwa-wyals moicavda..."(adreul gamo- 93 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
kvlevaSi o.lorTqifaniZes sakamaTod ar miaCnda g.meliqiSvilisa da T.miqelaZis mtkicebulebani "argonavtikaSi" warmodgenili qarTveluri saxelebis Woroxis xeobasTan kavSiris Sesaxeb; ix., o.lorTqifaniZe, 1966, gv. 21, I SeniSvna). ak. uruSaZis da sxvaTa varaudiT, Tavdapirvelad, berZnebi kolxeTSi mTel qarTvelur samyaros gulisxmobdnen (ak.uruSaZe, 1964, gv.6). urartuli warwerebica da Tanamedrove arqeologiuri monacemebic cxadyofs am azris siswores (ix. qvemoT, II Tavi); aSkaraa, rom Zveli kolxeTi mxolod dRevandel dasavleT saqarTvelos ar moicavda; kolxeTis gacilebiT didi teritoria (mtkvris zemo welisa da Woroxis xeobebi) dRes TurqeTis respublikis SemadgenlobaSia moqceuli; Sdr.: kolxa/aia/tao. varaudoben, rom werilobiT ZeglebSi kolxida formis pir-
fsevdo-skilaqsi trapezuntisa da kerasuntis midamoebSi asaxelebs biZerebs, ekeqe~riebs, beqe~rebs, makrokefalebs da mosino~kebs; amave periodSive qsenofonte trapezunt-kerasuntis regionSi asaxelebs mxolod kolxTa toms (T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.97); Sdr., apolonios rodoseli (III s.): "qedmaRal mefes ver uSvelian kolxTa tomebi" (argonavtika, 1975, gv.113). miTridate-pompeusis brZolebTan dakavSirebiT kolxebs axsenebs II saukunis moRvawe apiane (apiane, 1959, gv.198); savaraudoa, rom kolxebad igi miiCnevs tomTa did gaerTianebas, romlebic Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze cxovrobdnen; Sdr., aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi am dros iberebi saxeldebian. arianes mixedviT, trapezuntelebis mosazRvreni arian kolxebi; amaT gverdiT arian sanebi (qsenofontes mixedviT, igive drilebi), makronebi da henioxebi (berZeni mwerlebi... 1983, gv.158). dRevandeli dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas ariane (II s.) ukve lazebis saxeliT ixseniebs: "lazikas Camoudis mdinare, saxelad reoni, sadac kolxebs Zvelad cixe augiaT"...(berZeni mwerlebi... 1983, gv.188). am periodidan erTmaneTs xSirad enacvleba terminebi: kolxi da lazi; mag., V saukunis anonimi avtori wers: "dioskuriidan vidre afsaris wylamde winaT cxovrobda is xalxi, romlebsac kolxebi ewodebodaT da mere gadaerqvaT lazebi" (georgika, 1965, gv.6)... ipolite romaeli (III s.), amiane marceline (IV s.), epifane kvipreli (314-403 ) da mravali sxva mogvianebiTac termin kolxebs irCeven, sxvebi ki lazebs iyeneben (ix. qvemoT); mag., ioane lide (VII s.) wers: "kolxikes amJamad lazikes eZaxian lazebis hegemonobis gamo" (georgika, 1970, gv.3; s.yauxCiSvilis komentari); agaTia sqolastikosi (VI s.): "lazebs rom Zvelad kolxebi ewodebodaT da swored isini arian, amaSi eWvi ar Seepareba aravis, Tuki is gaecnoba fazisis, kavkasiisa da maT garSemo mdebare qveynebis mosaxleobas... lazebi amayoben kolxTa Zveli saxeliT" (georgika, 1936, gv.27, 50)... Sdr., ioane cece (1110-1180 ): "kolxebi indoeli skviTebi ari-
veli damowmeba gvaqvs Zv. w. XIV saukunis B-xazovan teqstebSi kokida/kokide~o variantebis saxiT (l. gordeziani, 2004, gv. 226228). berZnul wyaroebSi termini "kolxida gaia" ueWvelad dasturdeba Zv. w. VIII saukunis poetTan - evmile korinTelTan; savaraudoa, rom kolxidis paralelurad berZnebi iyenebdnen termin aiasac (arsebuli mdidari literaturis mimoxilva ix.: m. inaZe, 1955; g. meliqiSvili, 1965; n. lomouri, 1962; S. asaTiani, 1993; m. inaZe, 1993). fsevdo-skilaqsis azriT, kolxebiT dasaxlebuli teritoria vrceldeba dioskuriidan mdinare afsarosamde e.i. soxumidan Woroxamde (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.84)... fsevdo-skilaqsis cnobebs imeorebs skilaqs kariandeli (Zv.w. VI-V s.). herodote amtkicebda, rom kolxebi egviptidan iyvnen wamosuli; misi azriT, samxreTis (mewamuli) zRvidan CrdiloeTis (pontos) zRvamde cxovrobda oTxi tomi: sparselebi, midielebi, sasperebi da kolxebi (herodote, 1975, gv.156, 262); aSkaraa, rom aq kolxebic da sasperebic ufro tomTa gaerTianebebis aRmniSvnelia, vidre calkeuli tomebisa (kolxebis Sesaxeb ix. iv.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.12). amas adasturebs qsenofontes mogzaurobis dRiurebisa da fsevdo-skilaqsis cnobebis Sedareba; kerZod: - 94 -
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winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
an, maT lazebic ewodebaT da cxovroben abazgebis, winandeli masageTebis maxloblad"; "kvitaia kolxeTis qalaqia, xolo kolxebi lazuri tomia, cxovroben abazgebis maxloblad"; kolxebs azieli skviTebic da levkosirebic hqviaT; isini cxovroben aziis mxareSi mdinare fazisis irgvliv"... (georgika, 1967, gv.32, 36-37)... Sdr.: II saukunis aleqsandrieli moRvawis - dinisios periegetis "dedamiwis aRwerilobis" mixedviT, kolxebi evropidan mosulni arian (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.93); am cnobaSi SeiZleba asaxuli iyos evropidan pontos zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze iberielTa mosvlis legenda.
logikuria vivaraudoT, rom Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua periodidan kerasuntis regionSi, halisisa (kizil-irmakis) da Woroxis auzebSi, Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTvelosa da mtkvris zemowelis mxareebSi Camoyalibda Zlieri politikuri gaerTianeba, romlis Tavdapirveli berZnuli (?) saxeli SeiZleboda yofiliyo aia (Sdr.: aieti; Sdr., agreTve: daiaeni, tao); Semdeg am saxels Caenacvla kolxa/kolxida. Zv.w. XII-VIII saukuneebSi am gaerTianebaSi hegemonobda kolxebis Zlieri tomi, romlis saxelis mixedviT aisaxa es saxelmwifo mezobeli saxelmwifoebis dokumentebSi Tu berZeni mwerlebisa da mogzaurobis mexsierebaSi; igi am periodSi ukve moicavda Savi zRvis mTel aRmosavleT sanapiros aRmosavleT saqarTvelos nawilis CaTvliT (Sdr., g.meliqiSvili, 1954, gv.412)... metic, rogorc zogi berZnuli wyaro, aseve, Tanamedrove arqeologiuri gaTxrebi cxadyofen, rom e.w. "didi kolxuri kultura" moicavda dRevandel qarTlsac da Crdilo kavkasiis did nawilsac.
SeniSvna: hekata~osis "dedamiwis aRwera" cxadyofs, rom Zv.w. VI s. berZenTaTvis cnobili iyvnen Semdegi tomebi: melanqla~nebi, koraqsebi, kolebi, mosxebi, xo~ebi, beqe~rebi, diZerebi, makronebi, marebi, mosino~kebi, tibarenebi, xalibebi. fsevdo-skilaqsis (Zv.w. IV) "periplusSi" ki Savi zRvis sanapiroze md. donidan Tanamedrove TermeCaimde dasaxelebulia Semdegi tomebi: savromatebi, ma~otebi, sindebi, kerketebi, toretebi, aqa~ebi, henioxebi, koraqsebi, kolebi, melanqla~nebi, gelonebi, kolxebi, biZerebi, ekeqe~rebi, beqe~rebi, makrokefalebi, mosino~kebi, tibarenebi, xalibebi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.43, 81-82). T.yauxCiSvilis azriT, herodotesTan qarTvel tomebad misaCnevia: kolxebi, saspe~rebi, xalibebi, makronebi, mosxebi, tibarenebi, mosino~kebi, marebi; maTi monaTesave tomebi arian: alarodielebi, matienebi. mosxebi da tibarenebi omSi erT meTaurs emorCilebodnen; makronebi da mosino~kebi - meores; marebi da kolxebi - mesames, xolo, alarodiebi da saspe~rebi - meoTxes (herodote, 1975, gv.27-28; ix. agreTve, T.yauxCiSvili, 1955).
kolxa unda momdinareobdes Zveli qarTuli provinciis kolas saxelisgan (i.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.12): kola/kol-i - kol-x-i; qarTul wyaroebSi fuZe kola adridanve dasturdeba, xolo qoronimis meoreuli varianti kolxeTi qarTulSi berZnulis analogiiT gvian iqmneba. Sdr., patriarq nikonis matianeSi saqarTvelos aRmniSvneli erT-erTi terminia kolxekia (g. paiWaZe, 1993). p.ingoroyvas azriT, kolxisganaa nawarmoebi qluxori (kolxori > kluxori > qluxori; Sdr., koda > kod-or-i; p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.143).
kolebi - kolebi pirvelad dasturdebian hekata~os miletelTan (Zv.w. 549-472); fsevdo-sqilaksis (Zv.w. IV s.) cnobebis mixedviT, koraqsebi da kolebi daaxloebiT bzifis SesarTavis raionSi arian sagulvebeli (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.83). axali welTaRricxvis V saukunis anonimuri periplusis avtori kolebis qveyanas - kolikes asaxelebs, erTi mxriv, henioxebis, koraqsebisa da, meore mxriv, melanqlainebis, maqelonebis, kolxebis mezoblad (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.105); Sdr., stefane bizantieli: kolebi tomi kavkasionTan; kavkasionis qveda ferdebs ewodeba kolebis mTebi, qveyanas ki kolike hqvia (georgika, 1936, gv.281). logikuria davuSvaT, rom saqarTvelos istoriuli provincia kola, eTnonimi kol-x-i/kol-x-a da kolebi/kolike saerTo fuZisgan warmomavali sityvebi iyos (Sdr., p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.138: kolxi da kolaelebi sinonimebia); aseve, SesaZlebelia, vivaraudoT, rom trapizonisa da biWvinTis regionebSi erTsa da imave dros dafiqsirebuli kolxebi da kolebi monaTesave tomebi ari-
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winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
an. p.ingoroyvas azriT, kolasganaa nawarmoebi klarji: kol-ar-i > kolarji (p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.138); mas axsnili ara aqvs j-s warmomavloba, magram dakavSireba swori Cans: SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom *kolar- da dialeqturi kolaj- (zanurSi bunebrivia r > j procesi sityvis bolos: xari > xoji, qmari > qomonji...) formebis kontaminaciiT miviReT kolaraj- forma, romelmac mogvca klarj- fuZe; aseve, araa gamoricxuli, -r fonetikur CanarTad miviCnioT: kolar- > kolaj- > klaj- > klarj- (sakiTxi Semdgom kvlevas iTxovs).
nevs kolxur tomad (Sdr., misTvis lazebi skviTuri tomia; georgika, 1936, gv.280-281); amave avtoris mixedviT, "kerketebis zemoT cxovroben mosxebi da qarimatebi, xolo qvemoT henioxebi da koraqsebi..." (georgika, 1936, gv.289). iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, koraqs- fuZe daiSleba kor- Zirad da
koraqsebi - Zv.w. VI saukuneSi moRvawe hekata~os miletelis cnobiT, koraqsebi kolxuri tomia (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.43). skilaqs kariandeli (Zv. w. VI-V s.) koraqsebs asaxelebs henioxebis Semdeg (T. yauxCiSvili, 1967, gv. 47). koraqsebs axsenebs fsevdo-sklaqsic (Zv. w. IV s.); misi azriT, koraqsebi cxovroben henioxebze samxreTiT da kolebze CrdiloeTiT Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze. amaTze kidev ufro samxreTiT aris tomi kolxebisa da mis teritoriazea dioskurisi. ase rom, am avtoris Tanaxmad, koraqsebis tomi Tanamedrove soxumze ufro CrdiloeTiT aris navaraudevi (T. yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.10). koraqsebi da kolebi daaxloebiT dRevandeli bzifis (klavdios ptolema~osis mixedviT, mdinare koraqsis) SesarTavis raionSi arian sagulvebeli (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv. 83; ix. agreTve n. lomouri, 1963, gv. 22). Sdr., aristoteles (Zv. w. 384-322) "meteorologiaSi" vkiTxulobT: "kavkasionis qvemoT aris tba (kaspiis tba), romelsac adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi zRvas uwodeben. radgan am tbas mravali da didi mdinare erTvis da cxadi gamosavali ki ara aqvs, igi miwis qveS miedineba koraqsebisken da gamodis pontos e.w. siRrmeebTan (T.yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.36); aristotele ar sazRvravs maTs sacxovriss da arc maT eTnikurobas, vinaidan, Cans, rom mis mkiTxvel Tu msmenel sazogadoebas amisi sagangebo axsna ar sWirdeboda" (T.yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.10). stefane bizantieli (IV-VII s.) Tavis "geografiul leqsikonSi", hekates "aziis" kvalad, koraqsebs miiC- 98 -
-qs- sufiqsad, sadac, -qs- igive "sakveci" -x- aris, rac gvaqvs kol-xformaSi (iv.javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.411). logikuria kol-, kor- fuZeebis, aseve, kolxebis, kolaelebis, koraqsebis, gviandeli klarjebis saerTo warmomavlobis sakiTxis dasma; xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom ukve hekata~osis dros koraqsebi, kolebi da kolxebi monaTesave, magram sxvadasxva tomebi arian; Sdr.: sxva SemTxvevebSic monaTesave qarTvelur tomebs erTi fuZidan nawarmoebi msgavsi saxelebi aqvT (ix.: sani, zani, Wani... xalibi, qaldi, xaldi, karduxi...). karduxebi - qsenofontes cnobiT, es meomari da ubatono tomi ebrZvis rogorc berZnebs, aseve sparselebsa da armenebs; maTi sacxovrisi am dros miuval mTebSia: "molaSqreebma tyveebisgan gaiges, rom Tu isini SeZleben karduxebis mTebis gadalaxvas da mdinare tigrosis saTaveebze gadasvlas, mivlen armeniaSi" (qsenofonte, 1976, gv. 63-66, 74-75). karduxebiT dasaxlebuli teritoriis sazRvrebia: CrdiloeTiT - Tanamedrove botan-Cai, dasavleTiT - tigrosi, samxreTiT Tanamedrove qurTistanis mTianeTis dasavleTi nawili. berZnul-romaul wyaroebSi karduxebis saxelis variantebia: gordueno~ da Cordueni (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv. 52). tomi karduenebi amave teritoriaze dasturdeba mogvianebiTac; ix., mag., petre patrikiosi (VI s.): romaelebsa da sparselebs Soris molaparakebis erT-erTi sadavo sagani iyo qveyana karduene (mas romaelebi iTxovdnen), romelic tigrosis saTaveebTan mdebareobda (georgika, 1936, gv.193)... kardu/kardu-x- fuZesTan akavSirebda qarTu(-el-) fuZes iv. javaxiSvili (1960, gv.411-412); kardu- formas xald- fuZisgan mo- 99 -
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winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
mdinared Tvlis a.svaniZe (a.svanaZe, 1937, gv.14); Sdr., ufro adre, qarTu-el- formas qald-e (qaldea) saxelTan akavSirebda ilia WavWavaZe: "Zalian WkuasTan axloa da advilad safiqrebeli, rom lursmul warwerebSi moxseniebuli "qaldi", "qaldisi" igive "qarTlisi" iyos..." (i. WavWavaZe, 1941, gv.376). qsenofontes mier dadasturebuli karduxebi mecnierTa erTi jgufis mier qurTTa winaprebad miiCneva; amgvar dakavSirebas sxvebi usafuZvlod Tvlian da karduxebs qarTvelTa winaprebad miiCneven (msjelobisaTvis ix. a.svanaZe, 1937, gv.14; S.gabeskiria, 2003). vfiqrobT, ufro logikuria, indoevropel tomebTan mebrZoli karduxebi da maTi mezobeli xaldebi monaTesave tomebad ganvixiloT: Zvel berZnul wyaroebSive xaldebi qarTvelur tomad iT-
nur-megruli) variantebi iyon, vinaidan identur saxelTa msgavsi variantuloba xSiria asurul, xeTur, ieroglifur-luviur, Zvel ebraul da Zvel berZnul enebSi; mag., Sdr.: asuruli gamir-, muSqu da ZvelberZnuli gomer-, meSeh-; xeTuri kummani da asuruli kammanu; xeTuri Tegerma da ZvelberZnuli Togorma... n.xazaraZis logikuri daskvniT, "TabalisaTvis navaraudevi teritoria ZvelTaganve xeTur-luviuri tomebis gavrcelebis arealSi Sedioda" (n.xazaraZe, 1978, gv.64, 82; n.xazaraZe, 2001; aqve ix. sakiTxis Seswavlis istoria). sainteresoa imis aRniSvnac, rom Tu bibliuri meSehi da Tobeli sxvadasxva xalxebis winaprebad ivaraudebian: bibliis ganmmartebelni Tobelis STamomavalT iberebTan aigiveben, im iberebTan, romlebic, amave dros, mkvlevarTa azriT, tibarenebis Camomavlebi arian. sainteresoa isic, rom qalaqi mazaxa/mazaka, romelic muSqTa/mosxTa dedaqalaqad moiazreba, masalobrivad aSkarad uaxlovdeba *masx-/masax-/mesx- fuZes; n.xazaraZis daskvniT ki, swored am qalaqis siaxloves cxovrobdnen Tobalebic. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom berZnul-bizantiuri wyaroebis Tobelebi/Teobelebi da qarTuli Targanebis Tovilebi saxeldebian mxolod bibliur konteqstSi; kerZod: ioseb flaviusi (I s.): "... Tobelma daafuZna Tobelebi, romlebsac axla iberebi ewodebaT" (georgika, 1961, gv.34; Sdr., XII saukunis qarTuli Targmani: "daamkvidrebs ukue Tovilissa TovilTasa, romelni aw ivirad iwodebian"); evstaTi antioqeli (280-360 ): obelisgan warmoiSven Teobelebi, dRes rom iberebi ewodebaT (georgika, 1961, gv.34); leon gramatikosi (XI): "... Tobelisgan - Tobelebi, axlandeli iberebi, mesoxisgan - mesxenebi, axlandeli kabadokielebi" (T.yauxCiSvili, 1983, gv.49)... Sdr., giorgi singelozi (VIII-IX): Tobelisagan warmodgnen Tetalielebi, xolo mosoxisgan - ilirielebi (georgika, 1941, 61-62)... Cveni azriT, kvlevis am etapze upasuxoa kiTxva: Tabalebi indoevropuli tomia Tu qarTvelur-kavkasiuri?
vleba (ix. qvemoT), xolo Zvel somxurSi kordu-k qarTvelTa aRmniSvneli eTnonimia (ix. S.gabeskiria, 2003). problema Semdgom kvlevas iTxovs. Tabalebi, Tobelebi - Zv.w. IX-VII saukuneebis asuruli wyaroebis Tabalis qveyanas (Ta-ba-lu) mkvlevarTa umravlesoba antikuri xanis did kabadokiaSi aTavsebs; mag., b.landsbergeris varaudiT, Tabali mdebareobda Zveli mazakas, dRevandeli kaiseris raionSi - samxreT-dasavleT kabadokiaSi; miCneulia, rom Tabalebis saxeli asaxulia bibliuri eTnarqis - Tubal-/Tobelis saxelSi (Sesaqme, IV,22; X,2; XI, 28). istoriul wyaroebsa da samecniero literaturaSi arsebobs mtkicebulebani, rom Tubal/Tobalis Camomavalni arian tibarenebi, tibarebi, iberebi anu qarTvelebi (ioseb flaviusi, vivian de sen marteni, n.mari, i.javaxiSvili, p.ingoroyva... msjelobisaTvis ix.: iv.javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.22-23; s.janaSia, 1959). Tabalebsa da tibarenebs sxvadasxva xalxebad miiCnevs n.xazaraZe (Sdr.: Tabali - gviandeli xeTuri politikuri gaerTianeba mcire aziaSi); misi azriT, asuruli Tabal-, Zvelebrauli Tubal- da Zvel berZnulad naTargmn bibliaSi damowmebuli TobelSeuZlebelia qarTveluri dialeqturi (Sesabamisad, qarTul-sva- 100 -
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winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
tibarenebi/tibareni - hekata~os miletelis (Zv.w. 549-472) mixedviT, tibarebi cxovrobdnen Tanamedrove ordus midamoebSi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1978, gv.44). herodotes (Zv.w. 484 -425 ) cnobiT, mefe dariosisgan (524-485) "mosxebs, tibarenebs, makronebs, mosino~kebsa da marebs Sewerili hqondaT 300 talanti" (herodote, 1975, gv.226). qsenofontem (Zv.w. IV s.) tibarenebi naxa mosinoikebs damorCilebuli xaldebis mezoblad, Savi zRvis sanapiroze; misi rwmune-
renebi da iberebi erTi da igive xalxia; i. javaxiSvilisa da s. janaSias kvlevebis Semdeg tibarebisa da iberebis igiveoba qarTul samecniero literaturaSi sayovelTaod miRebulia; Cven SesaZleblad migvaCnia tiber-en-/tibar- da iber- fuZeebis saerTo warmomavlobis daSvebac (tiber-/hiber-/iber-?) da am tomTa naTesaobac (da ara igiveoba): aSkaraa, rom tibarenebic da iberebic qarTvelur tomTa gansaxlebis velSi cxovroben da isini qarTvelur tomebad unda miviCnioT.
biTac tibarenebis qveyanaSi iyo elinTa axalSeni kotiora/ordu (T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.106-107). fsevdo-skilaqsi tibarenebs mosinikebis mezoblad asaxelebs (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv. 84-85). apoloniosi (Zv.w. 295-215) tibarenTa qveyanas aTavsebs xalibebis (/xaldebis) CrdiloeTiT (a.rodoseli, 1975, gv.107). strabonis mixedviT, tibarenebi trapezuntisa da farnakiis zemoT cxovroben, xald-xalibebsa da sanebTan erTad (aqvea mosxuri mTebi, romlebic kolxidis zemoT mdebareoben (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv. 146). diodore sicilieli (Zv.w. I s.) tibarenebs asaxelebs mosvinoikebis Semdeg: karduxebi, armenielebi, xaebi (e.i. taoxebi - T.yauxCiSvili), fasianebi, xaldebi, skitinebi, makronebi, kolxebi, mosvinoikebi, tibarenebi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.124). macxovris wyalobiT velurobidan gamosul tomTa Soris asaxeleben tibarenebs evsevi kesarieli (260-340 ) da Teodorite kvireli (393-457 ). Savi zRvis sanapiroebis aRweris dros amiane marceline (IV s.) wers: mdinare halisis auzSi cxovroben: xalibebi (strabonis azriT, igive qaldeebi, romlebmac pirvelad moipoves da daamuSaves rkina), bizerebi, sapirebi, tibarenebi, mosinikebi, makronebi... "romlebic CvenTvis sruliad ucnobni arian" (georgika, 1961, gv.110-111). stefane bizantielis mixedviT, qveyana tibarenia aris pontoSi, xalibebisa da mosinikebis mezoblad (georgika, 1936, gv.285)... berZnul-romaul wyaroebSi arsadaa miTiTebuli, rom tiba-
saspe~rebi, svispiritebi, iberebi (iberia/kavkasiis iberia) - herodotes mixedviT, saspe~rebi cxovrobdnen kolxidasa da midias Soris: "kolxididan midiaSi gadasasvleli didi araa, mxolod erTi tomia am qveynebs Soris, esaa saspeirebis tomi" (herodote, 1975, gv.76). ramdenadac herodotesTan saerTod araa naxsenebi iberebi, specialistebi varaudoben, rom saspe~rebi igive hiberebi/iberebi arian (i.javaxiSvili, s.janaSia...). herodotesTanve saspeirebi, matienebi (miTanelebi) da alarodielebi (urartuelebi) gverdigverd moixsenieba; Sdr., tomTa meore jgufi: mosxebi, tibarenebi, makronebi, mosino~kebi da marebi (ix. iqve, gv.227)... es cnobebi xels SeuSlis hiberebis, tibarenebisa da saspeirebis identifikacias; tibarenebi da saspeirebi aSkarad sxvadasxva qarTveluri tomia, xolo saspe~rebisa da iberebis igiveobis daSveba SesaZlebelia; ix., mag., s.janaSia: saspe~rebiT dasaxlebuli teritoria romaul xanaSi sispiritad iwodeboda; igi moicavda iberia-qarTlis samefos teritoriasac; mxolod, misi politikuri centri mcxeTa-armazis raionis samxreTiT aris saZiebeli. saspe~r-iberebi cxovrobdnen araqsis xeobaSi, Woroxis xeobis zemoTa nawilSic da evfratis saTaveebSic (s. janaSia, 1952, gv.21, 101; msjeloba ix., agreTve, qvemoT). Sdr., qsenofontes mier dasaxelebul hesperitebsa da strabonis svispiritebs saspeirebTan akavSirebda p.ingoroyva (p.ingoroyva, 1957, gv.506-507; ix., agreTve, T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.145-146;
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winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
g.qavTaraZe, 1985, gv.133-134). g.meliqiSvilis azriT, saspe~rebi igive taoxebi arian (g.meliqiSvili, 1959, gv.268), T.miqelaZisa da v.liCelis azriT ki, dasavlur-qarTuli, kerZod, megrul-Wanuri enis mqone eTnikuri jgufia (T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.129; v.liCeli, 2001, gv.23); aqve aRvniSnavT, rom v.liCelis azriT, saspe~ritebs unda SeeqmnaT "protoqarTuli aso-niSnebi", romlebic Zv.w. IV saukuneSi Sevida kolxeTsa da iberiaSi (iqve, gv.19-25). istoriuli dokumentebidan aSkarad Cans, rom saspe~rebi/svispiritebi karduxebisa da taoxebis mezoblad cxovroben; Sdr., qsenofontes cnobiT, hesperitebi/esperitebi fasianTa mezoblebi arian da orives erTi mmarTveli - tibarizi hyavT (T. mi-
kolxebic igulisxmebian. strabonis cnobiT (XI,2,18), iberebi
cxovroben kavkasionidan vidre armeniamde da kolxidamde (iberebis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT); iberiaSi aris patara qalaqi friqsipolosi, gviandeli idesa anu oZrxe. sayuradReboa termin iberias sparsuli variantebi: Zv.w. III saukuneSi Zvel sparsulad (parTulad) saqarTvelo (iveria) ixsenieba rogorc virSan/virCan, xolo saSual sparsulSi - v.ruCKn; Sdr., Sapur I samenovan warweraSi sparsulis paralelur berZnul teqstSi gvaqvs - iberias (g.wereTeli, 1993, gv.98). strabonis azriT, iberebis monaTesaveni arian aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis mkvidri sarmatebi da skviTebi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.145-149); Sdr., amave periodSi berZnebi werdnen, rom mosxebis qveynis erTi nawili aqvs iberebs. strabonis (da miTridates istorikosebis) Semdeg ucxouri wyaroebi dRevandel aRmosavleT da istoriul samxreT-aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, ZiriTadad, iberiis/iveriis saxeliT (an misi fonetikuri variantebiT) moixsenieben; amave periodidan dasavleTi da istoriul samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelo lazikad iwodeba. istoriuli, Tundac farnavazisdroindeli qarTlis amgvari danawevrebis safuZvelia sparseTisa da romis mier saqarTvelos ganawileba da ara sakuTriv qarTuli realoba. Cveni azriT, welTaRricxvaTa mijnidan terminebi: iberia/iberebi da lazika/lazebi bizantiur wyaroebSi politikuri viTarebis amsaxveli iyo da ara eTnikuri sinamdvilisa; Sdr.: ioseb flaviusisTvis bibliuri Tobelis (Tovilis) kuTvnili teritoria aris iberia/iviri; klavdios ptolemaiosi (100-178 ) ki iberiis sazRvrebs ase warmoadgens: CrdiloeTiT sarmartia, dasavleTiT - kolxida (suramis qedi), samxreTiT - didi armenia, aRmosavleTiT - albania (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.149). apianes (90-170) cnobiT, iberebma 70 000 kaci daaxvedres pompeuss mtkvarTan (apiane, 1959, gv.199). dionisios periegetis (II s.) "msoflios aRwerilobaSi" Tanamedrove Woroxis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT kaspiisa da Sav zRvebs Soris arsebul yelSi cxovroben
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qelaZe, 1955, gv. 24-27); hesperitebi berZnuli Hespera-s mixedviT warmoqmnili warmomavlobis saxeli Cans da dasavleT armeniis mosaxleobas aRniSnavs (g. qavTaraZe, 1985, gv. 132). vfiqrobT, istoriuli toponimebic (tao da speri/ispiri) cxadyofen taoxebisa da sperebis cal-calke arsebobas; SeuZlebelia sperebis metyvelebis gamocxadeba lazur-megrulad, ramdenadac, pirvel rigSi, dasasabuTebelia, saerTod iyo Tu ara am dros megrul-Wanuri; meorec, Tuki kolxuri tomebi mxolod megrul-Wanurad molaparake mosaxleobis winaprebia da herodotes mier dasaxelebuli meore didi xalxic - saspeirebic megrul-Wanurad metyveleben, kavkasiasa da wina aziaSi sxva qarTveluri tomebis adgili saerTod aRar gvrCeba (herodote: zRvidan zRvamde cxovroben: sparselebi, midielebi, saspe~rebi, kolxebi)... saspeirebis gviandel saxelad, savaraudoa, ganzogadda termini iberebi, romelic adre erTi patara tomis saxeli unda yofiliyo. Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebis istorikos megasTenes "indikas" mixedviT, nabuqodonosor II (Zv.w. 605-562) iberebi pirineidan ayara da pontos marjvniv daasaxla; savaraudoa, am SemTxvevaSic "iberebSi"
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
aRmosavleTis iberebi; Sdr., misi rwmeniT, henioxebi da Zigiebi pelazgebis Camomavlebi arian, xolo kolxebi - egviptelebis (T.yauxCiSvili, 1967, gv.149-151). Sdr., sokrate sqolastikosi (380-440): "es iberebi cxovroben evqsinis pontosTan; eseni gamosulebi arian ispaniis iberTagan" (georgika, 1961, gv.229-230); Sdr., agreTve, stefane bizantieli: "iberia oria, erTi herakles svetebTan, mdinare iberisagan atarebs saxels; mas ixseniebs apolodore... meore iberia sparselebis gverdiTaa. eTnikuria iberebi, rogorc pierebi, bizerebi" (georgika, 1936, gv.278-279). ipolite romaeli (III s.) iberebs aTavsebs kabadokielTa gadaRma, marjvena mxares: "marjvena mxareebSi cxovroben armenielebi, iberebi da beranebi, xolo marcxena mxareebSi, skviTebi, kolxebi da bosporelebi" (georgika, 1961, gv.19). Sdr., gelasi kesarieli (IV s.): "imave xanebSi RmerTis cneba miiRes pontos gaswvriv mdebare miwa-wyalze mcxovrebma iberebma da lazebma, romelTac RmerTi ar swamdaT" (georgika, 1961, gv.186). iberiis amgvar mdebareobas adasturebs epifane kvipreli (314-403 ), Temistiosi (317-338 ), evsevi kesarieli (260-340 ), armenieli agaTangelosi (IV s.), amiane marceline (IV s.), eremia sozomene (V s.), rufinusi (V s.), Teodorite kvireli (393458 ), menandre protiqtori (VI ), giorgi amartoli (IX s.). gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa nikifore qsanTopulosis (XIIIXIV s.) cnoba, romelic iberiad miiCnevs dasavleT saqarTvelos nawilsac: "im mxareSi, sadac aris didi sebastopolisi, afsaris cixe, pisis navsadguri da mdinare fazisi, mosaxleoben iberielebi, susebi, fustelebi da alanebi"; Sdr., agreTve: "xolo igi andria wamovida amisodan da movida trapezuntSi, lazikas qalaqSi... iqidan wamovida da SeCerda iberiaSi; mas Semdeg, rac man zRvis piras mcxovrebni mravalni gananaTla, is Cavida ierusalimSi" (georgika, 1967, gv.113-114); aqvea s.yauxCiSvilis Semdegi komentari: "amrigad, dadgenilad unda CaiTvalos, rom uaRresad Semcdaria dRemde moqmedi Teoria dasavleT saqarTvelos eTnikuri Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb: dasavleT saqarTvelo dasaxlebuli iyo ara
marto megrul-Wanuri tomebiT, aramed iberebiTac (gv.117). Sdr., agreTve, laonike xalkokondile (XV s.): iberia gadaWimulia egreTwodebul baTumidan da mdinare fazisidan vidre axalcixemde; istorikosis azriT, iberiaSi Sedis samegreloc, guriac... (georgika, 1970, gv.91). sayuradReboa kidev ori cnobac: strabonTan damowmebuli gadmocemiT (straboni, 1964, gv. 473: XI, II, 19; T.yauxCiSvili, 1957, gv. 126; Sdr., miuSenkos Targmani: straboni, 1879, gv. 507), oqros sawmisi aRmosavleTis iberTa qveyanaSi, kerZod, svanTa mxareSia; xolo dedis mxridan abazguri (megrul-Wanuri? - t.f.) warmomavlobis iovane ceces azriT, iberebis tomisani arian abazgebic (georgika, 1967, gv.23). Tuki verwmunebiT samecniero literaturaSi arsebul mtkicebebs (ix.: i. javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.23; i. javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.18; s.janaSia, 1959, gv.48) da davuSvebT, rom Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi moxseniebuli qarTuli provincia speri/ispiri (Sdr., "qarTlis cxovreba": mdinare speri - Woroxi; speris zRva - Savi zRva), herodotes mier naxsenebi Temonimi saspe~rebi, qoronimi iberia da saqarTvelos sparsuli saxelwodeba virSan/virCan saerTo warmomavlobis fuZeebia, maSin iberiis qarTul variantad da, saerTod, warmodgenil variantTa amosaval saxed unda davsaxoT swored
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speri (Sdr., speri/ispiri Woroxis erT-erTi saxelia; s.janaSia, 1952, gv.274). SesaZloa, drois garkveul monakveTSi, mezoblebma
speri - erTi qarTuli mxaris/tomis saxeli - ganazogades qarTvelTa zogad saxelad. warmodgenil analizs mxars dauWers sper-, iber- ber-, ver-... formebis fonetikur variantebad miCnevis SesaZleblobac; kerZod: logikuri sqemis mixedviT, sper- fuZisgan kanonzomierad qarTulSive SeiZleboda migveRo, erTi mxriv: sper > ~per > ~ber/iber (s > ~ > i, s > ~s/~h da s > h > 0 procesebi bunebrivia qarTveluri dialeqtebisaTvis), meore mxriv: sper > hper > hber > ber/Eer/ver/vir; Sdr.: sparsul-somxuri variantebi: veria/virqi/vrkan/vir-
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
qan/EaruCan, gurgan, gurC/gurj (aqedan ki, aziuri Tu evropuli sxva variantebi: georgia, jeorjia, gurjistan, gruzia; Sdr., agreTve: arabuli wyaroebis jurzaani/jurjaani da saqarTvelos erTi qalaqis, raionis saxeli - gurjaani).
qreebma gaiares; aqve asaxelebs im xalxebsac, romlebic Tavisufalni arian; maT Sorisaa ko~tebi: "karduxebi, xalibebi, xaldebi, makronebi, kolxebi, mosinikebi, ko~tebi da tibarenebi damoukidebelni arian" (qsenofonte, 1967, gv.115). pliniusi ko~tebis toms savromatebis siaxloves asaxelebs. m.maqsimova ki maT mcireaziel xalxad Tvlis. T.yauxCiSvili am xalxs qarTuli modgmisad miiCnevs da mis saxelad aRadgens quT-/kvit- fuZes, romlisganac miRebulad miaCnia quTaisis saxelic (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.58-59). sayuradReboa, rom mogzaurobis aRwerisas qsenofonte ko~tebis Sesaxeb arafers ambobs, magram mosinoikebsa da tibarenebs Soris asaxelebs erT toms, romelic berZnebisadmi megobrulad ganwyobilia; maTac xalibebs uwodebs (Sdr.: manamde qsenofontes jarma gamoiara berZenTa mimarT mtrulad ganwyobili, taoxebis mezobeli xalibebis qveyana). SesaZloa, qsenofontes (an mis romelime redaqtors) morCil-megobruli "xalibebi" da ko~tebi erTmaneTSi aeria... aseve, ver gamoiricxeba, rom ko~tebis aRmniSvnel saxelTan iyos dakavSirebuli amave teritoriaze arsebuli qalaqi kotiora (gviandeli ordu). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom quTaisis saxelis yvela variantis morfologiuri analizi (gansakuTrebiT svanuri quT@S << *quTa-Si << *quTa-iS-i) mxars uWers toponimis fuZed quTa-s (berZnuli formiT: kota/ko~ta) ganxilvas (ix. qvemoT). p.ingoroyvas azriT, SemTxveviTad ar unda CaiTvalos is garemoeba, rom erTmaneTs emTxveva jiqeTSi mdebare "Zveli lazikis" Temis saxelwodeba (quTasi/qoTaSi) da amJamindeli qalaqis - qu-
Sdr., g.wereTlis (1993) mixedviT, qarTvelTa sparsul-somxuri saxeli momdinareobs saerToindoevropuli fuZidan, romelsac Zvel sparsulSi Seesabameboda vrka > virSan > varuC > gurCan > gurgan > gurj; aqedanaa nawarmoebi arabuli, siriuli, rusuli, inglisuri da sxva variantebic). sper- > ber- > ver-/vir- gzis daSvebis SemTxvevaSi naTeli gaxdeba somxur vir-q formaSi -q segmentis arsi: somxuri -q momdinare Cans kavkasiur-winaaziuri enobriv velSi gavrcelebuli -x- morfemidan, romelic krebiToba-warmomavloba-mravlobiTobas gamoxatavda; Sesabamisad, vir-q-i, Sdr.: iber-n-i, iber-eb-i. somxuri formis amgvar warmomavlobas cxadyofs somxurSive dadasturebuli veria formac, romelic jer kidev fsevdo movses xorenecis geografiis mokle redaqciaSi dasturdeba. SeniSvna: patriarq nikonis matianeSi saqarTvelos aRsaniSnavad erTdroulad sxva sami terminia gamoyenebuli: kolexkia/kolox, iveri da gurzi (g.paiWaZe, 1993). sainteresoa imis aRniSvnac, rom evropaSi saqarTvelos saxelad adridanve icodnen berZnul-laTinuri (dasavluri) warmomavlobis kolxidac, mosoxic, iberia (ix., mag., g.zedginiZe, 1993), magram, saboloo jamSi, evropaSic da ruseTSic saqarTvelos saxelwodebad damkvidrda sparsul-arabuli (aRmosavluri) varianti gurj/jurj/georg- fuZis saxiT.
sapirebi - sapirebs/sabirebs Suagul pontos mcxovreblebad Tvlis stefane bizantieli (georgika, 1936, gv.284); Sdr., apolonios rodoselis mixedviT, sapirebsa da kolxebs Soris mosaxle tomia biZerebi (ap. rodoseli, 1975, gv.91); sapirebic igive saspe~rebis modgmisani Canan. quTebi, koitebi/kvitebi - "anabasisis" dasasruls qsenofonte CamoTvlis im qveynebis mmarTvelebs, romlebic berZenma molaS-
Taisis - saxeli. vfiqrobT, ko~tebi formisTvis amosavalia *quTebi; Sdr.: VI saukunis moRvawis - prokopi kesarielis - cnobiT, Zvelad quTaiss ko~taioni erqva); Sdr.: m.inaZis mixedviT, quT- fuZiani saxeli kolxTa miwas, mxares aRniSnavda (m.inaZe, 1994, gv.64). warmodgenili quT- fuZe SeiZleba gacilebiT Zveli droidan
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winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
momdinareobdes, kerZod, Seusabamoba ar iqneba, Tuki davuSvebT varauds, rom quT- fuZe Zveli xaTebis aRmniSvneli saxelis fonetikuri varianti iyos: xaT-/qaT- > quT- (Sdr.: *mas-x- /mosx-/musx-...) sakiTxs Semdgomi kvleva esaWiroeba. marebi - hekata~os miletelTan (Zv.w. 549-472) dasturdeba marebis tomi; marebi cxovroben makronebsa da mosino~kebs Soris trapizon-kerasuntis regionSi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1972, gv.44); Sdr., g. meliqiSvili: "marebi cxovrobdnen samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi, CrdiloeT anatoliis mTebSi" (g.meliqiSvili, 1970, gv.414). herodotes mixedviT, marebsa da kolxebs erTi meTauri hyavdaT (herodote, 1975, gv.435). beqe~rebi - pirvelad hekata~os miletelTan (Zv.w. 549-472) vxvdebiT beqe~rebsac; beqe~rebi saxloben xoiebs (taoxebs?) da diZerebs Soris rizes raionSi; beqeirebs icnobs fsevdo-skilaqsic (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.43-44, 81-86), dionisios periegetic (III s.) da mravali sxva. haliZonebi, xalibebi da xaldebi/qaldebi - haliZonebis tomi dasturdeba homerosTan; maTi qveyana alibe Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapirozea sagulvebeli. strabonis azriT, homerosis haliZonebi, xalibebi da qaldebi (romlebic cxovroben trapizontisa da farnakiis zemoT), erTi da igive xalxia (XII, 3,19-24). es azri gaziarebulia Tanamedrove mecnierebaSic (ix., mag., T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.34-35). antikur wyaroebSi xalibebi kolxur tomadaa miCneuli (sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix., r.gordeziani, 1966, gv.267); aRsaniSnavia isic, rom xalibebi/haliZonebi gaigivebuli aqvs stefane bizantielsac (georgika, 1936, gv.288); es tomebi rkinis (liTonis) damuSavebis pionerebad miiCnevian. varaudoben, rom urartul wyaroebSi moxseniebuli didi gaerTianeba xalitu xalibTa tomebis saxelmwifo iyo (i.diakonovi, 1952, gv.111; T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.109). xalibebi gaigivebulni arian xaldebTan; xalibebs mogvianebiT Wanebad ixsenieben; mivyveT istoriul cnobebs qronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT:
homerosi (Zv.w. VIII s.): "haliZonebi epistrofoss, odios mohyvnen vercxlis Soreul sabadodan - alibes mxridan" (homerosi, 1975, gv.95). tibarenebis mezoblad asaxeleben xalibebs hekata~os mileteli (Zv.w. VI s.) da fsevdo-skilaqsi (Zv.w. IV s.). herodotes mixedviT, xalibebi cxovroben mcire aziis Crdilo sanapiroze misiebs, mariandinebsa da paflagonelebs Soris (herodote, 1975, gv.45, 660). qsenofonte (Zv.w. IV), strabonisgan gansxvavebiT, xalibebsa da xaldebs sxvadasxva tomebad miiCnevs, kerZod: berZenma moqiravneebma jer mZime brZolebiT gaiares karduxebis qveyana, Semdeg maT vanis tbis mezoblad mcxovrebi xaldebi Sexvdnen, Semdeg aseve mZime brZolebiT gaiares taoxebisa da xalibebis qveynebi da Semdeg, kerasuntsa da ordus Soris isev Sexvdnen mosino~kebs damorCilebul da berZnebisadmi keTilganwyobil xalibebs (wyaroebisa da msjelobisaTvis ix. T.miqelaZe, 1967). Sdr., straboni: "xaldebi Zvelad xalibebad iwodebodnen" XI, 14,12; XII, 3,12). qsenofonte, rogorc TviTmxilveli, bevrad sarwmuno cnobebs unda gvawvdides; amdenad, terminebis: xalibebisa da xaldebis sinonimebad miCneva gaWirdeba (Sdr.: iv.javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.419; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.147), miuxedavad imisa, rom konstantine porfirogeneti (912-959 ) xaldiis Temis dedaqalaqad trapezunts asaxelebs (georgika, 1952, gv.300). ufro logikuri Cans, vivaraudoT, rom xalibebi da xaldebi ukve qsenofontes dros ori sxvadasxva, magram monaTesave qarTveluri tomia; ar aris gamoricxuli, rom maTi saxelebi erTi sityvis variantebi iyos; amosavali fuZe xal-/hal- sagulvebelia toponim xanZTaSi (< xald-Ta) da mdinare halisis saxelSic; xald-, hal-is- da xal-ib- formebSi qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros gareT sakvlevi darCeba mxolod -ib- sufiqsis sakiTxi, Tuki gamoiricxeba, rom -ib ar momdinareobs qarTveluri -eb- krebiTobamravlobiTobis sufiqsisgan (*xal-eb-i > xalibi); Sdr.: xal-d/qal-d- fuZeSi -d-/-ad- warmomavloba-kuTvnilebiToba-krebiTobis iseTive mawarmoebeli SeiZleba iyos, rogorc -l-/-al-/-el-, -n-
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winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
/-an-/-en-, -s-/-is-/-es- da sxv. Sdr., agreTve: xar- (xari) fuZe da xaldi/qarTu - mamrobiTi RvTaeba (fuZeTa mimarTeba sakvlevia). xaldebi/qaldebi cxovrobdnen vanis tbis midamoebSic; urartus dacemis Semdeg am teritoriis nawili daipyres mosulma armenebma. rogorc Cans, am periodidan xalibTa centri gadmodis SavizRvispireTSi. xalibebs iafetis STamomaval tomad miiCnevs berZnuli tradicia (ix., mag., georgika, 1961, gv.13). xalibebs meomar da rkinis damamuSavebel xalxad Tvlian apolonios rodoseli, straboni, dionisios periegeti (II s.), amiane marceline (IV s.) da mravali sxva. sayuradReboa kidev erTi garemoeba: ioane ceces azriT, skviTuri warmoSobis xalibebis tomi cxovrobs trapizuntTan Zalian axlos; maTTan moipoveba saukeTeso rkina (georgika, 1976, gv.27-37). aSkaraa, rom termini skviTebi am SemTxvevaSi an qarTvelur-kavkasiur tomebs miemarTeba, an ucxo tomTa zogadi saxelia (Sdr.: barbarosi); ramdenadac romaul-bizantiur wyaroebSi skviTebad ixseniebian kolxebic, monRolebic, TaTrebic, xvarazmelebic. logikuria samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmuli varaudi, rom skviTebi zogadi terminia, magram gamoiyeneba ara saerTod araberZenTa, aramed, mocemul konteqstSi, ucnob tomTa aRsaniSnavad. Cans, mogvianebiT, zog ucxour wyaroSi terminebi: xaldebi da xaldia ganzogadda qarTvelur tomTa erTi jgufis aRsaniSnavad; ix., mag., ioseb genesiosi (X s.): "Semdeg Seqmna saxelganTqmuli saerTo jari agarianTa, indTa, egviptelTa, asirielTa, midielTa, abazgTa, jiqTa, iberTa, kabirTa, slavTa, hunTa, vandalTa da getTagan da yvela imaTgan, vinc manis mwvaleblobas iziarebda, agreTve lazTa da alanTagan, xaldTa da armenielTagan da yovelgvar sxva tomTagan Seqmna jari da mTel aRmosavleTSi gabatonda". Sdr., iovane sabanisZe: afxazeTSi (dasavleT saqarTveloSi) Sedis SavizRvispireTi qaldiis qalaq trapizuntidan nikofsiamde: "...sazRvar ars zRva~ igi ponto~sa~, samkAdrebeli yovladve qristianeTa~, misazRvramde qaldia~sa, trapezuntia~ mun ars, sayofeli igi afsarea~sa~ da nafsa~s (e.i. nikofsiis) navTsadgu-
ri..." (qarTuli proza, I, gv.128-129); ix., agreTve: georgika, 1952, gv.232 da georgika, 1966, gv.111 (s.yauxCiSvilis komentari anna komnenes cnobaze, sadac gaziarebulia azri, rom xaldebi lazur-Wanuri tomia).
mosino~kebi, massini/mossinebi/mossvini, heptakometebi - hekata~os miletelis Tanaxmad, mosino~kebi cxovroben kerasuntisa
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SeniSvna: Zv.w. VIII saukunis epikosis - evmelos korinTelis "korinTiakaSi" naTqvamia, rom heliosisa da antiopes vaJi aieti/aietesi iyo pelazguri korinTos (imave efires) patroni; mas ar moswonda korinTo, amitom wavida kolxeTSi (Sdr., berZnuli TqmulebiT, iazonTan konfliqtis Semdeg Tavis mamiseul samemkvidreoSi - korinToSi brundeba medea). kolxeTis mefe aietis pelazgur warmomavlobas adasturebs epimenidec; kolxebisa da pelazgebis naTesaobis sakiTxs specialistebic ndobiT ekidebian (ix.: ak. uruSaZe, 1964, gv.21-26; g. qavTaraZe, 1985, gv.31...). antikur wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, ak. uruSaZe askvnis: berZnuli (indoevropuli) tomebis samxreT evropaSi Camosaxlebis periodSi pelazgi makriselebi-makronebi, sxva pelazguri tomebis msgavsad, egeosis zRvis raionidan ayrilan da aRmosavleTiT jer marmarilos zRvis, Semdeg ki Savi zRvis sanapiroebisken gamoxiznulan da iq ZvelTaganve damkvidrebuli naTesavi tomebis mezoblad dabinavebulan (ak. uruSaZe, 1964, gv.135); Sdr., ap. rodoseli: makriebi - tomi pelazguri (ap. rodoseli, 1975, gv.70); Sdr., makrisi (evbei) kunZulia egeosis zRvaSi. ix., agreTve, r.gordeziani: haliZon-xalibebic, pelazgebis msgavsad, egeosis zRvis auzidan unda iyvnen gadmosaxlebulni. maT erTianobas troasTan, etyoba, haliZonTa da egeosur tomTa Soris arsebuli xangrZlivi kavSiri gansazRvravda (r. gordeziani, 1970, gv.168). makriselebi-makronebi, haliZon-xalibebi, henioxebi (Sdr., dionios periegeti: henioxebi da zigiebi - pelasgidebis qveynis Svilebi) da sxva qarTveluri tomebi odiTganve mkvidrad Canan mcire aziaSi (ara mxolod Savi zRvis gaswvriv!), amdenad, Cveni azriT, pelazgur tomebTan erTianoba-siaxlove Sepirobebulia ara egeosis zRvidan qarTvelur tomTa gadmosaxlebiT (Tumca tomTa erTi nawilis migracia, SesaZloa, marTlac moxda!), aramed pelazgur da qarTvelur tomTa saerTo warmomavlobiT. am konteqstSi ufro logikuri gaxdeba s. yauxCiSvilis mier aRniSnuli faqtis komentireba: kolxur-kavkasiuri xalxebis monaTesave troelebma elene moitaces adre gatacebuli kolxi medeas sanacvlod (Sdr., r.gordeziani, 1970, gv.168).
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
da farnakiis midamoebSi; qsenofontes cnobiT, mosino~kebis qveyana iyo mTagoriani, magram maT zRvac hqondaT; mosino~kebis mezoblebi aRmosavleTiT iyvnen kolxebi da drilebi, dasavleTiT maTive qveSevrdomebi, xalibebi (T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.97, 103-105; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.43, 58). mosino~kebs asaxelebs herodote (Zv.w. V s.), fsevdo-skilaqsi (Zv.w. IV s.), evdoqse rodoseli (Zv.w. III s.), apoloniosi (Zv.w. III s.), fsevdo skimnos qioseli (Zv.w. II s.), diodore sicilieli (Zv.w. I s.), dionios periegeti (II s.), epifane kvipreli (314-403), amiane marceline (IV s.), stefane bizantieli (IV-VII s.)... mosino~kebze vrclad msjelobs straboni; misi azriT, xalibebis mezoblebi - heptakometebi cxovroben xis koSkebSi, amitom maT Zvelad mossvinikebs eZaxdnen (msjelobisaTvis ix.: iv.javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.419; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.146). berZeni da romaeli avtorebis rwmeniT, mosino~kebis saxeli momdinareobs berZnuli mossun "xis koSki" da oikos "saxli" saxelebisgan. iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, "mossviniki" aris qarTveluri warmomavlobis sityva: mo-/ma- TavsarTia, ssvin- igivea, rac Wan- (WaneTi) fuZe, xolo -i-k- aris mravlobiTobis -x- sufiqsis refleqsi (iv. javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.25; iv. javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.405; ix., agreTve, T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv. 56, 133, 146; aqve ix. msjeloba muSvan- da mosvin- fuZeebis SesaZlo kavSiris Sesaxeb). iv.javaxiSvilis msjelobas agrZelebs s.janaSia (1959, gv. 31, 60); misi azriT, sanig- fuZe amosavalia mosinik- fuZisaTvis; am ukanasknelSi gamoiyofa ma-/me/mo-/mu- saerToqarTveluri prefiqsi (Srd. svanuri dialeqtebis mu-/mH-), sin-/san- Ziri da -ik- sufiqsi. q. lomTaTiZe, iziarebs ra amgvar analizs, damatebiT argumentad warmoadgens qarTvelur enobriv arealSi s-s gavleniT g-s k-d gamkveTrebis logikurobas (q. lomTaTiZe, 2000). saxelwodebis fuZis (san-) qarTulobis garda, niSandoblivia, rom mosino~kebi qarTveluri warmomavlobis xaldebsa da kolxebs Soris mtrobis gareSe cxovroben (Sdr. karduxebisa da armenebis mZime Tanaarseboba). sayuradReboa isic, rom strabonis
dros am adgilebSi xalibebi Canan (iv.javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.419). sakmarisi safuZveli gvaqvs, vivaraudoT: mosinikebic qarTvelur-kavkasiuri modgmis tomia. diZerebi, biZerebi/bizerebi, buzerebi - hekata~os miletelTan (549-472) dadasturebuli diZerebi cxovroben mdinare Woroxis samxreTiT, daaxloebiT mdinare orxofidan mdinare arxavemde (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.44). qsenofonte biZerebs saerTod ar axsenebs, xolo iq, sadac man kolxebi naxa (trapezunt-kerasuntis midamoebi), 50 wlis Semdeg fsevdo-skilaqsi aRwers biZerebis toms, romlebic kolxTa uSualo mezoblebi arian; T.yauxCiSvilis azriT, am cnobaTa gansxvavebuloba Sepirobebulia imiT, rom qsenofontes dros kolxebis saxeli aerTianebda iq mcxovreb wvril-wvril tomebs (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.81-84). apolonios rodoseli biZerebs sapirebsa da kolxebs Soris mosaxle tomad miiCnevs (ap. rodoseli, 1975, gv.91); straboni maT heptakomebi-mosinikebis gverdiT aTavsebs (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.146); dionios periegetTan (II s.) biZerebi beqirebisa da makronebis mezoblebi arian (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.92). V saukunis anonimi avtori bizerebs aTavsebs afsaris wylidan vidre arqabamde (georgika, 1965, gv.3). T.yauxCiSvilis sayuradRebo SeniSvniT, biZerebis saxelTan SeiZleba iyos dakavSirebuli toponimi viwe; Sdr., g. meliqiSvils am terminis danaSTad miaCnia saqarTvelos erT-erTi istoriuli olqis saxeli oZrxe (g. meliqiSvili, 1970, gv.382). Cven SesaZleblad migvaCnia viw- da biZ- fuZeebis kavSiri: biZ-er-; -er-/ar- qarTveluri krebiTobis sufiqsia; Semdgom dakvirvebas saWiroebs biz-/biZ-, bas-/fas- (fas-ian-i) fuZeTa mimarTeba. biZerebis qarTvelur-kolxuri warmomavloba sadavo ar Cans. Cveni azriT, am da sxva SemTxvevebSic sakamaToa drois mocemul monakveTSi arsebuli yvela tomis (xalibebis, tibarenebis, mosvinikebis, drilebis...) metyvelebis miCneva sakuTriv lazur-Wanurad (Sdr., mag., iv. javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.423). vfiqrobT, ufro marTebuli iqneba iTqvas, rom es tomebi laparakob-
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winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
dnen Zvel qarTvelur dialeqtebze, romelTa didi nawili saerTod daikarga, nawili ki sxvadasxva plastebis saxiT SemorCenilia Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtebSi (megrul-WanurSi, svanurSi, mesxurSi, maWaxlurSi, taourSi da a.S.).
makrokefalebi, makronebi - hekata~os mileteli (549-472) makronebs asaxelebs diZerebsa da marebs Soris; misi azriT, makronebi cxovrobdnen trapezuntis raionSi. herodotes (Zv.w. V) cnobiT, makronebi sirielebis mezoblebi arian. hipokratesTvis (460-356) cnobili makrokefalebi, igive makronebi, cxovroben trapezuntisa da kerasuntis midamoebSi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.63, 84). qsenofonte (435-355) makronebs asaxelebs skviTinebsa da kolxebs Soris; makronebi da kolxebi sxvadasxva xalxia: makronebi qsenofontes berZen molaSqreebs exmarebian, kolxebi ki - ebrZvian; qsenofontesve cnobiT, termini makroni am tomis TviTsaxelwodebaa (qsenofonte, 1967, gv.86-87). herodotes cnobiT, makronebma kolxebisgan iswavles winadacveTa (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.43, 52, 63; herodote, 1975, gv.156); Sdr., makronebi igive sanebi/Wanebi arian (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100); Sdr., agreTve, makronebs aigiveben Tanamedrove megrelebTan. egr- ZirTan akavSireben ptolemaiosis mier dadasturebul ekritike fuZesac (sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.55, 100)...
SeuZlebelia, makron- da ekritik- fuZeebiT nawarmoebi saxelebi erTsa da imave qarTvelur toms miemarTebodes erTsa da imave enasa da droSi, miT umetes, makronebi trapizonSi cxovrobdnen, imdroindeli egrisi/ekritikes qveyana ki rionsa da RaliZgas Suaa; Tumca, dasaSvebia am fuZeTa saerTo warmomavloba (oRond, ara rogorc e.w. qarTuli da zanuri variantebisa!). Tumca, TiTqosda, winaaRmdegobas qmnis is, rom sxva wyaroebis mixedviT, Wanebi aSkarad kolxTa memkvidreni arian, aq ki makronebi, sanebi da kolxebi sxvadasxva tomia; faqti axsnadia: kolxi viwro gagebiT mxolod erT qarTvelur toms aRniSnavda, farTo gagebiT ki bevr qarTvelur toms aerTianebda. Sdr., fsevdo-skilaqsi (Zv.w. IV s.): trapezunti makronebis elinuri qalaqia; apolonios rodoseli (Zv.w. III s.): "filirebs zemoT makronebia, makronebs iqeT beqirTa gvari, Semdeg sapirTa tomi, maT gverdiT - biZerebi da zemoT - meomar kolxTa tomebi" (1975, gv.90-91). arianec sxvadasxva tomebad Tvlis makronebs, sanebs, kolxebs, sanigebs... (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.99). dionios periegeti (II s.) makronebs e.w. pontoel tomebSi asaxelebs: biZerebi, begirebi, makronebi, filirebi, mosinikebi, tibarenebi, xalibebi; eseni cxovroben "evqsinis pontos sanapiroze, fasisidan dasavleTisken, vidre Trakiis srutemde"; T.yauxCiSvilis SeniSvniT, dionios periegetis azri efuZneba Zvel cnobebs (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.92). makronebs asaxelebs amiane marcelinec (IV s.): "Savi zRvis napirze xalibebis Semdeg vrceli miwebi uWiravT... tibarenebs, mosinikebs, makronebs... xalxebs, romlebic CvenTvis sruliad ucnobni arian" (georgika, 1961, gv.111). miuxedavad imisa, rom memnonsa da strabons makronebis gviandel saxelad sanebi miaCniaT, ariane maT mainc gverdigverd asaxelebs, rogorc sxvadasxva tomebs: trapezuntidan Zvel lazikamde (nikofsiamde) cxovrobdnen: kolxebi, sanebi, makronebi, henioxebi, Zidritebi, lazebi, afsilebi, abaskebi, sanigebi, Zilqebi (ix. T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.99); Tavad
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Zidritebi - arianes mixedviT, "makronebisa da henioxebis mezoblebi Zidritebi arian, eseni farsmanis qveSevrdomebi arian" (berZeni mwerlebi... 1983, gv.158). Zidritebi pritanididan (furtun-su) afsarosamde cxovrobdnen (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100); n.lomouris azriT, Zidritebs eWiraT dRevandeli aWaris teritoria (n.lomouri, 1968, gv.10). arianes TxrobaSi farsmanis samflobelos Sav zRvamde gavrcobis aRiareba metyvelebs, rom farsmanis mier aRdgenili qarTli moicavda SavizRvispireTsac.
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
ariane sanebsa da Wanebs miiCnevs sinonimebad... es winaaRmdegobrivi cnobebi, erTi mxriv, saTuos xdis makronebisa da san-Wanebis igiveobas, magram, meore mxriv, cxadyofs am tomTa naTesaobas. V saukunis anonimi avtori, romelic arianes eyrdnoba, makronebis nacvlad asaxelebs maqelonebs (georgika, 1965, gv.7-8): "Zveli aqeidan Zvel lazikamde da mdinare aqeuntamde (soWis midamoebSi) uwin cxovrobdnen tomebi: henioxebi, koraqsebi, kolikebi, melanxlenebi, maxelonebi, kolxebi da lazebi, axla ki cxovroben zixebi" (T.yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.130; aqve ix. agreTve: maxeron- da manral- fuZeebi); m.inaZis azriT, maxelonebi igive makronebia (m.inaZe, 1953, gv.231-233). maxelon-/maqelon- da makron- fuZeebs Soris didi msgavsebaa
araqsia (sxvagan fasisi Woroxicaa, rionicaa)... Sdr., esqile "ganTavisuflebul promeTeosSi" evropisa da aziis sazRvrad fasiss Tvlis, xolo fasianebi taoxebis, xalibebis da hesperitebis (svispiritebis, saspeirebis) mezoblebi arian. fasianebs amave teritoriaze asaxelebs diodore sicilieli (Zv.w. I s.): karduxebi, armenielebi, xaebi (e.i. taoxebi), fasianebi, xaldebi, skotinebi, makronebi, kolxebi, mosvinoikebi, tibarenebi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.124). konstantine porfirogenetis (X s.) cnobebis mixedviT, araqsi fasisia, aqvea qarTuli (iberTa) provincia fasiani/basiani (georgika, 1952, gv.271-272). logikuri Cans varaudi, rom araqs-fasisis regionSi arsebuli Zveli termini fasianebi Semonaxuli iyos toponim basianis saxiT. T. miqelaZis azriT, fasiani eTnikur-geografiuli terminia; misi mtkicebiT, erTi xalxi - fasianebi - cxovrobdnen araqsis saTaveebidan kavkasionamde (T. miqelaZe, 1955, gv. 35). fas- Ziri Cans amosavali -fsa (< fas-) morfologiuri erTeulisaTvis: su-fsa. Tuki fasianebs monaTesave tomTa ganzogadebul saxelad ar CavTvliT, fasianTa sazRvrebis amgvari gansazRvra gaWirdeba (amave periodSi araqsidan kavkasionamde aTze meti sxva tomi ivaraudeba!), magram sayuradReboa T.miqelaZis dakvirveba berZnul mi-
da, Sesabamisad, mosalodnelia maTi meqanikuri damTxveva/aRrevac, Tumca, SeiZleba vilaparakoT saxelTa fonetikur variantulobazec: *ma-qar-on- _ ma-xel-on- _ ma-qr-on/ma-kr-on-: sayrdeni fuZea *kar-/qar-/kr-/xel- (Sdr.: qar-T-/kar-d-); ma- da -on- qarTveluri afiqsebia; Sdr., agreTve, makrielebi: ma-kr-iel(sqoliastis ganmartebiT, makrielebi makronebi arian; ap. rodoseli, 1975, gv.70, 231). fasianebi - amgvari saxelwodebis toms axsenebs qsenofonte (Zv. w. V_IV s.): "...[strategosebi] movidnen qsenofontTan da uTxres, rom isini inanieben [yovelives]. amasTan, gamoTqves azri, rom umjobesia fasisisaken gacurva, raki xomaldebi aris, da fasianTa qveynis dapyroba. iq maSin aietis SviliSvili mefobda" (T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.113); teqstis TargmanisTvis Sdr., T.yauxCiSvili: paflagoniaSi myofi moqiravneebi amboben: "Cven gvaqvs xomaldebi, amitomac umjobesia gavcuroT fasisisken da davipyroT fasianTa qveyana. iq maSin aietis Camomavali mefobda" (T.yauxCiSvili, 1983, gv.125). mdinaris saxelis mixedviT xalxis saxeldeba (an piriqiT!) ucxo ar aris berZnuli samyarosTvis. qsenofontesTan fasisi
TologiaSi kolxebis eTnarqosis - kolxis Sesaxeb; kerZod, eTnarqi kolxi fasisis Svilad aris miCneuli, fasisi ki wylis RvTaebaa (T. miqelaZe, 1955, gv. 33-34). aq sainteresoa is, rom berZenTa cnobierebaSi wylis RvTaeba (Sesabamisad, mdinareebis aRmniSvneli sityva) fasisi da kolxida (mxare mdinareebuxvi?) faqtobriv sinonimebadaa miCneuli, rac logikuria, magram, amis miuxedavad, ara gvaqvs safuZveli, rom Tundac qsenofontes dros araqsidan kavkasionamde arsebuli teritoria erTi qarTuli tomis - fasian-kolxebis - sacxovrisad gamovacxadoT; rogorc aRvniSneT, am regionSi gacilebiT meti qarTveluri tomi cxovrobs; mag., fsevdo-skilaqsis (Zv.w. IV s.) mixedviT: biZerebi, kolxebi, gelonebi, melanqla~nebi, kolebi, koraqsebi, henioxebi, aqa~ebi, toretebi,
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winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
kerketebi... Tavad qsenofonte mxolod araqsisa da Woroxis xeobaSi asaxelebs: taoxebs, xalibebs, skviTinebs; Sdr., araqsidan kavkasionamde ariane (ax.w. II s): henioxebi, Zidritebi, lazebi, afsilebi, abaskebi, sanigebi, Zilqebi... erTi ram faqtia: fasianebi da kolxebi sxvadasxva qarTvelur
deba aTinas (fazaris) regionSi; g.meliqiSvili amaT saxelwodebas ukavSirebda -egr- (egrisi) Zirs (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.84). Sdr., V saukunis periplusSi daculi cnoba: "mdinare arqabidan mokidebuli vidre ofiuntis wylamde winaT cxovrobda egreT wodebuli ekxirielebis tomi (xolo amJamad cxovroben maqelonebi da henioxebi). afsaris wylidan vidre mdinare arqabemde winaT cxovrobdnen egreT wodebuli bizirebi; amJamad cxovroben zidritebi" (georgika, 1965, gv.3). aSkaraa, rom saqme gvaqvs dawerilobis mcdar wakiTxvasTan: ekxirielebi da ekeqe~rebi erTi da igive xalxia; aqve gansaxilvelia termini ekriktike, Tumca, ptolemaiosis mier damowmebuli ekriktikes qveyana aris rionis midamoebSi (amave termins imowmeben pomponius mela, pliniusi...). warmodgenil sityvaTa, agreTve, makron-, maxeron- manral-, kerket-, kegritike- fuZeTa amosaval formad ganixileba egr- Ziri (literaturisa da msjelobisaTvis ix. T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.233, 257); eger-/egir- fuZe marTlac SeiZleba davsaxoT ekeqe~rebi /ekxirielebi /ekriktike /ekreqtike sityvebis amosavlad, magram makron-, maxeron- da manral- fuZeTaTvis amosavlad misi miCneva gaWirdeba.
tomTa saxelebia, romlebic drois garkveul monakveTebSi, sxva TemonimTa msgavsad, ganzogadebuli iyo qarTveluri modgmis xalxis aRsaniSnavad. melanqlainebi da gelonebi - melanqlainebis tomi pirvelad saxeldeba hekata~os miletelTan; fsevdo-skilaqsi (Zv.w. IV s.) melanqlainebisa da gelonebis tomebs aTavsebs koraqsebs, kolebsa da kolxebs Soris; melanqlainebis qveyanaSi aris mdinareebi metasosisi da a~giposi. T.yauxCiSvilis varaudiT, melanqlainebi da gelonebi cxovrobdnen koraqssa (bzifs) da dioskurias Soris (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.81-82; Sdr., n.lomouri, 1963, gv.22; Sdr., agreTve: miuleris, tomaSekis, hermanis da kislingis pozicia; isini am tomTa sacxovriss dRevandel oCamCireSi aTavseben, T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.86). herodotec (Zv.w. V s.) icnobs melanqlainebsa da gelonebs; misi azriT, melanqlainebi arian araskviTuri modgmis xalxi; isini Sav tanisamoss atareben, amitomac hqviaT maT es saxeli (herodote, 1975, gv.262-286). ramdenadac, es ori tomi cxovrobda saqarTvelos istoriul teritoriaze kolebsa da kolxebs Soris, bunebrivia msjeloba maTi qarTveluri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb; sakiTxi Semdgom kvlevas iTxovs; Sdr.: herodotes "skviTeTSi" miCneulia, rom gelonebi warmoSobiT elinebi arian; Sdr.: olbieli berZnebi gelonebs budinebs (cxovrobdnen donis Suawelze, savromatebis mezoblad) miakuTvneben (qse, t. III, gv.39). ekeqe~rebi/ekxirielebi, ekriktike/ekreqtike - fsevdo-skilaqsis (Zv.w. IV s.) cnobebis mixedviT, ekeqe~rebi cxovrobdnen mdinareebs: arqabissa da ofiunts Soris; maTi sacxovrisi ivarau-
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henioxebi/henioqebi - Zveli wyaroebis mixedviT, henioxebi Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT napirze cxovroben, xolo SedarebiT axali, I-II saukuneebis cnobebis mixedviT ki, isini Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT napirze - rize-afsarosis regionSi Canan; kerZod: fsevdo-skilaqsis (Zv.w. IV s.) cnobebis mixedviT, aqa~ebi da henioqebi Tanamedrove tuafsesa da gagras Soris unda vivaraudoT, saidanac, Semdgom, jiqebis dawolis gamo, isini samxreTiT gadaadgildnen (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.83; T.yauxCiSvili, 1980); Sdr.: m. inaZe, 1955, gv.13-17, sadac gatarebulia azri, rom kolxTa gabatonebamde, Zv.w. IX-VIII saukuneebSi, henioxebi flobdnen samxreTaRmosavleT Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros centralur da samxreT raionebs, kerZod, Cildiris tbisa da Woroxis mimdebare teritorias; m.inaZisve azriT, argonavtebi swored henioxTa - 121 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
saxelmwifoSi movidnen; maT saxels eTnonimi kolxebi gvian Caenacvla... kolxebis dawoliT, henioxebi gadaadgildnen CrdiloeTiT. aristoteles azriT (384-322), "fasisSi Tavdapirvelad henioxebi cxovrobdnen, kaciWamia da adamianTa tyavisgamxdeli tomi, Semdeg ki miletelebi" (T.yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.19, 57, 73). pliniusi (Zv.w. I s.): "am mxareSi mTebs iqiT mdebareobs iberia, xolo sanapiroze cxovroben henioxebi, lazebi...". straboni vrclad msjelobs henioxTa Sesaxeb; misi rwmeniT, kavkasieli henioxebi arian berZeni (lakoneli) henioxebis STamomavlebi, romlebic pontos Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze gadmosaxldnen iasonis laSqrobis Semdeg da romlebic zRvaze mekobreobiT cxovroben; maT hyavT 4 basilevsi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.137). kolxTa mezoblad asaxelebs henioxebs ioseb flaviusi (I s.). afsarosamde (goniomde) naxa henioxebi arianem (II s.); misi cnobiT, henioxebsa da makronebs erTi mefe anqiale hyavT (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.101). apiane (II s.) henioxebs asaxelebs miTridates mokavSireebSi tavrebis, aqeelebis, levkosirebis, xalibebis, skviTebisa da armenielebis gverdiT (apiane, 1959, gv.23, 25, 144, 196). V saukunis anonimi avtori, romelic arianes mihyveba, henioxTa toms narevad acxadebs da maT asaxelebs sakuTriv kolxebis (agreTve, sanebad CaTvlili drilebis) da maqelonebis Semdeg, zidritebamde da lazebamde, e.i. Savi zRvispireTis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi (georgika, 1965, gv.7-8). Savi zRvis sanapiroze asaxeleben henioxebs ufro gvianac; II saukuneSi isini makron-maxelonebTan erTad rize-afsaross Soris qmnian erTian saxelmwifos; IV-V saukuneebSi ki Savi zRvis sanapiroze henioxebi aRar Canan (T.yauxCiSvili, 1980, gv.68-71). samecniero literaturaSi miCneulia, rom henioxi aris varianti satomo saxelisa - "sanigi"; mag., i.orbeli da n.mari henioxformas ganixilavdnen san-/sanig- fuZeebis paralelurad da maT svanebad miiCnevdnen; Sdr., sanebs, sanigebs da henioxebs p.ingoroy-
va da s.janaSia megrel-Wanebad miiCnevdnen; ix., mag., p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.124, 135). kislingi henioxebs sanebisa da lazebis monaTesaved Tvlis da maT qarTvelur tomad miiCnevs; rac metad sayuradReboa, igi sanebsa da lazebs kerketebTan (CerqezebTan!) akavSirebs, miiCnevs ra maT erTi warmoSobis xalxad (mimoxilvisaTvis ix. T.yauxCiSvili, 1980, sadac gaziarebulia kislingis mosazreba). lingvistur gamokvlevebSic heniox- fuZe dakavSirebulia Wan- ZirTanac: Wan-/Wen- > hen-; hen- fuZe Wan-is svanur variantad miiCneva; amosaval saerToqarTvelur formad ivaraudeba *wen(b.gigineiSvili, 1975). warmodgenil saxelTa dakavSireba logikuri lingvisturi wesebiT xdeba, magram rTuli warmosadgenia Wanebis svanuri saxelwodebis urartuli sufiqsiT gaformeba; aseve, aralogikuria dasaxelebul tomTa gaigiveba, vinaidan welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze arianec, strabonic da sxvebic gverdigverd da sxvadasxva tomebad adastureben Wanebs/sanebs, sanigebs, henioxebs da svanebs. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom Wan- da hen- Zirebs Soris Wan- formis ZiriTadobas xeli SeiZleba SeuSalos im faqtmac, rom berZnul wyaroebSi heniox- Ziri TiTqmis 500 wliT adre fiqsirdeba, vidre Wan-; hen- da Wan- fuZeTa saerTo warmomavloba SesaZlebelia, magram fonetikuri procesebis sxva gza unda davuSvaT (ix. qvemoT). Cveni azriT, welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze cal-calke tomebad Tu Temebad arsebobdnen henioxebic, sanebic, sanigebic, Wanebic... maT
sanebi, Wanebi - memnonisa (I s.) da strabonis (I s.) mtkicebiT, "isini, vinc winaT makronebi iyvnen, axla sanebi arian" (T.yauxCiSvili, 1987, gv.22; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.94, 146, 233). Wanebi pirvelad moixseniebian arianesTan (II s.): kolxebis mezoblebi arian Wanebi, igive sanebi; T.yauxCiSvilis daskvniT, ramdenadac ariane iyenebs oTx paralelur formas (san-
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konkretuli sacxovrisi da TavianTi sametyvelo ena/dialeqti hqondaT. cxadia, droTa ganmavlobaSi zogi maTgani qreba.
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
noi, tsannoi, Tiannoi/tiannoi, tuannoi), cxadia, rom berZens uWirs qarTuli W-s warmoTqma (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.99-100). arianes azrs exmianeba dinisios periegetis (II s.) komentato-
saTvis armenielebTan da mardebTan erTad sparseli satrapis,
ore mxriv ki - lazika armenebis mezobladaa; mematianis cnobiT, sparselebTan brZolaSi daiRupa Wanebis legionis meTauri vetranioni. Zveli komentatorebi - anri valua da lindenbrogi aRniSnaven: am konteqstSi moxsenebuli Zianni, igive Zanni, Tzanni, Sanni da Thanni, lazebisa da somxebis mosazRvre xalxia (georgika I, 1961, gv.89, 124, 128, 161, 173); aqve sainteresoa imis aRniSvnac, rom qsenofontes mier nanaxi xaldebic karduxebis mezoblad (igive armenebis mier dapyrobili miwebis!), mTebSi cxovroben, Sesabamisad, SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom xaldebic da Wanebic karduxebis monaTesave Tu Semadgeneli tomebi arian. Sdr.: "xaldebi, romlebic Cveulebriv erT-erT Wanur tomad aris miCneuli, aseve ganTavisuflebulan sparsTagan da am droi-
orontas da misi sardlis - artuxas moqiravneebi arian..." (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.53). am TvalsazrisiT, metad faseulia m. xorenacis cnoba keisar takites mkvlelobis Sesaxeb: "takitusi Tavisianebma mokles pontoelTa WaneTSi, ese igi xaldeTSi" (movses xorenaci, 1984, gv.162, 277); Sdr., s.yauxCiSvilis Targmani: "takite moklul iqna pontos provincia WaniukSi, ese igi xaltikSi (georgika, 1936, gv.262, SeniSvna). Wanikes qveyanas pontoSi moiazrebs ioane malalac (491578): "imave takites mefobis dros moxda omi pontoSi da TviT mefe gaemarTa iq saomrad da is mokluli iqna pontos erT qveyanaSi WanikeSi..." (georgika, 1936, gv.262). prokopi kesarieli vrclad msjelobs Wanebis Sesaxeb; igi Tvlis, rom Wanebi ar arian trapezuntelTa mosazRvreni; Wanebi arazRvispira xalxi - cxovroben mTebSi, SuaxmeleTze, armenielebis gverdiT: "...im adgilebis marjvniv aRmarTulia WaneTis mTebi, romelTa gadaRma romaelTa qveSevrdomebi, armenielebi cxovroben. am WaneTis mTebidan Camodis mdinare, saxelad - boasi, romelic mas Semdeg, rac gamoivlis mraval Walas, lazikis soflebis maxloblad gaswevs da erTvis e.w. evqsinis pontos, magram ukve aRar ewodeba boasi, vinaidan, rodesac zRvis maxloblad midis, icvlis am saxels... mas, sxvaTa Soris, adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi akamfsis uwodeben..." (georgika, 1965, gv.120-122). Sdr., agreTve: "armeniis adgilebidan pers-armeniaSi rom midixar, marjvniv aris tavri, mimavali iberiaSi da iq mosaxle xalxebamde, xolo marcxniv metad daqanebuli, did manZilze gaWimuli gza aris da aRmarTulia metad cicabo da mudam nisliTa da TovliT dafaruli mTebi, saidanac gamodis mdinare fazisi da midis kolxeTis qveynisaken. aq mosaxleobs Wanebis tomi, Tavidanve barbarosebi, romelnic aravis qveSevrdomebi ar arian, wina xanebSi sanebad wodebuli, irgvliv mosaxle romaelebis mZarcvelni" (georgika, 1965, gv.53).
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ris - evstaTi episkoposis (XII s.) komentaric: "Zvel makronebs axla sanebi ewodebaT, rac adgilobrivi gamoTqmiT "Wanebs" niSnavs (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.94); Sdr., prokopi kesarieli: lazebi kolxebi arian" (georgika, 1965, gv.120). Cven ufleba ara gvaqvs, ar vendoT TviTmxilvelsa da mkvlevars - prokopi kesariels: lazebisa da Wanebis gaigiveba marTlac SeuZlebelia, isini ufro monaTesave qarTveluri tomebi arian. Wanebisa da sanebis saxelTa dakavSireba albaT realuria; SesaZloa maTi saerTo warmomavlobis mtkicebac. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom somxuri Waniv-/WaneT- formis damowmebiT Wan- da san- fuZeebis sinonimuroba naTladaa dasabuTebuli b.gigineiSvilis mier (b.gigineiSvili, 1975). arn. Ciqobavas varaudiT, sani igivea, rac zani (arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv.3). s. janaSias azriT, amosavalia san- Ziri, romlis Tavkiduri bgeridan CrdiloeT samegreloSi warmoiqmna zan-/wan-, xolo samxreT samegreloSi (WaneTSi) - Wan- (s.janaSia, 59, gv.27-34). amiane marcelines "istoriaSi", erTi mxriv, Wanebis qveyana, me-
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
Sdr., agaTia sqolastikosi (VI s.): "am dros WanTa tomi gaxda sazrunavi. Wanebi cxovroben evqsinis pontos samxreTiT q. trapezuntis qvemoT; Tumca es Wanebi ZveliTganve romaelebTan dazavebulni da maTi qveSevrdomni iyvnen, magram maSin maTi erTi nawili winandel mSvidobian wesebs icavda... umetesi maTgani ki Seqmnili mdgomareobiT sargeblobda da yaCaRobas misdevda... Tavs esxmoda armeniasac... amitom maT winaaRmdeg igzavneba Teodore, maTive Tvistomi" (georgika, 1936, gv.181-182). lazebi da Wanebi sxvadasxva qarTveluri tomia mogvianebiTac; kerZod, termin lazikas gverdiT bizantiur wyaroebSi (ix. IX saukunis moRvawe konstantine porfirogeneti; georgika, 1952, gv 292) arsebobs Wanaria (Wanaris erisTavebi). ix., agreTve, nikifore grigorasi (XIVs.): XIV saukunis I naxevarSi trapizonis imperiaSi mefe basilis qaliSvilsa da cols Soris dawyebuli Sina brZolebis dros lazebi, Wanebi da yvela sxva adgilobrivni TavianT mSobliur, komnenosTa ojaxidan gamosul, dedofal ana xuTlus aZlevdnen upiratesobas, paleologosTa gvaridan gamosul irinesTan SedarebiT (georgika III, 1967, gv.146). Sdr.: laonike xalkokondile (XV s.): "...Wanidebs uWiravT kolxidis adgilebi vidre qalaq amastriamde..." (georgika, 1970, gv.107). s.yauxCiSvili: "erT-erTi SesaZlebeli axsna (imisa, Tu ratom ver moaxerxa bizantiis imperiam, iseve SeeerTebina trapezonis samefos teritoria, rogorc bizantiis imperiis danarCeni teritoriebi) is iqneba, rom Cven vaRiaroT: "trapizonis samefos" mosaxleobis udidesi nawili qarTuli tomisagan - Wanebisagan - Sedgeboda" (georgika, 1967, gv.164).
maT pliniusic da arianec; mag., ix. ariane: "trapezuntidan Zvel lazikamde (nikofsiamde) cxovroben kolxebi, sanebi, makronebi, henioxebi, Zidritebi, lazebi, afsilebi, abaskebi, sanigebi, Zilqebi". Sdr., ariane: lazebi cxovroben Woroxidan kodoramde; kodoris xeobaSi cxovroben afsilebi; afsilebis sacxovrisis (kodoris xeobis) Semdeg mdinare Saxemde - sanigebi; sanigebis teritoriazea qalaqi sebastopolisi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1987, gv.23, 99, 171-172). mecnierTa nawili sanigebs zanebad miiCnevs, nawili svanebad (mimoxilvisaTvis ix. T.miqelaZe, 1974). Cveni azriT, sulac ar aris aucilebeli sanigebis gaigiveba zanebTan Tu svanebTan; sxvadasxva avtorTan sanigebi sanebis, lazebis da svanebis paralelurad saxeldebian da, bunebrivia, isini im erT-erT qarTvelur tomad CavTvaloT, romelic an saerTod gaqra asparezidan, an sxva qarTvelur tomebs Seerwya, an afsuaafxazebis mier asimilirda. ipolite romaelis (III s.) cnobiT, kapadukielTa gadaRma, marjvena mxareebSi cxovroben armenielebi, iberielebi da beranebi, xolo marcxena mxareebSi - skviTebi, kolxebi da bosforelebi. "sanebi, egreTwodebuli sanigebi, romlebic gadaWimuli arian vidre pontomde, im adgilamde, sadac aris parembole afsarosi [da sebastopolisi], hisos navsadguri da mdinare fazisi, vidre trapezuntamde cxovroben da gadaWimuli arian es tomebi" (georgika, 1961, gv.20). Sdr., evsevi kesarieli (260-340): "kabadokiis gadaRma marjvniT arian armenielebi, iberebi da beranebi, xolo marcxniT - skviTebi, kolxebi da bosporanebi, agreTve [sannebi], romelTac sannigebi ewodebaT da romlebic vrceldebian pontomde, sadac aris banaki afsarosi, sebastopoli [kausilimani], da mdinare fazisi. vidre trapezuntamde gadaWimuli arian es tomebi" (georgika, 1961, gv 31-32). afsilebTan, beqe~rebTan da lazebTan erTad abazgiis mezoblad mcxovrebi sanigebi skviTur tomadaa CaTvlili stefane bizantielis
SeniSvna: V saukunis anonimi avtori imeorebs arianes azrs da qsenofontes drilebs xazgasmiT sanebad ixseniebs; Semdeg maT kolxebSi aerTianebs (berZeni mwerlebi... 1983, gv.158; georgika, 1965, gv.7).
sanigebi/sanixebi/sanikebi - memnonis mixedviT (I s.) sanigebi Canan dioskuriis midamoebSi lazebTan erTad. aqve adasturebs - 126 -
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winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
(IV_VII) mier. Sdr., agreTve, basili sofeneli (IX s.): "...romaelTa TviTmpyrobel traianes dros iq, vidre lazebis da sanigebis qveynamde, dafuZnebul iqna romael jariskacTa razmebi..." (georgika, 1952, gv.201). samecniero literaturaSi sanigi/sanixi, erTi mxriv, miCneulia henioxis fonetikur variantad, Sesabamisad, henioxTa meore satomo saxelad (marTlac, henioxebic da sanigebic erT sacxovrisSi moiazrebian), meore mxriv ki, sanigebi da sanebi erTmaneTTanaa gaigivebuli. ramdenadac sanigebi, henioxebi da sanebi arianesTan erTdroulad saxeldebian, Tanac, sanigebi da sanebi sxvadasxva adgilze cxovroben, ufro logikuria, davuSvaT, rom es samive qarTveluri tomi drois raRac monakveTSi damoukideblad arsebobda. maTi naTesaobis samtkiceblad sakmarisi Cans ara mxolod maTi sacxovrisis saerTo qarTveluri veli, aramed maT aRmniSvnel saxelTa saerTo warmomavlobac; Sdr.:
lazebi - berZnul-romaul wyaroebSi lazebs pirvelad axsenebs miTridates istorikosi memnoni (I s.) Tavis "herakles istoriaSi" (da ara pliniusi, rogorc zogi avtori wers); memnoni lazTa sacxovrisad mkafiod gansazRvravs dioskuriis midamoebs (soxumi-anakofiis regions); lazebTan erTad memnoni asaxelebs sanegebs/sanigebs (T.yauxCiSvili, 1987, gv.24; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.171-172). arianes (95-175) cnobiT, arsebobda qalaqi Zveli lazike, romelic man Tavisi TvaliT naxa; mogvianebiT am qalaqs nikofsiad moixsenieben (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.99); aSkaraa, rom axal welTaRricxvamde lazebi dioskuriis CrdiloeTiT cxovrobdnen.
arianesTan lazebi da kolxebi Tanaarseboben da sxvadasxva tomebi arian (Zveli berZnebi... 1983, gv.159). ariane (II s.) Tavis "periplusSi" wers: "amJamad lazebs uWiravT teritoria Zidritebidan abaskebamde"; e.i. daaxloebiT Woroxidan kodoramde (T.yauxCiSvili, 1987, gv.23; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100). "lazebs iqiT cxovroben afsilebi, afsilebis mosazRvreebi arian abazgebi, abazgebis mezoblad arian sanigebi, romelTa qveyanaSi mdebareobs sebastopolisi"; maSasadame, sebastopolisi-cxumi abazgebis teritoriaze ki ar yofila, aramed sanigebis qveyanaSi..." (georgika, 1952, gv.235; s.yauxCiSvilis SeniSvna). Sdr., V saukunis "periplusis" anonimi avtori: "Zveli aqeidan Zvel lazikamde da md. aqeuntamde (es ki aris soWidan daaxloebiT 30 km.-iT daSorebuli - T. y.) uwin cxovrobdnen tomebi: henioxebi, koraqsebi, kolikebi, melanxlenebi, maxelonebi, kolxebi da lazebi, axla ki cxovroben zixebi. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze mosaxleobad Canan maxelonebi (kolxebi da lazebi Cveulebriv ufro samxreTiT igulisxmebodnen xolme), magram aq yvela tomi erTad aris xsenebuli am nakveTze; ase rom, aq sagangebo viTarebaa (T, yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.130). periplusis (V s.) anonimuri avtori aqve wers: "dioskuriidan anu sebastopolisidan md. afsarosamde winaT cxovrobda xalxi, kolxebad wodebuli, axla lazebad saxeSecvlili" - e.i. anonimma icis lazTa da kolxTa mimarTeba, kolxuri da lazuri saxelmwifoebis gavrcelebis are (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.105). Sdr., ariane: trapezuntidan Zvel lazikamde (nikofsiamde, amJamindel novomixa~lovska~amde) cxovroben Semdegi tomebi: kolxebi, sanebi, makronebi, henioxebi, Zidritebi, lazebi, afsilebi, abaskebi, sanigebi, Zilqebi. sakuTriv lazebi cxovrobdnen afsarosidan (gonio Tu sarfi) daaxloebiT md. kodoris (Zveli hoposi) SesarTavamde. Sdr., stefane bizantieli (IV-VII s.): lazebi - skviTuri tomi, aris [pontoSi], aqvea sofeli "Zveli lazike", rogorc ambobs ariane... (georgika, 1936, gv.281).
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san-/*han- > hen-: san-i, san-i-x-i, san-i-g-i/saniki da *hen-i, hen-io-x-i; x-/-g- krebiTobis sufiqsia. niSandoblivia: sanebis, sanigebis da henioxebis gaigivebisa Tu erTmaneTSi aRrevis romaul-bizantiuri tradicia am tomTa saerTo warmomavlobiTa da axlo naTesaobiTaa ganpirobebuli.
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
astronomiisa da geografiis fuZemdebeli klavdios ptolema~osi (100-178) kolxidas uwodebs teritorias md. koraqsidan (bzifidan) md. fasisamde (rionamde), sadac cxovroben tomebi: lazebi, manralebi da ekriktikis (egrisis) qveynis mcxovrebni; am kolxidis CrdiloeTiT - sarmatiaSi - cxovroben: aqa~ebi, kerketebi, henioxebi da suanokolxebi (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100, 160). Semdgom periodSi lazebi ufro aqtiurad ixseniebian; termini lazika ukve politikuri erTeulis saxelad zogaddeba, romelsac zog wyaroSi afxazeTic enacvleba; mag., amiane marceline (IV s.) wers: imperatori valenti "daTanxmda iberiis gayofas ise, rom sazRvrad SuaSi md. kirosi (mtkvari) dadebuliyo da savromaks armeniisa da lazebis mosazRvre (mxare) rgeboda"; Saburis "mosvliT SeSinebulma papam da aseve kilakem ...scades SeefarebinaT Tavi maRal mTebSi, romlebic Cvenebs [e.i. Cvens miwebs] lazikisagan hyofen" (georgika, 1961, gv.90, 128). Sdr., agreTve, agaTangelosi (IV s.): "wminda grigoli... zog [mRvdels] gzavnida iberTa qveyanaSi, zogs lazTa qveyanaSi." sa-
tis (?) - lazTa sardlis winaaRmdeg" (georgika, 1961, gv.261-262). nikifore konstantinopoleli (IX s.) lazikis samxreT-dasavleT sazRvrad miiCnevs trapezunts; kerZod, irakli keisris laSqrobis aRwerisas is wers: "iraklim scada, lazikis gziT SeWriliyo sparseTSi; rodesac moaRwia trapezuntamde - lazikis sazRvramde, misma colma Sva Ze"; 1042 wels qarTulad gadmoRebul am teqstSi lazika Targmnilia samegrelod: "da mo~wia ra trapezunted - sanaxebTa samegrelo~saTa..." (georgika, 1952, gv.207-208). Sdr., agreTve: niketa xoniates (XII s.) bizantiis keis-
interesoa arabuli Targmani, sadac iberiis nacvlad aris misist ad Georgian, xolo lazikis nacvlad - ad regionem Abchazorum (georgika, 1961, gv.71)... sayuradReboa, rom epifane kvipreli (314-403) lazebs semis STamomavlad Tvlis (semisa: kabadokielebi, finikebi, pontoelebi, marmaridebi... xalibebi, lazebi, mosinikebi, iberebi, frigielebi...), xolo kolxebs - iafetisad (iafetisa: midielebi, armenielebi, amazonebi, kolebi, kabadokielebi, tibarenebi, xalibebi, mosinikebi, kolxebi, skviTebi...); semis teritoriaSi Sedis: palestina, siria, evropa, lazia, iberia, kaspia... (georgika, 1961, gv.39-41). ix., agreTve, priske panioneli (V s.): "mis Semdeg, rodesac romaelebi mividnen kolxidaSi da omi awarmoes lazebis winaaRmdeg, romaelTa jari Tavis qveyanaSi gamobrunda..." (georgika 1961, gv.254); priske panioneli: "didi uTanxmoeba hqondaT svanTa tomTan romaelebsa da lazebs, svanebma sastiki brZola gaaCaRes sema-
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ris - manuelis titulebSi Seaqvs: lazTa, iberTa, bulgarTa, serbTa... RvTivmmarTveli (georgika, 1966, gv.131). Sdr., Tamaris istorikosi: 1204 wels Tamarma berZenTa mefes waarTva: lazia, trapizoni, limoni, samisoni, sinopi, kerasundi, kitiora, amastria, araklia... (qarTlis cxovreba, 1959, gv.141-142). aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom qarTvel mefeebs lazeTi/lazia arasodes ucvniaT TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi (p.ingoroyva, 2003, gv.40). romaul-bizantiur wyaroebSi miRebulia azri kolxebisa da lazebis igiveobisa; Sdr., mag., ioane lide: "kolxike, romelsac axla lazikes eZaxian..." (georgika, 1965, gv.242); ioane cece: "kolxebi skviTebi arian, maT lazebic ewodebaT da cxovroben abazgebis, winandeli masagetebis maxloblad (georgika, 1952, gv.7; T.yauxCiSvili, 1987, gv.132)... miuxedavad amisa, aralogikuria, vilaparakoT am terminTa sinonimurobaze, ramdenadac orive gamoyenebulia rogorc viwro eTnikuri, aseve, farTo politikuri mniSvnelobiT; miT umetes, SeuZlebelia, identuri iyos maTi zogadi Sinaarsi, vinaidan Zveli kolxeTi gacilebiT farTo areals moicavda; erTi ki udavoa: lazebisa da Wanebis winaprebic, saspeirebic, xalibebic, xaldebic, muSqebic da bevri sxva tomic Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua periodis kolxur Tu mosxur modgmad SegviZlia miviCnioT. am tomTa gaerTianebas sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva saxeli erqva (amis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT). laz- fuZes fonetikuri variantebi ar uCans; Tumca, gansa- 131 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
xilvelia misi kavSiri, erTi mxriv - laS-x-, meore mxriv ki - riz-e formebTan; ix., agreTve, iv. javaxiSvili (1960, gv. 405): la-zan-ik-a > lazika, sadac la- svanuri mawarmoebelia. dasaSvebia, rom lazfuZe ucxouri warmomavlobisa iyos (Sdr., qarTveluri warmomavlobis eTnonimebs fonetikuri variantebi udasturdebaT).
afxaz- fuZesa da masTan formobriv-semantikurad dakavSirebul leqsemebs, afxaz da abaza tomTa istorias mravali mecnieri ikvlevda; bolo periodis Semajamebeli xasiaTis gamokvlevebi ekuTvnis T.gvancelaZes (T. gvancelaZe, 1993; T. gvancelaZe, 1998; T. gvancelaZe, 2004); afxazur enaSi superstratuli fenebis gamowvlilviTi Seswavlis Semdeg igi askvnis: "dRevandel afxazTa winaprebs Savi zRvis sanapiroze ar ucxovriaT ax.w. V saukunemde; afxazTa Tavdapirveli samSoblo afsni mdebareobda kavkasionis qedis CrdiloeTiT, mdinare yubanis auzSi. misi ZiriTadi masa aqve binadrobda 1561 wlis axlo xanebamde... Tanamedrove afxazuri eTnosis saboloo saxis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovani roli miuZRvis amJamindeli afxazeTis teritoriaze afxazTa (TviTsaxelwodebiT – afsuaTa; t.f.) mosvlamde mcxovreb kolxur mosaxleobas" (T.gvancelaZe, 1998, gv.60, 2004, gv. 58-63). misive varaudiT, afxazur-abazur da Cerqezul enebze afxazur-abazur tomTa erTobis Tavdapirveli saxeli unda yofiliyo ~a-abaz-a > abaza; amosavali formaa *~a-fas-a, romlisganac -Ea sufiqsiTaa nawarmoebi afsua < *~a-fas-Ea (T.gvancelaZe, 1998, gv.38-39). warmodgenil sayuradRebo naSromebSi CvenTvis sakamaToa mxolod qarTuli afxaz- fuZis warmoqmnis gza; kerZod, T.gvancelaZis azriT, afxaz- fuZe momdinareobs Cerqezuli abaza xa kompozitisgan: abaza xa "qvemouri abaza" (Cerqez. "xa" iTargmneba, rogorc qvemouri, qvemoTa): Cerqez. abaza-xa/abzaxa > megr. abxaza > qarT. afxazi (T.gvancelaZe, 1998, gv.38); vfiqrobT, ufro naklebw-
inaaRmdegobrivia abaz-x-i > afxaz-i gzis daSveba, sadac -x- krebiTobis sufiqsia. jer mivyveT wyaroebis Cvenebas: ariane (II s.): trapizonidan Zvel aqaiamde Semdegi tomebi gaviareT: kolxebi, sanebi (qsenofontes drilebi), makronebi, henioxebi, Zidritebi, lazebi, afsilebi, abaskebi, sanigebi, Zilqebi; "lazebis mezoblebi afsilebi arian; maTma mefem - iulianem mefoba Seni mamisgan miiRo. afsilebis mezoblebi abaskebi arian. abaskTa mefe resmagaa. abaskTa mezoblebi sanigebi arian" (berZeni mwerlebi... 1983, gv.158-159). abaskebi sanigebs zemoT, mTebSi saxloben (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100-101); amave konteqstSi abazgebs axseneben V s. moRvawe Teodorite kvirieli (georgika, 1961, gv.227), V s. anonimi avtori (georgika, 1965, gv.8), stefane bizantieli (georgika, 1936, gv.284) da sxvebi. Sdr. agaTangelosis teqstis arabul TargmanSi lazTa qveyana Abchazorum-ad iTargmneba (georgika, 1961, gv. 71). mogvianebiT farTovdeba termin abazgiiT moazrebuli teritoria; mag., bizantiis keisari konstantine porfirogeneti (912959), Tavis Svils acnobs ra bizantiis mezobel Tu dapyrobil tomebs, abazgiis Sesaxeb ambobs: "jiqeTis sazRvrebis Semdeg, ese igi, mdinare nikofsiidan mokidebuli zRvis napiri vidre soteriupolisamde, 300 milis manZilze uWiravs abazgiis qveyanas" (georgika, 1952, gv.233). nikofsiis lokalizeba ar Wirs, magram sakamaToa soteriupolisis sakiTxi; zogi mas biWvinTad miiCnevs, zogi - soxumad (sakiTxis mimoxilvisTvis ix. s. yauxCiSvilis msjeloba, iqve, gv.231-235). Cveni azriT, ramdenadac, X saukuneSi abazgiis saxeliT, araiSviaTad, mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo moixseneba, abazgiis samxreT sazRvrad naTqvami qalaqi soteriupolisi Tanamedrove TurqeTis teritoriaze unda veZioT nikofsiidan daaxloebiT 300 milis manZilze. X saukunis Sua wlebSi qarTuli wyaroebis afxazeTis samefo (gaerTianebuli dasavleT saqarTvelo, centriT quTaisSi) faqtobrivad damoukidebeli politikuri subieqtia; igive keisari konstantine porfirogeneti, roca Tavis Svils aswavlis ucxoelTaTvis mimarTvis wesebs, iberiis (tao-klarjeTis!)
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abazebi, afxazebi, ebzeebi/obezebi, abazgebi/abaskebi, abaZaxebi/abazaxebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
kuropalatsa da abazgiis mTavars erT rangSi ganixilavs (georgika, 1952, gv.293); aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am periodis qarTuli wyaroebi afxazeTs saqarTvelos erT-erT qveyanad - "Cuens queyanad" Tvlis. s. janaSias redaqtorobiT gamoqveynebul saxelmZRvaneloSi iyo aseTi fraza: "afxazTa erisTavma advilad daipyro egrisi da argveTi..."; pavle ingoroyvam Semdegi marTebuli komentari gaakeTa: pirvelwyaro "matiane qarTlisa~Si" pirdapir aRniSnulia, rom afxazTa erisTavi leon ganudga berZenebs da "daipyra afxazeTi da egrisi vidre lixamde, saxel-idva mefe afxazTa"; e. i. afxazTa erisTavma afxazeTidan ki ar daipyro egrisi, aramed, ganudga ra dampyrobels, oriveSi gabatonda da dedaqalaqad quTaisi airCia...(p. ingoroyva, 1954, gv.115-116); swored am droidan dasavleT saqarTvelos saxelad damkvidrda afxazeTi. saerTod, istoriuli wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom, iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda (aseTi gamonaklisebi yvela qarTul samTavros hyavda), afxazeTis mefe-mTavrebi zogadqarTveluri erovnul-kulturuli da saxelmwifoebrivi saqmis moTaveebi iyvnen; maTi moRvaweobiTac Cans, rom ruseTis imperiis kavkasiaSi gaaqtiurebamde afxazebi sxva qarTveluri Temebisgan Tvisobrivad ar gansxvavdebodnen. afxazeTi da egrisi - "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT cnobili es ori qarTuli kuTxe - gorgaslis mefobis dasawyisSi dasavleT saqarTvelos im nawils moicavda, romelic dapyrobili ar hqonda bizantias; Cans, afxazeTi iyo cixegojamde, egrisi ki - cixegojidan lixamde; Sdr.: "masve Jamsa gamovidnen berZenni afxazeTad... da daipyres egriswylidan vidre cixegojamde" (q.c., 1955, gv.146,4-5); Sdr., iqve, gv.157, 19: dapyrobil afxazeTSi bizantielebis mier mmarTvelad dasmuli iyo leon, romelic "ucalo iyo brZolisagan sparsTasa, da verSemZlebel iyo spaTa gamogzavnad afxazeTs; da [vaxtang gorgasalma] sam wel wartyuenna yovelni cixeni afxazeTisani vidre cixe-gojamde". e.i. gorgasalma Semoimtkica berZenTagan axaldapyrobili qarTuli qveyana - afxazeTi.
aqve aRvniSnavT: farnavazisa da qujis ambebis Txrobis dros mematiane xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom egriswyals marjvnivac qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen: egross ergo teritoria lixidan vidre mdinare xazareTiswylis (yubanis) SesarTavamde (qarTlis cxovreba, gv.5,12-15), magram berZnebTan omis Semdeg "egris wyals quemoTa darCa berZenTa, rameTu mkvidrTa mis adgilisaTa ara inebes gandgoma berZenTa" (iqve, gv.24, 1-2). logikuria, vTqvaT, rom qarTul wyaroebSi, Tavdapirvelad, egrisi moicavda afxazeTsac; momdevno periodSi orive saxeli realurad Tanaarsebobda - mezobel mxareebs aRniSnavda, Semdeg saerTo saxelad afxazeTi ganzogadda; istoriuli egrisis aRsaniSnavad odiSi da samegrelo SedarebiT gvian damkvidrda. afxazeTis bizantiuri varianti iyo abazgia: Sdr.: saqarTvelos gaerTianebamde arsebobda abazgiis eparqia, romelic eqvemdebareboda konstantinepolis sapatriarqos (georgika, 1952, gv.129, 137-138)... keisar konstantines dros afxazeTis mefeebi iyvnen giorgi II (912-957), leon III (957-967); Semdeg iyo Teodos III (975-978). Teodosis taxtidan gadayenebis Semdeg 978 wels daviT III bagrationi (kuropalati) afxazeTSi amefebs mcirewlovan bagrats. swored am periodSi eyreba safuZveli dasavleT, samxreT-dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloebis (!) gaerTianebas; didi saqarTvelos aRorZinebis gamorCeuli organizatori iyo afxazeTis erisTavi iovane maruSisZe. Sdr.: 1008 wels aRdgenil-gaerTianebuli didi saqarTvelos pirveli monarqi xdeba afxazTa mefe bagrati, SemdgomSi bagrat mesamed wodebuli (romlis Svili giorgi I Tavisi samSoblos dampyrobeli bizantiis dauZinebeli mteri iyo). Sdr., agreTve, ioane zonaras (XI-XII) "msoflio qronikaSi" moTxrobili ambavi (georgika, 1966, gv.233-239; teqsts vimowmebT s.yauxCiSvilis Targmanisa da komentarebis mixedviT): barda fokasa da barda skliarosis damarcxebis Semdeg bizantiis mefe basili gaemarTa iberiaSi, sadac moawesriga is sadavo
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winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
sakiTxebi, romlebic gaCnda iberiis kuropalat daviTis gardacvalebis gamo da wavida finikiisken... Semdeg mobrunda da gailaSqra abazgiis winaaRmdeg, vinaidan misma mpyrobelma giorgi I daarRvia bizantiasTan dadebuli xelSekruleba... ficxel omSi damarcxda abazgiis mTavari giorgi, Sida iberiisken gaiqca da zavi iTxova; man mZevlad misca Tavisi Ze bagrati (SemdgomSi bagrat IV)... Zveli qarTveli mwignobarnic kargad icnoben termin abazgias, mas dasavleT saqarTvelod Tvlian da afxazeTad Targmnian; ix., mag., "mimoslvasa Sina wmidaTa mociqulTasa andria pirvelwodebulisa mier qadageba~ Soris avazgia~sa, romel ars afxazeTi" (georgika, 1991, gv.214; ix., agreTve, aqve, gv.219). aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom X-XII saukuneebis sxva ucxouri wyaroebiT, afxazi ukve qarTvelis sinonimadaa qceuli; mag., ioane italosi ioane petriws abazg gramatikoss uwodebs, rac am konteqstSi qarTvel gramatikoss niSnavs. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom ioane petriwi ara mxolod didi filosofosi, aramed Seudarebeli moqarTule da sityvaTSemoqmedi iyo; garda amisa, is sityvebs qarTveluri dialeqtebidanac amkvidrebda; mag., samxmiani galobis meore xmis aRsaniSnavad man SemoiRo termini Jiri, romlis megruli warmomavloba udavoa; logikuria davuSvaT, rom es didi qarTveli moRvawe egrisis mkvidri iyo (Sdr.: n.maris azriT, ioane petriwi tomiT afxazi iyo). sayuradReboa agreTve e.xinTibiZis dakvirveba: eqvTime mTawmindelma qarTulidan berZnulad Targmna "varlam da ioasafis" romani, romelic berZnulidan gadaiTargmna laTinurad. laTinurad mTargmnelis komentariT, "berZnuli Targmani Seasrula tomiT abazgma berma efTvimem" (e.xinTibiZe, 1998, gv.15). e.i. qarTveli eqvTime mTawmindeli, laTinTa azriT, tomiT abazgia. amave periodSi afxazeTi sruliad saqarTvelos niSnavs sparsul wyaroebSic (k.tabataZe, 1993, gv.222-226); Sdr.: asureli istorikosi zaqaria ritori afxazTa/qarTvelTa qveyanas baz-g-on-Ta qveyanas uwodebs; msjelobisaTvis ix. iv.javaxiSvili, 1960, gv. 402.
sayuradReboa kidev erTi faqti: dediT qarTveluri (abazguri) warmomavlobis iovane ceces (1110-1180) azriT, abazgebi iberTa tomisani arian (georgika, 1976, gv. 20-25); Sdr., aqve, erTgan miTiTebulia iovanes dedis abazgoba (gv.23), meoregan ki - iberieloba (gv. 25); amave dokumentis mixedviT, iovanes abazgi bebia amalaSi axlda iberiis mefis asuls - marTas. Cans, afxazeTis mosaxleoba qarTvelebad iTvleboda mezobeli xalxebisaTvisac: yaraCaelebis, balyarelebisa da rusebisTvis; kerZod: SemTxveviTi ar Cans is faqti, rom termini abaza/obezi/ebze Crdilo kavkasiis zog xalxSi da evropul Tu Zvel rusul wyaroebSi qarTvelis sinonimia; mag.: pap inokent IV elCi ioane de plano karpini, romelmac monRoleTSi imogzaura 1246 wels, saqarTvelos georgiania-s eZaxis, qarTvelebs ki - georgian-eb-s anu obez-eb-s (s.janaSia, 1959, gv.53). XIV-XVI saukuneebis rusuli wyaros mixedviT, obezi saqarTvelos aRniSnavda. faqtis axsna iolad SeiZleba: maSindeli slavebis enaSic qarTvelTa saxelad ganzogadda mezobeli tomis saxeli - abaza, ramdenadac slavebisTvis abaza, egriseli, svani, kaxeli Tu mesxi erTi odenoba iyo; Sdr., agreTve: kavkasiaSi gvian mosuli yaraCaelebisa da balyarelebisTvisac qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli terminia ebze ( < abaza). amave dros, ebze sakuTriv svanebs, zog SemTxvevaSi ki raWvelebsac aRniSnavs (T. gvancelaZe, 1993); Sdr., abaZa jiqTa TviTsaxelwodebacaa da dRevandel abazaTac (abazebi ramdenime saukunis win gaemijnen afsuebs). vfiqrobT, aSkaraa, rom Zveli droidan moyolebuli, vidre XVI-XVII saukuneebamde, jiqebisgan gansxvavebiT, abazebi/abazgebi/afxazebi evropaSic da aziaSic qarTvelur (iberiul/kolxur) samyarosTan asocirdeba; samarTlianadac: Sua saukuneebSi sxva qarTveluri modgmis TemebTan erTad afxazebic qmnidnen erTian qarTvelur saxelmwifosa da samwignobro kulturas. gaerTianebulma saqarTvelomac didxans SeinarCuna "samefo afxazeTis" saxeli (g.alasania, 2004, gv.9). Sdr., agreTve, T.gvancelaZis daskvna: "sxvadasxva periodisa da sxvadasxva enaze Sedgenili werilobiTi
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winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
Tu kartografiuli masala cxadyofs: uZvelesi droidan gvian Sua saukuneebamde cxumis mosaxleoba qarTveluri iyo" (T.gvancelaZe, 1997, gv. 25). erTiani saqarTvelos aRorZinebis paralelurad, afxazeTis xelisufalni iRvwodnen qarTuli eklesiis erTianobis aRsadgenadac; mag., "afxazi" mefe-mTavrebis (leon II, Teodos II, demetre II, giorgi I, konstantine III, giorgi II, leon III... agreTve: cxumis erisTavi oTaRo ServaSiZe (XII s.), mxedarTmTavari dardin ServaSiZe (XIII s.) da sxv.) erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi iyo: _ dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis gamosvla konstantinepolis sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebidan da qarTul avtokefalur eklesiasTan SeerTeba; _ qarTulenovani saeklesio centrebis mSenebloba; _ brZola qarTuli samyaros politikuri gaerTianebisaTvis; _ Crdilokavkasiuri moZme xalxebis gaqristianebisaTvis brZola da am gziT qarTuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebis uzrunvelyofa (l.axalaZe, 2004, gv.12)... logikuri Cans, gverdigverd ganvixiloT: abaz-/abaza/abaZ/abas-... fuZeebi; garda amisa, tao - tao-x-i, kola - kol-x-i... mimarTebebis paralelurad, dasaSvebia abaz- - abaz-x-, abaza - abaza-x-... wyvilebis daSvebac: abaz-x-/*amas-x- fuZeSi warmomavlobiTobakrebiTobis -x- sufiqsis gamoyofa logikuri Cans, rogorc amas adrec varaudobdnen (n. maris, s. janaSias, q. lomTaTiZis mosazrebaTa Sesaxeb ix., o. kaxaZe, 1993). abaz-x- fuZisgan x-s metaTezisiT unda warmoqmniliyo afxaz- fuZe (Sdr., msgavsi fonetikuri procesi qarTulSi: waTx-/wyaT-, balR-/ bRar-, barty-/ bRart-, berty-/bRert- da sxv..). ar aris gamoricxuli, rom Cerqezulma abazaxa formam, formobrivi msgavsebis gamo, gvian SeiZina "qvemo abazas" Sinaarsi (Sdr., T. gvancelaZe, 1998, gv.37). adrindeli qarTveluri *abaz-x- fuZis adaptirebuli variantebia berZnuli abasx-, abazg- da abask- formebic (gansxvavebuli msjelobisaTvis ix. T. gvancelaZe, 1998, gv. 36). afxazis sxvadasxvagvari etimologiis Sesaxeb ix., agreTve: n. mari, 1912, gv. 697; iv. java-
xiSvili, 1960, gv. 401; T. gvancelaZe, 1989; o. kaxaZe, 1993; e. osiZe, 1993; T. gvancelaZe, 1993; T. gamyreliZe, 1993; d.musxeliSvili, 2000... ix., agreTve, a.lomTaZe, r.Serozia, 2002, sadac afxaz- fuZis amosavlad miCneulia svanuri metyvelebis msazRvrel-sazRvruli *afxaS zani "mTis zani".
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SeniSvna: bolo periodSi momravlda arakompetentur pirTa (m.ZaZamias, z.qafianiZis, i.zeirekis, v.foirStainis, v.rcxilaZis, b.gogias...) "enaTmecnierul-kulturologiuri aRmoCenebis" publikaciebi; samagaliTod moviyvanT b.gogias tipur msjelobas (b.gogia, 2005, gv.91): megruli sityvebis safuZvelze afxaz- fuZes ramdenime para-
leluri etimologia eZebneba: I. afxa-Ji > afxaza; Sdr.: afxa - beWi; Ji - maRali; Sesabamisad: afxa-Ji - beW-maRali. II. afxa(m)-zani > afxaza; Sdr.: afxa - mxar-beWi; zani - zani; Sesabamisad: afxa-za - mxarbeWiani zani; III. maTxozai ("Txis gamrekavi") > aTxazai > afxazi; IV. buzi > abasko~; Sdr.: Wanji > Wani; V. mesxi-sani > medicina... aralingvist etimologTa amgvari urapatriotuli "sibrZne" ar aris mxolod pirovnuli axirebis erTjeradi gamovlena; mavanTagan msgavsi publikaciebis stimulireba sazogadoebaSi samecniero azris nivelireba-diskreditacias emsaxureba.
savaraudoa, agreTve, a-baz- da *baz-g- fuZeTa saerTo warmomavlobis daSvebac: afxazuri ~a- da qarTveluri a-/sa- prefiqsebi masalobrivad msgavsia; a-baz- formis a- SeiZleba daniSnulebis sa/a- prefiqsi iyos: *a-bazi/*a-masi - bazebis/masebis qveyana/adgili; Sdr.: speri - sa-speri, qarTveli - saqarTvelo; Sdr.: dgas - a-dgil-i, bans - a-ban-o; civi - sa-civi, qari - sa-qari, wers - sa-weri... saerToqarTvelurSi sa- prefiqsis paralelur variantad a-s daSvebas mxars dauWers zanurSi mosalodneli *so-s nacvlad o-s arseboba; ramdenadac saerToqarTvelur a-s zanurSi kanonzomierad o Seesabameba, logikuria, saerToqarTvelurSi daniSnulebis sufiqsad a- prefiqsic davuSvaT; Sdr.: qaTami - saqaTme da qoTomi o-qoTum-e; Sdr., agreTve: zan. o-xvam-e, o-yuj-e, o-fS-a... da svan. aha-, a-yb-a, a-kuad-... mosalodnelia, rom saerToqarTveluri a-/*hasa- da afxazuri ~a (/*ha-? dasaSvebia s/h/~ monacvleobani) saerTo warmomavlobis prefiqsebi iyos. Sdr., n. maris mixedviT: *masxi > bazgi > a-bazgi... warmodgenil sqemebs damatebiTi argumentebi esaWiroeba. - 139 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
samecniero literaturaSi afSil-/abazg- formebi dakavSirebulia asurul wyaroebSi dafiqsirebul abeSlasTanac (z. anCabaZe, 1976; S. inalifa, 1976) da xubuSqiasTanac (m. qurdiani, 2001, gv.126-130; m. qurdiani, 2002, gv.80); -l-/-il- sufiqsTa kvalifikaciis sirTulis miuxedavad, logikuri Cans asuruli wyaroebis ab-
kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT: warmodgenili lingvisturi sqemebi met argumentebs, xolo sakiTxi damatebiT kvlevas saWiroebs. aq udavo SeiZleba iyos mxolod is, rom ori sxvadasxva qarTvelur-kavkasiuri tomi afsilafsarebi da abazg-afxazebi saukuneebis manZilze, sakuTriv qarTvelur tomTa msgavsad, erTian qarTvelur kulturul-istoriul Tu saxelmwifoebriv velSi cxovrobda... faqtia isic, rom istoriul Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTveloSic (kodoridan Sav zRvasTan yubanis Zvel SesarTavamde) odiTganve cxovrobdnen qarTvelur-kavkasiuri modgmis tomebi (zanebi, sanigebi, svanebi, afsarebi, abazebi...). SemTxveviTi arc is unda iyos, rom am tomTa sacxovrisebi da politikuri gavlenebi erTmaneTis teritoriebze
monacvleobda (masalis mimoxilvisTvis ix., d.leTodiani, 1971). evlia Celebis cnobiT, ukve 1641 wels abazas qveynis mosaxleoba abazur da qarTul (mis megrul dialeqtze) enebze laparakobs (evlia Celebi, 1971, gv. 100; Sdr., p.ingoroyva, 1957, gv.133). T.gvancelaZis lingvisturi da istoriografiuli ZiebebiT naTladaa naCvenebi, rom XVI-XVII saukuneebSi istoriuli afxazeTis teritoriaze Crdilo kavkasiidan - yubanis xeobidan TandaTanobiT gadmodis da amJamindeli afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis ramdenime xeobaSi kompaqturad saxldeba erT-erTi abazuri tomi, TviTsaxelwodebiT - afsua. vfiqrobT, ramdenadac es sazogadoeba moZme qarTveluri mosaxleobis - afxazebis - sacxovrisSi nel-nela mkvidrdeba, mezobelTaTvis Camosulebzec gadadis damxvdurTa Temonimi afxazi. droTa manZilze, adgilobriv afxazTa nawili iTqvifeba megrelebSi, nawili - afsuebSi; Sesabamisad, qarTveluri Temonimi afxazi/afxaza qarTvelur enobriv velSi afsuebis aRmniSvnelad gadaazrianda da aqedanve Sevida sxva enebSic (Sdr., amgvari transformaciiT somxiTi/somexi iqca mosuli armenebis aRmniSvnelad). bolo dromde, afsua-afxazebic Tavs Tvlidnen zogadqarTuli kulturis Tanaavtorebad... qarTveluri enobriv-kulturul-saxelmwifoebrivi sivrcidan Crdilo kavkasiaSi mcxovreb sxva iberiul-kavkasiur tomTa mkveTri ganmxoloeba iwyeba kavkasiaSi TurqeTis gaZlierebis Semdeg, xolo afsua-afxazi xalxis identoba (erovnuli meoba - t. f.) "polarulad Secvala caristul-sabWouri ideologiis mZlavrma zegavlenam 1864 wlidan dRemde" (T. gvancelaZe, 2004, gv.19); kavkasiis sruli dapyrobis mizniT, ruseTis xelisuflebam daiwyo aqauri mosaxleobis gasaxleba an sruli gaucxoeba tradiciuli qarTvelur-kavkasiuri sivrcidan; mag., saqarTvelos ZirZveli kuTxidan - egrosis wili qveynis nawilidan - adler-soWituafses regionidan ruseTis imperiam 1864 da 1878 wlebSi gaasaxla qarTvelTa monaTesave xalxebi: ubixebi, Cerqezebi, afsua-afxazebi (ufro adre da amave periodSic, rusul-Turquli mzakvru-
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eSla, saerToqarTveluri abesa/abaza ( abaSa; Sdr. zanuri obaSa > abaSa; m. Cuxua, 2003, gv. 73) da abSili/afsili formebs Soris kavSiri. Sdr., z.WumburiZe, 2002: abaSa unda modiodes ebraul saxel abasgan: aba-Sa "abas kuTvnili". SeniSvna: ioane ceces (X s.) cnobiT, abazgebs adre masagetebi erqvaT (georgika, 1967, gv 25); Sesabamisad, *mas- Ziris arseboba SeiZleboda dagveSva mas-ag-et- eTnonimSic; Tumca, aqac bevri winaaRmdegoba gvaqvs: ver xerxdeba -ag- da -et- segmentTa damajerebeli kvalifikacia; garda amisa, sadavoa masagetebis kavkasiurobac: herodotes mixedviT, masagetebi momTabare da meomari tomia (maTTan brZolaSi daiRupa aqemenidTa damaarsebeli - kirosi). straboni maT xvarazmelebad Tvlida (qse, t. VI, gv.497); farTod gavrcelebuli mosazrebis mixedviT, masagetebi arian Suaazieli skviTebi; Sdr., Teofane bizantieli (VI s.): Zvel masagetebs axla Turqebi hqviaT; maTve sparselebi kermixionebs uwodeben (georgika, III, gv.253). zogi mkvlevari masagetebs qarTvelur-kavkasiur samyarosTan akavSirebs; Sdr., stefane bizantielis mtkicebiT, misgetebi iberTa tomia (georgika, 1936, gv.282).
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
li garigebiT, qarTvelobisgan icleba samxreTi da samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTveloc)... qarTvelTa da afxazTa (CerqezTa, vainaxTa, lekTa...) gasamijnavad/dasapirispireblad sabWoTa imperiam ufro efeqturad gamoiyena kulturuli gaucxoebis meTodi, vidre mefis ruseTma; qarTuli (afxazuri) mowinave azris aqtiurobis miuxedavad (ix. ServaSiZeebis da sxvaTa moRvaweoba), ufro swrafad da xelovnurad gagrZelda gadarCenili afxazebis gamijvna erTiani qarTveluri (afxazur-egrisul-qarTlur-kaxur-mesxuri) istoriidan, kulturidan Tu eTnosidan; procesma piks miaRwia 1991-93 wlebSi ganxorcielebuli putCis dros, rodesac afxazeTidan - ZirZveli qarTveluri kuTxidan - ruseTis imperiam gamodevna erTian qarTvelur cnobierebaze orientirebuli qarTvelebica da afxazebic, xolo darCenili afxazur-qarTul-somxur-rusuli mosaxleobiTurT faqtobrivad miitaca afxazeTis teritoria. Sdr., ruseTma iolad ganaxorciela qarTvelTa monaTesave sxva eTnosebis Cerqezebisa da vainaxebis - daSla patar-patara xalxebad: abazebad, abazaxebad, SafsuRebad, adiRelebad, yabardoelebad... CeCnebad, inguSebad; Semdeg ki maTi teritoriebic miiTvisa (Tumca aqac dasWirda mosaxleobis didi nawilis deportacia TurqeTsa da Sua aziaSi).
toms uwodeben (mag., stefane bizantioneli IV-VII s.); Sdr., kolxi a~etesi skviTTa mefea, medea - skviTTa mefis asuli (libaniosi, ax.w. IVs.); makronebi skviTuri tomia (apolonios rodoselis sqoliasti, ax. w. I-II s.); kolxebi azieli skviTebi arian (ioane cece XII s.); skviTebi egviptelTa kolonistebi arian (herodotes cnoba kolxebis Sesaxeb pindares sqoliastTan) da a.S. e. i. am koncefciiT, abasgi da afsilic isevea skviTi, rogorc kolxi da makroni... (sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.102). aSkaraa, rom arianes dros abazgebi da afsilebi sxvadasxva qarTvelur-kavkasiuri tomi iyo; Sdr., d.musxeliSvili, 2000, gv.17-34: "afSils" arc geografiulad (sacxovrisis mixedviT t.f.), arc formalur-lingvisturad araferi aqvs saerTo "afsuasTan"... gvaqvs safuZveli, afSilebi erT-erT dasavlur-qarTul tomad CavTvaloT, romlis nawili gvian saukuneebSi Seerwya megrelebs, nawili ki - gaafsuvda" (iqve, Sdr.: n.lomouris azriT, afSilebi ueWvelad afsuebi arian). logikuri Cans mosazreba, rom afs- Zirisgan qarTveluri sufiqsebiTaa miRebuli qarTveluri: *afS-el-i, afs-il-i, afsar-i eTnonimebi (T.gvancelaZe, 1998, gv.34, 39); aSkaraa afs- Ziris povniereba afs-ua fuZeSic. faqtia isic, rom afsua cxovrobda yubanis xeobaSi, afsilebi/afsarebi - kodoris xeobaSi svanebis sacxovrisamde (e.i. kodoris xeobis kavkasionis gadasasvlelebi svanebs eWiraT, rac gamoricxavs am gziT afsuaTa gadmosvlas). aseve, ueWveli Cans qoronim afxazeTi/abazgia-s warmomavloba afxaz-/abazg- fuZisgan da ara - afsua/afsilisgan; maSasadame, logikuri iqneba davaskvnaT: erTi fuZisgan sxvadasxva sufiqsiT warmoqmnili ramdenime TemonimiT sxvadasxva monaTesave qarTvelur-kavkasiuri tomebi aRiniSneboda (abaza, afxazi, afSili, afsari, afsua...); Sesabamisad, oTxi eTnonimiT (abaza, afsari, afsua da afxazi) erTi sazogadoebis aRniSvna gviandeli movlenaa.
afsilebi/afSilebi, afsarebi, afsuebi. afsilebi pirvelad dasturdeba arianesTan; misi cnobebis mixedviT, afsilebi cxovrobdnen kodoris xeobaSi; z.anCabaZe maT Tavdapirvel sacxovrisad Tanamedrove galis raions miiCnevs (z.anCabaZe, 1964). mecnierTa erTi nawilis azriT, abazgTa msgavsad, afsilebic qarTveluri tomi iyo (s.janaSia, s.yauxCiSvili, d.musxeliSvili da sxv..), xolo, zogis azriT, maTi memkvidreebi Tanamedrove afxazebi (afsuebi) arian (g.meliqiSvili, z.anCabaZe, n.lomouri...). agaTia sqolastikosis (VI) mixedviT, afsarebi kolxebisa da misimielebis/svanebis monaTesaveni arian. gviandeli avtorebi da komentatorebi afsilebs skviTur - 142 -
svanebi, misimielebi - svanebi pirvelad strabonTan moixseni-
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winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
ebian (soanas/Soanas); maSinac isini kavkasiis mTebSi cxovrobdnen; varaudoben, rom svanebi adridanve gansaxlebulni iyvnen agreTve Crdilo kavkasiaSic - Tergsa da yubans Soris arsebul teritoriaze; Sdr., mag., memandre protiqtori (VI s.), romelic, aRwers ra bizantiisa da sparseTis davas svaneTis gamo, vrclad iZleva svanTa daxasiaTebas (georgika, 1936, gv.213-233); misi cnobiT, svanebi kavkasiis mTebis garSemo cxovroben (georgika, 1936, gv.231); ix., agreTve, T.mibCuani, 1993; z.ratiani, 1995, gv.57-61. Cans, svanebs kavkasionis strategiuli gadasasvlelebi eWiraT, vinaidan bizantiasa da sparseTs Soris didxans grZeldeboda winaaRmdegoba svaneTis danarCunebis gamo (ix. georgika, 1936, gv.213-233). pliniusis mixedviT, svanebi dRevandeli samegrelos teritoriazec cxovrobdnen: "mdinare xobi kavkasiis mTebidan Camomdinareobs da svaneTis miwaze dis”; amasve amtkicebs sageografio saxelebis dakvirvebac, mag., leCxumi, lebaCile da sxva. ”Semdeg svanebis miwebi kolxebs anu megrelebs daupyriaT..." (iv.javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.46-47). Cveni azriT, pliniusis cnobis sxvagvari ganmartebac SeiZleba: am periodis wyaroebSi, araiSviaTad, erTmaneTs faravs terminebi: suani, sani, zani, suanokolxi, egrsvani... Cans, strabonisa da pliniusis dros termini svani im ramdenime qarTveluri tomis (egrisis nawilis, dvaleTis, skvimiis, sakuTriv svaneTis mosaxleobis...) gamaerTianebeli, krebiTi saxelia, romelTac romaelebi ver akontrolebdnen (Sdr.: lazika - romaelTa gavlenis sfero): yuradRebis centrSi svanebis moqceva, Cans, ganapiroba kavkasiis uReltexilebis strategiulobam. Cveni azriT, Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasasruls jer kidev dauSlelia zanur-svanuri enobrivi erToba; swored es adreuli zanur-svanuri (da ara megruli an svanuri) dialeqturi fena unda vivaraudoT osur-alanuri enis substratad (masalisaTvis ix. v.abaevi, 1949, 324-329); Sdr.: gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom osurSi zanuri/afsiluri substrati gaCnda kodoris xeobaSi osebis eqspansiis dros (n. afxazava, 1998). rogorc cnobilia, substratis arseboba miuTiTebs damxvduri da mosuli eTnosebis xangrZliv
urTierTobas; vfiqrobT, SeuZlebelia, osTa metyvelebaSi zanuri substratis warmoqmna davuSvaT kodoris xeobaSi alanTa moklevadiani eqspansiis periodSi. rac Seexeba osurSi sakuTriv svanuri leqsikis arsebobas: CrdilokavkasiaSi mcxovrebi osebis metyvelebaSi svanuri da afxazuri leqsika (rogorc adstratuli fena) Sevida svanTa, afxazTa da osTa mezoblobis pirobebSi. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom, Cveni azriT, zanur-svanuri kontinuumis bazaze sakuTriv svanuri metyvelebis Camoyalibeba swored welTaRricxvaTa mijnidan xdeba qarTvelur (zanur) metyvelebaze Crdilokavkasiur tomTa metyvelebis dafenebiT (msjelobisaTvis ix. t. futkaraZe, 1998); aqve aRvniSnavT, rom ara mxolod svanuri, aramed araizolirebuli nebismieri mosaxleobis metyveleba (ena/kilo) warmoqmnilia divergenciuli da konvergenciuli procesebis Sedegad. strabonis mixedviT, svanebi gamoirCeodnen simamaciT da didi fizikuri ZaliT. strabonis cnobiTve, svanebs hyavT basilevsi da 300 mamakacisgan Semdgari sabWo; saWiroebis Jams gamohyavT 200000kaciani laSqari. straboni svanebis sacxovrisSi arsebul mdinareebTan akavSirebs oqros sawmisis miTs; strabonTanvea Zveli cnoba, rom oqros sabadoebis gamo (romlisganac warmoiSva miTi oqros sawmisis Sesaxeb), dasavleTis iberebis analogiiT, svanebs zogi aRmosavleTis iberebsac uwodebs, ramdenadac oqros sabadoebi aris orive iberiaSi (rusuli TargmanisaTvis ix., straboni, 1964, gv. 473, XI, II,14-19); Sdr., T.yauxCiSvilis Targmani: svanebis qveyanaSi "zamTris niaRvrebs oqro Camoaqvs, xolo barbarosebi agroveben oqros daxvretili varclebiT da banjgvliani tyavebiT: aqedan momdinareobs miTi oqros sawmisian verZze... (dazianebuli teqsti)... Tu ar deben iberebs msgavs saxels dasavleTelebisas, romelTac aqvT oqros sabadoebi orive mxares: es adgili SeiZleba gavigoT ornairad: a)espaneTis iberebs orive mxares aqvT oqros sabaduri; b) oqros sabadoebi aqvT, rogorc espaneTis iberebs, ise saqarTvelos iberebs" (T.yauxCiSvili, 1957, gv. 126; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.139-144). svanebi sxva wyaroebSic Canan:
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winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
priske panioneli (V s.): "didi uTanxmoeba hqondaT svanTa tomTan romaelebsa da lazebs; svanebma sastiki brZola gaaCaRes sematis (?lazTa sardlis) winaaRmdeg" (georgika, 1961, gv.261); prokopi kesarieli (VI s.): "marto es lazike ki ar Caigdes xelT sparselebma, aramed svimniaca da svaniac da, amrigad, moxirisidan iberiamde mTeli miwa-wyali gamoecalaT xelidan romaelebsa da lazTa mefes” (georgika, 1965, gv.202). agaTia sqolastikosi (VI s.) vrclad msjelobs misimielTa Sesaxeb; misi cnobiT, es xalxi kolxTa mefis qveSevrdomia, msgavsad afsilebisa, oRond gansxvavebul enaze laparakobs. isini afsilTa tomze ufro CrdiloeTiT cxovroben, odnav aRmosavleTiT; agaTias misimielebi miaCnia kolxTa da afsilTa naTesavad; s. yauxCiSvilis logikuri varaudiT, misimielebi/misimianebi svanuri tomia (georgika, 1936, gv.86, 161-162, 172, 347-348). misim- fuZe SeiZleba davakavSiroT svanTa TviTsaxelwodebasTan; SesaZloa, warmodgenili berZnuli forma muSuan- fuZis damaxinjebuli varianti iyos: muSuan- > *muSun- > miSin-/misim-; Sdr.: qvemosvanuri - muSEan, balszemouri - muSan, balsqvemouri - muSni, lataluri - muSEan/mHSan; mHSan formisTvis amosavali SeiZleba iyos moSan-: mo-San/mo-san; Sdr.: mo-frang-e, mo-xev-e. Sdr., p. ingoroyva, 1954, gv.144: "*mH-simi-an-i Tavisi gramatikuli gaformebiT wminda qarTul tips warmoadgens: m- Tavkiduri prefiqsia, romelic erTvis eTnikur saxelebs, xolo -an-, aseve, eTnikuri saxelebis determinanti sufiqsia. aqve SevniSnavT, rom p. ingoroyvas sayuradRebo varaudiT, misimianeTis Zveli saxelia kolaeTi, ramdenadac antikur wyaroebSi kodoris xeobaSi mosaxle toms ewodeba kolike (p. ingoroyva, 1954, gv.142). samecniero literaturaSi naTladaa garkveuli svan- fuZisgan warmoqmnili variantebis fonetikuri safuZvlebi:
buli *sºan- variantisgan, romelic, Cans, saerToqarTvelurSive arsebobda; swored am labializebuli bgeris mezoblobas unda Seewyo xeli *San-/Svan- > Son- procesisTvis.
saerToqarTv. svan- zan.-svan. SEan ( TviTsaxelwodeba: mo-Suan-) zan. Soni; saerToqarTv. svan- zan.-svan. SEan afxaz. a-SEan-ua... vfiqrobT, Temonimi svani momdinareobs *san- fuZis labialize-
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SeniSvna: Cveni azriT, saerToqarTveluri a xmovani interkonsonantur poziciaSi im SemTxvevebSi gvaZlevs zanur o refleqss, rodesac winamavali Tanxmovani labialuria, an arabagismieri labializebulia (labiovelarizebulia): winaenismieri an ukanaenismieri Tanxmovnebis labiovelarizebuli alofonebi warmoadgenen bazas zanuris a > o procesisTvis; Sdr.: qarTv. kaci > zan. koCi, magram: qarTv. laviwi > zan. laberji/laberwi; qarTv. sadave "avSara" > zan. sadio; qarTv. gacnoba > zan. gaCinefa; qarTv. adarebinebs > zan. odarebafuans; qarTv. amzadebs > zan. zaduns; qarTv. zadi > zan. zandi "Cirqi"; qarTv. kakalami > zan. kakliani; qarTv. kakani > zan. kakafi; qarTv. kavi/kakvi > zan. kakvi; qarTv. kalo > zan. kale; qarTv. kani > zan. kani; qarTv. kari > zan. kare; qarTv. kalTa > zan. karTe da mravali sxva. amgvari sityvebi zanuri leqsikuri maragis udides nawils Seadgens, amdenad, ulogiko iqneba, isini qarTuli saliteraturo enidan "nasesxobad" CaiTvalos; am rigis formebi saerToqarTveluridanaa momdinare (am sakiTxis Sesaxeb vrclad sxvagan gvaqvs msjeloba).
suanokolxebi - Temonimi souannokolxoi dasturdeba mxolod klavdios ptolema~osTan (100-178 ); suanokolxebi cxovroben henioxebsa da mdinare koraqss (bzifs) Soris; daaxloebiT am adgilebSi ariane da sxva avtorebi sanigebs asaxeleben (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.160-162). ramdenadac ptolema~osi suanokolxebs kolxeTs gareT aTavsebs, gaWirdeba im azris gaziareba, rom isini is svanebi arian, romlebic kolxeTSi cxovroben (Sdr., T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.161). ptolema~osis saxelmZRvanelo ZiriTadad mihyveba fsevdoskilaqss, arianesa da pliniuss (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.164); bunebrivia, is icnobs strabonsac; gamomdinare aqedan, unda davuSvaT, rom igi eTnonim sanigebs gaazrebulad cvlis suanokolxebiT, romliTac, Cans, igi aRniSnavs Zveli kolxebis memkvidre erT-erT toms; amgvari xazgasma imitom gaxda saWiro, rom, ptolema~osis mixedviT, suanokolxebi cxovroben miseuli kolxeTis gareT - sarma-
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winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
tiaSi. sayuradReboa isic, rom hekata~os mileteli (Zv.w. 549-472) dRevandeli mdinare bzifis raionSi asaxelebs kolxur toms koraqsebs (Sdr., misi azriT, kolebi bzifis auzsa da dioskurias Soris arian). suano-kolxebs svanebisa da megrelebis SereviT warmoqmnil tomad miiCnevs iv.javaxiSvili (1960, gv.429). p. ingoroyvas azriT, svano-kolxebis aRmniSvneli unda iyos termini eger-svanic, romelic gvxvdeba somex istorikos favstos bizantielTan (p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.145).
qarTuli maSin, roca daiviwya regionSi intensiurad gamoyenebuli dedaena - erT-erTi vainaxuri ena (T.uTurgaiZe, 1996). vfiqrobT, tuskebi qarTveluri warmomavlobis xalxia, romelTa nawilis (wovaTuSebis) metyveleba Zlier Seicvala mezobeli Tu "sisxlis Ziebas" gamoqceuli vainaxebis gavleniT. am pozicias amyarebs lingvisturi monacemebic: wova-TuSurSi arsebiTi adgili uWiravs adreul qarTul substrats (m. miqelaZe, 2004, gv. 45); Sdr.: g. cocaniZis azriT, TuSuri mosaxleoba enobrivad gansxvavebul or jgufad ganiyofa: CaRmaTuSebad da wovaTuSebad (g. cocaniZe, 1993, gv. 539). a. SavxeliSvilis azriT, wovaTuSuri naxurad qceuli qarTveluri enaa, xolo b. SavxeliSvilis mtkicebiT, wovaTuSuri ena gardamavali, damakavSirebeli rgolia qarTvelur (gansakuTrebiT Zvel qarTul) da vainaxur enebs Soris (b. SavxeliSvili, 2003). aqa~ebi/aqeebi, aqeelebi - fsevdo-skilaqsis (Zv.w. IV s.) masalebis mixedviT, aqa~ebi da henioxebi Tanamedrove tuafsesa da soWs Soris unda vivaraudoT (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.83; T.yauxCiSvili, 1980); Sdr.: V saukunis anonimuri "periplusis" mixedviT, iq, sadac adre aqa~ebi cxovrobdnen, axla Ziqebi arian. straboni asaxelebs aqeis qveyanas, ariane - "Zvel aqa~as", ptolema~osi - sofel aqa~as... miuxedavad imisa, rom berZeni istorikosebi (straboni, apiane, dionisios periegeti...) eTnonimsac da tomsac berZnuli warmomavlobisad Tvlian, Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa didi nawili fiqrobs, rom aqa~ebi qarTvelur-kavkasiuri tomia; "rogorc Cans, aqa~ebis saxeliT cnobili tomi Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros Crdilo monakveTze cxovrobda daaxloebiT argonavtebis laSqrobis droidan ax.w. I saukunemde; II saukuneSi mcxovrebi ariane maT ukve aRar axsenebs, magram icnobs geografiul punqts "Zveli aqa~a" (T. yauxCiSvili, 1980, gv.37). specialistebi fiqroben, rom berZnul wyaroebSi Semonaxul saxelwodebaSi romelime qarTveluri sityvaa areklili...
amarantebi - stefane bizantielis (IV-VII s.) cnobiT, amarantebi kolxuri tomia; maTi qveynidan modis fazisi (georgika, 1936, gv. 275); aqve: kolxeTSi arsebobs mTa amarantioni; Sdr.: mkvlevrebi am toponimSi amiranis mTas xedaven. dvalebi - antikur wyaroebSi dvalebi ax.w. I saukunidan ixsenebian Talis, valis da ualis saxelwodebiT (r. TofCiSvili, 2002, gv. 62). Zveli qarTuli wyaroebisa Tu Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa didi nawilis mixedviT, dvalebi qarTvelebi arian (zogi maT naxebad Tvlis); dvaleTi saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi iyo 1859 wlamde, vidre ruseTis imperiam es qarTveluri mxare saqarTvelos sabolood ar CamoaWra. tuskebi - klavdios ptolema~osi aRmosavleT sarmatiaSi asaxelebs tuskebs, didurebsa da sanarebs. T.yauxCiSvilis azriT (1976, gv.167), eseni unda iyvnen wovaTuSebi, didoelebi da wanarebi. gaumarTlebeli Cans adreul periodSi wovaTuSebisa da CaRmaTuSebis daSoriSoreba; Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom CvenTvis cnobili TuSebis didi nawili erT-erT qarTvelur kiloze metyvelebs, xolo ufro mcire nawilis - wova-TuSebis metyveleba emsgavseba rogorc vainaxurs, aseve - Zvel qarTuls, logikuri iqneba, davuSvaT tuskebis/TuSebis qarTveloba: TuSebis vainaxuri warmomavlobis tomad miCnevis SemTxvevaSi gaWirdeba mtkiceba, rom saqarTvelosgan maRali mTebiT mowyvetilma mosaxleobam iswavla da saukuneebis manZilze SeinarCuna - 148 -
sindebi, Ziqebi, zixebi/zinxebi, jiqebi - aristoteles (Zv.w. - 149 -
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
384-322) mixedviT, sindebi skviTuri modgmis tomia; ufro zustad,
sarmatia (Tavi VIII), sadac cxovroben: aqa~ebi, kerketebi, henioxebi da suanokolxebi. pirvel sam toms ara erTi Zveli avtori asaxelebs da, rogorc Cans, am SemTxvevaSi klavdios ptolema~os Zveli wyaro hqonda xelT: misi henioxebi Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros CrdiloeT nawilSi arian da ara samxreTiT, rogorc es gviandel wyaroebSia. mas Zveli wyaroc rom hqonda xelT, amaze miuTiTebs zinxebis (anu jiqebis) xsenebac sarmatiaSi, rac strabonis droidan aRar gvxvdeba (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.160). jiqeTi Crdilo kavkasiaSia gviandeli wyaroebiTac: konstantine porfirogeneti (IXs.): "bosforis pirdapir aris e.w. tamatarxis cixe. am srutis sigrZe aris 18 mili. Sua manZilze aris didi vake kunZuli, e.w. atexi. tamatarxidan 18 Tu 20 milis manZilze aris mdinare e.w. ukruxi, romelic hyofs jiqeTsa da tamatarxas, ukruxidan nikofsiis mdinaremde, sadac imave saxelwodebis cixea, aris jiqeTis qveyana... jiqeTis zemoT aris qveyana, papagiad wodebuli, da papagiis qveynis zemoT - kasaxiad wodebuli qveyana; kasaxiis zemoT kavkasiis mTebia, xolo am mTebis zemoT - alaniis qveyana. jiqeTis sanapiroze aris kunZulebi, erTi didi da sami patara kunZuli; maT Sua sxva kunZulebicaa, dasaxlebuli da gaSenebuli jiqebis mier: es aris turganerxi, Carvagani da erTic sxva; aris kidev sxva kunZuli mdinaris navsayudelTan, erTic pteleasTan, sadac jiqebi Tavs Seafarebdnen alanTa Tavdasxmebis dros"... (georgika, 1952, gv. 231-233). Sdr., agreTve, nikifore grigorasi ( XIVs.): "Cingisxanis meore vaJi telepua imorCilebs masagetebisa da savromatebis qveyanas... Semdeg man gadalaxa tanaisis saTaveebi da gaswia evropel tomTa miwa-wylis gziT; es tomebi bevrni iyvnen da sxvadasxvani... tomebi, romelnic meotis tbis mezoblad iyvnen da pontos sanapiros mosdebodnen, iyvnen: jiqebi da abazgebi, guTebi da amaqsoviebi, tavroskviTebi da borisTenelebi, garda amisa, iyvnen iseTebi, romelnic istros SesarTavTan mdebare miziaSi cxovrobdnen. maT hunebi da komanebi ewodebodaT..." (georgika, 1967, gv.130-131). qarTuli wyaroebi kargad icnoben jiqebs: qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT, isini cxovroben Crdilo kavkasiaSi (q.c., 43, 45, 156-
meoti tomia. sindebi cxovrobdnen dRevandeli anapis midamoebSi; evstaTis komentaris mixedviT, sindebi igive jiqebi arian (T. yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv. 25). zikxebTanac aigiveben sindebs; mag., dionisiosis (ax.w. II s.) "periegesiss" evstaTis (XII s.) komentaris mixedviT, sindebi igive zikxebi arian, zikxebi ki gaigivebuli arian strabonis jiqebTan. Sdr., dionisiosi iqve, 5 striqonis qvemoT, asaxelebs eTnonim jiqebsac (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv. 222). zigebi pirvelad Cndebian strabonTan (Zv. w. 64 - ax. w. 24): is erTad asaxelebs aqeebs, zigebsa da henioxebs, romlebic kolxebis CrdiloeTiT, zRvis sanapiroze cxovroben (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.137). Sdr., devnili miTridate gverds uvlis ziqebis sacxovriss maTi velurobisa da cudgzianobis gamo; napir-napir aRwevs aqeebamde, romelnic mas kargad iReben (straboni, XI, 2, 12-14). V saukunis periplusis anonimi avtori wers: "Zvel aqeidan Zvel lazikamde da mdinare aqeuntamde (es aris soWidan 30 km daSorebuli) uwin cxovrobdnen tomebi: henioxebi, koraqsebi, kolebi, melanqlainebi, maxelonebi, kolxebi da lazebi; axla ki cxovroben zixebi" (T. yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.130). T.yauxCiSvilis varaudiT, es ziqebi/Ziqebi, Semdegi periodis jiqebi, adre qeds gadaRma, sarmatiis dablobze cxovrobdnen da strabonis dros axalgadmosaxlebulni arian zRvispireTSi; straboni da misi momdevno bevri avtori (ariane, dionisios periegeti, stefane bizantieli...) Semdeg ukve aq asaxelebs maT (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.139). Sdr., mag., ariane: "zRvis piras da Semdeg, kodoris xeobaSi cxovroben afsilebi. maT Semdeg ise, rom qalaqi sebastopolisi maT teritoriazea, md. Saxemde arian sanigebi; sanigebs zemoT mTebSi saxloben abaskebi. md. Saxedan md. negofsuxumde cxovroben Zilqebi (jiqebi)" (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100). klavdios ptolema~osis mixedviT (II s.), zinxebis sacxovrisad ivaraudeba teritoria mdinare yubanidan mdinare labas saTaveebamde; ptolema~osis azriT, kolxidis CrdiloeTiT aris aziis - 150 -
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winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
157…). jiqebi aSkarad Zveli Crdilokavkasiuri tomia, romelsac
kerketebi - kerketTa saxelic berZnul mwerlobaSi Zveli droidan gvxvdeba; pirvelad dasturdeba fsevdo-skilaqsTan (Zv.w. IV s.); isini cxovroben Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze sindebsa da toretebs Soris (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.81). strabonis mixedviT, kerketebi cxovroben henioxebis samxreTiT; berZnuli termini kerketebi gaigivebulia CerqezebTan (mimoxilvisaTvis ix. T.yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.90); Sdr., T.yauxCiSvili 1976, gv. 257-258, sadac kerket- fuZisTvis amosavladaa miCneuli egr(egrisi) Ziri. Cer-q-ez- da ker-k-et- formebis saerTo warmomavlobis mtkiceba SesaZlebelia (Tumca rTulia sufiqsTa identifikacia), magram gaWirdeba egr- fuZesTan maTi dakavSireba. skviTinebi/skviTebi - qsenofontesTan dadasturebuli skviTinebi cxovrobdnen Woroxis marcxena nawilSi; marjvniv iyvnen xalibebi; zog mkvlevars skviTinebi miaCnia skviTebis STamomavlebad, zogs - qarTvelur tomad - heptakometebad - Svidsoflelebad. qsenofontes nanax skviTinebs hqondaT qalaqebic da soflebic, e.i. maT gaaCndaT saxelmwifoebrivi wyobac (sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.132)... faqtia, rom Woroxis xeobaSi uZvelesi droidanve mosaxleobdnen qarTveluri tomebi; aSkaraa isic, rom terminebi skviTi da
skviTini erTi fuZisaa. berZnul-bizantiur wyaroebSi skviTebad xSirad moixsenieba sxva qarTveluri modgmis xalxebic, amdenad, savaraudoa, rom qsenofonte am SemTxvevaSic qarTvelur toms gulisxmobdes. Sdr., skviTis mniSvneloba wyaroebis mixedviT: ariane: "dioskuriidan rom modixar, pirveli sadguria pitiuntSi, samas ormocdaaTi stadionis manZilze, aqedan nitikemde as ormocdaaTi stadionia. aq Zvelad cxovrobda skviTTa tomi, romelsac ixseniebs istorikosi herodote. maT is girCis mWamelebs uwodebs [fTirofagebs]" (berZeni mwerlebi... 1983, gv.159); ipolite romaeli (III s.): "...kapadukielTa gadaRma, marjvena mxareebSi cxovroben armenielebi, iberielebi da beranebi, xolo marcxena mxareebSi: skviTebi, kolxebi da bosporelebi..." (georgika, 1961, gv.20). iovane cece (1110-1180): iberebi, abazgebi (masagetebi) da alanebi erTi tomisa arian; maTTan erTad sakebi, dakebi, savromartebi da sakuTriv skviTebi da yvela is tomi, romelnic CrdiloeTiT cxovroben, sazogadod iwodebian skviTebad (georgika, 1967, gv.23-25). kolxebi indoeli skviTebi arian, maT lazebic ewodebaT (iqve, gv.32-36). Srd., nikifore grigorasi (XIV s.): pirvandeli skviTebi or nawilad gaiyvnen: erTma nawilma daarbia aziaSi mcxovrebi savromartebi, masagetebi, melanqlainebi, amazonebi... da miiRes am damonebul tomTa saxelebi (georgika, 1967, gv.128-129). samecniero literaturaSi termini skviTebi da qarTuli wyaroebis xazarebi, rogorc wesi, veluri indoevropuli tomebis saxelebadaa miCneuli; miuxedavad berZnul wyaroTa winaaRmdegobrivi Cvenebisa, vfiqrobT, ara gvaqvs sakmarisi argumentebi, rom skviTebSi qarTveluri modgmis romelime sazogadoeba moviazroT. gaWirdeba mtkicebac, rom Targamosis modgma igive indoevropel skviTTa modgmaa (Sdr., m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.50, 166); aseve, saeWvoa Targamos/Togormasa da gomeri/kimeri/kimerielis igiveoba, ramdenadac, bibliis mixedviT, gomeri iafetis Zea, xolo Togarma iafetis SviliSvili; Sdr., m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.43,167, sadac, imowmebs
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naklebi Sexeba hqonda qarTvelur kulturasTan. savromatebi/sarmatebi/svirmatebi - savromatTa saxeli berZnul mwerlobaSi uZvelesi droidan gvxvdeba; pirvelad dasturdeba fsevdo-skilaqsTan (Zv.w. IV s.); esaa Crdilokavkasiis mosaxleoba ufro aRmosavleTiT, vidre meotidaa; iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, es saxeli momdinareobs Saro/Sarur formidan da niSnavs "SaroelTa toms" (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.221). Sdr., straboni: "skviTebsa da sarmatebs enaTesavebian mTis iberebi" (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.149). zogi mkvlevari savromatebs miiCnevs alanebisa da osebis winaprebad (d.langi, 1997, gv.19).
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
ra n.xazaraZis msjelobas, askvnis: "Targamosi ki aris igive Togorma, gomeri da kimiri, anu aq saubaria kimiriul-skviTur tomebze". bibliuri eTnarqebi saxeldebulni arian Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi centralur evraziaSi arsebuli tomebis mixedviT da ara piriqiT; garda amisa, am problemis Sesaxeb msjelobisas gasaTvaliswinebelia: "qarTlis cxovrebiT", Targamosi iavanis/avanis SviliSvilia
tavrebi, aqeelebi, henioxebi, levkosirebi da isini, romelTac mdinare TermodontTan egreTwodebuli amoZonTa qveyana uWiravT" (apiane, 1959, gv.23, 59, 143). tavrebTan da skviTebTan mimarTebiT sainteresoa termin rusis sakiTxi, romelic pirvelad Cndeba VI saukuneSi; sakiTxis mokle istoria aseTia: ioane cece (XII s.) ambobs, rom tavrebs (e.i. tavridis mkvidrT) ewodebaT rusebi. daaxloebiT amasve ambobs leoni: tavroskviTebs Cveulebriv rusebi ewodebaTo. evstaTi ki cal-calke asaxelebs tavrebsa da rusebs. T. yauxCiSvili: tavrebi Zvel berZnul wyaroebSi skviTur tomad aris miCneuli, magram "skiTis" sabadlo termini "tavri" arasodes yofila. aristoteles naSromis - "cis Sesaxeb" - sqolioSi arsebuli ganmarteba (romelic ekuTvnis VI s. moRvawe simpliciuss) "skviTebi - rusebi" safuZvels iRebs swored skviTebisa da tavrebis gaigivebiT: skviTebi = tavrebs, tavrebi = rusebs. Tuki termini "rusi" iqca tavris Semcvlelad, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom skviTebi rusebis winaprebi arian (T. yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv. 28-29). tavrebisa da rusebis erTianobis mtkiceba gaWirdeba (samecniero literaturaSi pirvandeli rusebi skandinaviel variagebTan arian dakavSirebuli; Tanamedrove rusebis Camoyalibebis procesSi arsebiTi wili aqvs monRolur tomebsac).
da ara – gomeris: iafeti – iavani – TarSisi – Targamosi: "ese Targamos iyo Ze TarSisi, Ziswuli iafetisi, Zisa noesi" (q.c., I, gv.3); Sdr.: r.gordeziani, 1993, gv.8 da a. jafariZe, 1994, gv.71. Cans, bibliis Semoqmedi gomer-/kimiris Camomavlad ar Tvlida qarTvelTa eTnarqs. vfiqrobT, eTnonimi skviTebi kavkasia-mcireaziaSi mosul indoevropel tomTa zogadi saxelia; isini kunZulebad SemorCnen am regionSi (osebi, armenebi), ZiriTadad ki aiTqvifnen damxvdur mosaxleobaSi; maTi metyveleba superstratuli fenis saxiT dRemdea SemorCenili qarTvelur enobriv velSi. skviTinebis sakiTxi bundovani rCeba. tavrebi - skviTuri tomi; nikoloz damaskelis ganmartebiT (Zv. w. 64 ax. w. 14), tavrebi skviTuri tomia; es is xalxia, romelic dRes yirimad wodebul teritoriaze saxlobda da romelsac antikur epoqaSi tavrika ewodeboda (T. yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.88). Sdr., apiane (90-170 w.) skviTebsa da tavrebs sxvadasxva tomebad Tvlis: "Zv. w. 74 wels miTridate emzadeboda romaelebTan mesamed sabrZolvelad; mokavSireebad hyavda, Zvelebs garda, xalibebi, armenielebi, skviTebi, tavrebi, aqeelebi, henioxebi, levkosirebi da sxvebi"; "yvelafris mimarT, rasac ki is brZanebs, mzad arian [misi] megobrebi: skviTebi, tavrebi, bastarnebi, Trakielebi, sarmatebi da yvelani, vinc tanaisis, istrosis da Tundac meotisis tbis irgvliv [cxovroben]"; "[miTridates], uwindeli Zalebis garda, mokavSireebad Seematnen: xalibebi, armenielebi, skviTebi,
armenebi - armenebi pirvelad Cndebian Zv.w. VI saukuneSi (hekata~os mileteli, herodote): "frigielebis mezoblad arian kapadokielebi, romelTac Cven sirielebs vuwodebT, xolo amaTi mezoblebi arian kilikielebi... kilikielebis mezoblad arian armenielebi... xolo armenielebis mezoblad arian matienebi, romel-
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qarTvelur-kavkasiuri (avtoqToni) tomebis garda, Zv.w. VI saukunidan amierkavkasiaSi Cndebian indoevropeli warmoSobis armenebi da alanebi.
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
Tac es qveyana uWiravT" (herodote, 1975, gv. 330, V, 49); Sdr., iqve, gv. 434: "... frigielebs, rogorc makedonelebi amboben, ewodebaT brigebi, mTeli im xnis ganmavlobaSi, sanam evropelebi iyvnen da makedonelebis mezoblad cxovrobdnen, xolo, aziaSi rom gadavidnen, miwa-wyalTan erTad saxelic gamoicvales, frigielebi dairqves. armenielebi, romlebic frigielebisagan momdinareoben, frigielebis msgavsad iyvnen mowyobilebi." Sdr., diodore sicilielis mier CamoTvlili tomebis Tanamimdevroba (Zv. w. I s.): karduxebi, armenielebi, xaebi (e.i. taoxebi), fasianebi, xaldebi, skitinebi, makronebi, kolxebi, mosAinoikebi, tibarenebi" (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.124); ipolite romaeli (III): "kapatukielTa gadaRma, marjvena mxareebSi cxovroben armenielebi, iberielebi da beranebi, xolo marcxena mxareebSi - skviTebi, kolxebi da bosporelebi" (georgika, 1961, gv.19)... Zv.w. II saukuneSi armenebi did warmatebebs aRweven. iv. javaxiSvilis azriT (1960, gv.437), ramdenadac qsenofonte araqsis midamoebSi alarodebis nacvlad ukve armenebs asaxelebs, SesaZlebelia, vimsjeloT am tomis kavkasiaSi mosvlis SedarebiT zust TariRzec. CvenTvis savsebiT sarwmunoa samecniero literaturaSi gabatonebuli azri, rom eTnonimi somexi Tavdapirvelad erTi ganapira qarTveluri tomis an, sulac, monaTesave urartuelebis saxeli iyo; Cans, saukuneebis manZilze TandaTan damkvidrebulma armenebma nel-nela moaxdines urartul-qarTvelur tomTa asimilacia; asimilirebuli qarTveluri tomis metyvelebis danaSrevi aSkaraa rogorc armenielTa enaSi (kavkasiuri abruptivebis rigis arsebobis faqti!), aseve, maT anTropologiur maxasiaTeblebSi. SemTxveviTi ar Cans is, rom araratis Zveli saxeli - masis mTa da eTnonimi somex-i (< * so-mes-x- < * sa-mas-x-) erTmaneTTan daakavSira
xurituli modgmis xalxis eTnarqia, xolo armeniaki - mosuli indoevropelebisa - skviTebisa; moxda avtoqToni da mosuli xalxis Serwyma (m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.42-43); Sdr.: kulturaTa/enaTa/xalxTa Serwyma-"ganayofiereba" Cveulebrivi ambavia Zvel samyaroSi; ix., mag., promeTe/amiranisa da zevsis mimarTeba. alanebi - berZnul wyaroebSi alanebi naxsenebi ar arian axali welTaRricxvis I saukunemde. pirvelad axsenebs ioseb flaviusi; maT ukve icnobs dionios periegeti, ptolemaiosi, lukiane... (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.221-222). alanebs xazarTa nawilad Tvlis qarTveli mematiane. alanebic (armenTa msgavsad) kavkasiaSi SedarebiT gvian damkvidrebuli tomia. "alanTa qveynisTvis saxelis mimcemi eTnosi unda yofiliyo ara osi mosaxleoba, aramed yaraCaelebi, romlebsac alanTa saxeliT icnobdnen rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, ise XX saukunis dasawyisis samegreloSic" (T.gvancelaZe, 2004, gv. 58). am xalxis, indoevropeli osebisa da damxvduri kavkasielebis SereviT warmoiSvnen amJamindeli osebi (v.abaevi osur enas ganixilavs samxreT ruseTis Zveli mosaxleobis - skviTebis, masagetebis, sarmatebis, alanebis... enaTa jgufSi; v.iarceva, 1990, gv.353).
n.marma; ar gamoiricxeba sxva gzac: *mas-x- *sam-x- som-x-; sakiTxi Semdgom kvlevas saWiroebs. samecniero literaturaSi msjeloben armenebisa da skviTebis saerTo warmomavlobis Sesaxeb (n.xazaraZe, 1984, gv.194); sarwmunoa mosazrebac, rom: haiki kavkasiaSi mosaxle (avtoqToni) urartul-
Semdgomi msjelobis gagrZelebamde, kidev erTxel, ZiriTadad, TviTmxilvel mogzaurTa Tu mecnierTa mixedviT, davasaxelebT im qarTvelur tomebs, romlebic cxovrobdnen Zveli welTaRricxvis dasasruls: hekata~os mileteli (Zv.w. 549-472): melanqla~nebi, koraqsebi, kolebi, mosxebi, xo~ebi, beqe~rebi, diZerebi, makronebi, marebi, mosinoikebi, tobarenebi, xalibebi. sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom koraqsebisa da mosxebis Sesaxeb hekata~osi ambobs, kolxuri tomebiao (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.43); herodote (484 - 425): kolxebi, saspe~rebi, xalibebi, makronebi, mosxebi, tibarenebi, mosino~kebi, marebi; maTi monaTesaveni arian: alarodielebi (urartuelebi), matienebi (herodote, 1975);
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winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
qsenofonte (435-355): karduxebi, taoxebi, xaldebi, xalibebi, fasianebi, skviTinebi, makronebi, kolxebi, drilebi, hesperitebi, mosinikebi, ko~tebi (morCili xalibebi? - t.f.), tibarenebi (T.miqelaZe, 1967); fsevdo-skilaqsi (IV s.): savromatebi, ma~otebi, sindebi, kerketebi, toretebi, aqa~ebi, henioxebi, koraqsebi, kolebi, melanqla~nebi, gelonebi, kolxebi, biZerebi, ekeqe~rebi, beqe~rebi, makrokefalebi, mosino~kebi, tibarenebi, xalibebi. ariane (II s.): trapizonidan Zvel aqaiamde Semdegi tomebi gaviareT: kolxebi, sanebi (qsenofontes drilebi), makronebi, henioxebi, Zidritebi, lazebi (arianesTan lazebi da kolxebi Tanaarseboben da xazgasmiT sxvadasxva tomebia - t.f.), afsilebi, abaskebi, sanigebi, Zilqebi; nikoloz damaskeli (Zv.w. 64 - ax.w.14): kolxebi, sindebi, tavrebi, mosinebi, kerketebi, savromatebi... am tomTa garda, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi amave periodSi cxovrobdnen agreTve: kaxebi, kuxebi (iv.javaxiSvili, 1969, gv.437) da herebi (herTa vinaobis Sesaxeb ix. k.ficxelauri, 1973, gv.197). kaxebis qarTveluroba dResac yvelasTvis TvalsaCinoa; kuxebis mxare - kuxeTi, rogorc erTi qarTveluri tomis sacxovrisi, VIII saukunemde arsebobs; Semdeg ki kaxeTSi samTavros SemadgenlobaSi Sedis; Sdr., agreTve: d.musxeliSvilis azriT, leonti mrovelis mier mocemuli sazRvrebi kaxeTis, kuxeTisa da hereTisa Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebis viTarebas asaxavs (d.musxeliSvili, 1966, gv.5-38). zog mkvlevars herebi albanur tomad miaCnda, magram hereTis teritoriaze gavrcelebuli wamyvani iaraRebi Tu sxva nakeTobani kaxeT-kuxeTSi da qarTlSi mopovebul masalasTan erTad erT safuZvelzea warmoSobili da, bunebrivia, maTTan Seudareblad met msgavsebas iCens, vidre hereTis samxreTiT da aRmosavleTiT gavrcelebul masalasTan, romelic sul sxva sawyisebzea Seqmnili (k.ficxelauri, 1973, gv.197). garda amisa, herebis amJamindeli STamomavlebi – ingiloebi Tavidanve qarTvelebi (monolingvuri qarTulenovani
mosaxleoba) rom ar yofiliyvnen, srul araqarTvelurenovan garemocvaSi verasodes iswavlidnen qarTuls. kaxTa, kuxTa da herTa gverdiT unda davasaxeloT: fxovelebi (xevsurebi, fSavlebi, moxeveebi, mTiul-gudamayrelni) da dasavleT saqarTvelos mkvidri skvimnebi/skviminebi/cxumebi/*Cxumebi/Cxumni (sakiTxis istoriis, berZnuli wyaroebis skvimiis, svimiis, cxum/leCxumisa da Takver-raWis Sesaxeb ix. l.fruiZe, 1993, gv.471-478; d.leTodiani, 2003, gv.18-30). Sdr.: skvim/*cqvim-, Cxum-/le-Cxumi; savaraudo ckvim-/cxvim-/Cxvim/Cxum-/cxum- mosalodneli formebis Tavkiduri TanxmovanTkompleqsis gadmosacemad berZnulSi gamoyenebulia skv/sv mimdevroba, rac gvavaraudebinebs, rom ax.w. VI saukuneSi leCxumis oficialuri saxeli iyo saerToqarTveluri agebulebis sityva: ckvimi/cxvimi. leCxumi dialeqturi variantia; le-/la- saerToqarTveluri sufiqsi Cans, romelic produqtiulia zanursa da svanurSi; sakuTriv qarTulSi dadasturebuli masalisaTvis ix.: b.jorbenaZe, m.kobaiZe, m.beriZe, 1988, gv.268: la-rty-i, la-rTx-i... da m.Cuxua, 2003, gv.77: le-Jver-i = sa-Jver-e. daniSnulebis la/le- aq warmomavloba-krebiTobis -eT-/-aT-, -ar-/-er- sufiqsebis fardia; Sdr., paraleluri warmoebebi: le-Cxum-i, sa-qarTvel-o da cxum-i, cxum-ar-i, sxim-ar-i/sqim-ar-i, svan-eT-i... amrigad, aSkaraa, rom II aTaswleulis dasasrulidan welTaRricxvaTa mijnamde saqarTvelos istoriul teritoriaze cxovrobdnen qarTvelurad misaCnevi da, savaraudod, qarTvelur ena-kavebze anu dialeqtebze molaparake Semdegi monaTesave tomebi (SemTxveviTi arc is Cans, rom, araiSviaTad, maTi sacxovrisebi faravda erTmaneTs): muSqebi/mosxebi/mesxebi, daianelebi/diauxebi/taoxebi, kolaelebi, tibarenebi, iberebi/saspeirebi/sapirebi, quTebi/koitebi/kvitebi, koraqsebi, marebi, beqe~rebi, haliZonebi/xalibebi, xaldebi/qaldebi, mosino~kebi/heptakometebi, diZerebi, biZerebi, Zidritebi, makronebi/makrokefalebi, fasianebi, melanqlainebi, ekriktikes mcxovrebni/ekeqe~rebi, henioxebi, sanebi/Wanebi, sanigebi/sanikebi, lazebi, afxazebi, abaskebi, afsarebi, svanebi/misimielebi, svano-kolxebi, amarantebi (kolxuri tomi), tuskebi, kaxebi, kuxebi, cxumebi, fxovelebi,
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winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi
herebi... am tomTa didi nawilis qarTvelurobis Sesaxeb sarwmuno cnobebi jer kidev antikuri periodidan moipoveba (mag., agaTias azriT, misimielebi, kolxebi da afsilebi naTesavebi arian). zogi uZvelesi qarTveluri tomi saerTod daikarga (mag., gugarTa tomis Sesaxeb ix. iv.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.24-33); bevris saxelic dRemde SemorCa qarTveluri Temebis (mesxebi, taoelebi, lazebi, svanebi, fxovelebi, megrelebi, herebi, kaxelebi da sxva), an konkretuli adgilis, regionis (kolxeTis dablobi, oZrxe, viwe, quTaisi...) Tu romelime xalxis (mag., somxebis...) saxelebis saxiT. unda vivaraudoT, rom II-I aTaswleulebSi ZiriTadad swored am tomTagan iZerweba qarTveluri eTnosi (amis Sesaxeb ix. II Tavi); xolo maTi kiloebis bazaze arsebuli koines mixedviT iqmneba samwignobro enac. warmodgenili masalis analizi cxadyofs, rom Cvens istoriul sacxovrisSic xdeboda qarTvelur-kavkasiur-winaaziur tomTa Sidamigraciebic da erTmaneTis xarjze politikuri hegemonobis velis gafarToebac; ucxo ar iyo indoevropel Tu semit tomTa Semorevebic. bunebrivia, samwignobro enis Seqmnamde, politikuri liderobis Sesabamisad, qarTvelTa sxvadasxva kilouri normac batondeboda, riTac biZgi eZleoda gardamavali kiloebis warmoqmnasac. droTa ganmavlobaSi sakuTriv qarTveluri enis/koines, Zveli qarTveluri kiloebisa da am gardamavali metyvelebebis safuZvelze yalibdeba Tanamedrove qarTveluri kiloebi. saqarTvelos ganapira regionebSi dialeqtebis saxes gansazRvravs mezobel eTnosTa enebis adstratuli Tu superstratuli gavlenebic.
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qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli 1.2.2.
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
Zvel qarTul istoriul wyaroebSi "yovelTa qarTvelTa" saxelmwifos saxelia qarTli; mag., "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, farnavazis (Zv.w. IV s.) mier ganaxlebul-aRdgenili qarTli moicavs rva did saerisTavod dayofil Semdeg kuTxeebs (qveynebs): egriss, suaneTs, margueTs, kaxeTs, hereTs, kuxeTs, gardabans, taSirs, abocs, javaxeTs, kolas, artaans, samcxes, aWaras, klarjeTs (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.24-25). mematiane xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom quj-farnavazis saxelmwifoSi - sruliad qarTlis SemadgenlobaSi ar Semovida CrdilodasavleT saqarTveloSi (Tanamedrove kodoridan - yubanis SesarTavamde teritoria) mcxovrebi qarTveluri (egrosis) modgma; egriselTagan gansxvavebiT, maT isev berZenTa proteqtoratis qveS darCena irCies: "egris wyals quemoT darCa berZenTa, rameTu mkAdrTa mis adgilisaTa ara inebes gandgoma berZenTa...", Tumca, mematianisve cnobiT, mogvianebiT es teritoria mainc dauTmes berZnebma qarTvelebs. egrosis wili qveynis am nawilSi, romauli wyaroebis mixedviT, welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze lazebi cxovroben, ufro adre ki, ZiriTadad, kolxuri tomebi (ix. zemoT). ax.w. I-II aTaswleulebis mijnaze termin qarTls cvlis saqarTvelo (an: erTobili saqarTvelo). qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, qarTvelTa ZiriTadi TviTsaxelwodebaa qarTu-el-i; wyaroebSi qarTveli pirvelad Cndeba VII saukuneSi, Tumca es termini ufro adrec unda yofiliyo aqtiur gamoyenebaSi; mag., wyaroebis mixedviT, "naTesaviT qarTvelebi" arian: egriseli stefane sanano~sZe, afxazi (argveTeli) wamebulebi daviT da konstantine, SavSeli mama proxore, taoeli mama iovane, svani beri iovane qscxianisZe... Sdr., X-XII saukuneebSi saqarTvelos kulturuli veli moicavs Crdilokavkasiis did nawilsac (sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix. d.musxeliSvili, 1993). qarTuel-/qarTvel- fuZis istoriisa da etimologiis Sesa- 160 -
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
xeb samecniero literaturaSi mravalgvari mosazreba gamoiTqva: n.mari (1908, gv. 5; 1933, gv. 31): qarT-/qarTl-/qarTvel- fuZeebi ukavSirdeba qasd- eTnonims, romlisganac miRebulia qald-/xaldi-c; kerZod: qasdiv- > qarTiv- > qarTiv-el-i > qarTveli (Sdr., i.WavWavaZe, 1955, gv.113: qaldi/qaldisi > qarTlosi)... iv. javaxiSvili erTmaneTTan akavSirebda qarTu/kardusa da qarTvels; kerZod, misi azriT, "sityva qarTvelis pirveli nawili "qarTu" Cveni qveynis saxeli unda iyos... sityva "karduxic" ("megrul-Wanuri Stois tomis saxeli") Cveulebriv erovnebis aRmniSvnel sakvec -xi-T bolovdeba; am sityvis pirveli nawilic unda qveyanasa niSnavdes... raki am qveynis saxeli orive Stois (qarTmegruli) tomebis saxelwodebaSi moipoveba, ueWvelia, igi qarTvelebis Tavdapirveli saerTo samSoblo unda yofiliyo"; "sityvebi nairi, ba~ana, urartu mxolod qveynebis sakuTari saxelebia, TviTon xalxi ki TavisTavs qaldis anu xaldis uZaxda (xazi Cvenia - t.f. Sdr., g.meliqiSvili, 1954, gv. 28-29). Cven viciT, rom es saxeli qarTveli tomebis sazogado saxelwodeba iyo (qarTu-eli, kardu-xi); amitom safiqrebelia, rom es qaldebi qarTvelebis RviZli Zmebi yofiliyvnen (iv. javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.27, 56; iv. javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.411; ix. agreTve s. janaSia, 1959, gv.194-195). qaldeasagan qarTvelis momdinareoba popularuli gaxda XX saukunis pirveli naxevarSi moRvawe mwerlebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia grigol robaqiZis reminiscenciebi (romelsac, faqtobrad, lingvisturi argumentebis TvalsazrisiT, ver gascilda bevri mkvlevari); XX saukunis dasasruls ki amgvari midgoma kvlav gaaaqtualura zviad gamsaxurdiam (1991, gv.27, 220), romelic, imowmebda ra niko maris mosazrebas, qarTvelTa saxels da sacxovriss mTa kardus saxelTan (amJamindel araratTan) da RvTaeba kardusTan akavSirebda; zogi ucxoeli specialisti iber-qarTebis winaprebad Tvlida zemo mesopotamiaSi – istoriul gordueneSi – mcxovreb karduxebs (g.meliqiSvili, 1965, gv.19-20); Sdr.; karduxebs miiCneven xuritul tomad, romelsac daefenen qurTebi.
qarTvel- da qarTl- fuZeebis etimologiis Sesaxeb kidev aRsaniSnavia: s. kakabaZe: qarTli (armazis Zveli saxeli) dakavSirebulia "qarTa" (baga), qori, qoredi, qardagi da svan. "qvilTxi" (maRali) sityvebTan (s. kakabaZe, 1924, gv. 6-8); msjelobas lingvisturi argumentacia ar axlavs; metic, mag., misi azriT, qarT-l- formaSi -lmravlobiTobis sufiqsia. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom warmodgenili qarT-/qarTa mraval sxva enaSic dasturdeba; indoevropul enebSi am fuZes ukavSirdeba: garado, gard-, grad-, gorod-, kert- da sxva formebi. qarTvelur kiloebSi arsebuli qarTa (baga, SemoRobili adgili) fuZe marTlac nasesxebia; misi kavSiri qarTl-, qarTvel- fuZeebTan sxva mimarTulebiTaa sakvlevi (ix., qvemoT). g. meliqiSvili: eTnonimi qarTveli momdinareobs indoevro-
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puli qarTa ("zRude", "cixesimagre", "koSki"…Sdr., somx. kert, rus. gorod da sxv.) fuZidan: qarTa-eli > qarTa-v-el-i > qarTveli; Sdr., raWa > raWveli (g. meliqiSvili, 1965, gv. 238). amgvar varauds seriozuli winaaRmdegoba axlavs: ramdenadac qarTuli ena gverdigverd ver guobs or xmovans, erT-erTi umarcvlovndeba, an maT Soris Cndeba xmovanTgamyari, mag., xe - axevebs, qva - aqvavebs… Tu qarTa-el- forma arsebobda da gaCnda v xmovanTgamyari, a-s reduqciis pirobebi aRar iarsebebda; raWvel- sityvaSi v aris C - V poziciaSi W-s labializaciis Sedegi da qarTvelis analogiad ar gamodgeba. ak.SaniZe: Tavdapirvelad qarTli aRniSnavda ers, romelmac Cvens welTaRricxvamde II saukuneSi daipyro mcxeTa da mimdgomi qveynebi… dapyrobili xalxi albaT iyo mesxebi, romelTac asimilacia mouxdines dampyrobel qarTls (ers) da miiRes maTi saxeli (a.SaniZe, 1980, gv.7). SeniSvna: Sdr., ufro adre gamoTqmuli n.maris mosazreba: iberTa samefo arsebobas wyvets 570 wels; iberebs cvlian lazebi (igive Wanebi), afxazebi da qarTvelebi; uZvelesi qarTuli ena, romelic Seqmnes svanomesxebma, anu adrindelma somexma xalxma (n.mari varaudobda, rom adrindeli somxebi qarTveluri modgmis xalxi iyo; bolos isini da-
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qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
velsamSobloa… "abraamis mamis - Tarras - qaldevelTa uridan gamosvlis droisaTvis qaldea marTlac qarTvelTa winapari tomebiT yofila dasaxlebuli" (a.jafariZe, 1994, gv.31-33). g. burWulaZis gamokvlevaSi (g.burWulaZe, 1999, gv.127-128) sa-
Wiro yuradReba eTmoba sityvaformis Tanmimdevrul lingvistur analizs; kerZod, is vrclad msjelobs qarTvel- fuZeSi arsebuli -v-s Sesaxeb da askvnis: v SeiZleba momdinareobdes -av- sufiqsisgan; Sdr.: Zveli eTnonimi qarT-, romlisganac warmoebulia *qarT-avi/*qarTevi; aqedan ki - *qarT-ev-el-i > qarTveli; misi azriT, eTnonimis fuZis (qarT-) warmomavloba sakvlevia. Cveni azriT, warmodgenil msjelobaSi sakamaToa v-s kvalifikacia. e.xinTibiZis mtkicebiT, "qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba Semcvelia imave qar- Zirisa, romlisganacaa nawarmoebi qarTvelTa uZvelesi ucxouri saxelwodebebi: Zveli sparsuli vrkaan, somxuri virq, veria, saSualo sparsuli varuCaan, axali sparsuli gurg, gurgaan (da maTgan nawarmoebi siriuli, arabuli, evropuli da rusuli saxelwodebebi) da romelic saTaves unda iRebdes mglis aRmniSvneli totemuri saxelisagan" (e.xinTibiZe, 1998, gv.39-40); aqvea mtkiceba, rom "qarT- eTnonimi miRebuli Cans mglis mniSvnelobis Semcvel warmodgenil uZveles indoevropul Zirze -eT/-Ta sufiqsis darTviT: *qar-Ta-el-i > *qarTeli > qarTli". winaaRmdegobebi am mosazrebasac xvdeba; kerZod: qarTvelTa aRmniSvneli sparsul-arabuli saxelebis qarT- fuZesTan dakavSirebas ar axlavs damajerebeli lingvisturi argumentacia (mag., Tavkiduri Tanxmovnis cvlilebas), dausabuTebelia qarTaeli > qarTli procesi da sxv. g. bedoSvilic (2001, gv.425) fiqrobs, rom eTnonim qarTisgan warmoqmnilia qarTli (< qarT-al-i), am ukanasknelisgan ki: qarTl-el-i > qarT-el-i > qarT-v-eli. misive varaudiT, qarT(/qarT-u-/qarT-v-) Ziris mniSvneloba ucnobia; warmodgenil msjelobaSi auxsnelia: l > 0 > v procesebi. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom 2004 wlis 14 Tebervals g.bedoSvilma saqarTvelos sapatriarqos radios samecniero gadacemaSi: "qarTveluri ena da kultura" axali varaudi ganaviTara; kerZod, amJamad is Tvlis, rom eTnonimi qarTveli miRebulia eTnarq qarTlosisgan... rogorc wesi, eTnarqTa saxelebi Zveli eTnonimebis mixedviT iqmneba; Sesabamisad, vfiqrobT, rom rogorc bibliur, aseve qarTlis cxovrebiseul eT-
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mkvidrdnen cxeniswylisa da enguris saTaveebSi - svaneTSi - t.f.), daimsgavsa qarTvelebis enam - monaTesave enam, magram sxva xalxis enam (n.mari, 1922, gv.15, 18). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom swored n.maris naSromebidan iRebs saTaves e.w. qarTizacia-qarTvelizaciis mcdari Teoria (ix., agreTve, iv.javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.46).
ak. SaniZis varaudiT, dampyrobeli xalxi - qarTli igive parTni anu parTielebi arian; Sesabamisad: parTni > qarTli (moxda p > q procesi da n/l substitucia); Sdr., ak. SaniZisve azriT, sxva gziTaa miRebuli qarTveli: parTaveli > parTveli > qarTveli (ak.SaniZe, 1980, gv.16-18). ak. SaniZis warmodgenil mosazrebas bevri winaaRmdegoba xvdeba, da, Sesabamisad, is naklebadaa gaziarebuli samecniero wreebSi (kritikisaTvis ix. mag., g. burWulaZe, 1994). d. musxeliSvili imeorebs mosazrebas, rom qarTveli momdinareobs sityva qarTu-sgan, romelic, "advili SesaZlebelia, punqtsac da qveyanasac ewodeboda" (d. musxeliSvili, 1993, gv. 338339); iqve moyvanili msjelobidan Cans, rom avtori, n. berZeniSvilis kvalad, realurad Tvlis qarTi/qarTu tomis arsebobas, romelmac Semdgom moaxdina sxva qarTvelur tomTa konsolidaciaasimilacia (gv. 348, 354-355; Sdr., n. berZeniSvili, 1990, gv.237, 250). kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom arc erT wyaroSi ar dasturdeba qarTi/qarTus saxeliT cnobili tomi da sxva tomebis asimilacia rogor unda moexdina? garda amisa, eTnonimisgan eTnonimis warmoeba, rogorc wesi, ar xdeba; aqve davZenT, logikurad Tu vimsjelebT, warmomavlobis -el- sufiqsis Semcveli eTnonimis qarTu-el-i - sayrdeni fuZe qarTu- unda iyos: qoronimi/adgilis saxeli an RvTaebis saxeli. a.jafariZe iziarebs iv.javaxiSvilisa da s.janaSias mosazrebebs termin qarTvelis qaldeasgan momdinareobis Sesaxeb; misi azriT, bibliuri da istoriuli qaldea ebraelTa da qarTvelTa pir-
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
narqTa sqemebSi asaxulia am wignTa qmnadobis procesSi arsebuli xalxebis/tomebis/Temebis saxelebi. gr. giorgaZe (2002, gv.161), agrZelebs ra g.meliqiSvilisa da d.musxeliSvilis msjelobebs, varaudobs: "unda arsebuliyo eTnonimi, iseve rogorc toponimi, an qoronimi "qarTu" - megrelTa mier aRmosavlel qarTvelTa saxelwodeba. mogviano xanebSi swored aqedan unda warmomdgariyo qarTu-el-i, rasac safuZvlad unda dasdeboda sityva qarT-". dRes megrelTa mier aRmosavleli qarTveli qorTu-d iwodeba (m.Cuxua); Tuki megruli qorTu-sTvis amosaval formad qarTu fuZes davsaxavT, ra gviSlis xels, rom igive qarTu- saerToqarTvelurad gamovacxadoT? garda amisa, aq upasuxod rCeba mTavari kiTxva: ra warmomavlobisaa qoronimi qarTu? S.gabeskiria (2003, gv.33-37) fiqrobs, rom qarTvelur, indoevropul da ugro-finur enebSi dadasturebuli qarT- ("moRobili adgili", "qalaqi") Ziridanaa warmoqmnili qarTvel-, qarTl- da xaTT- (xaTebis sakuTari saxeli) fuZeebi; kerZod, ivaraudeba Semdegi procesebi: qarT- > qarTu-x- > qarTu > qarTu-el-i; qarT- > qarT-n-i > qarTli; qarT- > xaTT-. warmodgenil mosazrebaSi sayuradReboa qarT- da xaTT- formaTa dakavSireba; aqve, vfiqrobT, ufro logikuri iqneboda dagveSva, rom qarTi (RvTaebis saxeli da ara "moRobili adgili") amosavalia rogorc qarTueli, aseve, karduxi, sityvaformebisTvis; garda amisa, qarTni > qarTli unikaluri procesis daSvebas ajobebs, vivaraudoT qarT- Zirze -lsufiqsis darTva (ix. qvemoT). g.qavTaraZis azriT (2003, SeniSvna 176), mTa qarTlis saxelSi (Sesabamisad, qarTvel- fuZeSic) SeiZleba gamoiyos ard-/qarT"qalaqi" xurituli fuZe; mkvlevari varaudobs, rom qarT-li formaSi -li adgilis mawarmoebeli urartuli sufiqsia, xolo Tavkidura Tanxmovnis da nulis monacvleobis magaliTebad moyvanilia: aRzevani/qaRzevani, arimati/xarimati, obareni/xabareni, alibe/xalibe... g.qavTaraZis varaudiT, arT- fuZe saZiebelia arTvini (/arT-vani < arT-ovan-i - t.f.), artanuji, artaani, vardcixe,
varZia (< *vard-ia) da kardenaxi/kardanaxi sityvebSic (Sdr., g.bedoSvili, 1981, gv. 192: karT venaxi > kardenaxi). Cveni azriT, nulTan monacvle labiovelarizebuli
metyvelebaSi dadasturebuli ard "RmerTi" da qarTvelur, indoevropul, ugro-finur enebSi dadasturebuli qarT-/arT-/kert/gorod- "cixe-qalaqi" (< mTavari RvTaebis adgili, mTavari salocavi adgili) fuZeebi erTi warmomavlobisaa, kerZod: ard/*harTi /xald- warmoSobiT xuritul-kavkasiuri fuZea, romelic Tavdapirvelad RvTaebas aRniSnavda da Semdeg indoevropul enebSi gadaazrianda cixesimagris saxelad (vinaidan, Zvel droSi salocavi yvelaze metad iyo daculi). indoevropuli varianti mogvianebiTaa nasesxebi qarTvelur kiloebSic; Sdr.,
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Tavkiduri Tanxmovnis Semcveli *q˚ard-/xald-/qarT-/ald-/arT(/*qvard-/vard-/varZ-) fuZis - RvTaebis/salocavis saxelis - mixedviT SeiZleboda aRniSnuliyo mTa/cixe/punqti (Sdr., RvTaeba armazi - toponimi armazi); Sesabamisad, toponimebi: arTvini, artanuji, artaani, vardcixe (ardis cixe), varZia, kardenxi (karden-a-x-i), ardubani da sxva, marTlac SeiZleba iyos dakavSirebuli warmarTuli saqarTvelos mTavari RvTaebis saxelTan. aseve, ar gamovricxavT, rom ard- fuZisganaa nawarmoebi toponimi olTisi: *ard-is-i > *alT-is-i > olTisi; Sdr.: xurituli ard-in-i ardis/xaldis cixe-qalaqi; qarTveluri olT-is-i RvTaeba olTis/xaldis cixe-qalaqi. sainteresoa, agreTve, urartuelTa umaRlesi RvTaeba xaldis musasiruli varianti aldi (g.meliqiSvili,1960, gv.416), Zv.sparsuli arta "RvTaeba" da alanur-osuri ard "RmerTi" (aqedan: qarT. ma-arT-al-i; m.andronikaSvili, 1966, gv, 26-27). marTal- fuZeSi unda gamovyoT urartul-kavkasiuri xald-/ald/arT- da warmomavlobis m- -al-; Sdr., m-arT-al-i: "RvTis Camomavali", "RvTisnieri" (Sdr.: m-tbev-ar-i, m-egr-el-i...). Semdgomi kvleva albaT daadasturebs, rom xuritul-kavkasiuri xald-/qarT-/*harT-/ard-"RvTaeba", winaaziel indoevropelTa
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
erTi mxriv, saerToqarTveluri xald-/qarT(u) da megrul, gurul, imerul da sxva kiloebSi arsebuli qarTa ("saqonlisTvis SemoRobili adgili").
RvTaebis aRmniSvneli qarT-, qarTu- da sakuTriv qarTl-, qarTvel-, qarTul- fuZeTa mimarTebis istoria Cven ase gvesaxeba: qarTvelur enobriv velSi realurad dadasturebul sityvaTa Sepirispireba safuZvels gvaZlevs, pirvel rigSi gamovyoT ori fuZe: qarT- da qarTu-: qarT-l-i, qarTu-el-i, qarT-u-l-i; qarTl- fuZis paralelurad SeiZleba davuSvaT qarTE-l-i/qarTv-l-i variantis arsebobac. qarT-l- fuZeSi arsebuli -l- segmenti igive monacemi Cans, rac arn.Ciqobavas mier sxva fuZeebSi gamoyofili uZvelesi fenis sufiqsi; Sdr.: samwignobro qarTuli: Tov-s, Tov-l-i da zan.: Tviri/Tiri; samwignobro qarTuli: saxe, sax-l-i, sax-el-i da zan.: oxori; samwignobro qarTuli: Tes-av-s, Tes-l-i da zan.: Tasi; samwignobro qarTuli: matyli, zan. montyori da svan.: m@ty (svanurs usufiqso varianti daucavs? Sdr.: T.gamyreliZe, g.maWavariani, 1965, gv. 76); samwignobro qarTuli: ZaRli da zan. joRori, svan.: JaRE/JeRE; samwignobro qarTuli: Tafli da zan.: Tofuri, svan.: Tu (< Tafu; g. maWavariani)... samwignobro qarTuli: kum-ev-a/kmeva, kum-od-a ("mTai igi sinai kumoda") da kom-l-i/kEam-l-i; zan. kuma (kvamli, komli), kum-af-a (kmeva, Sebolva); svan.: kEam/kE@m (kvamli, komli); samwignobro qarTuli: koWi, koW-l-i da aWar.: koW-al-i; samwignobro qarTuli: koJ-r-i ("gamagrebuli da amoburculi adgili kanze") da aWar. koJi/koJo "koJri"; Sdr.: svan. koj (klde), qarTul-qarTveluri toponimebi: koJr-eb-i, koj-or-i; samwignobro qarTuli: sisxli, zan.: zisxiri, svan.: zisx; agreTve: qerci, qerc-l-i (m.andronikaSvili, 1966, gv. 118) da qeci; wux-s da (m)wux-r-i, mama da mam-r-i, deda da mded-r-i, si-ded-r-i (igive si- gamoiyofa: siZe, simamri, sityva, siTbo, sigrZe... formebSi; msjelobisaTvis ix., arn. Ciqobava, 1944, gv. 459; Cveni azriT, aq si- Tvisebis aRmniSvneli prefiqsia)... -l-/r-s ZiriTad funqciad SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT warmomavloba-kuTvnilobis gamoxatva; Sesabamisad, Cvens SemTxve-
SeniSvna: SesaZlebelia, davuSvaT, rom ardi /*harTi /qarTi "RvTaeba" dakavSirebulia qarTvelur erT-/arT- ricxviT niSanTanac. dasaSvebia meore sqemac: kavkasiur-winaziuri ħald- > q˚arT- /*R˚arT- (/*RarT˚- /˚ard- /ard-) > saerToqarTveluri *RvarT- /*RmarT- /RmerT- > samwignobro qarTuli RmerTi (a/e monacvleoba da labializebuli R˚-sgan Rm kompleqsis ganviTareba savsebiT SesaZlebelia; Sdr., h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, 2000; aqvea mimoxiluli sakiTxis Seswavlis istoria). Cvens mosazrebas mxars uWers zanur-svanuri formebis analizic; Sdr.: _ saerToqarTveluri *RarT-/*RerT- > svanuri RerT(-@l/@S); _ saerToqarTveluri *RmarT-/RmerT- > svanuri *RmereT > RermeT/RerbeT; _ saerToqarTveluri *RarT- > zanuri *RorTi > megruli *RoroTi > RoronTi (Sdr., *tradi/tredi - toronji; megrulisTvis bunebrivia TanxmovanTkompleqsis superacia da winaenismier TanxmovanTan amave lokaluri rigis nazaluri sonoris ganviTareba); _ saerToqarTveluri *RmarTi > zanuri *RmorTi > lazuri *RmoroTi > RormoTi (m-s metaTezisiT Tavkidur poziciaSi moiSala da marcvalTgamyarze Seiqmna TanxmovanTkompleqsi)... samecniero literaturaSi RmerT- "ufali" fuZeSi erTi (ricxviTi niSani) pirvelad gamoyo T.Jordaniam; man Rm- RmerTis semantikis Semcvel fuZed miiCnia. a.WinWaraulis azriT, RmerTfuZe momdinareobs uerT-/xuerT- formidan - erTis aRmatebiTi xarisxidan (statia ibeWdeba "gelaTis mecnierebaTa akademiis JurnalSi"): xuerTi > RuerTi > RverTi > RmerTi. damatebiT argumentacias saWiroebs R(m)erT- sityvaformis Tavkiduri Tanxmovnis warmomavloba: igi momdinareobs xprefiqsisgan (*x-u-erTi...), Tu *Rald/xald fuZis pirveli bgerisgan? Sesabamisad gadawydeba erT-, xuerT- da xald- fuZeTa mimarTebis sakiTxic (kvlevis am etapze ufro logikuri Cans kavkasiur-xurituli fuZis variantuloba ena-kiloebis mixedviT: xald- /qald- /RarT- /R˚arT- /arT- /ard- /olT-... Sdr.: qarTv. Rvino, ven-a-x-i, somx. Rin "Rvino" da indoev. vin "Rvino".
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qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
vaSi, logikuria vivaraudoT, rom qarT-/qarTu- fuZe RvTaebis aRmniSvneli fuZea; masze -el- sufiqsis darTviT warmoiqmna qarTvelTa avtoeTnonimi: qarTu-el-i; qarT-/qarTu-sgan nawarmoebi sityvebi: qarT-l-i da qarTu-el-i qarT-/qarTu-s Tvisobriobis qonas, an warmomavlobas gamoxatavs. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom Tvisobrioba da warmomavloba sxva SemTxvevaSic gamoixateba erTi morfemiT; mag., -an: deda - ded-an-i (-an gamoxatavs Tvisobis qonas); oTara - oTara-an-i (-an gamoxatavs warmomavlobas); si-grZ-e/grZel-i da kax-el-i da sxv. erTi mxriv, urartul-kavkasiuri RvTaeba xaldis saxelSi, meore mxriv ki, xald-eb-i, kard-u-x-i eTnonimebSi (Sdr., movses xorenacis teqstSi dadasturebuli korduelTa qveyana, romelic mdebareobda vanis tbis samxreTiT; Sdr.: somx. kordu da qarTv. kardu; somx. Torgomi da qarTv. Targamosi...) xald- da kardufuZeebis povniereba safuZvels gvaZlevs, davuSvaT, rom sityvebi: qarTli da qarTueli momdinareoben urartul-kavkasiuri RvTaebis - qaldi/xaldi/qarTu/kardu-s saxelisgan; amosaval formad savaraudoa *qard-/qald-: *qard- > xald-; *qard-/*qarT- > qarT+l-; *qard-/*qarT- > qarTu > qarTu-el-i... lingvisturi aspeqtiT, problemuri ar aris d/T (bunebrivia sityvis bolos) da q/x monacvleobis daSveba: Sdr., q/x nasesxeb sityvebSi: qriste/xristos, qronologia/xronologia, qaosi/xaosi, qoro/xoro, qartia/xartia, qiloni/xiloni, qimera/ximaira, qitoni/xitoni, qimia/xemeia, qalosi/xalosi, qrise/xruse... ukanaenismier da xorxismier bgeraTa (q, B, x, R, y...) monacvleoba arc sakuTriv qarTveluri dialeqtebisTvisaa ucxo (magaliTebi mravladaa il.abulaZis, arn.Ciqobavas, z. sarjvelaZis, h. fenrixis, m.Cuxuasa da qarTveluri kiloebis sxva leqsikonebSi): Bce/qCe/xCe, qCini/xCini, BorbaBenderi/qenderi, Babu/yabu, Bef-/yef-, li/xorbali/qobali, Buri/yuri, Buila/yore, qveyana/xveyana/xoyana, qorwili/Borwili, Beri/Reri, Buezi/Ruezeli, BSiri/xSiri/ySiri, Rrtili/xrtili, Bbo/xabna/Rabna/qabula... savaraudoa, rom urartul qaldi/xaldi formaSi pirveli Tanxmovani q-sa da x-s Sua mdgomi labializebuli bgeraa.
samsjeloa qarT > qarTu: ra funqcia aqvs u/E segments? arqaul qarTulSi (Sesabamisad, saerToqarTvelurSi) gvaqvs sityvebis erTi jgufi, romelic u/E bgeriT bolovdeba: birTu, borcu (Sdr., falauri burz; m.andronikaSvili, 1966, gv. 293), daTu, eSu, verxu, Tagu, idayu, iWu, ixu, kicu, leku, leRu, mdogu, naZu, nezu, nerwyu, nezu, peSu, ricxu, fesu (Sdr., saS. spars. fas; m.andronikaSvili, 1966, gv. 382-383), fetu, fiWu, Rawu, SaSu, cercu, ciRu (Sdr., osuri cirR; m.andronikaSvili, 1966, gv. 122), ZarRu, ZeZu, jaWu... aRsaniSnavia, rom megrul-lazur variantebSi, rogorc wesi, labialuri komponenti gadaadgildeba sityvis fuZeSi: daTvi TunTi, idayvi - duyi, Tagvi - mTugi, leRvi - luRi, mayu (mayuali) - muyi, maCvi - munCqi, Cxiku - Cxviki... Sdr., agreTve: birTu/birTvi burTi, kicu/kicvi - kvici... savaraudoa, rom qarTu sityvaSi bolokiduri u ar aris raime funqciis mqone sufiqsi; Cveni azriT, u segmenti qarTvelur-kavkasiuri enebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli labializaciis (/labiovelarizaciis) procesis gamovlinebaa (dawvri-
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lebiT ix. qvemoT): q°arT > qarT° > qarTu. aqvea gansaxilveli sityvaforma qarTulic: SesaZloa, -ulsufiqsi uSualodaa darTuli qarTu- fuZeze: qarTu > qarTuul-i > qarTuli; ar gamoiricxeba, agreTve, qarTu > qarTu-l-i procesic. RvTaebis saxelisgan eTnonimisa da qoronimis warmoqmna uCveulo movlena ar aris Zvel samyaroSi (Sdr., mag., RvTaeba asuri, xalxi - asurebi da qveyana asureTi)... qarTvelTa istoriul mexsierebaSi qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba da qarTvelTa qveynis saxeli urartul mTavar RvTaebas (brZolis RvTaebas!) rom ukavSirdeba, moulodneli ar unda iyos: simon janaSias azriT, urartus mosaxleoba - xaldebi (wavikiTxoT: RvTaeba xaldis xalxi - t.f.) - cnobilni iyvnen rkinis damuSavebiT. "rkinis iaraRiT xaldebi kldeSi SesaniSnav cixe-darbazebs kveTdnen. am rigis xuroTmoZRvrebis nimuSia saqarTveloSi kldeSi nakveTi qalaqi ufliscixe" (s.janaSia, 1987, gv.31). Sdr.: kldeSi nakveTi qalaqebi gvaqvs meSeq-mosxebis (mesxebis) istori-
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
ul qveyanaSi - kabadokiaSi, xolo Zveli berZnuli cnobebiT, rkinis mwarmoebeli xalibebi cxovrobdnen trapizonis regionSic. Sesabamisad, logikuria urartuelebis, karduxebis, mosxebisa da SavizRvispireTis xalibebis naTesaobis sakiTxis dasma; miT umetes, gviandeli amierkavkasia am tomTa naSTebis ZiriTadi sacxovrisi xdeba. Sdr., p.ingoroyvas azriT, qarTveli xalxis uZvelesi
mebrZoli, mamrobiTi RvTaebaa; urartuelebi mas swiravdnen xars. mebrZoli RvTaebac da xaris kulti saqarTveloSic STambeWdavia (RvTaeba xaldi unda iyos asaxuli wminda giorgis saxeSi)... didi istoriuli kataklizmebis Jams marTlac mosalodneli iyo qarTvelur-kavkasiur tomTa religiuri centris gadmonacvleba dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze (logikuria, aseve, RvTaeba xaldis/qarTis/ardis ramdenime cixe-qalaqis arsebobac); am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa k.z. gamsaxurdias daskvnac: "ufliscixis arqetipuli RvTaeba xaldi unda iyos" (k.z. gamsaxurdia, 1995, gv.21). aqve, Sdr., iovane petriwiseuli termini "xaldevelTa winasibrZne" (petriwi qaldevelebs xaldevelebs eZaxis; iovane petriwi, 1947, gv 41); k.z.gamsaxurdias mtkicebiT, "eTnologiuri TvalsazrisiT, "qaldeveli", amave dros, unda aRniSnavdes ara marto babilonel semits, aramed im uZveles presemitur xalxsac, romelic samecniero literaturaSi cnobilia SumerTa saxeliT" (iqve, gv 79). aqve unda gavixsenoT iv.javaxiSvilis cnobili dakvirveba: Zveli qarTveli avtorebi qarTvelTa winaprebis identifikacias axdendnen SuamdinareTisa da bibliur samyarosTan; misi azriT, qaldeveli aris sparselic, babilonelic da qarTvelic (ix., agreTve, "evstaTi mcxeTelis wameba"; qarTuli mwerloba, I, gv.259-260).
winaprebis – xeTas jgufis xalxebis: musxebis (mesxebis), Tobelebis (hiberebis), kasxebis (kolxebis) kulturuli centri Zv.w. VII saukuneSi xeTas saxelmwifos katastrofis Semdeg gadmodis saqarTvelos dRevandel teritoriaze (p.ingoroyva, 1978, gv.244). aq mciredi dazustebaa saWiro: kabadokiasa da halisis auzSi mcxovreb qarTvelur-kavkasiur tomTa (mosxebi, qaSqebi, kolxebi...) SesaZlo winaprebi arian xaTebi da ara xeTebi; es ukanasknelni balkaneTis (?) gavliT mcire aziaSi mosuli indoevropelebi arian. SemTxveviTi arc is Cans, rom movses xorenacis TxrobaSi kabadokielTa da qarTvelTa jari xSirad gverdigverd ibrZvis saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg (m.xorenaci, 1984, gv.95, 136); garda amisa, m.xorenacisTvis pontos samefoc da istoriuli kolxeTic qarTvelTa qveyanaa, xolo pontos mefe miTridate - qarTveli (iqve, gv.111-116). s.janaSias azriT, wina aziis avtoqToni mosaxleobis politikur-kulturuli centris CrdiloeTiT gadmonacvleba aSkarad dasturdeba (s.janaSia, 1987, gv.20-24, 32, 44, 51); mag., "urartuli da asuruli wyaroebis mixedviT, ardini (musasiri) urartelTa wminda qalaqia - urartelTa uzenaesi RvTaeba xaldis kultis centria - xaldis qalaqia; mogvianebiT religiurad, kulturulad da eTnikuradac musasiris mosaxleoba Camocilebuli Cans danarCen urartus samyaros" (g.meliqiSvili, 1999, gv.25). aqve sayuradReboa ufliscixis saxelic da istoriac: ufliscixe aSenebulia Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebSi; es is periodia, rodesac ukve ganadgurebulia urartu; logikuria davuSvaT: moZme kavkasiur-winaaziuri tomebis saerTo didi RmerTis - xaldis - samefo centri gadmovida ufro CrdiloeTiT. Sdr.: xaldi - 171 -
SeniSvna: Zvel qarTul teqstebSi "qaldevelni" sparsTa mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba, magram, "qarTlis cxovrebis" bunTurqebis epizodis avtori qaldevelebs babilonelebad, asurelebad Tvlis (msjelobisaTvis ix. m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.27-29); Cveni azriT, aRrevis saTave adreul epoqaSia saZiebeli: Cans, Zvel wyaroebSi qaldea/qaldia wina aziis eTnopolitikuri centris aRmniSvneli iyo amave regionis avtoqToni xalxebis enaSi; Semdeg es saxeli SemorCa rogorc qarTvelur-kavkasiur mkvidr xalxebs, aseve indoevropelTa Tu semitTa erT nawils. Sdr., qaldeelebi (kaldu) - istoriulad arsebuli momTabare, arameulad molaparake semiti tomebi Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi, romlebic babilonis samxreTiT damkvidrdnen Zv.w. IX saukunidan; Sdr., agreTve, beiruTis axlos mdebare sofeli xalde.
urartul-kavkasiur RvTaeba xald-Tan da qald-/xald- fuZesTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa kidev ramdenime garemoeba: - 172 -
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
1. strabonis mixedviT (geografia, XII, 3, 19-24), trapizonsa da farnakias zemoT cxovroben qaldebi - Zveli xalibebi, romelsac homerosi haliZonebs da alibebs uwodebs (ix., agreTve: d.baqraZe, 1889, gv.34 da p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.285); 2. "abos wamebisa" da movses xorenacis "somxuri geografiis" mixedviT, qaldia/xaldea/xaitiqi aris igive WaneTi/Wanivqi (ix.: qarTuli mwerloba, I, gv.454 da m.xorenaci, 1984, gv.162, 277); Sdr., SavizRvispireTSi arsebuli xaldis provincia Sedioda bizantiis imperiaSi; igi Semoifargleboda trapizonis regioniT (masSi ar Sedioda rizes mxare; p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.210). Sdr.: trapizonTan axlos xaldiis qarTul qveynas - daviT kuropalatis kuTvnil mxares - asaxeleben qarTveli mematianeni (sumbaT daviTis Ze, 1449, gv.70; "matiane qarTlisa", gv.285). sayuradReboa isic, rom VIII saukunidan berZnul wyaroebSi trapezuntis mxares lazika hqvia; qarTul wyaroebSi (ix. mag., giorgi mTawmindelis "akaTistos sakiTxavis" qarTuli versia) am teritorias megrelTa mxares uwodeben (iqve, gv.214); 3. adiRuri enis SafsuRuri dialeqtis xayuCur kilokavSi qarTvelis aRsaniSnavi Zveli saxelia xalHde (cnoba mogvawodes ruslan naTxuam da mixeil labaZem; aqve SevniSnavT, rom adiRurSi arabunebrivia ld TanxmovanTmimdevroba da H neitraluri xmovniT xdeba am arakanonikuri kompleqsis superacia); 4. Woroxis saTaveebis mimdebare teritoriaze iyo qarTveluri qalaqi qaldia - vercxlis sabadoebis qalaqi (timoTe mTavarepiskoposis "mimoxilva... aRmosavleTis adgilTa"; ix. p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.285); 5. Sua lazeTSi, amJamad TurqeTis sazRvrebSi moqceul daba ofis zonaSi, rizesa da surmenes Soris mdebareobs punqti xaldi da xaldis mTa; mdinare ofis wylis saTaveebSia punqti xaldizeni (zena xaldi) - zemo xaldi. ofis wylis zemo Senakads ewodeba xaldizenis xevi, mTebs ki - xaldizenis mTebi; 7. saqarTvelos amJamindel sazRvrebSic ramdenime xalde dasturdeba: kavkasionis kalTebzea myinvari xalde da mdinare xaldeWala; aqvea sofeli xalde.
SemTxveviTi arc is Cans, rom or sxvadasxva adgilas - didi kavkasionis kalTebze da mtkvar-Worox-halis-araqs-tigros-evfratis saTaveebis mimdebare teritoriaze - mosxur mTebSi (mosxuri mTebis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb ix. n.xazaraZe, 2001, gv.315) - gverdigverd dasturdeba adgilis aRmniSvneli ori sakuTari saxeli (toponimi): kola da xalde. aqve daismeba kiTxva: rodis moxda qarTl- da qarTuel- fuZeebis warmoqmna? vvaraudobT: TorTumis, Woroxisa da mtkvris saTaveebSi arsebuli qarTveluri saxelmwifoebis dakninebis Semdeg, ufro CrdiloeTiT maleve iqmneba qarTvelur tomTa morigi gaerTianeba; vfiqrobT, azon-quj-farnavazis wina periodSi mimdinare qarTveluri tomebis gaerTianebis procesSi saerTo qveynis saxelad mkvidrdeba qarTli, saerTo TviTsaxelwodebad ki - qarTueli: orive fuZe momdinareobs didi RvTaebis saxelisgan - qarTu/qarTi: qarTu > qarTu-eli (Teonimidan warmoiqmna eTnonimi); qarT> qarT-l-i (qarTli - RvTaeba qarTis/xaldis qveyana). RvTaebisgan momdinare qoronimisa da eTnonimis damkvidreba motivirebuli SeiZleba iyos politikuri faqtoriTac: Cans, gaerTianebis procesSi qarTvelur tomTa mmarTvelebma uari Tqves romelime qarTveluri tomis saxelis ganzogadebaze, Sesabamisad, romelime tomis hegemonobaze... erTi ram aSkaraa: qarTu-el-i qarTvelTa uZvelesi avtoeTnonimi (endogenuri eTnonimi), qarTli ki - qarTvelTa saxelmwifos uZvelesi qarTulenovani qoronimi Cans.
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SeniSvna: gorgasalis Semdeg, qarTvelTa daSla-dasustebis morig etapze, terminebi: qarTli/qarTveli daviwrovda qarTvelTa erTi provinciisa da misi mosaxleobis saxelad; Sesabamisad, qarTul qveyanaTa konsolidaciis morig etapze ganmazogadebel axal qoronimad SemoRebul iqna saqarTuelo (ufro gvian ki iyo mcdeloba, daemkvidrebinaT qoronimi iberia; ix.: 1790 w. "iberielTa erTobis traqtati").
rac Seexeba qarTu-/qarTl-/qarTvel- fuZeTa Tanamedrove dialeqtur variantebsa (qorTu, q@rT...) da maTi mniSvnelobebis istorias:
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom qarTl- fuZis msgavsad, qarTvel- formac, sxvadasxva droSi Tu enobriv velSi, ramdenime semantikiT gamoiyeneba; kerZod: _ qarTveli eris warmomadgenels (mag., mematianisaTvis qarTvelni arian wamebulni egriselni daviT da konstantine: "Tqmulni netarisa mowamisa qarTvelisa~"; p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv 669-671; d.musxeliSvili, 1993, gv.360); sxva qveynebis msgavsad, axlo momavalSi qarTveli SeiZleba damkvidrdes saqarTvelos moqalaqis fard saxelad (eTnikuri warmomavlobis miuxedavad). _ qarTvelur kiloebsa Tu samwignobro enaze metyvel qristians (ix.: miqel modrekilis sagalobeli "Bseneba~ uZlevelisa mowamisa habo ismaitel-yofilisa qarTvelisa~"; Sdr., amgvari kulturul-politikuri midgomiT, eTnikurad qarTveli da qarTulad metyveli muslimani TaTaria). _ socialurad dabali fenis warmomadgenels - glexs (sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. m.qurdiani, 2001). am semantikiT qarTveli dadasturebulia mxolod qarTlSi (Sdr., margali "glexis" mniSvnelobiT Cans mxolod egrisSi), rac safuZvels gvaZlevs, eTnonimisTvis amgvari semantikis ganviTareba aixsnas ara "dampyrobeli, an mezobeli xalxis" xedviT, aramed eTnokulturuli da sociolingvisturi mizezebiT (gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom, SesaZlebelia, mezobelma xalxma sxvas daarqvas damamcirebeli saxeli, magram sakuTar Tavs romeli xalxi Tu sazogadoeba daimcirebs monis an glexis fardi saxelis darqmeviT? Sdr.: g.meliqiSvili, 1965, gv.90-91; m.qurdiani, 2001, gv.104); kerZod: Sua saukuneebSi qarTveli mxolod qarTlels aRniSnavda, Sesabamisad, qarTlur kiloSi qarTvelad iTvleboda is fena, romelic mxolod qarTlur kiloze metyvelebda; Sdr., glexisTvis aznauri, Tavadi da mefe ar iyo Cveulebrivi, misnairi, kuTxuri ena-cnobierebis mqone adamiani; Sdr., opozicia: Tavadi - qarTveli/qarTleli... amgvari mimarTebis Camoyalibebas xeli Seuwyo feodalurma azrovnebam, Tumca, maRali wris (ganaTlebuli) sazogadoeba Tu inteligencia arc Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi iTvleba romelime erTi
kuTxis saxed, mag., aravin ambobs, rom akaki imereli poetia, vaJa -
_ mxolod qarTlels - saqarTvelos erTi kuTxis mosaxleobas; ara mxolod Sua saukuneebis qarTul wyaroebSi, aramed zog Tanamedrove qarTvelur kiloebSic ki qarTveli qarTlels aRniSnavs; mag., al.WinWaraulis cnobiT, xevsurebisTvis saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis mcxovrebni arian: qarTvelni (qarTlelebi), mesxni, javaxni (Sdr.: ejavaxeba - ejiuteba), kaxni, fSavelni, moxeveni, gudamayrelni, TuSni, imerni, afxazni (afxazi - vaJkaci), meg-
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fSaveli, konstantine gamsaxurdia - megreli mwerali da a.S. qarTlelisa/qarTvelisa da Tavadis mimarTebis analogiuria opozicia: margali da Jinosqua; sxva qarTvelTa metyvelebaSi megreli (egriseli) saqarTvelos erTi kuTxis mosaxleobas miemarTeboda, magram sakuTriv megrul kiloSi gamoyenebuli misi Sesatyvisi forma - margali sulac ar iyo megrelis zusti "Targmani": megrul kiloSi margali megrelTa mxolod dabal fenas aRniSnavda; maRal fenas Seesabameboda Jinosqua ("aznauri", "zecis Svili", "zena Svili"; Jinosquas fena, Sesabamisad, warmodgenili opozicia moiSala bolSevikebismieri represiebis Semdeg). aqve xazgasmiT aRsaniSnavia, rom margalisa da qarTlelis socialur statuss - qarTvelTa kerZo saxeebs - regionalur variantebs - Seesabameba ori dialeqturi metyveleba, xolo Jinosquasa da Tavads - rogorc zogadqarTul fenomens - erTi saerTo samwignobro qarTuli: e.i. socialuri fenis markireba xdeba sametyvelo kodis mixedviT... SeniSvna: 2000 wels gamoqveynebul wignSi "qeba~ da dideba~ qarTulisa enisa~" margal- formis mier semantikis gafarToeba da misi gaTanabreba megrel- sityvasTan axsnili gvqonda istoriuli procesebis Sesabamisad: komunistebis mier Jinosquas fenis gaJletisa da, saerTod, amgvari leqsikis (batoni, Tavadi, Jinosqua, aznauri...) akrZalvis fonze, margali forma semantikuradac gauTanabrda megrels; amgvari axsna "istoriuli perspeqtivis darRvevad" miiCnia m. qurdianma; is wers: "am hipoTezis argumenti, saliteraturo enis faqtori, sagangebod misadagebuli "margalis" socialur funqcias, aRar muSaobs "qarTvelis" analogiur situaciaSi" (ix. m.qurdiani, 2001, gv.105).
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
relni... Sdr., megr. qorTu (< qorTueli) - aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mkvidri; Sdr., agreTve, TuSuri: qarTulaGoba~ - "saubrisas literaturul kiloze qceva, cud tonad, metiCrobad iTvleba" (g.cocaniZe, 2002; ix., aqve: kaxi - "bareli qarTveli", kaxuraGi "raime kaxuri" an: "kaxeTSi mozamTre TuSi"; Cans, TuSisTvis baruli qarTuli "kaxis" metyvelebaa). Tanamedrove megrul metyvelebaSi termini qarTveli gamoiyeneba zogadqarTvelis mniSvnelobiT; megreli am terminSi sakuTar Tavsac moiazrebs. megrulSi dadasturebul qorTu formas SecdomiT qarTvelad Targmnian; merab Cuxuas cnobiT, "zan. qorTu da svan. mHq@rT leqsemebi miemarTeba mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mkvidr qarTvels; Sdr., megrulSi dasturdeba imereli, aWareli, Soni, guruli da qorTu" (Sdr., m.qurdiani, 2000, gv.186: mHqarT - qarTi/qarTveli; erovnuli saxelis mniSvnelobiT svanebi iyeneben termins mHqarTuel, megrelebi ki - qarTueli)... vvaraudobT, rom VII-VIII saukuneebis daSlil-daqucmacebul saqarTveloSi, rodesac termini qarTveli mxolod qarTlels aRniSnavda, aRmosavleTeli qarTvelis aRmniSvnelad daviwrovda qorTu (< qorTuali < qarTueli); Sdr.: T.gamyreliZis da g.maWavarianis mier daSvebulia: qarTvel- > qorTual- qorTuau > qorTuou > qorTuu > qorTu logikuri procesi (1965, gv.89-92); Sdr.: beReli - baRu, uReli - uRu... magram: yveli - yvali, wiTeli - WiTali/WiTa... (am rigis masalaSi ratom ar gvaZlevs -el- sufiqsi -u-
gens qarTl- formis gamartivebul saxes (qarTl- > qarT- > q@rT): didi qarTlis daSlis Semdeg - arabobis periodidan (qoronim saqarTvelos damkvidrebis paralelurad), misi semantika TandaTan dedaqalaqad daviwrovda. axsnadia is faqtic, rom qarTu/qarT formis a xmovani zanurSi ar iZleva o-s: zanur arealSi a-s labializebis Seferxeba SeiZleba ganepirobebina bolokidur u-s, Tuki amosaval formad davuSvebT qarTus, an bolokiduri l-s dakargvas, Tuki amosaval formad davsaxavT qarTls: qarTl- > qarT; Sdr.: Zma/Zmal- - jima, da/dal- - da, mama/mamal- - muma... magram: cxra - Cxoro, da - do (kavSiri), mamali - mumuli... pirvel magaliTebSi a-s labializebas aferxebs bolokiduri l-s dakargva (am procesis Sesaxeb ix. t.futkaraZe, 1990); saerTod, SeiniSneba, rom saerToqarTvelur fuZeSi momxdari sxva fonetikuri procesi abrkolebs qarTvelur bgeraTSesatyvisobebad saxeldebul istoriul fonetikur procesebs (ix. qvemoT). vfiqrobT, Cven mier zemoT warmodgenili msjeloba cxadyofs, rom qarTveli (qarTleli) da margali formebis socialuri semantika savsebiT erTgvari viTarebiTaa Sepirobebuli; garda amisa, samwignobro enis faqtori sagangebod ki ar miesadageba arsebul mdgomareobas, aramed asaxavs eTnokulturul da istoriul suraTs; Sdr., m.qurdiani, 2001, gv.105: "riTi unda aixsnas qarTul enaSi termin qarTvelis Sesabamisad megrulSi termin megrelisaTvis dabali socialuri fenis warmomadgenlis semantikiT aRWurva?.." xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom megrel- formas arsad udasturdeba dabali socialuri fenis gamoxatva; amgvari SinaarsiT gvaqvs mxolod margali; aseve, qarTveli mxolod qarTlur dialeqtur velSi Cndeba "glexis" mniSvnelobT da ara, zogadad, qarTul enaSi; amgvari niuansebis gauTvaliswinebloba msjelobas CixSi Seiyvans; margalis Sesaxeb ix., agreTve, g.meliqiSvili, 1974, gv. 103; t.futkaraZe, 1999.
s?). amave periodis warmonaqmni Cans svan. mHq@rT (qarTleli). rac Seexeba zanur-svanur-afxazur arealSi dadasturebul qarT/q@rT ("dedaqalaqi") formas: Cveni varaudiT, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom sruliad qarTlis Zvel dedaqalaqsac - ufliscixesac, Tavdapirvelad, mTavari RvTaebis saxeli qarTu/qarTi erqva, romelic qarT/q@rT formiT Tbilisis saxelad Semoinaxa zanur-svanurma (Sdr., nasesxebia qarTa varianti): Zveli dedaqalaqis saxeli gadavida axal dedaqalaqzec. arc is gamoiricxeba, rom zanur-svanuri qarT- warmoad-
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SeniSvna: m.qurdiani termin qarTvelis kidev erT mniSvnelobas varaudobs: "qarTveli niSnavs garkveuli dedaenobrivi erTobis (xazi
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qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli Cvenia - t.f.) warmomadgenels, imasve, rasac niSnavda amJamad gamqrali termini "qarTi" da, rogorc aseTis aRmniSvneli termini, is Sedis opoziciaSi amave marTebuli aris analogiur terminebTan, mag., rogoricaa: svani, megreli da sxv." (m.qurdiani, 1999, gv.53); es mosazreba faqtobriv masalas ar emyareba. aseve, konkretul masalasTan Seusabamoa m.qurdianis Semdegi azric: "# 5 marTebul areSi termini Turqi (muslimani suniti) SeiZleba Canacvlebuli iyos Sinaarsobrivad da mniSvnelobiT axlos mdgomi, magram arasinonimuri terminebiT _ mesxi, aWareli...". pirvel rigSi, aq dasazustebelia is, rom mesxTa da aWarelTa didi nawili qristiania, meorec, muslimani qarTvelebi aWaraSic, taoSic da imerxevSic Seuracxyofad miiCneven TurqTan Sedarebasac ki; aseve, Tavs Turqad ar Tvlis qarTuli warmoSobis da qarTulis armcodne ucxoeTSi mcxovreb musliman mesxTa erTi nawilic (gansxvavebiT mesxeTidan gasaxlebuli eTnikuri Turqebisgan, an ukve gaTurqebuli qarTvelebisgan).
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, obieqtur kritikas daeqvemdebareba kaxelTa, herTa, imerTa, zanTa, mesxTa, fxovelTa da a.S. sxva qarTvelTa e.w. qarTizacia/qarTvelizaciis Teoria, romelic saTaves iRebs n.maris Sromebidan da dRemde popularulia qarTvel Tu ucxoel mkvlevarTa Soris (mesxTa qarTizaciis Sesaxeb ix., mag., m.qurdiani, 2000, gv.191); Sesabamisad, istoriuli suraTis re-
alur asaxvas ar warmoadgenen samecniero literaturaSi damkvidrebuli terminebi: "dasavleT-qarTuli eTnosi (erovneba)", "qarTis erovneba" da sxva. saerTod, istoriul eTnonimTa Tu qoronimTa mixedviT Tanamedrove terminTa Seqmnas sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT, vinaidan Zvel terminTa erTma nawilma dRes mniSvneloba gaifarTova, an daiviwrova, zogi sulac daikarga; mag., leonti mrovelTan egrisi da svaneTi sinonimebi Cans; Semdeg gamoiyeneboda odiSi; bolos, termini egrisi gviandel odiSTan erTad sul gamovida gamoyenebidan da damkvidrda samegrelo (Sdr., saingilo damkvidrda hereTis nacvlad). sruliad umarTebulod, samecniero literaturaSi termini qarTi damkvidrda e.w. sisina a tipis qarTvelur kiloebze metyvel qarTvelTa aRsaniSnavad; xelovnurad gaCnda eTnonimuri - 179 -
qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli
opoziciebi: qarTi - zani; qarTi - svani... xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT: saerToqarTveluri ena/koine da kultura yvela qarTveluri tomisa Tu Temis saerTo Semoqmedebaa; garda amisa, istoriul wyaroebSi arsad gvidasturdeba termini qarTi, xolo qarTveli, metwilad, zogadqarTvels - qarTveluri cnobierebis mqone adamians (adamianTa jgufs) - miemarTeba da yvela qarTvelur (30-mde!) Tems/toms moiazrebs; Sesabamisad, qarTvels qarTizacia-qarTvelizacia ar sWirdeba. amgvari termini (qarTizacia/qarTvelizacia) SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos gaqarTvelebuli araqarTvelis mimarT; mag., droTa ganmavlobaSi moxda Camosaxlebul yivCayTa erTi nawilis qarTvelizacia-qarTizacia... garkveuli pirobiTobiT, termini qarTizacia SeiZleboda gagvemarTlebina, Tuki marTlac arsebobda e.w. qarTis tomi da misi ena/kultura ganzogadda sxva qarTveluri tomebisaTvis. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT da qvemoTac davrwmundebiT, amgvari mosazrebis mtkiceba metad gaWirdeba: termin qarTiT aRniSnuli tomi wyaroebSi ar Cans! garda amisa, megrel-Wanebi, lazebi, svanebi, herebi, mesxebi, kaxebi, cxvimebi/skvimnebi/sviminebi, Takverlebi, mesxebi Tu sxva qarTveluri Temebi qarTizacia-qarTvelizaciis process ver daeqvemdebarebodnen im martivi mizezis gamo, rom isini sakuTriv qarTlelebTan erTad arian qarTuli samwignobro enis, saerTod, qarTveluri cnobierebisa da kulturis Semoqmedni Tavdapirveli qarTvelebi... Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva eTnosad Tu erovnebad arasodes yofila dasavleT, samxreT Tu aRmosavleT "saqarTveloebis" mosaxleoba... yovel SemTxvevaSi, aseTi daskvnis gamotana ufro SeiZleba bolo 3000 wlis enobrivi, arqeologiuri da saistorio masalebisa Tu wyaroebis mixedviT. SeniSvna: sakiTxis istoriisaTvis: qarTizaciis sakiTxis kritika pirvelad warmoadgina mitropolitma anania jafariZem Tavis gamokvlevaSi: "deda eklesia", sadac is wers: "n.marisgan momdinareobs idea aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis, hereTis, dasavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis "qarTizaciisa" anu gaqarTvelebis Sesaxeb. xelovnuria termini da ideac aseTivea; sinamdvileSi ki, Zveli wyaroe-
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qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli bis Tanaxmad, mTianeTis, kaxeT-hereTis, dasavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas "qarTizacia" ar esaWiroeboda, radgan ZvelTaganve (da farnavazis drosac) aRniSnul kuTxeTa mcxovrebni, rogorc mTielebi, ise egriselebi (mesxebsa da her-kaxelebze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT) qarTveli xalxis ZiriTad nawilad ganixilebodnen. es ase esmis "qarTlis cxovrebas", Zvel qronikebs da Zvel avtorebs... didma ivane javaxiSvilma gamoikvlia, rom qristianobamde yvela qarTul tomTaTvis (samegrelosa da svaneTSic) kultmsaxurebis ena iyo qarTuli ena... Sesabamisad, am tomebs qarTizacia ar sWirdebodaT..." (a.jafariZe, 1996, gv.195-197, 213, 215-216; ix., agreTve, a.jafariZe, 1998, gv.261-263; a.jafariZe, 2003).
amrigad, eTnonimi qarTveli Tavidanve zogaderovnuli mniSvnelobis sakuTari saxelia da ara satomo saxeli (Sdr. b.gigineiSvili, 1975, gv.115). eTnonim qarTvelebis ucxo enebze Targmnisas, sasurvelia, TargmanSic aisaxos dedniseuli varianti; mag., inglisurad ukeTesia - kartvels, xolo Turqulad - kartveller. aqve aRvniSnavT: samecniero literaturaSi jer kidev gabatonebulia azri, rom iberi da kolxi sxvadasxva eTnosebis aRmniSvneli cnebebia; rogorc vnaxeT, sxvadasxva dros kolxic da iberi/iveri/speric qarTvels aRniSnavda; Sesabamisad, kolxuri ena/kultura da iberiuli ena/kultura CvenTvis sinonimuri mniSvnelobis terminebia, Tumca gaurkvevlobis Tavidan asacileblad mainc varCevT, am mniSvnelobiT gamoviyenoT termini qarTveluri ena/kultura; Sesabamisad, termin iberiul-kavkasiuris nacvlad, viyenebT termins - qarTvelur-kavkasiuri (Sdr., arn. Ciqobava iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi gulisxmobda qarTvelurkavkasiur enebs). SeniSvna: qarTvelTa istoriis sxvadasxva etapze, saerTo enasTan erTad, monaTesave TemTa makonsolidirebeli iyo saerTo RvTaeba: Cans, jer qarTu/xaldi, Semdeg, mcire xans, armazis kulti, bolos qristianoba.
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eTnonimTa da TemonimTa lingvisturi mimarTebis sqema 1.2.3. qarTvelebis aRmniSvnel eTnonimTa da TemonimTa
lingvisturi mimarTebis amsaxveli sqema wina paragrafebSi warmodgenil eTnonimTa da TemonimTa didi nawili saerTo warmomavlobisa Cans. kidev erTxel arsebiTia imis aRniSvnac, rom mezobeli xalxebi qarTvelTa aRsaniSnavad, araiSviaTad, ganazogadebdnen maTi momijnave qarTveluri (resp. qarTuli) tomis Tu Temis saxels; qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba ki miemarTeba RvTaeba xalde/qarTus. "yovelTa qarTvelTa" aRsaniSnavad yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba: qarT-/qald-/xald- (> *xalid-on-/haliZon-?), mosox-/muSq/mesx-, san-/zan-/svan-, kolx-/kilx-/kulx-, iber-/iver-/sper- da abaz-/abazx- fuZeebi. Sejamebis saxiT, qarTvelur tomTa da TemTa saxelebis SesaZlo etimologiuri jaWvi Semdegi ZiriTadi jgufebis saxiT SeiZleba warmovadginoT: SeniSvna: TiToeuli formis istoriasTan dakavSirebiT, aq aRar davasaxelebT wina Taobis mkvlevarTa mosazrebebs ("qarTvelebis" es nawili exmianeba s. janaSias naSroms: "Tubal-Tabal, tibareni, iberi", Tumca, s.janaSiaseuli zogi dakavSirebis gaziareba Wirs). qvemoT warmodgenil logikur lingvistur sqemebs ara aqvs ucilobeli WeSmaritebis pretenzia.
a. qarTu(eli): saerToqarTveluri eTnosis TviTsaxelwodebaSi: qarTueli gamoiyofa qarTu- fuZe, romelsac SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes ara mxolod qald- (qaldea), xald- fuZeebi, aramed, kardu-x- formac (-x- krebiTobis sufiqsia; Sdr.; kola - kol-x-i, tao - tao-x-i, Worof-a - Wor-o-x-i, Rvino/vino - vena-x-i; Sdr. m.Cuxua, 2003, gv. 9). aris cduneba, qarT-/xald- fuZesTan davakavSiroT xal-ibfuZec, Tumca manam, sanam -ib- segmentis damajerebeli kvalifikacia ar moxdeba, raimes mtkiceba SeuZlebelia (Cven vvaraudobT -eb- > ib- process). Tavis mxriv, xal-ib- (xalibi) fuZesTan dakavSirebuli Cans homerosTan dadasturebuli [h]al-ib-e: h, x, q ukana warmoebis fSvinvieri Tanxmovnebis monacvleoba mosalodnelia ara mxo- 182 -
eTnonimTa da TemonimTa lingvisturi mimarTebis sqema
eTnonimTa da TemonimTa lingvisturi mimarTebis sqema
lod sityvaTa sesxebisas, aramed erTi enobrivi sistemis farglebSic (magaliTebi ix. zemoT); bunebrivia varaudi, rom hal- Ziri gamovyoT hal-is- (halisi - mdinare, kizil-irmaki) da hal-iZ-onfuZeebSic: -is- kuTvnilobis mawarmoeblad, -on- qarTveluri krebiTobis sufiqsad, xolo -iZ- < -eT-/ed-/-id- (Sdr., devs/Zevs) mravlobiTobis sufiqsad (sxvaenovan garemoSi transformirebul variantad) SeiZleba davsaxoT; Sdr. sxva gzac: xald-/hald- > *hal(i)d- > haliZ- > haliZ-on-... damajerebeli kvalifikaciac da warmodgenil varaudTa myari argumentirebac momavlis saqmed rCeba. dasasabuTebelia, agreTve, xald-/B˚ald- > RvarT- > RmarT> RmerT da xald-Ta > xanZTa procesebi. b. mesxi: masisi (mTa) da fasisi (mdinare) geografiuli saxelebisa da eTnonim fasianebis safuZvelze SeiZleba gamovyoT mas-/fas- Ziri; Sdr.: berZnul miTologiaSi eTnarqi kolxi fasisis Svilad aris miCneuli, fasisi ki wylis RvTaebaa (sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix. T.miqelaZe, 1955, gv.33-34). aq sainteresoa isic, rom berZenTa cnobierebaSi wylis RvTaeba (Sesabamisad, mdinareebis aRmniSvneli sityva fasisi) da kolxida (mxare mdinareebuxvi?) erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli. saintereso Cans agreTve p.ingoroyvas varaudi, rom fas- Semonaxulia bas-ian-i formaSi. *mas- Ziri amosavali SeiZleba iyos mes-x-, mos-x- da mus-x- fuZeebze nayari sityvebisaTvis (-x- - krebiTobis gamomxatveli sufiqsi); Sdr.: n.xazaraZis azriT, mesx-/mosx-/musx- formebisTvis amosavalia mosx- fuZe. *masx- arqetipi, vfiqrobT, Semonaxulia muSqebis/kabadokiis qalaq mazaxa/mazaka formaSi: mas-x-/mas-a-x- > mazax-; Sdr., jer kidev ioseb flaviusis azriT (1987, gv.103), eTnonimi mosoxi da qalaqis saxeli mazaka saerTo warmomavlobis fuZeebia. mes-x- dadasturebulia mesx- fuZeSi; misi povniereba sarwmuno Cans mesqin-, meSexda mcxeTa formebSic (Sdr., g.bedoSvili, 1981, gv. 269-276). mosx- forma daculia bibliur mosox-, mosoq, muSq-, berZnul
mosx-/mosoxen- da qarTul musx- fuZeebSi (musxi - sofeli axalcixeSi). aqve kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad unda ganvasxvavoT, erTi mxriv, Zvel winaaziur da indoevropul enaTa velSi dadasturebuli labialurxmovniani Zirebi (Sdr.: asuruli Tabali da bibliuri Tubali/Tobeli; asuruli muSqebi, bibliuri mosoqi/meSexi, berZnuli mosxi/mosxike/mosxebi da kabadokiis dedaqalaqi mazaxa; somx. Torgoma da qarTv. Targamosi; bibliuri ararati da urartu, ardi da olT-...) da, meore mxriv, qarTvelur enobriv (zanur dialeqtur) arealSi dadasturebuli o-xmovniani variantebi (kaci - koCi, da - do...); isini sxvadasxva droisa da enobrivi procesebis warmonaqmnebia. a/e/o/u variantuloba xSiria asurul, xeTur, ieroglifur-luviur, Zvel ebraul da Zvel berZnul enebSi; Sdr., agreTve: asuruli gamir-, muSqu da ZvelberZnuli gomer-, meSeh-; xeTuri kummani da asuruli kammanu; qarTveluri Targamosi, xeTuri Tegerma da ZvelberZnuli Togorma. Sdr., *a-bas- (< *a-mas-/*mas- ?) hipoTetur formasTan SeiZleba iyos dakavSirebuli Semdegi qarTvelur-kavkasiuri fuZeebi: *abas-, abaS-, abeS-l-/abeS-al-; *abas-, abaza; *ebeze/ebze, obez-; *abas-, *abas-ar-/*absar-/afsar-; *abas-, *abas-il-/*absil-/afsil; *abas-, *abas-ua/absua/afsua; abaz-, *abaz-x-/abxaz-/afxaz-; abaz-, *abaz-x-, abaz-g- ... g. sani qarTvelur tomTa aRmniSvneli erT-erTi uZvelesi fuZe Cans zani/sani. Sdr.: erTi mxriv, winaenismier yru TanxmovanTa monacvleobiT warmoqmnili variantebi: san-, zan-, Wan-, *wan- (wan-ar-?); meore mxriv, ki:
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eTnonimTa da TemonimTa lingvisturi mimarTebis sqema
s-s labializaciiT (Tu labializebuli s-sgan?) miRebuli san- > svan-/Son-/(mu)Suan- fuZeebi. d. kol-x-i qarTuli provinciis saxeli kola inaxavs amosaval fuZes: kol-/kor- Zirisganaa warmoqmnili kol-x-/kil-x-/kul-x- (-x- krebiTobis gamomxatveli sufiqsi); aqve SeiZleba ganvixiloT: kora-qs-i, ma-kr-on-i, kl-ar-j-i formebic. e. speri/iberi: amosavali fuZe Cans *hper-/sper- (Sdr.: speri, speris zRva); aqedan: *hperi > ~peri > iper- > iber-/iver- (iberia/iveria); Sdr., speri > ~speri > ispiri (ix. s.janaSia, 1952, gv.60). h/s > ~/~h/~s > ~/i fonetikuri procesi qarTveluri kiloebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa: gasTibs > ga~sTibs/ga~Tibs; stumari > ~htumari (b.jorbenaZe, 1998, gv.196, 357, 545, 550); 2005 wels iusufelis raionis qarTul soflebSi (Beva~, qoba~, balxi) Cven mier Cawerilma masalam aCvena, rom Tavkidur poziciaSi s/h > ~ procesi gansakuTrebiT aqtiuria taourSi. ar gamoiricxeba arc: tiber- > hiber > hber- > sper- da tiber> hiber- > iber- procesebi; sakiTxi Semdgom kvlevas iTxovs. speri: sa-sper- (sasperitebi), sa-peir-/sa-veir- (stefane bizantieli); *hper- > *hber- > ber- > ver- > vir- > vir-q (>vr-a-c-)- > virSan-; *ber-/ver- > var-, var-u-C-an, gurCan-, gurgan- (< georgian-), gurj-, kurg- (dadasturebulia XIII s.; s.janaSia, 1959, gv.53), gurZH- (osuri formaa), gruzin- (< guruzin-)... Sdr., Cerqezuli qurjH "Tbilisi", adiRuri (SafsuRuri) qHrce (< gurj) da osuri gurjHn "tanadi" (sparsul enobriv velSi va > gu procesisaTvis Sdr., g. wereTlis mier motanili magaliTebi: vard > gul, varaz > guraz, visnasp > gusnasp... (g.wereTeli, 1993, gv.104). wyaroebSi dadasturebuli qarTvelTa aRmniSvneli sxva saxelebi naklebvariantulni arian; mag.: lazi, kaxi/kuxi, TuSi, javaxi/zabaxa... variantTa simcire aixsneba zogi saxelis araqarTveluri warmomavlobiT, zogisa ki - lokaluri gamoyenebiT (mag., kaxi gamoiyeneba mxolod viwro enobriv velSi); Tumca, sakvlevia kuxis mimarteba kolxTan, rogorc amas varaudobda v.aleni (ix., T.papuaSvili, 1993, gv. 428). - 185 -
sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
1.3.
sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa (meTodologiuri SeniSvnebi iberia-qarTlisa da kolxeTi-lazika-egrisis mimarTebebis mixedviT)
istoriuli procesebis analizs didad uSlis xels eris TviTsaxelwodebisa da am sazogadoebis aRmniSvneli sxva eTnonimebis aRreva, agreTve, qveynis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb arsebuli gansxvavebuli warmodgenebi: araiSviaTad, mocemuli eris/saxelmwifos mier warmodgenili Tavisi teritoriis sazRvrebi ar emTxveva mezobelTa xedvas; garda amisa, xSiria, roca erTi da igive eTnonimi (Tu qoronimi) sxvadasxva dros miemarTeba or an met sazogadoebas (qveyanas); Sdr.: abaza/ebze/obezi - qarTveli (yaraCaul-balyarul enaSi da Zvel rusulSi), abaza - afxazi (Turqul enaSi) da abaza - amJamindeli yaraCai-CerqezeTis avtonomiuri respublikis mosaxleobis erTi nawilis - abazebis - TviTsaxeli... Cveni azriT, ufro met problemas qmnis mocemuli eris teritoriis sazRvrebisa da istoriuli gzis gansxvavebuli xedva, romelic konkretuli eTnonimebisa Tu qoronimebis gaazrebaSic aisaxeba; mag.: Tanamedrove saqarTvelos sazRvrebsa da qarTveli eris uaxles istorias gansxvavebulad xedaven qarTveli, rusi da afxazuri warmoSobis prorusuli politikosebi (v.arZinba, r.xajinba...); araiSviaTad, amgvari subieqturoba istorikosTa kvlevebSic gamosWvivis (metic, zogi arakeTilsindisieri mkvlevari istoriuli faqtebis gayalbebiT cdilobs, xeli Seuwyos politikuri procesebis provocirebas). bunebrivia, saqarTvelos (Tu sxva qveynis) mimarT amgvari subieqturobisgan dazRveulni ar iqnebodnen Zveli berZnebi, romaelebi, sparselebi, somxebi Tu sxva mezobeli xalxebi. es kargad Cans ara mxolod istoriul wyaroebSi, aramed - eTnonimebSic:
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sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
rogorc wesi, mezobeli xalxebisTvis eTnonimebi iqmneba sazRvrispira tomis (an Temis) saxelis mixedviT (almanebi Allemand germanelebi frangebisTvis), an romelime damakninebeli semantikis mqone fuZisgan (nemeci - rusTaTvis...); aseve, araiSviaTad, sxva eris aRmniSvneli eTnonimi iqceva xolme uaryofiTi mniSvnelobis sityvad (mag., eTnonimi lulu zogadad mtris saxelad gadaazrianda urartulSi). movlena martivad ixsneba: istoriuli ambebis Sefaseba xdeba sasurveli TvalTaxedvidan: adamiani-mematiane Tavisi droisa da qveynis aTvlis sistemidan danaxul samyaros asaxavs terminebiTa Tu eTnonimebiT: Tavisi enobriv-kulturul-politikuri xedviT alagebs sakuTar Tu sxvis istorias, awmyos, momavals. araiSviaTia Zveli ambebis aRwera Tanamedrove viTarebis mixedviTac, Sesabamisad - axali eTnonimebis gadatana Zvel droSi; mag.: XII saukunis ambebis aRwerisas homerosi laparakobs finikielebis Sesaxeb, am dros ki finikielebi bunebaSi ar arseboben (iliada, Sesavali, gv.38). bibliis Semqmnelni eTnarqebs aRadgenen TavianTi Tanamedrove xalxebis saxelebis mixedviT; Sdr., agreTve: angariSs uwevs ra Tavisi drois viTarebas, "qarTlis cxovrebis" Sesavlis avtori (romelic, Cans, IX saukuneSi cxovrobda) misTvis cnobili saqarTvelos kuTxeebis mixedviT asaxelebs: egross, qarTloss, kaxoss, kuxoss, gardabioss, gaCioss... kidev erTi magaliTi: Zv.w. III saukuneSi moRvawe apolonios rodosels Zv.w. XIII saukunis aietis qalaqad - kolxas Zvel dedaqalaqad - quTaisi aqvs miCneuli, qalaqi, romelic did asparezze gamodis mxolod Zv.w. VIIVI saukuneebis Semdeg. aSkaraa, rom istoriis (nebismieri sxva dargis) kvlevis dros arsebiTi mniSvneloba unda mieniWos terminTa identifikacias; kerZod, sxvadasxvaenovan Tu Tanamoene mkiTxvels misi enisTvis gamWvirvale, adekvaturi, sxva qoronimebTan Sejerebuli termini unda miewodos; mag., qoronimi saqarTvelo dRes CvenTvis gulis-
xmobs istoriul afxazeTsac, xolo ruseTis imperiul velSi aRzrdili mkvlevrisTvis rusuli termini gruzia saqarTvelos am uZveles kuTxes ar moicavs. aTeuli wlebis Semdeg obieqturi mkvlevari valdebuli iqneba, erTmaneTisgan mkafiod gamijnos qarTuli termini saqarTvelo da proimperiuli mecnieris mier gamoyenebuli gruzia: mkiTxveli gaafrTxilos, rom mag., 1992-2005 wlebis saqarTvelos sazRvrebs zustad ar asaxavs, mag., istorikos v.arZinbas mier gamoyenebuli qoronimi gruzia. msjelobas gavagrZelebT lazika-egrisisa da iberia-qarTlis magaliTebis mixedviT: qarTvel Tu araqarTvel istorikosTa mier sinonimebadaa miCneuli terminebi: kolxeTi, lazika, egrisi (ix., mag., i.anTelava, 1999, gv. 22; r.TofCiSvili, 2002, gv.7; d.leTodiani, 2003, gv.48, 55;, T.beraZe, m.sanaZe, 2003, gv. 45, 63) da iberia - qarTli (iv.javaxiSvili, g.meliqiSvili, n.berZeniSvili...); vfiqrobT, maTi gaTanabreba SeuZlebelia, vinaidan Zveli kolxeTi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos did nawilsac moicavda, lazika erqva romaelTagan dapyrobil saqarTvelos teritorias, egrisi ki qarTveli mematianeebiseuli qarTlis nawilia. termini lazika da, Sesabamisad, lazikis saxelmwifos istoria, ZiriTadad, romauli wyaroebis xedviTaa Seqmnili, xolo termini egrisi da misiT aRniSnuli saqarTvelos erTi kuTxis istoria qarTveluri aRqma-Sefasebis asaxvaa: qarTuli wyaroebi ax.w. VII saukunemde da IX saukunidan egriss erTiani saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi xedavs, berZnul-romaul-bizantiuri wyaroebiT ki, lazika iberiaSi ar Sedis... mivyveT Zvel wyaroebs da Tvali gavadevnoT sazRvrebis sxvadasxvaobas Tu mkvlevarTa uzustobebs: rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, berZnul-romaul wyaroebSi lazebs pirvelad axsenebs miTridates istorikosi memnoni (I s.) Tavis "herakles istoriaSi"; memnoni lazTa sacxovrisad mkafiod gansazRvravs dioskuriis midamoebs (soxumi-anakofiis regions); arianem (95-175) Tavisi TvaliT naxa qalaqi Zveli lazike. mogvianebiT
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sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
am qalaqs nikofsiad moixsenieben (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.99); aSkaraa, rom welTaRricxvaTa mijnamde lazebi dioskuriis CrdiloeTiT cxovrobdnen; Sdr.: arianesTan (II s.) lazebi da kolxebi Tanaarseboben: isini sxvadasxva toms warmoadgenen (Zveli berZnebi... 1983, gv.159); ariane Tavis "periplusSi" wers: "amJamad lazebs uWiravT teritoria Zidritebidan abaskebamde"; e.i. daaxloebiT Woroxidan kodoramde (T.yauxCiSvili, 1987, gv.23; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100). Sdr., V saukunis "periplusis" anonimi avtori: "Zveli aqeidan Zvel lazikamde da md. aqeuntamde (es ki aris soWidan daaxloebiT 30 km.-iT daSorebuli - T. y.) uwin cxovrobdnen tomebi: henioxebi, koraqsebi, kolikebi, melanxlenebi, maxelonebi, kolxebi da lazebi, axla ki cxovroben zixebi". astronomiisa da geografiis fuZemdebeli klavdios ptolema~osi (100-178) kolxidas uwodebs teritorias md. koraqsidan (bzifidan) md. fasisamde (rionamde), sadac cxovroben tomebi: lazebi, manralebi da ekriktikis (egrisis) qveynis mcxovrebni; am kolxidis CrdiloeTiT - sarmatiaSi - cxovroben: aqa~ebi, kerketebi, henioxebi da suanokolxebi (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100, 160). Semdgom periodSi lazebi ufro aqtiurad ixseniebian; termini lazika ukve politikuri erTeulis saxelad zogaddeba, romelsac zogjer afxazeTic enacvleba; mag., amiane marceline (IV s.) wers: imperatori valenti "daTanxmda iberiis gayofas ise, rom sazRvrad SuaSi md. kirosi (mtkvari) dadebuliyo da savromaks armeniisa da lazebis mosazRvre (mxare) rgeboda"; Saburis "mosvliT SeSinebulma papam da aseve kilakem ...scades SeefarebinaT Tavi maRal mTebSi, romlebic Cvenebs [e.i. Cvens miwebs] lazikisagan hyofen" (georgika, 1961, gv.90, 128). agaTangelosi (IV s.): "wminda grigoli... zog [mRvdels] gzavnida iberTa qveyanaSi (arabuli Targmanis mixedviT georgiaSi), zogs lazTa qveyanaSi (arabulis mixedviT - afxazeTSi; georgika, 1961, gv.71)... ix., agreTve: priske panioneli (V s.): "mas Semdeg, rodesac romaelebi mividnen kolxidaSi da omi awarmoes lazebis winaaRmdeg, romaelTa jari Tavis qveyanaSi gamobrunda..." (georgika, 1961, gv.254).
Sdr., cota mogvianebiT, iovane sabanisZe (1987, gv.454) afxazeTis CrdiloeT sazRvrad miiCnevs nafsas/nikofsias (afsarTa sacxovriss; Sdr., p.ingoroyva, 1957, gv.121, 211), anu qalaq Zvel lazikas, xolo samxreT sazRvrad - trapizons, xaldiis CaTvliT. nikifore konstantinopolelic (IX s.) lazikis samxreT sazRvrad miiCnevs trapezunts; kerZod, irakli keisris laSqrobis aRwerisas is wers: "iraklim scada lazikis gziT SeWriliyo sparseTSi; rodesac moaRwia trapezuntamde - lazikis sazRvramde, misma colma Sva Ze"; sainteresoa imis aRniSvna, rom 1042 wels qarTulad gadmoRebul am teqstSi lazika Targmnilia samegrelod: "da mo~wia, ra trapezunted sanaxebTa samegrelo~saTa..." (georgika, 1952, gv.207-208; ix., agreTve, p.ingoroyva, 1957, gv.214-215). Sdr.: niketa xoniate (XII s.): bizantiis keisars titulebSi Seaqvs ...lazTa, iberTa, bulgarTa, serbTa... RvTivmmarTveli (georgika, 1966, gv.131).. uaRresad sayuradReboa agreTve is garemoeba, rom VII-IX saukuneTa geografia erTimeorisagan ganarCevs lazivis provincias (rizes mxares) da Wanivis anu xaldiis (xalteTis, trapizonis) provincias. maT Soris sazRvari gadioda ofi-surmenes seqtorSi" (p.ingoroyva, 1957, gv.210). Sdr., agreTve: somxuri usaxelo geografiis mixedviT, VII-IX saukuneebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi oTxi mcire qveyana iyo: margvelivi (=margveTi), egreviki (=egrisi), lazivi (=lazeTi) da Wanivi (=WaneTi anu xaldeTi - trapizonis mxare); somexi istorikosisTvis am teritoriis saxelia kolxeTi, anu egri; misi azriT, "es aris qveyana aziasa da mdebareobs pontos zRvidan sarmartiamde, da mdinare drakonidan vidre kavkasiis mTamde da mis Stomde - lixamde, romelic mas hyofs iveriidan" (p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.212). "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, qoronimi egrisi (megrTa sacxovrisi) odiTganve yoveli qarTlis (anu, sruliad saqarTvelos) erTerTi ZiriTadi da ganuyofeli mxarea; Sdr., miTridates omebis Semdeg termini lazika berZen-romaelTagan kontrolirebad qarTul regions aRniSnavs.
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sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
istoriul wyaroSi samgvari egrisi dasturdeba: _ egrosis wili egrisi: lixidan yubanis SesarTavamde da trapizonamde (CaTvliT); _ mefe arCilis samkvidro egrisi sazRvrebiT: egriswyali (RaliZga), Sorapani, guriis sazRvari, Savi zRva da kavkasionis mTagrexili; _ qujis anu Sida egrisi: teritoria egriswylidan (RaliZgadan) - rionamde (qujis saerisTavo svaneTis gamoklebiT). "qarTlis cxovrebis" saTanado adgilis uzusto wakiTxvis gamo, samecniero literaturaSi swored qujis egrisTan mimarTebiT arasworadaa warmodgenili margveTis sazRvrebi; kerZod, yvela xelnaweris mixedviT, teqsti gveubneba: "erTni gagzavna margvis erisTavad da misca mciriT mTiTgan, romel ars lixi, vidre zRuadmde, rions zemoT". iv.javaxiSvilisa da s.yauxCiSvilis mier fraza "rions zemoT" gaazrebul iqna rogorc "rionis zeda weli", Sesabamisad, mxolod zemo imereTi CaiTvala margveTad; saTanadod Casworda "qarTlis cxovrebac": dedniseuli fraza: vidre zRuadmde dausabuTeblad Seicvala fraziT: vidre zRuradmde egrisisa ("qarTlis cxovreba", 1955, gv.24; SeniSvna). Cveni azriT, fraza "rions zemoT" niSnavs rionis samxreTiT; Sdr., "qarTlis cxovrebis" am monakveTSi sxva SemTxvevaSic zemoT - qvemoT opozicia gulisxmobs dapiririspirebas: samxreTi CrdiloeTi; mag., iqve weria: "egris wylis qvemoTma ar isurva gandgoma berZenTagan" - igulisxmeba egrosis wili qveynis CrdiloeTi nawili - RaliZgas CrdiloeTi mxare vidre yubanis SesarTavamde; Sdr., Zveli berZeni geografebis Tu istorikos-mogzaurTa teqstebSic zmnisarTebi zemoT, qvemoT analogiuri mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba (Sdr., m.sanaZis dakvirveba mtkvris marcxena da marjvena mxareebis aRsaniSnavad, erTi mxriv, zemo - qvemo, meore mxriv ki - amier - imier opoziciebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb; m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.66, 95-96).
vfiqrobT, leontis azriT, margveTi moicavda teritorias lixis mTidan Sav zRvamde da rionidan mesxeTis mTebamde (samcxeaWaramde); Sdr., iv.javaxiSvilis Casworebis gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi, "qarTlis cxovrebis" am periodSi ausaxavi rCeba: guria, baRdaTi, vani… (msjelobisa da sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix., agreTve: n.berZeniSvili, 1990, gv.544, SeniSvna; t.futkaraZe, 2002, gv.123;, d.leTodiani, 2003, gv.36-40). sayuradReboa, rom leonti mrovelis "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, egrosis wil mxareSi - egrSi/egurSi (imereTSi; q.c. I, gv.331), romelic, amave dros, qarTlis nawilad ganixileba (ix., mag., gv.141), ramdenime saerisTavo Sedis (egrisis ramdenime erisTavis Sesaxeb ix., mag., gv.57); kerZod, did egrisSi moiazreba: Sida egrisi (/saegro/odiSi), argueTi (guriac aq igulisxmeba; Sdr., 1080 wels "dResa ivanobisasa asisforni da klarjeTi zRvis piramdis, SavSeTi, aWara, samcxe, qarTli, argueTi, samoqalaqo da Wyondidi aRivso TurqiTa" - gv.319), suaneTi (es termini zogjer faravs egriss; ix. gv.27: "egrisi svaneTia"; Sdr., quji - egris-svaneTis erisTavi), samoqalaqo, afxazeTi ("qveyana egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua"), afSileTi, Takueri (leCxumi), Wyondidi, nigali (aq megrni cxovroben - gv.377), klarjeTi da sxv. Sdr., "somxuri geografiis" (gv.92-93) mixedviT, kolxeTi (dasavleT saqarTvelos gagebiT), Seicavs oTx qveyanas: manrili, egrevika, lazivi da WaneTi (xaldebis qveyana). sayuradReboa is, rom did egrisSi leonti adgils ar tovebs sxva eTnikuri (araqarTveluri) jgufebis ZiebisaTvis: leonti mrovels afxazebic egrosianebad miaCnda (p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.140; Sdr., n.berZeniSvili, 1990, gv.543, 551, 553). Sdr., qarTlis erisTavis saxeli abaza: ivane abazas Ze; gv.296. arc sxva qarTveli mematianeni miuTiTeben am vrcel regionSi, qarTulis garda, ro-
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melime sxva enis arsebobis Sesaxeb. SeniSvna: yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, eWvis qveS dgeba Sua da zemo imereTis teritoriaze navaraudevi marguli metyvelebis
sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, arc erTi (didi Tu mcire) egrisi damoukidebeli saxelmwifo ar yofila: ZiriTadi nawili yovelTvis Sedioda qarTlis SemadgenlobaSi, xolo mcire nawili, mag., gare egrisi (teritoria RaliZgidan yubanis SesarTavamde) qujidan gorgaslamde periodSi hqondaT berZnebs (bizantielebs). e.i. qarTuli wyaroebi saqarTvelos erTian qveynad warmogvidgens, rasac mxars uWers arqeologiuri da lingvisturi Ziebebic (ix. qvemoT). arada, bizantiuri wyaroebis mixedviT (rasac zogi qarTveli istorikosic mihyveba), gamodis, rom, TiTqos, mTeli dasavleTi da samxreT-da-
savleTi saqarTvelo uZvelesi droidan X saukunemde mowyvetili iyo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos... faqtia: berZnul-bizantiuri termini lazika sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva teritorias miemarTeba; es qoronimi iSviaTad Tu emTxveva qarTuli wyaroebis egriss (Sdr., mag., IV da VII saukuneebis viTareba); Sesabamisad, metad saeWvod gamoiyureba terminebis: egrisisa da lazikis gaigivebis mixedviT istorikosTa mier miRebuli daskvnebi. amdenad, gadasasinjia am mcdari sinonimurobis mixedviT agebuli saistorio msjelobanic; mag., amgvari faqtebis fonze, bunebrivia, metad pirobiTia lazikisa da egrisis mefemTavrebis erT rigSi warmodgena; Sdr.: bizantiis mier dapyrobil egrisis nawils (romelsac isini lazikas eZaxdnen) ganagebda imperiis mier daniSnuli mmarTveli, romelic drodadro, SesaZloa, ar emorCileboda "centrs", xolo, paralelurad, qarTlis nawil egrisis saerisTavos marTavda erisTavi, romelic Tavisi samSoblos - qarTlis - mefis nebayoflobiTi morCili iyo... sanimuSod ganvixilavT kidev erT magaliTs: cota xnis win gamoqveynda g. grigolias faseuli naSromi: "egris-lazikis samefos saistorio geografiis problemebi", romelSic vkiTxulobT: "IV saukunis damlevisaTvis TiTqmis mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos gamaerTianeblis rolSi gvevlinebian lazebi, romelTa mier Seqmnil saxelmwifos qarTuli wyaroebi egriss uwodeben, xolo berZeni da bizantieli avtorebi lazikis saxeliT ixsenieben" (g.grigolia, 1994, gv.8). aq ramdenime ganmarteba-dazustebaa saWiro: dasavleT saqarTvelos egriselni/megrelni aerTianeben; megrelebs ki bizantielebi lazebs uwodeben. Sdr.: lazebis saxelmwifos qarTuli wyaroebi egrisad ar ixsenieben (mxolod gviandel qarTul wyaroebSi Cndeba nasesxebi termini lazia); "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, am periodis egrisi qarTlSi Sedis da, rac mTavaria, termini egrisi drois am monakveTSic ver faravs berZnul-bizan-
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("Zvelad ufro ena unda yofiliyo"; ak. SaniZe, 1981, gv.443) ara mxolod sazRvrebis, aramed, saerTod, arsebobis sakiTxi; miT umetes, -evsufiqsiani toponimebi aseve gavrcelebulia aragvisa da qsnis xeobebSic (iqve, gv.440); mag., ak. SaniZe qarTlSi (ivris xeobamde), imereTsa da raWaSic adasturebs saTanado masalas: Zeglevi, alevi, arcevi, ortevi, Rvlevi, bobnevi, ikvnevi, atrevi, avnevi, frinevi, klonevi, avlevi, flevi, uwlevi, jablevi… raWaSi: RruSevi, Zeglevi, onWevi, Wibrevi, xeTlevi, velevi, xotevi… axalcixeSi: woxtevi (ak.SaniZe, 1981, gv.440-441). -ev sufiqsiani toponimebi dasturdeba SavSeT-imerxevSic: devaZevi, valilevi, xoxlevi, (n.cecxlaZe, 2000, gv.65); Sdr., ak.SaniZe, 1981, gv.443: "-ev sufiqsis gavrcelebis ZiriTad ared SegviZlia CavTvaloT teritoria aragvidan rionis Sua welamde". -ev- sufiqsi saerToqarTveluri enis, arqauli qarTulisa da samwignobro qarTulis afiqsTa (krebiToba-warmomavlobisa da daniSnulebis afiqsebis) cxrilSi logikurad zis; Sdr.: -av-, -ev-, -iv-
-aT-, -eT-, -iT-
-ar-, -er- -ir-
-al-, -el-, -il-
-an-, -en-, -in-
-as-, -es-, -is-
la-, le-, li-
na-, ne-, ni-
sa-, se-, si-
vfiqrobT, ara gvaqvs safuZveli, -ev- morfemis mixedviT vivaraudoT marguli enis arseboba; Sesabamisad, gaWirdeba imis Tqma, rom -ev sufiqsi marguli warmomavlobisaa da Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba dakarguli aqvs (Sdr., ak.SaniZe, 1981, gv 444).
sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
tiuri lazikas Sinaarss: lazika qarTlSi ar Semodis, xolo "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, egrisi qarTlis erT-erTi regionia. ra safuZveli gvaqvs, ar vendoT qarTul wyaroebs da metad saeWvo (da tendenciur) bizantiur cnobebs daveyrdnoT? kidev erTi sadavo azri: istorikosTa erTi nawilis azriT, IV saukunis Sua periodSi egrisis mefea gubaz I; TiTqmis amave periodSi vaxtang gorgasali "ipyrobs" dasavleT saqarTvelos (narkvevebi, II, gv 166-169; n.asaTiani, 2001, gv.82-85). sinamdvileSi, bizantiuri wyaroebis mixedviT, gubazi lazikis (bizantias daqvemdebarebuli qarTlis nawilis) mefea da ara egrisis im nawilisa, romelic qarTlSi Sedis: qarTvel mematianeTa cnobebiT, am dros saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSia egrisic da margveTic (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.146, 185, 243); Sdr., amave wyaros mixedviT, afxazeTidan gadmosuli berZnebi ipyroben egrisis nawils; mogvianebiT, Sida egrisi arCil mefis uSualo samkvidroa da a.S. romel wyaros unda vendoT: imperiis istorikosisas Tu qarTvelisas? Cveni mematianis cnobebi detaluria da Tanamimdevruli, xolo bizantiuri informaciebi wyvetilia da zogadi; Sdr., agreTve: "egrisis istoriis Sesaxeb gubaz pirvelis droidan vidre VI saukunis 20-ian wlebamde araviTari cnobebi ar moipoveba" (narkvevebi, II, gv.169). SevniSnavT, rom qarTul wyaroebSi am periodis Sesaxeb detaluri informaciebi gvaqvs, bizantiurSi ki - ara. ufro logikuri xom ar iqneba, lazika yvela etapze ganvmartoT, rogorc berZen-romaelTagan kontrolirebadi qarTuli teritoria (miuxedavad amisa, lazikis mefeebis salaparako ena qarTulia; ix. qvemoT), romlis sazRvrebi drodadro izrdeboda Tu mcirdeboda; Sdr.: Tavdapirvelad, lazika iyo erTi qalaqi - Zveli lazika, Semdeg - egrisis is nawili, romelic ar SemouerTda farnavazis qarTls ("xolo egris wyals quemoT darCa berZenTa, rameTu mkvidrTa mis adgilsaTa, ara inebes gandgoma berZenTa";
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv.24) da VII saukuneSi - mTeli dasavleTi da samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelo.
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SeniSvna: am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa m.sanaZis msjeloba gugarqTan dakavSirebiT: gugarqi qarTlis sinonimia somxurSi; araiSviaTad, gugarqi moicavda mxolod im teritorias, romelic ama Tu im epoqaSi somxeTis mier qarTlis samefosgan iyo CamoWrili (m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.68, 92).
sagangebo msjelobas iTxovs kolxeTisa da iberiis paralelurad arsebobis saTuo sakiTxic: dRes farTod gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT, Zv.w. VI saukunidan vidre daviT kurapalatamde (ax. w. X s.) gverdigverd arsebobda ori qarTuli saxelmwifo: kolxeTi da iberia, anu SedarebiT gviandeli egris-lazika da qarTli-iberia; ix., mag., saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I, gv.422; Sdr., am mxriv, iSviaT gamonakliss warmoadgens mitropoliti anania jafariZe (ix. a.jafariZe, 1996, gv.86-114). Sesabamisad, XX saukunis istorikosTa yvela Taobis mier arasworadaa gaTanabrebuli, erTi mxriv: kolxeTi, lazika, egrisi da, meore mxriv: qarTli, iberia; yovel am termins Tavisi gamoyenebis are aqvs da maTi sinonimebad gamocxadeba kvlevis Sedegebs araadekvaturad warmoadgens. am SemTxvevaSic mivyveT konkretul magaliTs: 1970 wels gamoqveynebuli "saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis" I tomis VIII Tavis saTauria: "kolxeTi Zv.w. VI-IV saukuneebSi", xolo IX Tavia "qarTli (iberia) Zv.w. VI-IV saukuneebSi"; Sdr., agreTve, d.musxeliSvili, 2002, gv.15: "Zv.w. IV saukuneSi Camoyalibda aRmosavleTqarTuli samefo qarTli (iberia)" da sxv. romeli utyuari wyaroebiT mtkicdeba, rom Zv.w. I aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi qarTvelTa ori damoukidebeli saxelmwifo arsebobda? am periodis arc erTi ucxouri wyaro qarTvelTa qveyanas or saxelmwifod ar warmoadgens; rogorc wina paragrafSi vnaxeT, saqarTvelos istoriul teritoriaze Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi qarTvelTa mravali tomi Cans; berZnul-asiriul-urartuli da qar-
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sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
Tuli wyaroebis mixedviT, erTi didi saxelmwifos arsebobac SeiZleba davuSvaT, rasac daadasturebs erTiani arqeologiuri kulturac (ix. qvemoT); Sdr., agreTve, a. uruSaZe, 1964, gv.6: "Tavdapirvelad berZnebi kolxeTSi mTel qarTvelur samyaros gulisxmobdnen"; Sdr.: Zveli wyaroebis kargi mcodne g.meliqiSvili (narkvevebis I tomis redaqtori da mTavari avtori) gviandeli berZnul-bizantiuri tradiciis mixedviT, kolxida-lazikas qarTl-iberiisgan mowyvetiT ganixilavs; arada: qarTveli mematianeni kargad icnoben ucxour literaturas, terminologias, maTeul xedvebs, magram qarTveli eris istorias qarTul cnobierebaSi CamoZerwili terminologiiTa da xedva-aRqmiT ageben. danamdvilebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom qarTvel JamTaaRmwerTa xedva ufro obieqturia (adreul qarTlSi ganixileba egrisic) vidre berZnebisa, romael-bizantielebisa Tu armenebisa; kerZod: ris safuZvelze keTdeba daskvna, rom Zv.w. VI-III saukuneebSi kolxeTisgan damoukideblad arsebobda iberia?
iberias ar axseneben hekata~os mileteli, qsenofonte, herodote, fsevdo-skilaqsi, platoni, aristotele, apolonios rodoseli... terminebi: kavkasiis iberia da aRmosavleTis iberebi (Sdr., pirineis iberebi) pirvelad Cndeba Zv.w. IV-II saukuneebis avtorebTan: megasTenesTan, TeofrastosTan, dionise periegetTan... (v.vaSakiZe, 1993, gv.61). ufro gviandel cnobebSi kolxida iberiaSicaa moazrebuli; mag., plutarqes cnobiT, kavkasiis mTavari erebi albanelebi da iberebi arian: iberebi binadroben dasavleTiT mesxeTis (evfrat-Worox-mtkvar-araqsis wyalgamyof) mTebTan da pontos zRvasTan, albanelebi ki - aRmosavleTiT, kaspiis zRvas-
Tan (iv.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.18). svanebisa da aRmosavleTis iberebis igiveobis Sesaxeb msjeloba ix., zemoT, gv.144. vatikanSi daculi "saeklesio analebis" mixedviT, "iberiis im nawilma, romelic pontos zRvasTan mdebareobs da kolxidad iwodeba, saxareba jer kidev imperator traianes (98-117) dros mqadagebeli papi wm. klementis (papobis wlebi - 88-97) SemweobiT miiRo... rac Seexeba qvemo iberebs, romlebic kavkasiis mTebTan, kaspiis zRvis axlos cxovroben, Tvlian, rom maT qristianoba imperator konstantines dros miiRes (i.tabaRua, 1984, gv.171). romauli wyaroebis iberia mxolod aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos (lazika - dasavleT saqarTvelo) teritoriiT ifargleba e.w. miTridates omebis periodSi; es bunebrivicaa, vinaidan, qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviTac, II-I saukuneebSi qarTvelTa saxelmwifo dasustebulia: misi teritoriebis nawili romma daipyro, nawili - armeniam; miTridate evpatoris pontos samefoc qarTveluri tomebiTa da teritoriebiT iyo Zlevamosili. Sdr., leonti mrovelis mixedviT, farnavazisa Tu gorgaslis qarTli moicavda: Woroxis, mtkvris zemowelis, liaxvis, rionis, enguris, kodoris, bzifis xeobebs; TiTqmis amave teritorias moicavs kolxuri arqeologiuri kulturac, e.i. aietis aia-kolxac; Sdr., s.janaSia, 1942, gv.728: strabonisa da pliniusis cnobebiT, tigran II dros teritoriebdakarguli iberiis samefo moicavs teritorias mtkvris saTaveebidan (kola-artaani) taos CaTvliT da Woroxis xeobis nawils. vfiqrobT, Zveli kolxeTi (kolxur-yobanuri arqeologiuri kulturis veli) ufro sruliad qarTlis sinonimad SegviZlia miviCnioT, vidre lazikisa an egrisisa. rac Seexeba lazika-iberiis mimarTebas: lazika da iberia romaul-bizantiur wyaroebSi qarTuli saxelmwifoebis aRmniSvnel terminebad mkvidrdeba welTaRricxvaTa mijnidan, maSin, roca dasavleT da samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi romaelebi batondebian da, Tavdapirvelad maTive xelSe-
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SeniSvna: istorikosTa mier sinonimebadaa miCneuli qoronimebi qarTli da iberia; arc am terminTa gaigivebaa SesaZlebeli: Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi qarTli sruliad saqarTvelos (SavizRvispireTs md. yubanis SesarTavidan trapizonamde da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos xunanamde) moicavda, ucxouri iberia ki aRmosavleT saqarTvelos aRsaniSnavad damkvidrda mxolod Zv.w. II saukunidan.
sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa
wyobiT, sruliad qarTlis dasustebis mizniT, iqmneba pontosa da lazikis samefoebi (Semdgom pontoc romis mtrad iqca). sparselebis politikur velSi darCenili qarTuli saxelmwifos nawili iberiis saxeliT damkvidrda. lazikasa da iberias Soris sazRvrad sarapaniss (Sorapans) pirvelad uTiTebs straboni (Sdr., iv.javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.43-44); kolxidasa da iberias Soris sazRvrad lixis qeds debs ax.w. II saukunis moRvawe klavdios ptolemaiosi (n.lomouri, 1955, gv.44-46). es cnobebi sulac ar iZleva raime safuZvels, rom Zv.w. II-I da ax. w. I-II saukuneebis viTareba ganvazogadoT ufro adreul Tu gviandel periodebze; Sesabamisad, kolxeTi da iberia, an qarTli da egrisi damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad warmovidginoT Zv.w. VI-III saukuneebSi Tu gorgaslis dros. miT umetes, rom araferi vTqvaT adreuli periodis berZnul wyaroebze, strabonis cnobebic ki metad winaaRmdegobrivia (kritikisaTvis ix., mag., iv.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.22). am fonze miT ufro gasakviria, rom iv.javaxiSvilidan moyolebuli dRemde, qarTveli istorikosebi met ndobas iCenen ucxouri cnobebis mimarT da ufro mwyobri qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT ar ageben qarTveli eris istoriul qargas. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, ufro meti argumenti aqvs mosazrebas, rom azon-quj-farnavazis droSi (da ufro adrec) erTiani kulturul-saxelmwifoebrivi velia amJamindel dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic da, gacilebiT masStabur, samxreT saqarTvelSic (sadac, savaraudoa, qarTvelebs mcxeTaze adrindeli dedaqalaqic hqondaT). sinanuliT aRvniSnavT, rom iv.javaxiSvilis sabWoTa periodamdeli gamokvlevebi eZRvneboda samxreT amierkavkasiasa da anatoliaSi mcxovreb qarTvelur tomTa istorias (albaT, didma istorikosma amitomac daarqva Tavis fundamentalur Sromas "qarTveli eris istoria" da ara - "saqarTvelos istoria"), Tumca mogvianebiT Seqmnil istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebSi naklebad aisaxeboda xolme qarTvelTa es Zveli istoria; metic, zog avtorTan oqros xanamde saqarTvelo erTian saxelmwifod arc iT-
vleba... arada, Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua periodSi iberiisa da kolxeTis cal-calke warmodgenam bevr seriozul Secdomas daudo dasabami, Tundac imas, rom, mavanTa azriT, arasodes arsebula qarTvelTa erTiani saxelmwifo... Cven ara gvaqvs istoriografiis dargSi kvlevis pretenzia; Tumca, vfiqrobT, SedarebiT obieqturi istoria qarTveli erisa jer kidev dasaweria. wignis am nawilSi (1.2; 1.3.) Cveni mizani iyo gveCvenebina: winaistoriul da adreistoriul periodebSi kavkasiasa da anatoliaSi aTeulobiT qarTveluri tomi arsebobda (da ara mxolod sami!); am qarTvelur tomTa konsolidaciiT drodadro ikvreboda didi qarTveluri saxelmwifoebi, sadac iqmneboda didi saerToqarTveluri kulturuli faseulobani...
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kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
Tavi II qarTvelebi uZvelesi droidan qristianobamde; saerToqarTveluri enis Teoriuli modelisa da daTariRebis sakiTxebi kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis sakiTxi 2.1.
2.1.1. bibliuri da miTologiuri TvalTaxedva 2.1.1.1. "Zveli aRTqmis" mixedviT, dedamiwis erTenovanma mosaxleobam pirveli TviTwarwymediT warRvna moivlina; gadarCa mxolod noes saxleuli; Sdr.: erTenovani kacobriobis meore danaSaulis dros (babilonis godolis mkrexeloba) ufalma Seicoda isini da "enebi auria", danaSauli bolomde rom ar mieyvanaT (da TviTganadgureba ar moemkoT): enebis gaCeniT Seqmnili mravalenovani kacobrioba sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda (vrclad ix., t.futkaraZe, 2000, gv.95). noes sam SvilTagan erT-erTis - iafetis - STamomavlebad (iafeti: Tubali, mosoxi; Sesaqme, IV,22; X,2; XI, 28) miiCnevs qarTvelebs romaul-bizantiuri tradicia: mag., ioseb flaviusis mixedviT (1987, gv.103): iafetis Zem "Tobelma daafuZna Tobelebi, romlebsac axla iberebi ewodebaT, mosoxenebi dafuZnebuli arian mosoxis mier, axlaxan maT kabadokielebi ewodaT, magram maTi Zveli saxelwodebis niSanic Cans, rameTu maT dResac aqvT qalaqi mazaka, rac naTelyofs maTTvis, visac gageba SeuZlia, rom ase ewodeboda odesRac mTel toms"... Sdr., Tabali mdebareobda Zveli mazakas, dRevandeli kaiseris raionSi - samxreT-dasavleT kabadokiaSi; Sdr., agreTve: mazaxa - *ma-
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kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
saxa-/mesx- (ix. zemoT). sayuradReboa: Zveli aRTqma iqmneba Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebis mijnidan (swored am dros Seiqmna winaswarmetyvel qal deboras simRera), roca axlo aRmosavleTSi aqtiurni arian mosxebi; Sdr., homerosis droidan aqtiurdebian aia-kolxebi (Zv.w. VIII saukune); Sesabamisad, isini aisaxnen berZnul miTebSi. iovane petriwis mier bibliuri da berZnuli eTnonimebi asea Targmnili: Tobelebi - Tovilni, iberebi - ivirni, mosoxenebi - mesqinni (i. flaviusi, 1987, gv.103; Sdr.: T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.210). aqve, kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom strabonis dros mosxebis qveyana sam nawilad ganixileba: misi erTi nawili hqonda kolxebs, meore - iberebs, mesame - armenielebs. evstaTi antioqelTan (280-360) kabadokielTa winaprebad dasaxelebulia mesxenebi, maT eTnarqad ki - osoxi (georgika, 1961, gv.34); Sdr.: ori saukunis Semdeg prokopi kesarieli mesxTa (mesxo~) sacxovrisad miiCnevs iberiis gaswvriv arsebul mTebs (georgika, 1965, gv.127). giorgi kedernes (XI s.) mixedviT: "noem Tavis mesame vaJs iafeTs, romelic 425 wlisa iyo, misca CrdiloeTisa da dasavleTis qveynebi midiidan vidre RadirTamde da britaniis kunZulebamde, armenia, iberia, ponto, kolxeTi da maT iqiT mdebare qveynebi da kunZulebi vidre italiamde da galiebamde, ispaniamde, keltiberiamde da lisitaniamde" (georgika, V, 1963, gv.10). XI saukunis moRvawe leon gramatikosi ucvlelad imeorebs wina Taobebis mosazrebebs da iafetis Svilad miCneul mesxosgan momdinared miiCnevs mesxebs, romelTac axla kabadokielebi ewodebaTo (georgika, 1963, gv.3-4)... evsevi kesarielis, gelasi kesarielisa da rufinusis Sesaxeb ix., agreTve, a.jafariZe, 1994, gv.19. ax.w. XII saukuneSi Sedgenili qarTveli eris istoriis saskolo saxelmZRvanelo (da Sin sakiTxavi wigni) "cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa" bibliuri noeTi iwyebs qarTvelobis istorias: "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, qarTvelTa eTnarqia Targamo- 202 -
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
si. am saxels sxvaenovani variantebic udasturdeba: Targamosi < *Targama; Sdr., xeTuri Tegarama, bibliuri Togarma, Tabalis qveynis qalaqi Togorma, Til-garimu (asuruli), somxuri Torgoma (variantebisaTvis ix. Zveli aRmosavleTis..., 1971, gv.309; g.qavTaraZe, 1985, gv.41; gr.giorgaZe, gv.146). qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT, Targamosi iavanis/avanis SviliSvilia da ara - gomeris: iafeti: iavani: TarSisi: Targamosi: "ese Targamos iyo Ze TarSisi, Ziswuli iafetisi, Zisa noesi" (q.c., I, gv.3); teqstSi mosalodneli iyo Ze TarSisisi, vinaidan bibliis qarTul variantebSi iavanis erT-erTi Svilia TarSisi
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
sa". Targamosis SvilTa saxelebi (haosi, qarTlosi, bardosi, movakani, leki, herosi, kavkasi, egrosi) cxadyofs, rom qarTvelTa winaprebi mTel axlo aRmosavleTs (kavkasiis CaTvliT) TavianTi sa-
vfiqrobT, naTelia: Zveli qarTveluri tradiciis mixedviT, iafetis SviliSvilis Svili - Targamos TarSisis Ze - iberiulkavkasiur-mcireaziuri modgmis mamamTavari iyo (Sdr., somxuri tradicia). Targamosis rva Svili da maTi naTesavni anatoliasa da kavkasiaSi movidnen babilonis godolis dangrevis Semdeg, maSin, roca "ganeyvnes mun enani da ganibnes muniT yovelsa queyana-
naTesavos samkvidrod Tvlidnen (msjelobisaTvis ix. m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.166-167). aseve, sarwmuno Cans varaudi, rom "qarTlis cxovrebis" am nawilis avtorisaTvis da, saerTod, am saxelmZRvanelos SemdgenelTaTvis haosis STamomavlebi qarTvelTa moZme, aseve, iberiul-kavkasiuri modgmisani arian (indoevropulenovani somxebi kavkasiaSi gvian, urartus dacemis Semdeg modian), xolo mroveliseuli somxuri ena urartuli enis memkvidreobas gulisxmobs (msjelobisaTvis ix.: r. gordeziani, 1993, gv.47; a. jafariZe, 1994, gv.72; j. kaSia, 1999; r. abaSia 1999). savsebiT logikuria, rom somxuri enis indoevropuli warmomavlobis armcodne Zvel qarTvel istorikosebs somxebic/armenebic iberiul-kavkasiur-urartuli modgmis xalxi hgonebodaT, miT umetes, damxvduri kavkasiuri da mosuli indoevropuli tomebis SereviT warmoqmnili armenebi anTropologiurad kavkasiur-mcireaziur rasas ganekuTvnebian. m.sanaZis daskvniT, "qarTlis cxovrebis" Sesaval geografiul nawilSi mocemuli politikur-geografiuli suraTi gamoxatavs VII-VIII saukuneTa mijnis kavkasiis viTarebas (m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.170175). am azrs adasturebs isic, rom herosi da egrosi qarTlosis Zmebadaa warmodgenili: VII-VIII saukuneebSi hereTi (kambeCovani) damoukidebeli samTavroa (m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.169), bizantielTagan dapyrobilia egrisi (trapizonidan lixamde da yubanis mcire SesarTavamde arsebuli qarTuli teritoria - egrosis wili sivrce), centraluri qarTli ki arabebis xelSia... saqarTvelo gasaerTianebelia: swored am periodSi axleburad xdeba qarTvelTa istoriisa da momavlis konceptualuri gaazreba "qarTlis cxovrebis" Sesaval nawilsa da erovnul himnSi - "qeba~ qarTvelTa da qarTvelTa enisa~". "qarTlis cxovrebaSi", qarTlosis darad, Targamosis Svilebad miiCneva herosi da egrosi; Sdr., ufro Zvel qarTvel mweralTa da mematianeTa cnobebi cxadyofs, rom Tavidan erTian
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(sxvagan – TarSiSi); qarTulSi gverdigverd mosalodneli ori is- segmentisgan teqstSi erT-erTi daikarga. Sdr.: r.gordeziani, 1993, gv.8: "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, TiraSs (bibl. Tirass) – iafetis Zes – hyavda Zed Targamosi; am bibliur Tirass ukavSirdeba etruskebis warmomavlobac; etruskebisa da kavkasielebis winapari erTia – Tiras iafetis Ze. Sdr., agreTve, a. jafariZe, 1994, gv.71: iafeti – iafetis Ze – TaraSi – Targamosi. SeniSvna: r.gordezianma dausabuTeblad gaaTanabra erTmaneTTan bibliuri Tirasi da "qarTlis cxovrebis" TarSisi saxelebi: hipoTeturi TarSi CaTvala bibliuri Tiras/TiraS saxelis qarTul adekvatad. sinamdvileSi, bibliaSive, Tarsisi/TarSiSi aris iavanis Svili, Tirasi/TiraSi ki - iafetis Svili. vfiqrobT, Secdomis saTavea "qarTlis cxovrebis" Tarsisi/TarSisi formis miCneva TarS- savaraudo sakuTari saxelis naTesaobiTi brunvis formad; TarSisi formis -is- segmentis amgvarive mcdari gaazrebis safuZvelze, a.jafariZe fuZed aRadgens TaraSi formas.
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
qarTlSi egrissa da hereTs kaxeTis rangis pozicia eWiraT; mag., iakob curtavelis qmnilebaSi hereTi qarTlis ukiduresi aRmosavleTi Temia, xolo iovane sabanisZisa da giorgi merCulis mixedviT, egrisi/afxazeTic qarTlia, qarTulenovania (qarTuli mwerloba, I, gv.225, 454, 591; iv.javaxiSvili, I, gv.248; a.jafariZe, 1994, gv.81; ix. agreTve, qvemoT, 2.3.3.). Sdr., agreTve: Targamosis SvilTagan mxolod qarTlosisa da haosis CamomavalTa enebi - qarTuli da somxuria naxsenebi; mematianis mixedviT, somxuri adrec iyo, xolo qarTuli ena Cndeba nabuqodonosoris dros (Zv.w. VI saukune). mematianeni arsad axseneben egrosis, herosis, kavkasosis… memkvidreTa enebs; teqstiT igulisxmeba, rom farnavazis Semdeg TargamosianTa mTavari ena - dedaena xdeba qarTuli. winareqarTvelur enobriv situaciasTan mimarTebiT, sainteresoa "enaTa aRrevis" (kacobriobis axali modelis – mravalenovani/mravalerovani modelis - Seqmnis) bibliuri qronologiac: bibliuri welTaRricxvis mixedviT, dasabamidan qristemde
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
wleulSi (dawvrilebiT ix.: t.futkaraZe, 2000, gv.89-92). bibliuri qronologia TavisTavad sainteresoa, magram amJamad CvenTvis sainteresoa faqti: bibliis mixedviT, enebis aRreva ivaraudeba Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi - evraziis istoriis im periodSi, rodesac mecnierebis mierac navaraudevia didi eTnikurenobriv-kulturuli Serevebi; kerZod: axlo aRmosavleTis avtoqTon mosaxleobas intensiurad Seeria indoevropeli da semiti modgmis xalxebi. faqtia isic, rom mravalsaukunovani bibliuri tradiciisa da Zveli qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT, qarTveloba bibliuri "enebis aRrevisas" warmoqmnil msoflios uZveles erTa Sorisaa da mis sacxovrisad kavkasiaanatolia miiCneva. 2.1.1.2. berZnuli miTologiis zevsamdeli RmerTi - titan iafetis Svili - promeTe zevsma daamarcxa da kavkasions miajaWva; winareberZnuli (protoiberiuli) mosaxleobis RmerTis (J. diu-
wels; e.i. enebi aRreula qristemde 3212 wlis Semdeg… Sdr.: Zvel wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, vaxuSti fiqrobs, rom noes SvilTa ganyofa unda momxdariyo dasabamidan 1758 wels, anu qristemde 3846 wels). aSkaraa, rom bibliis mixedviT, babilonis godolis misteria, anu erebisa da enebis gaCena ivaraudeba Zv.w. III aTas-
mezli, s. yauxCiSvili, z. gamsaxurdia…) kavkasiasTan identifikacia safuZvels iZleva, vivaraudoT, rom iafetis Ze promeTe iberiul-kavkasiuri modgmis simbolod warmoedginaT Zvel berZnebs (niSandoblivia, rom bibliur komentarebSic eTnarqi iafeti qarTvelebTanaa dakavSirebuli). samecniero literaturaSi gaziarebuli TvalsazrisiT, berZnuli miTologiis titanebi da gmirebi warmoadgenen araberZnul, winaberZnul samyaros - pelazgur kulturas; pelazgebi ki qarTvelur samyarosTan asocirdebian (o.neraxeris msjelobis Sesaxeb ix.: z.gamsaxurdia, 1991, gv.31; pelazgebisa da kolx-iberebis saerTo warmomavlobaze ix. r.gordeziani, 1993, gv.8). SemTxveviTi ar Cans, rom promeTes saxesxvaoba RvTaeba amirani kavkasieli xalxebis miTologiis uZvelesi dafenebaa (saxelis sxva variantebia: saerToqarTveluri amiran- svanuri: amrim/mirim/amirm/miran; megruli: aram (< aran < amiran); afxazuri: amrsk-Hl-/abrskil-; osuri: amran-; somxuri: mheri. qarTuli miTologiis tragikuli RvTaebis - amiranisa da titan promeTes - igiveobis mtkicebas bevri argumenti eZebneba.
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ivaraudeba 5604 weli (iovane zosimes qronologiaSi – 5500). bibliis Tanamedrove gamocemebis monacemTa SejerebiT, adamidan noes Svilebamde periodi moicavs 2142 wels; warRvna moxda adams aqeT 2242 wels, anu qristemde 3362 wels (t. futkaraZe, 2000, gv.89; Sdr., a.jafariZe, 1994, gv.15); adamidan noemde periods 2242 wliT gansazRvravs iovane zosimec Tavis naSromSi: "cnoba~ dasabamiTganni welni da qriste~T mosvliTgani". noe dabadebuli Cans qristemde 3962 wels – warRvnamde 600 wliT adre. noes Semdeg me-5 Taoba iyo falek; "dReTa misTa ganinawila queyana" (Sesaqme, X, 25). noedan falekamde gasulia 750 weli; faleki daibada 3212
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
berZen mweralTa cnobiT, qristianobamdel saqarTveloSi arsebobda promeTes miTis msgavsi legenda; "elinTa mwerlebi, ukve VIV saukuneebidan moyolebuli, am Tqmulebas - kavkasiurad da TviT promeTeosis mijaWvis adgilad kavkasias miiCnevdnen. promeTeosis ambavs kavkasiurad sTvlida mag., gamoCenili geografi strabonic" (iv.javaxiSvili, 1979, gv.201, 190; Sdr., s.yauxCiSvili, 1964, 33-34; sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix., n.CixlaZe, 1992). garda amisa: RvTiuri warmomavloba, ukvdaveba, RvTiuri ganZis (cecxlis, yamaris) qveynad Camotana, RrubelTbatonis damarcxeba (Sdr, zevsis motyueba), "axali" RmerTisgan kavkasionze mijaWva, mijaWvuli gmirisTvis arwivis mier RviZlis kortna da sxva simboluri informacia-pasaJebi uTuod aaqtualurebs promeTesa da amiranis igiveobis sakiTxs. aSkaraa isic, rom winareberZnul-protoiberiuli RvTaebis Sesaxeb miTis qarTulma variantma qristianobis Semdeg seriozuli transformacia ganicada: zRapradqceul miTSi zevsis adgili qristeRmerTma daiWira, xolo Zveli RvTaeba zRaprul gmirad gadaazrianda (t.futkaraZe, 1995). winareberZnuli da antikuri kulturebis mkvlevarTa azriT, Zv.w. mesame aTaswleulis Sua periodamde xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi da mcire aziaSi yvaoda araindoevropeli xalxebis mier Seqmnili didi kultura; varaudoben, rom dRevandel qarTvelTa winaprebi da Soreuli naTesavebi (pelazgebi, etruskebi, baskebi da sxva) am winareberZnuli kulturis SemoqmedTa uSualo STamomavlebi arian (msjelobisa da literaturisaTvis ix. r.gordeziani, 1970; r.gordeziani, 1985; r.gordeziani, 1988; z.gamsaxurdia, 1991). mesame aTaswleulidan xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi Zlierdebian indoevropeli tomebi, "rac berZnul miTologiaSi simbolizebulia iapetis Zis titan promeTes - mijaWviT kavkasionze; promeTe iafeturi kacobriobaa, zevsi - indoevropuli kacobrioba"; zevsis mier promeTes kavkasiaSi mijaWva miTologiuri Sifrogramaa im faqtisa, rom indoevropelTagan damarcxebuli winaberZnuli modgmisa da kulturis centrad SemorCa kavkasia - qveyana, sadac Senaxuli aqvT oqros sawmisi - sakraluri ganZi (z. gamsaxurdia, 1991, gv. 26-28). Zv.w. XV saukuneSi, kretis minosuri kulturis dacemis Sem-
deg (santorinis katastrofa), berZenTagan aqtiurad xdeba winareberZnuli kulturis sruli dapyroba-aTviseba: mcireaziuri/winareberZnuli kulturis mTavari ganZi - kulturis simbolo - "oqros sawmisi" am dros jer kidev kolxeTSia Sefarebuli, gaxiznuli Tu waRebuli (berZenTa xedviT, gatacebuli!); saWiro iyo ara mxolod damarcxebulis "moTviniereba" (mijaWva-axsna), aramed winareberZnuli kulturis simbolos dapyroba-dasakuTrebac (Sdr., oqros sawmisi iyo xaTebis miwaze damkvidrebuli xeTebis samefo Zalauflebis simboloc); Sesabamisad: pelazgi iazonis mier aietis qveynis "dalaSqvra" berZenTa did gmirobad iTvleba: am faqts winareberZnuli kulturis centris dapyrobis TvalsazrisiT Tu SevafasebT, naTeli gaxdeba, rom berZnebad gamocxadebuli pelazgi argonavtebis gmirobani Tu eSmakobani berZenTa TviTdamkvidrebis periods ufro asaxavs. sainteresoa isic, rom herakles mier promeTeosis aSveba swored amis Semdeg xdeba: argonavtTa mier kolxTaTvis "oqros sawmisis" moparvis Semdeg berZnebisTvis ukve aRar aris saSiSi protoqarTvelur-winareberZnuli kultura: heraklem zevsis pirvelobas Seguebuli, damarcxebuli promeTe auSva... arsebiTia kidev erTi sakiTxi: promeTe-amiranis miTis qarTvelur variantSi RvTaeba (ukvdavi gmiri) kavkasionze mijaWvuli rCeba! Cans, qarTvelurma sinamdvilem ar gaiTavisa miTis berZnuli varianti: ar igua zevsis Zis - herakles mier amiranis gaTavisuflebis idea da Tavissave axal gmirs daeloda; SemTxveviTi ar aris is, rom qarTvelur tradicias arc oqros sawmisis dakargva axsovs - esec berZenTa gamonagonad CaiTvala... amave dros, qarTvelTa istorias Tu mexsierebas qalaq afsarosad da mdinare afsarad SemorCa mterTan (momxdurTan) brZolaSi daRupuli pirveli qarTveli ufliswulis - miTur-legenduri afsirtes - saxeli... pirveli mefis - tragikuli aietis saxelic meordeba istoriuli saqarTvelos/lazikas mefeTa saxelad (Sdr., zogi mkvlevari afsarosSi xeTuri xanis xaiasur qalaq arifsas xedavs). SemTxveviTi arc is unda iyos, rom, berZnuli tradiciiTve,
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kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
kolxeTis mefis - aietis - adrindel samflobelod gviandeli saberZneTis korinTo iTvleba, xolo Tesalieli iazoni warmoSobiT pelazgia; Sdr., s.janaSia fiqrobs, rom arian-qarTvelTa mefis Ze azo - Tesalieli iazonis bundovani xsovna - sasper-iberebis eTnarqia (s.janaSia, 1952, gv.74-77)… kavkasieli "eTnarqebis Tesaliuri warmoSoba interess iwvevs imdenad, ramdenadac Tesalia pelazgebis buded aris miCneuli" (s.janaSia, 1943, gv.372-373; Tesalieli gmiris - aqilevsisa da amiranis Sesaxeb ix. q.TuiTi, 1998). Sdr., S.gabeskiria, 2003, gv.37: azo warmoSobiT qarTvelia, arian-qarTlelia. arian-qarTli aris mcire aziis samxreT-aRmosavleTSi, e.w. gvianxeTuri saxelmwifos teritoriaze cnobili mxare, romlis centrsac qalaqi arani (Tanamedrove harani) warmoadgenda; es mxare xaTebis uSualo memkvidre mesxebis kuTvnili teritoriaa (Sdr., zogi mecnieri xaTebis memkvidred qasqebs miiCnevs)… zogad StrixebSi Cven viziarebT S.gabeskirias varauds da davZenT, azo xaTebis memkvidre mosxebis an qasqebis modgmisa SeiZleba iyos (sakiTxi Semdgom kvlevas saWiroebs). ase rom, azosa da qujfarnavazis istoria qarTvelur tomTa Soris pirvelobisaTvis brZolas unda asaxavdes… Sdr.: m.fasmerisa da l.zgustas kvlevebis kvalad, m.andronikaSvili fiqrobs, rom azo skviTur-alanuri warmomavlobis sakuTari saxelia da etimologiurad "Txas" ukavSirdeba (m. andronikaSvili, 1966, gv. 131); ix. agreTve, m.sanaZe, 2000, gv.40-45: azo amierkavkasiaSi gadmosaxlebuli im skviTebis beladia, romelTac Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebSi asureTisa da midiis sazRvarze Seqmnes skviTTa saxelmwifo - ariani (aria - indoelebis, sparselebis, midielebis, skviTebis, alanebis Tavdapirveli TviTsaxelwodeba); "elinisturi xanis dasawyisSi samxreT kavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis gacnobisas, mosulma berZnebma aq aiTvises Tqmulebebi azoze; azo iazonad gaiazres…". azo/iazonis Tema calkea sakvlevi, aq ki SegviZlia, vTqvaT:
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kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
bibliisa da berZnuli miTebis ganmmartebelTa TvalsazrisiT, qarTvelTa Soreuli warsuli ukavSirdeba im Zvel mosaxleobas, romelic evraziis centralur nawilSi - anatoliakavkasiaSi cxovrobda. 2.1.2. mecnieruli mosazrebani qarTvelTa istoriuli samSoblos Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi ramdenime mosazreba gvaqvs: 2.1.2.1. migraciis (kavkasiaSi mosvlis) Teoria.
qarTvelTa istoriuli sacxovrisi iyo qaldea/xalde/qarTu, romelic mdebareobda mcire aziaSi, Crdilo mesopotamiasa da tigros-evfratis saTaveebSi; qarTvelTa winaprebi amierkavkasiaSi movidnen Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi (i.WavWavaZe, 1955, gv.113; iv.javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.412, 432-435; iv.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.28, 247-251). qarTvelebi amierkavkasiaSi mosulebad iTvlebian, agreTve, zogi berZnuli wyaros mixedviT; kerZod, dasavleT evropis iberiidan gadmosaxldnen aRmosavleTis iberiaSi - Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze (ix. zemoT). samecniero literaturaSi gvaqvs migraciis Teoriis dasabuTebis mcdelobac; magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT ivane javaxiSvilis msjelobas: "yvela qarTveli tomis samSoblo, rogorc viciT, qaldia iyo (xazi Cvenia - t.f.); maSasadame, kavkasiaSi qarTvelebi iqidan unda mosuliyven... kavkasiis yvela uuZveles saflavSi napovni Tavebis gazomvam daamtkica, rom Tavdapirvelad Cvens qveyanaSi TavgrZelebi anu dolixokefalebi cxovrobdnen; xolo ukve gansvenebulma prof. virxovma aRniSna, rom Tanamedrove qarTvelebi da somxebi gansakuTrebiT Tavmokleni anu braxikefalebi arian... kavkasias qarTvelebi Zv.w. IX saukunis Semdeg unda mosdgomodnen" (iv.javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.28, 50-55). Tanamedrove anTropologTa daskvniT, saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxleobis uwyveti genetikuri erTianoba dasturdeba - 210 -
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
uZvelesi droidan dRemde; Tumca, kavkasiis anTropologiurma tipebma SesamCnevi TandaTanobiTi transformacia ganicades: "calkeuli niSnebisa da tipebis (doloqokranulidan braqikranulis mimarTulebiT) cvlas sazogadod TandaTanobiTi gadasvlis xasiaTi hqonda" (ix. m.abduSeliSvili, 1964; m.abduSeliSvili, 1971; l.biTaZe, 2002). vfiqrobT, "qarTlis cxovrebis" adreuli teqstis mcdari gageba gaxda erT-erTi impulsi/safuZveli saqarTveloSi qarTvelTa araavtoqTonobis samtkiceblad; kerZod, "moqceva~ qarTlisa~s" teqstSi vkiTxulobT: "pirvel odes aleqsandre mefeman naTesavni igi loTis SvilTani wariqcina da SeBadna igini kedarsa mas queyanasa, ixilna naTesavni sastikni bunTurqni, msxdomareni mdinaresa zeda mtkuarsa mixueviT, oTx qalaqad da dabnebi maTi: sarkine, kaspi, urbnisi da oZrxe da cixeni maTni: cixe~ didi sarkinisa~, ufliscixe~ kaspisa, urbnisisa da oZrBisa~. daukvirda aleqsandres"...(Satberdis krebuli, 1979, gv.320). Sdr., bunTurqebTan dakavSirebiT, "qarTlis cxovrebaSi" vkiTxulobT: aleqsandrem "gardamovlna kavkasni da movida qarTlad da povna yovelni qarTvelni uborotes yovelTa naTesavTa sjuliTa. rameTu colqmrobisa da siZvisaTvis ara uCnda naTesaoba, yovelsa suliersa Wamdes, viTarca mxecni da pirutyvni, romelTa qcevisa warmoTqma uxm ars. da ixilna ra ese naTesavni sastikni warmarTni, romelTa-igi Cuen bunTurqad da yivCayad uwodT, msxdomareni mdinaresa mas mtkurisasa mixveviT, daukvirda ese aleqsandres..."... am konteqstSi yivCayebis xseneba saerTod gaugebrobaa; es xalxi ar saxeldeba ax.w. I aTaswleulSic ki; rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, isini mxolod Sedarebis konteqstSi arian naxsenebi XI-XII saukuneebis redaqtoris mier. ufro problemuria Turqebisa da bunTurqebis sakiTxi. "matiane qarTlisa~s" mixedviT, istorikosTa nawili fiqrobs, rom saqarTvelos amJamindel teritoriaze araqarTvelebi (an araqarTvelebic) cxovrobdnen; mag.:
"dRevandel saqarTvelos teritoriaze winaelinistur xanaSi sxvadasxva araqarTveli modgmis tomi cxovrobda: "naTesavni igi loTis SvilTaganni, bunTurqni, honni..." (d.musxeliSvili, 1993, gv.341; ix., agreTve, iv.javaxiSvili, 1979, gv.236, 246: k.kekeliZesTan polemika). "moqceva~ qarTlisa~s" safuZvelze, zogi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom bunTurqebi kavkasiis avtoqToni mosaxleobaa (m.seidovi, 1969; i. zeireki, 2003). ukanasknel periodSi bunTurqebis sakiTxs sagangebo werili miuZRvna g.alasaniam; sakiTxis detaluri istoriografiis Semdeg mkvlevari wers: "vfiqrobT, sworia im mkvlevarTa mosazreba, romlebsac d.baqraZis kvaldakval, es ambebi midiis xanaSi gadaaqvT, xolo qarTul wyaroebSi moxseniebul bunTurqebs skviTebad miiCneven"; xazarebi da bunTurqebi skviTebi arian (g.alasania, 2000, gv.23; m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.150). marTlac, logikuria, rom sparsTa mefe qaixosrosgan otebuli "Turqebi" skviTebTan gavaigivoT (m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.150; Sdr., Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoria, gv.526: "626-615 wlebs Soris kiaxsari ara marto amarcxebs skviTebs da midiidan erekeba maT, aramed aerTianebs iranis mTel zegans"). savaraudoa, rom leonti mrovelis dros termini Turqi velur tomTa gaerTianebis saxelad ganzogadda da dRevandeli mniSvnelobiT gvian dakonkretda. rac Seexeba terminebis: Turqi/bunTurqi mimarTebas: "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, aleqsandres wina periodSi, "yovelTa qarTvelTa" nebarTviT, mcxeTasTan axlos, mxolod qalaq sarkineSi dasaxlda sparsTagan otebuli Turqebis ZiriTadi nawili: yovelTa qarTvelTa "inebes damegobreba maT TurqTa, rameTu aqunda SiSi sparsTa, da SemweobisaTvis daimegobrnes Turqni igi gamosxmulni, da ganiyvanes (/daanawiles) yovelTa qalaqTa Sina. xolo umravlesni maTganni movides da poves adgili erTi mcxeTas dasavliT kerZo, kldeTa Soris gamokveTili, Rrma, da moiTxoves adgili igi mcxeTelTa mamasaxlisisgan. misca da aRaSenes igi, moizRudes mtkiced da ewoda mas adgilsa sarkine" (gv.15, 18); Sdr., mcxeTelma mamasaxlisma xarkis safasurad zanavSi daasaxla nabuqodonosor mefis mier "otebulni uriani" (gv.15-
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kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis... 16); "moqceva~s" mixedviT, zanavSi saxldebian qaldevelTagan gamosxmulni honni. samecniero literaturaSi miCneulia, rom honni aq imave skviTebs gulisxmobs, xolo qaldevelni - sparselebs (g.araxamia, 1994; m.sanaZe, 2000). qarTuli wyaroebis warmodgenili faqtebidan ar Cans, rom amierkavkasiaSi bunTurqebi avtoqTonebi arian. aseve, nakleb sarwmunoa, rom Zvel mematianeT ori termini (Turqni da honni) hqonodaT skviTTa aRsaniSnavad. kvlevis am etapze ufro savaraudoa, rom skviTebs miemarTeba mxolod Turqi - velur tomTa zogadi saxeli X-XI saukuneebis saqarTveloSi. samecniero literaturaSi sxvadasxvagvaradaa ganmartebuli termini bunTurqebi; kerZod (samecniero literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. g.alasania, 2000, gv.21): m.brose: pirvelyofili Turqebi - Sah-names Turanelebi, romlebic gandevna sparseTis mefe qaixosrom; e.TayaiSvili: bun- somxurad Subis tars niSnavs; Sesabamisad, bunTurqi - Subosani Turqi; n.mari, i.yifSiZe, m.andronikaSvili: bunTurqi - avtoqToni, adgilobrivi; l.meliqseT-begi: bunTurqi Secdomaa paleografiulad; iyo hun-Turqi; g.meliqiSvili: Tavdapirveli Turqi; z.anCabaZe: hunebi, kavkasieli Turqebi; v.gabaSvili: hunebi/gunebi; g.wulaia: avtoqToni Turqebi... Cveni azriT, termini bunTurqi msazRvrel-sazRvrulis SerwymiT warmoqmnili kompozitia: buni Turqi > bunTurqi, sadac buni niSnavs ZiriTad nawils, birTvs, mTavars (Sdr., il.abulaZe: buni - namdvili, mkvidri, Tumca, konteqstiT ufro ZiriTadi unda iyos; Sdr., m.andronikaSvili, gv.297: bun - fuZe, ZiriTadi, saZirkveli): kompozitis Sinaarsi ki unda gavigoT, rogorc TurqTa ZiriTadi nawili: mcxeTasTan axlos aleqsandrem mravlad naxa is Turqebi, romlebic kompaqturad dasaxldnen sarkineSi; Sdr.: danarCeni Turqebi/skviTebi qarTvelebma "ganiyvanes yovelTa qalaqTa Sina". arqaul qarTulSi bunTurqis msgavsi msazRvrel-sazRvruli Tu kompoziti sxvac dasturdeba: iv.imnaiSvilis daskvniT, uZve-
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kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
les qarTulSi msazRvreli win iyo (gvian damkvidrda postpoziciuri wyoba); Sdr., mag.: keTili Rvino~, puris Wama~, ucxo-Tesli, SuaRame, didZali, didfasi, erTSabaTi...(iv.imnaiSvili, 1957, gv.556, 277, 229; a.SaniZe, 1976, gv.57-58). bunTurq- kompozitis amgvar etimologias amyarebs da kavkasiaSi TurqTa avtoqTonobis usafuZvlobas cxads xdis "qarTlis cxovrebisa" da "moqceva~ qarTlisa~s" teqstTa saTanado teqstebis Sepirispirebac: miCneulia, rom "qarTlis cxovrebis" erT-erTi wyaroa "moqceva~ qaarTlisa~"; es ukanaskneli ki TiTqosda mxars uWers kavkasiaSi TurqTa avtoqTonobisa da qarTvelTa migraciis Teorias. ZiriTad StrixebSi "qarTlis cxovreba" da "moqceva~ qarTlisa~" marTlac emTxveva erTmaneTs: bunTurqebi – saqarTveloSi aleqsandres mosvla - azos datoveba - sarkines xangrZlivi omi... zustad meordeba frazebic ki, mag., "msxdomareni mdinaresa zeda mtkuarsa mixueviT" ("moqceva~ qarTlisa~") da "msxdomareni mdinaresa mas mtkurisasa mixveviT" ("qarTlis cxovreba")... ZiriTadi gansxvavebebia: "qarTlis cxovreba": qarTli qarTvelTa qveyanaa; aq, qarTvelTa nebarTviT, devnili Turqebi kompaqturad dasaxldnen mxolod sarkineSi (sarkineSi dasaxlebuli Turqebi bunTurqebi arian!); aleqsandres dros qarTvelebi da sxva araqarTvelebi sarkineSi kompaqturad Casaxlebuli TurqebiviT velurebi arian. "moqceva~ qarTlisa~": qarTlSi pirvelad mosul aleqsandres bunTurqebi daxvdnen (rac sulac ar niSnavs TurqTa avtoqTonobas!); kerZod, maTi qalaqebi iyo: sarkine, kaspi (ufliscixe), urbnisi, oZrxe... meored mosulma aleqsandrem isini daamarcxa da es qveyana azos Caabara. wyaroTa urTierTkavSiri uTuoa! bun-TurqTa problemas naTels mohfens warmodgenili teqstebis (fragmentebis) pirveladobis garkveva: - 214 -
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
"moqceva~ qarTlisa~"-s Satberduli variantis (WeliSur xelnawers Sesavali - mokle istoriuli eqskursi - aklia) SesavalSi dasaxelebuli e.w. bunTurqTa qalaqebi: sarkine, kaspi (ufliscixe), urbnisi da oZrBe naxsenebia "qarTlis cxovrebaSic", oRond, amaTgan bolo sami sakuTriv qarTuli qalaqebia. "qarTlis cxovrebaSi" sxva qalaqebicaa: wunda, xerTvisi, Tuxarisi, Zveli mcxeTa, zanavi, rusTavi, samSvilde, xunani da sxva. mcxeTa yvelaze ufro didi da cnobili qalaqi iyo da ratom ar axsenebs mas "moqceva~s" avtori Tu redaqtori? bunebrivia, mcxeTis daarsebamde ver daiwereboda "moqceva~ qarTlisa~s" verc erTi wyaro... samecniero literaturaSi gabatonebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom "moqceva~s" Sesavali uZvelesi qarTuli wyaroa; vfiqrobT, amgvar midgomas mxars ar uWers bunTurqTa epizodebis Sepirispireba "qarTlis cxovrebisa" da "moqceva~s" mixedviT; kerZod, rCeba STabeWdileba, rom Cvenamde moRweuli "moqceva~s" Sesavali teqsti "qarTlis cxovrebis" adreuli redaqciis mokle da, amave dros, damaxinjebuli variantia; warmovadgenT saTanado frazaTa teqstologiur analizs: "cxovrebis" teqstSi sityvaforma mixveviT gulisxmobs mravlad; teqsti ase unda gavigoT: aleqsandrem qarTlSi, mtkvris/mcxeTis gaswvriv (axlos) mravlad naxa bunTurqebis msgavsi veluri qarTvelebi (gv.17: aleqsandrem "povna yovelni qarTvelni uborotes yovelTa naTesavTa sjuliTa. rameTu colqmrobisa da siZvisaTvis ara uCnda naTesaoba..."). Sdr., "moqceva~s" teqstSi sityvaformis - "mixueviT" - Sinaarsi gaurkvevelia, ris gamoc am cnobili teqstis profesionali gamomcemlebi sxvadasxvanair punqtuacias iyeneben; Sdr.: ilia abulaZe, 1964, gv.81: "ixilna naTesavni sastikni bunTurqni, - msxdomareni mdinaresa zeda mtkuarsa, mixueviT, oTx qalaqad, da dabnebi maTi". b.gigineiSvili, el.giunaSvili, 1979, gv.320: "ixilna naTesavni sastikni bunTurqni, msxdomareni mdinaresa zeda mtkuarsa mixue- 215 -
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
viT, oTx qalaqad, da dabnebi maTi" (aq sityvaforma mixveviT mZimeebiT aRar aris gamoyofili). z.sarjvelaZis mier es adgili ganmartebulia, rogorc "miyolebiT"; miseuli teqsti ase gamoiyureba: "ixilna naTesavni sastikni bunTurqni - msxdomareni mdinaresa zeda mtkuarsa, miyolebiT/mixveviT oTx qalaqad" (z.sarjvelaZe, 1995); ganmarteba dausabuTebelia; Sdr., iqve, z.sarjvelaZis mierve savsebiT marTebuladaa ganmartebuli sawyisi forma mixueva; kerZod: mixveva - modeba, mixveva; Sdr., moedo, daexvia. daexvia (/moedo; Sdr., xvavi da gamoTqma: "buziviT exveoda") zmnisgan SeiZleba vawarmooT simravlis aRmniSvneli zmnisarTi mixveviT/mravlad/xvavierad, magram am zmnuri fuZisgan Tanamimdevrobis/miyolebis (miyolebiT) aRmniSvneli zmnisarTi ver warmoiqmneba; Sesabamisad, erT sintagmad unda ganvixiloT msxdomareni mixveviT anu, msxdomareni mravlad/miyriT; Sdr., z.sarjvelaZis azriT: mixveviT/miyolebiT oTxi qalaqi. garda zemoTqmulisa, "moqceva~s" teqstis warmodgenili fragmentis meoreulobasa da saeWvoobas cxadyofs dasaxelebul qalaqTa ganlagebac: oZrxe ar aris mtkvris xeobaSi, miT umetes, urbniss miyolebiT (Sdr.: "moqceva~ qarTlisa~" Seiqmna IX saukuneSi "ninos cxovrebis" safuZvelze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, daiwera VII saukuneSi ucnobi avtoris mier; p.ingoroyva, l.janaSia, k.Tumanovi..). vfiqrobT, naTelia: qarTvelTa qristianobamdeli istoriis gadmocemisas, "moqceva~s" avtori eyrdnoba "qarTlis cxovrebis" adreul redaqcias - mis Sesaval nawils (Sdr., n.berZeniSvili, 1990, gv.554-555); Cans, Sesavali nawili metad Semoklebulia da, agreTve, teqstis erTi monakveTis vergagebis gamo, Sinaarsic damaxinjebulia. warmodgenili msjeloba kidev erTi faqtiT adasturebs iv. javaxiSvilis daskvnas: wm. ninos Satberdiseuli cxovreba Zveli cnobebis gadamuSavebiTaa Seqmnili da, amave dros, bevr siyalbes Seicavs (ix. iv.javaxiSvili, I, gv.226-227). "qarTlis cxovrebis" Sesaxeb Sdr., m.sanaZis marTebuli daskvnac (m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.17, 26, 149): "qar- 216 -
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
Tlis cxovrebis" vaxtang gorgaslamdeli nawili Sedgeba calkeuli qronikebisa da "cxovrebisagan", romlebic sxvadasxva drosa da sxvadasxva avtoris mier daiwera. Sesabamisad, sruliad umizezod iyo aqamde ugulebelyofili "qarTlis cxovrebis" anderZ-minaweri, romelic gvauwyebs, rom: "wigni ese qarTvelTa cxovrebisa vidre vaxtangisamde aRiwereboda JamiT-Jamad"... xazarul-skviTuri epizodis aRwerisas SedarebiT Tanamimdevruli da logikuria "qarTlis cxovreba"; mag., "qarTlis cxovrebis" teqstSi garkveviT weria, rom qarTlSi aleqsandres daxvdnen yovelni qarTvelni, magram isini iyvnen warmarTebi, urwmunoni, araqristianni (mematiane marTlmadideblobis apologeti beria!), da, amdenad, cudi qarTveli adamianebi; Sdr., aleqsandres mosvlamde, Zv.w. VI saukuneSi, nabuqodonosoris dros qarTlSi "Semokrbes ese uricxvni naTesavni": xazarebi (CrdiloeTidan gadmosuli skviTebi), Turqebi (midiidan gamoqceuli skviTebi), ebraelebi, berZnebi, asurelebi... swored xalxTa am aRrevis gamo "ipyres sjuli uborotesi yovelTa naTesavTasa. rameTu colqmrobisaTvis ara uCndaT naTesaoba; yovelsa suliersa Wamdes; saflavi ar iyo, mkudarsa SesWamdes" (gv.16)... aleqsandres Semosvlis drosac amave sityvebs imeorebs mematiane; qristiani avtori Tu redaqtori Zveli drois warmarT qarTvelebsa da araqarTvelebs adarebs Tavis TanamedroveTaTvis (XI-XII saukuneebis) nacnob velurebs - Turqebsa da yivCayebs. logikuria isic, rom teqstis momdevno nawilSi mematiane CamoTvlis qarTlSi arsebul enebs (somxuri, qarTuli, xazaruli, asuruli, ebrauli, berZnuli; gv.16), magram maT gverdiT Turqul enas ar axsenebs: albaT, Zveli avtorisTvis xazaruli ena is skviTuria, romliTac qaixosrosgan gamodevnili "Turqebic" (skviTebic) metyveleben; xolo gviandeli redaqtorisa Tu leonti mrovelisTvis xazarebi ukve Turqebi arian, Sesabamisad, misTvis xazarulSi moiazreba TurqTa/bunTurqTa enac (Sdr.: z.aleqsiZe, 1991, gv.83-84; g.alasania, 2000, gv.25 da m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.32); Sdr.: qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli qronikebis avtor-redaqtorTa mixedviT (da ara leonti
mrovelis azriT! Sdr., m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.32), xazarebis STamomavlebi arian osebi (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.12, 12-15). amrigad, qarTlis cxovrebaSi warmodgenili termini bunTurqi kompozitia: buni Turqi - birTvi (ZiriTadi nawili) Turqebisa. Sesabamisad, axali welTaRricxvis IX-X saukuneebis qarTul enaSi velurTa aRmniSvneli termini Turqi miemarTeba Zv.w. pirveli aTaswleulis Sua periodSi sparseTis mefe qiaxsarisgan (qaixosrosgan) gamodevnili skviTebis im ZiriTad jgufs, romelic qarTvelebma kompaqturad daasaxles sarkineSi. Sdr.: kavkasiaSi Turqulenovani xazarebi pirvelad Cndebian ax.w. V saukuneSi, xolo yivCayebi - XI saukuneSi; Zv.w. VI-IV saukuneebis xazarebi/"Turqebi" indoevropul enaze metyveli xalxia, xolo ax.w. X-XI saukuneebis xazarebi da Turqebi/bunTurqebi Turqulenovani. "qarTlis cxovrebaSi", aseve, naTlad weria, rom "Semdgomad ganyofisa enaTasa", e.i. odiTganve (erebis gaCenisTanave), kavkasiaSi daemkvidrnen iafetis STamomavalni - Targamosis Zeni, maT Soris: qarTlosi, egrosi, kaxosi, herosi... droTa ganmavlobaSi sxva xalxebic Semoerivnen da, Sesabamisad, "iyvnes qarTls esreT aRreul ese yovelni naTesavni, da izraxeboda qarTlsa Sina equsi ena: somxuri, qarTuli, xazaruli, asuruli, ebrauli, berZnuli; maTgan farnavazma "ganavrco ena~ qarTuli da arRara izraxeboda sxua ena qarTlsa Sina Tvinier qarTulisa" (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.16, 26). warmodgenil monakveTSi sxva faqticaa asaxuli: "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, Targamosis modgma (iberiulkavkasiuri xalxi da ara indoevropeli kimerielebi) cxovrobda mcire aziasa da kavkasiaSi (sakiTxis istoriisTvis ix.m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.166-167); e.i. istoriul qarTlSi ZirZveli mosaxleni Targamosianni arian, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi sxvebic damkvidrdnen. Cveni azriT, TargamosianTa da mosulTa integraciis procesi iberiul-kavkasiuri erTobisgan sabolood mijnavs qarTvelur modgmas: kimerielebisa da skviTebis (e.w. bunTurqebis) amierkavkasiaSi Semosvla SeiZleba davsaxoT iberiul-kavkasiuri erTobidan
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kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
qarTveluri enobriv-eTnikuri erTobis (kontinuumis) gamomijvnis erT-erT bolo faqtorad: swored Zv.w. VI saukunidan xdeba saerToqarTvelur koineSi skviTuri da sparsuli sityvebis didi nakadis Semosvla (saTanado masalisaTvis ix., m.andronikaSvili, 1966; a. billi, 2003). aqve aRvniSnavT, m.sanaZis azriT, skviTTa (indoevropelTa) kavkasiaSi Semosvlamde (Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebamde) dRevandeli saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze (kaxeTis CaTvliT!) arsebobda protozanuri ena, romelsac, daefina ra skviTur-indoevropuli metyveleba, imereTis, guriis, aWaris, imerxevis, tao-klarjeTisa da qarTl-kaxeTis teritoriaze warmoiqmna CvenTvis cnobili qarTuli - zanuri da skviTuri enebis "hibridi" ena (mosazreba gamoiTqva CvenTan zepir saubarSi; Sdr., agreTve, m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.49-53). Cven ver gaviziarebT am TavisTavad saintereso mosazrebas: saerToqarTvelur enobriv modelTan svanur-zanuri da sxva qarTveluri kiloebis mimarTeba cxadyofs, rom samwignobro qarTulisTvis amosavali ver iqneba e.w. protozanuri an protosvanuri enobrivi modelebi (ix. qvemoT, 2.2.3.). vfiqrobT, jerjerobiT ar Cans arc erTi myari sabuTi, vamtkicoT qarTvelTa araavtoqTonoba kavkasiaSi. SeniSvna: qarTvelTa migraciis Teoriis sayrdenad ver gamodgeba, aseve, megasTenes cnoba (georgika, I, gv.30) nabuqodonosoris mier libiidan (iberTa qveynidan) pontos zRvis marjvena mxares gadmosaxlebuli iberebis Sesaxeb (Sdr., ufalma amave nabuqodonosoris xeliT dasaja Tavisi rCeuli eri - ebraelebi). 2.1.2.2. amierkavkasiaSi avtoqTonobis Teoria 2.1.2.2.1. samxreTi amierkavkasia. T.gamyreliZisa da v.ivanovis
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
siuri tipis enebis SereviT saTave daedo svanur enas; "TandaTan svanuri ena CrdiloeTisaken, didi kavkasionis qedis mimarTulebiT gandevna momdevno migraciulma talRam, romelic pirvels mohyva daaxloebiT cxra saukunis Semdeg;" am procesSi warmoqmnilma metyvelebam "SemdegSi mogvca Zveli kolxeTis erT-erTi ena - megrul-lazuri"; dasavleT mcire kavkasionis farglebSi darCenili saerToqarTveluri enis dialeqtebi safuZvlad daedo qarTul enas, romlis matareblebi, gansaxldnen ra dasavleTis mimarTulebiT, gansazRvrul teritoriaze daefinen kolxuri enis matarebelT, ris Semdegac moxda lazuri da megruli enebis warmoSoba; CrdiloeTiTa da Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT gadaadgilebulma tomebma aqedan (amJamindeli aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan - t.f.) gandevnes aRmosavlurkavkasiuri tipis enebze molaparake xalxi (T.gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, 1984, gv.880-881; T.gamyreliZe, 2000, gv.184). ra faqtebs Tu logikur argumentebs emyareba warmodgenili hipoTeza? samxreT amierkavkasiidan CrdiloeT amierkavkasiaSi e.w. "qarTveluri migraciebi" 5000-4000 wlebis winaa navaraudevi (T.gamyreliZe, 2000, gv.184), amdenad, anTropologiuri monacemebis garda, amdroindel sxva raime faqtebze ver vilaparakebT: arqauli leqsikisa da toponimikuri monacemebis mixedviT Seqmnili saTuo varaudebi (romelTac sagangebod ganvixilavT aqve) faqtebad ver CaiTvleba, warmodgenili Teoriis dasasabuTeblad saWiro anTropologiuri monacemebi ki ar arsebobs (ix. qvemoT). T. gamyreliZisa da v .ivanovis argumentTagan aRsaniSnavia ori: saerToqarTveluri enis sam enad daSlis dro da praenis leqsikis mixedviT aRdgenili garemo (cxovrebis wesi). ganvixiloT TiToeuli cal-calke:
mixedviT, qarTvelebi Tavidanve cxovrobdnen samxreT amierkavkasiaSi, kerZod, mcire kavkasionis (mesxeT-javaxeTis regionis) centraluri da dasavleTi nawilis mTianeTSi; Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi aqedan samxreT kavkasiis dasavleT nawilSi (kolxeTis dablobisken) ganxorcielda qarTveluri migraciebis pirveli talRa (xazi Cvenia - t.f.); maTi metyvelebisa da damxvduri Crdilokavka-
2.1.2.2.1.1. qarTvelTa sami ena 4000-5000 wlis win? XX saukunis meore naxevarSi enaTmecnier g.klimovis glotoqronologiuri meTodiT gamokvlevebis (romelic, Tavis mxriv, iyenebda svodeSis metad saTuo meTodologias) Semdeg samecnie-
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kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
ro wreebSi myarad damkvidrda azri, romlis mixedviTac jer kidev 5000-4000 wlis win arsebobda sami qarTveluri ena (Sesabamisad, sami qarTveluri tomi: qarTi, zani, svani), romelTagan erT-erTi - qarTuli - gabatonda kulturis enad (uTuod amgvarma midgomam istorikosebis gamokvlevebSi gaaaqtiura terminebi: qarTizacia da qarTvelizacia, romlebic, pirvel rigSi, gulisxmobs sxva qarTveluri tomebis Caylapvas - "gaqarTebas"/"gaqarTvelebas"). pirvel rigSi: ra safuZveli gvaqvs, rom marTlac qarTvelTa mxolod es sami tomi arsebobda Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi? Sdr.: "uZvelesi droidanve moyolebuli qarTvelebi mraval tomad danawilebuli yofilan; qristes Semdeg istoriuli wyaroebiT cnobili TiTqmis yvela tomi qristes winaT mravali saukunis manZilzec saistorio asparezze moqmedebda" (iv.javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.401). xeTur, asiriul, urartul, berZnul-romaul-bizantiur, somxur da sxva ucxour wyaroTa CvenebiT, II aTaswleulis dasasruls da I aTaswleulSi qarTveli tomebis istoriul teritoriaze (Crdilo mesopotamiidan kavkasionamde regionSi) cxovrobdnen qarTvelur ena-kavebze anu dialeqtebze molaparake da, Sesabamisad, qarTvelurad miCneuli Semdegi tomebi: muSqebi /mesxebi, diauxebi /taoxebi, kolaelebi, tibarenebi, iberebi /saspeirebi, quTebi, koraqsebi, marebi, beqe~rebi, haliZonebi /xalibebi, xaldebi /qaldebi, mosino~kebi /heptakometebi, biZerebi, Zidritebi, makronebi /makrokefalebi, fasianebi, melanqla~nebi, ekriktikes mcxovrebni /ekeqe~rebi, henioxebi, sanebi /Wanebi, sanigebi, lazebi, abazebi /obezebi, svanebi /misimielebi, suano-kolxebi, amarantebi, tuskebi, kaxebi, kuxebi, herebi, javaxebi, fxovelebi... (dawvrilebiT ix. zemoT). ris safuZvelze SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom amdeni tomis metyveleba mxolod sam an oTx enad dajgufdeba? miT umetes, enisa da kilos gamijvnis pirobiTobis viTarebaSi SeuZlebelia raime iseTi daskvnis gamotana, romelic mxars dauWers 5000 wlis win qarTvelTa mxolod im sami enis arsebobas, romlebic TiTqosda arseboben dResac. - 221 -
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
vfiqrobT, uZveles qarTvelur ena-kiloTa raodenobis dasadgenad ufro gamosadegia wyaroebSi dadasturebuli tomebis saxelTa ricxvi, vidre dRevandeli viTarebis Sesabamisad, amJamindeli svanebis, megrel-Wanebis Tu mesx-qarTlelebis "enebis" mixedviT, 4000-5000 wlis winac davuSvaT mxolod sami qarTveluri enobrivi erTeulis arseboba... friad saeWvoa qarTvelur enobriv erTeulTa daSlis g.klimoviseuli TariRic, romelic emyareba leqsikur-statistikur meTodsa da sakuTar saxelTa etimologias (ix. qvemoT 2.2.3.). 2.1.2.2.1.2. praenis leqsikis mixedviT aRdgenili garemo da cxovrebis wesi. praenis mixedviT Zveli sacxovrisis Zieba saukuneebis manZilze popularuli Tema iyo; qarTul sinamdvileSi amgvari mcdeloba hqonda jer kidev ilia WavWavaZes Tavis polemikuri xasiaTis naSromSi: "ai, istoria" (i.WavWavaZe, 1987, gv.79). monaTesave enobrivi erTeulebisTvis amosavali enis (fuZeenis, praenis; Sdr.: protoena - winare ena, Tavdapirveli ena) ZiriTadi leqsika Tu dadgindeba (intensiuri Serevebis gamo, zogjer warumatebelia amgvari cdebi), marTlac, SesaZlebelia winaremosaxleobis sacxovrisisa da garesamyaros enobrivi xedvis warmodgena, Sesabamisad - Zveli teritoriisa Tu kulturis savaraudo saxis aRdgena. bolo aTwleulebis manZilze Cvens sinamdvileSic gamoqveynda saerToqarTveluri "enobrivi xedvis" amsaxveli ramdenime gamokvleva (g.klimovi, 1964, gv.37; g.meliqiSvili, 1970, gv.339-340; T.gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, 1984, gv.880-882; m.qurdiani, 2002), romelTa mixedviTac qarTvelTa winaprebis sacxovrisad Zv.w. IV-II aTaswleulebis amierkavkasia da misi samxreTi regioni ivaraudeba; magaliTad, mcenareebis (anwli, gvimra, vaSli, verxvi, marwyvi, msxali, soko, cacxvi, Zewna, wifeli, wyavi...), cxovelebis (arCvi, daTvi, kverna, Txa, vaci, orbi, melia...) da sxva saerToqarTveluri saxelebis rekonstruqciiT g. klimovi varaudobs, rom qarTveluri mosaxleoba III-II aTaswleulTa mijnaze kavkasiis miwa-wyalze cxov-
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kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
robda (g.klimovi, 1964, gv.37; g.meliqiSvili, 1970, gv.339). warmodgenil problemas sagangebo werili uZRvna m.qurdianma; samecniero literaturaSi dadgenili saerToqarTveluri leqsikis (zRva, tba, Rele, wyali... xevi, klde, gori, tye, tevri, wvima, Tovli, gvalva, yinva, zvavi, Tbili... Zeli, naZvi, wifeli, wabli... Sveli, maCvi, eSvi... SaSvi, kakabi, CxarTvi, Zera, mercxali, Tolia, tredi... Rorjo, Cxami...) safuZvelze igi askvnis: "saerToqarTveluri enis dialeqtebze metyveli tomebi cxovrobdnen, didi kavkasionis samxreTi kalTebidan moyolebuli, samxreTiT sakmaod vrclad ganfenil teritoriaze, romelic srulad moicavda istoriuli saqarTvelos teritoriasac. CrdiloeTi sazRvari qarTvelTa pirvelsacxovrisisa iyo didi kavkasioni, dasavleT sazRvars ki Savi zRva warmoadgenda" (m.qurdiani, 2002, gv.86). kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT: warmodgenili avtorebis mier saerToqarTveluri leqsikis mixedviT qarTvelTa winaprebis garemosa da eTnokulturis aRdgena sainteresoa, oRond, CvenTvis sakamaToa maT mier navaraudevi dro (ix., aqve, 2.1.2.2.1.1. da 2.2.3.). T. gamyreliZisa da v. ivanovis TeoriaSi sakamaToa, agreTve, svanurSi Crdilokavkasiuri enebis substratis sakiTxi (gv.881); Cveni azriT, svanur kiloebSi marTlac STambeWdavia Cerqezuli enobrivi fena (ix. s.janaSias gamokvlevebi), magram ufro logikuri iqneba, vilaparakoT superstratze da ara substratze; kerZod, mravali faqti arsebobs imis samtkiceblad, rom svanuri metyveleba arqauli qarTulis is ganStoebaa, romelsac intensiurad Semoeria moZme kavkasielTa enobrivi elementebi (ix. qvemoT). Sdr., Tu T. gamyreliZisa da v. ivanovis azrs gaviziarebT, svanurisTvis sayrdeni ena romelime Crdilokavkasiuri enaa...
davi paralelebi ivleba samxreT kavkasiis kulturasa da Zvel kreta-mikenis kulturas Soris (saubaria qalis rolisa da damwerlobis uZvelesi - ieroglifuri - nimuSebis erTianobis Sesaxeb); b.kuftinis azriT (1941, gv.153), "TrialeTis yorRanTa brwyinvale kultura ueWvelad ekuTvnis qarTvel tomTa winaprebs; garda amisa, Cven mier mopovebuli masala gvimtkicebs, rom samxreT kavkasiaSi arsebuli uZvelesi fesvebi qarTuli kulturisa moqceuli yofila subaruli da xaTur-mcireaziuri eTnikuri sistemebis urTierTzemoqmedebis zonaSi. es miT ufro sarwmunoa, rom qarTvelursa da Crdilokavkasiur enebs, garda adreve SeniSnuli naTesaobisa elamur da xuri-mitanur enebTan (n.mari), agreTve aqvT mZlavri tendencia xaTuri enobrivi fenisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli prefiqsuli warmonaqmnebisadmi (r.blaixStaineri
2.1.2.2.2. samxreTi kavkasia. centralur amierkavkasiaSi (sa-
SeniSvna: n.berZeniSvilis azriT, "saqarTveloSi qarTvel tomTa avtoqTonobis aRiarebiT unda davuSvaT araqarTvelTa avtoqTonobac; brZola am tomebs Soris da qarTuli tomebis gamarjveba"; es sadavo azri gaziarebulia d. musxeliSvilis mierac, kerZod, maTi azriT, qarTis tomis mier asimilirda Semdegi qarTveli Tu araqarTveli tomebi: bazalni, WarTalni, Trialni Tu Trelni, margvelni, kaspni, fxovelni, gogarni da sxva (ix. n.berZeniSvili, 1990, gv.363-364; d.musxe-
mxreT kavkasiaSi) qarTvelTa avtoqTonobis Teoria argumentirebulad pirvelad wamoayena b. kuftinma. misi azriT, "samxreTi kavkasia warmoadgenda qarTveli xalxis samSoblosac da uZveles samSoblosac" (b.kuftini, 1949, gv.14-16, 37). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom b.kuftinis azriT, walkaSi aRmoCenili masalis mixedviT, STambeW- 223 -
da sxvebi)"; Sdr., agreTve: "qarTveli tomebi uZvelesi droidan cxovrobdnen saqarTvelos teritoriaze, amasTanave, safiqrebelia, rom isini nawilobriv dRevandeli saqarTvelos farglebs gareTac mosaxleobdnen, kerZod, mcire aziis Crdilo-aRmosavleT raionebSi, samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis teritoriaze" (g.meliqiSvili, 1970, gv.341-342). warmodgenili mosazreba ZiriTadad gaziarebulia Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSic: "enaTmecnierebis, anTropologiis, arqeologiisa da istoriuli geografiis erToblivi monacemebis mixedviT, dRes sruliad ucilobelia qarTvelTa winaprebis avtoqTonuroba kavkasiaSi..." (d.musxeliSvili, 2002, gv.5). qarTvelebi avtoqTonebi arian im miwisa, romelzec amJamad mkvidroben; m.qurdianis azriT, Tubalebisa da muSqebis qarTvelurobac ueWveli faqtia...” (m.qurdiani, 2002, gv.59-60, 86).
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kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis... liSvili, 2002, gv.5-6)... rogor mtkicdeba yvela am tomis (mag., fxovelebis, margvelebis...) araqarTveluroba? 2.1.2.3. kavkasia-mcireaziaSi avtoqTonobis Teoria
akad. s.janaSiam 1940 wels enimkis moambeSi dabeWda koncefcia, romlis ZiriTadi debulebebi Sevida s. janaSias, iv.javaxiSvilisa da n.berZeniSvilis TanaavtorobiT 1943 wels gamoqveynebul "saqarTvelos istoriis" saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi; s.janaSias konceptualuri sqema ase gamoiyureba: "qarTvelebi warmoSobiT wina aziis Zvels mkvidr mosaxleobas ekuTvnian"; uZveles xanaSi (daaxloebiT 5000-6000 wlis winaT) qarTvelTa winaprebi (xeTur-iberiuli gvartomobis xalxi) cxovrobdnen wina aziaSi (mesopotamiidan kavkasionamde); isini aqedan gavrceldnen samxreT evropasa (balkaneTis, apeninisa da pirineis naxevarkunZulebze) da afrikis CrdiloeT sanapiroze. Semdeg maTi sacxovrisi SeizRuda mcire aziiT; qarTvelTa uSualo winaprebi arian xeTa-subarebi, romlebic ganfenilni iyvnen Crdilo mesopotamiidan kavkasionamde; Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisidan qarTvelTa sacxovrisis centri TandaTanobiT inacvlebs CrdiloeTisken (ix., agreTve: s.janaSia, 1952, gv.96-100; s.janaSia, 1987, gv.20-24, 44, 51). h. klarkis, n.maris, iv.javaxiSvilisa da sxvaTa mosazrebebze dayrdnobiT, TiTqmis analogiuri mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli emigrant mecniersa da sazogado moRvawes - revaz gabaSvils: Zv.w. IV aTaswleulSi kavkasiidan sparseTis yuremde da indoeTidan iberiis naxevarkunZulamde (espaneTi) mcxovrebi maRali kulturis mqone xalxi kavkas-qaldeur erT rasas warmoadgenda (r.gabaSvili, 2001, gv.18). Cven mier damowmebuli naSromi mokle reziumea 1967 wels frangulad gamoqveynebuli vrceli Sromisa; jerjerobiT CvenTvis misawvdomi ar aris r.gabaSvilis argumentebi, Sesabamisad, ver vimsjelebT maT Sesaxeb; aqve aRvniSnavT, rom r.gabaSvilis naSromis qarTul-inglisur mokle variantSi warmodgenili zogi da- 225 -
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
skvna ver dasabuTdeba. s.janaSias koncefcia saTaves iRebs dibua de monpersesa da fridrix homelis mosazrebebisgan; swored am koncefciaze dayrdnobiT jer kidev 1881 wels dimitri baqraZe wers: „eWv gareT unda gvqondes, rom xsenebul xalxT (tibarenni, mosiknni, makronni, kolxni, iberni, albanni) namdvilad hWeriaT TiTqmis mTeli sivrce halisis mdinaridam moyolebuli vidre kavkaziis mTebamde... axla imaT qarTul STamomavlobaSi TiTqmis ar eWvneuloben" (d.baqraZe, 1881, gv.26). * * * samuSao hipoTezad viRebT s. janaSias koncefcias; argumentebis Ziebisas mis mosazrebas or nawilad warmovadgenT: a. Crdilo mesopotamia - anatolia - kavkasia: qarTvelTa winaprebis sacxovrisi; b. qarTvelTa winaprebis gavrceleba samxreT evropasa da xmelTaSua zRvis samxreT sanapiroze. a. sxvadasxva Taobis mkvlevarTa naSromebis gaTvaliswinebiTa da enobriv struqturaTa (STambeWdavi leqsikuri paralelebi, ZiriTadi fonematuri struqtura, aglutinaciuroba, ergatiuli konstruqcia...) SepirispirebiTi analiziT safuZveli gveZleva, s.janaSias kvalad, vivaraudoT: Zv.w. V-III aTaswleulebis kavkasiasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi cxovrobdnen monaTesave winaaziur-kavkasiuri tomebi: xuritebi, xaTebi, kavkasielebi; pirveli didi gaerTianebebi Seqmnes: xuritebma - CrdiloeT SuamdinareTSi, xaTebma - centralur mcire aziaSi/anatoliaSi; mogvianebiT, anatoliasa da kavkasiaSi (halisis, Woroxis, mtkvris, rionis, evfratis, araqsis… xeobebSi) Canan: musxebi, qaSqebi, urartuelebi, kolxebi, daianelebi... Tanamedrove lingvisturi kvlevebi safuZvels gvaZlevs, maT vuwodoT "ergatiuli konstruqciis enis mqone xalxebi".
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kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
arqeologebi varaudoben, rom neoliTis manZilze dasavleTi da centraluri amierkavkasia kulturulad (enobriv-eTnikurad) erTiani iyo (o.jafariZe, 1989, gv. 385-385; l.nebieriZe, 2001, gv. 9). Tanamedrove arqeologiuri ZiebebiT cnobilia, agreTve, rom gviani eneoliTis amierkavkasiaSi gvaqvs ori kultura: sionisa (romlis identuri keramika dasturdeba odiSSi, anaseulSi, gurianTaSi) da Sulaver-SomuTefesa (l.nebieriZe, 2001, gv. 8-9; m.menabde, T.kiRuraZe, 2001, gv. 22; aqve, ix. masalebi sakiTxis istoriisaTvis). sionis keramika mtkvar-araqsis kulturis substratad/saTaved miiCneva (m.menabde, T.kiRuraZe, 1981, gv. 23; m.menabde, T.kiRuraZe, 2001, gv. 21; l.nebieriZe, 2001, gv. 10). varaudoben, rom mtkvar-araqsis kulturis centria centraluri amierkavkasia, Tumca, zogi Tanamedrove avtoris azriT, igi iSva aRmosavleT anatoliaSi. radionaxSirbaduli meTodiT mtkvar-araqsis kultura TariRdeba Zv.w. IV aTaswleuliT (daTariRebis dazustebisaTvis ix. g. qavTaraZe, 1983, gv. 88-96). sion-odiSis kulturis ganfenis areali winareqarTveluri (iberiul-kavkasiuri) tomebis gansaxlebis velia; Sesabamisad, Tu ueWvelia sion-odiSisa da mtkvar-araqsis kulturebis geneturi kavSiri, savaraudoa, rom odiS-mtkvar-araqsis kulturis erT-erTi avtoria winareqarTveluri modgma. Sulaver-SomuTefes kultura msgavsia Zv.w. V-IV aTaswleulebis zemomesopotamiis halafis kulturisa (T. gamyreliZe, v. ivanovi, 1984, gv.891-892; o. jafariZe, 1998, gv.182-183). o.jafariZis azriT, mrgvali Senobis agebis tradicia da alizis arqiteqtura arsebobas ganagrZobs mtkvar-araqsis kulturaSic; aqvea msjeloba tomTa moZraobis mimarTulebazec: xiTa da qviT mdidari amierkavkasiisTvis moulodnelia alizis arqiteqtura; Sesabamisad, Sulaver-SomuTefes kultura amierkavkasiaSi samxreTidan vrceldeba (o.jafariZe, 2001, gv. 84); Sdr. o.lorTqifaniZe, 1998, gv.183: ramdenadac mtkvar-araqsis kultura "farTod vrceldeba samxreTiT, es SeiZleba metyvelebdes qarTveluri mosaxleobis garkveuli masis samxreTiT gadaadgilebaze". Sdr., o.jafariZe, 2001, gv. 86-87: "mtkvar-araqsisa da kirbeT-
kerakis kulturebis samxreTiT gavrcelebis areali TiTqmis emTxveva xuritebis adgilsamyofels, rac bunebrivad gvavaraudebinebs, rom xuritebi mtkvar-araqs-kirbeT-kerakis didi kulturis Tanaavtorebi arian". aqve ix. l.vulis mosazrebis kritika, romelic kirbeT-kerakis kulturis Semoqmedad xeTebs miiCnevs. mtkvar-araqsis kulturis qmnadobis procesSi qarTveluri tomebis gverdiT sxva iberiul-kavkasiur tomebs ver xedavs o.jafariZe, romelic Tvlis, rom Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulebamde didi xniT adre, Zv.w. VII-VI aTaswleulebSi daiSala iberiul-kavkasiuri enobriveTnikuri erToba (o.jafariZe, 1998, gv. 118), Sesabamisad, mtkvararaqsis kulturis ZiriTadi Semoqmedni arian xuritulenovani da qarTveluri tomebi (o.jafariZe, 1998, gv.183-185; agreTve: g.meliqiSvili, 1970, gv.338 da T.gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, 1984, gv.894, sadac navaraudevia, rom am kulturis erT-erTi Semoqmedi SeiZleboda yofiliyo indoevropuli modgmac; Sdr., g.qavTaraZe: "es kultura imdenad erTgvarovania, rom ver iqneboda araerTgvarovani mosaxleobis warmonaqmni. TviT Soreul regionebSi gavrcelebisa da adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan Serwymis Semdegac ki inarCunebs Tavis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs"...mtkvar-araqsis kulturis avtoris Sesaxeb Cveni msjeloba ix., qvemoT). gr. giorgaZe, 2002, gv.69: gasaTvaliswinebelia samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmuli varaudi, "romlis mixedviT xuritebis gansaxlebis sazRvrebi Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis meore da III aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi teritoriulad emTxveva mtkvar-araqsis kulturis gavrcelebis sazRvrebs, met-naklebad - aRmosavleT anatoliis adre brinjaos xanis kulturul areals. ufro damajerebelia xuritebis adreuli gansaxleba vanisa da urmiis tbebis regionSi. ar aris gamoricxuli varaudi, rom xuritebi CrdiloeT mesopotamiis avtoqToni tomebi yofiliyvnen". axlo aRmosavleTis ZiriTadi (avtoqToni!) mosaxleobis mier Seqmnili mtkvar-araqsis kulturis sazRvrebi moicavda kavkasias (dasavleTiT - samtrediamde), aRmosavleT anatolias, CrdilodasavleT irans, aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTs, evropis na-
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kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
wils, siria-palestinas (l.maxniki, 1972; o.jafariZe, 1976; g.avaliSvili, 1994; o.jafariZe, 2001...). "mtkvar-araqsis kultura uaRresad Taviseburi movlenaa kavkasiis uZveles istoriaSi. arasodes, arc adre da arc Semdgom, es teritoria kulturis mxriv ar yofila ase erTgvarovani. amitom swored kultura warmoadgens am teritoriaze mosaxle xalxTa gamaerTianebel, udidesi mniSvnelobis mqone Zalas. kulturaa maTi erTobis safuZveli da am erTobis gamomxatveli umTavresi niSani" (m.xidaSeli, 2003, gv. 82). am msjelobas mxars uWers musikaTmcodneTa daskvnac: n.maisuraZe, 1989, gv.71: "kavkasia odesRac winaaziuri musikaluri kulturis arealSi Sedioda. mogvianebiT yalibdeba am kulturis kavkasiuri varianti, romlis warmoqmna kavkasiaSi mravalxmianobis Casaxva-ganviTarebas ukavSirdeba". axlo aRmosavleTis avtoqToni mosaxleobis erTgvarovnebis Sesaxeb msjeloben anTropologebic: l.biTaZe, 2002, gv.156: "dermatoglifikuri da serelogiuri masalebis analizi aCvenebs saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mWidro kavSirs winaaziur samyarosTan... istoriuli saqarTvelos mosaxleoba imTaviTve ekuTvnoda erT did anTropologiur plasts, romelic Sedioda indo-xmelTaSuazRvispiruli rasis winaaziuri ganStoebis SemadgenlobaSi". kvlevis am etapze ufro logikuria, vTqvaT: gviani eneoliTis amierkavkasiis adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturis memkvidre mtkvararaqsis kultura Seqmna ergatiuli konstruqciis enis/enebis mqone kavkasiur-xurituli modgmis xalxma. Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi indoevropuli da sxva tomebis dawoliT "ergatiuli konstruqciis enis mqone xalxi" iwyebs swraf
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
logiuri kategoriis moSla, rac, Cveni azriT, ukve Zv.w. II aTaswleulidan dasabams udebs iberiul-kavkasiuri enobrivi velisgan qarTveluris gamomijvnas. vfiqrobT, swored xuritul-xaTur-kavkasiur tomTa divergenciisa da konvergenciis xangrZliv procesSi yalibdebian cnobili muSqebi, qaSqebi, abeSlaelebi, urartuelebi, karduxebi, sperebi, kolxebi, haliZonebi/xalibebi... mogvianebiT ki, Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua periodSi am monaTesave tomTa sacxovrisis ganapira regionebSi maT erevian skviT-alanebi, armenebi da sxva mosuli tomebi; sayuradReboa: musikaluri teqstebis analizis Sedegebi mowmoben, rom osur (da, garkveulwilad, somxur - t.f.) musikalur enas safuZvlad kavkasiuri substrati udevs (n.maisuraZe, 1989, gv.58). Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulSi mimdinare eTnosTa didi Serevebis Sedegebi aisaxa asurelebSic da urartuelebSic: "eniT semiti asurelebi anTropologiurad narev xalxs – semituri elementisa da aziuri modgmis xuritebis Serevis produqts warmoadgenen... urartuli panTeonis qalRmerT arubanis musasirSi Zv.w. VIII saukuneSi moupovebia iranuli saxelwodeba bagmaSTu; es movlena mi-
divergencias. III-II aTaswleulTa mijnaze saqarTvelos teritoria kulturaTa da eTnosTa mkveTri dinebebis Serevis velSi eqceva (Sdr., monaTesave enebs Soris arsebuli didi sxvaobis mizezi xSirad aris ara praenasTan didi xnis daSoreba, aramed intensiuri Serevebic); savaraudoa, am periodidan iberiul-kavkasiuri enobrivi wris samxreTul variantSi iwyeba klasis morfo-
uTiTebs, rom xuri-urartul mosaxleobas Seeria iranuli tomi" (g.meliqiSvili, 1999, gv.29, 41). Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevridan kavkasiaSi lokalizebuli ergatiuli konstruqciis enis mqone xalxis erTi nawili qarTvelur-kavkasiuri modgma (kolxebi, mosxebi/muskebi, taoelebi, abaSebi/abazebi, Crdilokavkasielebi...) halisis, mtkvris, Woroxis, rion-yvirilis, enguris, liaxvis xeobebSi da Crdilokavkasiis nawilSi qmnis did kolxur-yobanur kulturas; romelsac, pirobiTad, SeiZleba vuwodoT aia-kolxeTis eTno-kultura. albaT, nawilobriv, mis velSive Canan e.w. nairis qveynebi, centraluri kabadokiis aRmosavleT (da Crdilo-aRmosavleT) nawilSi mcxovrebi mesx/muSqebis, qaSqebis, tibarenebisa da sxva qarTveluri tomebis sacxovrisebi. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa T.miqelaZis daskvna:
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kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
"aias samefo win uswrebda kulxas gaerTianebas; amitom miTSi oqros sawmisis Sesaxeb aietis samefos saxiT aisaxa daiaenis (igive aias) samefo, romelic jer kidev Zv.w. XII saukunis miwurulSia damowmebuli tiglaTfileser I warweraSi" (T.miqelaZe, 1974, gv.7985); Sdr., daiaenis mefe 60 toms winamZRolobs; maT Soris arian Savi zRvis sanapiros tomebic; Sdr., agreTve: "argonavtikis uZveles versiebSi, qveyana, sadac argonavtebma ilaSqres, berZnebisaTvis aias saxeliT iyo cnobili, xolo ufro gvian ki – kolxidad moixsenieba" (o.lorTqifaniZe, 1986, gv.32). savaraudoa, rom centralur da aRmosavleT anatoliaSic arqeologiurma Ziebebma kolxuri kulturis kvali aRmoaCinos; Sdr., ioseb flaviusis azriT, mosox/meSexebi kabadokiaSi arian; amave azrs adastureben Tanamedrove mecnierebic, ix. n.xazaraZe, 2000, gv.12: "hekateseuli da herodoteseuli mosxebi-mesxebi Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebSi kabadokiaSi, md. halisis (dRevandeli yizil-irmakis) auzSi mcxovrebi tomebis aRmosavleTiT mdebare teritoriaze binadrobdnen, dRevandeli tokat-yarahisar-giumuSxanes sanaxebSi, xolo Zv.w. IV saukunis bolo meoTxedSi istoriul samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos regionSi (samcxe, javaxeTi, klarjeTi, egri, SavSeTi, eruSeTi, tao, kola, artaani, basiani) Zlieri politikuri gaerTianeba Seqmnes, romlis samxreTi sazRvari dRevandel erzinjanTan gadioda; straboni am gaerTianebas "mosxebis qveyanas" (mosxikes) uwodebs, xolo "moqceva~ qarTlisa~s" avtori - arian-qarTls". davZenT: logikuria, rom Zv.w. VII saukuneSi balkaneTidan samxreTis gziT (Sdr.: herodotes mixedviT, Crdilokavkasiis uReltexilebidan) kimerielebisa da skviTebis gamanadgurebeli Semosevis Semdeg mesxur-kolxuri (mosxur-qaSquri) tomebis kulturulma centrma anatolia-kabadokiidan CrdiloeTiT gadmoinacvla: jer samxreT amierkavkasiaSi (TorTumSi? artanujSi? olTisSi?), Semdeg ki - Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebSi, ufliscixe-mcxeTasa da quTaisSi; Sdr., quj-farnavazis periodSi centri xdeba mcxeTa/Tbilisi, magram - 231 -
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
Semdgom periodSic, qarTveluri modgmis kulturul-politikuri centrebi amave geografiul samkuTxedze moZraoben: bana/artanuji (aSoti, daviTi) - noqalaqevi/quTaisi - (bagrati/giorgi) - Tbilisi (daviTi/Tamari)... kolxuri kulturis Semqmneli xalxis saxelmwifos ZiriTadi ena, savaraudoa, iyo saerToqarTveluri koine/ena, romlis uSualo memkvidrea samwignobro qarTuli (ix.qvemoT). b. mecnierebis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze rTulia, sabolood gadawyvetilad CaiTvalos samxreT evropisa (balkaneTis, apeninisa da pirineis naxevarkunZulebze) da afrikis CrdiloeT sanapiros araindoevropeli mosaxleobisa da protoqarTveluri xalxis (enebis) naTesaobis problema, Tumca, saamisod bevri sayuradRebo monacemi arsebobs; kerZod: a. mtkvar-araqsis kulturis STambeWdavi elementebi dasturdeba ara mxolod aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi, aramed evropaSic: "centralur da aRmosavleT evropis rig kulturebSi Zv.w. III aTaswleulis meore naxevarsa da Zv.w. II aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi (adreuneticis, glina III - Snekerbergi, belotiC-belacerkva da sxva) SeiniSneba msgavseba kavkasiis adrebrinjaos xanis kulturasTan (l.maxniki). Tanac Tanxvdoma imdenad didia, rom is ver aixsneba konvergenciulobiT an savaWro kontaqtebiT. albaT adgili hqonda mtkvar-araqsis kulturis matarebel tomTa SeRwevas kavkasiidan evropaSi" (g.avaliSvili, 1994, gv. 55). g.mircxulavasa da n.mircxulavas azriT, Zv.w. III aTaswleulis dasawyisidan aRmosavleT evropis metalurgia mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli kavkasiasTan; am dros kavkasiaSic da evropaSic batonobs dariSxaniani brinjao, Tumca ungreTSi Cans antimonianic. mas karpatul-dunaispirul liTons uwodeben da aRniSnaven, rom formebi ZiriTadad mainc kavkasiuria. am periodSi da, SeiZleba cota ufro adrec, kavkasiaSic aris antimoniani brinjao - afxazeTis dolmenebsa da saCxeris masalebSi. didia msgavseba Tixis plastikaSic... unda aRiniSnos, agreTve, Crdilokavkasiuri
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kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
mtkvar-araqsuli masalebis kavSirebi evropul masalebTan. es kavSirebi unda aixsnas jer kidev niko maris mier navaraudevi kavkasiidan meliTone iafeturi tomebis didi gadasaxlebiT (g.mircxulava, n.mircxulava, 2001, gv.5). samecniero literaturaSi kavkasia-evropis xazze tomTa gadaadgileba navaraudevia ori gziT: kavkasia - aRmosavleT evropa - dasavleT evropa; kavkasia-mcire azia - evropa (g.avaliSvili, 1994, gv. 55). orive mosazreba mxars uWers mtkvar-araqsis kulturis kavkasiur warmomavlobas, Tumca damatebiT kvlevas moiTxovs xalxTa gadasaxlebis mimarTulebis sakiTxi. b. ZiriTadad eTnologiur-kulturologiuri xasiaTis msjelobebis safuZvelze XIX-XX saukuneebSi specialistTa erTi nawili miiCnevda, rom Zv.w. V-III aTaswleulebSi protoqarTveluri (protokavkasiuri) modgma "aRavsebda ara mxolod kavkasias, aramed indostanis naxevarkunZulis did nawils, xmelTaSuazRvis auzs, Crdilo da samxreT evropas, pirineebs, egeosis arqipelags da mcire azias" (z.gamsaxurdia, 1991, gv.27-29; aqve, ix.: v.humboldtis, n.maris, s.yauxCiSvilis, t.margvelaSvilis, a.losevis, o.neeraxeris, r. gordezianis da sxva mkvlevarTa mosazrebebis Sesaxeb). g.qavTaraZis kvlevam saintereso paralelebi warmoaCina minosuri kretisa da anatoliis mosaxleobis pelazgebTan identifikaciis TvalsazrisiT (g.qavTaraZe, 1985, gv.13-19); Sdr., pelazgebi arian etruskTa winaprebi; etruskebi apeninis naxevarkunZulze modian dasavleTi mcire aziidan; Sdr.: berZnuli miTologiis mixedviT, kolxidis mefe aieti pelazgia (a.uruSaZe, 1964, gv.16-17, 22-26: berZnuli wyaroebis mixedviT, kolxeTis mefe aieti korinTodanaa; iasoni da medea korinToSi Cadian, rogorc TavianT samemkvidro qveyanaSi, xolo medeas SviliSvili ilosi mermerosis Ze troas omis dros korinTos patroni iyo). samecniero literaturaSi aqtiurad ganixileba kavkasiuri folklorul-eTnografiuli monacemebisa (oqros sawmisi, miTologiuri gmirebi, gveli/gvelveSapi, miwis rituali, saxlis saZirkvlis Cayris rituali, batonebis/RvTaebebis gamxiaruleba...) da - 233 -
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
xaTuri miTologiuri Tu sakulto sistemebis saerToobis Tema (samecniero literaturisa da sakiTxis mimoxilvisTvis ix.: g.qavTaraZe, 1985, gv.36-38; q.sixaruliZe, 2003; xelnaweri Sroma); mag., f.haasi askvnis, rom Tqmuleba oqros sawmisis Sesaxeb xaTuri warmoSobisaa, xolo oqros sawmisis kulti gavrcelebuli iyo mTel wina aziaSi (o.lorTqifaniZe, 1986, gv.34). Tanamedrove kulturologiur-anTropologiuri Ziebani saintereso Tanxvedras avlens uZveles kavkasiur-winaaziur da winareberZnul miTebs Sorisac; mag., q.TuiTis azriT, homerosiseuli Tesalieli aqilevsi da qarTvelur-afxazur-osuri amirani bevri ramiT hgvanan erTmaneTs (orive gmiris deda aris bunebis qalRmerTi; qalRmerTi/deda mokvdav monadiresTan wveba gamoqvabulSi; orive gmiri SeiZleba iqces mTavari RmerTis metoqed; Svili udrood tovebs dedis saSos da, saerTod, dedis gareSe rCeba; orive xdeba uZleveli meomari; orive Tavisi saxlis (oikosis) gareT, liminalur sivrceSi cxovrobs; orive gmirs amarcxebs RmerTi Suamavlis gamoyenebiT... amiranisa da aqilevsis ciklebi warmoadgenen erTsa da imave winaistoriul simboloTa mtevnis variantebs (q.TuiTi, 1998). Sdr., agreTve, q.TuiTis Semdegi sxva daskvna: kavkasiis erebSi farTod gavrcelebulia nanadirevi, SeWmuli da Semdeg gacocxlebuli jixvis xis beWis (proTezis) miTologiuri motivi; mas paralelebi eZebneba evropaSic da aziaSic; kerZod, es miTologiuri motivi SemorCenilia sami evraziuli qedis: alpebis, kavkasionisa da hidukuSis irgvliv mosaxle xalxebSi; es faqti exmianeba amerikeli paleolingvistis - jon bengstonis mier navaraudevi makro-kavkasiuri uZvelesi enis (mosaxleobis, sadac baskebic Sediodnen) arsebobis SesaZleblobis ideas (q.TuiTi, 1996). ar Cans SemTxveviTi, rom xis beWis miTologiuri motivis mqone xalxebis enebi msgavsebas avlenen: iberiul-kavkasiuri, baskuri da buruSuli enebi ergatiuli konstruqciisani arian. es faqtebi ar aris sakmarisi, am enaTa/eTnosTa saerTo warmomavloba rom vamtkicoT, Tumca, faqtebi niSandoblivia... am konteq- 234 -
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
stSivea saintereso qarTvel mkvlevarTa terminebi: protoqarTuli, protoiberiuli (s.yauxCiSvili, z.gamsaxurdia), iberiulkavkasiuri (iv.javaxiSvili, arn.Ciqobava...) da sxv., romlebic jon bengstonis terminebze (makrokavkasiuri, sinokavkasiuri/denekavkasiuri) adrea Seqmnili da warmatebulad damkvidrebulic. c. egeosuri, qarTvelur-kavkasiuri da mcireaziur-anatoliuri enobrivi masalis siaxlove da am mimarTulebiT kvlevis perspeqtiuloba aCvena r.gordezianma; kerZod, is askvnis: "egeosursa da qarTvelur enebs Soris arsebobs garkveuli mimarTeba; es mimarTeba xSirad ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre amis warmodgena surs zogierT mecniers... muSaobis am mimarTulebiT gagrZelebam, yvela iberiul-kavkasiuri enisa da xmelTaSua zRvis Zveli enebis Rrma SedarebiTma analizma SeiZleba momavalSi mravali sayuradRebo aRmoCenis winaSe dagvayenos" (r.gordeziani, 1970, gv.253); "qarTveluri da, saerTod, kavkasiuri masalis gaTvaliswineba savsebiT aucilebeli gaxdeba xmelTaSua zRvis iseT kulturaTa SeswavlisaTvis, romelnic dRemde amden amoucnob saidumlos inaxaven" (r.gordeziani, 1985, gv.170; problemis istoriisaTvis ix., agreTve, a.nemirovski, 1983, gv.80-82). d. n.marisa da arn.Ciqobavas azriT, ergatiuli konstruqciis mqone baskuri da iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis (xalxebis) naTesaobac "uTuod dadebiTad wydeba" (n.mari, 1927; arn.Ciqobava, 1979, gv.302); Sdr., sxvadasxva enobrivi movlenis analizis Semdeg a.tovari wers: "kavkasiuri enebi erTimeorisgan Rrmad gansxvavebul Taviseburebebs amJRavneben, magram baskurTan naTesaoba arc erTi maTganisTvis ar gamoiricxeba... baskur-kavkasiuri naTesaobis faqti, SemCneuli espaneli fitas mier da dadasturebuli Suxardtis, trombetis, ulenbekis, diumezilis, boudas da lafonis mier ufro sistemuri Seswavlis safuZvelze, aris aRmoCena, romelic Zalze Soreuli da ucnobi warsulidan momdinare faqts gamoavlens..." (a.tovari, 1980, gv.33-35). baskur-qarTveluri enobrivi siaxlovis maCvenebeli STambeWdavi paralelebia warmodgenili a.tovaris naSromze darTul arn.Ciqobavas gamokvlevaSi - "bas- 235 -
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
kuris naTesaobis sakiTxi ant.tovaris wignSi: "baskuri ena"; kerZod, leqsikuri paralelebis garda, arn. Ciqobavas azriT, baskurisa da iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis istoriul-genezisuri mimarTebis amsaxveli saerTo struqturuli movlenebia: postpoziciuri msazRvrelis mimarTeba brunvis procesTan; ergatiuli brunva; zmnis pirovani, klasovani da klasovan-pirovani uRleba; obieqtisa da subieqtis aRniSvna gardamaval zmnaSi; organuli da aRweriTi warmoebis xvedriTi wona; zmnis fuZis saxeluri buneba; gvaris kategoria; ergatiuli konstruqciis arseboba sintaqsSi; saxelis gramatikuli klasis kategoria da semantikuri kategoria (vin? da ra ?) da sxva. baskur-kavkasiuri naTesaobis Sesaxeb faseuli msjelobebi aqvT: n.mars, iv. javaxiSvils, k.ulenbeks, h.fogts, r.lafons, h.kintanas, S.ZiZigurs, i.zicars, i.brauns, g.CantlaZes, n.sturuas, s.gabunias... gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa i.zicarisa da i.braunis naSromebi (problemis mimoxilvis Sesaxeb ix., agreTve, g.burWulaZe, 2005, gv.196-202). Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi sifrTxiliT ekidebian winareqarTveluri samyarosa da winareberZnuli kulturis igiveobis Temas; Tumca, specialistTa mier warmodgenili lingvistur-kulturologiur-istoriuli paralelebi marTlac SeiZleba iyos winareqarTvelur-kavkasiuri (aRmosavleT iberiuli), pelazguri, etruskuli, baskuri da sxva Zveli enebis, Sesabamisad, iberiuli modgmis xalxebis didi saerTo warsulis mamtkicebeli (etruskul-pelazguri eTnosis mcireaziuri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb ix.: r.gordeziani, 1970; a.nemirovski, 1983, gv.61; g.qavTaraZe, 1985 da sxv.). problema axali Taobis mkvlevars elis (vinc arsebul codnas axleburi meTodiT Seajamebs). amrigad, specialistTa kvlevebis Sedegebis mixedviT SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom qarTvelTa winaprebis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisi iyo kavkasiac da mcire aziis erTi nawilic; Tumca, rTulia sazRvrebis zustad gansazRvra. uZvelesi periodis werilobiTi wyaroebis ararsebobis pirobebSi am mimarTulebiT - 236 -
kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...
garkveuli informacia SeiZleba mogvces arqeologiurma Ziebebma, isic im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki enaTa divergencia/interfernciis daTariRebiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mocemuli eTnosis istoriisa da arqeologiuri kulturis sinqronizeba.
winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri... 2.1.3. winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri (iberiul-kavkasiuri)enobrivi veli; winaaziur-kavkasiur monaTesave enaTa mimarTebis sqema
samecniero literaturaSi gansxvavebuli mosazrebebia mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Semoqmedi xalxis vinaobis Sesaxeb; ikveTeba problemisadmi damokidebulebis erTi saintereso aspeqti: mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Semoqmedad Crdilokavkasiuri tomebi naklebad moiazrebian: o.jafariZe, 1998, gv.183: mtkvar-araqsis kulturis ZiriTadi Semoqmedni arian kavkasiuri tomebi, upiratesad, xuritulenovani da qarTveluri. T.gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, 1984, gv.894: mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Semqmnelni da matarebelni arian xurituli, samxreTkavkasiuri (qarTveluri) da indoevropeli eTnosebi... Sdr.: rusi arqeologebis - e. krupnovisa da r.munCaevis - varaudiT, mtkvar-araqsis kulturis avtori SeiZleboda yofiliyo iberiul-kavkasiuri enobriv-eTnikuri erToba (narkvevebi, I, gv.337-338). am konteqstSi CvenTvis sainteresoa a.meies mosazreba, kerZod, igi SesaZleblad miiCnevda Zv.w. V-IV aTaswleulebSi Tanamedrove kavkasiuri enebis, baskurisa da wina aziis zogi mkvdari enis winapari enobrivi erTobis arsebobas (i.zicari, 1955, gv.52). rogorc vxedavT, bolo periodis mkvlevarTa naSromebis mixedviT mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Semoqmedia "samxreT kavkasiuri" anu qarTveluri eTnosi: aRar Cans "iberiul-kavkasiuri eTnosi"; mizezi martivia: maTi azriT, iberiul-kavkasiuri enobrivi erTobis arseboba friad saeWvoa; an: Tuki arsebobda, Zv.w. V-III aTaswleulebSi igi ukve daSlilia, Sesabamisad, am enis mflobeli xalxi ver iqneboda "mtkvar-araqsis kulturis" Semoqmedi. sanimuSod mogvyavs g.meliqiSvilis mTavari argumenti (leqsikuri nasesxobebis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT): g.meliqiSvili, 1970, gv.338: "Tundac rom vaRiaroT odesRac iberiur-kavkasiuri erTobis arseboba, aseTis moTavseba Zv.w. - 237 -
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winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
III aTaswleulSi SeuZlebelia", vinaidan III aTaswleulSi ukve arsebobda "iberiul-kavkasiuri" enebis calkeuli jgufebi (saerToqarTveluri, saerTodaRestnuri)... cnobili istorikosi amgvar daskvnas akeTebs e.w. leqsikur-statistikuri meTodiT g.klimovis mier "dadgenili" "qarTvelur enaTa" daSlis TariRis safuZvelze. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, amgvari gziT dadgenili dro enaTa arseboba/daSlisa metismetad saeWvoa da, Sesabamisad, drois mocemul monakveTSi eTnosTa yofna/aryofnis dasturad ver gamodgeba. Sdr, agreTve, o.jafariZe, 1976, gv.17-20, 93: kavkasiuri enobrivi da kulturuli erToba ukve daSlilia Zv.w. V aTaswleulSi; III aTaswleulSi ki sabolood Camoyalibebulia kavkasiis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi eTnikuri jgufebi... Cveni azriT, amgvari qronologiebi friad sakamaToa bevri mizezis gamo (ix. qvemoT); Sdr.: arn. Ciqobavam kargad icoda i.diakonovis, g.klimovis, T.gamyreliZis, g.maWavarianisa da sxvaTa mosazrebebi Tu argumentebi saerTokavkasiuris arsebobisa da saerToqarTveluris daTariRebis Sesaxeb, magram iberiul-kavkasiuri erTobis drod is mainc varaudobda 3000 wlis winandel dros: "iberiul-kavkasiuri enebi monaTesave enebia, maT warmoSoba aerTianebT. es ZvelisZvel viTarebas gulisxmobs: savaraudod sami aTasi wlis winandels da, albaT, Zvel adgil-samyofels, kavkasiis samxreTiT mdebare miwa-wyals" (arn.Ciqobava, 1978, gv 253); Sesabamisad, Cveni fiqriT, saerToqarTveluris arseboba Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi unda vivaraudoT; Sdr.: mkvlevarTa erTi nawili saerToqarTveluris arsebobas varaudobs Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulebSi (ix.: v.ivanovi, T.gamyreliZe 1984, gv.880; m.qurdiani, 2003, gv.44 da sxv. ix. qvemoT 2.2.3.). araqarTulenovani mkiTxvelisTvis ucnobia arn.Ciqobavas is argumentebi da daskvnebi, romlebic ueWvels xdis iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis naTesaobas (ix. "iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis Sesavali", 1979); moviyvanT ramdenime debulebas: 1. iberiul-kavkasiur praenas axasiaTebda xmovanTa martivi da TanxmovanTa rTuli sistema; xmovanTa uZvelesi viTareba daculi
aqvs qarTvelur, xunZur, afxazur-adiRur, bacbur-inguSur enebs, xolo TanxmovanTa viTareba ukeT Semogvinaxa naxurma da qarTvelurma enebma; 2. fuZis umartivesi saxe istoriulad erTmarcvliani Cans; igi Sedgeboda Tanxmovnisa da determinatiuli sufiqsisgan. determinatiuli sufiqsebi gamovlenilia qarTvelur, adiRur, da rig daRestnur enebSi; 3. sqesis kategoria ucxoa yvela iberiul-kavkasiuri enisTvis; aq gamoiyofoda mamakacis, qalis, nivTis, cxovelis da sxva semantikuri klasebi, romlebic morfologiuradac gamoixateboda saTanado prefiqsebiT; Cans, klasebis mixedviT xdeboda brunebac da uRlebac... mxolod amgvarad SeiZleba aixsnas saerTo morfologiuri inventaris arseboba saxelur da zmnur morfemebSi. 4. iberiul-kavkasiuri enebi aglutinaciuria; pirveladia prefiqsacia, meoreulia sufiqsacia; 5. iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi moqmedebiTi gvari formdeba kauzativis mawarmoeblebiT; 6. yvela cocxal iberiul-kavkasiur enaSi gvaqvs ergatiuli konstruqciis winadadeba; 7. qarTvelur, afxazur-adiRur, naxur da Cerqezul enebSi mravlad vlindeba saerTokavkasiuri leqsika... "rac ufro Rrmad SeviWrebiT iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa istoriaSi, miT ufro meti saerTo aRmoCndeba" (gv. 274). arn.Ciqobava da iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis skolis sxva warmomadgenlebi aTwleulebis manZilze qarTvelurTan mimarTebiT warmatebiT ikvleven imierkavkasiis enebs; Sedegad gamovlenilia mravali leqsikuri paraleli; mag., qarTvelur-Cerqezuli leqsikuri paralelebis Sesaxeb ix. g.rogava, 1956; aqve sainteresoa imis aRniSvnac, rom qarTveluri da afxazur-adiRuri saerTo leqsikuri fondis arsebobas aRiarebs g.klimovic ki, romelic iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis naTesaobis Teorias ar iziarebs, magram 40-mde aseT leqsikur erTeuls gamoyofs (g.klimovi, 1969); qarTul-afxazuri bgeraTfardobis Sesaxeb ix. q.lomTaTiZis gamokvlevebi (1977 da sxv.), agreTve, b.foCxua, 1974.
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winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
mdidari samecniero literaturis mixedviT, iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis erTiani leqsikuri fondis Sesaxeb sagangebod msjelobs b.foCxua; misi azriT, qarTvelursa da sxva iberiul-kavkasiur enebs saerTo warmomavlobisa aqvT ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondis mravali sityva; kerZod: deda, mama, coli, oboli... Tve, dRe, mze, yinavs, ca, zafxuli, samxari... barkali, bayvi, guli, idayvi, marjvena, mkerdi, mxari, piri, ZuZu, wamwami, wveri, Wipi, tvini, filtvi, fxa, xeli, Zvali, muxli... guguli, mgeli, Rori, yvavi, Tagvi, ciyvi, qaTami, matli, mweri, kalia, pepela, WianWvela, Zu, xvadi, berwi, RuRuni, xvixvini... dika, maxa, seli, yana, vaSli, msxali, leRvi, kakali, soko, WinWari, anwli, ZeZvi... vin, man... sami, xuTi, aTi, asi, cali, tyupi... didi, mrgvali, rbili, TeTri, yviTeli, Txeli, Zveli, msxvili... Seazanzarebs, eSinia, wovs, wvavs, Wams, svams, susxavs, ustvens, fuvdeba, dgas, icinis, lokavs, goravs, urtyams, abams, qsovs, Tesavs, Weds... kedeli, yveli, Zmari, celi, jaWvi da sxv. (b.foCxua, 1974, gv. 328-330; aqvea dasaxelebuli is iberiulkavkasiuri enebi, sadac warmodgenili sityvebi dasturdeba; saerTo iberiul-kavkasiuri leqsikisTvis ix., agreTve, gr.giorgaZe, 2002, gv.91-93). iberiul-kavkasiuri enebisa Tu eTnosebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Tanamedrove samecniero naSromebi ufro metad amyareben iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa/xalxTa naTesaobis Teorias; kerZod, ukanaskneli gamokvlevebis mixedviT, Crdilokavkasiur enebsa da qarTvelurs Soris dgindeba regularuli da kanonzomieri bgeraTSesatyvisobebic; kerZod, arn.Ciqobavas, g.rogavas, q.lomTaTiZis, e.bokarevas, t.gudavas, s.xaidakovis, s.nikola~evisa da sxvaTa gamokvlevebze dayrdnobiT, m.Cuxuam 2001-2004 wlebSi gamoqveynebul naSromebSi warmoadgina STambeWdavi qarTvelur-naxurdaRestnuri saerTo masala: istoriul-SedarebiTi analizis Sedegad gamovlinda ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondis 500-ze meti erTeuli, romelic saerTokavkasiuri warmomavlobisaa; m.Cuxuas naSromis Sesabamisad, aq davimowmebT leqsikur erTeulTa nawils (m.Cuxuas gamokvleva srulad ibeWdeba iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis 35-e tomSi): - 240 -
winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
saerToqarTveluri sun-, sul-, *s…-en-, zan. S…-an-(d), Sur-, svan. S…-em- S…-en-, Sur- Sul-; bacb. sa sin Sdr.: mr. r. sinbu~, CaCn. s› sin (mr. r. sin-oS), as-ar "gasuliereba, gamxneveba", ing. s› sin-, Øas-ar id; saerTonaxuri sin- winarenaxuri *s…in-; xunZ. s´un-t-, and. Sun-n-, boTl. Sa¹-, tind. hun-, bagv. hun-, kar. Su-, axvax. S…an- "dasunva"; winaredaRestnuri *s…-an-. saerToqarTveluri mos-: sa-mos-el-i, zan. (meg.) mos- "mosva", svan. mas-; bacb. {merSi}: CaCn. merC‹ merSi: ing. merCi merSi, winarenaxuri. mesr-i "sudara"; xunZ. musru, bejit. musru, did. musru, ruT. sˆr "samare", lak. suru…, arCib. soro "sudara", winaredaRestnuri musr-u…. saerToqarTveluri sel-i, zan. su(l-): svan. sˆl-; bacb. fsa "qeri", CaCn. suos, ing. sos (redupl.) "особый вид ржи" nax. *fsalwinarenaxuri b-sal; darg. susul, lak. sus, lezg. sil, Tab. sur-sul, aR. s‘lºsul-en, xin. sil-q, kriw. sil-sil, budux. sˆl-sˆl winaredaRestnuri *sul-. saerToqarTveluri ser-i "Rame", zan. ser-i; bacb. fsar-eh "guSin", fsar-lo "saRamo", CaCn. sar-ah–, ing. sar-–h, saÉr-Ée "saRamo", winarenaxuri fsar- *s…ar; xunZ. son- "guSin", and. son, tind. soni, axvax. Suni, arC. san-Gi, Tab. san "wuxel", xin. san, xvarS. hun-lÀ, huni-ja "guSin", darg. sa, wax. san-x½a, saerTodaRestnuri san- winaredaRestnuri *sar-. saerToqarTveluri *gus-: qs-ov-a *gs-ov-, zan. rS-*qS- *gS, svan. JiS- *gus-; bacb. qes- *ges- "saqmianoba", CaCn. qÉes- *ges-, qis- "naqsovi", ing. qes- *ges-, qis- "tilo", winarenaxuri *ges- (saqmianoba _ qsova; semantemaTa mimarTebisaTvis Sdr. svan. lˆC…min/luC…min 1. "gakeTebuli", 2. "moqsovili"); xunZ. be-s´-, and. beS´-, Rod. his´-i, axvax. gos´-ur, karat. qeS´-en/qerS´-en "moqso- 241 -
winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
va", did. ri-S-a, hunz. re-S-a, darg. bu-S-es, lak. S´aS´-an *q´aS´-
buos-/ bas-, ing. bos-/bas- winarenaxuri *ba-s…; xunZ. bo-x½-, and.
an, lezg. aru-S-un "darTva", ru-S-un "qsova".
bu-S, yam. bu-h-, bagv. bi-S-, kar. bu-x…- "wasma", winaredaRestnuri
saerToqarTveluri *…s-: vs-eb-a, sa-vs-e, zan. o-fS-a/e-fS-a "savse", fS-af-a "vseba", mo-fS-a/go-fS-a, svan. g…eS-/g…S- *…S-; bacb.
*bi-s…-.
ChaGar su…s _ `Rvino duRs", ing. so-…s- "gaberva, afueba", Sdr.
saerToqarTveluri ne-st…-, st…-ir-i, st…-en-a, zan. S…it-in-, mi-Svit-ia, svan. ne-Str-@l/ne-Sdr-@l (pl. tantum) "nestoebi"; bacb. {Sot-}: CaCn. S~ed-ag/Sod-ag, qist. Sud-uq (ax.), ing. S…od-ilg
winarenaxuri de-…s-, *…s "gaberva"; xunZ. re-C´- "duGili", darg. ru-J-ir "duRili", lak. S´ar-an id, winaredaRestnuri *de-S-.
"дудка", winarenaxuri *Set… *set…; xunZ. hiSt-, axvax. S´it-, arCib. S…it "stvena", winaredaRestnuri *sit…-.
saerToqarTveluri nems-: nemsi, aWar. lems-i, zan. lifS-i/liS-i xunZ. nus, and. besun, boTl. besun, Rod. besun, Wam. besu¹, tind.,
saerToqarTveluri -s mic. br. niS., zan. -s: svan. -s; bacb. -s, CaCn. -s: ing. -s/-z erg. br. niS., winarenaxuri -s; darg. -s/-z, lezg. -z, aR. -s mic. br. niS., winaredaRestnuri -s.
bagv., kar. besun, axvax. me¹Su meun (mr.r. meSuna), winaredaRes-
saerToqarTveluri *s/h-as…: asuli, zan. osur-, svan. ha-
se-fs- "berva", "afueba", CaCn. so-…s- "gavseba, afueba, duRili",
*nimS-i; bacb. {urs}, CaCn. urs, ing.
urs- winarenaxuri *nus;
suS/has…-iS; bacb. ~-oh, CaCn. ~-oç ~-oh, ing. ~-oç *~-oh "qa-
tnuri *nuseb "dana". saerToqarTveluri s…el-i "Srati", zan. (megr.) S…en-i *S…ar-i "Txis qoni", svan. S…el "Srati"; bacb. Sar- "do", CaCn. Sar "Srati, do", ing. S–r, saerTonaxuri S…ar *sEal; xunZ. S´…ar, boTl. S´ara, tind. S´ari, kar. S´are, Wam. s´ara "Srati, sEeli", winaredaRestnuri s…al-e.
liSvili", winarenaxuri *~-aS- *~-as-; xunZ. ~-as/~-aSa, and. ~oSi, axv. ~-aSe, tind., Wam. ~-ah ~-aSa, kar. ~-aSe, boTl. ~-eSi, bagv. ~-aS, Rod. ~-aSi, lezg. r-uS, Tab. r-iS, aR. r-uS, ruT. r-ˆS, wax. ~-ˆS, arC. d-iS-dur, sin. r-iSi "asuli", winaredaRestnuri ~-as- "qaliSvili". winareqarTveluri *v-as…-(ar): us…-ar-i (saba) "vaJiSvili";
saerToqarTveluri sof-: sof-el-i, m-sof-l-io, zan. (megr.) sof-,
bacb. v-oh, CaCn. v-oç *v-oh, ing. v-oç *v-oh "vaJiSvili", wina-
svan. s…if- "moedani sofelSi", "safixvno"; bacb. fhe, CaCn. fha, ing.
renaxuri *v-aS- *v-as-; xunZ. v-as/v-aSa, and. v-oSo, axv. v-aSa,
fh– "sofeli" *fSe saerTonaxuri *s…e; and. hon, axvax. hani,
saerToqarTveluri *s…-: s…-e, s…-am- "wasma", "mosma", zan.
tind., Wam. v-aha v-aSa, kar. v-aSa, boTl. v-aSa, bagv., Rod. v-aSa, did. uju /uji, darg. urSi, lak. ars, arC. v-iS-du "axalSobili vaJiSvili", xin. Si "vaJi" winaredaRestnuri *v-as- (Sdr., qarTveluri vaJ-i, romelic saerTokavkasiuri *vasu-/*Eas- fuZidan momdinare SeiZleba iyos da ara - nasesxebi; t.f.). saerToqarTveluri m-ze "mze", ze (zeze, ze-da, ze-viT), zan.
s…- "wasma", "mosma"; bacb. bos "feri", bas-lo Tasar "SeRebva", CaCn.
bja (megr.)/mjora (yan.), ji(no) "ze/zeviT", svan. mij/mˆj, jib "zeviT";
kar. hana, tind. hana, darg. Si, lak. Sara- (valu), arCib. xor, lezg. x‘r, aR. hur, zax. xi… "sofeli", xin. s…i; saerTodaRestnuri *S…ani/*s…ani.
bacb. {zu}, CaCn. z„‹ *z‹ "sxivi", ing. z„ˆ "sxivi", winarenaxuri zi id; - 242 -
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winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
xunZ., lak. i-z-an "встать", arC. bu-c-is, lezg. aƒ´…a-z-un, Tab. zu-J…-
"Sno"; and. Su…-, boTl. s´u, Rod. Sub, Wam. hŒb/hub, bagv. hŒb,
uz, aR. Gu-z-as, ruT. lu-z-un, wax. ulu-z-ar-as "adgoma"; winaredaRes-
tind. ho‡ob, kar. x½ohob, axvax. So "хорощий", saerTodaRestnuri
tnuri -z- "zesvla" (Sdr. qarT. ze, ze-v-iT, ze-da...).
*Su-.
saerToqarTveluri *deSa/*ZeSa zan. diSqa/diSka, svan. zeq.
saerToqarTveluri Tq…en, Tq…en-i: zan. Tq…a(n), Tquan-i,
zeSq deSq); bacb. dos, CaCn. dos/duos, ing. dos/doas "SeSa", winare-
svan. sg@~; bacb. Su, CaCn. Su, ing. Suo, winarenaxuri *sT…en/S…en;
naxuri *doS(-a); xunZ. rox½ (rox½a) "tye", and. reSa, boTl. ruSa,
xunZ. nuj, and. bis´il, boTl. biSTi, Rod. biT´e biSTe, Wab. biT´(i)
Rod. ruSa, bagv. roSa, kar. roSa, axvax. ruSa "xe", Wam. …rha/roSa,
biSTi, tind. bis´a, bagv. biSTi, axvax. uSdi "Tqven", winaredaRestnu-
tind. roSa/roha, kar. (tokit.) rox½a "xe", "tye", lak. murx½ "xe",
ri -*sT…-/S…-.
lezg., xin. viS@ "xe", winaredaRestnuri *doSa..
saerToqarTveluri *sT…-: sT…-el-i rT…-el-i "Semodgoma";
saerToqarTveluri vaS-l-i/*vaSali, zan. uSq-ur-i/uSq-ir-i, svan.
bacb. stab-o "Semodgoma", CaCn. {sTa…-}, ing. {sa…-},winarenaxuri
…isg-… …iSg-… *…iSq-l; bacb. {aS}: CaCn. çaj: ing. çaj "vaSli",
sTa…-; boTl. c´ib-uru, axvax. c´ib-era "zamTari", did. sebi, hunz.
winarenaxuri *vaS-; xunZ. eC, axvax. „eCe, kar. „eCi, tind. ØeCi, yam.
sib-ar, lak. s´uvT *sTu…, arCib. soT´-iƒ´ , Tab. C…ul, wax. cu…-al,
ØeS, hinux. iSi, hunz. e¹S, darg. „inc, lak. hivC, arC. anS, lezg. iC,
xin. c´ˆv-aj (*cˆv-ar) "Semodgoma", winaredaRestnuri sTu…-.
Tab. veC/viC, aR. heC veC, kriw. ~eC veC, budux. ~eC veC, xin. mˆC veC, ud. ¥S/¡S veS, winaredaRestnuri *veS-.
saerToqarTveluri ZaG-l-i/*ZaR-al-i, zan. JoG-or-i; svan. jeG/jeG-…; bacb. woK woKa, CaCn. wuoKa; ing. woK– "jiqi", wina-
saerToqarTveluri Sen-/*S…-en-, Sen-i, zan. si(n), sqan-i, svan.
renaxuri *ZoG(ar-) woK-(ar-); xunZ. wirK, and. wirK, axvax. wiKo
sg@~, bacb. ho(n), CaCn. huo(n), ing. huo(n) "Sen", winarenaxuri
"focxveri", lak. winiK/Wn@y…, winaredaRestnuri *ZiG-(or-)
*S…en; xunZ. mun …un * h…un, darg. hu, lezg. …ue *
wiK-(or).
h…un, ruT. Gu hun, wax. Gu hun, ud. Gun/un hun, xin. …ˆ h…ˆn, arCib. un hun "Sen", saerTodaRestnuri *S…un-.
saerToqarTveluri *deZ…-/ZeZ…: "ZeZvi", zan. (Wan.) danZ-i *daZ…-i; bacb. {ZiZ}-, CaCn. ZiZ-– /ziz-–, ZiZ-ig "yvavili", ing. Ziz-–
saerToqarTveluri Sver-: u-Sver-i, svan. Sg…ir (zs.) /Sk…ir
*ZiZ-a; winarenaxuri *ZiZ-; xunZ. zaz "ekali", axv. jaja, darg.
(lnt.) "sircxvili"; bacb. eh-ar; ing. e-h-ar, winarenaxuri *e-har
ZawZi/c´ac´e, lak. c´ac, lezg. c´aZ, Tab. ZaZa, aR. zaz, ruT. ziza, ud.
"sircxvili"; xunZ. sur-, and. sur-/suli, boTl. sur-, yam. sul sur,
cac, winaredaRestnuri *ZaZi (Sdr. adiR. ze*Ze).
tind. sur, kar. sur- (sure) "Sercxvena", axvax. Suli Suri "sircxvi-
saerToqarTveluri Z…al-i, zan. {Jol-}; svan. JiJ… *J…iJ…il (redupl.) *J…il (Sdr., aWar. ZiZgva~/jijgva~ "Zvalmsxvili kaci"
li", winaredaRestnuri *Sur. saerToqarTveluri Su-: S…-en-i-s, Su-en-ier-i, Sn-o ( S…eno),
- t.f.); bacb. {za(l)}, CaCn. sal/zal, ing. sa(l) zal "nekni", winarenaxu-
zan. sq…-, o-sq-u{n} "Svenis", squ-a (Wan.)/ sq…-am-i (megr.) "lamazi",
ri *Zal-; and. jala, boTl. jola, Wam. zala, "nekni", winaredaRestnuri
svan. sg…-, x-o-sgu-n "SeSvenis", ma-sg…-a "Sesaferisi", sg…-’n
*Zal(a).
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winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
saerToqarTveluri Zu…-/Zuv-i, Zu, zan. Ju-a *Ju…-a, svan.
winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
saerToqarTveluri
*cxarT…-/carTx…
(Sdr.,
waTx-/wyaT-,
Ju{…}-a "Zukna"; bacb. jabo "Zroxa", CaCn. ja, ing. j– vainax. *ja…o,
barty-/bRart-...), CxarT…, "CxarTvi", svan. CxuruSt/Cxur…iSd
winarenaxuri *Za…o "Zroxa",; xunZ. zi…u, and. zi…u boTl., Rod.
*CxarST…; bacb. {SurTx}- (Sdr. qarT. SurTx-i), CaCn. SatKa(n), ing.
zini, Wam. zin, bagv. zin, tind., kar. zini, axvax. ji¹…o/jon "Zroxa", did.
SurtK› "ласка", winarenaxuri *carTx…- *CarTx…-; xunZ cat¾u,
zi~a, xvarSi. zi¹a, ruT. zer, wax. zer, kriw. zar, bud. zar, ud. Cur
and. sart¾u *cart¾u, yam. sat¾u *cart¾u "ласка", saerTodaRes-
*Jur id; winaredaRestnuri *Zi…u "Zroxa".
tnuri *cart¾…- (Sdr. bgeraTSesatyvisoba: qarTv. Tx: nax. Tx:
saerToqarTveluri ƒueza, zan. (megr.) xozo *x…ajo (Sdr.
daR. t¾).
afxaz. a-ƒ…aja); bacb. ƒaC—, CaCn. ƒ‰C–, ing. ƒaC– "sagzali", wina-
saerToqarTveluri berw-i, zan. bury-i, svan. bruy; bacb. b„arw-
renaxuri *ƒaZ-e ƒ‰J-e; xunZ. ƒuƒanCed, bej. xic, xvarS. xac, hinux.
o¹, CaCn. b„arz-a¹ *b„arZ-an *b„arw-on, ing. b„arZ-› b„arw-
darg. halwa/h…alwa "блин", winaredaRestnuri *ƒ (…)a(l)Z-a.
o¹ "jori", winarenaxuri *barw-on "jori"; xunZ. „orwen, boTl. „or-
saerToqarTveluri cal-i, carieli, cale, zan. (megr.) Cvara "cale" *Cor-a, svan. h@r-i "carieli"; bacb. cha, CaCn. caç caha, ing.
wen, Rod. „orwin, kar. „urwina, hin. hurwum, hunz. horwum/horwom "jori", winaredaRestnuri *borw-en *horw-en.
caç/cha caha "erTi", winarenaxuri cah-; xunZ. co, and. se-, axv.
saerToqarTveluri w…-: "wva", zan. y…- "wva", svan. y- *y…-;
Ce-, did. si-, darg. ca, lak. ca, lezg. sa-, Tab. sa-, aR. sa-, ruT. sa-,
bacb. we, CaCn. wˆ/i, ing. wi "cecxli", winarenaxuri we; xunZ. wa, and.
wax. sa-, arC. os, xin. sa, ud. sa "erTi", saerTodaRestnuri *ca.
wa~, axvax. Jari, bejit. wo, did. wi, xvarS. wa/wo *w…a, darg. wa,
saerToqarTveluri *barc(x)-, farcx-i, zan. bucx/burcx-, svan. cxa
lak. w… *w…i, lezg. wa~, Tab. wa, aR. wa, ruT. wa~, wax.
"frCxili"; xunZ. furuc *burc´u *burc´u, and. rebc´u *berc´u,
wa/wa~, budux. wa, arCib. ow *wo *w…a, xin y@ "cecxli", wina-
bagv. berec´, boTl. ferc´u, Wam. bi~ac´a birac´a, Rod. rec´i berec´i, tind. bec´i/berec´, kar. bec´e/berc´e/ feric´, axvax. „ebec´e, did.
redaRestnuri *w(…)a "wva, cecxli" (Sdr., qarTuli enis aWaruli kilos wiwa~ "cecxli" bavSvis enaze - t.f.).
birus, hinux. berus, darg. duraZ, lezg. T‘rgz d‘res, Tab. curc
saerToqarTveluri wK: ne-(r)-wK-…-i, wK-al-i, wK-l-ul-i, zan.
Turuc d-uruc aR. duruc, wax. ve~ica berca, ud. fenec´ b-erec´
le-yK-v-a/le-mJk-va, yK-ol- "wylva", svan. n@-SK-… *ne-JK-…; bacb.
"kavi", winaredaRestnuri *b-erc-e "kavi".
{wKal-Š}, CaCn. wK@l-a/wKel-a, ing. wK@l-› "mosqo siTxe", winarena-
saerToqarTveluri cic-i: cic-i-naTela, zan. (Wan.) CiC-i; bacb.
xuri *wK-al-e; xunZ. h´aw´u, axvax. aw´i, Wam. haw´, bagv. ha¬…
cic-a-‡o, CaCn. cac-/cafc-/cic-, ing. ciec-› "mweri", winarenaxuri *cic-;
haw´…, did. nocu, xvarS. ~u¹cu nucu, hunz. ~a¹cu nacu s.
xunZ. ic, and. reci/resu, axvax. reSe, kar. resa, bagv. res, boTl. resa,
did. nawu "nerwyvi", lak. onwu nowu "cingli", winaredaRes-
darg. hems, lak. nu…ca., Tab. sur, ruT. ~is, wax. ic, ud. c´ec´ "моль",
tnuri na-w-… "nerwyvi".
winaredaRestnuri *cec (Sdr. somxuri cic "моль", rac romelime iberiul-kavkasiuri enidan Cans nasesxebi).
svan. mˆ-h-i mˆ-y-i "mwife"; bacb. maw-r-i¹, CaCn. mierza/merZa
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saerToqarTveluri wif-, *ma-w-(if)-e/ m-wif-e, zan. mo-ny-a,
winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
maZ-r-i¹ maw-r-i¹, ing. merZ– ma-r-i¹ *maw-r-i¹, winarenaxu-
saerToqarTveluri w…-er-: w…er-i, zan. w…anJ/d-i *y…aJ-
ri ma-w-r-in "gemrieli"; and. miw´a, boTl. miw´a, Wam. miw´ab, bagv. miw´ab, kar. iw´ab, axvax. miw´a-dabu, lak. nawu-s´a, lezg. varwi, xin. win "gemrieli", winaredaRestnuri mi-w-a "tkbili".
i *y…ar-i, y…ar-, svan. (h)…er-e (h…er- *y…er-) "wveri"; bacb. yan-ik, CaCn. y~en-ig/g, inguS. yien-g "nikapi", winarenaxuri *w…ar-
saerToqarTveluri *wov-: wova, zan. wu- wov-, svan. wob"wova"; bacb. wup-, CaCn. wub-, ing. wub "wova", winarenaxuri. *wuv-;
*y(…)an- "wveri"; darg. muwur, lak. yiri, lezg. C´uru *yuru, Tab. miJir *miyir, aR. muJur *muyur, arCib. moyor, ruT. miyri,
bareba, gamoZaxeba"; xunZ. w´e, and. w´e, boTl. w´e, Wam. w´e…, bagv. wJe…, kar. wJe…, axvax. w´e…e "stumari", winaredaRestnuri we…-e "stumari". Sdr. adiR. xa-y› "stumari".
wax. muyru, xin. miyeS *miyej *miyer "wveri", winaredaRestnuri *(mV)-*w…ar*w…ir "wveri"... enaTmecnieruli kvlevis am etapze danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saerToqarTveluri, saerTonaxur-daRestnuri da saerToafxazur-adiRuri leqsikis bazaze dgindeba kanonzomieri da regularuli bgeraTSesatyvisobani, rac saSualebas iZleva, aRdges saerTokavkasiuri leqsika da, Sesabamisad, iv.javaxiSvilis, arn. Ciqobavas, i. cercvaZis, g. rogavas, q. lomTaTiZis, d. imnaiSvilis, T. goniaSvilis, o. kaxaZis, e. lomTaZis, g. Tofurias, g. burWulaZis, v. Sengelias, T. gvancelaZis, m. Cuxuas, c. baramiZis, r. abaSias da mraval sxvaTa kvalad, seriozulad vimsjeloT iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis naTesaobis Sesaxeb; Sdr., T. gamyreliZisa da g. maWavarianis sayuradRebo msjelobac: "saerTo-qarTveluri enobrivi tipi arqauli periodisa SeiZleba davaxasiaToT Semdegi zogadi niSnebiT: (1) uaRresad rTuli konsonantizmi da ukiduresad martivi vokalizmi (monovokaluri sistema); (2) fonologiurad relevanturi moZravi dinamikuri maxvili; (3) srulxmovnoba gviandeli srulmarcvlovnobis adgilze; (4) formawarmoebasa da sityvawarmoebaSi prefiqsaciis upiratesi roli sufiqsaciasTan SedarebiT. miRebuli modeli uaxloes tipologiur paralels poulobs mTis iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, gansakuTrebiT dasavlur-kavkasiur jgufSi" (T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, 1965, gv. 470); "struqturul-tipologiuri niSnebi, romlebic qarTvelur enebs aaxloveben Crdilokavkasiur enebTan, uTuod Soreul warsuls ganekuTvneba, maSin rodesac saerToqarTveluri tipis indoevropuli niSnebi ufro gviandeli qronologiuri Srisaa" (g. maWavarianis am citatisa da arn. Ciqobavas komentarebis Sesaxeb sagangebo msjeloba ix., T. gamyreliZe, 2000, gv. 28-29).
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xunZ. w´un-k-, and. w´un-d-, axvax. w´un-, tind. c´u-~lÀa w´u-~lÀa, Wamal. w´un-a, bagv. w´un-, boTl. w´un-d-, lak. wup, arCib. wu-r-bos "wova", darg. wup-baryi, aR. sup-as *wup-as, kriw. yu… ~eriJ, Zud. yuf-, saerTodaRestnuri *wuv-/wum- wun. saerToqarTveluri
*wued-/w…eT-,
w…eT-i,
zan.
y…aT-
/w…aT-, svan. …d h…id y…ed "cvari, wveTi"; bacb. darw-, CaCn. derz/Z, ing. dar "wvimianoba", saerTonaxuri *darw- (*dawwinarenaxuri *wad; t.f.); xunZ. w´ad/wad, and. w´a, boTl. w´a~, Wam. w´‰, bagv. w´a~, kar. w´a~, axvax. w´ari w´adi "wvima", boTl., Rod. w´ai w´ari, lezg. stal *wdal, Tab. wadal, aR. war, kriw. wadi "wveTi", "siTxe", winaredaRestnuri *wad. saerToqarTveluri wod- "wodeba", "kiTxva", "saxeli", svan. y…d-, li-y…d-i "SekiTxva"; bacb. weT "saxeli", "dideba", CaCn. w~T´, ing. w~eT´, winarenaxuri *wed; did. wod-er-a/Jod-ir-a "gawodeba (xelis)", hunz. wod-, hinux. wod-, lezg. yal, Tab. yal, aR. yal. arCib. yaT "Tqma, metyveleba", winaredaRestnuri *wod "gawodeba", "miwodeba". saerToqarTveluri wen- "mowveva", Zv. qarT. wan-a wen-a "wveuleba", "lxini", zan. (megr.) yan-af-a "mowveva, daZaxeba", Wan. yan-d-a "qorwili, wveuleba", svan. her- *yer- yer- *yen- "da-
winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
Cven ki davZenT: savsebiT marTebulia daskvna, rom arqauli qarTveluri ena ufro axlos unda yofiliyo sxva iberiul-kavkasiur enebTan, vidre gviandeli, ramdenadac, Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua periodSi indoevropel tomTa kavkasiaSi Semosvlis gamo qarTvelurSi gaCnda STambeWdavi superstratuli indoevropuli fena, romlis gamoc, savaraudoa, qarTveluri garkveulwilad daemsgavsa/"daenaTesava" indoevropul enobriv models. arqauli tipologiuri igiveobis fonze iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi dadasturebuli mravalricxovani da regularuli bgeraTSesatyvisobani, vfiqrobT, seriozul safuZvels unda iZleodes amierkavkasiuri da imierkavkasiuri enebis naTesaobis samtkiceblad. eris istoriis kvlevisas arsebiTia, aseve, xalxuri musikis istoria (m.bromlei); am aspeqtiT, qarTuli sinamdvilisTvis sayuradReboa n.maisuraZis msjeloba, romelic efuZneba ra sxva momijnave dargebis mkvlevarTa (k.zaksi, i.xaSba, b.brliaevi, d.arayiSvili, S.aslaniSvili, i.kikviZe...) naSromebs, askvnis: iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis mflobeli xalxebis musikaluri enebi momdinareoben kavkasiur-winaaziuri musikaluri fuZeenidan. winaaziur samyarosTan mWidro kulturul-istoriuli kavSirebi mJRavndeba qarTuli "iavnanas" melodiasa (romelic eZRvneba neoliTis dasasrulidan arsebuli nayofierebis RvTaeba nanas)da winaaziuri musikaluri nimuSebis uZveles SreebSi". intonaciur da harmoniul elementTa erTgvarovnoba, mravalxmianobis formebi, tipologiuri msgavseba ganviTarebis Semdgom procesSi da saerTo kavkasiuri musikalur-intonaciuri xasiaTi metyveleben kavkasiis teritoriaze odesRac erTiani musikaluri kulturis arsebobaze... "musikaluri masala mkafiod warmoaCens qarTvelur tomTa gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas, mis wamyvan rols am kulturis Camoyalibebasa da Semdgom ganviTarebaSi, romelic ZiriTadad kavkasiuri musikalur-intonaciuri da harmoniuli azrovnebis farglebSi mimdinareobda" (n.maisuraZe, 1989, gv.61-71; n.maisuraZe, 2002, gv.246); garda amisa, aqve dasabuTebulia, rom afxazuri musikaluri dialeqti/ena "melo-intona-
ciurad uSualo kavSirs avlens aRmosavlurqarTvelur, fSaurxevsurul (fxour) simRerebTan (n.maisuraZe, 1989, gv.65-67; n.maisuraZe, 2002, gv.245). Sdr., agreTve: qarTveluri sakravebi paralelebs poulobs ara mxolod afxazeTSi, zogadad, Crdilo kavkasiaSi, aramed, Zvel wina aziaSic (m.SilakaZe, 1970, gv.55-57); qarTuli simRerebis glosolaliebs paralelebi eZebneba afxazur da CeCnur simRerebSi (m.SilakaZe, 1999, gv.206). yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, qarTvelTa enobrivkulturul-eTnikuri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb Cveni mosazreba Semdegnairad Camoyalibdeba: winaaziur-kavkasiuri didi modgmisgan Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi (mtkvar-araqsis II periodi) gamomijnul iberiul-kavkasiur kontinuumSi Zv.w. II aTaswleulis manZilze ufro Rrmavdeba enakilokavuri danawevreba (enobrivi cvlilebani ganapiroba eTnosTa Serevebmac): enis cvalebis Sinagani kanonzomierebebidan gamomdinare, Tu mravalwaxnagovani Serevebis gamo, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi yalibdeba mravali enobrivi erTeuli (ena/kilo), magram isini inarCuneben amosaval ZiriTad lingvistur maxasiaTeblebs (fonematuri struqtura, zmnis sirTule, ergatiuli konstruqcia...) da saerTo warmomavlobis leqsikis nawils; Sesabamisad, ieroglifuri damwerlobis wyalobiT cnobili kavkasiuri samyaros monaTesave winaaziuri enobrivi masala asaxulia rogorc Tanamedrove qarTvelur, aseve, Cerqezul (afxazur-adiRur), naxur/CeCnur da lekur enebSi; swored amitomaa, rom iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis calkeuli mkvlevarebi maTTvis kargad cnobili enis msgavsebas xedaven xeTur, xuritul, elamur Tu Sumerul enebSi; Sdr., mag.: "vefxistyaosani" moicavs qristianul, miTologiur, gmirul, aseve, XII saukunis istoriul da kulturul-eTnografiul aspeqtebs; TiToeuli am dargis specialisti Tavisi kompetenciis farglebSi iazrebs am genialur qmnilebas... kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT: sxvadasxva iberiul-kavkasiuri enis specialisti Tavisi sakvlevi enisTvis damaxasiaTebel enobriv movlenas rom xedavs ro-
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winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
melime winaaziur enaSi, bunebrivia, vinaidan iberiul-kavkasiuri ojaxis enebi momdinareoben winaaziur-kavkasiuri uZvelesi enobrivi erTobisgan: Sesabamisad, TiToeul iberiul-kavkasiur enas uTuod aRmoaCndeba raime saerTo rogorc Zvel winaaziur, aseve, dRevandel sxva iberiul-kavkasiur enebTan. iberiul-kavkasiuri enobrivi velisgan sakuTriv qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros gamomijvna (rac, mag., aisaxa klas-kategoriebis moSliT) dawyebuli Cans kavkasiasa da anatoliaSi mZlavri indoevropuli nakadis SemosvliT Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis mijnaze; mkveTri daSoreba ki savaraudoa Zv.w. I aTaswleulis manZilze, kerZod, skviT-kimerielTa da sparsuli modgmis tomTa Semosevebis dros; Cans, am Serevebs asaxavs osur-armenulSi arsebuli mZlavri iberiul-kavkasiuri substratuli da qarTvelurSi arsebuli indoevropuli superstratuli fenebi. Sdr., zogi specialistis azriT, qarTveluri ena aris narevi ena; masSi gamoiyofa ori fena: dasavlur-kavkasiuri da indoevropuli (g.deetersi, 1957, 13-15; Sdr., T.gamyreliZe, g.maWavariani, 1965, gv.35-378; indoevropulidan nasesxebi fuZeebisaTvis ix.: m.andronikaSvili, 1966; T.gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, 1984; m.andronikaSvili, 1996). aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia r.gordezianis daskvnac: "berZnul wyaroTa monacemebi sxvadasxva egeosur gadmosaxlebaTa Sesaxeb kavkasiaSi gvianbrinjaos xanis ganmavlobaSi sinamdviles unda Seesabamebodes. rogorc Cans, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, swored maTi Sedegi unda iyos qarTvelur enaTa saboloo diferenciacia" (r.gordeziani, 1985, gv.167); davazustebT, Cveni azriT, am gadmosaxlebebsac SeiZleba daeCqarebina iberiul-kavkasiurisgan qarTveluris gamomijvna (da ara "qarTvelur enaTa saboloo diferenciacia") Sdr.: Crdilokavkasiur enebTan SedarebiT qarTveluri enakiloebi erTgvarovania. zogad StrixebSi ganvixilavT iberiul-kavkasiuri da Zveli winaaziuri enebis mimarTebas: xaTuri da iberiul-kavkasiuri: Zv.w. XXIII saukunidan aTasi wlis manZilze centralur ana-
toliaSi, mogviano periodebis kabadokiis, pontos... teritoriul velSi (Sdr., sxvadasxva drois dedaqalaqTa saxelebi: xaTusa/boRazqoi; mazaka/masaxa) arsebuli xaTis Zlieri samefos saxelmwifo ena - xaTuri ena, Sumerulisa da xuritulis msgavsad, ergatiuli konstruqciisa da aglutinaciuri tipis enaa; specialistTa erTi nawilis varaudiT, igi enaTesaveba Tanamedrove qarTvelur enas (qr.girbali, r.Smidt-brandti, S.gabeskiria...), meore nawilis azriT ki - afxazur-adiRur enebs (e.foreri, i.diakonovi, v. ivanovi, i.dunaevskaia, m.Cuxua...). kerZod: Cerqezul-afxazur-adiRur ena-kiloebTan genetur naTesaobaze miuTiTebs: zmnis agebuleba, ergatiuli konstruqcia da zogi morfemis msgavseba (v.ivanovi; ix., agreTve, gr.giorgaZe, 2002). qarTvelur ena-kiloebTan genetur naTesaobas adasturebs: ergatiuli konstruqcia, morfemaTa identuroba (mesame piris niSnebi: h, s), kuTvnileba-warmomavlobis -el sufiqsi da la-/leprefiqsi da mravalricxovani leqsikuri paralelebi; mag., 2002 wlis maisSi qarTvelologTa IV saerTaSoriso simpoziumze ("integraciisa da dezintegraciis procesebi kavkasiaSi") wakiTxul moxsenebaSi: "qarTvelur-anatoliur-egeosuri enobrivi paralelebis sakiTxisaTvis" robert Smidt-brantma, qr.girbalis kvalad, xaTuri warmomavlobis sityvebad miiCnia didi, wvima, puri, laparaki, smena, cxvari, Savi, cuva - Zu ("coli") da sxva; misi azriT, xaTuri ena kavSirSia saerToqarTvelur enasTan. Sdr., urartuli RvTaeba diduani, qarTv. didi da xaTuri didi... warmodgenil masalas Sdr., agreTve: xaTuri RvTaeba arma qarTve-
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luri – armazi da berZnuli – hermesi (berZnul panTeonSi hermesi winareberZnuli - pelazguri (?) samyarodanaa SeTvisebuli). xaTurTan mimarTebiT sayuradReboa S.gabeskirias mravalwliani kvlevis Sedegebi; misi azriT: enobrivi, arqeologiuri, miTologiuri da folkloruli masalis gaTvaliswinebiT dgindeba, rom "xaTebi arian qarTvelTa winaprebi da Sesabamisad, xaTuri ena aris winareqarTuli ena, romelic asaxulia indoevropul-xe-
winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
Tur anu nesiturad daweril teqstebSi" (S.gabeskiria, 1998, gv.29); xaTebis saxeli momdinareobs qarTi formisgan (S.gabeskiria, 2003, gv.35). xaTebis memkvidreni arian qaSqebi, am ukanasknelT ki afxazuradiRur xalxTanac akavSireben da kolxebTanac (ix. gr.giorgaZe, 2000; gr.giorgaZe, 2002, gv.95-106; (problemis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. gr.giorgaZe, 2002, gv.89-93); Sdr.: qasqebi didi xnis manZilze eomebodnen mosul xeTebs. amave teritoriaze welTaRricxvaTa mijnazec aqtiurad Canan qarTveluri tomebi; SemTxveviTi arc is Cans, rom, qarTuli tradiciiT, kabadokieli wmindanebi qarTvelTa uaxloes winaprebad miiCnevian (ix. z.gamsaxurdia, 1991, gv.37). damowmebul literaturaSi sayuradRebo argumentebia
v.iarceva, 1990; m.qurdiani, 2001; gr.giorgaZe, 2002). xurituli da qarTveluri enebis naTesaobis varauds gamoTqvamdnen jer kidev s.janaSia, arn. Ciqobava... am bolo periodSi gamoqveynda, agreTve, n.nozaZisa da m.qurdianis gamokvlevebi, sadac sayuradRebo daskvnebia warmodgenili xuritul-qarTveluri enebis naTesaobis samtkiceblad; kerZod, laparakia moqmedebiTi gvaris mimReobis warmoebis, deponensebis, rezultatiuri droebis, zmnis polipersonalizmisa da TanxmovanTa harmoniuli kompleqsebis msgavseba-identurobasa da mravalricxovan leqsikur paralelebze (n.nozaZis mosazrebis Sesaxeb ix. gr.giorgaZe, 2002, gv.74-76). sanimuSod moviyvanT m.qurdianis daskvnas: "xuritulsa da urartuls TanxmovanTa pirveladi harmoniuli kompleqsebi axasiaTebT da igive maxasiaTebeli maTi fuZe-enisTvisac rekonstruirdeba. TanxmovanTa harmoniuli decesiuri kompleqsebi am tipisa ar aris damaxasiaTebeli aRmosavlur-kavkasiuri (naxur-daRestnuri) enebisTvis arc sinqroniaSi da arc diaqroniaSi - is ar rekonstruirdeba arc saerTo-naxur, arc saerTo daRestnur qronologiur doneze da, miT umetes, arc saerTo-naxur-daRestnuri (aRmosavlur-kavkasiuri) fuZe-enis doneze. aseTi sistema principulad ucxoa aRmosavluri kavkasiuri enebisTvis. msgavsi sistema aRmosavluri enebidan mxolod qarTvelur (samxreT-kavkasiur) enebSi gvaqvs sinqroniaSi da is diaqroniaSic aRdgeba saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe enis doneze" (m.qurdiani, 2001, gv.183-184; m.qurdiani, 2003, gv. 70-71).
warmodgenili rogorc xaTuri enisa da Cerqezulis (resp. afxazur-adiRuris), aseve xaTurisa da qarTveluris geneturi siaxlovis aspeqtiT; es ki iZleva safuZvels, vTqvaT: xaTuri ena axlo monaTesavea saerTo iberiul-kavkasiuri kontinuumisa; iberiel-kavkasieli xalxis ena-kiloebi xaTuris paralelurad arsebobda da ramdenime aTeuli enis saxiT dRemdea Semonaxuli; Sesabamisad, bunebrivia, rom xaTurTan saziaro enobriv-leqsikuri movlenebi Semogvinaxa rogorc Tanamedrove Cerqezul-afxazur-adiRurma, aseve qarTvelurma enobrivma samyarom. xurituli da iberiul-kavkasiuri: Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebSi xuritulad molaparake xalxs Tavisi saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebi hqonda Crdilo mesopotamiaSi; Zv.w. XVI saukunidan mis saxelmwifos erqva miTani, xolo Zv.w. IX-VI saukuneebSi - urartu. xurituli enac aglutinaciuri da ergatiulia. samecniero literaturaSi warmodgenilia mtkiceba xurituli da CrdiloaRmosavleT kavkasiuri enebis naTesaobisa (i.brauni, g.klimovi, i.diakonovi, s.starostini...); miuTiTeben xuritul da naxur-daRestnur aTeulobiT saziaro leqsikur erTeuls da ganixilaven morfologiur erTeulTa msgavsebas (sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix.: - 254 -
SeniSvna: Sdr.: mraval leqsikur erTeulTa garda, erTgvaria: qarTveluri da urartuli enebis brunvebis raodenoba (zogi brunvis yalibic ki emTxveva), ergativisa da zmnis gardamavloba-gardauvlobis mimarTeba, naTesaobiT brunvaSi dasmuli saxelis saSualebiT zedsarTavi saxelis warmoeba, nawilobriv zmnis sufiqsacia da sxv. (n.mari, 1917, gv.131-135; g.meSCaninovi, 1927, gv.111-115; g.wereTeli, 1939, gv.9; g.meliqiSvili, 1960, gv.53-60, 79).
Cveni azriT, rogorc ukve zemoT gvqonda aRniSnuli, erTi mxriv, xurituli enisa da naxur-daRestnuris, meore mxriv ki - xu-
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winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...
ritulisa da qarTveluris siaxlove, mimaTiTebelia yvela am enis (Sesabamisad, am enaTa mflobeli xalxebis) naTesaobisa: xurituli da iberiul-kavkasiuri enobrivi erTeulebi erTmaneTis monaTesavea da xaTurTan erTad saTaves iRebs saerTo winaaziur-kavkasiur enobriv velSi. samecniero literaturaSi, sul mcire, erTi saukunea, grZeldeba diskusia calkeuli iberiul-kavkasiuri da Sumeruli enebis naTesaobis realurobis Sesaxeb; bevri leqsikuri paralelia gamovlenili Sumerulsa da qarTvelurSi (ix., mag., a.seisis, k.krameris, i.karseTis, m.wereTlis, j.SaraSeniZis, h.fenrixis da mraval sxvaTa mosazrebebi da gamokvlevebi; literaturisaTvis ix.: arn.Ciqobava, 1979, gv.257-307; gr.giorgaZe, 2002, gv.22-27). kvlevis am etapze aRvniSnavT mxolod imas, rom am mimarTulebiTac metad perspeqtiulia mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba. qarTveluri ena-kiloebisa da winaaziur-egeosuri enebis naTesaobis TvalsazrisiT sakiTxis istoria da saintereso masala warmodgenilia r.gordezianis (1980, 1985), T. gamyreliZisa da v.ivanovis (gv.892-894) fundamentur naSromebSi, Tumca maT es masala nasesxobebad miaCniaT. uTuod sayuradReboa, agreTve, z.gamsaxurdias dakvirvebebi; mag., misi azriT, "tar- fuZidan nawarmoebi uZvelesi saxelebi da toponimebi gvxvdeba jer kidev paleo-mediteranul da paleo-kavkasiur (kolxur) samyaroSi. fuZe tar RvTaebis aRmniSvnelia da misgan aris nawarmoebi uZvelesi mcireaziuri amindisa da Weqa-quxilis RvTaebebis saxelebi, romelTac vefxistyaosanebad gamosaxavdnen uZvelesi sakulto mRvimeebis kedlebze (Sdr., SoTa rusTvelis "vefxistyaosnis" mTavari gmiri - vefxistyaosani tarieli). Taru egeosur-anatoliuri fuZea, elva-Weqis RvTaebis aR-
debas, romelsac vefxistyaosnad gamosaxavdnen uZveles mcireaziur (anu protoqarTul) misteriebsa da sakulto mRvimeebSi. aqedan warmodga kapadokiur enaSi sityva "tarhuala", rac Zlevas, gamarjvebas niSnavs. es fuZe pre-semituri, pre-indoevropul da preqamitur enebsa da kulturebs ukavSirdeba, xolo xeTurSi, sanskritSi, aqadurSi da sxva semitur qveynebSi, aseve sxva aRmosavlur qveynebSi aqedan unda iyos gadmosuli" (z.gamsaxurdia, 1991, gv.242-245; ix., agreTve: r.gordeziani, 1970, gv.37; gr.giorgaZe, 2002, gv. 84). m.Cuxuas azriT (2003, gv.73), sakuTar saxel tariels Sesatyvisobebi eZebneba qarTvelur dialeqtebSic; kerZod, Sdr.; samwignobro qarTuli tarieli - zan. toro/turu/torua (Sdr.: Wan., taroni); svan. ter(e), tarE/terE... pelazgur-etruskul-qarTveluri saerTo enobrivi STambeWdavi masalaa warmodgenili agreTve r.gordezianisa (1970) da g.qavTaraZis (1985) naSromebSi. SeiZleba davaskvnaT: jer kidev XIX saukunis mkvlevarTa mier navaraudev winareberZnul-winaaziur-qarTvelur-Crdilokavkasiur enobriv-eTnikur naTesaobas, romelic samecniero problemad aqcies n.marma, iv.javaxiSvilma, s.janaSiam, arn.Ciqobavam da sxvebma, ufro da ufro meti argumenti uCndeba... kavkasiur-winaaziuri (axloaRmosavluri) enobriv-eTnikuri erTobis divergenciis savaraudo qronologia, Cveni azriT, ase gamoiyureba: Zv.w. VII-IV aTaswleulebi: axloaRmosavluri enobrivi samyaro; Zv.w. IV-II aTaswleulebi: iberiul-kavkasiuri, xurituli, xaTuri... enobriv-kulturuli velebis warmoqmna-arseboba; Zv.w. I aTaswleuli: qarTveluri enobriv-eTnikuri samyaros CamoZerwva...
mniSvneli (aqedan momdinareobs qarTuli sityva "tarosi" - amindis aRmniSvneli)... fuZe Tar paleomediteranuli, paleokavkasiuri da mcireaziuri enobrivi samyarodan modis da warmoadgens misteriaTa sakralur sityvas, Teonims, RvTaebis saxels, kerZod, mcireaziur tarus, Weqa-quxilisa da amindis RvTaebis saxelwo- 256 -
SeniSvna: vgulisxmobT, rom Sidaenobrivi divergenciis paralelurad, yvela droSi mimdinareboda enaTa mravalwaxnagovani konvergenciuli procesebi, romlebic pirdapirproporciulia eTnosTa Serevis xarisxisa. Zvel Tu Tanamedrove kavkasiur da winaaziur enebSi (indoevropuli da semituri enebis CaTvliT) STambeWdavia superstratu-
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winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri... li, substratuli da adstratuli fenebi.
Cveni msjelobis Sesabamisad, iberiul-kavkasiuri da winaaziuri Zveli enebis mimarTebis amsaxveli sqema Semdegi saxiT warmosdgeba: kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri enobrivi kontinuumi
Sumeruli enobrivi veli
xuritul-urartuli enobrivi veli
iberiulkavkasiuri enobrivi veli
xaTurpelazguri enobrivi veli
saerToqarTveluri koine
Sdr., m.Cuxuas sqema, romelic daibeWda 2003 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi: "qarTvelur ena-kiloTa SedarebiTi leqsikoni"; am sqemis mixedviT, winareiberiul-kavkasiuri (alarodiuli) enisgan momdinareni arian: Sumerul-iberiul(qarTvelur)-etruskul-pelazguri erToba, xaTur-afxazur-adiRuri erToba, huritul-urartul-naxuri erToba, lelegur-albanur-daRestnuri erToba, baskur-korsikul-kelt-iberiuli... erToba. vfiqrobT, SeuZlebelia sxvadasxva jgufebad warmovidginoT, erTi mxriv, xaTur-Cerqezuli, meore mxriv, qarTvelur-Sumeruli, mesame mxriv ki - huritul-naxur-albanur-daRestnuri; rogorc teritoriuli, aseve, enobriv-kulturul-anTropologiuri paralelebi ufro met safuZvels iZleva, calkeul enobriv erTobebad ganvixiloT: iberiul-kavkasiuri (aRmosavleTiberiuli), xuritul-urartuli, Sumeruli, xaTur-dasavleTiberiuli...
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kolxuri kulturis sazRvrebis sakiTxi arqeologiuri... 2.2. aietidan
farnavazamde: kolxuri kultura"; aietis qveynis SesaZlo oficialuri enis - saerToqarTveluri enis Teoriuli modeli da arsebobis dro
2.2.1. kolxuri kulturis sazRvrebis sakiTxi arqeologiuri
monacemebis mixedviT arqeologTa da eTnologTa Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi cxadyofs, rom brinjaos xanaSi dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Tvisobrivad erTgvari – Zeluri tipis monogamiuri dasaxlebebia; gansxvavebas qmnis mxolod nagebobaTa garegnuli forma, romelic Sepirobebulia klimaturi pirobebiT (p.buxraSvili, 2003, gv.122-124, 199-207). II aTaswleulis Sua periodidan Woroxis xeobasa da mtkvris zemowelSi ukve dasturdeba kolxuri kulturis elementebi; mag., yarsis muzeumSi daculia istoriuli saqarTvelos provinciaSi - artaanis regionSi - napovni II aTaswleulis Sua periodis kolxuri kulturis nimuSebi; analogiuri masalaa centralur qarTlSic (ix. samTavros gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis keramikis identuri masala): i.gagoSiZisa da j.afaqiZis gamokvlevebma savsebiT daadastura b.kuftinis mosazreba, rom Sida qarTlis arqeologiuri masala kolxuri kulturis organuli nawilia: "aTaswleulidan moyolebuli, taxtiZirisa da cxinvalis regionis arqeologiuri masala mxolod kolxuri kulturis "filtraciiT" ver aixsneba; qarTlis iberia uSualo monawilea didi kolxuri kulturisa" (i.gagoSiZe, 1964, gv.86; i.gagoSiZe, 1997; i.gagoSiZe, 2003; j.afaqiZe, 2002). al. ramiSvilis daskvniT, II aTaswleulis bolosa da I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi kolxuri kultura farTodaa gavrcelebuli "mTeli Sida qarTlis teritoriaze", xolo "Tlis samarovanze gamovlenili materialuri kultura, ZiriTadad, kolxur-yo- 259 -
kolxuri kulturis sazRvrebis sakiTxi arqeologiuri...
kolxuri kulturis sazRvrebis sakiTxi arqeologiuri...
banur samyarosTan Cans dakavSirebuli" (al. ramiSvili, 1999, gv.130). Sdr., agreTve: "II aTaswleulSi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi dominirebs centralur-amierkavkasiuri kultura, magram I aTaswleulis dasawyisidan aq materialuri kulturis xasiaTi mkveTrad icvleba da kolxuri elementebis safuZvelze yalibdeba" (v. liCeli, 1999, gv.106). aqve, sayuradReboa m.abduSeliSvilis daskvna: uZvelesi periodidan rkinis xanis CaTvliT, saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxleobis SedgenilobaSi raime arsebiTi Zvrebi ar momxdara. amierkavkasiis monacemebis "msgavsi anTropologiuri tipi SeiniSneba, agreTve, kavkasiis qedis gadaRma, yobanis kulturis matareblebSi" (m.abduSeliSvili, 1987, gv. 27). kolxur-yobanuri kulturis gavrcelebis mTel arealsa da qronologiur sazRvrebs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom kolxuri kulturis Semqmneli modgmis Tu saxelmwifos politikur-kulturuli gavlenis Tavdapirveli veli moicavda SavizRvispireTs sinopidan soWamde, Woroxis xeobas, mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos, mtkvris zemowels mcxeTis CaTvliT, liaxvis xeobas da Crdilo kavkasiis nawils; Sesabamisad, naklebsarwmunoa mosazreba, rom Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebSi "unda gaevrcelebina Tavisi Zalaufleba kolxur saxelmwifoebriobas aRmosavleT saqarTvelozec" (i.gagoSiZe, 1965, gv.87; Sdr., t.futkaraZe, 1999, gv.16; t.futkaraZe, 2000, gv.330-332; i.gagoSiZe, 2003, gv.95). Sdr.: istoriul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, varaudoben, rom kolxuri kulturis sazRvrebi moicavda II aTaswleulSi mcxovrebi qasqebis/musqebis/mosxebis, Sesabamisad, Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebis mosxikes mosaxleobis gansaxlebis teritoriasac mdinare halisis auzamde (n.xazaraZe, 1984, gv.193); aqvea mtkiceba (gv.194), rom "zemo evfratispireTSi Zv.w. XII saukuneSi mosuli muSqebi, aseve Zv.w. X saukunis bolo meoTxediT daTariRebul xarTafus luviur-ieroglifur warwerebSi moxseniebuli musqebic organulad ukavSirdebian im regions, sadac, Zveli berZnuli werilobiTi wyaroebis mowmobiT, qarTveluri, saxeldobr, mosxur-mesxuri warmoSobis tomebi iyvnen gansaxlebuli"...
niSandoblivia, rom muSqebis teritoria da istoriuli kabadokia erTmaneTs garkveulwilad faravs... logikurad daismeba sakiTxi muSqebisa da kabadokielebis naTesaobis Sesaxebac (Sdr., ioseb flaviusi: "mosoxebs axlaxan kabadokielebi ewodaT"). am fonze, ukve sayuradRebo argumentad gamodgeba strabonis cnoba mosxebis teritoriis gviandeli danawilebis Sesaxeb (welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze mosxebis qveynis erTi nawili aqvT kolxebs, meore iberebs, mesame - armenielebs). mosxebis qveynisa da Zveli kolxeTis identifikaciis, agreTve, levkoTeas taZris lokalizaciis sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix., a.ioseliani, 1973). vfiqrobT, muSqebis, mesxebis (mosxebis) da kolxebis igiveoba - qarTveluri warmomavloba udavoa (Sdr.: saTanado argumentebis gareSe, muSqebs protoarmenebad Tvlis i.diakonovi; ix., i.diakonovi, 1985). logikuria varaudi, rom kolxuri arqeologiuri kultura moicavda Zveli kolxas sazRvrebs (es kultura Seiqmna kolxas saxelmwifoSi): urartuli da asuruli wyaroebis mixedviT, II aTaswleulis meore naxevarsa da I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi arsebobda kolxas samefo, romlis samefo qalaqi Woroxis xeobaSi iyo ildamusa. i. javaxiSvilis, g. meliqiSvilis, g. imnaZisa da sxvaTa azriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom kulxa/kolxa etimologiurad dakavSirebulia istoriul kolasTan - erTi qarTveluri olqis saxelTan, igi mraval toms aerTianebda. samecniero literaturaSi n.maris mier dasmulia sakiTxi ildamusasa da artanujis igiveobis Sesaxeb; am dakavSirebis damatebiT argumentad SeiZleba gamodges warmodgenili ori saxelis fonematuri msgavseba: TanxmovanTa faqtobrivad identuri Semadgenloba da xmovanTa didi msgavseba (fonetikurad problemuria mxolod pirveli xmovnis sakiTxi)... aqve sayuradReboa d.xaxutaiSvilis daskvna: kolxas SeqmnaSi arsebiTi roli unda Seesrulebina samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos, sadac rkinis warmoebis centri iyo (d.xaxutaiSvili, 1995, gv.70-71). miCneulia, rom Woroxis xeoba metalurgiis centri iyo: "arsad saqar-
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kolxuri kulturis sazRvrebis sakiTxi arqeologiuri...
kolxuri kulturis sazRvrebis sakiTxi arqeologiuri...
TveloSi ar aris aRmoCenili iseTi raodenobiT adreuli saxeobis culebis damamzadebeli yalibebi, rogorc aWaris teritoriaze; saxeldobr, saqarTveloSi aRmoCenil yalibTagan 1/3 aWaraze modis" (m.inaZe, 2000, gv.113). arqeologTa daskvniT, gvianbrinjaosa da adrerkinis periodSi (Zv.w. XIII-IX ss) dasavleT saqarTvelos dasavleT nawilSi sxva arqeologiuri kulturaa da aRmosavleTSi sxva; amave dros faqtia, adreqristianuli periodis CaTvliT, kolxuri kultura STambeWdavadaa warmodgenili ara mxolod samxreT saqarTvelosa da dasavleT saqarTvelos Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi (v.jafariZe, 2002), aramed qarTl-kaxeTis centralur nawilsa da CrdilokavkasiSic ki (ix. zemoT). Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebis mijnaze qarTveluri modgmisa da kulturis centri ufro samxreTiTaa sagulvebeli, unda davuSvaT, rom kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis veli ZiriTadad emTxveva qarTvelur enobriv samyaros; Sdr., kolxur-yobanuri kulturis sazRvrebi: sinopi, yobani, biWvinTa (soWamdea kolxuri TeTris veli); Sdr., leonti mroveli: qarTli - xunanidan vidre speris zRvamde... aRmosavleT saqarTvelos aRmosavleTi nawilis materialuri masala ufro SeiZleba asaxavdes qarTveluris monaTesave sxva tomebis kulturas. niSandoblivia: g.meliqiSvilis azriT, kolxi saerToqarTvelia, zogadqarTvelia (ix., narkvevebi, I, gv. 432); Sdr., agreTve: m.inaZis (2001, gv.96-97) daskvniT, e.w. kolxuri skeptuxiebi ar iyo tomobrivi gaerTianebebi; amgvarive avtonomiuri warmonaqmnebi iyo qarTlSi; Sdr., farnavazis saxelmwifo amave (teritoriuli) principiTaa dayofili saerisTavoebad (m.inaZe, 2002, gv.103). kolxas Sesaxeb originaluri msjelobaa warmodgenili a.billis naSromSi (a.billi, 2003); moviyvanT mis ramdenime debulebas: - kolxeTis samefos arseboba, rac qarTul samecniero literaturaSi ganixileba rogorc faqti, wyaroebiT ar dasturdeba; - am regionSi pirveli qarTuli saxelmwifo yalibdeba
romaelebis, sarmatebisa da alanebis aqtivobis Semdeg qristemde II saukunis dasasruls; - saqarTvelo Savi zRvis napirebze Camoyalibebul im berZnul-skviTuri samyaros nawils warmoadgenda, romelic gansakuTrebulad ganviTarda swored evrazieli momTabareebis zegavlenis gamo...(a.billi, 2003, gv. 54-62). a.billis am naSromSi gaanalizebulia saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili adreuli samarxebis masalebi, magram saTanadod araa Seswavlili istoriuli saqarTvelos mTeli sivrce; garda amisa, sakmarisad gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris berZnuli, asiriuli, urartuli, qarTuli (da sxva) werilobiTi wyaroebi da arc qarTul samecniero literaturaSi arsebuli argumentirebuli mosazrebebi. p.buxraSvilis marTebuli SeniSvniT, a.billis mier "momizezeba imisa, rom igi ar flobs qarTul enas, argumentad ar gamodgeba" (p.buxraSvili, 2003, gv. 63-66). vfiqrobT, sakamaTo ar aris, rom Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebis mijnidan kavkasiasa da Crdilo anatoliaSi arsebobs qarTveluri
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saxelmwifoebi; erT-erTi iyo aia/kolxa, romlis saxelsac argumentirebulad ukavSireben kavkasiaSi realurad arsebul arqeologiur kulturas.
kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi 2.2.2.
kolxuri kulturis Semqmneli eTnosis enis sakiTxi
kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
ve, t.futkaraZe, 2002), magaliTad, gaWirdeba misi Semdegi debulebis gaziareba: "zanurenovani kolxebi rionis qvemo welze ukve III aTaswleulis dasawyisSi unda vivaraudoT" (T.miqelaZe, 1974, gv.72)... 3000-5000 wlis win svanuris, zanur-qarTulisa da zanuris arsebobas Tanamedrove mecnierTa erTi nawilic varaudobs; moviyvanT citatebs bolo periodis sami gamokvlevidan: d.losaberiZe: Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis pirveli naxevari miCneuli unda iqnas saerToqarTveluri enidan svanuri enis gamoyofis sawyis etapad; svanuri mosaxleoba gansaxlebuli iyo kolxeTis dablobze, xolo qarTul-zanuri erToba - rion-yvirilasa da qarTlis regionSi; "dasavleT saqarTvelosa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dasavleT regionTa (mesxeTi, Sida qarTli) msgavsebas adasturebs anTropologiuri monacemebic" (d.losaberiZe, 1992, gv.230-231).
arqeologiuri kultura TavisTavad arc erT enaze ar metyvelebs, amdenad, keramika Tu liTonis nawarmi raime mtkicebis saSualebas ar iZleva; materialuri kulturis memkvidreobiTma xasiaTma mxolod garkveuli eTnokulturuli da politikuri velis arsebobaze SeiZleba migvaniSnos. rogorc ukve iyo aRniSnuli, arqeologiuri kulturis Semqmneli xalxis enis xasiaTze warmodgena SeiZleba mogvces an konkretulma werilobiTma Zeglebma, an lingvisturi analizis Sedegebma; kolxuri kulturis enis dadgenis mcdelobisas lingvistebs ori tipis argumentebi mohyavT; ramdenad myaria isini? ganvixiloT TiToeuli cal-calke. samecniero literaturaSi kolxuri kulturis Semoqmedi eTnosis Sesaxeb, ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia, pirveli mosazreba gamoTqva i.diakonovma: misi azriT, "kolxuri kultura Tavisi gavrcelebulobis mTel arealze, maT Soris, Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSic da samxreT aRmosavleT ordumde dasavlur-qarTul eTnoss ekuTvnis" (i.diakonovi, 1968, gv.120,106); eTnosis Sesaxeb gamoTqmul am varauds araviTari dasabuTeba ar axlavs (amis Sesaxeb ix. T.miqelaZe, 1974, gv.74). aqve xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom i.diakonovis msjelobaSi ar Cans dasavlur-qarTuli eTnosis calke erTeulad gamoyofis argumenti; SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom is eyrdnoba g.klimovis mier 1952 wels gamoTqmul mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac saerToqarTvelur modgmas 40 saukunis win gamoeyo svanuri ena, xolo 28 saukunis win - zanuri ena. toponimiisa da arqeologiuri masalis analizis safuZvelze T.miqelaZe Seecada i.diakonovis azris dasabuTebas; zanurisa da svanuris gamoyofis daTariRebisas is daeyrdno g.deetersis, T.gamyreliZisa da g.maWavarianis azrs saerToqarTveluridan jer svanuris, Semdeg ki zanuris gamoyofis Sesaxeb. arqeologiuri masalis miseuli analizi faseulia, magram toponimTa irgvliv lingvisturi msjeloba bevr upasuxo kiTxvas tovebs, Sesabamisad, daskvnebic metad saeWvoa (kritikuli analizi ix. qvemoT; ix., agreT-
T.gamyreliZe: Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisSi ukve arsebobda megrul-lazuris winapari "zanuri" dialeqti, romelzedac "tyavi" aRiniSneboda tyovi/tkovi sityvebiT; aia-qveynis mefe aieti da misi memkvidreni... dasavlur-qarTul dialeqtze metyvelebdnen, romlis dRevandeli gagrZelebaa CvenTvis cnobili megruli da lazuri (T.gamyreliZe, 1998, gv.3). o.lorTqifaniZe: "iqmneba myari safuZveli mtkicebisaTvis, rom arqeologiurad dadasturebuli Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevrisa da I aTaswleulis eTnokulturuli sistema ekuTvnis dasavleT saqarTvelos wamyvan eTnoss, romelsac berZeni da romaeli avtorebi moixsenieben saxelwodebiT: "kolxebi", xolo maT
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SeniSvna: d.losaberiZis TavisTavad saintereso gamokvleva enaTa divergenciis dausabuTebel sqemas eyrdnoba: avtori ukritikod iRebs glotoqronologiuri meTodiT miRebul metad saTuo Sedegebs da acxadebs, rom Zv.w. IV aTaswleulidan ukve arsebobda svanuri da qarTul-zanuri enebi; Sesabamisad, cdilobs, svanur da qarTul-zanur "enaTa" mflobel "eTnikur erTobebs" moargos imdroindeli arqeologiuri lokaluri variantebi, romlebic, sulac, geografiuli pirobebiT SeiZleba iyos gansazRvruli.
kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
qveyanas - kolxidad. kolxebi ki aRiarebulni arian dasavlurqarTul eTnosad, romelTa ena - zanuri anu megrul-Wanuri ena warmoiqmna saerToqarTveluri fuZe enis diferenciaciis Sedegad" (o.lorTqifaniZe, 1999, gv.113)... TavisTavad cxadia, cnobili arqeologis daskvna emyareba lingvistTa, kerZod, g.klimovisa da T.gamyreliZis mosazrebebs. XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi samecniero literaturaSi SemuSavda gansxvavebuli mosazrebac; kerZod, r.gordezianis azriT, legendaruli kolxeTis mosaxleobis didi nawili jer kidev aradiferencirebul qarTul-zanur enaze laparakobda; swored es enaa kolxeTis Sidaoficialuri ena (r.gordeziani, 1993, gv.38-39). avtori am daskvnebs akeTebs termin fasisis analizis safuZvelze: hesiodes (VIII-VII s.s.) dros dadasturebuli "fasisi" aSkarad
kolxuri kulturis enis struqturis dadgenis TvalsazrisiT, sayuradReboa qarTveluri samyarodan berZnulSi nasesxeb sityvaTa Cveneba: saukuneebis manZilze berZnulSi Sesuli qarTveluri topo-
dRevandeli foTi ( faTi) toponimis eqvivalentia, e.i. "zanuri jer Camoyalibebuli ar iyo" - askvnis r.gordeziani (iqve gv.39). rogorc vnaxeT, kolxur-yobanuri kulturis gavrcelebis areali farToa; igi moicavs: Woroxis xeobas, mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos, mtkvris zemowels mcxeTis CaTvliT, liaxvis xeobas da Crdilo kavkasiis nawils; Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi aq bevri qarTvelur-kavkasiuri tomi cxovrobda; bunebrivia, maT Tav-TavianTi ena-kilo hqondaT. samwignobro enis ararsebobis pirobebSi SeuZlebelia, did arealze ganivrcos da xangrZlivi droiT ucvlelad SenarCundes erTi ena; mravali monaTesave dialeqturi erTeulis pirobebSi iqmneba koine, romlis simyare damokidebulia monaTesave tomTa urTierTobis xarisxze, saerTo saxelmwifos/kulturis siZlieresa da werilobiT fiqsaciaze. logikuria vifiqroT, rom farTod gavrcelebuli kolxuri arqeologiuri kulturis paralelurad arsebobda saerTokolxuri (qarTveluri) enobrivi koine, romelsac pirobiTad saerToqarTveluri ena SeiZleba vuwodoT. Cans, Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua periodSi swored am saerToqarTveluri kontinuumis bazaze iqmneba qarTveluri asomTavruli damwerloba (qarTveluri anbanis Seqmnis istoriis versiebisaTvis ix.: r.patariZe, 1980; T.gamyreliZe, 1989; l.WilaSvili, 2005).
nimebi da eTnonimebi, rogorc wesi, saerToqarTveluri (resp. qarTuli samwignobro enis) fonematuri struqturis mixedviTaa warmodgenili; mag: hesiodes mier VIII saukuneSi dadasturebulia faTisi (Sdr., foTi); III-I saukuneebSi gvaqvs: kutaiisi, sarapanisi (Sdr., Sorapani), ekre(a)tikes (egrisis) miwa, abazkoi (afxazeTi), afSileTi, suani... (gansxvavebuli msjelobisaTvis ix. r. gordeziani, 1993, gv.39, 48, 55, 61, 63). r.gordezianis mier warmodgenili masala, Cveni azriT, ufro adasturebs, rom Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasasruls berZnebisTvis cnobili iyo swored saerToqarTveluri Tu samwignobro qarTuliseuli: faT-, quTais-, sarapanis- da suan- formebi, rac gvavaraudebinebs, rom Zv.w. I aTaswleulis manZilzec, welTaRricxvaTa mijnazec da Semdegac, berZnebs urTierToba hqondaT sisina a tipis (saerToqarTvelurisa da samwignobro qarTulis analogiuri) enis mqone qarTvelobasTan. arsebobs e.w. TariRiani toponimic: Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua periodis centralur kolxeTSi sisina a tipis enis arsebobas adasturebs Zv.w. VII saukunis Semdeg daarsebuli qalaq quTaisis saxelis qarTveluri variantebi (ix. qvemoT). mkvlevarTa erTi nawili varaudobs, rom argonavtTa xomaldis saxeli saerToqarTveluri egr- (egrisi) Ziris arg- zanuri variantisgan momdinareobs, amdenadac, II aTaswleulSi zanuri arsebobdao - amtkiceben isini... xomald argos saxelis warmomavloba berZnulis mixedviTac aixsneba (Sdr., berZnuli qoronimi argosi, an berZnuli saxeli argos - "uqmi"; Sdr., a.uruSaZis azriT, argonavti - uqmi/moxetiale menave/mezRvauri (Sdr., T.gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, 1984, gv.908). kolxuri kulturis enasTan dakavSirebiT zogadad mainc unda ganvixiloT saerToqarTveluri enis Teoriuli modelis sakiTxi.
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kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
rogorc wesi, monaTesave enobrivi (dialeqturi) erTeulebisTvis amosavali struqturis dadgena xdeba istoriul-SedarebiTi meTodiT: realurad arsebuli enobrivi (fonematuri, morfologiuri, sintaqsuri, semantikuri) struqturebis SepirispirebiTi analiziT aRadgenen saerTo (amosavali) enis Teoriul models. qarTvelur sinamdvileSi rekonstruqciis proceduras aiolebs TxuTmetsaukunovani werilobiTi Zeglebi da mravalricxovani, magram struqturulad erTgvari dialeqtebis arseboba (dialeqtTa dajgufeba da zogadi daxasiaTeba ix. qvemoT); TiTqmis ori saukunis manZilze qarTvelologTa didi RvawliT, qarTvelur dialeqtTa SepirispirebiTi analizis safuZvelze dadgenilia dialeqtTaSorisi bgeraTSesatyvisobebi da morfologiursintaqsur-semantikuri mimarTebani; aRdgenilia praenis ramdenime variantic; kerZod: samecniero literaturaSi arsebobs mosazreba, rom saerToqarTveluri enis fonematuri struqturis Teoriuli modeli ZiriTadad Suasibilanturi rigiTa da sonanti bgerebiT gansxvavdeboda samwignobro qarTulisagan (T.gamyreliZe, g.maWavariani, h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, m.qurdiani...). paralelurad, mravali gamokvleva daiwera, sadac naCvenebia saerToqarTveluri enisa da samwignobro qarTuli enis struqturuli (fonematuri, morfologiuri, sintaqsuri, semantikuri) identuroba; kerZod, arn.Ciqobavas, g.rogavas, q.lomTaTiZis, v.Sengelias, T.gvancelaZis, m.Cuxuas da sxvaTa azriT, samwignobro qarTuls daculi aqvs amosavali ZiriTadi struqturuli modelebi... warmodgenil mosazrebebs Soris ZiriTad gansxvavebas Suasibilanturi rigisa da sonantebis arsebobis sakiTxi qmnis; amJamad Cvens mizans ar warmoadgens arsebuli polemikis mimoxilva (am problemis Sesaxeb male gamovaqveynebT calke gamokvlevas); aRvniSnavT ki: Cveni azriT, saerToqarTveluri Z, c, w, z, s sibilantebis orgvari refleqsebi zanur-svanurSi logikurad ixsneba fonetikuri garemocviT, morfonologiuri SezRudviT, saerToqarTve-
lurSive paraleluri variantebis arsebobiT (ix. arn.Ciqobavas, v.Tofurias, g.rogavas... gamokvlevebi; ix., agreTve: t.futkaraZe, 1988; t.futkaraZe, 1996; m.Cuxua, 2003 da r.abaSias mier 2001-2004 wlebSi gamoqveynebuli naSromebi). ar aris gamoricxuli, saerToqarTvelur sityvaTa nawilis fonetikur-semantikuri ucvleloba zogjer ganpirobebuli iyos terminTa socialuri statusiT; mag., saerToqarTveluri cxeni zanurSi pirvandeli formi-
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Taa SemorCenili (g.rogava, 1960); ar dasturdeba mosalodneli *Cxani varianti. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom TanxmovanTagan bgeraTSesatyvisobebs gvaZlevs winaenismieri afrikatebi da spiranti bgerebi, rac am lingvistur erTeulTa sawarmoTqmo TaviseburebiT lokaluri rigis labilurobiT - unda aixsnas. axlaxan gamoqveynebul o.qajaias megrul leqsikonSi sityvaTa didi nawili samwignobro enisa da centraluri qarTveluri kiloebis analogiuria (t.futkaraZe, e.dadiani, 2003); vfiqrobT, am konteqstSi ver gamodgeba samecniero literaturaSi arsebuli terminebi: bgeraTSesatyvisobaTa darRveva da sesxeba, vinaidan, Tuki amden sityvaSia darRveva, an amdeni sityvaa "nasesxebi" sxva qarTveluri kiloebidan Tu samwignobro enidan, maSin sakuTriv megruli kilos kuTvnileba raRa rCeba? Sesabamisad, ufro logikuria, vTqvaT: megrul metyvelebas ucvlelad Semonaxuli aqvs bevri saerToqarTveluri sityvaforma; Sesabamisad, e.w. "bgeraTSesityvebaTa darRvevis" asaxsnelad srulebiT ar aris aucilebeli, saerToqarTvelurSi davuSvaT Suasibilanturi rigis arseboba. Sesabamisad, saerToqarTvelurisTvis samwignobro qarTulisebri TanxmovanTa sistema unda aRvadginoT, rogorc amas varaudobda arn. Ciqobava. aseve, aSkarad damajerebelia g.maWavarianisa da T.gamyreliZis msjeloba saerToqarTvelurSi i/~ da u/E/v sonantebis daSvebis Sesaxeb im damatebiT, rom i/~ da u/E/v sonantebi dResac arsebobs TiTqmis yvela qarTvelur qvesistemaSi (msjelobisaTvis ix. t.futkaraZe, 1998).
kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
samecniero literaturaSi sakamaToa agreTve qarTvelur enakiloTa "daSlis" sqema; kerZod, g.deetersis, g.klimovis, T.gamyreliZis, g.maWavarianis da sxvaTa azriT, saerToqarTvelurs jer gamoeyo svanuri, Semdeg, zanur-qarTuli erToba daiSala zanur da qarTul enebad; arn. Ciqobavasa da q.lomTaTiZis varaudiT, saerToqarTvelurs jer gamoeyo zanur-svanuri "SiSina" Tanxmovnuri variantebis mqone enobrivi erToba, Semdeg ki zanur-svanuri daiSala zanur da svanur enobriv erTeulebad (sakiTxis istoriisa da problemis mimoxilvisTvis ix. m.qurdiani, 1996). cnobilia: saerToqarTvelurTan mimarTebiT, TanxmovanTa erTgvari refleqsebi aqvT zanur da svanur kiloebs; Tuki davuSvebT, rom saerToqarTvelurs jer svanuri gamoeyo da 1000 wlis Semdeg qarTul-zanuri daiSala qarTulad da zanurad, warmoudgeneli faqti unda vaRiaroT: hipoTeturi qarTul-zanuri enis Tanxmovnebma zustad igive refleqsebi mogvca zanurSi, rac - saerToqarTveluri enis Tanxmovnebma 1000 wlis win - svanurSi. vfiqrobT, zanur-svanuri TanxmovanTa sistemis erTnairoba mxars uWers zanuri da svanuri kiloebis Tanadroulobas. calke samsjeloa qarTveluri bgeraTSesatyvisobebis Camoyalibebis (Tu darRvevebis) konkretuli mizezebis Ziebac: gavrcelebuli varaudiT, zanur-svanuri bgeriTi refleqsebi warmoiqmna "warmoTqmis ukan gadaweviT" (arn.Ciqobava); amgvari mosazrebis safuZvels iZleva Z > j, j > jg, a > o, e > a tipis regularuli procesebi. qarTvelur enobriv velSi bunebrivia labiovelarizaciis procesi (Sdr., sxva enebSi aqtiuria palatalizacia, nazalizacia...); cnobilia, rom saerToqarTvelur TanxmovanTa gansxvavebuli refleqsebi zanur-svanur formaTa mxolod erT nawilSi dasturdeba; kerZod, Z, c, w, z, s, j, C, W, J, S sibilantebi mxolod saerToqarTvelur fuZeTa erT nawilSi iZleva bgeraTSesatyvisobebs (meore nawilSi ucvleli rCeba). vfiqrobT, am SemTxvevebSi zanur-svanuri refleqsebis warmoqmna unda aixsnas saerToqarTvelurSive labiovelarizebuli bgerebis arsebobiT (Crdilokavkasiuri enebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli da saerToqarTvelurisTvisac
bunebrivi labiovelarizebuli bgerebis Sesaxeb arsebuli mdidari samecniero litaraturis mimoxilvasa da msjelobas calke warmovadgenT); Sdr.: Tanamedrove yvela qarTvelur kilosa Tu samwignobro enaSic bgeraTa CamoTvlisas Tanxmovnebs dahyveba susti labialuri komponenti (Sdr., qarTveluri: a, bE, gE, dE, e, E, zE, TE, i, kE, lE, mE, nE, o, pE... da rusuli: а, бе, ве, ге, де, е...). aqve sainteresoa cnobac, rom yoveli enis saartikulacio Cvevebi memkvidreobiTia (z.jafariZe, i.strelnikovi, 1981). labiovelarizebul bgeraTa mezobloba Cans mizezi zanurSi saerToqarTveluri a-s zanur o-d qcevisa; kerZod, vfiqrobT, zanur dialeqtebSi saerToqarTveluri a-s nacvlad o-s warmoqmna ganpirobebulia saerToqarTveluri a xmovnisa da mezobeli Tanxmovnis labialuri komponentis SerwymiT: labializebuli Tanxmovnis labialuri komponenti da momijnave a xmovani gvaZlevs o-s. aralabializebuli Tanxmovnis mezoblad arsebuli a o-s ar iZleva. swored am da sxva mizezebiT (ix. qvemoT) SeiZleba aixsnas is mravali "darRveva", roca saerToqarTveluri a zanur kiloebSi ar iZleva o-s. analogiuri sqemiT unda mivudgeT saerToqarTveluri e-s qarTvelur refleqsebs: e > a processac garkveuli fonetikuri garemocva apirobebs; Sdr.: dRe - dRa, mze - mJa, wnex- Winax-... magram: nemsi/lemsi (aWar.) - lemSi/lefSi (zan.), verZi erji, Sveli - sqveri/msqveri; e-s ucvleloba umlautiT ver aixsneba, vinaidan igive bolokiduri i xmovani gvaqvs mraval sxva SemTxvevaSi, Tumca mainc gvaqvs saerToqarTv. e > zan. a procesi (Tesli/Tasi, mozveri/mozari, kveri/kvari... Sdr., h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, 1990 da sxv.)... aqve sainteresoa imis aRniSvnac, rom Tuki davuSvebT saerToqarTv. e zan. a bgeraTSesatyvisobis regularulobas, maSin zanur kiloebSi pirveladi e xmovani saerTod ar unda gvqondes... labiovelarizebul bgeraTa mezobloba Cans mizezi saerToqarTveluri e-s depalatalizaciisa svanurSi (e.w. ukana mimarTulebis umlauti): saerT.qarT. e > svan. @/a; labiovelaruli bgeris gavleniT palatalizaciis xarisxis kleba sxva SemTxvevebSic Sei-
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kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
niSneba; mag., T.gamyreliZem daadgina ugamonakliso wesi (T.gamyreliZe, 2000, gv.27-28): zanurSi saerToqarTveluri S gvaZlevs sq kompleqss, Tuki mas bagismieri v/E mosdevs: SEeli > *SqEeri > sqEeri, SaSEi > zesqEi... Cveni azriT, am SemTxvevaSic wyvilbagismieri bgeris gavleniT moxda wina Tanxmovnis depalatalizacia. zanurSi ganxorcielebuli e > a procesis mizezic labialur komponentsa da sityvis struqturis cvlilebis sxva aspeqtTan (sxva bgeris kleba aCerebs e > a process?) mimarTebiTaa saZiebeli; sakiTxi Semdgom kvlevas iTxovs. zanur-svanurSi saerToqarTvelur ukananunismier Tanxmovnebs velaruli bgera uviTardebaT: j > jg, C > Cq, W > Wy; am SemTxvevebSi amosavali Cans saerToqarTveluri labiovelarizebuli bgera; Sdr., SemTxveviTi ar Cans, rom yvela qarTvelur kiloSi gvaqvs velarul da labialur komponentTa variantuli gamovlena: waTx-/wyaT-, barty-/bRart-, balR-/bRar-, bRert-/berty-; xvlik-/slikv-, kvic-/kicv-, burT-/birTv-, Cxikv-/Cxvik-, Rawv/Rvanw-, da Tval-/Tol-, qveyana/qoyana tipis monacvleobani (t. futkaraZe, 1996); garda amisa, saerToqarTvelurSive harmoniuli kompleqsebisa (winaenismieri xSuli+ukanaenismier spiranti) da iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi labializebuli bgerebis arseboba safuZvels iZleva davuSvaT, rom qarTveluri dialeqturi bgeriTi refleqsebi asaxavs saerToqarTvelurSive mimdinare velarizacia-labializaciis aqtiur procesebs (qarTvelur enobriv velSi velarizacia-labializaciis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. t.futkaraZe, 1998). Sdr.: palatalizebuli Tanxmovnebis mezoblobaSi gvaqvs delabializaciis procesic: ukananunismieri palatalizebuli Tanxmovnebis mezoblad saerToqarTveluri (an zanuri) o ganicdis delabializacias: oci > eCi, Rori > (Roji >) Reji (Sdr., T.gamyreliZe, g.maWavariani, 1965, gv.167)... saerToqarT. war-, zan. Wor- > *Wel- > Wil- (Sdr., m.Cuxua, 2003, gv.354; xmovanTa Sesatyvisobebis Sesaxeb ix., agreTve, qvemoT: 2.2.3.). labialur, labializebul Tu palatalizebul TanxmovanTa
mezobloba sxva iberiul-kavkasiur monaTesave enobriv erTeulebSic xmovanTa gansxvavebul refleqsebs apirobebs; mag., afxazurSi o xmovani poziciuri warmoSobisaa; igi miRebulia a xmovnisgan E-s, an labializebuli sxva bgeris a-ze gavleniT (q.lomTaTiZe, 1976, gv.49); "rig nasesxeb sityvaSi gamsesxebeli enis o xmovnis adgilas mosalodneli Ea kompleqsis nacvlad gvxvdeba a, Tuki o-s win uZRvis bagismieri, SiSina da zogi sxva bgera (q.lomTaTiZe, 1976, gv.51) da sxva. warmodgenil sakiTxze msjelobisas arsebiTia, gaviazroT isic, rom mocemul monaTesave enobriv erTeulebs Soris fonetikur-gramatikuli sxvaobis maRali xarisxi SeiZleba Sepirobebuli iyos ara mxolod am erTeulTa adreuli divergenciiT (praenidan adreul etapze gamoyofiT), aramed sxva mizezebiTac; kerZod, cvlilebani SeiZleba gamoewvia eTnosTa intensiur Serevebs: kompaqturi gadasaxlebebi Tu Camosaxlebebi apirobebs superstratul an substratul movlenebs, Sesabamisad, orive SemTxvevaSi, stimuli eZleva swraf da kanonzomier fonetikur procesebs; aqve, Sdr., T.uTurgaiZe, 1998, gv. 62: "imis mixedviT, Tu romeli ena imarjvebs Serevis dros, ganarCeven substratul, superstratul da adstratul SemTxvevebs. Serevis yvela saxeobaSi moqmedebs enaTa Serevis erTi da igive kanonzomierebani" (mag., qarTuli da naxuri enebis Serevebis amsaxveli masala ix. T.uTurgaiZe, 1966, gv. 12). sakuTriv qarTvelur sinamdvileSi: Cveni azriT, sarwmunoa, rom dRevandeli svanuri kiloebis metad gansxvavebuloba saerToqarTveluri enobrivi modelisgan Sepirobebulia ara svanuris siZveliT, aramed kavkasionis kalTebze sxva iberiul-kavkasiur, Turqul da alanur tomTa xSiri migraciebiT; am procesebma qarTveluri enis svanur mikrosistemebSi stimuli misca mravalferovan fonetikur procesebs. svanTa metyvelebaSi didia superstratul movlenaTa kvali fonematur struqturasa da morfologiur inventarSic ki; mag., sakuTriv qarTveluri warmomavlobis ar Cans: palatalizebuli xmovnebi, -em, -SE/-ES brunvis niSnebi da sxv. Sdr., agreTve, Cerqezuli Cans
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kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
svanuri ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondis iseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa: muryvam "koSki", C@J "cxeni", mus "Tovli", uCxa "wvima", lemesg "cecxli", Rol~aq "cxvari, verZi", fayv "qudi" da sxv. samecniero literaturis mimoxilvisa da msjelobisaTvis ix.: s.janaSia, 1959, gv.81-124; agreTve, t. futkaraZe, 1998. superstratuli danaSrevis garda, svanurSi mimdinare aqtiuri fonetikuri procesebis mizeziT STambeWdavadaa Secvlili sakuTriv qarTveluri warmomavlobis formebic (ix., n. maris, a. SaniZis, arn. Ciqobavas, v. Tofurias, m. qaldanis, g. rogavas, z. WumburiZis, T. gamyreliZis, g. maWavarianis, t. gudavas, T. SaraZeniZis, k. gaguas, a. onianis, i. CantlaZis, q. TuiTis, r. babluanis, g. gazdelianis, r.Wkaduas, r.saRlianis da mraval sxvaTa naSromebi); axlaxan am Temas safuZvliani gamokvleva uZRvna m. Cuxuam (2003). amrigad, Cveni azriT, saerToqarTveluri enis (agreTve, samwignobro qarTulisa da Tanamedrove qarTveluri dialeqtebis) ZiriTadi fonematuri struqtura Semdegi saxiT warmoidgineba: Tanxmovnebi: b, f, p, d, T, t, Z, c, w, z, s, j, C, W, J, S, g, q, k, R, x, B, y, h, m, n, r, l (winaenismier bgerebs SeiZleba hqondeT labiovelarizebuli alofonebic); xmovnebi: a, e, o (Sdr., T.gamyreliZe, 1989, gv.126; misi azriT, zemoT warmodgenili bgeriTi sistema mxolod arqauli qarTulisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli); sonantebi: i/~, u/E/v. T. gamyreliZis, g. maWavarianis, h. fenrixisa da sxvaTa azriT, saerToqarTvelur sonantTa rigSi aRdgeba m, n, r, l fonemebic. T. gamyreliZisa da g. maWavarianis Sromatevadi kvlevis Sedegebis Sesaxeb sxvagan gveqneba msjeloba; sonantebTan dakavSirebiT ki aq aRvniSnavT: profesional specialistTa mier xangrZlivi kvleviT dadgenili wesebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, axleburad SevxedoT bevr problemas; mag., T. gamyreliZisa da g. maWavarianis daskvniT (gv. 74-83), ZaRl-, matl-, Tafl- tipis formebs ver miviCnevT saerToqarTveluri *ZaRal-, *matal-, *Tafal- arqetipebis reducirebul variantebad (ix., ar.Ciqobava, 1942, gv. 106-107), vinaidan, aseT SemTxveva-
Si, ar unda ganxorcielebuliyo l > r procesi (Sdr.: mamali/mumuli, bali/buli, msxali/msxuli...): "bolokiduri *l-s r-Si gadasvlis albaToba megrul-WanurSi matulobis imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad uaxlovdeba fonetikuri TvalsazrisiT *l-s winamavali elementi Tanxmovnur elements" (gv. 79). aq msjelobis gagrZeleba ori gziT SeiZleba: Tafl-/vaSl- tipis sityvebSi amosavlad gvaqvs sonanti, romelic gaxmovanda zanurSi (swored am daSvebis mixedviT, T.gamyreliZe, g.maWavariani da sxvebi saerToqarTvelurSi aRadgenen m, n, r, l sonantebs), anda, saerToqarTvelurSive unda davuSvaT -l-/-r-/al-/ar-... sufiqsebis variantuloba: qarTvelur kiloTa nawilsa da samwignobro enaSi gabatonda odenTanxmovniani varianti, xolo zanur kiloSi - xmovniani, romelmac megrulsa da Wanur kiloebSi transformaciiT mogvca -or-/-ol-. sayuradReboa isic, rom Svel-, gvel-, mgel- tipis fuZeebSi Tavdapirveli l a-sTan SedarebiT viwro e-s mezoblad ar iZleva r-s (aq is ufro aRsaniSnavia, rom s.qarTv. e zanurSi ar gvaZlevs a-s l > r procesis gamo). marcvlovani sonantebis rekonstruqciis saTuoobis TvalsazrisiT agreTve niSandoblivia: rogorc wesi, T.gamyreliZisa da g.maWavarianis mier sonantebad CaTvlili m, n, r, l Tavkidur poziciaSi ar iZleva xmovnian refleqsebs; es faqtic Tafl-, ZaRl-, matl- tipis fuZeebSi sonori (da ara sonanti!) l-s sufiqsobas uWers mxars. aSkaraa: warmodgenil sam varauds Soris (srulxmovniani formis reduqcia sakuTriv qarTulSi; saerToqarTvelurSi sonanti r, l, n, m fonemebis daSveba; qarTvelur kiloebSi -l-/ar- paraleluri sufiqsebis arseboba) ufro naklebi winaaRmdegobani axlavs mesames. ZiriTadad, arqaul samwignobro (saeklesio) qarTuls emTxveva rogorc saerToqarTveluri enis brunvisa da mwkrivis morfologiuri kategoriebi, aseve, saxeluri da zmnuri paradigmebi (morfologiuri kategoriaa mwkrivi, brunva; bruneba da uRleba formaTa paradigmaa; ix. t.futkaraZe, 1997; Sdr., W.qiria, 2003); kerZod, qarTvelur dialeqtTa SepirispirebiT Cans, rom amosavali saerToqarTveluri modelebia Semdegi ZiriTadi saxe-
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kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
luri da zmnuri struqturebi (TvalsaCinoebisaTvis zogan magaliTebi mogvyavs erT-erTi dasavlurqarTuli - megruli - dialeqtidanac; saerToqarTveluri enis rekonstruqciis principebis, qarTvelur dialeqtTa zogadi daxasiaTebisa da qronologiis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT):
myofadi - zmniswini+piris niSani+Temis niSani (da-v-xat-av, do-v/f-xant-un-q; da-m-xat-av, do-m/f-xant-un-q). uwyveteli - piris niSani+fuZe+od/d (v-xat-av-d-i, v/f-xantun-d-i; m-xat-av-d-i, m/f-xant-un-d-i). xolmeobiTi - zmniswini+piris niSani+fuZe+od/d (da-v-xatav-d-i, do-v/f-xant-un-d-i; da-m-xat-av-d-i, do-m/f-xant-un-d-i). awmyos kavSirebiTi - piris niSani+fuZe+od/d+mwkrivis niSani (v-xat-av-d-e, v/f-xant-un-d-a/e; m-xat-av-d-e, m/f-xant-un-d-a/e). myofadis kavSirebiTi - zmniswini+piris niSani+fuZe +od/d+mwkrivis niSani (da-v-xat-av-d-e, do-v/f-xant-un-d-a/e; dam-xat-av-d-e, do-m/f-xant-un-d-a/e). usruli wyvetili - piris niSani+fuZe+mwkrivis niSani (vxat-e, v/f-xant-i; m-xat-e, m/f-xant-i). sruli wyvetili - zmniswini+piris niSani+fuZe+mwkrivis niSani (da-v-xat-e, do-v/f-xant-i; da-m-xat-e, do-m/f-xant-i; ga-v-igone, megr. ge-v-gon-i, Sdr., aWar. ge-v-gon-e). II usruli kavSirebiTi - piris niSani+fuZe+mwkrivis niSani (v-xat-o, v/f-xant-a/e, m-xat-o, m/f-xant-a/e). II sruli kavSirebiTi - zmniswini+piris niSani+fuZe+mwkrivis niSani (da-v-xat-o, do-v/f-xant-a/e, da-m-xat-o, do-m/f-xant-a/e) Sdr. xmovanprefiqsiani zogi zmnuri yalibi: I - piris niSani+fuZe+Temis niSani/0 (m-i-xat-av-s, m-i-xant-u; v-u-xat-i-var, v-u-xant-u-q). II - zmniswini+piris niSani+fuZe+Temis niSani/0 (da-m-i-xatav-s, do-m-i-xant-u; da-v-u-xat-i-var, do-v-u-xant-u-q). III - piris niSani+fuZe+mwkrivis niSani (m-e-xat-a, m-i-xant-ud-u; v-e-xat-o, v-u-xant-u-d-i). IV - zmniswini+piris niSani+fuZe+mwkrivis niSani (da-m-exat-a, do-m-i-xant-u-d-u; da-v-e-xat-o, do-v-u-xant-u-d-i). V - piris niSani+fuZe+(od/d+)mwkrivis niSani (m-e-xat-o-s, m-i-xant-u-d-a-s; v-xat-od-e, v-u-xant-u-d-a). VI - zmniswini+piris niSani+fuZe+(od/d+)mwkrivis niSani (da-m-e-xat-o-s, do-m-i-xant-u-d-a-s; da-v-xat-od-e, do-v-u-xant-ud-a)...
saxelis formawarmoebis ZiriTadi yalibebi: saxelobiTi (fuZe, fuZe+i/0): kac, kac-i, koC-i... moTxrobiTi (fuZe, fuZe+0/nawevari/nawilaki): TviTon, abraam, kac-man, koC-q... micemiTi (fuZe+s/as/an): kac-s, koC-s/ko-s... naTesaobiTi (fuZe+is/iS/in): kac-is, koC-iS... mimarTulebiTi (fuZe+isa/iSa): kac-isa, koC-iSa... daniSnulebiTi (fuZe+isad/iSoT/iSd): kac-isad, koC-iSoT... moqmedebiTi (fuZe+iT): kac-iT, koC-iT... viTarebiTi (fuZe+ad/oT/d): kac-ad, koC-o(T)... saxelis sityvawarmoebis ZiriTadi yalibebi: fuZe+sufiqsi (kac-ur-i; koC-ur-i), prefiqsi+fuZe (na-tex-i, no-tex-i), prefiqsi+fuZe+sufiqsi (m-xatv-ar-i, ma-xant-al-i)... zmnuri formawarmoebis ZiriTadi yalibebi (saeklesio mwerlobis enaSi daculia ufro Zveli viTareba, magram qarTveluri kiloebis Tvisobrivi erTianobis saCveneblad nimuSebi mogvyavs Tanamedrove saliteraturo enisa da megruli kilos I piris mixedviT, qarTveluri kiloebis monacemebis SepirispirebiTi analizisaTvis ix. b.jorbenaZe, 1995, gv.217-227): samw. qarT.: wer-s - iwers - iwereba; megruli: Warun-s - iWaruns - i-War-u… samw. qarT.: a-Tes-v-in-eb-s; megruli: o-Tas-af-u-an-s... am SemTxvevebSic amosavali Cans samwignobro qarTulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli variantebi; Sdr., agreTve, zmnuri sxva formebi: awmyo usruli - piris niSani+fuZe+Temis niSani/0 (v-xat-av, v/f-xant-un-q; m-xat-av, m/f-xant-un-q). - 276 -
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kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi
aqve SeiZleboda mogvetana saeklesio qarTuli enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli e.w. xolmeobiTi formebi, magram, ramdenadac aRmosavluri mTis kiloebis garda sxva qarTvelur dialeqtebSi amgvari formebi ar dasturdeba, maTi aq dasaxelebisgan Tavs vikavebT. miT umetes, warmodgenili yalibebic sakmarisia saerToqarTveluris enobrivi saxis warmosadgenad... winadadebis agebulebis TvalsazrisiTac, samwignobro qarTulisa da qarTvelur dialeqtTa Cvenebac msgavsia; kerZod, martivi winadadebis struqtura agebulia koordinaciis principis mixedviT (koordinaciis principisaTvis ix. arn.Ciqobava, 1968). amosaval viTarebad, am SemTxvevaSic, samwignobro qarTulis varianti unda davigulvoT.
Tanamedrove qarTvelTa sametyvelo erTeulTagan saerToqarTvelurs ufro uaxlovdeba samwignobro qarTuli da masTan axlos myofi centraluri kiloebi (kaxuri, qarTluri, imeruli...); saerToerovnuli enis velisgan daSorebam, ucxoenovanma gavlenebma da sxva mizezebma saerToqarTvelursa da samwignobro qarTuls met-naklebad daaSora svanuri, zanuri, fxouri, heruli, fereidnuli da sxva kiloebi; am dialeqtebSi leqsikur sesxebebTan erTad intensiuri fonetikuri da morfologiuri procesebi ganviTarda; Sesabamisad, ganapira kiloebSi bevri enobrivi movlena SedarebiT gvianaa warmoqmnili. SeiZleba iTqvas: zanur-svanuri Tu fxouri kiloebi saerToqarTvelurTan mimarTebiT ufro bevr enobriv siaxles Seicavs, vidre qarTluri an imeruli; mag., xmovanTa sistemis, brunvebisa da sxva enobrivi faqtebis mixedviT, balszemouri kilo ufro "axalia", vidre kaxuri kilo. miuxedavad imisa, rom svanurs SenarCunebuli aqvs xanmetoba da kaxurs ara, ZiriTadi fonematuri da gramatikuli movlenebis TvalsazrisiT, kaxurs ufro meti arqaizmi (saerToqarTvelurTan saerTo!) aqvs Semonaxuli, vidre balszemours; kerZod, saerToqarTvelurTan mimarTebiT svanur kiloebSi gviandelia: palatalizebuli xmovnebi, "gadaweris wesebiT" (T.gamyreliZe, 1968), ukana mimarTulebis umlautiT (m.qaldani) da sxva transformaciebiT (ix. mag., m.Cuxua, 2003) saxeSecvlili formebi, brunvaTa jer jidev Camouyalibebeli, e.w. narevi sistema da sxva. aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom qarTuli (qarTveluri) enis centraluri kiloebi, ganicdian ra samwignobro enis aqtiur mravalsaukunovan gavlenas, garkveulwilad adaptirdebian axal saliteraturo normebTan, rac qmnis maTi axalwarmoqmnilobis efeqts. kolxuri enisa da kulturis saerToqarTveluroba dadasturdeba, an uariyofa saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis drois Sesaxeb argumentirebuli msjelobiT.
SeniSvna: male gamoqveyndeba wigni "qarTveluri dialeqtologia" (t.futkaraZe, e.dadiani), sadac ufro vrclad da sabuTianadaa warmodgenili saerToqarTveluri, sakuTriv qarTuli da zanur-svanuri masalis sistemuri erTgvaroba. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom gamosaqveyneblad vamzadebT qarTul-qarTveluri zmnis axal paradigmas, sadac zmnis formacvalebis or ZiriTad sqemadaa ganxiluli: aRmqmeli subieqtis yalibi (m-Sia, minda, miyvars, mixatavs...) da moqmedi subieqtis yalibi (v-xat-av, da-v-xatav, da-v-xat-e...).
saerToqarTveluri enobrivi koines bazaze Camoyalibebuli zogadqarTveluri saxelmwifo (Tu tomTaSorisi) ena arsebobas agrZelebs samwignobro qarTulis saxiT; Sesabamisad, misi gavleniT, qarTvelTa centraluri kiloebis intensiuri cvaleba ar xdeba, xolo ganapira kiloebi, istoriuli Sidaenobrivi cvlilebebisa da mezobel enaTa gavlenis xarisxis mixedviT, met-nakleb transformacias ganicdis; kerZod, dasavlurqarTveluri (zanursvanuri) dialeqturi variantebis erTi nawili, saukuneebis manZilze Crdilokavkasiuri enebis gavleniT, metad icvleba da iqmneba svanuri kiloebi. jer berZen-bizantielTa, Semdeg ki Turqul tomTa gavleniT, seriozul cvlilebebs ganicdis zanuri kilos samxreTuli kilokavebi. Turqulis gavleniT icvleba, agreTve: heruli, taouri, imerxeuli da sxva (es procesebi dawvrilebiT ganxiluli gvaqvs wignSi: "qarTveluri dialeqtologia"). msjeloba sxva mimarTulebiTac SeiZleba ganvaviTaroT: - 278 -
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saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
2.2.3. saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis drois Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi sxvadasxva mosazrebaa: iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa istoriuli qronologiis TvalsazrisiT, CvenTvis sayrdeni varaudi gamoTqmuli aqvT k.bergslands, h.fogtsa da arn.Ciqobavas: k.bergslandi, h.fogti: hipoTeturi saerToqarTveluri ena "Zveli welTaRricxvis bolo aTaswleulSi unda movaTavsoT" (k.bergslandi, h.fogti, 1972, gv. 255); arn.Ciqobava: "iberiul-kavkasiuri enebi monaTesave enebia, maT warmoSoba aerTianebs. es ZvelisZvel viTarebas gulisxmobs; savaraudod, sami aTasi wlis winandels (Sesamabisad, saerToqarTveluri navaraudevia Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi - t.f.), da, albaT, Zvel adgil-samyofels, kavkasiis samxreTiT mdebare miwa-wyals. am enaTa ganviTareba sxvadasxva gziT warimarTa; ara erTs sxva enas gadahyrian; saukuneTa manZilze araerTi dialeqti Tu ena warmoqmnila Tu gamqrala/gaTqvefila sxva enaSi. amitom gasakviri is ki ar aris, rom iberiul-kavkasiur enebs "gasaocari nairgvaroba" axasiaTebs, aramed is, rom fonetika-morfologia-sintaqsSi (aseve, leqsikaSic) niSandoblivi saerTo Tvisebebi SerCeniaT" (arn.Ciqobava, 1979, gv.253); Sdr., mkvlevarTa erTi nawili saerTod uaryofs iberiul-kavkasiur erTobas da saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis drod varaudobs Zv.w. V-IV aTaswleulebs (6-7 aTasi wlis winandel dros). amgvari mosazrebebi saTaves iRebs enaTa daTariRebis e.w. glotoqronologiuri meTodis Sedegebidan da sityvaformaTa mcdari analizidan; kerZod: a. glotoqronologiuri anu leqsikur-statistikuri meTodi SemuSavebulia amerikeli lingvistebis - moris svodeSisa da robert lizis mier gasuli saukunis 40-ian wlebSi. am meTodiT momuSave specialistebs sjeraT, rom yvela enaSi ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondis cvalebis siCqare TiTqmis erTgvaria drois grZel monakveTSi; Sesabamisad, mkvlevrebi monaTesave enaTa Ziri-
Tadi leqsikuri fondidan iReben 100 an 200 sityvas da maTi cvlilebebis koeficientis mixedviT adgenen enaTa diferenciaciis dros... winaswarve aRvniSnavT, rom es meTodi ver iTvaliswinebs enis leqsikis cvlis sixSiris xarisxs intensiuri adstratuli gavlenebis an sametyvelo kodTa superstratuli, Tu substratuli Serevebis pirobebSi; agreTve, cnobili faqtia, rom enis cvlilebis tempi sxvadasxva epoqaSi sxvadasxva SeiZleba iyos; amdenad, leqsikur-statistikuri meTodi Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi did ndobas ver poulobs. amJamad aris mcdelobebi, Seiqmnas am meTodis gaumjobesebuli variantebi, magram Tundac ramdenime saukunis win mimdinare sametyvelo kodTa Serevis xarisxis (Sesabamisad, enobriv cvalebaTa xasiaTis) gansazRvris SeuZlebloba amgvar varaudebs mtkicebulebebad ver aqcevs (glotoqronologiis meTodis kritikisaTvis ix.: k.bergslandi, h.fogti, 1972; d.kristali, 1989, gv.331; t.futkaraZe, 2000, gv.327; T.gvancelaZe, 2004 da sxv.). leqsikur-statistikuri meTodiT qarTvelur enaTa daSlis pirveli daTariReba 100-sityviani sacdeli siis mixedviT ekuTvnis g.klimovs; misi azriT, saerToqarTvelurisgan svanuris gamoyofa daiwyo II aTaswleulis, xolo zanurisa - I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi (g.klimovi, 1952, gv.119). amave meTodiT, oRond 200-sityviani siiT, qarTvelur enobriv erTeulTa divergencia daaTariRes T.gamyreliZem da g.maWavarianma; maTi kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT, saerToqarTvelurs svanuri gamoeyo Cvens welTaRricxvamde X saukuneSi, xolo qarTul-zanuri divergencia moxda welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze (T.gamyreliZe, g.maWavariani, 1965, gv.17). aSkaraa, rom erTi da imave meTodiT miRebulia ori sxvadasxva (1000 wliani sxvaobis mqone!) Sedegi. mogvianebiT, 1984 wels, v.ivanovisa da T.gamyreliZis mier gamoqveynebul fundamentur SromaSi - "indoevropuli ena da indoevropelebi" - saerToqarTveluri enis daSlis axali qronologiaa SemoTavazebuli; igi gameorebulia T.gamyreliZis mier 1998 wels gamoqveynebul statiaSi - "kolxeTis mosaxleobis eTnikuri vinaoba anu ra enaze metyvelebda aieti". am gamokvle-
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saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
vebSi ukve uaryofilia leqsikur-statistikuri analiziT miRebuli daskvna da qarTvelur enaTa daSlis TariRad miCneulia 4000-5000 wlebis winandeli periodi; kerZod, svanuris gamoyofa ivaraudeba III aTaswleulis dasawyisSi, zanurisa ki - Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi (T. gamyreliZe, v. ivanovi, 1984, gv. 909; T. gamyreliZe 1998, gv.3; ix., agreTve, z. sarjvelaZe, 2000, gv. 27, sadac zanuris arsebobis mamtkiceblad miCneulia prokopi kesarielTan damowmebuli moxirisi: aq, ratomRac, s CaTvlilia maincdamainc qarTvelur S-d); amgvari koreqtireba ZiriTadad moxda saerToindoevropulidan saerToqarTvelurSi nasesxebi fuZeebis daSvebisa da
qarTulSi ki igi dasturdeba; Sdr.: tba - tb-or-i; sur-i (vanis Zveli saxeli), sur-eb-i da mdinaris saxeli - sul-or-i. "qarTlis cxovrebisa" da vaxuStis monacemebze daydrnobiT, lingvistTa mier koj- fuZisaTvis amosavlad miCneulia koJ-; am fuZis ZiriTadi semantikaa "magari da amaRlebuli adgili". koJori/koJrebi (gora, mTa) dadasturebulia saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi (T.goniaSvili, 1937, gv.128-129; g.bedoSvili, 2001, gv.206; Sdr., m.gegeSiZe, 1966, gv.190-209, sadac aris sqematuri mtkiceba, rom kojorisTvis amosavalia rko jvari). qarTul kiloebSi dasturdeba amosavali sityvaformebic: koJi/koJe (imer. leCx.) - "amaRlebuli qviani ad-
tyav- fuZis Sesatyvisad zanuri tyov- variantis aRdgenis safuZvelze, rac, Cveni azriT, aseve sakamaToa (ix. qvemoT). glotoqronologiuri meTodiT miRebuli daskvnebi, rogorc vxedavT, Tavad maTi avtorebisTvisac ki ukve aRaraa sarwmuno, istorikosTa didi nawili ki amgvar qronologias eyrdnoboda da eyrdnoba (Tumca gvaqvs gamonaklisic; Sdr., mag., k. ficxelauri 1973, gv.193). b. saerToqarTveluris daTariRebisaTvis ver gamodgeba verc sityvaTa saeWvo analiziT miRebuli daskvnebi; mag., T.miqelaZe fiqrobs, rom Crdilo amierkavkasiaSi qarTvelebi avtoqToni mosaxleoba ar aris (ix.: T.miqelaZe, 1974); amierkavkasiaSi jer movidnen svanebi Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi - 5 000 aTasi wlis win; e.i. misi azriT, am dros ukve arsebobda svanuri ena!), Semdeg - megrel-Wanebi, bolos ki - sakuTriv qarTebi. am mosazrebis sabuTad T.miqelaZes miaCnia qarTlSi dadasturebuli "svanuri" toponimi "kojori". svanur metyvelebaSi koj kldes niSnavs; koj- ki T.gamyreliZisa da g.maWavarianis mier qarTuli klde fuZis Sesatyvisadaa miCneuli. saenaTmecniero literaturaSi koj- da klde fuZeTa identuroba gaziarebuli ar aris (ix. h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, 1990); kojor- sakuTriv qarTulis kuTvnilebacaa, kerZod, araferi uSlis xels, rom koj- saerToqarTvelur Zirad CavTvaloT (j Sesatyvisobas ar iZleva g.maWavarianis mier dadgenili wesis Sesabamisad); miT umetes, -or- sufiqsis arseboba svanur niadagze ver aixsneba,
gili" da koJi/koJri (aWar.) - "magari warmonaqmni kanze". vfiqrob, naTelia, rom koJ-/koj- Ziri saerToqarTveluri monacemia da ara mxolod svanuri. aseve sakamaToa, Zvel berZnul wyaroebSi dadasturebuli fasisi sityvis amosavlad svanuri faSd davsaxoT (da am gziT "davaZveloT" svanuri metyveleba), vinaidan faT amosavali sityvis kanonzomieri svanuri Sesatyvisi faSd ver mogvcems faSid/faSad variantebs (Sdr., T.miqelaZe, 1974. gv.11; g.meliqiSvili, 1959 gv.61); Sdr., rogorc wesi: qarTv. T svan. Sd; qarTuli Txili - svan. Sdix; qarT. daTvi - svan. daSdu; qarT. xuTi - svan. xuSd/ÍoxÍiSd. toponimTa da nasesxeb sityvaTa saeWvo lingvisturi analizis Semdeg cnobili arqeologi T.miqelaZe kategoriulad askvnis: svanurenovani mosaxleoba samxreTidan movida - "protoxeTuri wiaRidan gamovida" (T.miqelaZe, 1974, gv.19); protoxeTebTan kontaqtebis dros svanuri ukve mowyvetili iyo saerToqarTvelur wres da damoukideblad arsebobda" (iqve, gv.20)... Sesabamisad, svanuris gamoyofis TariRia Cvens welTaRricxvamde me-3 aTaswleuli, xolo zanuri ena Camoyalibebulad CaTvlilia Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi: "sruliad udavoa, rom liTonis nawarmica da keramikuli produqciac, romelic gamoyenebaSia samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizvispireTSi da dasavleT saqarTveloSi Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebSi, zanurenovan eTnikur erTobas ekuTvnis..." (T.miqelaZe, 1974, gv.75,19)...
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saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
T.gamyreliZem da v.ivanovma qarTuli tyav- fuZis zanur variantad aRadgines tyov- varianti, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mikenuri ko-vo sityvis amosavlad iqna navaraudevi. uZveles berZnulSi - mikenurSi - es sityva tyavis mniSvnelobiT II aTaswleulis dasawyisidan dasturdeba (T.gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, 1984, gv.908-909). saerToqarTveluridan berZnulSi sityvebis sesxeba gamoricxuli ar aris, bunebrivia, mosalodnelia kidec, magram tyav-fuZis kov-Tan dakavSirebas saeWvos xdis zanurSi tyov- fuZis realurad arsebobis sakiTxi. saerToqarTvelur a-s zanurSi ramdenime kanononzomieri refleqsi udasturdeba; xSir SemTxvevaSi a ucvleli rCeba, transformaciis ZiriTadi saxe ki aris saerToqarTveluri a - zan. o: kaci - koCi, da - do, cxra (cxara) - Cxoro... vvaraudobT, rom zanurSi a > o process apirobebs winamavali labializebuli Tanxmovani. Tu Zireuli a-s momdevnod bagismieri spiranti dasturdeba, a-s labializacia ferxdeba da a e: ZarRvi jerRvi arCvi ercqemi tyavi tyebi SaSvi zesqvi... (Sdr.: tba/taba - toba). Tu a-s momdevno bagismieri spiranti ikargeba, an igi gadadis u xmovanSi, maSin a o u (Sdr., t.gudavas wesi): daTvi doTi TunT Tagvi Togi mTugi mayE(al)i moy muyi qacvi qoci quci... Sdr.: cacxvi cocxu ducxu naZvi noZu nuZu... - 284 -
saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
Tu bolomarcvliseuli a-s momdevnod dakargulia Tanxmovani, a ucvleli rCeba (winamavali Tanxmovnis labializebis xarisxis miuxedavad): Zama jima (Sdr., jimalefi) da da (Sdr., dalefi) mama muma (Sdr., qarT. mam-al-i, zan. mum-ur-i) deda dida (Sdr., qarT. ded-al-i. zan.dad-ul-i)... zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, lazursa da megrulSi dRes arsebuli tyeb- "tyavi" fuZe saerToqarTveluridan momdinare Tavdapirvel zanur variantad unda CaiTvalos (Sdr., agreTve, m.qurdiani, 2003 gv. 46); berZnuli koas istoria ki sakvlevia; Cven saeWvod gveCveneba misi kavSiri qarTul tyav- formasTan da, miT umetes, legendarul oqros sawmisTan... axlaxan gamoqveynda m.qurdianis statia (m.qurdiani, 2003), sadac aris mcdeloba, damtkicdes, rom megrul-Wanuri metyveleba arsebobda jer kidev Sumerebis dros (!). SeniSvna: prof. m.qurdiani iziarebs iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis naTesaobis Teorias. misi azriT, raki Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi ukve arsebobda zanuri, saerToqarTveluri savaraudoa Zv.w. V-IV aTaswleulebSi; aseT SemTxvevaSi, rodisRa unda yofiliyo saerTokavkasiuri ena? Zv.w. VIII-VII aTaswleulebSi? e.w. nostratul enaTa ojaxis daSvebis msgavsad, aseTi Soreuli naTesaobis Teoria varaudis sferos ver gascildeba, vinaidan kvlevis amJamindeli meTodebis mixedviT, aravis SeuZlia zustad Tqvas, kavkasiasa da wina aziaSi konkretulad rogori struqturis ena arsebobda Zv.w. VII-VI aTaswleulebSi; metic, mecnierTaTvis met-naklebad cnobili enobriv-eTnikuri erTobebi yalibdeba adre brinjaos xanidan - Zv.w. IV aTaswleulidan; bolo gamokvlevebiT, qalaquri tipis dasaxlebebi ivaraudeba Zv.w. IX-VIII aTaswleulebSi (neoliTuri revoluciis Semdeg), magram mecnierebis amJamindeli miRwevebis safuZvelze SeuZlebelia naTlad ganisazRvros 10 000 wlis winandeli enobriv-eTnikuri suraTi.
enaTa istoriis daTariRebisas samecniero literaturaSi farTod gamoiyeneba enobrivi kontaqtebis amsaxveli sesxebis faqtebi. es meTodi warmatebulia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca na- 285 -
saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
Tladaa garkveuli konkretuli enobrivi masalis warmomavloba da gamoricxulia mocemuli sityvis (morfemis) kuTvnileba mesame, ufro Zveli enisadmi. m.qurdianis statiaSi meTodi sworadaa SerCeuli (2003, gv.44-51), magram gaWirdeba dasaxelebul sityvaTa miCneva maincdamainc megrul-Wanur an svanur formebad; miT umetes, saeWvoa, zanuridan Sumerulsa da xeTurSi, xolo svanuridan saerToiranulSi sesxebis mtkiceba; kerZod: m.qurdianis azriT, Sumerulma zanurisgan isesxa "vaSli": zan. uSquri > *huSqur > hEaSqur > haShur (m.qurdiani, 2003, gv.46). aq auxsnelia u > Ea procesi; garda amisa, amgvarive logikiTa da fonetikuri cvlilebis sxva gzis daSvebiT SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom Sumeruli varianti momdinareobs saerToqarTveluri *EaSalformidan: *EaSal- > *aSol- > *haShol- / *haShur-: dasaSvebia bilabialuri E komponentis gadaadgileba: E...a > o (Sdr., qarTvelur kiloebSi dadasturebuli paraleluri formebi: fetE-/fút-, eqEs-/úqs-, Tok-/TekE, fur-/firE...) da xmovanTa fSvinvieri SemarTva; Sumerul sityvaSi SeiZleba gamovyoT vaS- fuZe da -ur- sufiqsic; Sdr.: saerToqarTvelur *vaSl-/*vaS-al- fuZes Sesatyvisebi daeZebna CeCnur-inguSurSi da daRestnur enebSi; Sesabamisad, m.Cuxuam saerTonaxur formad aRadgina *vaS-, xolo saerTodaRestnur variantad - *veS- (m.Cuxua, 2004). saerTokavkasiuri savaraudo forma Cans vaS- Ziri. fuZis mawarmoebeli (determinanti) qarTveluri -l-/al- sufiqi unda iyos saerToindoevropulSi arsebul *Samlu fuZeSi: EaS-l- > *SaE-l- > Samlu (Sdr., T.gamyreliZe, v. ivanovi, 1984, gv.641-642, 881). garda amisa, xaTur enaSi arsebobs SaEaT "vaSli" sityva (gr.giorgaZe, 2002, gv.90; S.gabeskiria, 1998, gv.28; S.gabeskirias azriT, saerToqarTveluri *EaSal- fuZe asaxulia xaTur SaEaT formaSi; mosazreba gamoiTqva 2004 wlis 13 noembers CvenTan zepir saubarSi). Crdilokavkasiuri vaS- da qarTveluri vaS-l- formebis Sepirispireba gvavaraudebinebs, rom xaTurSi momxdaria E/S bgeraTa metaTezisi (adgilSenacvleba), fuZeSi ki gamosayofia -aT sufiqsi.
vfiqrobT, rogorc qarTvelurisTvis, aseve Sumerulisa Tu xaTurisTvis amosavali varianti unda veZioT Zvel kavkasiur-winaaziur enobriv velSi... sakamaToa, agreTve, m.qurdianis msjeloba aqaduri gurpisu/gursip ("samxedro aRWurvilobis raRac nawili spilenZisagan") sityvisTvis amosavlad zanuri gurpij- (gulis piri) kompozitis miCneva: zanur kiloebSi r > j procesi ase Zveli ver iqneba; garda amisa, msgavsi logikiT, araferi uSlis xels, aqaduri formisTvis amosavlad saerToqarTveluri kompozitic dagvesaxa (qarTveluri enobrivi samyarosTvis bunebrivi r/l da s/r monacvleobis daSvebiT)... aseve iTqmis m.qurdianis mier warmodgenil sxva dakavSirebazec: xeTuri iSTam-ana/Tumm-an "yuri" da qarTv. *sTami/sTumi "yuri", Sdr.: sa-sTum-al-i; saerToiranuli *azi-dahaaka da qarTv. *asTakEi "xvliki" (m.qurdiani, 2003, gv.4851); aqve SevniSnavT, rom saerToqarTveluri arqetipi daadgina da misTvis sxva iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi Sesatyvisi fuZeebi daZebna m.Cuxuam; misi azriT, es saerTokavkasiuri fuZe nasesxebi aqvs berZnuls (m.Cuxua, 2000, gv.54-55). Zv.w. II aTaswleulis I naxevarSi sakuTriv qarTulis, zanurisa da svanuris cal-calke arsebobis damtkicebas cdilobs d.musxeliSvilic; kerZod, is msjelobas agebs cxvar-/cxovreba da mecxvareoba sityvebisa "TrialeTis arqeologiuri kulturis" mimarTebaze (d.musxeliSvili, 2002, gv.6): "mecxvareoba cxovrebis sinonimad mxolod Sua brinjaos xanaSi SeiZleboda gamxdariyo; ramdenadac cxovreba sakuTriv qarTuli enis leqsikur fonds ganekuTvneba, unda davaskvnaT, rom Sua brinjaos xanis e.w. "TrialeTis kulturis" matarebeli tomebi, ZiriTadad, marTlac, aRmosavlel-qarTveli tomebi unda yofiliyvnen". pativcemul mkvlevars unda gaeTvaliswinebina, rom saerToqarTvelurSic aRdgeba cxovar- fuZe, romlisTvisac amosavalia cxov-/cxoE- Ziri, vfiqrobT, sicocxlis semantikiT (Sdr., saerToqarTv. cxovari, samwign. qarT. cxovari/cxvari, zan. Sxuri/Cxuri/mCxuri); amave
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saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
Zirs eyrdnoba sityvebi: cxov-el-i ("cocxali"), cxov-n-eb-a, macxov-ar-i... yvela am formis sayrdeni Ziri unda iyos -cx-, romelic SeiZleba gamoiyos cx-en- da co-cx-al- (*so-cx-al-/*ho-cxal-; Sdr., m.Cuxua, 2003, gv.338-339) fuZeebSic; fuZeTa mimarTebisaTvis ix.: arn.Ciqobava, 1938; z.sarjvelaZe, h.fenrixi, 1990; m.Cuxua, 2003 (qarTv. cxvar-/cxovreba da xaTur zar-/zari- fuZeebis semantikur-formobrivi mimarTebis Sesaxeb ix., g.qavTaraZe, 1985, gv. 120-121). logikuria, davaskvnaT, rom, Tu maincdamainc, g.klimovis kvalad, cxovreba sityva mecxvareobis semantikiT gvinda davtvirToT (risi aucilebloba sulac ar dgas), cxovar- > cxovreba mimarTeba saerToqarTvelurSic SegviZlia davuSvaT, xolo cxovrebis ZiriTad semantikad sicocxle ufro unda aRvadginoT (da ara mecxvareoba). Zv.w. IV aTaswleulSi saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dasamtkiceblad nasesxebi masalaa gaanalizebuli T.gamyreliZisa da v.ivanovis mier; maTi daskvniT, mtkvar-araqsis kulturis formirebis periodSi gverdigverd arsebobdnen saerToindoevropuli, saerToqarTveluri da saerTosemituri enebi, rasac cxadyofs saerToindoevropulidan saerToqarTvelurSi nasesxebi Semdegi leqsika (masalas moviyvanT Tanamedrove qarTuli variantebis mixedviT): beravs, brge, goni/Seigen/Seigno, devs/vdeb, eqvsi, eSvi, Tixa, Txa, kbens, krefs, matli, mkerdi, rgavs/alagebs, sisxli, tef-/Tbili, upe/ube, qmari, Soba (T.gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, 1984, gv. 877-879). dasaxelebuli masala sam jgufad SeiZleba warmovadginoT: a. qarTveluri leqsikuri erTeulebi, romlebic masalobrivad ufro axloa ara saerToindoevropul, aramed romelime indoevropuli (dadasturebuli) enis fuZesTan, Sesabamisad, isini gacilebiT gviandel nasesxobebad SegviZlia miviCnioT; magaliTad, Sdr: eqvs- (salit. qarTv. eqvsi, zan. amSvi/anSi, svan. usgEa), saerToind.: seks (aqac da qvemoTac indoevropuli Zirebi mogvyavs ga-
martivebuli laTinuri anbanis mixedviT) da berZ. eks; qarTveluri fuZis xmovani segmenti/prefiqsi Cans berZnulSi da ara - saerToindoevropulSi; vfiqrobT, aSkaraa: Tuki qarTvelurSi sesxeba moxda indoevropuli enisgan, logikuria davuSvaT, rom es enaa Zveli berZnuli da ara - saerToindoevropuli (Sdr.: saerToqarTvelurSi berZnulidan sesxeba SesaZlebelia mxolod Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebSi; es dro eTanxmeba saerToqarTvelurisTvis Cven mier navaraudev dros). ar gamoiricxeba eqvs- fuZis saerTokavkasiurobac; yvela SemTxvevaSi, paralelurad gansaxilvelia saerToqarTveluri da ZvelberZnuli variantebi, rac am erTeulTa Tanadroulobazec miuTiTebs. uRel- (salit.qarTv. uReli, zan. uRu, svan. uREa), saerToind. iukom "uReli", xeT. iukan, Zv.ind. yuga, berZ. ζυγου/ugo (Sdr., rus. иго)... formobrivad (sityvis struqturis mixedviT) qarTvelur formasTan ufro axlosaa g Tanxmovniani fuZe; Sesabamisad, indoevropul enas Tu nasesxebi ara aqvs es fuZe iberiul-kavkasiuri enobrivi velidan (ix. qvemoT) da ueWvelad dadgeba saerToqarTvelurSi uR-/uRo fuZis sesxebis sakiTxi, msesxebel enad unda davuSvaT Zveli berZnuli (an wina aziis romelime) ena. tef-/Tb- (salit.qarTv. gan-v-tef/vaTbob/Tbili, zan. votibua/tibu "vaTbob/Tbili", svan. li-tb-i-d-e/xotbida/tebdi
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"gaTboba/gauTbia/Tbili"), saerToind. *tep-, Zv.ind. tapah, Zv.iran. tap, osur. tavun "Tboba", osur. tevd "Tbili", berZn. te(r)mos, laTin. tepidus... niSandoblivia, rom Zvel indoevropul enebSi warmodgenili fuZe a gaxmovanebiTaa, Sesabamisad, logikuria m.andronikaSvilis daskvna: "qarTuli Ziri tef- Tavisi fonetikuri ieriT yvelaze axlos dgas am indoevropuli fuZis osur formasTan" (1966, gv. 109). sakuTriv qarTveluri (svanuri) enisTvis bunebrivi segmentaciiT ar xerxdeba d-s axsna teb-d- fuZeSi, amitom, vfiqrobT, rom svan. tebd- formisaTvis amosavali SeiZleba iyos osur-alan. tevd (> *tefd- > tebd-). Cveni azriT, ufro naklebwinaaRmdegobrivia qarTv. tef-/Tb-, osur-alan. tep- da berZnul-la-
saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
Tinuri tep- Zirebis paralelurad ganxilva, vidre qarTvelur da saerToindoevropul enaTa monacemebis Tanadroulad miCneva. mkerd- (samwign. qarTv. mkerdi, zan. kidiri, svan. muWEed/mu-
saerToqarTveluri: gen-/gon- "mogoneba," "goneba"; iCq. gan, ing. ga(n), bacb. gua¹ "Kureba, xedva"...(imierkavkasiuri enebis masala mogvawoda m.Cuxuam). saerToqarTveluri *berZ-/EerZ-i; zan. (megr.) erJ-i *varJ-i; bacb. borw, CaCn. burZ/z, ing. borZ "mgeli", winarenaxuri borZ; xunZ. baw *barw, and. bowo, axv. baya, boTl., Rod., Wam., bagv. tind. bawa, kar. bawe, lak. barw, darg. bec "mgeli", winaredaRestnuri *barZ. saerToqarTveluri: *daƒal- "Txa"; and. rixa ← *dixan, Sdr.: axvax. i¹xa, boTl. rixa, yam. inxa/rixa "cxvari"... saerToqarTveluri *Zax-/*Zaƒ-: *Zax-il-i/*Zax-el-i/sax-el-i, saxe, zan. Joxo, svan. jaxe "saxe"; afx. abaz. a-x½Z "saxeli", iCq. xaZ-, ing, xaZ-, bacb. xaw "gagoneba, smena"... saerToqarTveluri *kel-: keloba "koyloba" (saba) Sdr., aWar. kel-av-s "koylobs"; iCq. ing. {ka…}, bacb. k"av-e¹ "koyli", k"av- "koyloba"... saerToqarTveluri *krab: "krefa"; xunZ. bakar-, and. bakar-, bej. bovakol- "Sekreba, собрать"... saerToqarTveluri *matal-/matli "yia"; afx., abaz. a-maT "gveli", hunz. beti "yia", bej. farti, lezg. b‘t-r‘y, Tab. bit, lak. ~ati "yia, gveli"... saerToqarTveluri *oTx: "oTxi", saerTonaxuri ~aTxu "eqvsi", aG. ~arxid, ruT. rixud "eqvsi"... saerToqarTveluri *…ara/*ar…a/*…r…a/rua "rva", megr. bruo (<*…r…a), svan. ara, "rva"; iCq. barh, ing. barh, bacb. barl" "rva"; darg. berh-al id... saerToqarTveluri *si-sx-li; afx.abaz. a-Sa¶ "sisxli"; Sdr., xeTuri eSxar-
Wod), berZn. kardia, roman. kradie... samecniero literaturaSi sakamaToa saerToindoevropulSi gulis aRsaniSnavad *kert- fuZis aRdgena (Sdr., T.gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, 1984, gv. 800); garda amisa, TanxmovanTa Semadgenlobis mixedviT, qarTvelur formasTn ufro axlosaa realurad dadasturebuli berZnuli sityva, vidre hipoTeturi saerToindoevropuli fuZe. aqve davZenT, rom dausabuTebeli da saeWvoa, agreTve, qarTv. ber-/ber-av-s formis saerToindoevropuli warmomavloba (berva leqsemis qarTuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb ix., m.andronikaSvili, 1966, gv. 173). b. leqsikuri erTeulebi, romelTa qarTveluri warmomavloba ufro sarwmunoa, vidre - indoevropuli; Sdr.: kben- (salit.qarTv. kbens/kbili, zan. kib-ir-an-s/kib-ir-i; Sdr., qarTv. kib-e), saerToind.: kemb- "gaxeva, kbena", keb-/kep- "yba, piri, Wama" da kombo "kbili"; T.gamyreliZisa da v.ivanovis mier am formaTa amosavlad miCneulia kemb- "gaxeva" (iqve, gv. 815, 879); Sdr., Wamis/kbilis mniSvnelobiT indoevropul enebSi ZiriTadia et/dan-/dent- ZiriTadi fuZe. vfiqrobT, saerToindoevropuli kemb"gaxeva" fuZisgan qarTveluri kb-/kib- "kbena/kbili" gamoyvana problemuria; miT umetes, rTuli dasamtkicebelia saerToindoevropulidan saerToqarTvelurSi sesxeba. Cveni azriT, qarTveluri zmnisTvis amosavalia qarTvelur-kavkasiuri kib- fuZe (kib-e*kib-), romelmac mogvca *kib-en-s > kbens da kib-il-i > kbili/kibiri variantebi. g. fuZeebi, romlebic dasturdeba sxva iberiul-kavkasiur enebSic; Sesabamisad, ufro bunebrivi iqneba, erTmaneTs SevupirispiroT da erT qronologiur doneze ganvixiloT am jgufis sityvaTa saerTokavkasiuri da saerToindoevropuli arqetipebi (da ara - saerToqarTveluri da saerToindoevropuli); Sdr.: - 290 -
/iSxar- "sisxli" (gr.giorgaZe, 1999, gv. 63). saerToqarTveluri *Se…/S…-: "Soba", "Sveba"; afx. abaz. a-Sa…-ra "goyebis daKra", saerTonaxuri da-lÀ- "gaCena"... saerToqarTveluri *qom-: "qmari", "vajkaci", zan. qom-oJ-i "qmari", qom-ol-i "vajkaci"; saerTonaxuri *qom-on "mamri, xvadi"... saerToqarTveluri *bas…-/fes…-: fes…-i, fos-o fesv-i: zan. fos-i/fosv-i; bacb. -na-fs-or "Ziri", CaCn. {-no-Es-ar}, ing. -{no-Es-–r}, winarenaxuri na-bes…-ar; xunZ. bosen "bude", and. beSon, boTl. be- 291 -
saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
Sen, Rod. beSen, bigv. behu¹, kar. berx½…an, axvax. beS…ani "bude, logini", Wam. beha¹, tind. bex…a¹/beh…a¹ "logini, bude", winaredaRestnuri *bes…-ani. saerToqarTveluri *lag-: "lageba", zan. login- "dalageba"; "logini"; iCq. menga, ing. m@ng‹"logini"... saerToqarTveluri *ber: "Seberva, berva"; xunZ. fun-, and. fud-, bagv. furi "daberva", "qari"... saerToqarTveluri *uGel-: "uGeli"; afx. {a-G…a} sitKvaSi a¶-c°aG…a-ra "xariT xvna", saerTonaxuri d-uK, lezg. vik, wax. oq, arC. otK... momavali Ziebebi sxva qarTvelur-kavkasiuri warmomavlobis Zirebsac gamoavlens (aseTi Cans, mag., gvari; Sdr., n.mgelaZe, 2004, gv. 87); saerToqarTvelur-naxur-daRestnuri diB- "Tixa" fuZis Sesaxeb ix. m.Cuxua, 2003, gv.93... faqtia isic, rom warmodgenili leqsikis did nawils Sesatyvisebi gaaCnia indoevropul enebSic. SesaZloa, aseTi fuZeebi momdinare iyos, sulac, savaraudo e.w. nostratuli kontinuumisgan. Tuki amgvari makroerToba saerTod arsebobda, maSin misgan momdinared unda miviCnioT iberiul-kavkasiuri kontinuumi da ara mxolod sakuTriv saerToqarTveluri (b.foCxua SesaZleblad miiCnevs qarTvelurTan erTad nostratul enebSi ganxilul iqnas mTis iberiul-kavkasiuri enebic; ix. b.foCxua, 1974, gv. 341; Sdr., iliC-svitiCi, 1967). savaraudo sqemaa: nostratuli kontinuumi > iberiul-kavkasiuri enobrivi erToba (aseve: indoevropuli, semitur-qamituri, draviduli, uraluri...) > qarTveluri enobrivi erToba (aseve: afxazuradiRuri, naxuri, daRestnuri)... garkveulwilad am Tvalsazriss
iberiul-kavkasiuri masala. aqve aRvniSnavT: enaTa divergenciis paralelurad mimdinareobda mezobel enaTa urTierTgavlenebisa da mravalmxrivi konvergenciis procesebi, Sesabamisad, uZveles fenebSi enobrivi movlenebis erTgvarobis (msgavsebis) dadasturebisas gaWirdeba mtkiceba, genetur naTesaobasTan gvaqvs saqme Tu sesxebasTan.
dauWers mxars jon kolarusos kvlevis Sedegebic: mis naSromSi warmodgenilia leqsikuri paralelebi dasavleT Crdilokavkasiur da indoevropul winare enebs Soris (j.kolaruso, 2003, gv. 4161; ix., agreTve, q.TuiTis mimoxilva afxazur-adiRuri da indoev-
*** saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis droze garkveuli informacia SeiZleba mogvces qarTvelur kiloebSi arsebulma im sityvebma, romelTa saerToqarTveluri arqetipi nasesxebia da SesaZlebelia sesxebis daTariRebac; magaliTad, vfiqrobT, saerToqarTvelurSive arsebuli sparsulTan ziari zogi sityvaforma Zv.w. VI saukunes ver gaSordeba (Sesabamisad, ufro adre gamoiricxeba sakuTriv zanur-svanuri enobrivi erTeulebis arseboba); aseTebi Cans: zari, kuarTi, tye, Zewkvi, wiT-s/wiT-eli... didi albaTobiT, warmodgenili formebi sparsuli warmomavlobisaa an sparsulis gziTaa Semosuli (saTanado msjelobisaTvis ix. m.andronikaSvili, 1966); ar gamoiricxeba isic, rom m.andronikaSvilis mier sparsulad miCneuli zogi fuZe Zveli winaaziuri, an saerTokavkasiuri enebidan modiodes sparsulSic da qarTvelurSic; mag., m.andronikaSvili sparsul-skviTur nasesxobebad miiCnevs verZ-, zax-/Zax- (Zaxi-li), fesv-, zam-, kel- fuZeebs, Tumca, maT Sesatyvisebi eZebnebaT sxva iberiul-kavkasiur-winaaziur enebSic (masala ix. zemoT); samagaliTod ganvixilavT zam- Zirs: zam-: saerToqarTveluri *zam- "weli", "dro": za-fxul-i, zam-Tari, zan. zo-Tonji, svan. zo-mxa/za~-maxe "weli+axali"; bacb. So (*jo): CaCn. S…o (*jo): ing. Su ( Suo *jo) "weli", winarenaxuri
ropuli enebis naTesaobis kvlevis istoriis Sesaxeb; q.TuiTi, 2003, gv. XIV-XV); vfiqrobT, ufro logikuria, am SemTxvevaSic Tanadroulad miviCnioT saerTo indoevropuli da saerTo
*zo*jo; xunZ. zo-b "ca", "weli", and. zubu, tind. zebu, boTl. zi…u,
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Rod. zibu, darg. zab "wvima", lezg. s´a-…/c´a-… "ca", Tab. Za-…, aR.
saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
Za-…, xin. Zo *za-…, kriw. za-…, budux. za-… "weli", winareda-
luridan/iberiul-kavkasiuridan misi sesxeba semiturSi (saidanac Sevida sparsulSic), dasaSvebia Ram- Ziris momdinareoba sxva, ufro Zveli enobrivi kontinuumidan. yovel SemTxvevaSi, aSkaraa qarTvelur-arameul-sparsul fuZeTa uSualo urTierTkavSiri, rac Zv.w. I aTaswleuls ver gascildeba.
Restnuri *za-b (b nivTTa gr. kl. niS.)... Sdr.: zam-an "dro", "sezoni", "saaTi" (qarTv. Jam-i), romelic dadasturebulia: arameulSi, ebraulSi, arabulSi, TurqulSi; Sdr. saSualsparsuli - zam/zamistan "zamTari"; qarTul zamTarfuZeSi *Tar- Tovlis aRmniSvneli fuZe Cans (Sdr.m.andronikaSvili, 1966, gv.321-322; h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, 1990), ramdenadac, igive za- fuZe gamoiyofa zafxul- kompozitSic: za-fx-ul-i, sadac za- aRniSnavs "dros", "sezons", xolo fx-/*fax- - mzes, mzis Tvals; Sdr.: fax-/fx- - Tvali (fax-ur-i; i.CantlaZe, 2004); laz. mafxa (mowmendili ca), svan. mefxe (mowmendili ca), fxiani, fxizeli, zan. fxoni, xevs. fxre ("Ria"), svan. li-fxer ("gaxsna"), qarTv. mxel-a (m.Cuxua, 2003)... Sdr.: za-mTari - dro (sezoni) Tovlisa; za-fxuli - dro (sezoni) gaxsnili cisa (anu: mzis Tvalisa; Sdr., svan. imfxKl - ca ixsneba, idarebs). am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa, agreTve, sityvaforma Ramis istoria: m.andronikaSvils is miaCnia sparsul nasesxobad, magram, n.barTaias azriT, qarTulSi arabulidanaa Semosuli. vfiqrobT, ramdenadac Zvel qarTul teqstebSive dasturdeba Rame sityvisgan warmoqmnili sxva leqsikuri erTeulebi (saRamo, naRveli < *naRmeli < *na-Ram-el-i, Ramori/Ramura, meRamuri, RamismBmobari, RamiT, maradRame, mRamiobi, naRamevi, saRamuri, siRame, daRameba, SuaRame...) da qarTvelur dialeqtebSic gvaqvs kanonzomieri Sesatyvisi (Ruma), Rame saerToqarTvelur monacemad unda davsaxoT
SeniSvna: sagangebo kvlevas saWiroebs somxurSi arsebuli qarTveluri leqsikac; aRniSnulia, rom misi erTi nawili axlosaa zanur fuZeebTan. ramdenadac somxurSi arsebiTia qarTvelur-kavkasiuri substrati, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, e.w. "zanur" formaTa warmoqmna avxsnaT saerToqarTveluris (an armenebis damxvduri romelime sxva qarTveluri tomis metyvelebisTvis damaxasiaTebel) formaTa transformaciiT; mosalodnelia, agreTve, gviandeli (qristianuli lazikis droindeli) nasesxobani uSualod lazuridan (somxurSi sakuTriv lazuri formebis Sesaxeb ix., mag., i.SilakaZe, 1983).
(amosaval formad unda vigulvoT *Rame); Sdr., arabulSi misi mniSvnelobebia: dafarva, danaRvlianeba, bneli, burusiT moculi; dardi, mwuxareba; sicxe, papanaqeba...); Sesabamisad, logikuria, davuSvaT: saerToqarTvelurSi Rame Tuki nasesxebia, igi Semosulia arameulidan an asiriulidan; ar gamoiricxeba arc saerToqarTve-
vfiqrobT, m.andronikaSvilis, T.gamyreliZis, v.ivanovis, d.musxeliSvilis, m.qurdianis da sxva avtorTa mier sainteresod gaanalizebuli leqsikuri paralelebi mainc ver iZleva damajerebel daskvnas saerToqarTveluri enis Zv.w. V-III aTaswleulSi arsebobis Sesaxeb; kerZod, amgvari sakamaTo masalis mixedviT ver davadgenT saerToqarTveluri Tu sakuTriv qarTuli enebis arsebobis dros; garda amisa, rekonstruirebuli da aradokumentirebuli enebis savaraudo leqsikuri bazis mixedviT aseT Soreul droSi rTulia dadgindes: sesxebasTan gvaqvs saqme (romeli mimarTulebiTaa nasesxebi?) Tu saerTo warmomavlobasTan. sagangebod aRvniSnavT, rom mecnierebisTvis dRemde cnobil eTnikur erTobebTan dakavSirebuli uZvelesi didi saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebi Zv.w. IV aTaswleulidan dasturdeba; garda amisa, Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi navaraudevi msoflios yvela ena ukve mkvdaria, xolo aRdgenili praenebis (miT umetes, protoenebis) struqtura mniSvnelovnad (arsebiTad!) gansxvavdeba Tanamedrove enebisgan; Tuki Sumerebis dros zanuris, svanuris Tu qarTulis arsebobas davuSvebT, gamodis, rom msoflioSi arsebul enaTagan 5000 wlis manZilze mxolod qarTuli, svanuri da megrul-Wanuri "enebi" inarCuneben TavisTavadobas, rac aralogikuria:
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saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro
msoflioSi ar arsebobs didi samwerlobo tradiciis mqone enac ki, romelsac 50 saukunis ganmavlobaSi SeenarCunebinos Tavisi ZiriTadi saxe; miT umetes, aseTi ver iqneba umwerlobo tomobrivi ena Tu kilo. 1000 wlis manZilzec ki mxolod did samwerlobo tradicias SeuZlia, Seanelos enis mniSvnelovani cvlilebis procesi; 4000-5000 wlian Tvisobriv ucvlelobaze ki, vfiqrobT, laparakic zedmetia. enaTa daTariRebis Sesaxeb msjelobisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT samwerlobo tradiciis mqone da umwerlobo enebis asakis tipologia: Tuki awmyodan gavadevnebT Tvals amJamindel enebs, aRmoCndeba, rom werilobiTi tradiciis enebis umravlesoba ver gadaSordeba 2000 weliwads; miT umetes, Zneli dasajerebelia, rom umwerlobo enebma Tavi SeinarCunes 5000-6000 wlis manZilze. enobriv erTeulTa Cven mier warmodgenili analizi da msjeloba mxars uWers saerToqarTveluris daSvebas ufro Zv.w. pirvel aTaswleulSi; Sesabamisad, iberiul-kavkasiuri erTobis arseboba savaraudebelia Zv.w.IV-II aTaswleulebSi (Sdr.: v.ivanovi, T.gamyreliZe, 1984, gv.880; m.qurdiani, 2003, gv.44 da sxv.). zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT: II aTaswleulis dasasruls qarTveluri tomebi moicavdnen aRmosavleT da samxreT SavizRvispireTs (soWidan sinopemde), mtkvris xeobis did nawils da Woroxis xeobas mTlianad; tomTaSorisi oficialuri ena unda yofiliyo saerToqarTveluri enobrivi modelis mqone ena - sisina a tipis ena (da ara: ararsebuli qarTis tomis ena, zanuri, Teoriulad navaraudevi zanur-qarTuli ena an sxva romelime enobrivi erTeuli). am saerToqarTvelurma modgmam Seqmna Zveli wyaroebiT cnobili saxelmwifo aia/kolxa da arqeologiuri kvlevebiT aRmoCenili kolxuri kultura, romlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi regioni iyo istoriuli kolas mxare (aqedanaa nawarmoebi kolxa: kol-a/i > kol-x-a). savaraudoa, es saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba moicavda e.w. nairis qveynebis nawils. Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi es saxelmwifo ramdenime nawilad iSleba: dasavleT nawilSi warmoiq-
mna SedarebiT gviandeli kolxida (centriT - dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze: naqalaqevi, vani, quTaisi); samxreT-aRmosavleT da aRmosavleT nawilSi - diaoxi da sxv. azos, qujisa da farnavazis dros nawilobriv aRdga erTiani saqarTvelo centriT - mcxeTaSi; farnavazma saqarTvelo dayo samTavroebad, SemoiRo damwerloba saerTo qarTveluri enis bazaze, gamoacxada saxelmwifo religia (am dros cal-calke ar arsebobda iberia da kolxeTi; Sdr., g.meliqiSvili, 1970, gv.422). Sesabamisad, dRevandel lazTa, megrelTa, imerxevelTa, mesxTa, kaxTa, svanTa, herTa, fxovelTa da sxva qarTveluri modgmis TemTa didi winaprebi: miTebSi gadasuli aietic da medeac, mogvianebiT, azonic, qujic, farnavazic, qarTamic, rostamic, gorgasalic, leonic, Wyondidelebic da iovane petriwic oficialurad saerToqarTvelur, an mis struqturul adekvat, zogadqarTul samwignobro enaze metyvelebdnen, werdnen da, rac mTavaria, erToblivad qmnidnen ramdenime aTaswlovan qarTvelur (mosxurkolxur-iberiul) kulturas.
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qujisa da farnavazis saqarTvelo
qujisa da farnavazis saqarTvelo
2.3. qujisa da farnavazis saqarTvelo; 23 saukunis winandeli saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ena da qarTvelTa dialeqtebi; qarTveluri damwerloba
qceva~ qarTlisa~": aleqsandrem azos "miuboZa mcxeTa~ sajdomad da sazRvari daudva mas hereTi, da egris wyali, da somxiTi da mTa~ crolisa~" (Satberdis krebuli, 1979, gv.320). Zveli qarTuli wyaroebidan Cans, rom amave azos dros qarTvelTa saxelwifos saxeli iyo qarTli (RvTaeba qarTis/xaldis xalxis qveyana). saberZneTis daqvemdebarebas qarTveloba didxans ver Seguebia: berZenTa Sinaareulobis Jams (diadoxosebis brZola), qarTuli saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT, mcxeTis mamasaxlisis - uflosis STamomaval samaras - memkvidre farnavazma da egrisis erisTavma qujim, Crdilokavkasiel moZmeTa daxmarebiT, daamarcxes berZnuli orientaciis azos jarebi da, faqtobrivad, didi kolxeTis sazRvrebSi aRadgines sruliad qarTlis saxelmwifos damoukidebloba. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mefis uflebis Sesaxeb msjeloba sainteresodaa warmodgenili mematianis mier; kerZod, mefobis erT-erTi pretendenti - quji - eubneba meores - farnavazs: "Sen xar Svili TavTa maT qarTlisaTa, da Sen gmarTebs ufloba Cemi" (e.i. vinaidan qarTvelTa Soris gamorCeuli gvaris STamomavali xar, Cven, yvelani - sxva qarTvelebi - Sen unda dagemorCiloTo)... erTiani qarTlis mefe farnavazma saxelmwifo rva did saerisTavod dayo. "qarTlis cxovrebis" es monakveTi sainteresoa saqarTvelos maSindeli sazRvrebis TvalsazrisiT: sruliad qarTlis aRdgenis Semdeg "egris wyals quemoT darCa berZenTa, rameTu mkAdrTa mis adgilisaTa ara inebes gandgoma berZenTa. maSin farnavaz misca da~ TAsi ovsTa mefesa colad, da meore da~ TAsi misca qujis colad. da misca qujis queyana egris wyalsa da rions Sua, zRviTagan mTamde, romelsa Sina ars egrisi da suaneTi, da daamtkica igi erisTavad mun. da man quji aRaSena cixe-goji. maSin farnavaz uSiS iqmna yovelTa mterTa TvisTagan da mefe iqmna yovelsa qarTlsa da egursa zeda. da ganamravlna yovelni mBedarni qarTlosianni, ganawesna erisTavni rvani da spaspeti. erTni gagzavna margvis erisTavad, da misca mciriT mTiTgan,
2.3.1. istoriuli realiebi
Zv.w. pirveli aTaswleulis Sua periodSi, urartus dacemis Semdeg istoriuli kolxeTis aRmosavleTi da samxreT-aRmosavleTi nawili sparseTis xelSi gadadis (me-19 satrapia), samxreT-SavizRvispireTi nawili (Semdgomi pontos samefo) berZnebs uWiravT, xolo darCenili "mcire kolxeTi" - qarTuli wyaroebis qarTli (dasavleTi qarTli - egrisi da aRmosavleTi qarTli - qarTl-kaxeT-kuxeT-hereTi, samxreTi qarTli - mesxeTi), xarks uxdis ra sparseTs, nominalurad inarCunebs damoukideblobas. Zv.w. IV saukuneSi aleqsandre makedonelis mier sparseTis damarcxebis Semdeg, qarTvelebs miecaT erTiani saxelmwifos - sruliad qarTlis - aRdgenis SesaZlebloba. qarTvelTa mefis statusi miiRo berZenTa mier daniSnulma azom; azo warmoSobiT samxreTi mesxeTidan/kabadokiidan Cans (v.goilaZe, 1991, gv.52; n.xazaraZe, 2001, gv.394). "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, misi sataxto qalaqi gaxda mcxeTa; azos mmarTvelobas daeqvemdebara aRmosavleT saqarTveloc (gviandeli mcire iberiac), egrisic, mosxikes teritoriac da Crdilo kavkasiis nawilic ki (osni, lekni da xazarni) berZenTa proteqtoratis qveS erT saxelmwifod gaerTianda qarTvelur tomTa didi nawili (Woroxis, mtkvris zemowelis, ior-alaznis, aragvis, rion-engurisa da kodor-klisuris xeobebi). SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom berZnebis interesSi Sedioda kavkasionis uReltexilebis kontroli da azos amitomac aarCevines mcxeTa dedaqalaqad. qarTlis sazRvrebs daaxloebiT amgvaradve gansazRvravs "mo-
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qujisa da farnavazis saqarTvelo
qujisa da farnavazis saqarTvelo
romel ars lixi, vidre zRuadmde, rions zemoT (yvela variantSi ikiTxeba "vidre zRuamde"; Sdr.: s.yauxCiSviliseuli gasworeba). da amanve farnavaz aRaSenna orni cixeni, Sorapani da dimna. da gagzavna meore kaxeTisa erisTavad, da misca aragviTagan vidre hereTamde, romel ars kaxeTi da kuxeTi. mesame gagzavna xunanisa erisTavad, da misca berdujis mdinariTgan vidre tfilisamde da gaCianTamdis, romel ars gardabani. meoTxe gagzavna samSAldis erisTavad, da misca skvireTisa mdinariTgan vidre mTamde, romel ars taSiri da aboci. mexuTe gagzavna wundis erisTavad, da misca fanvariTgan vidre Tavadmde mtkurisa, romel ars javaxeTi da kola da artaani. meequse gagzavna oZrBis erisTavad, da misca taSiskariTgan vidre arsianTamdis, nostis TaviTgan zRuamdis, romel ars samcxe da aWara. meSAde gagzavna klarjeTis erisTavad, da misca arsianiTgan zRuamde. da merve, quji, iyo erisTavi egrisisa. xolo erTi daadgina spaspetad da misca tfilisiTgan da aragATagan vidre tasiskaramde da fanvaradmde, romel ars Sida-qarTli. da ese spaspeti iyo Semdgomadve winaSe mefisa, mTavrobiT ganagebdis yovelTa erisTavTa zeda. xolo amaT erisTavTa queSe, adgilTa da adgilTa, ganaCinna spasalarni da aTasisTavni, da maT yovelTagan movidoda xarki sameufo da saerisTavo"... (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.24-25). am vrcel amonaridSi Cven yuradRebas mivaqcevT farnavaz-qujis saxelmwifos gaerTianeba-aRdgenis nebayoflobiT xasiaTs (JamTaaRmweris xedva zog specialists gulubryviloba hgonia): egris wyals quemoTa mxareSi - Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma qarTvelobam ar ineba (!) berZnebisgan gandgoma da isev berZenTa proteqtoratis qveS darCa... Zveli qarTveli mematianis azriT, es mxarec egrosis wilia, xolo gviandeli CanarTis mixedviT - afSil-afxazeTi. romauli wyaroebis cnobiT, welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze am adgilebSi (dioskuriis midamoebSi)
lazebi cxovroben. amgvarad, qarTvel mematianeTa Txroba amowmebs, rom Zveli kolxeTis did nawilSi isev aRdga qarTvelTa saxelmwifo (Sdr., anania jafariZe, 1994, gv.62: kolxeTis samefos wiaRSi safuZveli eyreboda erTian qarTul saxelmwifos Zv.w. VI-IV saukuneebSi). saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enad farnavazma gamoacxada qarTuli ena, romelic, rogorc zogadqarTuli Tu tomTaSorisi ena, yvela qarTveluri tomisTvis erTnairad iyo misaRebi. saistorio wyaro, aseve, farnavazs miawers qarTuli mwignobrobis anu anbanis Seqmnas ("qujis orientacia, Seqmniliyo erTiani saqarTvelo, SeuZlebelia mogvIianebiT SeTxzuliyo. farnavazis reformistul moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebul, Cveni azriT, realistur faqtebs, mematiane ver gamoigonebda"; g.qavTaria, 2000, gv. 28). lingvistur-kulturologiuri kvlevis Tanamedrove etapze sakmao safuZveli gvaqvs, vTqvaT: farnavazis dros qarTvelur tomebs hqondaT saerToqarTveluri (zogadqarTuli) enobrivi koine, romelsac saxelmwifo enis funqcia hqonda; Sdr., mematiane wers: "da arRara izraxeboda sxua ena qarTlsa Sina Tvinier qarTulisa"; Sdr., imave mematianis azriT, farnavazamdel qarTlSi qarTulTan erTad Tana-
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arsebobda: somxuri (anu urartulis memkvidre ena – t.f.), xazaruli, asuruli, ebrauli da berZnuli; xazgasmiT aRsaniSnavia isic, rom aq saerTod ar aris saubari arc calkeul qarTvelur tomTa enebsa Tu dialeqtebze da arc Crdilokavkasiur enobriv erTeulebze. Zvel RvTaebaTa sakiTxis mimoxilva cxadyofs, rom am periodis saqarTveloSi SenarCunebulia mcireaziur sxva monaTesave xalxebTan kulturuli erToba; Sdr.: .gr.giorgaZe, 1985, gv.156: "qarTuli warmarTuli RvTaebebis sameuli tipur mcireaziur RvTaebebs ganasaxierebda: armazuli triada daaxloebiT Zv.w. III saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi "Seqmna" axladwarmoqmnili qarTlis saxelmwifos pirvelma mefem - farnavazma Zvel mcireaziul modelTan mimsgavsebiT; Cans, aseTi "modeli" arsebobda anatoliaSi
qujisa da farnavazis saqarTvelo
ara marto xeTur-xuritul xanaSi, aramed - momdevno periodSic (Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi), rodesac xeTur-xurituli kulturisa da religiis tradiciebi jer kidev ar iyo gamqrali aRmosavleT mcire aziaSi". ix., agreTve, v.goilaZe, 1991, gv.52: "moqceva~ qarTlisa~"-Si arsebuli cnobiT, gacisa da gas kerpebi aleqsandre makedonelis mier qarTlis mmarTvelad dadgenilma azom arian-qarTlidan gadmoitana"; xeTebis samefos dedaqalaq xaTusas (axlandeli boRazqoi) "samefo WiSkarze" arsebuli RvTaeba xacis gamosaxuleba da iqve aRmoCenil lursmul warwerebSi amave RvTaebis aRweriloba identuria armazuli gacis qarTuli aRwerilobisa; Sesabamisad, vfiqrob, "arian-qarTli kapadokiaa, xolo azos mamis sagamgeo teritoria mcire aziaSia saZiebeli". SeniSvna: istorikosTa nawili ndobiT ar ekideboda "qarTlis cxovrebis" cnobebs; Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi ufro da ufro amyarebs jer kidev 1919 wels mari broses mier Tavis ukanasknel "memuarebSi" gamoTqmul azrs: "qarTlis cxovreba qarTvel tomTa uZvelesi istoriisaTvis savsebiT sandoa; kidev metic, qarTul matianeTa cnobebi sandoa ara mxolod kavkasiis tomTa istoriis Sesaxeb, aramed wina aziis istoriisaTvisac" (a.baramiZe, 1986, gv.116).
sarwmuno Cans amgvari varaudic: miTridateebis ponto da kabadokia ZiriTadad qarTveluri tomebiT dasaxlebuli qveynebi iyo, magram qarTvelur saxelmwifod imitom ver daimkvidres Tavi, rom iq saxelmwifo ena da damwerloba ar iyo qarTuli; Sdr., saqarTveloSi ponto-kabadokiidan arian mosuli azoc, wminda ninoc da kabadokieli wminda mamebic; maT aq egulebodaT TavianTi naTesavebis ZiriTadi sacxovrisi. saqarTveloSi wminda giorgis gamorCeuli Tayvaniscema eTnikuri fesvebiTac SeiZleba iyos motivirebuli.
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qarTuli anbani da farnavazisdroindeli saxelmwifo 2.3.2. qarTuli anbani da farnavazisdroindeli
saxelmwifo enis fonematuri modelis sakiTxi arqauli qarTuli samwignobro enis fonematur struqturaze msjelobisas arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba asomTavrul anbans, vinaidan qarTuli damwerlobis msgavsi srulyofili anbanuri sistemis Seqmna SeuZlebelia enis bgeriTi Sedgenilobis zusti analizis gareSe. droTa ganmavlobaSi qarTuli anbanis asoTa moxazuloba gamravalferovnda (asomTavruli, nusxuri, mxedruli), magram enis fonematur struqturaSi arsebiTi cvaleba ar momxdara; garda amisa, Zveli qarTveli ucnobi mwignobrebis mier Tavidanve iseTi sizustiT iyo dadgenili qarTveluri enis sametyvelo bgerebi, rom Tanamedrove mecnierebis miRwevebis fonzec ki idealuria arqauli qarTulis fonemaTa da grafemaTa Sefardeba. qarTuli saistorio tradicia, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, qarTuli samwignobro enisTvis anbanis Seqmnas farnavazis saxels ukavSirebs. samecniero literaturis erT nawilSi gaziarebulia amgvari pozicia; meore nawilSi qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis TariRi gadaweulia Zv.w. VII saukuneSi, zogi mkvlevris azriT ki, qarTuli anbani Seiqmna qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis Semdeg (literaturis mimoxilvisTvis ix. r.patariZe, 1980; T.gamyreliZe, 1989). Cven ar gamovricxavT SesaZleblobas, rom qarTuli anbanis ZiriTadi modeli Seiqmna farnavazis dros, romelic, mogvianebiT, qristianuli literaturis Targmnis periodSi, berZnuli anbanis gavleniT "dazustda" - daemata qarTulisaTvis ucxo ramdenime aso-niSani (Ä, uÂ...). erT saintereso garemoebas miaqcia yuradReba episkoposma anania jafariZem; misi azriT, anbani qristianobis Semosvlis Semdeg rom Seqmniliyo, am qristianul Rvawls uTuod aRniSnavdnen qarTveli mematianeni, ramdenadac, rogorc wesi, isini sasuliero moRvaweni iyvnen (a.jafariZe, 1994, gv.90). amave dros, faqtia isic, rom qristianobamdeli qarTuli warwerebi ar aris Semonaxuli, Tumca, nekresis warwerebis msgavsad, kidev ra siurprizs gvimza- 303 -
qarTuli anbani da farnavazisdroindeli saxelmwifo
debs axali aRmoCenebi, ufalma uwyis... romel periodSi Seqmniladac ar unda vivaraudoT qarTuli anbani, aSkaraa, rom igi zustad asaxavs TanxmovanTa, sonantTa da xmovanTa saerToqarTvelur sistemas; garda amisa, gvaqvs sakmarisi argumentebi, vamtkicoT, rom qarTuli asomTavrulis Semoqmedi uTuod icnobda rogorc finikiur, aseve berZnul anbanur sistemas; swored am konteqstSia saintereso erTi garemoeba: finikiurSi gamoixateboda E da ~ bgerebi, xolo berZnulSi u da i; qarTul damwerlobaSi Tavidanve gvaqvs oTxive bgeris fardi aso-niSani; vfiqrobT, rom asomTavrulis v swored wyvilbagismier umarcvlo bgeras gamoxatavda da ara kbilbagismier spirants (dawvrilebiT ix. t.futkaraZe, 1998). warmodgenili ori sonantis oTxive alofoni aisaxeboda agreTve runul da, gamomdinare aqedan, axal goTur damwerlobaSi, romelic Zveli goTurisa da berZnuli uncialuri damwerlobisagan Seiqmna (goTurisa da uncialuri berZnulis mimarTebisaTvis ix. T. gamyreliZe, 1984, gv.101; agreTve, r.patariZe, 1980, gv. 137); goTurisave E niSnis saxeli emTxveva qarTuli v (vini) niSnis saxelwodebas; SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom goTuri anbanis Semqmnels an qarTuli anbanic edo win, an qarTulic da etruskul-goTuric am niSans finikiurisgan iReben...
qarTuli anbani da farnavazisdroindeli saxelmwifo
sayuradReboa: qarTulSi, finikiuris analogiiT, v/E-s Sesabamisi niSani gamoxatavs 6 ricxviT mniSvnelobas, goTurSi ki, berZnulis msgavsad, 400-s Seesabameba; goTuri u-s asoniSani me-16 adgilzea da 70 aRniSnavs; qarTulSi am adgilas o zis. rac Seexeba u sonantis marcvlovan variants: berZnulSi, Tavdapirvelad, 23-e aso-niSani u-s Seesabameboda; mogvianebiT mas daakisres O-s aRniSvna da u-sTvis digrafi SemoiRes; 23-e niSnis ricxviTi mniSvnelobaa 400. Cveni azriT, ganviTarebis amgvarive gza unda gaevlo qarTuli asomTavrulis 23-e niSan Â-sac, igi Tavdapirvelad u-s gamosa-
xatavad Seqmnes; mogvianebiT ki, berZnulis analogiiT ukana rigis bagismieri xmovnisTvis SemoRebuli digrafis (uÂ) damkvidrebis Semdeg, igi ui/Ei segmentis simbolod damkvidrda; O/Ei qarTulSi fonema ar iyo, amitomac  niSnis gamoyenebaSi garkveuli aRrevebi damwerlobam Tavidan ver aicila, Tumca, rogorc xanmeti teqstebis analiziT Cans,  (vie) ZiriTadad ui (da ara Ei/vi) kompleqss Seesabameboda... Cvens mosazrebas amyarebs ramdenime garemoeba: a) qristianuli kanonikuri wignebis Targmnisas mTargmneli valdebuli iyo, mkacrad daecva dedanTan Sesabamisoba; gamomdinare aqedan, berZnuli anbanis mixedviT xdeboda damwerlobis "gamarTva"... Sdr., swored am mizeziT TiTqmis uaryofil iqna goTuri runuli warmarTuli xasiaTis anbani (T. gamyreliZe, 1989, gv.100)... savaraudoa, qristianobis Semdeg msgavsi reforma qarTulSic moexdinaT, romlis erT-erTi Sedegic iyo berZnulis mibaZviT digramis SemoReba u bgerisaTvis da 23-e grafemis damkvidreba O/ui/Ei kompleqsis aRsaniSnavad. b) uÂ-s ricxviTi mniSvnelobis uqonlobis axsna berZnulis analogiiT nakleb logikuria; imave goTurSi digramis nacvlad monograma gvaqvs, romelsac sakuTari ricxviTi mniSvnelobac aqvs. qarTuli anbanis Semoqmedma abruptivTa (p, t, w, W, k, y) garda, berZnulisagan gansxvavebul kidev 12 sametyvelo bgeras (E, ~, J, R, C, c, z, q, p, j, h) mouZebna originaluri aso-niSani, srulyo ricxviTi mniSvnelobebis sistema, berZnulisaTvis bunebrivi da qarTulisaTvis ucxo me-16 aso-niSnis adgilas qarTulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sonantis umarcvlo alofonis - ~-s grafema Casva, amiT ganasxvava ra ~ da i alofonebi... anbanis Semqmnelis genialuri Wvretisa da Rrmad mecnieruli analizis fonze auxsnelia, erTi mxriv, qarTuli digramis da Sesabamisi berZnuli pirvelwyaros sruli grafikuli erTgvaroba, meore mxriv ki, misiT marcvlovani da umarcvlo variantebis gamoxatva... aSkaraa, rom digrama amovardnilia qarTuli anbanTSemoqmedebis procesidan, rac mis gviandelobaze unda metyvelebdes; garda amisa, Tuki qarTuli asomTavruli anbani qristianobis Sem-
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SeniSvna: runuli damwerloba saTaves iRebs etruskulisagan; Tu gaviTvaliwinebT imasac, rom zogi mkvlevari etruskuls saerToqarTvelur enasTan akavSirebs, sainteresod SeiZleba dadges zogi sxva sakiTxic.
qarTuli anbani da farnavazisdroindeli saxelmwifo
degaa Seqmnili berZnulis analogiiT, amdeni gansxvavebuli bgerisaTvis grafemis Semqmnel qarTvel anbanTSemoqmeds ratom gauWirdeboda qarTul enaSi ase intensiurad gamoyenebuli bagismieri spiranti Tanxmovnisa da bagismieri xmovnis grafikuli gamijvna, maTTvis originaluri grafemebis Seqmna maSin, roca ganasxvava ufro rTulad gasamijni /i/ da /~/? g) qarTuli anbanis grafemebi saocari simyariT gamoirCevian aRsaniSnisa da aRmniSvnelis mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT; gamonakliss qmnis mxolod u sonanti fonemis alofonTa gamoxatva (iSviaTad SemCneulia i/~ grafemebis monacvleobac; imnaiSvili, 1982, gv.117), kerZod, mkvlevarTa mier dadgenilia, rom v gamoxatavs E/v alofonebs;  niSani u/E/Ei (da ara ui-s), xolo u - u/E-s (sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix., agreTve, k. danelia, z. sarjvelaZe, 1997)... Tumca, am dros ara gvaqvs zusti kriteriumi, gavarkvioT, mag., SexuabT formaSi igi marcvlovan bgeras aRniSnavda Tu umarcvlos (ak.SaniZis varaudi Tanamedrove qarTulis Cvenebas efuZneboda! ix. ak. SaniZe, 1976, gv.20); agreTve, Zvel qarTulSi baZEa, xatEa tipis sawyisebSi v grafema gvaqvs; rogorc anton kaTalikosi Tvlis, aq E bgera unda igulisxmebodes... sxva magaliTebis moyvanac SeiZleba... SeniSvna: samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia varaudi, rom Zvel qarTulSi u grafema, SesaZloa, mxolod marcvlovan bgeras aRniSnavda; mogvianebiT E-Ti gamoixateboda u-s reduqciiT miRebuli E/v (T.Jordania, 1889, gv.11-12; v. Tofuria, 1979, gv.164; m. kobaiZe, 1990, gv.150)...
vfiqrobT, sonantis alofonTa gamoxatvaSi arsebuli ryeva swored digramis SemoRebam gamoiwvia; manamde v-s Seesabameboda wyvilbagismieri E alofoni, xolo  niSans - marcvlovani varianti. kbilbagismieri spiranti anbanSi ar gamoixateboda, vinaidan igi qarTulisTvis arabunebrivia (t.futkaraZe, 1998, gv.71-75); labiodentaluri Tanxmovani ar iyo finikiurSi da arc qarTuli anbanis safuZvlad navaraudev berZnul klasikur anbanSi; qarTuli anbanis me-6 aso-niSani, romelic Tavidan wyvilbagismieri spirantis (sonantis alofonis) gamosaxatavad
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qarTuli anbani da farnavazisdroindeli saxelmwifo
Seiqmna, kbilbagismierad gaazrebul iqna gvian Sua saukuneebSi laTinuri enis gramatikebis gavleniT (Sdr., Tu enaSi gvaqvs labiodentaluri mJReri fonema v, im enebSi vlindeba yru f fonemac). Cveni azriT, Zveli qarTulis kuali, leku, SexuabT... tipis formebSi sruli xmovania aRniSnuli da ara E. es ukanaskneli ivaraudeba qva, qveli, yveli, wyvili, xvale, pirveli, svla... rigis sityvebSi. qristianuli kanonikuri Zeglebis qmnadobis mogviano periodebSi avtorebi aqtiurad cdilobdnen u alofonis Sesabamisi rTuli grafemis Secvlas isev  an u martivi niSniT... d) ana dedofliseuli "qarTlis cxovrebis" xelnaweris avtori zogi v-s Tavze wertils svamda (iv. javaxiSvili, 1949, gv.137); mariam dedofliseul xelnawerSi am adgilas u gvaqvs (yueli); anton kaTalikosma E aso-niSani SemoiRo... Cveni azriT, amis axsna Semdegnairad SeiZleba: antonis dros qarTuli anbanis v niSniT gamoxatuli bgera laTinuris gavleniT ukve kbilbagismieradaa gaazrebuli... ar aris gamoricxuli, rom antonma E SemoiRo sakuTriv u-sgan miRebuli umarcvlo variantis aRsaniSnavad; sakiTxi Semdgom Ziebas saWiroebs (ix. anton kaTalikosi, 1885; gv.116-117; 285-286). amgvarad, finikiur da berZnul anbanur sistemaTa gamocdilebis safuZvelze Seqmnil qarTul asomTavrul damwerlobaSi aisaxeboda saerToqarTveluris Tu arqauli qarTulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sonanti fonemebis alofonebic. am garemoebis gamo finikiur da sakuTriv berZnul sistemebTan SedarebiT, qarTuli anbani ufro srulyofilad gamoiyureba; Sdr.: finikiuri anbani ZiriTadad konsonantur fonemebs gamoxatavda; xmovani fonemebis damatebiT berZnulma gaaumjobesa sametyvelo bgerebis gamoxatvis sistema, qarTul anbanSi ki sonant fonemaTa alofonebic aisaxa... vfiqrobT aSkaraa: saerToqarTvelursa da arqaul qarTulSi navaraudevi yvela fonema da i da u sonantTa alofonebic (i/~, u/E) TiTo grafemiTaa dadasturebuli asomTavrul anbanSic da mxedrulSic; Sesabamisad, sruli safuZveli gvaqvs, vTqvaT, rom saerToqarTvelurisa da samwignobro qarTulis fonematuri struqturebi igive- 307 -
qarTuli anbani da farnavazisdroindeli saxelmwifo
obrivi monacemebia.
Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro
dialeqtebis warmoqmnis dinamika Cven ase warmogvidgenia: Tanamedrove dialeqtebi yalibdeba samwignobro enisa (oficialuri enis, koines) da zepiri metyvelebis mudmivi urTierTgavlenis pirobebSi (zepiri metyveleba SeiZleba arc iyos samwignobro enis monaTesave enobrivi erTeuli; e.w. gadafarvis kriteriumis Sesaxeb ix. i.gosensi); istoriuli kiloebi ki warmoiqmneba saerTo enis divergenciiTa da mezobeli enobrivi erTeulebis gavleniT. rogorc wesi, samwignobro enis gavlena metia politikur da religiur centrTan axlos myofi mosaxleobis metyvelebaze; gamomdinare aqedan, mosalodnelia, rom meti cvaleba ganicadon ganapira dialeqtebma, miT umetes, ganapira regionebSi metia mezobeli xalxebis enaTa Tu wes-CveulebaTa gavlenebi. naTqvamis sailustraciod mravali faqtis moyvana SeiZleba; sanimuSod davasaxelebT palatalizebuli xmovnebis arsebobas ganapira qarTvelur (svanur, herul da, nawilobriv, fxour, mesxur da zanur) dialeqtebSi... samecniero literaturaSi saerToqarTveluri enisgan dialeqtTa gamoyofis drosa da Tanamimdevrobis Sesaxeb azrTa didi sxvadasxvaobaa: rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, ufro logikuri da argumentirebulia mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac saerToqarTvelurisgan samwignobro enis formirebis paralelurad CamoinakvTa ori ZiriTadi dialeqturi wre: e.w. sisina Tanxmovnebiani dialeqtebi: qarTlur-kaxur-mesxur-fxour-heruli kiloebi da e.w. SiSina Tanxmovnebiani dialeqtebi: zanur-svanuri kiloebi; droTa ganmavlobaSi, SiSina kiloebis erT nawilSi sxva enobriv cvlilebebTan erTad, rig SemTxvevebSi, ganxorcielda a-s labializacia o-d da e-s depalatalizacia; Sedegad miviReT Tanamedrove zanuri dialeqtebi. Crdilokavkasiel eTnosTa mezoblad mcxovreb SiSina zanur-svanur kiloze molaparake
qarTvelTa metyvelebaSi sxva enobriv (fonetikur, morfonologiur, morfologiur...) procesebTan erTad ganxorcielda TanxmovanTa da xmovanTa palatalizacia (da sxva movlenebi), ramac saTave daudo svanTa dialeqtebis warmoqmnas. cnobilia, rom monaTesave enobriv sistemebs Soris arsebuli bgeraTSesatyvisobani istoriulad Camoyalibebuli movlenaa (msjelobisaTvis ix. v.Sengelia, 1999). saerTo enobrivi sistemisgan dialeqturi variantebis formireba xangrZlivi fonetikuri procesebis Sedegia, amdenad, logikuria, davuSvaT, rom amosavali fonemis kanonzomieri da regularuli dialeqturi bgeriTi variantebi erT istoriul-qronologiur monakveTSi Camoyalibda; mag., saerToqarTveluri *s fonemisgan zanur-svanuri S-s warmoqmnis procesi erTdroulad ganxorcielda suani > Soni, asi > oSi sityvebSi, kac-is > koC-iS formantSic da quTaisis sakuTari saxelis kargad cnobil qarTvelur variantebSic: quTaisi/quTeisi/quTeSi/quT@S. drois romel monakveTSi unda ganxorcielebuliyo es fonetikuri procesi? zanur-svanuri dialeqturi wris Camoyalibebis TariRis zeda zRvris dasadgenad sayuradRebo argumentebs iZleva qalaq quTaisis istoria da misi saxelis variantTa istoriuli mimarTeba: samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom quTaisis saxeli Seiqmna saerToqarTveluri enis doneze (a.uruSaZe, 1993, gv.33; a.oniani, z.sarjvelaZe, 1971, gv.174 ; g.gabunia, 1973, gv. 23). marTlac, quTaisis saxelis variantebSi warmodgenili bgeraTSesatyvisobebi ver gaCndeboda am dasaxlebuli punqtis daarsebamde; amdenad, logikuria, davuSvaT, rom warmodgenili qarTveluri variantebi Camoyalibda quTaisis daarsebis Semdeg; Sesabamisad, quTaisis istoriisa da misi saxelis nairsaxeobaTa mimarTebis mixedviTac SeiZleba davazustoT zanur-svanuri dialeqtebis formirebis sawyisi periodi. quTaisis daarsebis dro. quTaisis istorias mravali naSromi mieZRvna. quTaisSi pirveli arqeologiuri aRmoCenis avtorad samecniero literaturaSi aRiarebulia cnobili qarTveli sazo-
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2.3.3. Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa
Camoyalibebis dro
Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro
Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro
gado moRvawe giorgi wereTeli (g.wereTeli, 1882). quTaisis "qveynis" teritoriaze sxvadasxva dros arqeologiur gaTxrebs awarmoebdnen: r.Smidti, l.kozlovski, g.nioraZe, p.Wabukiani, m.ivaSenko, b.kuftini, n.kilaZe-berZeniSvili, l.musxeliSvili, g.lomTaZe, l.jiqia, o.lorTqifaniZe, m.nioraZe, v.liCeli, v.jafariZe, g.kvirkvelia, o.lanCava, g.isakaZe... arqeologiuri masalis Seswavlis safuZvelze quTaisis istoriaSi ganviTarebis ramdenime ZiriTadi periodia gamoyofili: 1. Zv.w. VIII-IV saukuneebi - qalaqis dafuZnebisa da dawinaurebis periodi; 2. Zv.w. IV-ax.w. IV saukuneebi - qalaqis dakninebis, anu e.w. "bneli" periodi; 3. IV-V saukuneebi - quTaisis, rogorc egrisis mTavari qalaqis, aRorZinebis periodi; 4. VI-VII saukuneebi - quTaisi kargavs politikur prioritets; 5. VIII-X saukuneebi - quTaisis xelaxali aRmavloba egrisafxazeTis dedaqalaqobidan - sruliad saqarTvelos dedaqalaqobamde (sakiTxis istoriisa da bibliografiisaTvis ix. o.lorTqifaniZe, 1994 da o.lanCava, 1996). quTaisis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebulia ori monografia: 1960 wels daibeWda vladimer CakvetaZis "quTaisis istoriidan" da 1962, 1989 wlebSi - vaxtang jaoSvilis "quTaisi"; 1994 wels gamoica mniSvnelovani samecniero krebuli: "quTaisi uZvelesi droidan XIII saukunemde"; warmodgenil gamokvlevebSi sarwmunodaa miCneuli arqeologebis mier miRebuli daskvnebi quTaisis daarsebis Sesaxeb. quTaisis daarsebis drosTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazreba, kerZod, l.sanikiZis, a.uruSaZis, g.gabunias da sxvaTa azriT, quTaisi warmoiqmna Zv.w. meore aTaswleulis Sua periodSi; kerZod, l.sanikiZes argumentad mohyavs is faqti, rom apolonios rodoseli "argonavtikaSi" kutaias moixseniebs mxolod im qalaqTa gverdiT, romlebic arsebobdnen Zv.w. meore aTaswleulidan; "argonavtikaSi" antikuri periodis "axali" qalaqebi
sxva SemTxvevaSi ar saxeldeba (l.sanikiZe, 1971; a.uruSaZe, 1993, gv.44; g. gabunia, 1973, gv.29). odnav gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi hqonda s.yauxCiSvils (s.yauxCiSvili, 1969). r.gordeziani ar gamoricxavs aia-sa da kutaias igiveobas, magram sakiTxs dasabuTebulad ar miiCnevs (r.gordeziani, 1993, gv.46). Zv.w. VII-VI saukunidan moyolebuli, quTaisi metad dawinaurebuli da cnobili qalaqia, kolxeTis dedaqalaqia, amdenad, logikuri iyo, antikur periodSi apolonios rodosels daeSva, rom miTuri aia igive kutaia iyo; Sesabamisad, 1000 wlis winandeli aietisa da iazonis gamiTebuli ambis Txrobisas bunebrivia quTaisis moxsenieba saberZneTis uZveles qalaqebTan erTad. kvlevis Tanamedrove etapze, ramdenime mizezis gamo, upirveles problemad Cven swored aietis samkvidrosa da kutaias igiveoba gvesaxeba; kolxas dedaqalaqi Woroxis xeobaSia Tu rionis? mecnierTa erTi nawili (n.mari, g.meliqiSvili, T.miqelaZe, 1974, gv.84 da sxv.) varaudobs, rom istoriuli kolxas dedaqalaqi - aietis rezidencia - iyo samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi (artanujSi); Sesabamisad, iazoni movida ara rionis, aramed Woroxis xeobaSi; aqve sayuradReboa isic, rom Zv.w. XV-X saukuneebis kolxuri brinjaos cnobil ganZTagan ufro meti samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSia aRmoCenili, vidre dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze (T.miqelaZe, 1974, gv.40); sakuTriv quTaisis teritoriaze (gorazec da rionis pirasac) mikvleuli masala ki Zv.w. pirveli aTaswleulis VIII saukunes ar scildeba. adgilis zusti gansazRvriT, "qarTlis cxovrebaSi" quTaisi pirvelad ax.w. VIII saukunidan dasturdeba (o.lorTqifaniZe, 1994, gv.20), qarTul sabuTebSi ki - XI saukunidan (T.yauxCiSvili, 1994, gv.33). berZnul wyaroebSi 11 saukuniT Zveli, kerZod, Zv.w. III saukunis damowmeba gvaqvs. ufro adreuli wyaroebi sando lokalizacias ar gvaZleven. kolxas dedaqalaqis Sesaxeb SegviZlia vimsjeloT mdinare fazisis mixedviT, magram, Zv.w. III saukunidanve moyolebuli, fazisad moixsenieba Woroxic, rionic da kidev, yubanic da araqsic (sa-
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Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro
Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro
kiTxis istoriisaTvis ix. m.berZniSvili, 1969, gv.89 da g.grigolia, 1994, gv.49-50, 55); Woroxic sanaosno mdinare iyo (arTvinamde) da rion-yvirilac (Sorapnamde)... berZnuli wyaroebiTve, zRvidan aietis qalaqamde manZili 55 km ar aRemateba, rac saZiebel qalaqad ufro artanujs gvavaraudebinebs (ix. g.meliqiSvili, 1954; Sdr. o. lorTqifaniZe, 1966); Tumca, Woroxis kalapotidan artanujamde TurTumis msgavsad maRali mTebiT dacul xeobaTa Sesayar qalaqamde - 10-15 km manZilze SeuZlebelia naviT mgzavroba. sakiTxi Semdgom kvlevas iTxovs. quTaisis aRmocenebis drois TvalsazrisiT, jerjerobiT, ufro sarwmunod arqeologTa daskvnebi migvaCnia: danamdvilebiT SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom quTaisis saqalaqo cxovreba dawyebulia Zveli welTaRricxvis VIII-VI saukuneebSi (o.lorTqifaniZe, 1988; o.lorTqifaniZe, 1994; o.lanCava, 1996). quTaisis saxelis variantebi. istoriul wyaroebSi quTaisis saxelis aTze meti variantia dadasturebuli, kerZod, 1993 wels gamoqveynebul akaki uruSaZis gamokvlevaSi: "quTaisi berZnul da romaul wyaroebSi" damowmebulia: kutaia, kute (likofroni, Zv.w. III s.), kutaiisi (apolonios rodoseli, Zv.w. III s.), kuteisi ("orfikuli argonavtika", ax.w. IV s.), kuta (stefane bizantieli, ax.w. VI s.), kotiaioni/ko~taioni, kutaisi, kutatisi, kutatusi ["ase eZaxian lazebi"] (prokopi kesarieli, ax.w. VI s.), kotaisi (agaTia sqolastikosi, ax.w.VI s.)... a.uruSaZis dakvirvebiT, "damowmebul yvela formaSi Tavdapirveli da amosavalia kut/quT Ziri, romlis u xmovans kanonzomierad enacvleba o, o~, oE xmovnebi" (a.uruSaZe, 1993, gv.31). VII saukunis e.w. somxur anonimur "geografiaSi" quTaisis aRsaniSnavad gamoyenebulia kota forma. "qarTlis cxovrebaSi" da sxva werilobiT ZeglebSi CvenTvis saintereso qalaqis saxelis ramdenime varianti gvidasturdeba: quTaTisi, quTaTi, quTaisi; qarTvelur dialeqtebSi ki damowmebuli gvaqvs: quTeisi, quTeSi da quT@S.
quTaisis saxelis warmodgenili mravali varianti xuT ZiriTad jgufad warmodgeba: 1.kota/kuta, 2.kutaia, 3. kuTaiisi/quTaisi/ quTeisi/quTeSi/quT@S, 4.quTaTi, 5.quTaTisi/quTaTusi... amaTgan sainteresoa mesame jgufi, sadac toponimis qarTvelur variantebSi ueWvelad dasturdeba s/S bgeraTSesatyvisoba. toponim quTaisis etimologia. toponim quTaisis ramdenime etimologia arsebobs; mas qva/qua sityvasTan akavSirebdnen d.meRvineTxucesiSvili, v.CakvetaZe (1960, gv.55), v.jaoSvili (1989, gv.57). g.Jordanias mixedviT, quTaisi darqmeulia misi amgebis saxelis - quTaTis - mixedviT. n. balanCivaZis azriT, "albaT arsebobda kutas gvari Tu tomi, romlis saxeli miuRia quTaiss". qalaqis etimologias quTas gvars ukavSirebs g.eliavac. g.gabunias (g.gabunia, 1996, gv.244; g.gabunia, 1999, gv.97-99) varaudiT, quTaisi SeiZleba miRebuli iyos kompozit quT-aia-sgan; mkvlevari ar gamoricxavs SesaZleblobas, rom saxelwodeba aia-quTaia-quTaTisi dakavSirebuli iyos qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezisis problemasTan; kerZod, an erT-erTi mTavari qarTveluri eTnarqis, an ciur mnaTobTa Zvelkolxuri RvTaebis saxeli iyos. arc erTi avtoris mosazrebas sarwmuno lingvisturi dasabuTeba ar axlavs... mecnierTa erTi nawili toponimis fuZes araqarTveluri warmomavlobisad miiCnevs; kerZod: n. mari da s.kakabaZe afxazur
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q˚Ta ("sofeli") sityvas ukavSireben; i.jiSkariani - arCibul quTas ("qali"), k.hani da a.uruSaZe SesaZleblad Tvlian, amosavlad berZnuli kutos "tyavi" davsaxoT (am da sxva mosazrebebis mimoxilvisTvis ix. v.CakvetaZe, 1960, gv.49-55; a.uruSaZe, 1993, gv.42-43 da m.inaZe, 1994, gv.64). Cveni azriT, quTaisis qarTuli warmomavloba eWvs ar iwvevs. aseve, qarTveluri variantebis SepirispirebiT aSkaraa, rom uZvelesi forma da qalaqis oficialuri saxelwodebaa quTaisi; ucxour wyaroebSi qalaqis saxeli qarTveluri arealidanaa SeTvisebuli. quTaTi SedarebiT gvian Seqmnili dialeqturi (zanuri) forma Cans. SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom quTaTisi/quTaTusi am
Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro
Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro
ori formis kontaminaciiTaa warmoqmnili (Sdr., a.oniani, z.sarjvelaZe, 1971, gv.174). svanuri quT@S formis warmoqmnis Semdegi gza unda vivaraudoT: quTaisi > *quTa-iS-i > quT@-iS/quT@S (Sdr., a.oniani,z.sarjvelaZe, 1971, gv174); zanuri quTeSi ki Semdegnairadaa miRebuli: quTaisi > quTeisi/quTeiSi > quTeSi. quTaisis saxelis yvela variantis morfologiuri analizi (gansakuTrebiT svanuri quT@S < *quTa-Si < *quTa-iS-i) mxars uWers toponimis fuZed quTa-s (berZnuli formiT: kota/ko~ta) ganxilvas. p.ingoroyvas azriT, SemTxveviTad ar unda CaiTvalos is garemoeba, rom erTmaneTs emTxveva jiqeTSi mdebare "Zveli lazikis" Temis saxelwodeba (quTasi/qoTaSi) da amJamindel qalaq quTaisis saxeli. a.uruSaZis azriT, amave fuZes SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes qsenofontes mier dasaxelebuli erT-erTi qarTvelur-kolxuri satomo saxeli ko~tebi (a.uruSaZe, 1993, gv.32); amgvari azri gamoTqmuli aqvs T.yauxCiSvilsac (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.59). vfiqrobT, ko~tebi formisTvis amosavalia *quTebi; Sdr., VI saukunis moRvawis, prokopi kesarielis cnobiT, Zvelad quTaiss ko~taioni erqva; m.inaZis mixedviT ki, quT- fuZiani saxeli kolxTa miwas, mxares aRniSnavda (m.inaZe, 1994, gv.64). aseve, ar gamoiricxeba, rom warmodgenili quT- fuZe momdinareobdes xaT-/qaTfuZisgan: xaT/qaT > quT (a-s labializaciiT). amgvarad, quTaisis saxelis lingvisturi analiziT aSkaraa, rom toponimSi warmodgenilia quT-/quTa Ziri da -is saerToqarTveluri formanti. ramdenadac, arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, qalaqi quTaisi daarsebulia Zveli welTaRricxvis VIIIVI saukuneebSi, bunebrivia, unda davuSvaT, rom -is saerToqarTveluri formantis zanur-svanuri varianti -iS/-S da, Sesabamisad, zanur-svanuri dialeqtebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli konsonanturi sistema Camoyalibda Zveli welTaRricxvis pirveli aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi. Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa formirebis drois qveda
zRvris dadgenis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa welTaRricxvaTa mijnisdroindeli berZnuli cnobebi lazebis, svanebisa da suanokolxebis arsebobis Sesaxeb; mag., klavdios ptolemaiosis (100-178) cnobiT, bzifidan rionamde cxovroben lazebi, manralebi, ekriktikes qveynis mcxovrebni... maT CrdiloeTiT cxovroben aqa~ebi, kerketebi da suanokolxebi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.160); Sdr., leontisTvis egrisi da suaneTi zogjer sinonimebia... dRes rTulia msjeloba, Tu konkretulad ra saxisa iyo am tomTa metyveleba; naklebadaa savaraudo, rom welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze lazur-megruli ukve Camoyalibebuli iyo CvenTvis cnobil lingvistur sazRvrebSi, Tumca zanur-svanuri dialeqturi wris formirebis procesi uTuod dawyebulia.
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*** dasavlurqarTveluri (SiSina) dialeqturi wris Camoyalibeba, vfiqrobT, SeiZleba daukavSirdes or istoriul movlenas: _ Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasasruls qarTveluri tomebiT dasaxlebuli teritoria ramdenime samefodaa warmodgenili (ponto, lazika, iberia...); sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebriv velSi moqceva aferxebs qarTveluri modgmis TemTa (eTnografiul jgufTa) kulturul Tanacxovrebas; samxreT da dasavleT saqarTveloSi ufro knindeba qarTuli/qarTveluri samwignobro-oficialuri enis statusi, Sesabamisad, aqtiurdeba zepiri metyvelebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli fonetikuri movlenebi. vfiqrobT, am periodidan saerToqarTveluri enis aRmosavlur variantSi gvaqvs palatalizebuli bgerebis mqone sparsuli enis gavlena (Zv.w. II saukuneSi mtkvar-araqsis auzSi mZlavroben sparsuli tomebi), dasavlur-qarTvelur zepir metyvelebaSi ki piriqiT: aqtiurdeba winaenismieri labiovelarizebuli bgerebisgan velarizebuli harmoniuli kompleqsebis (Jg, Sq, jg, Cq, Wk...) warmoqmna, labiovelarizebul Z, c, w, z, s bgerebisgan j, C, W, J, S fonemebis formireba. Semdgom etapze dasavleT saqarTvelos baris mosaxleobis metyvelebaSi momijnave TanxmovanTa labialuri komponentis mona-
Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro
Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro
wileobiT xorcieldeba a > o, e > a gadabgereba; mTis mosaxleobis metyvelebaSi xmovanTa labializaciis process aferxebs (da cvlis) palatalizacia, romelic axasiaTebs svaneTis mosazRvre Crdilokavkasieli xalxebis enebs; Sdr.: qarTveli mematianis cnobiT, mefe saurmagma Tavisi xelisuflebis gansamtkiceblad Crdilo kavkasiidan gadmoasaxla "kavkasis naTesavTa naxevarni, da romelnime maTganni warCinebul yvna, sxuani dasxna mTiuleTs - didoeTidan vidre egrisamde, romeli ars suaneTi" (q.c., 1955, gv.27). droTa ganmavlobaSi qarTvelurma modgmam CamosaxlebulTa asimilacia moaxdina, magram CrdilokavkasielTa dialeqtebi (Tu enebi), Cans, ukvalod ar dakargulan: maTi superstratuli kvali aSkarad Cans svanTa dialeqtebis fonematur struqturaSi palatalizebuli xmovnebis (dawvrilebiT ix. t.futkaraZe, 1998), saxelis paradigmaSi e.w. ormagi brunvebisa da Crdilokavkasiuri tipis ergativis, leqsikuri nasesxobebisa da svanTa metyvelebis zogi sxva Taviseburebis saxiT. zanur-svanuri kiloebis formirebis drosTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa, aseve, Tbilisis istoria: Tavidanve zogadqarTveluri Rirebulebis mqone am qalaqs qarTvelur dialeqtebSi Sesatyvisobebi ara aqvs.
nis gareSe Cveni saxelmwifos rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT nawilSi mcxovreb mosaxleobas qarTvelebs uwodeben (xazi,
zanuri da svanuri enobrivi erTeulebis warmoqmnis dasrulebis dadasturebul TariRad SeiZleba miviCnioT daviT da konstantines wamebis dro: nawarmoebSi gvxvdeba toponimi Wyondidi (warmomavlobis saxeli - Wyondideli); Sdr.: berZnul-bizantiur Tu qarTul wyaroebSi manamde dadasturebuli toponimebi sisina tipis enis models mihyvebian. gorgaslis Semdeg dawyebuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi ngreva arabobam daasrula: sarwmuno Cans, rom swored am periodSi dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriebze sabolood Camoyalibda ori didi dialeqturi wre: megrul-lazurWanur-svanuri da imerul-qarTl-kaxur-mesxur-herul-fxourTakveruli; Sdr., a.jafariZis saintereso msjeloba (1994, gv.65): "Cveni mematianeni aTaswleulTa manZilze yovelgvari yoyma- 316 -
aqac da qvemoTac, Cvenia – t.f.)... sxvadasxva qarTuli tomebis erTian xalxad gadaqcevas xeli uTuod imanac Seuwyo, rom saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis dros qarTuli fuZeenis daSlis xarisxi didi ar iyo. tomebis enebi axlos iyvnen erTmaneTTan; qarTebis, zanebisa da svanebis enebi, cxadia, am ori aTas xuTasi wlis win erTmaneTis mimarT dialeqtebs warmoadgendnen. isini damoukidebel enebad (? - t.f.) Camoyalibdnen Semdgom, safiqrebelia, mas Semdeg, rac farnavazis mier Seqmnili saxelmwifo daiSala - vaxtang gorgasalis Svilebis dros" (Sdr., svanurs Zveli qarTuli enis dialeqtad ganixilavs T.mibCuani; ix., 1993, gv.464). Tanamedrove qarTvelur kiloTa (zanur, svanur, fxour...) Camoyalibebis drois TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa enobriv monacemTa SepirispirebiTi analizic; ganvixilavT ramdenime faqts: qarTvelur kiloebs samwignobro enis msgavsi brunvaTa sistema aqvT; sxvaoba dasturdeba ergativis gaformebisa da nar-Taniani mravlobiTis TvalsazrisiT: samecniero literaturaSi miCneulia, rom -man/-ma/-m formantiani moTxrobiTi saxelobiTTan erTad gvianaa Camoyalibebuli (msjelobisa da sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix. T.uTurgaiZe, 1986, gv.16-22). arqaul samwignobro enaSi ergativi warmodgenilia saxelis fuZiT (abraam), me, Sen, Cven, Tqven, man, maT, vin, TviTon nacvalsaxelebiT, an man nawevriani yalibiT (kac-man); svanur kiloebSi e.w. adiRuri tipis ergativia gabatonebuli, xolo zanur kiloebSi ergativs awarmoebs -q segmenti, romelic, Cveni azriT, megrul, raWul, taour, imerxeul da sxva qarTvelur kiloebSi farTod gavrcelebuli qe/qi/qo/qve/ki/xo/ho nawilakis naSTia: qo/qve/qe dadasturebiTi nawilaki droTa ganmavlobaSi Seerwya zog SemTxvevaSi saxelur fuZes, zogan ki - zmnis pirian formas; kerZod, iq sadac mosalodnelia dadasturebiTi nawilakis povniereba, magram saxeluri fuZe saxelobiTi brunvis formiTaa - 317 -
Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro
(awmyosa da myofadis formebi pirvelsa da meore pirSi), zmnur formas -q sufiqsad miuerTda, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki - saxelur fuZes. amosaval konstruqciad vvaraudobT: kac qo/qve dauZaxa > koCq duZaxu... SeniSvna: sakiTxis istoriisaTvis: q.lomTaTiZes mxolod megruli zmnebis I da II pirSi arsebuli -q sufiqsi miaCnia qo dadasturebiTi nawilakis naSTad (q.lomTaTiZe, 1946, gv. 133); T.maxarobliZis azriT ki, megruli ergativis -q da megruli zmnebis -q masalobrivad erTi da igivea: orive momdinareobs koC- fuZis pirveli Tanxmovnisgan (T.maxarobliZe, 2005, gv. 46-56).
vfiqrobT, aSkaraa, rom iberiul-kavkasiuri specifikuri brunvis - ergativis -man da -q nawilakebiani variantebi Camoyalibda zanur-svanuri kiloebis formirebis Semdeg, xolo svanur kiloebSi adiRuri tipis ergativis damkvidrebis dro SeiZleba daukavSirdes welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze kavkasiis xalxebis did Camosaxlebas; gamomdinare aqedan, logikuria, rom amJamindeli ergativis Camoyalibebis drod vivaraudoT ax.w. I aTaswleuli. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom iberiul-kavkasiurSi, saerToqarTvelursa da arqaul qarTulSic arsebobda ergativi, romelic orgvarad gamoixateba: saerToqarTveluri warmomavlobis ergatiul (aranominatiur, araakuzatiur) konstruqciaSi aRmqmel subieqts warmoadgens saxeluri/nacvalsaxeluri fuZe, an micemiTSi dasmuli saxeli (e.w. Zveli ergativi?), romelsac zmnur formaSi Seesabameba: m, g-, s-/h-/x-, gv- piris niSnebi: mindis, mSiis, mwyuris, mwads, miyvars... rogorc wesi, am tipis zmnebi uZvelesi formaciisani arian (arn.Ciqobava, 1948, gv.5); Sdr.: istoriul ergatiul konstruqciaSi moqmed subieqts warmoadgens saxeluri/nacvalsaxeluri fuZe, an -man/qe nawilakdarTuli saxeli (axali ergativi), romelsac zmnur formaSi Seesabameba: v-, s-/h-, -s, -a, -en, -es... SeniSvna: orive rigis niSnebi gvevlinebian rogorc realuri obieqtis, aseve realuri subieqtis gamomxatvelad; maTi ganawileba Sepirobebuli Cans zmnuri semantikiT: aRmqmel subieqts gamoxatavs m-s rigi (ufro arqauli warmoSobisa: me > m), xolo moqmed subieqts - v-s
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Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro rigi (b > E/v?). arqauli tipis ergatiuli konstruqciisa da piris niSnebis e.w. inversiis Sesaxeb sxvagan gveqneba sagangebo msjeloba.
faqtia: saxelobiTis Tavdapirveli forma erTnairi gvaqvs yvela qarTvelur kiloSi (fuZe+i / fuZe+e), e.i. misi formireba momxdaria zanur-svanuri wris kiloebis Camoyalibebamde. aqve vityviT, rom zog kiloSi saxelobiTis i formantis dakargva ixsneba maxvilis zemoqmedebis gamo bolokiduri xmovnis mokvecis tendenciiT (ix. mag. a.arabuli, 1981, gv.120-124). logikuri Cans daskvnac, rom: -ma/-q niSnebiani ergativis formebi samwignobro enasa da zanur kiloebSi warmoqmnilia zanur-svanuri dialeqturi wris gamomijvnis Semdeg (Sdr., i.imnaiSvili, 1961, 641-642). T.gvancelaZis varaudiT, samwignobro qarTulis nar-Taniani mravlobiTi, xucesi da zanuri kiloebis uCaSi saSualebas unda iZleodes, zanuris gamoyofis drod ganvsazRvroT ax.w. V saukune; kerZod, xucesi asaxavs xanmetobis periods, xolo uCaSi – haemetobisas (azri gamoTqmulia zepiri saubris dros). igive x- prefiqsia svanur xoSa "ufrosi", "didi" sityvaSi (x-ucesi/uCaSi/xoSa sityvebSi xanmetobis x- prefiqsi gamoyo a.SaniZem; ix. g.rogava, 1956, gv. 293). warmodgenil mosazrebebTan mimarTebaSia gasaazrebeli xanmetobis problema da saerToqarTv. sa – zan. o Sesatyvisobis sakiTxic: _ svanur da fxour kiloebSi garkveuli modificirebiT piris niSnad dRemdea SemorCenili e.w. xanmetobis droindeli x- prefiqsi: ax.w. V-VII saukuneebis qarTuli xanmeti teqstebis normis msgavsad, svanurSi x- piris niSani daculia xmovniT dawyebul zmnebTan subieqtur meore da obieqtur mesame pirSi (x-iSxi "iwvi", x-asyi "akeTeb", x-atbide "aTbob"... x-alat "uyvars", x-ahEdi "aZlevs", x-agdi "sZinavs"...). igive x- prefiqsi unda gamoiyos pirveli piris x+E- segmentSi (sakiTxis istoriisa da msjelobisaTvis ix.: g.rogava, 1956; m.suxiSvili, 1986; n.maWavariani, 1986), kerZod, saerToqarTvelurisa da samwignobro qarTulis msgavsad, svanur - 319 -
Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro
Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro
kiloebSic pirveli piris niSania E/v, romelic arabagismieri xmovnebis win daculia ucvlelad, bagismieri bgerebis mezoblad ikargeba, xolo TanxmovniT dawyebul zmnebSi Semonaxulia infiqsis saxiT (msgavsi distribucia Cveulebrivia sxva qarTvelur kiloebSic). rac Seexeba x+E- segmentis x-s: logikuri Cans, davuSvaT: x- pirveli piris zmnur formaSi arsebuli iribi obieqtis niSania; droTa ganmavlobaSi, svanur formebSi xE- erTian morfemad gadaazrianda da sxva SemTxvevebSic ganzogadda; gviandeli analogiuri movlenaa -nar- da -neb- e.w. rTuli sufiqsebis warmoqmnac (t.futkaraZe, 1986). h/x/s (< sa-/ra-) prefiqsisaTvis amosavali Cans klas-kategoriis niSnoba (arn.Ciqobava, 1944), vinaidan sxvagvarad gaugebari iqneboda ori, gramatikulad gansxvavebuli piris – mesame obieqtisa da meore subieqtis warmodgena erTi da imave niSniT; Sdr., Zveli samwignobro enis monacemebi: aRxumarTe, SexuabT... hvscode, hkiTxe. Zvel samwignobro qarTulSic da svanur, TuSur, xevsurul masalaSic (mi-x-gvrian, x-qonda, da-x-kazmavs, x-mkidi, da-x-farven...) amosavalia s/h; dialeqtebSi savaraudoa Semdegi fonetikuri procesi: s/h > h > 0 da s/h > x > (R): saTanado fonetikur garemocvaSi swored x-s (da ara h-s) SeuZlia mogvces mJReri R: maRgvris, Rgvandi, Rgonebav (Sdr., a.SaniZe, 1920 da a.WinWarauli, 1960, gv.9698). gurul-aWarul kiloebSic gvaqvs piris niSnad fonetikur niadagze miRebuli x (ix. q.lomTaTiZe, 1938; m.cincaZe, m.faRava, 1998 da sxv.), oRond, aq h > x procesi fuZiseuli TanxmovniTacaa ganpirobebuli; Sesabamisad, gurul-aWarulSi gamovlenili x xanmetobis periodisad ver miiCneva. aSkaraa: meore subieqturi pirisa da mesame obieqturi piris niSnad x
Si h > 0 procesis ganviTareba, zogan ki – x-s damkvidreba (Sdr.:
mkvlevarTa nawili fiqrobs, rom xanmetoba da haemetoba sakuTriv qarTuli enis or kilos asaxavs). gasarkvevi rCeba amosavali fonemis sakiTxi: fonetikuri procesebis xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT, logikuri Cans arn.Ciqobavasa da g.rogavas Tvalsazrisi s-s uwinaresobis Sesaxeb. nivTis klas-niSani s, rogorc g.rogava varaudobda, fonetikur niadagze gvaZlevda h-sa da x-s Soris gardamaval bgeras (arn.Ciqobava, 1944; g.rogava, 1956). Cans, samwignobro enis standartizaciis Zvel etapebze zogi literaturuli skola piris niSnad h-s azogadebda, zogi skola ki – x-s; saboloo normad ki damkvidrda zmnuri fuZis dasawyisis Sesabamisi bunebrivi fonetikuri variantebi: bagismierebTan da ukanaenismierebTan - h, winaenismierebTan – s, sxva SemTxvevebSi - 0. e.i. zanur-svanuri kiloebis formirebis procesSi meore subieqturi da mesame obieqturi piris niSnad saerToqarTvelur enaSi (enobriv koineSi) gaaqtiurebuli iyo x varianti. _ cnobilia, rom samwignobro qarTulis sa- prefiqss zanurSi Seesabameba o-; jer kidev n.marisgan samarTlianad miCneulia, rom zanurSi dakargulia TanxmovniTi nawili: saqaTme/ oqoTume, saxli/oxori, *socxali/cocxali/oCxari... savaraudoa Semdegi fonetikuri procesi: saerToqarTv. *sa-/ha > zan. ho/o (ar aris aucilebeli, davuSvaT, rom zanurSi gvqonda s-s Sesatyvisi iseTi S, romelic ver Zlebs o-s win; Sdr., m.Cuxua, 2003, gv.338). vfiqrobT, samwignobro qarTulis V-X saukuneebis xanmetobahaemetoba-sannarevoba, svanur-TuSur-xevsuruli xanmetoba, zanuri *huCaSi > uCaSi da *ho > o procesebi drois erT monakveTSi iRebs saTaves. ramdenadac, svanur-fxourma kiloebma piris niSnad Semoinaxa -x/R, logikuria davuSvaT, rom zanur-svanuri dialeqturi wre formirdeba haemetoba/xanmetobis periodSi; es dro ki emTxveva zanur-svanuri dialeqturi wris gamomijvnis Cven mier zemoT navaraudev periods – axali welTaRricxvis dasawyiss (aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom swored am droidan Cndeba wyaroebSi
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– e.w. xanmetoba saerToqarTveluri movlena Cans. saerToqarTvelurSive arsebuli h/x monacvleobis Sedegi unda iyos zog kilo-
Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro
termini soanas/Soanas "svani"). ganvlili 20 saukunis manZilze samwignobro qarTulis gavlena ufro aqtiuri iyo centralur qarTvelur kiloebze da, amitomac, isini naklebad daSordnen saerToqarTvelurs, maSin roca gramatikuli normebis CarCoebisgan Tavisufali ganapira kiloebi metad Seicvalnen: qarTveluri enobrivi sistemis farglebSi aq bevri saintereso, imanenturi enobrivi movlena gamovlinda; aRsaniSnavia isic, rom saqarTvelos nairgvari landSaftis (zogadad, garesamyaros) niWierad aRqmis gamo, dialeqtebze molaparake sazogadoebam mravali mxatvruli saxe da saerToqarTveluri leqsikuri erTeuli Semoinaxa; Sesabamisad, qarTveluri enobrivi samyaro - normirebuli mravalsaukunovani ena da aTeulobiT dialeqti - erTi mTliani da didi zogadqarTuli kulturaa. kganvlilifjg
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daskvnis nacvlad a. naSromSi gamoyenebul zog terminTa ganmarteba da ZiriTadi debulebebi terminebi eTnikuri erTobis, eTnikuri jgufis, eTnosisa da eris ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia: istoriuli dedaena (erTiani enobrivi xedva-aRqma), istoriuli kultura (tradiciuli religiur-kulturuli Rirebulebani), istoriuli mexsiereba, istoriuli fsiqikuri wyoba (tradiciul garemosTan mimarTebiT formirebuli enobriv-kulturuli mentaloba) da istoriuli teritoria/saxelmwifo. eTnikuri terminebiT: eTnosi, eTnikuri jgufi, subeTnosi da misT. unda aRiniSnos damoukidebeli eTnostruqturisa da sakuTari enis mqone adamianTa erTobebi. teqnikuri termini Temi gulisxmobs erTi eTnosis SigniT arsebul lokalur jgufebs; Sdr.: eTnosi - Temi - pirovneba ise miemarTeba erTmaneTs, rogorc ena - kilo - idioleqti. eTnolingvisturi aspeqtiT, dRes qarTveli eris calkeuli Temebia: aWarlebi, gurulebi, imerlebi, imerxevelebi (SavSelebi), kaxelebi, lazebi, leCxumlebi, livanelebi, maWaxlelebi, megrelebi, mTiulebi, moxeveebi, raWvelebi, samcxelebi, svanebi, taoelebi, fereidnelebi, fSavelebi, qarTlelebi, CaRmaTuSebi, wovaTuSebi, xevsurebi, javaxebi, herebi (ingiloebi)... ena aris garkveuli semantikis mqone bgeriT niSanTa - enobriv niSanTa - istoriulad Camoyalibebuli sistema, romelic warmoadgens samyaros xedva-aRqmis, azrovnebis, codnis Senaxvis da komunikaciis saSualebas.
ZiriTadi debulebebi
ZiriTadi debulebebi
Zv.w. V_III aTaswleulebSi kavkasiasa da wina aziaSi farTod iyvnen ganfenilni ergatiuli konstruqciis enis mqone kavkasiur-xuritul-xaTuri tomebi. ZiriTadad kavkasiur-xuritul mosaxleobas ukavSirdeba mtkvar-araqsis kultura. Zv. w. III aTaswleulSi indoevropuli da sxva tomebis dawoliT "ergatiuli konstruqciis enis mqone xalxi" iwyebs swraf divergencias.
Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasasrulidan welTaRricxvaTa mijnamde saqarTvelos istoriul teritoriaze cxovrobdnen qarTvelurad misaCnevi da, Sesabamisad, qarTvelur ena-kavebze anu dialeqtebze molaparake Semdegi monaTesave tomebi: muSqebi/mosxebi/mesxebi, daianelebi/diauxebi/taoxebi, kolaelebi, tibarenebi, iberebi/saspeirebi/sapirebi, quTebi/koitebi/kvitebi, koraqsebi, marebi, beqe~rebi, haliZonebi/xalibebi, xaldebi/qaldebi, mosino~kebi/heptakometebi, diZerebi, biZerebi, Zidritebi, makronebi/makrokefalebi, fasianebi, melanqlainebi, ekriktikes mcxovrebni/ekeqe~rebi, henioxebi, sanebi/Wanebi, sanigebi/sanikebi, lazebi, afxazebi, abaskebi, afsarebi, svanebi/misimielebi, svano-kolxebi, amarantebi (kolxuri tomi), tuskebi, kaxebi, kuxebi, cxumebi, fxovelebi, herebi... araiSviaTad, qarTvelur (zogjer ki monaTesave iberiul-kavkasiur) tomebs Temonimebad/eTnonimebad/avtoeTnonimebad aqvT erTi fuZisgan nawarmoebi saxelebi; Sdr., mag., sityva-formebis sami rigi: sani, zani, svani... afxazi, afsili, afSili, afsua, abaza... xaldebi, qaldebi(Wanebi), xalibebi... halisis, mtkvris, Woroxis, rion-yvirilis, enguris, liaxvis... xeobebSi ganfenili qarTveluri modgma imierkavkasiaSi mosaxle zog monaTesave tomTan erTad Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasasrulidan aqtiurad qmnis did kolxur-yobanur kulturas; kolxuri kulturis Semqmneli xalxis saxelmwifos ZiriTadi ena, savaraudoa, iyo saerToqarTveluri koine/ena. qarTvelTa istoriuli samwignobro ena – sasuliero mwerlobis ena (e.w. Zveli qarTuli ena) efuZneba saerToqarTvelur enobriv koines; qarTuli samwignobro enis Tanamedrove varianti da qarTveluri dialeqtebi (lazur-megruli, svanuri, mesxuri, qarTl-kaxuri, raWuli, heruli, fxouri...) uSualo gagrZelebaa saerToqarTvelurisa da istoriuli samwignobro enisa; Sesabamisad, naklebsarwmunoa mosazreba, rom qarTuli saliteraturo ena efuZneba qarTlurs, kaxurs, an sxva romelime erT qarTvelur kilos.
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dedaena (Muttersprache; Mather tongue, Native language) aris winaprebis mier Seqmnili kulturis ena, romelic, rogorc samyaros xedva-aRqmis sistema, mraval Taobas aerTianebs (magram Tu, mag., romelime afrikeli daibada safrangeTSi da is Tavis dedaenad franguls Tvlis, bunebrivia, mis dedaenad franguli miiCneva). dedaena mTavari enaa da ara maincdamainc mxolod biologiuri mSoblis ena. dialeqti aris mocemuli eris/naciis saerTo-saxalxo (oficialuri) enis ganStoeba, romelic qveynis teritoriis erTi nawilis mosaxleobis an romelime socialuri fenis zepiri (araoficialuri) urTierTobis saSualebas warmoadgens. konkretuli sametyvelo erTeuli monaTesave struqturis mqone oficialuri, samwignobro (standartuli) enis dialeqtad CaiTvleba, Tuki am sametyvelo kodis mflobel sazogadoebas istoriulad monawileoba miRebuli aqvs mocemuli samwignobro enis SeqmnaSi. Sesabamisad: umwerlobo enad unda miviCnioT enobriv-eTnikuri erTobis mqone im sazogadoebis metyveleba, romelsac sakuTar dedaenaze ara aqvs werilobiTi kultura da Semoqmedebis Tu saqmiswarmoebis procesSi iyenebs sxvaTa mier Seqmnil samwignobro enas. umwerlobo ena zepiri formiT (dialeqtebis, kilokavebis, Tqmebis, Jargonebis saxiT...) arsebobs. winareqarTveluri da qarTveluri tomebi/xalxebi uZvelesi droidan qristianobamde
ZiriTadi debulebebi
samwignobro qarTulsa da qarTvelur kiloebs Soris sxvaoba matulobs dedaqalaqTan (sasuliero-kulturul da mmarTvelobiT centrTan) kilos daSorebis pirdapirproporciulad. samwignobro qarTulis gavlenis velis klebis Sesabamisad, qarTvelTa Tanamedrove saSinao-sametyvelo erTeulebi unda daiyos centralur, ganapira da saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriis gareT arsebul dialeqtebad; Tavis mxriv, ganapira dialeqtebs eqvs jgufad warmovadgenT, kerZod: centraluri kiloebi: kaxuri, qarTluri, imeruli, leCxumuri, guruli. ganapira kiloebi: mesxuri kiloebi: aWaruli, livanuri, maWaxluri, imerxeuli, taouri, samcxuri, javaxuri; heruli kiloebi: kakuri, aliabaTuri; fxovuri kiloebi: CaRmaTuSuri, fSavuri, xevsuruli, moxevuri, mTiulur-gudamayruli; aqve SeiZleba ganvixiloT wovaTuSuric; raWuli kiloebi: barisraWuli, mTaraWuli; svanuri kiloebi: laSxuri, lentexuri, Coluruli, balsqvemouri, balszemouri zanuri kiloebi: megruli, lazuri (xofuri, viwur-arqabuli, aTinuri). saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriis gareT arsebuli qarTvelTa kiloebi: fereidnuli, "Cveneburebis qarTuli" (bursa-inegolSi, adafazar-izmiTSi, gonensa da kaizeris midamoebSi gadasaxlebul qarTvel muhajirTa metyveleba) da yizlar-mozdokuri qarTuli. mezobel xalxTa enebSi qarTveluridan Sesuli onomastikuri masalis, qarTveluri nasesxobisa da e.w. TariRian toponimTa analizi safuZvels gvaZlevs vTqvaT, rom Tanamedrove qarTveluri ena-kiloebi (samwignobro qarTuli, megrul-lazuri, svanuri, fxovuri, mesxuri da sxva kiloebi) saTaves iReben welTaRricxvaTa mijnidan. - 326 -
ZiriTadi debulebebi
urartul-kavkasiuri RvTaeba xaldis saxeli, qarTveluri warmomavlobis eTnonimebi: xaldebi, qaldebi (Zveli xalibebi – straboni), karduxebi; qarTvelur tomTa sacxovrisebis aRmniSvneli qoronimebi: qaldia/xaldea/xaitiqi (igive WaneTi/Wanivqi - movses xorenaci; giorgi mTawmindelis "akaTistos sakiTxavis" qarTuli versiis mixedviT - megrelTa mxare), adiRuri enis SafsuRuri dialeqtis xayuCur kilokavSi qarTvelis aRsaniSni Zveli saxeli xalHde, Woroxis saTaveebTan mdebare vercxlis sabadoebis qalaqis - qaldias saxeli da sxva faqtebi safuZvels gvaZlevs davuSvaT, rom qoronimi qarTli da eTnonimi qarTueli momdinareoben urartul-kavkasiuri RvTaebis - qaldi/xaldi/qarTu/kardu-s saxelisgan; amosaval formad savaraudoa: *qard/qald-: *qard- > xald-; *qard-/*qarT- > qarT+l-; *qard-/*qarT- > qarTu > qarTu-el-i... qarTu-el-i qarTvelTa uZvelesi avtoeTnonimi (endogenuri eTnonimi), qarTli ki - qarTvelTa saxelmwifos uZvelesi qarTulenovani qoronimi Cans. obieqtur kritikas eqvemdebareba kaxelTa, herTa, imerTa, lazTa, megrelTa, mesxTa, fxovelTa da a.S. qarTvelur tomTa qarTizacia/qarTvelizaciis Teoria - sxva tomTa asimilacia e.w. qarTis tomis mier: istoriuli wyaroebi saerTod ar icnobs qarTis toms, Sesabamisad, logikuri Cans varaudi: ZiriTadad mravali qarTveluri tomis konsolidaciiT Zv.w. II d I aTaswleulebis mijnaze Seqmnili didi qarTveluri/kolxuri gaerTianebis TviTsaxelwodebad mkvidrdeba ara romelime tomis saxeli, aramed saerTo RvTaebisgan momdinare saxeli qarTu-el-i.
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ZiriTadi debulebebi
winaaziur-kavkasiuri enobrivi veli
qarTvelurkavkasiuri
xurituli …
Sumeruli …
s.Cerqezuli koine
s.qarTvel. koine
s.vainaxuri koine
s.daRestnuri koine
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fxouri fereidnuli
heruli fSauri...
samcxur-javaxuri...
Takverul-raWuli livanuri
taouri
maWaxluri
aWaruli
samwignobro enis variantebi: saeklesio, saero mwerlobisa da samecniero stilebi
- 328 -
s i s i n a kilouri veli
mesxuri
centraluri
qarTv. saeklesio-saxelmw. enis variant.: haemet.xanmet.sannarev. laSxuri...
lentexuri
balsqvemouri
balszemouri
megruli
svanuri
zanuri(lazur-megruli)
kilouri veli
lazuri: aTin.viw.xof.
XI-XXI s.s.
arqauli qarT. saxelmw. ena
S i S i n a
qarTluri
welTaRricxvaTa mijna
kaxuri...
Zv.w.II aTasw.
xaTuri
imeruli
Zv.w.II I
ax.w. IV-X saukuneebi
enaTa genealogiuri xe igeba monaTesave enobrivi erTeulebis mimarTebis mixedviT, magram xSirad gaTvaliswinebulia konkretuli eTnosis (eris) istoriac: enad saxeldeba xdeba eris (eTnikuri erTeulis) mixedviT; Sesabamisad, genealogiuri sqemebi ver gamodgeba enobriv erTeulTa statusis zust ganmsazRvrelad (Sdr. g.cocaniZe, 2002). Cven mier wignSi warmodgenili msjelobis gaTvaliswinebiT, msoflios enaTa genealogiuri sqemis iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa StoSi Seva mxolod yovelTa qarTvelTa saerTo ena - qarTveluri ena; yvela sxva enobrivi erTeuli am zogadqarTuli enis kiloebad unda warmodges. Zvel winaaziur enebTan mimarTebis gaTvaliswinebiT, qarTvelTa sametyvelo erTeulebis istoriuli sqema Semdeg saxes miiRebs (warmodgenili divergenciuli sqema pirobiTia, vinaidan nebismieri enobrivi erTeulis formirebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia mezobel enebTan/dialeqtebTan Serevis perspeqtiva da konvergenciuli procesebi; mag., aSkarad Cans, rom qarTvelurisaTvis ZiriTad iberiul-kavkasiur fenaSi asaxulia xaTuri da xurituli Sreebi; garda amisa, gvaqvs indoevropuli superstratuli dafenebac...):
Zv.w.VIIIV aTasw.
ax.w. XV-XVIII saukuneebi
b. iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis, saerToqarTveluri enis, samwignobro qarTulisa da qarTvelTa Tanamedrove dialeqtebis mimarTebis amsaxveli sqema
ZiriTadi debulebebi
ZiriTadi debulebebi
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