S M S K J Q
A: Kant has been amously attractive to enlightened German Jews. At the same time, it was partly on the basis o its own Kantian premises that German nationalism emerged as a specically anti-Jewish movement. Tese opposing legacies are less sur prising once the complex attitude toward Judaism held by Kant himsel, along with the Jewish responses it provoked, is taken ully ully into account. Te ollowing essay traces our stages in the development o Kant’s views on Jews and Judaism: (1) an early stage in which enlightened Jews gure as major supporters o Kant’s pre-critical thought; (2) a second, critical stage, in which Judaism in its early ‘ethical’ orm is praised or its ‘sublime’ law against the making o graven images; (3) a third stage, ollowing upon reaction to the French Revolution, in which, amid mounting political pressure and disappointment with his early Jewish ollowers, he presents Judaism as a morally morally empty shell that the true moral religion must discard; (4) a ourth, late stage, in which he comes to re gard his Jewish students and ollowers as useul vehicles o an impending civil and moral revolution. Kant’s specic invitation to enlightened Jews to become apostles o the new moral aith prompts, I suggest, David Friedländer’s inamous letter to Probst eller.
K v G J, M H H C; J, p, p k. A , p K p G p -J v. K’ p J . F ,
M Mk, German Idealism and the Jew [C: Uv C P, 2003]. H p p p, p v k, v J, . T p K J Kö, p p M M. A , Kö p B J . A Sv M. L p , “ Kö B Hk HBAC PLCAL SUS, VL. 2, N. (N 2007), PP. 0–36, © 2007 SHALM PSS.
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p , v Fä v , , p H p Hame’ase , . T B J Kö v , Fä.” S L, L, Te Berlin Jewish Community: Enlightenment, Family, and Crisis, 1770– 1830 [N Yk: x Uv P, 994], p. 35. J Kö, S , Immanuel Kant: Eine Biographie L: , 2006, pp. 795. S, K J, v J , , v . 2 K’ J p , v p x, -
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p J p, M J “ p,” v kp J “,” “ xp” p . A , “ pp p k, v , p v .” A, , L Jk Sp xp, J’ . 3 F p , H M Gp, Te Rise o Modern Judaism
N Yk: . K, 978, pp. 322. A Gp v, J [K’] v …. K 786, , p p, J. L K v J v p k . A M … p Kö K…. K’ K’ J v p : Isaac Euchel … Marcus Herz …. …. K pp [’] p H pp , j . H j J pp. pp. 89
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p. 269 5 K, letter to Herz , M , 78, K, Academy Edition X,
pp. 266267.
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H’ K’ p M M, p G K . T H, M p K’ B— K v p v.6 T , v . A p M’ pp K’ —M J Kö, Alenu p. p v, K M : . T , p , k . K M k kp. p , v, p p. A , pv , M p —, pp, p v K . , v p K M v ’ v : K’ Dreams o a Spirit Seer pvk M’ Phaedo, “P” Critique. v Religion within the Boundaries o Bare Reason , p, M’ Jerusalem. A K’ “H v M F S ” p 3 Te Conict o the Faculties p M’ , K v .7 T j p -xp K’ p. M 786, p J v ‘Sp’ : M’ L. A p, H p p M ‘.’ K p , How to Orient Onesel in Tinking . H M k; J, K’ v, G’ x
6 F p p K’ , p-
p H 777 78 K, Academy Edition X, pp. 224, 230232, 240249, 265270. F p , S M S, Te Embodiment o Reason: Kant on Spirit, Generation, and Community C: Uv C P, 996, . 0. 7 K, Academy Edition XV, 950, pp. 235236.
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pv . H v p pp; K’ M’ v p p . 8 K M v , v p . B -v p K’ p M -790. T M’ xv -— , , p v K’ . 9 M’ p - p p , , . P, , K v M , p, J . K p M. , K’ p M’ Jerusalem 783 v . M, v J, Jerusalem v pp . F pp k pp. Y pp p k ‘ ’ k.0 T p J pp v . J C j p: J k “ v C .” T J p “v ” “p v ” v. M , v, p, M . H
8 S Fk B, Te Fate o Reason: German Philosophy rom Kant to Fichte
C, M.: Hv Uv P, 987, pp. 9208; L Bk, Early German Philosophy: Kant and His Predecessors C, M.: Hv Uv P, 969, pp. 353360. 9 C. Mk, German Idealism and the Jew . 0 A Ak p v
. M M, Jerusalem, . A Ak -
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J pp “” v p v . J, , p C. p , M C p v . T , p J , M’ pp v . 2 H pp Jerusalem J v p , v j . J, , v j p . B p p v . T J v p : p ? T , M’ , v . B , M’ , j, , v . , , M, v , “v ” 3 J. , k, C? M p p Jerusalem k p K. , M , , p, v pp ?… N C, k, p J, , p p …. S, C [ ’ pp] J , Sp . H j v . F . v 2 A xp A Ak, Moses Mendelssohn and the Enlightenment A:
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T p , , p. J , C p x v . v, xp p, .6 Y , j v , ppp. A , M’ C v v p. C , j v Sp . F, p “” , k . B N , , J ‘k’ J C. T j ‘ [M] ’ 7 pp ‘ ’ Ap , M p, J J v . A P, M k p J . J p , p , 4 T K’ Critique o Pure Reason
P P . M p k ‘ ’ , B “P,” xp p Phaedo. 5 M, Jerusalem, p. 87. 6 M pp p
“ ” p A v A. C , A p J p . F , H, Jewish High Society in Old Regime Berlin [N Hv: Y Uv P, 988], pp. 258259. T p M-J x L’ ‘Sp.’ S ’ M M, Morning Hours M, Lessing’s Friends, M, Gesammelte Schrien Jubiläumausgabe B: F F V, 93, v. 3.2, pp. xxv. 7 C. A 2:37: “N [ J] ,
P p, ‘B, ?’ A P , ‘p….’”
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v . Cx v J J C , p p v v. K’ p Jerusalem pp pv p M’ pp p Critique o Pure Reason. A , v p Critique, “ [ Jerusalem] p p, pp . Y v v p .” 8 M , v, “v v , v C v v … ,” “ k v [] pp.” K j M ’ Sp K k p v p, M v j p v. K M k p . F M’ Sp p v pv 9— K’ Critique 78, M ,20 . T k, v, K’ p Jerusalem . M’ pv v pv x J v p C p p Sp . H pv v J C . p C p v pp 8 K, Academy Edition X, p. 37. 9 M, Jerusalem, p. 94. 20 M, Letter to Kant , Ap 0, 783. M
. K, Academy Edition X, p. 308.
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p v . H , , p; p.2 K p p k M’ : M “ ” “k v p .” B , , k v, J p ? B M K pp x -p G v . B M pv , K k p. F K, G k moral v pv. U v Fk G, K p “ ” p What Is Enlightenment? , . , Fk, xp k v —.., p.22 Hv M’ J v K’ p v, pp . T, p , M p . 2. Mosaic ‘Sublimity’ in the ‘Critique o Judgment’ T p Fk G v p K M. N p v , K C f v pp . H, p v “ v,” 23 .., p —, , C . p K M. 2 M, Jerusalem, p. 96. 22 T p K’ What Is Enlightenment? 784;
M pp p p p. 23 K, Academy Edition V, pp. 9293.
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Kant and the Jewish Question
F p, . Critique o Judgment K p p v v pv p . H p J v k J J : Pp p J k “T k v , k v ,” . T xp J pp p , p v pp, xp p M p. 24
, K , . “ ,” , p k. v , , v , j x p p . T J p v K p k p. A C— — p p. , Critique o Judgment J, ‘,’ , v C p. T v, , p K’ J , p v . K’ k, J’ j . J k S A C, ‘’ K , p Critique o Judgment .
24 K, Te Critique o Judgment , K, Academy Edition V, p. 274.
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3. Kant’s reatment o Judaism and the Jews in the arly to Middle 1s (a) ‘Religion within the Boundaries o Bare Reason’
Religion within the Boundaries o Bare Reason 792, J p C , J. T , v p J p xp K’ p . Religion K pj p p, p F p F v. K’ : p v. N p v k v . T v , v p. T pp , , pp pv v . T , K Critique o Practical Reason 787, v j p G . T p p, p k ; , p p k v p p. K p p , pv . B 790, v’ K’ p v pp. 25 A p x , , p, f . U , K pp pp p v v pp. What Is Enlightenment? pp p: p v , p f, p f 25 F v p, K p, Te
Genesis o German Conservatism P: P Uv P, 966, . 7.
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Kant and the Jewish Question
, , ‘p,’ . T k’ p, , pp “ .” K v “pp’ k” p, v k, pv v . Religion— p p k K — . Religion k p . , k p, pv v p v p k. , k p p v v, pp : “ v” G . T , v, x K “ p,” 26 .., p “ .” v— — “” . v k . A , , k urther . S j ’ , .., . K “” pv . v p v v . p K’ pp. , Religion : p p C , p v -ppv p parerga, p p pv. K Religion p C— p — , p pp pp .27 C p k x 26 K, Religion within the Boundaries o Bare Reason 792, K,
Academy Edition V, p. 5. 27 S Y Yv, Kant and the Philosophy o History P: P
Uv P, 980, p. 202.
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p . T k C’ p, K, Gp K p; v J ‘’ k . 28 K xp j, , v C p. M p x C . T p J , , , v , ; , K , ’ p. J p p, ; pp p . H, , v C ? T C p, , xp J, .29 A v , “v” “p p” p . j v x— , v j — v v p x . p x p p p C p. S , M’ p J 28 S, xp, K, Academy Edition V, pp. 8283: “T p
[J’] v , v , —, — k p v .” T p : “ , v v vv p , pp suited to the common people, [ p ] v p, : v . v xp p pp….” C, , p “ v p the senses can hold on to,” p k “ introduce v” Academy Edition V, p. 09. , p, K , Te Conict o the Faculties , , “C , k, ” Academy Edition V, p. 36. S v v k pp “vv” Academy Edition V, p. 32. T pp “.” 29 S K, Academy Edition V, p. 2.
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v ppv. F p J p pp. v pp p , K v , ’ . , M p M, v v k . T , v, p: M v . A , M, , J , M, . v p pp J. M’ k p v -J p J v. p v xp. 30 B K k J . H J , p , v pj f J. A M H ; H v p K’ : , H P, Fv , H P, p p , v T…. [A j k B] p , ! T v …. k , ; without you I would still be like so many o my kinsmen, pursuing a lie chained to the wagon o prejudices, a lie no better than that o an animal. I would have a soul without powers, an understanding without ecacy, in short, without you I would be that which I was our years ago, in other words I would be nothing …. L k
30 N v, v v
C.
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v v p ; p v p k . p ; v pp . 3
v x , H’ k. p p x -k pj , K - v . M’ Autobiography v “k.” M v J pp j . Gv J , K’ v p J v pj kp J . Ap Sp’ v p , K “” p J v p.32 A H, J pp “” j , v. T J pv k “p” , . T J p v. , v p Critique o Judgment k , M v pp p p . A, , J p p C . 33 : K’ J v k H v, xp 3 K, Academy Edition X, pp. 002, p . T
p p pv H’ K’ B. H ‘ v’ M. A , p p, K’ . 32 H C’ p K’ v p J -
Sp , v, pp. F v K’ Sp’ v B, Yv, Kant and the Philosophy o History, pp. 2425. 33 K, Academy Edition V, p. 42.
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p k, “P” p “ .” 34 , J v , K’ v, M , v , C, p pv x— v p v— v v C. 35 T v pp v Religion p J C: J C v p G . p: T J pp pv, k; v p .36 T p “” p k pv p C ppv J “.” 37 P’ ‘ ’ p v J x. 38 , J “” “ v” v . , —v, , pp —kp p “” . 39 , , , pp Gk : N pp v pp, v
34 K, Academy Edition V, p. 205. 35 K, Academy Edition V, pp. 3637. 36 ., p. 80., 2. 37 T
. T - , pp, v, v, p, , , . S [ p] ‘ , v ’ k , v pp p C, pp p p : ‘B , p .’ T laity clergy , p , , p , v . K, Academy Edition V, pp. 222 38 K, Academy Edition V, p. 2. 39 ., p. 79.
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, , pp, Gk ’ , v , v — p v— p , v p pv pp, v; , xp , v v . 40
C J M J C’ “ ” “ pp.” 4 J “ ,” p pp . T “ v” C “ ” J , J Gk “.” 42 T J— J p , p ; J , , p p ; j Gk v pp, p p v , p ppv , k v p’ p, j pp v pp , — J C pp .43
T, , every Christian must be a Jew whose Messiah has come “p” p C’ pp, pp. , C k
40 ., p. 80. 4 F , Yv, Kant and the
Philosophy o History, p. 207. 42 K, Academy Edition V, p. 27. 43 ., pp. 2728.
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“ v v ” “ v ” pp pj “ ” ’ pv “ v .” T K “ ” C, p p “ .” 44 M, x “v” Kluglichkeit pp,45 k p, K , “pp v .” A , M, k “ .” H p, v, , K , K’ . M C v J religion “p, ”, J “ k [v] v.” U K’ pv pp, M k C J k “”.46 T — M’ - — , K’ , M p . p p: K’ J p; , k H , xp pp , v p p new v “ k” p . T J p pp, v “ ,” .47 (b) Te History Writings o the 1790s
F , v, M’ pp p . Teory and Practice 792 An Old Question Raised Again: Whether 44 ., p. 3. 45 ., p. 66. 46 ., p. 66. 47 ., p. 32. C. M, Jerusalem, pp. 2728.
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the Human Race Is Constantly Progressing 798, K “p” M v . Teory and Practice “A M M”: k, j ? M p v p xp …? : p p p pv…? , p v ; v p , v j p pp…. [] , v p. M M p… p pp L’ p v k. H “ k… p.” H , “ v k …. M v p; k x . … k v , , v v, pp .”48
K “ ” , , v “.” A p Sp, pp, K Critique o Judgment , p v v pp k p. 49 Teory and Practice, K “ p k p” “ p x.” T “ gute M” v k p “p ” v ‘’ p “” “-” . 50 M, , v , v ‘.’ K , Sp, 48 K, Political Writings , , . H C:
C Uv P, 99, pp. 8788; K, Academy Edition V, pp. 307308. 49 K, Academy Edition V, p. 452. 50 K, Academy Edition V, p. 309.
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v G p. K v p. C “ p” v , p p p p. K’ pp, p 3 Teory and Practice , p p v — , p p .5 T , oward Perpetual Peace, p xp p v —p, , “” Weissagen f pp p.52 k p , v p k v p Teory and Practice. P “- ” p “pp” Wahrsagen v “ p kp.” 53 k K k p “Sp” v M , 54 k “ p p ”: B p; pp einzutretten p pv beharren , , k , , pp v/ wenn es auch nur der Abwechselung wegen geschähe , v p p… p v p x honungslose Bemühung …. T pp v p , v “” = Tatlosigkeit 55 [ Stillstand ]: p Geschäigkeit , /x abwechseln 5 ., pp. 3233. 52 ., p. 368. 53 K, Academy Edition V, p. 88. 54 M’ pp, v, , p v -
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Te Metaphysics o Morals.
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k, Spiel des Verkehrs p Gattung v angesehen Possenspiel , p v Werth, , p Tiergeschlechter v, v treiben Kosten xp Verstandesauwand .56
“A” xp “ ” p j unrecht p . T correct p k v p k’ pp , v p v . B K pp v k v p? T Gk A pp . p p. 57 Cp M ’ Geschichte der Abderiten pp . Te Conict o the Faculties , p 2, K p pp p “p” p p - pp: J pp pp weissagen p ; v . A Volk p v p p pp. H j p ; -k p
56 K, Academy Edition V, pp. 82, 47. 57 , Ax Pk, La théorie kantienne de
l’histoire P: V, 986, pp. 475. K v p Cp M ’ Geschichte der Abderiten 774780. S p ’ -
p p - “A k” k 3, . 2. A , A, A, Jv k v. “v k …. [T] v k , pp, p” k , . . S Fv, A Peculiar Fate, p. 92.
22
Kant and the Jewish Question k, . 58
“ p,” K — v — x , x, - pp: , k v pv p. , pp , K, pv “p” pp. M’ p Jerusalem —, J v G “ ” pp 59— p p. p F v p M “” v “ ” K p k’ p. p M , K’ p v, A. , M’ pp Jerusalem “A pp” k K’ p: 60 j p, 6 M J p.62 v p M j K’ : F v p J . T v p p Lv : v pv B p C . M p p— p v p J’ v . B p, k p K’ J : p p C p. T p v, v, p J. , , pv v C j J x. 58 K, Academy Edition V, p. 80. 59 M, Jerusalem , pp. 99, 29. j , Fv,
A Peculiar Fate, pp. 279. 60 M, Jerusalem, p. 75. 6 -760 K xp , -
pv, pp. 62 T p pp J G H’
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, , J K’ J —v , , -J pj? T p P J , p x G J Np, , v p v . T Lk J C pp v . J p p P p . 63 T , , K’ p p p J-C K v. 4. ‘he Conlict o the Faculties’ and Kant’s Jewish recetion in the late 1s v pp, K J. A p , 797 K F , p j k j : he Conlict o the Faculties. Cp v , pp 798, K v p. Gv k p, k . Te Conict o the Faculties p K pv k : , ‘’ p pp p J. A , . 793, Religion p, L v x , Notes regarding the Characteristics o the Jews. B v, G-J , v K. , v 790 k xp K’ —v v p K’ p p vv v k J G F. T
63 T J, K k Anthropology, k -
. S K, Academy Edition V, pp. 205.206.
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F’ K k -J k. 64 B v J , , [K’ ] indierentism J “ p M,” , “p, ” K . A , B v J k p; , v ; “ J” . A , , , p p, x , p p J. M J v . p: v v pp , “ ,” “ .” Gv , v , p “p .” , pv k v P . , J k k v J . p, xp “ ” “.” 65 p B v, v J , : , , C. T “ ” “ p M.” K’ 798 p . F p v, C v p J. p C P ; , 64 A H , p salonnière Lv
, L , pp F’ B 807808, P p F p. H, Jewish High Society, p. 47. Lk v j J J v, F J . 65 L v, Etwas zur Charackteristick der Juden Lp, 793,
P . M-F J , ., Te Jew in the Modern World N Yk: x Uv P, 980, pp. 9294.
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pp, p . 66 J, , x : v J C messianic , p v , pp, p p k , v pp v pp . S v garments without a man , v, man without garments p, — , p , . S pp B v, J, p p Jesus p v, Gospel , . Mv p , , v J v k v pp p v. pp, J v , p Sp Gp, J pk J J pk . T J p, , , C . B v , , pp , , p, , p k. 67
K p all v J : ‘J J’ v , Gp, p “ .” T p p J, M, p x. 68 , J v k v 66 K, Academy Edition V, p. 52. 67 ., pp. 5253. 68 K x A, ‘’
G’ , xp Academy Edition V, p. 63. K’ J v x C p G, , S. Kk k p A’ C’ .
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p v . K only J p.69 , v, k v “v.” K’ B v’ p p pv J “ .” J, , C . Uk M, x J p , , K v j v “ .” 70 M’ cleverness , K , “” “ .” p B v’ , K ppp M Religion: “pp” C v p J J v p , “ p ” j p . M’ -k pp pv p C v v k k v J.7 M, , p “” B v v J . M’ “ M” 72 pp. A p, pv — v C “” p— “” “v” p, v pp pp v K Religion, “pp ” p, p J v: T p M- p, G’ v A, p J’ p v ; B p 69 A H k . S Germans, Jews, and the Claims o Modernity ,
p. 57. 70 K, Academy Edition V, p. 52. 7 ., p. 52. 72 C. K, How to Orient Onesel in Tinking , K, Academy Edition
V, p. 38. p pp M Phaedo; K, Teory and Practice, K, Academy Edition V, p. 309.
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v A. 73 N pp p P, p pp glücklichen… Einall , kp J x subtilen jüdischen Auslegungskunst , p Gk v, v A G v’ ; A j , v . v, , pp, p pp, v j k H Sp, p . B v , . C, v , v, , p. 74
“” p “M- ” , , v p A v. Cp p “p M” , p, C’ J p. T J p , , “ pp” p p v, A v. B p v pp. M p ‘’ x . T “ ” v pv . K’ , p 2 Te Conict o the Faculties , p Mv p H pp : B p “ ” Poppenspiel ppp . F - pp M k new “ ” v p v— K
73 N K’ H B, v v
G. 74 K, Academy Edition V, p. 65.; . A 2.
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P’ F p. 75 v p pp P p . ’ p V “” v “ v v.” 76 K pj ’ pv : M k v ; “pp ” P p A , p v p p . , “ ” ,77 “,” v , k p. 78 “ ” v. 79 K’ /v F C- : j v p . , K’ J J . C Sp “N pp…”, K k p J p. 80 B v , J Gp p M. J p v’ p . T p, v, K v . C, , H Sp, pk , . v, p— “ .” B 75 K, Academy Edition V, p. 85. 76 K, Letter to Beaumont , K, Academy Edition V, pp. 796797.
k N Cp p . 77 K, Academy Edition V, p. 85. 78 ., p. 88. 79 S K, Conict o the Faculties, P 2: “A Q A:
H C P” 798, K, Academy Edition V, pp. 8789. N , ‘ -’ p ; . N, Anti-Christ ; Beyond Good and Evil 38; Te Will to Power 382. S K, Religion, K, Academy Edition V, p. 6:29. 80 A 2 P p
J v L.
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