Juniper Lab Guide IJNR

Introduction to Juniper Networks Routers Release 5.3.1

Lab Guide: Volume 1

Juniper Networks, Inc. 1194 North Mathilda Avenue Sunnyvale, CA 94089 USA 408-745-2000 www.juniper.net Course Number: EDU-JUN-IJNR3

This product includes the Envoy SNMP Engine, developed by Epilogue Technology, an Integrated Systems Company. Copyright © 1986–1997, Epilogue Technology Corporation. All rights reserved. This program and its documentation were developed at private expense, and no part of them is in the public domain. This product includes memory allocation software developed by Mark Moraes, copyright © 1988, 1989, 1993, University of Toronto. This product includes FreeBSD software developed by the University of California, Berkeley, and its contributors. All of the documentation and software included in the 4.4BSD and 4.4BSD-Lite Releases is copyrighted by The Regents of the University of California. Copyright © 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988,1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994. The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. GateD software copyright © 1995, The Regents of the University. All rights reserved. Gate Daemon was originated and developed through release 3.0 by Cornell University and its collaborators. Gated is based on Kirton’s EGP, UC Berkeley’s routing daemon (routed), and DCN’s HELLO routing protocol. Development of Gated has been supported in part by the National Science Foundation. Portions of the GateD software copyright © 1988, Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Portions of the GateD software copyright © 1991, D. L. S. Associates. This product includes software developed by Maker Communications, Inc., Copyright © 1996, 1997, Maker Communications, Inc. Juniper Networks is a registered trademark of Juniper Networks, Inc. Broadband Cable Processor, ERX, ESP,G10, Internet Processor, JUNOS, JUNOScript, M5, M10, M20, M40, M40e, M160, MRX, M-series, NMC-RX, SDX, ServiceGuard, T320, T640, T-series, UMC, and Unison are trademarks of Juniper Networks, Inc. All other trademarks, service marks, registered trademarks, or registered service marks may be the property of their respective owners. All specifications are subject to change without notice. Introduction to Juniper Networks Routing, Student Guide Volume 1, Release 5.3 Copyright © 2002, Juniper Networks, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Revision History Revision 1—August 2002 The information in this document is current as of the date listed above. The information in this document has been carefully verified and is believed to be accurate. Juniper Networks assumes no responsibilities for any inaccuracies that may appear in this document. In no event will Juniper Networks be liable for direct, indirect, special, exemplary, incidental or consequential damages resulting from any defect or omission in this document, even if advised of the possibility of such damages. Juniper Networks reserves the right to change, modify, transfer or otherwise revise this publication without notice. YEAR 2000 NOTICE Juniper Networks hardware and software products do not suffer from Year 2000 problems and hence are Year 2000 compliant. The JUNOS software has no known time-related limitations through the year 2038. However, the NTP application is known to have some difficulty in the year 2036. SOFTWARE LICENSE Please read these terms and conditions carefully before using the software. By using this software, you agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this license. If you do not agree with the terms of this license, promptly return the unused software, manual, and related equipment and hardware (with proof of payment) to the place of purchase for a full refund. Juniper Networks, Inc., and its suppliers grant to Customer a nonexclusive and nontransferable license to use the Juniper Networks software in object code form solely on a single central processing unit owned or leased by Customer or otherwise embedded in equipment provided by Juniper Networks. Customer may make one (1) archival copy of the software provided Customer affixes to such copy all copyright, confidentiality, and proprietary notices that appear on the original. Except as expressly authorized above, Customer shall not copy, in whole or in part, software or documentation; modify the software; reverse compile or reverse assemble all or any potion of the software; or rent, lease, distribute, sell, or create derivative works of the software. Customer agrees that the aspects of the licensed materials, including the specific design and structure of individual programs, constitute trade secrets and copyright material of Juniper Networks. Customer agrees not to disclose, provide, or otherwise make available such trade secrets or copyrighted material in any form to any third part without the prior written consent of Juniper Networks. Customer agrees to implement reasonable security measures to protect such trade secrets and copyrighted material. Title to Software and documentation shall remain solely with Juniper Networks. This license is effective until terminated. Customer may terminate this license at any time by destroying all copies of Software, including any documentation. This license will terminate immediately without notice from Juniper Networks if Customer fails to comply with any provision of this license. Upon termination, Customer must destroy all copies of Software. Software, including technical data, is subject to U.S. export control laws, including the U.S. Export Administration Act and its associated regulations, and may be subject to export or import regulations in other countries. Customer agrees to comply strictly with all such regulations and acknowledges that they have the responsibility to obtain licenses to export, re -export, or import Software. This license shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of California, United States of America, as if performed wholly within the state and without giving effect to the principles of conflict of law. If any portion hereof is found to be void or unenforceable, the remaining provisions of this license shall remain in full force and effect. This license constitutes the entire license between the parties with respect to the use of the Software. Restricted rights—The Juniper Networks software is provided to non-Department of Defense agencies with restricted rights, and its supporting documentation is provided with limited rights. Use, duplicating, or disclosure by the U.S. government is subject to the restrictions as set forth in subparagraph C of the Commercial Computer Software—Restricted Rights clause at FAR 52.227-19. If the sale is to a Department of Defense agency, the U.S. government’s rights in software, supporting documentation, and technical data are governed by the restrictions in the technical data commercial items clause at DFARS 252.227-7015, and DFARS 227.7202.

Contents Lab 1: Command-Line Interface Introduction Lab 2: Initial Configuration and Platform Troubleshooting Lab 3: Interface Configuration and Troubleshooting Lab 4: RIP Lab 5: Routing Policy Lab 6: OSPF Lab 7: IS-IS Lab 8: BGP

Course Overview The Internet Introduction to Juniper Networks Routers class is an instructor-led course that covers the configuration and support of the protocols and features available on the Juniper Networks platforms. This class is a combination of lecture and lab to allow ample time for some good hands-on exposure to the JUNOS software configuration and operational mode troubleshooting.

Objectives After successfully completing this course, you should be able to: •

Configure, install, and troubleshoot M-series routers;

•

Perform interface and transmission line troubleshooting;

•

Describe the basic functionality of the RIP routing protocol and how to configure it on a Juniper Networks router;

•

Use the routing policy within JUNOS to control routes within the routing and forwarding tables;

•

Describe the basic functionality of the OSPF routing protocol and how to configure it on a Juniper Networks router;

•

Describe the basic functionality of the IS-IS routing protocol and how to configure it on a Juniper Networks router; and

•

Describe the basic functionality of the BGP routing protocol and how to configure it on a Juniper Networks router.

Intended Audience The primary audiences for this course include the following: •

Personnel who are unfamiliar with Juniper Networks router configuration;

•

Internet engineers; and

•

Network operations center engineers.

The secondary audiences for this course include the following: •

Juniper Networks and partner sales representatives;

•

Juniper Networks and partner systems engineers; and

•

Juniper Networks employees (such as hardware engineers, software engineers, TAC engineers).

Course Level The Introduction to Juniper Network Routers (IJNR) class is an intermediate-level course designed to provide a strong product knowledge foundation, and to prepare students for the more advanced courses available in the Juniper Networks training curriculum. Taking the IJNR-3 class is the preferred way of meeting the prerequisites for the follow-on, IJNR-2 class (part number EDU-JUN-IJNR2).

Course Overview

Prerequisites The IJNR Volume 1 prerequisites are: !

TCP/IP basics;

!

Link-state routing protocols, including a familiarity with either OSPF or IS-IS;

!

Operation of BGP4 and knowledge of the BGP4 mandatory attributes; and

!

General interdomain routing issues.

While not required, familiarity with the command-line interface of a routing platform or UNIX system is helpful.

© Juniper Networks, Inc.

IJNR-3 • v

Course Overview

Course Agenda Day 1 Product Positioning and Hardware Operation JUNOS Software Architecture The JUNOS Software CLI Installation, Initial Configuration and Platform Troubleshooting Overview of Interface Diagnostics and Troubleshooting

Day 2 Protocol Independent Routing Properties RIP Routing Policy

Day 3 OSPF Operation, Configuration, and Troubleshooting IS-IS BGP

vi • IJNR-3


Course Overview

Additional Information Technical Publications You can print technical manuals and release notes directly from the Internet in a variety of formats. 1. Go to http://www.juniper.net/. 2. On the left side of the page, click the Technical Documentation drop-down box and click Software or Hardware. 3. Locate the specific release and title you need, and choose the format in which you want to view or print the document. Documentation sets and CDs are available through your local Juniper Networks sales office or account representative.

Juniper Networks Support For technical support, contact Juniper Networks at [email protected], or at 1-888-314-JTAC (within the United States) or 408-745-2121 (from outside the United States).


IJNR-3 • vii

Lab 1 Command Line Interface Introduction

Overview In this lab you will be introduced to various CLI operational and configuration mode features and capabilities. By completing this lab you will perform the following tasks: •

•

Operational: −

Issue various operational mode CLI commands and use context sensitive help

−

View and interpret CLI error messages

−

Learn CLI keyboard sequences

−

Modify the CLI environment

−

Use CLI features to navigate and search through command output

−

Use the on-line help features

−

Perform basic configuration and commit your configuration

Configuration: −

Navigate and view the configuration hierarchy

−

Configure a system service, an interface, and basic OSPF

−

Run operational commands from within the configuration mode

−

Commit your candidate configuration and use rollback

−

Save and load configuration files

Part 1: Entering Commands and getting Context Sensitive Help Step 1.1 Log in to the router with the username “lab” using a password of “lab”. At the CLI prompt, enter “?”. Some of the following commands should be displayed: lab@host> ? Possible completions:

Command Line Interface Introduction

clear

Clear information in the system

configure

Manipulate software configuration information

file

Perform file operations

List a few of the remaining commands below:

Step 1.2 Type the following at the CLI prompt: lab@host> c? Possible completions: clear

Clear information in the system

configure

Manipulate software configuration information

What command could be used from the operational mode to display all show commands that start with c?

Step 1.3 Type the following command at the CLI prompt: lab@host> clear ? Possible completions: alarm arp

Clear address-resolution information

bgp

Clear BGP information

firewall

Clear firewall counters

List a few of the remaining commands:

Step 1.4 Experiment with command completion by entering the following: lab@host> show i ^

Lab 1–2 V5.3R1 • Introduction to Juniper Networks Routers



'i' is ambiguous. Possible completions: . . . . . interfaces

♦

Show interface information

What other commands starting with “i” are listed when you type the above command?

Step 1.5 Type the following at the CLI prompt: lab@host> show interfaces Physical interface: fe-0/0/0, Enabled, Physical link is Down Interface index: 9, SNMP ifIndex: 13 Link-level type: Ethernet, MTU: 1514, Speed: 100mbps, Loopback: Disabled, Source filtering: Disabled, Flow control: Enabled Device flags

: Present Running Down

Interface flags: Hardware-Down SNMP-Traps . . . . lab@host>

____________________________ Note__________________________ The use of “Olives” in the classroom might cause some of the interface related displays to differ from those produced by M-series routers. We will point out these differences when they are significant. __________________________________________________________________

♦

What interfaces are displayed with the show interfaces command?

List some of the specific information displayed for an interface.


Introduction to Juniper Networks Routers • V5.3R1 Lab 1–3


Part 2: CLI Error Messages Step 2.1 Type the following command: lab@host> clear route What message does the router display when you enter this command? What do you suppose it means?

Verify that the CLI will not let you complete invalid commands by trying to enter the following command: lab@host> show ip interface brief

What happens when you try to enter this command? Where is the first syntax problem detected?

Part 3: Keyboard Sequences Step 3.1 From the CLI prompt, enter the following commands: lab@host> show interfaces

Press . ♦

What happens to the cursor when you enter this keyboard sequence?

Press . ♦

What happens to the cursor when you enter this keyboard sequence?




Press . ♦

What happens to the cursor when you press this keyboard sequence?

Press . ♦

What happens to the cursor when you press this keyboard sequence?

Step 3.2 Enter the following commands: lab@host> show interfaces | no-more lab@host> show route lab@host> show system users

These three commands are now stored in the CLI history buffer. What happens when you: ♦

Enter twice?

♦

Press twice?

♦

Use the up and down arrows?

If the arrow keys do not behave as expected, it is because the default ANSI terminal type does not recognize the VT-100 sequences. This will be corrected in upcoming steps.

Part 4: Modify the CLI Environment Step 4.1 Using the operational mode set command you can modify the CLI environment for your login session. Enter the following command to view the CLI environment options that can be modified in operational mode: lab@host> set cli ?




♦

What types of options are displayed?

♦

What CLI command do you think you would use to modify the screen length?

♦

What CLI command do you use to modify the CLI prompt?

Step 4.2 Change the cli terminal type to vt100. ♦

Does this have any effect on your ability to use the keyboard arrow keys to edit command lines and to display your command history?

Logout and then log back into your router. ♦

Do the arrow keys still function as before?

____________________________ Note__________________________ If the arrow keys are no longer working, it is because the CLI environment setting performed above affected only your session, not the router’s configuration. You will learn how to make the terminal-type setting persistent in a subsequent portion of this lab. _________________________________________________________________

Part 5: Navigating Command Output Step 5.1 Command output might exceed one full screen. For example, the show interface detail command displays lots of information about the router’s interfaces: lab@host> show interfaces detail

♦

What happens when you press the space bar?




♦

What happens when you press the enter key?

♦

What happens when you press the “b” key?

♦

What happens when you press the “u” key?

Step 5.2 While the output is paused at the “more” prompt, try entering “h”. ♦

What type of information is displayed?

♦

What key would you enter to search the results of a command with multiple screen output?

Step 5.3 Use the “|” and match functions to list all interfaces that are physically down: lab@host> show interfaces extensive | match down

♦

Are any of your interfaces listed as “down”?

♦

Can you think of a way to have JUNOS software count the number of interfaces that are physically down? (As a hint, remember that the results of one pipe can be used as input to another “|”).




Part 6: Online Documentation Step 6.1 A large portion of the JUNOS software documentation is available directly from the CLI. Highlevel topics can be retrieved using the help topic command while detailed configuration related information is made available with the help reference command. Use the help reference command along with the CLI question-mark operator to find detailed information about interface loopbacks: ♦

What CLI command displays reference information on placing interfaces into loopback?

Part 7: Navigate Configuration Hierarchy and View Candidate Configuration Step 7.1 Enter configuration mode and view the existing configuration: lab@host> configure

♦

What happened to your prompt?

♦

According to the prompt, what is your position in the configuration hierarchy?

Show the current configuration: [edit] lab@host# show

Show only the interface portion of your configuration:

lab@host# show interfaces

♦

Was only the interface related information shown?




Step 7.2 Position yourself at the [edit interfaces fxp0] hierarchy: [edit] lab@host# edit interfaces fxp0 [edit interfaces fxp0] lab@host#

♦

Does the banner correctly indicate your new position in the hierarchy?

♦

What is the result of a show command now?

Step 7.3 Move to the [edit protocols ospf] portion of the hierarchy. This requires that you first visit the root of the hierarchy, as you cannot jump directly between branches: [edit interfaces fxp0] lab@host# top [edit] lab@host# edit protocols [edit protocols] lab@host# edit ospf [edit protocols ospf] lab@host#

♦

What commands could you now enter to reposition yourself at the [edit protocols] portion of the hierarchy?




Part 8: Configure a System Service, an Interface, and basic OSPF Step 8.1 Position yourself at the root of the configuration hierarchy, and enable the telnet service: [edit] lab@host# set system services telnet

♦

What other system services can you configure?

Step 8.2 Configure a non-existent interface: [edit] lab@host# edit interfaces ge-0/3/0

[edit interfaces ge-0/3/0] lab@host# set unit 0 family inet address 10.0.1.100/24

♦

What command would you enter to enable flow control on this interface?

♦

What would you now enter to display only the configuration of this interface?

____________________________ Note__________________________ It is a nice feature to be able to harmlessly configure an interface you have not yet installed. Such configuration will not have any effect until the corresponding interfaces is installed into the chassis. _________________________________________________________________

Step 8.3 Add another address to the same logical unit, and use the tab-based auto-completion of variables feature to easily remove it: [edit] [edit interfaces ge-0/3/0] lab@host# set unit 0 family inet address 1.1.1.1/32




[edit interfaces ge-0/3/0] lab@host# delete unit 0 family inet address 1.1.1.1/32

Step 8.4 Configure basic OSPF by entering the following commands at the [edit] hierarchy: [edit] lab@host# set protocols ospf area 0 interface all [edit] lab@host# set protocols ospf export test

This command has associated an export policy called “test” with the OSPF process. The purpose of this step will become evident in subsequent lab steps.

Part 9: Run Operational Mode Commands From Within Configuration Step 9.1 Try to display the status of chassis alarms with the show chassis alarms operational command while parked at the [edit interfaces ge-0/3/0] hierarchy: [edit interfaces ge-0/3/0] lab@host# show chassis ^ syntax error. Now try preceding the operational command, show chassis alarms with the word “run”. ♦

Are the results any better?

Part 10: Commit Your Candidate Configuration and Use Rollback To Recover From Mistakes Step 10.1 The changes you have made to the configuration are not yet active. Try to commit your candidate configuration; your results should be similar to the example below: [edit] lab@host# commit




Policy error: Policy test referenced but not defined error: configuration check-out failed ♦

What is preventing your candidate from becoming the active configuration?

Step 10.2 The candidate configuration will not commit as an undefined policy test is being referenced. Remove the reference to this policy, and all should be well: [edit] lab@host# delete protocols ospf export Once again try to commit your candidate configuration: [edit] lab@host# commit commit complete

Step 10.2 Make a serious mistake: [edit] lab@host# delete interfaces Now use the compare function to display differences between the active and candidate configurations: [edit] lab@host# show | compare ♦

Are any differences noted?

Step 10.3 Commit your change. You now have a router with no interfaces! [edit] lab@host# commit commit complete

[edit]




lab@host# run show interfaces terse

♦

What command can you enter to quickly recover from such a mistake?

♦

Did you remember to commit the rollback?

Part 11: Save and Load Configuration Files Step 11.1 You will now save a copy of your modified configuration to your home directory. Enter the following command at the [edit] hierarchy: [edit] lab@host# save file-name Wrote 82 lines of configuration to 'file-name'

Step 11.2 View the saved file: [edit] lab@host# run file show file-name ♦

What was the purpose of prefacing the command with run?

Step 11.3 Load and commit the saved configuration file. Start by deleting your entire configuration: [edit] lab@host# delete Delete everything under this level? [yes,no] (no) yes [edit] lab@host# show ♦

What has happened to your configuration? Is the router still operating? (Hint: have you committed this change yet?)




Now, save the day by loading and committing your saved configuration file: [edit] lab@host# load override file-name load complete [edit] lab@host# show ♦

Has your configuration been restored?

[edit] lab@host# commit commit complete ♦

STOP

Was there another way you could have restored your deleted candidate config that would not have required the use of load and commit?

Tell your instructor that you have completed lab 1.



Lab 2 Initial Configuration and Platform Troubleshooting

Overview In this lab you will load a factory default config and perform a typical initial system installation configuration. You will then use various show commands to monitor the operation of the router. By completing this lab you will perform the following tasks: •

•

Configuration: −

Load a factory config

−

Set the date and time

−

Set host-name, assign a root password and create a “lab” account

−

Create a restricted “operator” account

−

Configure Out Of Band management and enable remote access

−

Log all CLI commands

Operation: −

Use show chassis commands to verify the router’s operation

−

Use show system commands to determine general system status

−

Examine the system and chassis logs

−

Send messages to other users and use the CLI to disconnect them

−

Restart software processes/reboot the router

−

Upgrade/downgrade JUNOS software (optional)

−

Handle core files for submission to JTAC (optional)

−

Restore and commit the default reset file

Initial Configuration and Platform Troubleshooting

____________________________ Note__________________________ During the course of this lab you may disrupt the training centers existing Out Of Band (OOB) network. It is imperative that you load and commit the lab set’s “reset” file when complete so that subsequent exercises are not adversely impacted. _________________________________________________________________

Part 1: Loading the Factory Default Configuration Step 1.1 Log in to the router with the username “lab” using a password of “lab”. Enter configuration mode and enter the following command to load a default configuration: [edit] lab@host# load override /packages/mnt/jbase/sbin/install/defaultjuniper.conf load complete [edit] lab@host# show system { syslog { user * { any emergency; } file messages { any notice; authorization info; } } } Your configuration should now be similar to the example shown above.

____________________________ Note__________________________ The path shown is valid for JUNOS software version 5.0 and higher. If you router is running 4.x, try using “/etc/default.conf” _________________________________________________________________ ♦

What is the only thing configured on a Juniper Networks router when received from the factory?




Step 1.2 Commit your new candidate configuration. (You may need to exit operational mode.) [edit] lab@host# commit and-quit lab@host> exit login:

Part 2: Configure Host-name, Root Password and “lab” Account Step 2.1 Log into the router as “root”, and start the CLI: host (ttyd0) login: root Last login: Fri Jul 27 23:50:57 on ttyd0

--- JUNOS 5.0R1.4 built 2001-08-14 23:14:13 UTC

Terminal type? [vt100]

root@host% cli root@host>

Step 2.2 Set the system’s host-name based on the label attached to your station: [edit] lab@host# set system host-name [edit] lab@host# ______________________________Note _________________________ Until the router is rebooted it will retain the last host name committed. You may assume that the router would have no host name if you took the time to reboot it. __________________________________________________________________

Step 2.3 Assign the root password: [edit] root@host# edit system [edit system] © Juniper Networks, Inc.



root@host# set root-authentication plain-text-password New password: Retype new password: [edit system]

Step 2.4 Create an account for user “lab” and associate this user with the superuser (wheel) class: [edit system] root@host# set login user lab class superuser [edit system] root@host# set login user lab authentication plain-text-password New password: lab Retype new password: lab [edit system]

Step 2.5 You may have noticed that your keyboard arrow keys no longer function. If you prefer the use of arrow keys to the default Emacs key sequences, configure the console port to operate in vt100 mode: [edit system] lab@host# set ports console type vt100 _____________________________ Note__________________________ As a result of this change, you will automatically be logged out on your next commit. This will only happen once. _________________________________________________________________

Step 2.6 You should now commit your changes, log out (if required), and then log back in as “lab”: [edit system] root@host# commit and-quit commit complete Exiting configuration mode root@host> quit root@host% exit logout host (ttyd0) login: lab Password: Last login: Thu Jul 19 22:37:58 from 10.0.1.100 Lab 2–4 V5.3R1 • Introduction to Juniper Networks Routers



. . . lab@router>

Part 3: Create a Restricted User Account Step 3.1 Enter the following commands to create a restricted user account with view permissions only: [edit system] lab@host# set login user restricted class view-only [edit system] lab@host# set login user restricted authentication plain-textpassword New password: Retype new password: [edit system] lab@host# set login class view-only permissions view

Step 3.2 Show the router’s system related configuration, commit the candidate configuration, and return to operational mode: [edit system] lab@host# show [edit system] lab@host# commit and-quit

Step 3.3 Log out and then back in as the restricted user. ♦

Are you able to enter configuration mode when logged in as this user?

Part 4: Configure OOB Management and Remote Access Step 4.1 Log back in as user “lab”, and enable the telnet service: [edit] © Juniper Networks, Inc.



lab@host# set system services telnet

Step 4.2 Configure fxp0 address properties: [edit] lab@host# edit interfaces fxp0 [edit interfaces fxp0] lab@host# set unit 0 family inet address 10.0.1.x/24 _____________________________ Note__________________________ This configuration will not actually be used outside of this lab, so it does not really matter what address you assign in this step. There is a slight chance that a duplicate addresses will be detected, so be creative when you assign numeric values to the “x” variables in the above step! _________________________________________________________________

Step 4.3 Create a default route for the OOB network and ensure it is not installed in the forwarding table or advertised by routing protocols. Use 10.0.1.254 as the next hop for this default route: lab@host# top [edit] lab@host# edit routing-options [edit routing-options] lab@host# set static route default next-hop 10.0.1.254 no-install noreadvertise

Step 4.4 Configure a backup-router to be used before the routing protocol daemon actually starts (useful for catching SNMP sys-up traps after a reboot, for example). Once again, use 10.0.1.254 as the next hop for the default route and commit changes when done: [edit routing-options] lab@host# top [edit] lab@host# edit system [edit system] lab@host# set backup-router destination default 10.0.1.254 lab@host# commit




Part 5: Set the System Date and Time and View Your Initial Configuration Step 5.1 Using the operational mode set command configure the system’s date and time: lab@router> set date ? Possible completions:

New date and time (YYYYMMDDhhmm.ss)

lab@router> set date 200108281720 Tue Aug 28 17:20:00 UTC 2001

____________________________ Note__________________________ You may find that an error is returned, even though the date is correctly set. This is the result of the NTP Sever being unable to locate a local IP address. This error will not occur if at least one operational interface, such as lo0, has an IP address assigned. __________________________________________________________________

Step 5.2 Confirm that the date is correct, and review the entire configuration. Please ask the instructor if you have any questions. Verify that the date and time are correct: lab@router> show system uptime Review your configuration: lab@router> show configuration

Part 6: Log All CLI Commands Step 6.1 Set the system log to log all CLI commands and commit your changes: [edit system syslog] lab@router# set file cli interactive-commands any [edit system syslog] lab@router# commit and-quit You will examine the contents of the “cli” log in subsequent lab steps.




Part 7: Use Show Commands To Verify Proper Operation Step 7.1 ____________________________ Note__________________________ Olives do not support any of the following show chassis commands. If you are using an Olive you should refer back to the class handouts for example screen captures of the following commands and skip to the next part. _________________________________________________________________

The JUNOS software CLI working in conjunction with the various daemons that reside in the system’s PFE can provide detailed information ranging from the chassis temperature to the firmware and serial number of virtually all FRUs. Issue each of the following show chassis commands and take a moment to interpret their output: (Don’t forget that many have optional and/or switches.

lab@router> show chassis ? Possible completions: alarms

Show alarm status

cos

Show CoS information

environment

Show environmental status

firmware

Show firmware version information

fpc

Show flexible port concentrator status

hardware

Show hardware inventory information

mac-addresses

Show MAC addresses

routing-engine

Show Routing Engine status

♦

Are any alarms active?

♦

Are the FPCs listed as being on-line? What types of PICs are installed in your router?

♦

What type of M-series router are you using? How much memory does the RE have?

♦

How can you tell if your router is running hot?




Part 8: Use Show System Commands Step 8.1 The JUNOS software CLI can display a wealth of information about the state of the JUNOS software environment. Issue each of the following commands and take a moment to analyze the resulting output: lab@router> show system ? Possible completions: audit

Show filesystem MD5 hash & permissions

boot-messages

Show boot time messages

buffers

Show buffer statistics

connections

Show system connection activity

processes

Show the process table

reboot

Show any pending halt/reboot requests

software

Show loaded JUNOS extensions

statistics

Show protocol statistics

storage

Show local storage data

uptime

Show time since system and processes started

users

Show users currently logged into the system

♦

How many users are logged into your router? What are they “doing”?

♦

Is your router providing any FTP services? Does it have any active TCP connections?

♦

Have you discarded any ICMP packets due to fxp1 rate policing?

♦

How long since your router was last rebooted? Who was the last person to have configured it?




♦

What is the device name of your router’s flash memory? What about the rotating media?

____________________________ Note__________________________ If you are on an Olive, there is no “flash” memory so the / and /var devices will be separate partitions on the same device _________________________________________________________________

♦

Are you low on disk space?

Part 9: Analyze System Logs Step 9.1 Display the system log file, and jump to the end by using : lab@host> show log messages

♦

Does the log contain anything interesting?

Try piping the result to match while searching for “fail” or “down”: lab@host> show log messages | match fail

Step 9.2 Monitor the log in real-time: (Hint: use escape then “q” keys to suspend and resume console output.) lab@host> monitor start messages In order to see some events that will be logged to the messages file, you can enter configuration mode and issue a commit and-quit. The commit is not required to trigger the monitor start command; it is used here to generate log activity.




♦

Were log messages displayed on your screen?

Turn off log file monitoring: lab@host> monitor stop

Step 9.3 Examine the chassis log: lab@host> show log chassisd

Step 9.4 Examine the “cli” log: lab@router> monitor start cli lab@router> show route ♦

Was the CLI command correctly logged? (You may want to turn off the file monitor nowhitting the escape key followed by the “q” key will suspend the annoying screen output, or you can issue a monitor stop)

Step 9.5 Determine what other log files exist: lab@host> show log ? ♦

What other logs does JUNOS software keep around for your reading pleasure?

Part 10: Send Messages And Disconnect Users Step 10.1 Send a message to all users currently logged into your router: lab@router> request message all Enter message [Use ^D to end the message]

♦

Did you receive your message?




Step 10.2 Determine who is logged in, and use the CLI to disconnect them: lab@router> show system users 11:49AM

up

4:06, 1 user, load averages: 0.02, 0.03, 0.00

USER

TTY

FROM

lab

d0

-

LOGIN@

IDLE WHAT

10:41AM - -cli

Now, disconnect yourself: lab@router> request system logout ? Possible completions: <[Enter]>

Execute this command

pid

Management (MGD) process id for user

terminal

Terminal user is on

user

User to logout

|

Pipe through a command

lab@router> request system logout terminal d0 user lab

♦

Did you get logged out?

Part 11: Restart Software Processes and Reboot The Router Step 11.1 Use the CLI to restart various software processes: lab@router> restart ? Possible completions: gracefully

Gracefully restart the daemon

immediately

Immediately restart (SIGKILL) the daemon

interface-control

Interface process

mib-process

SNMP MIB-II process

remote-operations

Remote operations process




routing

Routing protocol process

sampling

Traffic sampling control process

snmp

SNMP process

soft

Soft reset (SIGHUP) the daemon

lab@router> restart routing Routing protocol daemon started, pid 845

____________________________ Note__________________________ Restarting routing is rarely necessary, and it affects all routing protocols. If you are experiencing a problem with a single protocol, it is better to try deactivating that protocol, committing, and then doing a rollback 1. This will limit the effects to just the protocol suspected of having problems. __________________________________________________________________

Step 11.2 Reboot the router, and observe the boot sequence: lab@router> request system reboot Reboot the system ? [yes,no] (no) yes

shutdown: [pid 988] Shutdown NOW!

♦

How would you have shut the router down so that it could be safely powered off?

Part 12: Upgrade JUNOS software Using Jbundle (Optional) Step 12.1 Your instructor will inform you as to whether you should perform this step. If told to do so, enter the following commands using the jbundle specified by your instructor: lab@router> request system software add reboot

Step 12.2 Use the show version command after the reboot to confirm the new ‘bits” have been correctly installed.




Part 13: Handle Core Files For Submission To JTAC (optional) Step 13.1 Enter the following command to look for daemon related core files: lab@Denver> file list /var/tmp detail total 186468 . . . -rw-rw----

1 root

field

2023424 May 17

1999 rpd.core.0

-rw-rw----

1 root

field

1536000 May 17

1999 rpd.core.1

-rw-rw----

1 root

field

2781184 May 29

1999 rpd.core.2

-rw-rw----

1 root

field

1507328 Jul 31 16:28 rpd.core.3

-rw-rw----

1 root

field

8548352 Dec 28

2000 sampled.core.0

-rw-rw----

1 root

field

8511488 Dec 28

2000 sampled.core.1

-rw-rw----

1 root

field

8511488 Dec 28

2000 sampled.core.2

-rw-rw----

1 root

field

8511488 Dec 28

2000 sampled.core.3

-rw-rw----

1 root

field

8511488 Dec 29

2000 sampled.core.4

. . .

Your display should be similar to the example shown above, and here we can see that rpd and sampled have both left core files. ♦

Are there any core files on your router? Based on the dates, do these cores appear to be recent?

Step 13.2 Enter the following command to look for RE and PFE related core files. These files are only 1 written when the system dump-on-panic and chassis dump-on-panic options are configured : lab@Denver> file list /var/crash detail total 6 drwxr-x---

2 root

wheel

512 Mar 23

1999 ./

drwxr-xr-x

21 root

wheel

512 Mar 23

1999 ../

-rw-r--r--

1 root

wheel

5 Aug 14 23:30 minfree

Your display should be similar to the example shown above. In this case, no RE or PFE core files are present.

1

These are hidden commands, so they must be entered manually.



Initial Configuration and Platform Troubleshooting ♦

Are there any RE or PFE core files present on your router?

__________________________________________________________________

Step 13.3 Force RPD to dump a core. The following is a hidden command so auto-completion will not kick in. By using the running switch we do not cause rpd to shutdown. We are doing this for demonstration purposes; you should first contact JTAC before issuing this command on a production system: lab@denver> request system core-dump routing running Generating core dump for routing process using running method

Step 13.4 Escape to a shell and compress the core file:

____________________________ Note__________________________ Note: Exiting to the BSD shell is generally only performed under the guidance of JTAC; serious damage can be done to your system if you make a mistake. The shell is not an officially supported JUNOS software feature. __________________________________________________________________

lab@router> start shell % cd /var/tmp % ls harry123

rpd.core.0

instmp.LXaFOZ

sampled.pkts

jbundle-5.0B2.1-domestic.tgz

vi.recover

preinstall % gzip ./rpd.core.0 % ls harry123

rpd.core.0.gz

instmp.LXaFOZ

sampled.pkts

jbundle-5.0B2.1-domestic.tgz

vi.recover

preinstall

Step 13.5 Return to the CLI, and FTP the core file to the Juniper Networks FTP server:

____________________________ Note__________________________




The following command will not complete successfully unless your station has a live Internet connection with access to the Juniper Networks FTP server. _________________________________________________________________

% exit lab@denver> file copy /var/tmp/rpd.core.0.gz ftp://ftp.juniper.net/1999-0101-001-rpd.core.0.gz Sending ftp://10.0.1.100/1999-0101-001-rpd.core (90976 bytes): 100% 90976 bytes transferred in 0.0 seconds (8.78 MBps)

Part 14: Restore and Commit The Standard Reset File Step 14.1 Your must now restore and commit the lab set’s default reset file to ensure that your station is ready to complete the remaining labs: [edit] lab@router# load override reset [edit] lab@router# commit and-quit

STOP




Lab 3 Interface Configuration and Troubleshooting

Overview In this lab you will configure and test the operation of your router’s interfaces. By completing this lab you will perform the following tasks: •

•

Configuration: −

Determine IP addressing and interface specifics

−

Configure a variety of interface types for IP support

Operation: −

Use ping and traceroute to verify interface operation

−

Use show and monitor commands to determine interface status

−

Analyze logs for interface state transitions

−

Perform loopback testing (optional)

−

Test and ATM network with the atm-ping command (Optional)

−

Perform BERT testing (Optional demonstration)

Part 1: Determine Addressing and Interface Specifics Step 1.1 Refer to the lab diagram handout to determine the interface types and addressing specifics for your station. All physical interfaces use 10.0.x/24 addressing while loopback interfaces will use 192.168.x/24 addresses. Use the table below to assist you in determining the types of interfaces installed in your router:

____________________________ Note__________________________ The screen captures embedded in the labs are to be used as guides only. You should always refer to the classroom specific lab diagrams for accurate information on the specific interface types and router names deployed in class. __________________________________________________________________

Interface Configuration and Troubleshooting

Classroom interface name

Interface type

Olive

Mxx router

fxp0, fxp1, fxp2

fxp0

10/100-Mbps Ethernet (Note: fxp interfaces support transit traffic on Olives)

ge-x/x/x

Gigabit Ethernet

fe-x/x/x

Fast Ethernet

mps0

so-x/x/x

SONET OC-3

en0

at-x/x/x

ATM (SONET OC-3)

gre, ipip, lo0, pime

gre, ipip, lo0, pime

Internal interfaces used by the Juniper routers for Generic Route Encapsulation, IP inside of IP tunneling, loopback and Protocol Independent Multicast encapsulations. All internal interfaces except the loopback interface can be safely ignored for now.

♦

What are the names and types of interfaces installed in your router?

Part 2—Configure your Interfaces Step 2.1 Make sure that you have restored and committed the lab set’s default reset file to ensure that your station is ready to begin this lab: [edit] lab@router# load override reset [edit] lab@router# commit

Configure the physical and logical properties of your router’s interfaces: Ethernet and SONET interfaces only! While at the [edit interfaces] hierarchy, type the following command to configure the ethernet or SONET interfaces on your router (the loopback address should not be set at this time): [edit interfaces] Lab 3–2 V5.3R1 • Introduction to Juniper Networks Routers



user@host# set interface-name unit 0 family inet address 10.0.x.x/24

ATM interfaces only! While at the [edit interfaces] hierarchy, type the following command to configure the ATM interfaces on your router:

____________________________ Note__________________________ All stations should use a VPI/VCI pair of 0.100 for all ATM interfaces in this lab. __________________________________________________________________

[edit interfaces] user@host# set interface-name atm-options vpi 0 maximum-vcs 200 user@host# set interface-name encapsulation atm-pvc user@host# set interface-name unit 100 point-to-point user@host# set interface-name unit 100 family inet address 10.0.x.x/24 user@host# set interface-name unit 100 vci 0.100

Step 2.2 Configure your router’s lo0 interface: While at the [edit interfaces] hierarchy, type the following command to configure the loopback interface on your router: [edit interfaces] user@host# set lo0 unit 0 family inet address 192.168.x.x/32

Step 2.3 Check your work. Your configuration should be similar to this example taken from San Jose, which is a M20 router: [edit interfaces] lab@SJ# show at-0/2/0 { atm-options { vpi 0 maximum-vcs 200; } unit 100 { vci 0.100; family inet { address 10.0.0.1/24; } } © Juniper Networks, Inc.



} so-2/0/0 { unit 0 { family inet { address 10.0.1.2/24; } } } ge-2/2/0 { unit 0 { family inet { address 10.0.16.2/24; } } } . . . lo0 { unit 0 { family inet { address 192.168.0.1/32; } } }

Step 2.4 When you are satisfied with your interface configuration, commit your changes and exit configuration mode.

Part 3: Verify IP Connectivity To Neighboring Routers Step 3.1 Test your interfaces using the CLI’s ping command. The ping command bounces packets off of a remote address and tells you how long it took them to make the round trip. Ping each of your neighboring routers; the lack of an IGP will prevent pings to non-directly connected neighbors (including loopback addresses). user@host> ping PING x.x.x.x (x.x.x.x): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from x.x.x.x: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=0.330 ms




64 bytes from x.x.x.x: icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=0.270 ms 64 bytes from x.x.x.x: icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=0.283 ms 64 bytes from x.x.x.x: icmp_seq=3 ttl=255 time=0.287 ms [abort] If you can ping your neighbors on all your directly connected interfaces, you should consider saving the router configuration so this basic configuration can be recalled at any time. You should name you configuration “station-name-base”.

Step 3.2 If your pings are failing, check with the other team to see if they have finished their interface configuration. Please notify the instructor if you are unable to ping all directly connected neighbors.

Part 4: Use Show Commands To Verify Interface Status Step 4.1 Display the summary status of your interfaces: lab@router> show interfaces terse

♦

Are all interfaces in use listed as both administratively and logically “up”?

Step 4.2 Use wildcard to display only interfaces of a certain type that are installed in a particular FPC: lab@router> show interfaces fe-0/*

♦

What type of interfaces installed in which FPC are displayed?

Use the pipe function to match on particular interfaces types that are physically down:

lab@router> show interfaces so-* | match "Physical link is Down" Add a count function: lab@router> show interfaces so-* | match "Physical link is Down" | count




Step 4.3 Display more information about your interfaces: lab@router> show interfaces brief

♦

Do any interfaces indicate a looped condition?

Step 4.4 Reset interface statistics: lab@router> clear interfaces statistics all

Display detailed interface information: lab@router> show interfaces detail

♦

Are your interface packet and byte counters incrementing?

Step 4.5 Display extensive interface information: lab@router> show interfaces extensive

♦

Are there any input or output error counters incrementing?

♦

Are any media specific alarms present?

Step 4.6 Monitor real time traffic loads. During this step you may want to have a neighboring router issue pings on your behalf, or open a telnet session to a neighboring router and do this yourself:

____________________________ Note__________________________ The following commands will only function if your terminal session is configured for VT100 _________________________________________________________________ Lab 3–6 V5.3R1 • Introduction to Juniper Networks Routers



lab@router> monitor interface traffic

♦

According to this display, what is the busiest interface on your router?

Monitor a specific interface: lab@router> monitor interface

♦

Are any alarms or errors being displayed?

STOP

You should pause at this point and wait for all students to complete the previous steps.

Part 5: Monitor System Logs for Interface Related Information Step 5.1 Monitor the system log and look for interface related entries. During this time the instructor will disconnect various cables: lab@router> monitor start messages ♦

What type of information can you glean from the following log message?

*** messages *** Aug 31 10:14:35 router mib2d[555]: SNMP_TRAP_LINK_DOWN: ifIndex 13, ifAdminStatus up(1), ifOperStatus down(2), ifName fe-0/0/0 Aug 31 10:14:35 router mib2d[555]: SNMP_TRAP_LINK_DOWN: ifIndex 15, ifAdminStatus up(1), ifOperStatus down(2), ifName fe-0/0/2

♦

What about these log entries?

Aug 31 10:16:12 router mib2d[555]: SNMP_TRAP_LINK_DOWN: ifIndex 21, ifAdminStatus up(1), ifOperStatus down(2), ifName so-0/1/1 Aug 31 10:16:12 router mib2d[555]: SNMP_TRAP_LINK_DOWN: ifIndex 20, ifAdminStatus up(1), ifOperStatus down(2), ifName so-0/1/0




Aug 31 10:16:13 router mib2d[555]: SNMP_TRAP_LINK_DOWN: ifIndex 25, ifAdminStatus up(1), ifOperStatus down(2), ifName so-0/1/0.0 Aug 31 10:16:16 router /kernel: so-0/1/1: Asserting SONET alarm(s) LOS Aug 31 10:16:17 router /kernel: so-0/1/0: Asserting SONET alarm(s) LOS Aug 31 10:16:17 router /kernel: so-0/1/0: Asserting SONET alarm(s) LOL Aug 31 10:16:17 router /kernel: so-0/1/1: Asserting SONET alarm(s) LOL . . . Aug 31 10:19:08 router /kernel: so-0/1/1: Clearing SONET alarm(s) LOL LOS Aug 31 10:19:08 router /kernel: so-0/1/0: Clearing SONET alarm(s) LOL LOS

Step 5.2 Search through your system log for all messages related to a particular interface:

lab@router> show log message | match

♦

How could you count the number of physical transitions on a SONET interface?

Part 6: Perform Loopback Testing (Optional) Step 6.1 This portion of the lab is optional. Your instructor will inform you if the classroom equipment can support loopback testing. If the classroom equipment supports only fast ethernet interfaces, this section should be skipped. Based on the number of POS/ATM interfaces available, you may have to coordinate access with other classmates. Unlike some vendors, JUNOS software does not send pings addressed to a local WAN interface out that interface. In other words, pinging the local address of a WAN interface does not generate traffic on the line. Many technicians have become accustomed to “testing the WAN link” by issuing such a ping. The following steps will illustrate how similar results can be achieved using a Juniper Networks router. In order to succeed, the interface must stay “up” in the presence of the loopback. This requires that you use cisco-hdlc, frame-relay, or AAL 5 encapsulation and, that you




disable keep-alives. PPP encapsulation will not work, even with keep-alives disabled, as the IPCP and NCP protocols will fail to initialize resulting in the interface being declared down. The following example is based on a POS link between Denver and Sao Paulo using addresses 10.0.8.1 and 10.0.8.2 respectively and has Sao Paulo providing the remote loopback. We begin with the so-0/1/0 configuration from Sao Paulo: [edit interfaces so-0/1/0] lab@saopaulo# show no-keepalives; encapsulation cisco-hdlc; sonet-options { loopback remote; } unit 0 { family inet { address 10.0.8.2/24; } }

Step 6.2 We will now confirm that Denver’s so-2/2/0 is still up, and verify the operation of the WAN by pinging the remote address: lab@Denver> show interfaces terse | match so-2/2/0 so-2/2/0

up

up

so-2/2/0.0

up

up

inet

10.0.8.1/24

Good, the interface is up, despite the remote loopback on Sao Paulo. Now for a local ping test: lab@Denver> ping 10.0.8.1 count 2 PING 10.0.8.1 (10.0.8.1): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 10.0.8.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=0.579 ms 64 bytes from 10.0.8.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=0.449 ms

--- 10.0.8.1 ping statistics --2 packets transmitted, 2 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 0.449/0.514/0.579/0.065 ms

♦

Do the pings to Denver’s local address work as expected?




And now for the remote ping that is intended to test the transmission facility:

lab@Denver> ping 10.0.8.2 count 2 PING 10.0.8.2 (10.0.8.2): 56 data bytes 36 bytes from 10.0.8.1: Time to live exceeded Vr HL TOS 4

5

Len

ID Flg

00 0054 406d

off TTL Pro

0 0000

01

cks

Src

01 553a 10.0.8.1

Dst 10.0.8.2

36 bytes from 10.0.8.1: Time to live exceeded Vr HL TOS 4

5

Len

ID Flg

00 0054 406f

off TTL Pro

0 0000

01

cks

Src

01 5538 10.0.8.1

Dst 10.0.8.2

--- 10.0.8.2 ping statistics --2 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss

♦

Do these results strike you as unexpected?

In fact, these are the expected results. The local ping never left the chassis, while the ping to the “far end” is getting looped back and re-routed back out the so-2/2/0 interface until its TTL finally expires. With the default TTL of 255, each one of these TTL expiration messages indicates 254 or so successful line-rate receptions of this packet.

Part 7: Test An ATM Network With The atm-ping Command (Optional) Step 7.1 This portion of the lab is optional. Your instructor will inform you if the classroom equipment can support atm-ping testing. If the classroom equipment supports only fast ethernet interfaces, this section should be skipped. Depending on the number of ATM interfaces available, you may have to coordinate access with other classmates. You will now use the atm-ping command to validate an ATM transmission facility without requiring or relying on IP related parameters. This test makes use of ATM F5 (VCI level) OAM cells. In this example, we will focus on an ATM link between Denver and Montreal. We start by looking at the at-0/2/0 interface configuration on Montreal:

[edit interfaces at-0/2/0] lab@Montreal# show Lab 3–10 V5.3R1 • Introduction to Juniper Networks Routers



atm-options { vpi 0 maximum-vcs 256; } unit 0 { vci 0.100; } It should be noted that Montreal’s ATM interface is devoid of any IP related configuration.

Step 7.2 Denver’s at-0/2/1 interface is also lacking IP related configuration: [edit interfaces at-0/2/1] lab@Denver# show atm-options { vpi 0 maximum-vcs 200; } unit 100 { vci 0.100; } We now issue the atm-ping to validate the underlying ATM transmission facility: lab@Denver> ping atm interface at-0/2/1 vci 100 segment count 5 53 byte oam cell received on (vpi=0 vci=100): seq=1 53 byte oam cell received on (vpi=0 vci=100): seq=2 53 byte oam cell received on (vpi=0 vci=100): seq=3 53 byte oam cell received on (vpi=0 vci=100): seq=4 53 byte oam cell received on (vpi=0 vci=100): seq=5

--- atmping statistics --5 cells transmitted, 5 cells received, 0% cell loss

♦

In this example we used segment level F5 OAM cells. Considering that there is no ATM switch between Denver and Montreal, would there have been any reason to use end-toend F5 OAM cells?




Part 8: Run BERT Tests (Optional Demonstration) Step 8.1 Certain Juniper Networks PICs contain built in test pattern generation designed to provide Bit Error Rate Test (BERT) capabilities. PICs that support BERT testing would include T1, E1, T3, and E3 interfaces. Your instructor will inform you if such interfaces are available in the classroom, and if desired will conduct a BERT testing demonstration. A typical BERT test configuration would look similar to this example: [edit] lab@Denver# show interfaces t3-0/1/2 disable; t3-options { bert-algorithm pseudo-2e20-o151; bert-error-rate 6; bert-period 60; } unit 0 { family inet { address 10.0.2.4/24; } } The interface must be disabled before the BERT test can be started. This example will inject -6 to errors at a rate of 1X10 validate the results. The test will run for 60 seconds, and we assume there is a remote loopback in place.

Step 8.2 To start the test, we issue the operational mode test command as shown: lab@Denver> test interface t3-0/1/2 t3-bert-start

Once the test completes, the results can be displayed using show interface.

STOP




Lab 4 Routing Information Protocol

Overview In this lab you will configure and monitor the operation of RIP version 2. You will start by defining your stations static and aggregate routes. By completing this lab you will perform the following tasks: •

•

Configuration: −

Create static routes

−

Configure RIP version 2

Operation: −

Use show commands to verify and troubleshoot RIP operation

Part 1: Create Static Routes For Use With RIP Step 1.1 You will begin by defining the static routes associated with your station. Since “you” own these routes in the classroom, the only valid next hops are discard or reject. In the field, static routes such as these would normally point towards a customer edge router as the next hop. Repeat the following command for each of your static routes, and do not forget the single 200.0.x/24 static route assigned to each station: [edit routing-options] lab@denver# set static route 192.168.x/24 discard When done, your routing-options stanza should be similar to this example taken from Denver: [edit routing-options] lab@denver# show static { route 192.168.5.0/24 discard; route 192.168.6.0/24 discard; route 192.168.7.0/24 discard;

Routing Information Protocol

route 200.0.6.0/24 discard; }

Step 1.2 Commit your changes, and verify that the static routes are active: lab@router# commit [edit routing-options] lab@denver# run show route protocol static ♦

Are your static routes active?

Part 2—Configure RIP Step 2.1 In this step you will configure RIP Version 2 on all interfaces that have neighboring routers. Repeat the following commands for each of your interfaces with attached neighbors: [edit protocols] lab@denver# set rip group name neighbor

Step 2.2 By default JUNOS software enables RIP version 2. Enter the following command to display the options available for RIP messages sent by your router: [edit protocols] lab@denver# set rip send ? Possible completions:

♦

broadcast

Broadcast RIPv2 packets (RIPv1 compatible)

multicast

Multicast RIPv2 packets

none

Do not send RIP updates

version-1

Broadcast RIPv1 packets

What command would you use to modify RIP’s send behavior only for members of a specific group?

Step 2.3 Issue the following command to display RIP group level options: [edit protocols rip] Lab 4–2 V5.3R1 • Introduction to Juniper Networks Routers



lab@router# set group name ? Possible completions: <[Enter]>

Execute this command

+ apply-groups data

Groups from which to inherit configuration

+ export

Export policy

metric-out

Default metric of exported routes (1..15)

> neighbor

Neighbor configuration

preference

Preference of routes learned by this group

|

Pipe through a command

♦

What command could be used to set the metric of redistributed routes from the default value of “1”?

♦

What command could be used to modify the default metric of “1” that is normally added to received RIP routes?

Step 2.4 Your RIP configuration should be similar to this example taken from Denver: [edit protocols] lab@denver# show rip group my-rip-group { neighbor fe-0/0/1.0; neighbor so-0/1/0.0; neighbor so-0/1/1.0; } When satisfied with your RIP configuration, commit your changes and exit configuration mode.

Part 3: Use Operational Commands To Verify RIP Operation Step 3.1 Confirm you are running RIP on the correct interfaces. Your display should be similar to this example taken from Denver: lab@denver> show rip neighbor Source


Destination

Send

Receive

In



Neighbor

State

Address

Address

Mode

Mode

Met

--------

-----

-------

-----------

----

-------

---

mcast

both

1

so-0/1/1.0

Up

10.0.2.2

224.0.0.9

so-0/1/0.0

Up

10.0.0.2

224.0.0.9

mcast

both

1

fe-0/0/1.0

Up

10.0.8.1

224.0.0.9

mcast

both

1

♦

Are the correct interfaces listed as “up”?

♦

Can you tell from this display that the router is running RIP Version 2?

♦

What metric is associated with each of your interfaces?

Step 3.2 Display RIP statistics. Your display should be similar to the example from Denver shown below: lab@denver> show rip statistics RIP info: 120s.

port 520; update interval 30s; holddown 180s; timeout

rts learned

rts held down

rqsts dropped

resps dropped

0

0

0

0

so-0/1/1.0:

0 routes learned; 0 routes advertised

Counter

Total

Last 5 min

Last minute

-------

-----------

-----------

-----------

Updates Sent

0

0

0

Triggered Updates Sent

0

0

0

Responses Sent

0

0

0

. . . ♦

Have any routes been learned? Are updates being sent?




♦

Based on these results, does RIP appear to be working?

Step 3.3 Determine if RIP routes are present: lab@denver> show route protocol rip

inet.0: 14 destinations, 14 routes (14 active, 0 holddown, 0 hidden) + = Active Route, - = Last Active, * = Both

224.0.0.9/32

*[RIP/100] 00:09:20, metric 1

The one route listed is the multi-cast group address associated with RIP version 2.

Step 3.4 Confirm whether you are sending RIP routes to your neighbors: lab@denver> show route advertising-protocol rip ♦

Were any routes displayed?

Step 3.5 Configure RIP tracing and monitor the activity: [edit protocols rip] lab@denver# set traceoptions file rip [edit protocols rip] lab@denver# set traceoptions flag update detail [edit protocols rip] lab@denver# set traceoptions flag general detail [edit protocols rip] lab@denver# set traceoptions flag error detail [edit protocols rip] lab@denver# set traceoptions flag route detail




Commit your changes and monitor the trace file.

lab@denver> monitor start rip

♦

Is there any tracing activity? What does this output tell you?

It would seem from the tracing that RIP is processing send updates that result in “nothing to do” and, that your router is not receiving any updates from neighbors.

♦

Can you think of what could account for these symptoms?

Part 5: The Problem Step 5.1 The problem here does not relate to RIP, so much as the lack of routing rules, which tell RIP what it should do. The default behavior of RIP is to accept all RIP routes, but send nothing (not even RIP routes). Without the application of routing policy to override this default, we can never hope for a happy ending to this lab. You will write and apply routing policy to your RIP configuration in the next lab.

STOP




Lab 5 Routing Policy

Overview In this lab you will lean to write and manipulate JUNOS software routing policy. You will complete this lab by writing and applying a policy to the RIP configuration left in place from the last lab. By completing this lab you will perform the following tasks: •

•

Configuration: −

Write a single term policy

−

Write a multiple term policy

−

Manipulate and rename terms in a policy

−

Write a RIP export policy

−

Apply your policy to RIP

Operation: −

Use show commands to verify the operation of your RIP policy

Part 1: Write a Single Term Policy to Redistribute Static and Aggregate Routes Step 1.1 In this step you will create a single term policy that will redistribute your static and aggregate 2 routes. Position yourself at the [edit policy-options policy-name] portion of the hierarchy, and enter the following commands to create your from condition: [edit policy-options policy-statement policy-name] lab@denver# set from ?

lab@denver# set from protocol ? 2

This act will create an empty policy statements called “policy-name”

Routing Policy

[edit policy-options policy-statement policy-name] lab@denver# set from protocol static ♦

Are there a large number of possible match conditions available for the from statement?

Step 1.2 Show your partially completed policy, and add the then action: [edit policy-options policy-statement policy-name] lab@denver# show from protocol static; [edit policy-options policy-statement policy-name] lab@denver# set then ? [edit policy-options policy-statement policy-name] lab@denver# set then accept

Step 1.3 Display your completed policy. It should be similar to this example: [edit policy-options policy-statement send-statics] lab@denver# show from protocol static; then accept;

♦

What would happen if you applied this policy as export to a routing protocol such as RIP?

♦

Why would the same policy when applied as an import policy have no affect?

♦

What would you have to do to make this policy also advertise your aggregate route?



Routing Policy

Step 1.4 Modify your policy to also accept aggregate routes: [edit policy-options policy-statement policy-name] lab@denver# set from protocol aggregate Display your modified policy, and take note of how the static and aggregate protocols are treated as a logical OR in this case.

Part 2: Write A Multi-Term Policy Step 2.1 In many cases it is necessary to write complex policy rules. While one could write, and then apply, a series of individual policies, it is sometimes easier to write a set of rules and actions using a single policy with multiple terms. The use of terms in policies provides the additional benefit of supporting adds, moves, and changes to your policy. In this example you will write a policy that would advertise static routes with a metric of 20 and your aggregate routes with a metric of 10 while rejecting all other routes. Position yourself at the [edit policy-options new-policy-name] portion of the hierarchy, and enter the following commands to create your first term: [edit policy-options policy-statement new-policy-name] lab@denver# set term 1 from protocol static [edit policy-options policy-statement new-policy-name] lab@denver# set term 1 then metric 20 [edit policy-options policy-statement new-policy-name] lab@denver# set term 1 then accept Show your first term: [edit policy-options policy-statement new-policy-name] lab@denver# show

Step 2.2 Create your policy’s second term: [edit policy-options policy-statement new-policy-name] lab@denver# set term 2 from protocol aggregate [edit policy-options policy-statement new-policy-name] lab@denver# set term 2 then metric 10 [edit policy-options policy-statement new-policy-name] lab@denver# set term 2 then accept



Routing Policy

Step 2.3 Now to finish our policy with a third “reject all” term: [edit policy-options policy-statement new-policy-name] lab@denver# set term else-reject then reject

Step 2.4 Show your multi-term policy. It should be similar to this example: [edit policy-options policy-statement new-policy] lab@denver# show term 1 { from protocol static; then { metric 20; accept; } } term 2 { from protocol aggregate; then { metric 10; accept; } } term else-reject { then reject; }

♦

If you applied only this policy to BGP, what routes would your router be sending to your peers? Would any BGP routes ever be sent?



Routing Policy

Part 3: Manipulate Terms Within A Policy Step 3.1 After applying the multi-term policy to a production BGP router, it has been determined that no BGP routes are being sent. A quick glance back at the policy would indicate this should be expected as only aggregate and static routes are being accepted. Since you must also accept BGP routes, you must now modify your multi-term policy. Position yourself at the [edit policy-options policy-statement new-policyname] portion of the hierarchy, and enter the following commands to create your new term: [edit policy-options policy-statement new-policy-name] lab@denver# set term 3 from protocol bgp [edit policy-options policy-statement new-policy-name] lab@denver# set term 3 then accept Show your new term: [edit policy-options policy-statement new-policy-name] lab@denver# show term 3 from protocol bgp; then accept;

Step 3.2 After committing your changes, it is observed that BGP routes are still not being sent. ♦

Why do you think your new term 3 is not having any effect?

Step 3.3 The problem is the ordering of your terms, and the fact that all routes are being rejected before they can be evaluated by term 3. In this case we will use insert to place term 3 before term else-reject. Enter the following commands to resequence the order of the terms in your policy: [edit policy-options policy-statement new-policy-name] lab@denver# insert term 3 before term else-reject ♦

Once again view your policy. Does it now seem that BGP routes will be accepted?



Routing Policy

Step 3.4 Rename the last term in your multi-term policy to term 4: [edit policy-options policy-statement new-policy-name] lab@denver# rename term else-reject to term 4

Step 3.5 Copy your multi-term policy to a new name. The following command is entered at the [edit policy-options] hierarchy: [edit policy-options] lab@denver# copy policy-statement new-policy-name to policy-statement new Display your policy stanza using show. ♦

Was the term rename and policy statement copy successful?

Step 3.6 Delete all policy statements: [edit policy-options] lab@denver# delete Delete everything under this level? [yes,no] (no) yes

Display your now empty policy stanza using show.

Part 4: Write a RIP Export Policy Step 4.1 You will now write a policy called rip that will meet the following criteria: −

Advertise your directly connected networks

−

Advertise all RIP routes

−

Advertise the 200.0.x/24 static route

−

Reject your 192.168.x/24 static routes that do not encompasses your router’s lo0 address

Step 4.2 Enter the following commands at the [edit policy-options policy-statement rip] hierarchy to create the first term (accept direct routes) [edit policy-options policy-statement rip]



Routing Policy

lab@denver# set term 1 from protocol direct

[edit policy-options policy-statement rip] lab@denver# set term 1 then accept

Step 4.3 Enter the following commands at the [edit policy-options policy-statement rip] hierarchy to create the second term (accept RIP routes): [edit policy-options policy-statement rip] lab@denver# set term 2 from protocol rip [edit policy-options policy-statement rip] lab@denver# set term 2 then accept

Step 4.4 Enter the following commands at the [edit policy-options policy-statement rip] hierarchy to create the third term (accept your 200.0.x/24 static route and your 192.168.x/24 static route that encompasses your router’s lo0 address): [edit policy-options policy-statement rip] lab@denver# set term 3 from route-filter 200.0.x/24 exact accept

[edit policy-options policy-statement rip] lab@denver# set term 3 from route-filter 192.168.x/24 exact accept

Step 4.5 Display your completed policy. It should now be similar to this example taken from Denver: [edit policy-options policy-statement rip] lab@denver# show term 1 { from protocol direct; then accept; } term 2 { from protocol rip; then accept; } term 3 { from { route-filter 200.0.6.0/24 exact accept;



Routing Policy

route-filter 192.168.5.0/24 exact accept; } } ♦

Nowhere in the policy does it explicitly state that static routes should be rejected. What is the default export policy for RIP with regard to static routes?

Part 5: Apply Your Policy To RIP Step 5.1 You will now apply your rip policy to RIP as an export policy: [edit] lab@router# set protocols rip group name export rip [edit] lab@router# show protocols rip ♦

Is the policy now associated with RIP as an export policy?

Part 6: Verify Proper RIP and Policy Operation Step 6.1 Verify that your export policy is working as designed: lab@denver> show route advertising-protocol rip ♦

Are you now sending routes out your RIP interfaces? (Did you remember to commit your changes?)

Step 6.2 Verify that you are now receiving RIP routes: lab@router> show route protocol rip ♦

Are RIP routes in your routing table?



Routing Policy

lab@router> show route next-hop
Are you receiving routes from your neighbors?

Step 6.3 Once again, monitor your RIP trace file: lab@denver> monitor start rip ♦

Do the results now show that routing updates are being sent and received?

Step 6.4 Verify that your policy meets all specified requirements. The following example shows the result of Denver’s policy in the absence of received RIP routes from other stations: lab@denver> show route advertising-protocol rip 10.0.8.1


10.0.0.0/24

*[Direct/0] 02:59:25 > via fe-0/0/0.0

10.0.2.0/24

*[Direct/0] 02:59:25 > via fe-0/0/2.0

192.168.5.0/24

*[Static/5] 18:20:18 Discard

192.168.5.1/32

*[Direct/0] 01:00:46 > via lo0.0

200.0.6.0/24

*[Static/5] 03:16:40 Discard

♦

3

Are there any 192.168.x/24s that do not encompass a given router’s lo0 address?

Currently, there is a PR open regarding the “show route receive-protocol rip” not working (PR 17500)



Routing Policy

STOP

♦

Is the 200.0.x/24 static route being advertised?

♦

Are your directly connected networks being advertised?

♦

Could you have achieved the same results with 4 individual single term policies? Which way do you feel is best?

♦

How would you modify your policy so that the 200.0.x/24 static route was advertised with a RIP metric that differed from the 192.168.x/24 static route?




Lab 6 OSPF

Overview In this lab you will configure and monitor the operation of OSPF in both a single and multi-area topology. By completing this lab you will perform the following tasks: •

•

•

•

Configuration part 1: −

Delete left over RIP and policy configuration

−

Configure single area OSPF

Operation part 1: −

Use show commands to verify and troubleshoot OSPF single area operation

−

Trace OSPF operation


Configure multiple area OSPF

−

Apply policy to redistribute static routes


Use show commands to verify and troubleshoot multi-area OSPF topology

Part 1: Delete RIP and Routing Policy Configuration Step 1.1 Issue the following commands to delete RIP and policy statements: [edit] lab@router# delete protocols [edit] lab@router# delete policy-options

OSPF

Part 2: Configure Single Area OSPF Step 2.1 Familiarize yourself with the single area OSPF lab topology, and configure area 0 on all interfaces with attached neighbors. You do not need to configure ospf on your lo0 interface as this will be the source of your router’s RID by default. Repeat the following command for 4 each OSPF interface: [edit protocols] lab@router# set ospf area 0 interface

____________________________ Note__________________________ You must be careful to include the correct unit number for any interface that is not using the default unit number of “0” (such as your ATM interfaces). _________________________________________________________________ Obtain context sensitive help: [edit protocols] lab@router# set ospf area 0 interface ?

♦

Based on the resulting help screen, what command would you enter to set the metric of an OSPF interface to 10?

Step 2.2 Your OSPF configuration should be similar to this example taken from Denver, which is a Fast Ethernet equipped M5: [edit protocols] lab@denver# show ospf area 0.0.0.0 { interface fe-0/0/0.0; interface fe-0/0/1.0; interface fe-0/0/2.0; } When satisfied with your OSPF configuration, commit your changes and return to operational mode.

4

As a shortcut you can specify, “interface all”, but you must be careful to go back and disable a M-series router’s OOB interface so it does not end up running OSPF inadvertently.



OSPF

Part 3: Use Operational Commands to Verify OSPF Operation Step 3.1 Confirm you are running OSPF area 0 on the correct interfaces: lab@router> show ospf interface ♦

Are the correct interfaces listed as being in area 0?

♦

Have any neighbors been detected?

♦

What OSPF metric is associated with each of your interfaces?

♦

What hello and dead intervals are being used by your OSPF interfaces?

Step 3.2 Display OSPF adjacency status. Your display should be similar to this example taken from Denver: lab@Denver> show ospf neighbor Address

Interface

State

ID

Pri

Dead

10.0.0.1

fe-0/0/0.0

Full

192.168.0.1

128

34

10.0.8.2

fe-0/0/1.0

Full

192.168.12.1

128

33

10.0.2.1

fe-0/0/2.0

Full

192.168.2.1

128

37

♦

Do you have an adjacency to each of your neighbors?

♦

For a given Ethernet interface, can you determine if your router is the DR, BDR, or DRother?



OSPF

Step 3.3 Examine the OSPF link state database (LSDB): lab@router> show ospf database ♦

In a nine node, single area network, how many router LSAs (type 1) should you have in your database?

Determine the number of router LSAs in your database:

lab@router> show ospf database | match router | count Or lab@router> show ospf database router

♦

Are any of the classroom routers missing from the LSDB?

♦

Do you see any Network, Network Summary or AS-External LSAs? Considering the topology in use, Is this normal?

Step 3.4 5

Find your station’s router LSA, and determine if all interfaces are being correctly reported : lab@router> show ospf database router advertising-router detail ♦

Are all your OSPF interfaces being reported? Why is your lo0 address present when you are not running OSPF on that interface?

Step 3.5 Determine the number of Designated Routers (DRs): lab@router> show ospf database network

5

LSA’s generated by your own station show an “*” when displayed in the database.



OSPF ♦

For each LAN segment, there should be a DR. Based on the number of Network LSAs in your database, how many LAN segments are in use in the lab?

Step 3.6 Display OSPF routes, and verify connectivity to all loopback addresses: lab@router> show route protocol ospf Or lab@router> show route protocol ospf 192.168/16 ♦

Are all router loopback addresses present?

Ping each router’s loopback address: lab@router> ping

♦

Are all routers reachable?

Part 4: OSPF Tracing Step 4.1 Configure OSPF tracing and monitor the results: [edit protocols ospf] lab@router# set traceoptions file name [edit protocols ospf] lab@router# set traceoptions flag error detail [edit protocols ospf] lab@router# set traceoptions flag lsa-update detail [edit protocols ospf] lab@router# set traceoptions flag hello detail

Commit your changes, and monitor the OSPF trace file.

♦




OSPF

Step 4.2 Clear your adjacencies and examine the system log:

lab@router> clear ospf neighbor lab@router> show log messages | match "to Down" | count ♦

Does anything get written to the main system log when OSPF adjacencies are cleared?

♦

How might the previous command prove helpful when troubleshooting an intermittent circuit problem?

Step 4.3 Flush the LSDB and watch as other routers refresh their entries. For best results, you should enter the second multiple times (you may want to disable monitor output so you can watch the LSAs get refreshed in peace): lab@router> clear ospf database purge lab@router> show ospf database

STOP

You should pause here and wait for all student teams to complete the preceding steps.

Part 5: Configure Multi-Area OSPF Step 5.1 Familiarize yourself with the OSPF multiple area lab diagram. Links that cross area boundaries will be set to passive so that compute cycles are not wasted trying to bring up an adjacency. By running passive, the interface’s direct routes will be advertised by OSPF as it



OSPF

is still considered to be an OSPF interface, but no attempt will be made to establish and OSPF adjacency. Delete your existing single area OSPF configuration: [edit protocols] lab@router# delete ospf

Step 5.2 Configure multi-area OSPF by placing each of your interfaces into the correct area: [edit protocols] lab@router# set ospf area n interface

Step 5.3 Mark interfaces that connect to routers in other areas (the skull and crossbones links) as passive: [edit protocols] lab@router# set ospf area n interface passive

Step 5.4 Obtain context sensitive help: [edit protocols] lab@router# set ospf area n ?

♦

What command would you enter to configure an area so that the area functions as a stub area?

Part 6: Write and Apply a Static Route Redistribution Policy Step 6.1 Write a policy that will redistribute static routes. When complete, it should look similar to this example: [edit policy-options] lab@denver# show policy-statement stat { from protocol static; then accept;



OSPF

}

Step 6.2 Now apply your policy as export to OSPF: [edit protocols] lab@router# set ospf export policy-name

When done, your configuration should be similar to this example taken from a Fast Ethernet equipped Denver: [edit protocols] lab@denver# show ospf { export stat; area 0.0.0.3 { interface fe-0/0/1.0; } area 0.0.0.0 { interface fe-0/0/2.0; interface fe-0/0/0.0; } } Make sure to commit your changes when you are satisfied with your multi-area OSPF configuration.

Part 7: Use Operational Commands to Verify Multi-Area Operation Step 7.1 Confirm your interfaces are in the correct areas: lab@router> show ospf interface ♦

Are the area associations correct?

♦

Have any neighbors been detected?



OSPF

Step 7.2 Display OSPF adjacency status: lab@router> show ospf neighbor

♦

Do you have an adjacency to each of your neighbors?

♦

Would an adjacency form if area numbers were mismatched?

Step 7.3 Examine the OSPF link state database (LSDB): lab@router> show ospf database

♦

Do you now see Summary LSAs? What type of router generates these?

♦

Are AS-External LSAs now present? What type of router generates these?

♦

Why are there now fewer Router LSAs in your LSDB?

Step 7.4 Display OSPF routes, and verify connectivity to all loopback addresses: lab@router> show route protocol ospf Or lab@router> show route protocol ospf 192.168/16



OSPF ♦


Step 7.5 Telnet to one of the ABRs and view the structure of its LSDB: ♦

Explain why the ABRs indicate that they have generated multiple router LSAs?

♦

What could be done to areas 1, 2, and 3 that would allow them to still generate ASexternal LSA’s with out their having to receive AS-Externals LSAs generated in other areas?

Step 7.6 Experiment with the remaining OSPF operational commands:

lab@router> show ospf statistics

lab@router> show ospf log

STOP


Part 8: Return to a Single Area OSPF Configuration Step 8.1 Refer back to the steps in this lab as needed to return your station to a single area 0 OSPF configuration. The subsequent IS-IS lab will build upon this configuration.

STOP




Lab 7 IS-IS

Overview In this lab you will configure and monitor the operation of IS-IS in single area Level 2 topology. By completing this lab you will perform the following tasks: •

•


Configure the ISO family and NET address

−

Configure the router to run IS-IS Level 2

−

Apply export policy to IS-IS


•

Perform a non-disruptive cutover from OSPF to IS-IS

Operation: −

Use show commands to verify and troubleshoot IS-IS single area operation

−

Trace IS-IS operation

−

Examine IS-IS SPF log and statistics

Part 1: Configure ISO Family and The NET Address Step 1.1 Familiarize yourself with the single area IS-IS lab topology and take note of the Level 2 area ID. You will begin your IS-IS configuration by enabling the iso family on each interface that will participate in IS-IS routing. You should also include your lo0 interfaces, as this will be the source of the ISO NET address. [edit interfaces] lab@router# set

unit family iso

IS-IS

____________________________ Note__________________________ Be careful to include the correct unit number for each of your interfaces. _________________________________________________________________

Step 1.2 Configure your router’s NET on the lo0 interface. Refer to the table below to obtain the correct values for your station. In this lab we are basing the System ID portion of the NET on the routers IP loopback address:

Router Name

ISO NET address

Amsterdam

49.0001.0192.0168.2401.00

Denver

49.0001.0192.0168.0501.00

Hong Kong

49.0001.0192.0168.1601.00

London

49.0001.0192.0168.2801.00

Montreal

49.0001.0192.0168.0201.00

San Jose

49.0001.0192.0168.0001.00

Sao Paulo

49.0001.0192.0168.1201.00

Sydney

49.0001.0192.0168.0801.00

Tokyo

49.0001.0192.0168.2001.00

[edit interfaces] lab@router# set lo0 unit 0 family iso address

Part 2: Configure The Router to Run IS-IS Level 2 Step 2.1 Configure your router to run IS-IS, and disable Level 1 operation on all its interfaces with attached neighbors. Repeat the following command for each IS-IS interface, and do not forget to list your loopback interface as well: [edit protocols] lab@router# set isis interface level 1 disable

Step 2.2 Obtain context sensitive help: [edit protocols] lab@router# set isis interface level 2 ?



IS-IS ♦

Based on the resulting help screen, what command would you enter to set the metric of a level 2 IS-IS interface to 10?

Step 2.3 Your IS-IS configuration should now be similar to this example taken from Denver, which is equipped with Fast Ethernet interfaces. Note that Denver is also configured to run OSPF area 0 on all of its interfaces. The reason for running OSPF and IS-IS simultaneously will become evident in future lab steps. It should be noted that lo0 configuration is not required for OSPF, but is necessary for proper IS-IS operation: lab@denver# show isis { interface fe-0/0/0.0 { level 1 disable; } interface fe-0/0/1.0 { level 1 disable; } interface fe-0/0/2.0 { level 1 disable; } interface lo0.0 { level 1 disable; } } ospf { area 0.0.0.0 { interface fe-0/0/0.0; interface fe-0/0/1.0; interface fe-0/0/2.0; } }

Part 3: Apply Static Route Redistribution Policy to IS-IS Step 3.1 Apply your static route redistribution policy (from the OSPF lab) to IS-IS:



IS-IS

[edit] lab@router# set protocols isis export policy-name

When satisfied with your IS-IS configuration, commit your changes and return to operational mode.

Part 4: Use Operational Commands to Verify IS-IS Operation Step 4.1 Confirm you are running IS-IS Level 2 on the correct interfaces: lab@router> show isis interfaces ♦

Are the correct interfaces listed as being L2 interfaces?

♦

Why do you think lo0 shows passive for Level 2?

♦

What IS-IS metric is associated with each of your interfaces?

♦

For a given Ethernet interface, can you determine which router is the DIS?

♦

What is the IS-IS hello and hold interval?

Step 4.2 Display your IS-IS adjacency status. Your display should be similar to the this example taken from Denver: lab@denver> show isis adjacency IS-IS adjacency database: Interface

System

L State

fe-0/0/0.0

SJ

2 Up


Hold (secs) SNPA 23

0:d0:b7:3f:b5:c


IS-IS

fe-0/0/1.0

SP

2 Up

20

0:d0:b7:3f:af:75

fe-0/0/2.0

MO

2 Up

7

0:d0:b7:3f:b4:ce

♦

Do you have a Level 2 adjacency to each of your neighbors?

Step 4.3 Examine the IS-IS link state database (LSDB): lab@router> show isis database ♦

Is there a Level 2 LSP from each router in the network ?

♦

Some routers have generated multiple LSPs. What is the significance of the entries that use a non-zero Pseudo node ID ? Hint: Value follows host name

♦

Why do you see a single Level 1 LSP in the database generated by your own router, didn’t you disable IS-IS Level 1 on all your interfaces?

6

The single Level 1 LSP results from the fact that you disabled IS-IS Level 1 on the router’s interfaces, but not on the router itself. This LSP can never leave your router as a Level 1 LSP since it can only be sent out a Level 1 interface. If its presence conflicts with the purest in you, you can disable IS-IS level 1 on the router with the following command: [edit] lab@router# set protocols isis level 1 disable

Step 4.4 Find your station’s LSP, and determine if all attached interfaces are correctly reported: lab@router> show isis database detail

♦

6

Are all your IS-IS interfaces being reported?

JUNOS software supports dynamic hostname to ISO NET mapping using TLV 137 (defined in RFC 2763).



IS-IS

Step 4.5 Display only LSPs generated by Designated Intermediate Systems (DIS): lab@router> show isis database | except 00-00 ♦

For each LAN segment, there should be a DIS. Based on the number of pseudonode LSPs in your database, how many LAN segments are in use in the lab?

In a large network, you might find the following command easier than manually tabulating the results of the last command: lab@router> show isis database | except 00-00 | match -00 | count

Step 4.7 Display IS-IS routes, and verify connectivity to all loopback addresses: lab@router> show route protocol isis Or lab@router> show route protocol isis 192.168/16 ♦


Ping each router’s loopback address: lab@router> ping

♦

Are all routers reachable?

♦

But wait, what route did your pings actually use, OSPF or IS-IS?

Because of global preference, the OSPF routes are preferred over the IS-IS routes. In the previous command you should have seen that two routes exist to each remote loopback, and that the OSPF route is preferred. This will be addressed in the next step.



IS-IS

Part 5: Gracefully Cutover From OSPF to IS-IS Step 5.1 You will now change the global preference associated with IS-IS so that JUNOS software prefers them to OSPF. First, show a remote route to determine the default protocol preferences: lab@router> show route 192.168.xx.1


192.168.12.1/32

*[OSPF/10] 01:47:44, metric 1 > to 10.0.8.2 via fe-0/0/1.0 [IS-IS/18] 01:57:53, metric 10, tag 2 > to 10.0.8.2 via fe-0/0/1.0

♦

What is the default preference associated with OSPF internal routes?

♦

What is the default preference for IS-IS Level 2 routes?

Step 5.2 Set the preference of OSPF to 19 so that IS-IS Level 2 routes are preferred. Since all routers should now have both OSPF and ISIS routes, this process should be non-disruptive and can be performed incrementally. If you have telnet access to the routers, you may want to open a separate telnet window and perform remote ping testing while the cutover is made. There should be no disruption. The follow configuration command is issued at the [edit] portion of the hierarchy: [edit] lab@router# set protocols ospf preference 19

Step 5.3 Commit your changes, and verify that IS-IS routes are now active: lab@router> show route 192.168/16 ♦

Are the IS-IS routes now active?



IS-IS

Part 6: IS-IS Tracing Step 6.1 Configure IS-IS tracing and monitor the results: [edit protocols isis] lab@router# set traceoptions file isis [edit protocols isis] lab@router# set traceoptions flag error detail [edit protocols isis] lab@router# set traceoptions flag lsp detail [edit protocols isis] lab@router# set traceoptions flag hello detail

Commit your changes, and monitor the IS-IS trace file.

♦


Step 6.2 Clear your IS-IS adjacencies: lab@router> clear isis adjacency

Step 6.3 Rebuild the IS-IS Link State Database (LSDB): lab@router> clear isis database

Step 6.4 Parse the system log for IS-IS related adjacency changes: lab@router> show log messages | match "IS-IS Lost" ♦

Are log entries written when an IS-IS adjacency changes state to “down”?



IS-IS

Part 7: Examine IS-IS SPF Log and Statistics Step 7.1 Issue the remaining IS-IS Operational Mode commands:

lab@router> show isis spf log

♦

What is the last IS-IS event in your log?

lab@router> show isis spf results

lab@router> show isis statistics

♦

How many SPF runs have occurred since IS-IS started?

Clear IS-IS statistics:

lab@router> clear isis statistics

STOP




IS-IS



Lab 8 BGP

Overview In this lab you will configure and monitor the operation of both IBGP and EBGP. You will also write and apply routing policy to control the routes advertised by BGP. By completing this lab you will perform the following tasks: •

•

•

•


Delete existing protocol configuration

−

Configure the IGP within your AS (either single area OSPF or Level 2 IS-IS)

−

Configure IBGP peering between loopback addresses

−

Configure EBGP peering to physical addresses


Use show commands to verify and troubleshoot IGP operation

−

Use show commands to verify and troubleshooting BGP operation

−

Trace BGP operation


Write and apply a policy to your internal peers

−

Write and apply a policy to your external peers


Use show commands to verify and troubleshoot BGP routing

−

Repair unusable routes

Part 1: Delete Existing Protocol and Policy Configuration Step 1.1 Issue the following commands to delete existing protocol and policy statements: [edit]

BGP

lab@router# delete protocols [edit] lab@router# delete policy-options

Part 2: Configure your IGP (OSPF or IS-IS) Step 2.1 Familiarize yourself with the BGP lab topology, taking note of your router’s AS number and IBGP/EBGP peering relationships. Together with the other routers that comprise your AS decide whether you will run OSPF or IS-IS as your IGP. You must take care not to allow any inter-autonomous network IGP adjacencies by either disabling or running a passive IGP on your external links. ♦

The IGP for my AS is:

Step 2.2 (OSPF only) Place all internal interfaces into OSPF area 0. Repeat the following commands for each internal interface: [edit protocols] lab@router# set ospf area 0 interface

____________________________ Note__________________________ You must be careful to include the correct unit number for any interface that is not using the default unit number of “0” (such as your ATM interfaces). _________________________________________________________________

Step 2.3 (IS-IS only) Place all internal interfaces into area 49.0001, and run IS-IS Level 2. The configuration steps below deal strictly with enabling IS-IS on the router, as your interfaces should still have family iso configured on them and your router’s NET should still be configured on its lo0 interface from the steps performed in the IS-IS lab. Repeat the following commands for each internal interface: [edit protocols] lab@router# set isis interface level 1 disable

____________________________ Note__________________________ You must be careful to include the correct unit number for any interface that is not using the default unit number of “0” (such as your ATM interfaces). _________________________________________________________________



BGP

Step 2.4 Your IGP configuration should be similar to this example taken from Denver, which is a Fast Ethernet equipped M5 configured for OSPF: [edit protocols ospf] lab@denver# show area 0.0.0.0 { interface all; interface fxp0.0 { disable; } interface fe-0/0/1.0 { disable; } } Note that the operator in this example has started with all interfaces in area 0, and has specifically disabled the interfaces that should not be running OSPF. In this example, this would be fxp0 and fe-0/0/1, as the former is the OOB management port and the latter is the external interface that connects to AS 3.

Part 3: Configure IBGP Peering Between Loopback Addresses Step 3.1 Configure your router’s local AS number: [edit] lab@router# set routing-options autonomous-system xx

Step 3.2 Configure IBGP peering sessions between loopback interfaces. The following commands are entered at the [edit protocols bgp] hierarchy. You will begin by defining the ibgp peer group: [edit protocols bgp] lab@router# set group ibgp type internal

[edit protocols bgp] lab@router# set group ibgp local-address 192.168.x.x

Step 3.3 Now define each of your internal neighbors. The following command is repeated for each IBGP neighbor: [edit protocols bgp] © Juniper Networks, Inc.


BGP

lab@router# set group ibgp neighbor 192.168.x.x

Step 3.4 When complete, your IBGP peering configuration should be similar to this example taken from Denver in AS 10:

[edit protocols bgp] lab@denver# show group ibgp { type internal; local-address 192.168.5.1; neighbor 192.168.2.1; neighbor 192.168.0.1; }

Part 4: Configure EBGP Peering to Physical Addresses Step 4.1 Configure EBGP peering sessions to your external neighbor’s physical address. The following commands are entered at the [edit protocols bgp] hierarchy. You will begin by defining 7 the ebgp peer group : [edit protocols bgp] lab@router# set group ebgp type external

Step 4.2 Now define each of your external neighbors. The following command is repeated for each EBGP neighbor: [edit protocols bgp] lab@router# set group ebgp neighbor 10.0.x.x peer-as

Step 4.3 When complete, your EBGP peer group should be similar to this example taken from Amsterdam. Note that this station has two EBGP peers and that the peer-as has been specified for each neighbor using a single EBGP group. If desired, the EBGP neighbors may be placed into separate groups [edit protocols bgp] lab@amsterdam# show group ebgp type external; 7

For stations with multiple EBGP peers, i.e., Hong Kong, you may define two separate EBGP peer groups, or use a single peer group with neighbor specific peer-as configuration. The steps here illustrate the single peer group approach.



BGP

neighbor 10.0.24.1 { peer-as 10; } neighbor 10.0.31.2 { peer-as 3; }

STOP

You should wait here until all student teams have completed the previous configuration steps.

Part 5: Use Operational Commands to Verify IGP Operation Step 5.1 Verify that all your IGP adjacencies have been established: lab@router> show ospf neighbor Or lab@router> show isis adjacency

♦

Are your IGP adjacencies correctly established?

Step 5.2 Confirm that you have routes to all the loopback addresses within your AS: lab@router> show route 192.168/16

♦

Are all the loopback addresses for the routers in your AS listed?

____________________________ Note__________________________ Because your IBGP sessions rely on a functional IGP, you should not proceed until you have confirmed that your AS’ IGP is operational. Please check with the instructor if you are experiencing IGP problems. __________________________________________________________________



BGP

Part 6: Use Operational Commands to Verify BGP Operation Step 6.1 Confirm that your IBGP and EBGP sessions have been correctly established: lab@router> show bgp summary If any of your BGP sessions show a state of active, idle, or connect, then you should use ping commands to verify connectivity to the BGP peering point. If the pings are successful, you should double-check your configuration to ensure no mistakes were made. When BGP is functioning properly, you should see results similar to this example taken from Denver:

lab@denver> show bgp summary Groups: 2 Peers: 3 Down peers: 0 Table

Tot Paths

Act Paths Suppressed

History Damp State

Pending

inet.0

0

0

0

0

0

0

inet.2

0

0

0

0

0

0

Peer AS InPkt State|#Active/Received/Damped...

OutPkt

OutQ

Flaps Last Up/Dwn

192.168.0.1 0/0/0

10

11

13

0

0

5:16 0/0/0

192.168.2.1 0/0/0

10

7

8

0

0

2:36 0/0/0

3

3

4

0

0

51 0/0/0

10.0.8.2 0/0/0

♦

Do any of your sessions indicate problems?

For each BGP session, you should see an indication that 0 routes have been received, that 0 routes are active, and that 0 routes have been suppressed due to damping. This is indicated by the 0/0/0 entries in the example shown above. In essence this indicates that you have established BGP sessions, but that you are not receiving any NLRI over them.

Step 6.2 Confirm whether any BGP routes exist: lab@router> show route protocol bgp

♦

Are any routes displayed?



BGP ♦

Thinking back on the default policy for BGP, should this be the expected result? Why or why not?

Step 6.3 Show BGP group related information: lab@router> show bgp group

♦

How many BGP sessions have been established in each of your groups?

Step 6.4 Show BGP neighbor specific information: lab@router> show bgp neighbor

♦

What hold-time has been negotiated with your neighbors?

♦

What is the session keep-alive value?

♦

What state is your session in?

♦

What NLRI has been negotiated for this session? Does the peer support BGP refresh?

♦

For a particular neighbor, can you tell which peer initiated the TCP connection?



BGP

Part 7: Trace BGP Step 7.1 Configure BGP tracing with the following commands entered at the [edit protocols bgp] hierarchy: [edit protocols bgp] lab@router# set traceoptions file bgp [edit protocols bgp] lab@router# set traceoptions flag update detail [edit protocols bgp] lab@router# set traceoptions flag open detail [edit protocols bgp] lab@router# set traceoptions flag keepalive detail

Step 7.2 Commit your changes, return to operational mode, and monitor the BGP trace file: [edit protocols bgp] lab@router# commit and-quit commit complete lab@router> monitor start bgp

♦

What BGP message types are occurring?

Step 7.3 Perform a soft clear on one of your IBGP sessions: lab@router> clear bgp neighbor 192.168.x.x soft The soft clear uses the BGP refresh capability to request that a peer readvertise all of its NLRI without tearing down the BGP connection. ♦

According to the tracing output, did the soft clear tear down the BGP session?

Step 7.4 Clear an IBGP session: lab@router> clear bgp neighbor 192.168.x.x Lab 8–8 V5.3R1 • Introduction to Juniper Networks Routers


BGP

You will need to monitor the trace output for at least 30 seconds before proceeding. ♦

Was the IBGP session successfully torn down and re-established??

Part 8: Write and Apply IBGP Policy Step 8.1 Write a policy that will redistribute all of your station’s static routes to IBGP peers. You should not send your aggregate route to internal peers. Such a policy may already exist from the OSPF lab. When complete, your policy should look similar to this example: [edit policy-options] lab@router# show policy-statement stat { from protocol static; then accept; }

Step 8.2 Now apply your policy as export to the IBGP peer group: [edit] lab@router# set protocols bgp group ibgp export static-policy-name

Part 9: Write and Apply EBGP Policy Step 9.1 Your EBGP should accomplish the following goals: −

No 192.168.x/24s owned by you AS should leave your AS

−

Send a single aggregate for all the 192.168.x/24 prefixes owned by your AS

−

Send the 200.0.x/24 static route

−

Redistribute OSPF or IS-IS routes (to allow inter-AS traceroutes between lo0 addresses)

−

Your policy should not alter the default BGP policy for route advertisements received from neighboring AS’s, and no /32 interface routes owned by your AS should be leaked.



BGP

You will begin defining a single aggregate that represents all the 192.168.x/24 addresses 8 assigned to your AS : [edit routing-options] lab@router# set aggregate route 192.168.x/21

Step 9.2 Now write one or more policies that will achieve the requirements listed above. There are numerous ways to meet these requirements using routing policy. This example policy from Denver, which is configured with OSPF as the IGP, is just one possible solution. It should be noted that because this policy does not advertise direct routes, inter-Autonomous System traceroutes that are sourced from physical interface may fail and/or display hop timeouts. It is therefore required that inter-AS traceroutes be conducted between lo0 addresses through the use of the source option. Also, the OSPF (or IS-IS) routes that are present in one router will be direct routes in the routers that source the OSPF advertisements, so you should not expect to see the same OSPF (IS-IS) routes advertised by all stations within your AS: lab@router# show policy-options policy-statement ebgp term 1 { from { route-filter 192.168.0.0/21 longer; } then reject; } term 2 { from protocol aggregate; then accept; } term 3 { from { protocol static; route-filter 200.0.6.0/24 exact; } then accept; } term 4 { from { protocol ospf; } 8

All networks in this lab should configure a 192.168.x/21 aggregate, with “x” being the numerically lowest 192.168 addresses assigned to your AS.



BGP

then accept; }

Step 9.3 When done with your EBGP policy, apply it as export policy to the EBGP peer group: [edit] lab@router# set protocols bgp group ebgp export policy-name

Part 10: Verify Proper BGP Routing and Policy Step 10.1 Confirm that you are sending all of your static routes to IBGP peers: lab@router> show route advertising-protocol bgp 192.168.x.1 ♦

Are all of your stations 192.168.x/24 static routes being sent?

♦

Is your station’s single 200.0.x/24 static route being sent?

Step 10.2 Verify the IBGP export policy of your IBGP peers: lab@router> show route receive-protocol bgp 192.168.x.1 Or lab@router> show route protocol bgp aspath-regex "()"9 ♦

Are you receiving the /24 static routes from all your internal peers?

♦

Are your IBGP peers sending you any aggregate or 10.0.x/24 routes?

Step 10.3 Verify your EBGP export policy: 9

By searching for BGP routes with an empty AS-path, you will display only those routes learned within your own autonomous system.



BGP

lab@router> show route advertising-protocol bgp 10.0.x.x

Your display should be similar to this example taken from Denver:

lab@denver> show route advertising-protocol bgp 10.0.8.2

inet.0: 28 destinations, 28 routes (26 active, 0 holddown, 2 hidden) Prefix

Nexthop

MED

Lclpref AS path

10.0.1.0/24

self

192.168.0.0/21

Self

I

200.0.3.0/24

Self

I

200.0.4.0/24

Self

I

200.0.6.0/24

Self

I

2

I

____________________________ Note__________________________ Note that Denver is not advertising the 10.0.0/24 and 10.0.2/24 subnets because these are considered direct routes on Denver. In contrast, Montreal should learn the 10.0.0/24 route through OSPF, and should therefore be sending this prefix in its EBGP advertisements to Amsterdam. _________________________________________________________________

♦

Are you sending any 192.168.x/24 routes that are “owned” by your AS?

♦

Is there a single aggregate for the 192.168.x/24 address block assigned to your AS?

♦

Are the 200.0.x/24 static routes associated with the routers in your AS present?

♦

Are the 10.0.x/24 OSPF (or IS-IS) routes in your router being sent?

♦

Are any /32 interface routes being leaked?



BGP

Step 10.4 Verify your neighbor’s EBGP export policy: lab@router> show route receive-protocol bgp 10.0.x.x

♦

Is your peer sending any inappropriate routes?

____________________________ Note__________________________ If you have detected problems with your policy, please correct them before proceeding. Ask the instructor for assistance with your policy as needed. __________________________________________________________________

Step 10.5 Examine BGP routes in your routing table: lab@router> show route protocol bgp ♦

What is the local-preference all BGP routes?

Use the detail and extensive switches to display additional information such as the presence of communities: lab@router> show route protocol bgp detail ♦

Do any of the routes have community information? Has the MED been set?

Step 10.6 Verify proper BGP operation by conducting inter-Autonomous System traceroutes to the loopback addresses of remote routers. You must source the traceroutes from your router’s lo0 address: lab@router> traceroute 192.168.xx.1 source 192.168.xx.1 You may find that some traceroutes work, while others return errors like the one shown below: lab@denver> traceroute 192.168.24.1 traceroute to 192.168.24.1 (192.168.24.1), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets traceroute: sendto: No route to host 1 traceroute: wrote 192.168.24.1 40 chars, ret=-1



BGP

These reachability problems will be resolved in the next part of this lab.

STOP


Part 11: Repair Unusable Routes Step 11.1 If all teams have followed instructions up to this point, there should be a large number of hidden BGP routes in your inet.0 table. Confirm if this is the case: lab@router> show route protocol bgp hidden

♦

Are there any hidden routes?

♦

Why do you think they are hidden? Hint: Use the detail switch for additional information.

Step 11.2 The routes are being hidden, because the advertised next hop is considered unreachable by your router. This is a very common problem, and the two most common fixes are: −

Set next-hop-self on routes learned from your EBGP peers

−

Run a passive IGP on the links that connect to EBGP peers

Either of these approaches will work for us; the former involves modification of your IBGP export policy while the latter involves modification to your IGP (either IS-IS or OSPF in this case). It is up to you to decide which approach you want to use. An example IBGP export policy that sets next-hop-self is shown below for your reference. lab@denver# show policy-statement stat { term 1 { from protocol static; then accept; } term 2 { then { Lab 8–14 V5.3R1 • Introduction to Juniper Networks Routers


BGP

next-hop self; } }

Step 11.3 Verify that all routes are now usable:

lab@router> show route protocol bgp hidden

♦

Are there still hidden routes?

♦

Can you now trace routes to other autonomous systems?

Step 11.4 Observe the effects of the JUNOS software BGP active route selection process by locating a BGP route that has at least two valid paths: lab@router> show route protocol bgp detail ♦

STOP

Based on the information displayed, can you explain why the active path was chosen over an alternative path?

Tell your instructor that you have complete lab 8.



BGP



Juniper Lab Guide IJNR

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