JAN CS0201 Fundamentals of Communication (WKWSCI)

HX7375 ‘ L{baefkbqeix ol Hoff{bnheqnob Xq{ankx

HX7375 jkskfnem tobd Foa{ik Hmewqksx 75 ‘ E Lnsxq Ioo` eq Hoff{bnheqnob -lsof Ikhq{sk Xinakx. 73 ‘ Qmk Lnkia ol Hoff" lsof Mnxqosnhei eba Hobqkfwoses~ Wksxwkhqn|kx 78 ‘ Wkshkn|nbd eba [baksxqebanbd 71 ‘ Kbdednbd nb \kscei Hoff{bnheqnob 7; ‘ Kbdednbd nb Bob&|kscei Hoff{bnheqnob 7< ‘ Inxqkbnbd eba Skxwobanbd qo Oqmksx 74 ‘ Hskeqnbd Hoff{bnheqnob Hinfeqkx 7> ‘ Nakbqnq~ eba Xkil&hobhkwq 57 ‘ Nbqkswksxobei Skieqnobxmnwx 55 ‘ Xfeii Dso{w Hoff{bnheqnob 53 ‘ Osdebnzeqnobei Hoff{bnheqnob -D{kxq Ikhq{sk. 58 ‘ X`nwwka 51 ‘ Fexx Hoff{bnheqnob -K&Ikesbnbd. 7= ‘ Nbqksh{iq{sei Hoff{bnheqnob -K&Ikesbnbd. 5; ‘ Wksxobei , Xohnei Fkane

Foa{ik Ocjkhqn|kx: ‣ ‣ ‣ ‣ ‣ ‣

Aklnbk eba akxhsnck `k~ hobhkwqx eba nakex ol m{feb hoff{bnheqnob Nakbqnl~ eba akxhsnck qmk |esno{x hobqk}qx ol hoff{bnheqnob xq{a~ K}wienb qmk |esno{x lkeq{skx ol hoff{bnheqnob hoffob qo eii hobqk}qx Hobbkhq qmkoskqnhei hobhkwqx ol hoff{bnheqnob qo skei&inlk k}wksnkbhk Ckdnb qo k|ei{eqk ~o{s otb hoff{bnheqn|k ckme|nos Ckdnb qo {baksxqeba eba xwke` qmk iebd{edk ol qmk hoff{bnheqnob anxhnwinbk"

Ho{sxk Exxkxxfkbq: 5;+: Fna&qksf K}ef 5 -33 Xkwq 3755. 5;+: Fna&qksf K}ef 3 -8 Bo| 3755. Qto k}efx tnii nbhi{ak e hofcnbeqnob ol f{iqnwik&hmonhk) qs{k/leixk) feqhmnbd) eba xmosq& ebxtks u{kxqnobx" ;7+: Lnbei K}efnbeqnob -5 Akh 3755. E lnbei k}efnbeqnob tnii ck eafnbnxqkska qo qkxq hofwskmkbxnob ol skeanbd feqksnei) ikhq{skx) eba q{qosnei ehqn|nqnkx" K}efx tnii hobxnxq ol xmosq eba iobd kxxe~ u{kxqnobx" 57+: Hiexx exxndbfkbqx eba ehqn|nqnkx 57+: Hiexx wesqnhnweqnob) u{nzzkx) eba eqqkbaebhk ‣ ‣

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5 ® 3755 JNSO„X ETKXOFK BOQKX


75 ‘ E Lnsxq Ioo` eq Hoff{bnheqnob Aklnbnbd Hoff{bnheqnob ’Hoff{bnheqnob ’Hoff{bnheqnob nx e x~xqkfnh wsohkxx nb tmnhm wkowik nbqksehq tnqm eba fkebnbdx"‖ qmso{dm x~fcoix qo hskeqk eba nbqkswskq fkebnbdx"‖

8 Foakix ol qmk Hoff{bnheqnob wsohkxx Foaki

Fkqmoa

Inbkes Nblo" Xo{shk Qsebxfnqqks -Bonxk. Skhkn|ks Akxqnbeqnob

Xkbaks í Fkxxedk í Skhkn|ks

Nbqksehqn|k Hmebdk soikx0 lkkaceh`0 lnkiax ol k}wksnkbhk

Qsebxehqnobei f{iqnwik soikx) xnf{iqebko{x) hmebdk o|ks qnfk

Fkxxedk xkbq í wwi" qei` ceh` qo mks í xmk lkkaceh`x

Bonxk  X~xqkfx  Hoff"

Hobhkwq Hoff nx qsebxfnqqka lsof e xqsendmqlostesa febbks lsof e xkbaks qo e skhkn|ks tnqm hobhkwq ol bonxk"

C{niq ob qmk Inbks foaki tnqm hobhkwq ol lkkaceh` -skxwobxk qo e fkxxedk) |kscei os oqmkstnxk." Xku{kbqnei wsohkxx" Qe`kx q{sbx qo hoff{bnheqk eba lkkaceh`"

Skhodnzkx xmeska lnkia ol k}w" Eii esk hobxnakska ”hoff{bnheqosx„ seqmks qmeb ”Xkbaks„ os ”Skhkn|ksx„"

Asetceh`x Qoo xnfwinxqnh qo hewq{sk hofwik}nq~ ol m{feb hoff{bnheqnob Fobo&anskhqnobei"

Hebboq hewq{sk a~befnxf ol m{feb hoff" Nb skei inlk wkowik hoff" Xnf{iqebko{xi~" Bo mesa&eba&lexq akxndbeqnob ol ”xkbaks„ eba ”skhkn|ks„" Soikx heb ehq{eii~ hmebdk eba hofcnbk" Anab„q qe`k Qnfk nbqo hobxnakseqnob" Hoff" Hmebdkx o|ks qnfk ckhe{xk ol tmeq mewwkbx ckqtkkb wkowik" BNI

Hoff{bnheqnob ex Wksx{exnob Tk„sk qs~nbd qo hob|nbhk xofkobk" Xwke` tnqm eb nbqkbqnob"



@k~ Aklnbnqnobx Hoff{bnheqnob Lkkaceh` Fkebnbd Hobqkbq&ik|ki Hobqkbq&ik|ki ol fkebnbd Skieqnobxmnw&ik|ki ol fkebnbd Bonxk Wsohkxx x~xqkf x~fcoi Mofkoxqexnx Owkbbkxx

’Hoff{bnheqnob nx e x~xqkfnh wsohkxx nb tmnhm wkowik nbqksehq tnqm fkebnbdx"‖ eba qmso{dm x~fcoix qo hskeqk eba nbqkswskq fkebnbdx"‖ Skxwobxk qo e fkxxedk) heb ck |kscei os bob&|kscei) nbqkbqnobei os oqmkstnxk Xndbnlnhebhk exxndbka qo wmkbofkbe Inqksei fkebnbd ol xqm" k"d" `boh`nbd ob f~ aoos K}wskxxkx qmk skieqnobxmnw k"d" lsnkba `boh`nbd |x" coxx ckqtkkb hoff{bnheqosx `boh`nbd Eb~qmnbd qmeq nbqkslkskx tnqm nbqkbaka fkebnbd ol hoff{bnheqnob Obdonbd eba a~befnh Hobxnxqx ob nbqksskieqka wesqx qmeq ellkhq ob eboqmks) eiiotnbd hoff{bnheqnob qo qe`k wiehk Ecxqsehq) escnqses~ eba efcnd{o{x skwskxkbqeqnobx ol qmnbdx" Hoff{bnheqnob nx x~fcoinh" E xqeqk ol ku{nincsn{f K}qkbq qo tmnhm e x~xqkf nx x{cjkhq qo o{qxnak lehqosx



73 ‘ Qmk Lnkia ol Hoff{bnheqnobx lsof Mnxqosnhei eba Hobqkfwoses~ Wksxwkhqn|kx 8 Wniiesx ol Wksx{exnob Kqmox ‘ Hskancninq~ ol qmk xwke`ks Weqmox ‘ Kfoqnobei ewwkei ol qmk xwkkhm Iodox ‘ Iodnh eba skexobnbd ol qmk xwkkhm

Hoff{bnheqnob Skxkeshm -HS. ‘ Tmeq nx nq? U{ebqnqeqn|k Deqmksnbd nblo qms{: xqeqnxqnhx) x{s|k~x eba k}wksnfkbqx

U{einqeqn|k Bob&b{fksnhei `botikadk) k"d" lkkinbdx

Hsnqnhei Qo nakbqnl~ eba hmeiikbdk) he{xkx eba xqkskoq~wkx

Smkqosnhei Hsnqnhnxf Qo xq{a~ e xkikhq qk}q -|kscei os bob&|kscei. qo xkk nl qmk~ tos` hoff{bnheqn|ki~

Fkqmoax fe~ ck {xka nb qebakf0 boq nbhofweqncik" Qsnebd{ieqnob: xq{a~nbd wmkbofkbe wmkbofkbe lsof anll wonbqx ol |nkt

= @nbax ol hoff{bnheqnob ‘ Mot tnak nx qmk Hoff{bnheqnob Lnkia? Nbqsewksxobei Nbqkswksxobei Dsw , Qkef W{cinh Hoff" Osdebnzeqnobei Fexx hoff" Wksxobei , Xohnei Fkane Nbqksh{iq{sei

Xkil qei`) os qmnb`nbd Ckq" wwi -akd heb |es~ lsof nfwksxob qo mndmi~ wksxobei. Nb|oi|nbd 3 os fosk wkowik qo ehmnk|k e hoiikhqn|k akhnxnob Xwkkhmkx Wsolkxxnobei hoff{bnheqnob ckqtkkb eba nb hofwebnkx Fkane

Mot qo lkki ckqqks eco{q ~o{sxkil Mot hoff" Hskeqkx eba x{xqenbx skieqnobxmnwx A~befnhx ol qkef fdfq Esd{fkbqeqnob eba woinqnhei hoff{bnheqnob Wksxobei skieqnobxmnw ckqtkkb ho&tos`ksx Wkswkq{eqnob ol xohnei nakeix Mot ao kfksdnbd qkhm ellkhq mot {x eba o{s sxb? Skxwkhqnbd anllkskbhkx nbhskexkx o{s kllkhqn|kbkxx



8 [bnl~nbd Qmkfkx nb qmk Hoff{bnheqnobx Lnkia X~fcoix Qmk tosia ol bob&|kscei hoff{bnheqnobx

Fkebnbd Qo lnba o{q mot anll wkowik nbqkswskq qmnbdx) k|kbqx) xnq{eqnobx eba k}wksnkbhkx

Kqmnhx E hobhksb tnqm kqmnhei anfkbxnobx ol m{feb nbqksehqnobx" Sndmq os tsobd? Tmeq fe`kx nq sndmq os tsobd?

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78 ‘ Wkshkn|nbd eba [baksxqebanbd 8 Wkshkwqnob Wsohkxxkx Wkshkwqnob nx eb ehqn|k wsohkxx ol xkikhqnbd) xkikhqnbd) osdebnznbd eba nbqkswskqnbd wmkbofkbe -wkowik) ocjkhqx) k|kbqx) xnq{eqnobx eba ehqn|nqnkx." Wkshkwqnob nbli{kbhkx o{s hoff{bnheqnob eba |nhk&|ksxe" Hobxnxqx ol qmskk nbqksskieqka wsohkxxkx"

Xkikhqnob Xkikhqn ob Xkikhqnbd tmeq tk aklnbk ex nfwosqebq"

Qmk Wkshkwqnob Wsohkxx Osdebnzeqnob Osdebnzk o{s wkshkwqnobx nb e fkebnbdl{i te~

Ellkhqka c~ wkshkwq{ei h{kx -bo|kiq~) lefninesnq~ hobxqebh~.) wm~xnhei u{einqnkx -nbqkbxnq~) xnzk. eba foqn|kx

Qmk x{cjkhqn|k wsohkxx ol hskeqnbd k}wiebeqnobx los tmeq tk ocxks|k eba k}wksnkbhk

TMEQ?

MOT?

Nbqkswskqeqnob Nbqkswsk qeqnob Ellkhqka c~ Hobxqs{hqn|nxf Hodbnqn|k Xhmkfeqe." Xhmkfeqe." -Hodbnqn|k Qmk ex`nbd ol ’TM^?‖

TM^? Ebxtkska c~ Eqqsnc{qnob

Hobxqs{hqn|nxf -Hodbnqn|k Xhmkfeqe. Hobxqs{hqn|nxf: qmkos~ ol mot tk osdebnzk eba nbqkswskq o{s k}wksnkbhkx c~ ewwi~nbd hodbnqn|k xhmkfeqe" Hodbnqn|k Xhmkfeqe 5" Wsoqoq~wk Xwkhnlnh) skwskxkbqeqn|k k}efwik ol xofkobk) tmo aklnbkx nqx otb kbhofwexxnbd csoea heqkdos~"

3" Wksxobei Hobxqs{hq Cnwoies) fkbqei ~esaxqnh`x {xka qo fkex{sk wkowik eba xnq{eqnobx) e fosk xwkhnlnh heqkdos~"

Mot e qkehmks xmo{ia ioo` in`k0 mot Eldmebnxqebnx ioo` in`k

Nx qmnx qkehmks eqqsehqn|k os {beqqsehqn|k? @nba os {b`nba? Nbxkhqx: Looa os boq&looa?

8" Xqkskoq~wk Wskanheqn|k dkbkseinzeqnob eco{q wkowik eba xnq{eqnobx cexka ob o{s heqkdosnzeqnob) tmnhm fe~ os fe~ boq ck qs{k"

1" Xhsnwq So{dm nake eco{q mot xofk k|kbq xmo{ia wie~ o{q0 s{ikx do|ksbnbd k|kbqx eba qmkns xku{kbhk

Feie~x in`k qo wie~ d{nqes eba esk dooa eq xohhks" Nbanebx esk xfkii~) c{q xwke` tkii" Hmnbkxk esk mesatos`nbd) c{q heih{ieqn|k"

Anllkskbq xhsnwqx -k"d" te~x ol qei`nbd. los nbqksehqnbd tnqm lsnkbax) os wsolkxxosx) os wesqbksx) os xqsebdksx"

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Eqqsnc{qnob Eqqsnc{qnob nx qmk ehq ol k}wienbnbd tm~" cnex) tmkb tk eqqsnc{qk qo xks|k Nqx ehh{seh~ heb ck ellkhqka c~ Xkil&xks|nbd cnex) o{s otb wksxobei nbqkskxqx"

1 Anfkbxnobx ol Eqqsnc{qnob Hobxnaks tmkb N ana boq ao tkii los e qkxq" -hmo~%. N ana woosi~ ckhe{xk… Ioh{x Xqecninq~

Xwkhnlnhnq~ Hobqsoi

Nbqksbei N ana boq skeii~ xq{a~ mesa… Xqecik K|kb qmo{dm qmk u{kxqnobx tksk olqkb anxh{xxka a{snbd ikhq{skx… Diocei Eba esk boq bkt… Tnqmnb …N `bkt N ho{ia me|k aobk xo f{hm ckqqks nl N ana w{q nb kllosq"

K}qksbei -lehqosx. Ol qmk wsolkxxos… [bxqecik -{bhobqsoiiecik hnsh{fxqebhkx. Qmksk tksk e ioq ol qsnh`~ u{kxqnobx… Xwkhnlnh -nbxqebhkx. Ob qmeq wesqnh{ies qkxq… Ck~oba -f~ hobqsoi. …Xo qmeq bo feqqks mot mesa N xq{anka) N ho{iab„q ao tkii" Xkil&xks|nbd cnex"

Xkil&xks|nbd cnex: cnex: ehq ol ehhkwqnbd k}hkxxn|k hskanq los tmeq tk ao tkii0 eba akb~nbd skxwobxncninq~ los o{s leninbdx í Heb anxqosq o{s wkshkwqnobx" -Nbqksbei , Xqecik.

Nbli{kbhkx ob Wkshkwqnob Tm~ ao o{s wkshkwqnobx anllks lsof obk eboqmks? Wm~xnoiodnhei lehqosx K}wkhqeqnobx Tmeq tk `bot loskmeba tnii akqksfnbk tmeq tk tnii k}wkhq Hodbnqn|k Hofwik}nq~ B{fcks ol wksxobei hobxqs{hqx {xka eba mot ecxqsehq qmk~ esk" -Hmniaskb |x" Dsotb&{wx. Xohnei Soikx

Nl ~o{„sk qnska) os xnh`… Woxnqn|k Woxnqn|k qmnb`nbd mkiwx {x ck fosk kllkhqn|k eq \nx{einzeqnob tmeq tk ao K}wkhqeqnob tmkb tmeq tk k}wkhq aokxb„q mewwkb) tk \noieqnob ckhofk fosk hodbnqn|ki~ eiksq ex tk xqs{ddik qo Qmkos~ {baksxqeba eba howk qo {bk}wkhqka hmebdkx Wksxob& Ecninq~ qo wkshkn|k eboqmks ex e {bnu{k Hkbqkskabkxx nban|na{ei" Elqks xkknbd qmeq qmk~„sk anllkskbq) tk heb qmkb eaewq o{s hoff{bnheqnob qo qmk wesqnh{ies nban|na{ei Kfweqm~ Boq qmk xefk ex wksxob&hkbqkskabkxx" Boq qkhmbnheii~ woxxncik qo lkki tnqm eboqmks Wkshkwqnob akqksfnbka c~ o{s wsolkxxnobx eba soikx -qkehmks |x" xq{akbqx„ wkshkwqnob ol e ”foa{ik„) los k"d".



71 ‘ Kbdednbd nb \kscei Hoff{bnheqnob -Iebd{edk. Iebd{edk hobxnxqx ol x~fcoix" X~fcoix esk skwskxkbqeqnob ol wmkbofkbe -wkowik) k|kbqx." \kscei Hoff{bnheqnob: x~fcoix nb losf ol xwo`kb eba tsnqqkb tosax" Hobboqeqnob: qmk nfwinka fkebnbd" Akboqeqnob: qmk anhqnobes~ fkebnbd" K"d" ”mofk„ -akboqeqnob. |x" bo wiehk in`k ”mofk„ -hobboqeqnob.

8 Lkeq{skx ol Iebd{edk Escnqses~ Esk boq nbqsnbxnheii~ hobbkhqka qo tmeq qmk~ skwskxkbq

k"d" ”hmeq soof„ ex |nsq{ei xwehkx los hmeq" ”hmens„ ex nb l{sbnq{sk os hmensfeb?

Efcnd{o{x Bo hikes&h{q) wskhnxk fkebnbd0 me|k anllkskbq hobboqeqnobx los wkowik tnqm anllkskbq ceh`dso{bax eba k}wksnkbhkx k"d" ”aod„ ex wkqx) c{q looa qo xofk% ”ckxq lsnkba„ nx obi~ OBK? Heb he{xk fnx{baksxqebanbd nb skieqnobxmnwx"

Ecxqsehq Boq hobhskqk os qebdncik wmkbofkbe qo tmnhm qmk~ sklks

k"d" Hoff" Foxenh 2 qk}qcoo` 2 coo` 2 skeanbd feqqks Heb he{xk hobl{xnob a{k qo o|ksdkbkseinzeqnob"

Ieaaks ol Ecxqsehqnob Ehqnob J{adfkbq Iecki Ewwinka Wkshkn|ka Ckme|nos Hobhskqk Wmkbofkbe

E|ona nbqksehqnbd tnqm Ebaske Ebaske nx e xkilnxm eba nffeq{sk wksxob" Ebaske nx qe`nbd fosk qmeb mks xmesk ol qnfk" Ebaske ex`x e ioq ol u{kxqnobx a{snbd qmk fkkqnbd" Ebaske fo|kx eso{ba e ioq0 xmk xe~x xmk nx tossnka eco{q fe`nbd e dooa dseak nb qmk ho{sxk0 eba xmk ex`x feb~ u{kxqnobx"

Wsnbhnwikx ol Hoff{bnheqnob 5" 3" 8"

Hskeqkx Fkebnbd D{naka c~ S{ikx W{bhq{eqnob ellkhqx Fkebnbd

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Iebd{edk Hskeqkx Fkebnbd Ckhe{xk iebd{edk nx ecxqsehq) efcnd{o{x eba escnqses~) tk bkka qo nbqkswskq qo lnba o{q nqx fkebnbd" Nbqkswskqeqnob: eb ehqn|k) hskeqn|k wsohkxx qo fe`k xkbxk ol k}wksnkbhkx" Cs{qk lehqx Ocjkhqn|k) hobhskqk wmkbofkbe eba ehqn|nqnkx ”m{aainbd„ a{snbd e s{dc~ defk" Qmk~ tksk skeii~ m{aainbd" m{aainbd "

Nbxqnq{qnobei Lehqx Nbqkswskqka fkebnbdx ol cs{qk lehqx C{q qmk~ esk wiebbnbd los qmkns bk}q so{ba"

D{naka c~ S{ikx Hoff{bnheqnob s{ikx: s{ikx: xmeska {baksxqebanbdx efobd fkfcksx ol e wesqnh{ies h{iq{sk os xohnei dso{w eco{q tmeq hoff{bnheqnob fkebx) eba tmeq ckme|nos nx ewwsowsneqk nb |esno{x xnq{eqnobx" Cs{qk Lehqx Ocjkhqn|k) hobhskqk wmkbofkbe eba ehqn|nqnkx ”m{aainbd„ a{snbd e s{dc~ defk" Qmk~ tksk skeii~ m{aainbd" m{aainbd "

Nbxqnq{qnobei Lehqx Nbqkswskqka fkebnbdx ol cs{qk lehqx C{q qmk~ esk wiebbnbd los qmkns bk}q so{ba"

Skd{ieqn|k S{ikx Skd{ieqk nbqksehqnob c~ xwkhnl~nbd tmkb) mot) tmksk) eba tnqm tmof qo hoff{bnheqk eco{q hksqenb qmnbdx" k"d" hebboq esd{k eq anbbks qecik) nbqkss{wqnbd a{snbd e xwkkhm nx s{ak"

Hobxqnq{qn|k S{ikx Aklnbk tmeq e wesqnh{ies hoff{bnheqnob xqebax los"

Tmkb eba mot qo hoff{bnheqk

k"d" xmotnbd skxwkhq -inxqkbnbd eqqkbqn|ki~) boq hosskhqnbd.0 ex e dooa lsnkba -xmesnbd hoblnakbhkx) aklkbanbd qmkf. Mot qo nbqkswskq oqmksx„ |kscei eba bob& |kscei hoff{bnheqnob

W{bhq{eqnob Ellkhqx Fkebnbd Tk w{bhq{eqk qo nbqkswskq fkebnbd" n bqo fkebnbdl{i W{bhq{eqnbd |kscei hoff{bnheqnob fes`x e liot ol ehqn|nq~ nbqo {bnqx" {bnqx" Qms{ nq tk wkshkn|k tmkb o{s nbqksehqnob ckdnbx eba kbax" kbax" Wonbq ol w{bhq{eqnob heb anllks í fnx{baksxqebanbdx heb skx{iq" k"d" ob nbqksbkq los{fx) hoff{bnheqnob nx w{bhq{eqka anllkskbqi~ c~ wesqnhnwebqx tmo jonb nb qmk hob|ksxeqnob eq anllkskbq qnfkx í anllnh{iq qo `bot tmnhm fkxxedkx esk skxwobanbd qo tmnhm í fnx{baksxqebanbdx fnx{baksxqebanbdx fe~ skx{iq"

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Akfeba&tnqmaset Weqqksb 5" 3" 8" 1" ;"

obk wksxob hskeqkx hioxkbkxx qms{ wksxobei qei` qmk oqmks qsnkx qo `kkw anxqebhk c~ e|onanbd eba skqskeqnbd qmk lnsxq wksxob qsnkx qo akfeba l{sqmks wksxobei qei` qmk oqmks skqskeqx k|kb l{sqmks eba xo ob…

N w{sx{k ckhe{xk ~o{ tnqmaset" N tnqmaset ckhe{xk ~o{ w{sx{ka"

< X~fcoinh Ecninqnkx Mot iebd{edk ex e x~fcoi ellkhqx o{s in|kx" Aklnbkx Wmkbofkbe

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K|ei{eqkx Wmkbofkbe -oqmksx.

eiiotx Osdebnznbd ol K}wksnkbhk -hodbnqn|k xhmkfeqe. eiiotx M~woqmkqnhei Qmo{dmq -eco{q wexq , l{q{sk. Eiiotx xkil& sklikhqnob

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Aklnbkx skieqnobxmnwx eba nbqksehqnob

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xkfebqnh aklnbnqnob ol wmkbofkbe o{s wkshkwqnob losfka c~ o{s ieckix qoqeinznbd kllkhq -sklkssnbd qo e wksxob ex nl nq nx eii qmksk nx qo nq) k"d" ”Exneb„. qms{ akxhsnwqn|k tosax -eaj. X~fcoix esk ioeaka tnqm |ei{kx Ioeaka iebd{edk xqsobdi~ xiebq wkshkwqnob í kqmnhei hobhksb í skewwsowsneqnob Ikqx {x heqkdosnzk wmkbofkbe {xnbd hodbnqn|k xhmkfeqe eba nbli{kbhk nqx nbqkswskqeqnob Heb eixo anxqosq qmnb`nbd -c~ xqkskoq~wnbd. Qms{ kbecinbd tosax in`k ”tmkb„) ”nl„) qo qmnb` ol k}wksnkbhkx boq wesq ol hobhskqk) aeni~ skeinq~

”N„ |x ”Fk„ ‘ 3 exwkhqx ol xkil ”N„ ‘ N f~xkil" ”Fk„ ‘ fk nb qmk hobqk}q ol xohnkq~) xohneii~ hobxhno{x skwskxkbq skxwobxn|kbkxx) in`nbd eba wotks

”hes„ ç ”f~ hes„ ”Ebdfom„ ç fndmq ck eii qmeq tk boqnhk eco{q qmeq wksxob) ndbosnbd oqmks wonbqx -o|ks& dkbkseinxeqnob. ”dooa&ioo`nbd„) ”kiou{kbq„) ”essodebq„

Hsnqnhnxf c~ ”lsnkba„ 6 hobqs{hqn|k" C{q) hsnqnhnxf c~ ”kbkf~„ 6 nbx{iq O|ks&dkbkbkseinxeqnob -cea c~&wsoa{hq ol qmk ecxqsehqbkxx ol e iebd{edk. Tosax dn|k losf qo nakex) kbecik {x qo moia eba sklikhq qmkf nb o{s fnbax í doei xkqqnbd ”Fk„ foakseqkx qmk nfw{ixkx ol ”N„

Qoqeinxnbd nx anllkskbq lsof xqkskoq~wnbd" Hobxnaks eb kiaksi~ tofeb" Qoqeinxnbd ”xmk„x oia"„ cexka ob mks nbqsnbxnh |ei{k ol cknbd kiaksi~

Xqkskoq~wnbd ”Xmk wsoceci~ hebboq tei` lexq"„ wskanheqn|k dkbkseinzeqnob qmeq kiaksi~ tnii ck xiot nb fo|kfkbq



7; ‘ Kbdednbd nb Bob&\kscei Hoff{bnheqnob Bob&|kscei Bob&|kscei hoff{bnheqnob: eii exwkhqx ol hoff{bnheqnob oqmks qmeb tosax K"d" dkxq{skx) coa~ iebd{edk) nblikhqnob -qobk.) |oi{fk) kb|nsobfkbqei lkeq{skx qmeq ellkhq fkebnbd -qkfwkseq{sk) indmqnbd.) ocjkhqx qmeq ellkhq wksxobei nfedkx

; Wsnbhnwikx ol Bob&\kscei Hoff{bnheqnob Efcnd{o{x

qnfk " Efcnd{nq~ esnxkx ckhe{xk fkebnbdx hmebdk o|ks qnfk" D{naka c~ Hobxqnq{qn|k S{ikx -tmeq ckme|no{sx esk {baksxqooa qo ho{bq los. Skd{ieqn|k S{ikx -tmkb eba tmksk ckme|no{sx esk ewwsowsneqk. ‣

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Nbqksehqx tnqm \kscei Hoff{bnheqnob

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Kxqecinxmkx Skieqnobxmnw& ik|ki fkebnbdx

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Skd{ieqkx nbqksehqnob Sklikhqx h{iq{sei |ei{kx

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Skwkqnqnob -Boaanbd mkea tmkb xe~nbd ”~kx„. Nblikhqnob -qo kfwmexnzk hksqenb tosax) foxq . Dkxq{snbd -Hofwikfkbqnbd Tosax. Hobqseanhq \kscei fkxxedkx -Xe~nbd ’Boqmnbd„x Tsobd‖ ebdsni~. X{cxqnq{qnob los \kscei ckme|nos -Soiinbd ol k~kx.

& Nii{xqseqosx Eaewqosx Ao{cik& cnbaksx Kfcikfx

Skxwobxn|kbkxx -k~k&hobqehq) lehnei k}wskxxnobx) coa~ woxq{skx. Fe~ anllks a{k qo h{iq{sk -Jewebkxk |x" Efksnheb. In`nbd -xfnikx) lsnkbai~ qo{hmkx |x" lsotbx. Anllks ckqtkkb feik eba lkfeik -Tofkb qkba qo xnq hioxks) fosk k~k hobqehq qmeb fkb ao. Wotks -xwehk eba xnikbhk. Anxqnbd{nxmkx ckqtkkb x{wksnosx eba x{cosanbeqkx Wm~xnhei fo|kfkbqx -xndbeix. qmeq osdebnzk nbqksehqnobx ckqtkkb wkowik"

Skd{ieqosx

Akwkbakbq ob h{iq{skx qmeq eiiot anllkskbq bob& |kscei ckme|nos K"d" wksxobei xwehkx) qnfkinbkxx) k~k hobqehq anllks ckqtkkb [X eba Exne) os Mnxwebne



; Nbqksehqnobx tnqm \kscei Hoff{bnheqnob Nii{xqseqosx Mndmindmqnbd |kscei hoff{bnheqnob Kfwmexnzk Xmot woxnqnob Xmot weqm os anskhqnob ol qmo{dmq

Eaewqosx Hofwikfkbq tosax Fo|kfkbqx qmeq xeqnxl~ bkkax eba mkiw {x eaewq qo o{s kb|nsobfkbq Ckme|no{sx qoo

Ao{cik&cnbax Hobqseanhqos~ bob&|kscei ckme|no{s Ioo`nbd ds{fw~ c{q qkiinbd f~ soofnk ’N„f lnbk"‖

Kfcikfx X{cxqnq{qnbd bob&|kscei los |kscei Wonbqnbd fnaaik lnbdks" _y_

Skd{ieqosx Osdebnzk nbqksehqnobx Qkiinbd oqmksx tmkb qo hobqnb{k) kiecoseqk) kqh) qms{ boaanbd mkea

Q~wkx ol -fosk nfwosqebq. Bob&|kscei Ckme|no{s @nbkxnhx Fo|kfkbq

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Oh{ikxnhx -K~k&hobqehq. Lehnei K}wskxxnobx Coa~ Foqnobx

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Weseiebd{edkx

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Kb|nsobfkbq -Wso}kfnhx. Wksxobei Xwehk

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Coani~ eba lehnei fo|kfkbqx) woxnqnobx Akwkbax ob h{iq{sk Sk|keix sebdk ol kfoqnobx Akwkbax ob h{iq{sk , hoflosq

Xme`nbd ol mkea fkebx ”bo„ nb Xnbdewosk) c{q ”~kx„ nb Nbane Efksnhebx {xk fosk k~k& hobqehq qmeb Exnebx

Dkxq{skx , Woxq{sk Qo anxwie~ bob&|kscei k}wskxxnob ol kfoqnobx Heb ck aknbqkbxnlnka os o|ksskehqka \ohei os boq ehq{ei tosax Wnqhm) |oi{fk) seqk) |ohei u{einq~ Xo{bax -k"d" f{sf{sx eba dexwx. Nbli{kbhka c~ mot tk tebq qo ck wkshkn|ka c~ oqmksx) eba h{iq{sk Hoflosqecik anxqebhk ckqtkkb wkowik anllks Ebbo{bhkx xqeq{x ol xofkobk Fe~ kbho{sedk os anxho{sedk nbqksehqnob

Xfninbd eq e cea dseak) os motinbd o|ks wenb

\ohei h{kx -k"d" tmnxwksnbd |x xhskefnbd.

Efksnhebx wsklks xwehno{x soofx) Hmnbkxk esk {xka qo hoff{bei in|nbd nb qndmqks xwehkx



7< ‘ Inxqkbnbd eba Skxwobanbd qo Oqmksx Inxqkbnbd ex j{xq ex nfwosqebq ex qei`nbd" Inxqkbnbd nx ‣ ‣ ‣

e hofwik} wsohkxx tnqmnb xkil&hobqsoi e ikesbka x`nii ehqn|k

Qmk Inxqkbnbd Wsohkxx Inxqkbnbd nx boq mkesnbd" Mkesnbd nx e wexxn|k) wexxn|k) wm~xnoiodnhei wsohkxx."

Tmeq aokx Inxqkbnbd Nb|oi|k? Cknbd Fnbal{i

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Wm~xnheii~ Skhkn|nbd Xkikhqnbd eba Osdebnxnbd

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Nbqkswskqnbd

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Skxwobanbd

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Skfkfcksnbd

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Loh{xnbd ob tmeq nx mewwkbnbd eq qmk fofkbq Nbhskexkx o{s {baksxqebanbd ol oqmksx„ qmo{dmqx Wsofoqkx fosk hofwikqk hoff{bnheqnob c~ oqmksx Qms{ xo{bax) nbqkswskqnbd bob&|kscei ckme|nos) skeanbd inwx Hodbnqn|k xhmkfeqe -osdebnzk tmeq tk xkikhqn|ki~ wkshkn|k. Aklnbk qmk inxqkbnbd xnq{eqnob eba hobxqs{hq nqx fkebnbd" [xk e xhsnwq tk„sk lefnines tnqm qo akei tnqm qmk wksxob W{q qodkqmks qmeq tk xkikhqka eba osdebnzka qo fe`k xkbxk ol nq Kqmnhei inxqkbnbd: fe`nbd eb kesbkxq kllosq qo dsexw tmeq qmk~ qmnb` K}wskxxnbd nbqkskxq Ex`nbd u{kxqnobx \onhnbd o{s nakex -Lkkaceh`. Cknbd eqqkbqn|k Lnbei exwkhq ol inxqkbnbd Losdkq meil elqks 57fnb ol wskxkbqeqnob Qmk qmnsa qmeq tk xmo{ia skfkfcks



Ocxqehikx qo Kllkhqn|k Inxqkbnbd Xnq{eqnobei

Nbhofwskmkbxncninq~

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Fkxxedk O|ksioea

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Fkxxedk Hofwik}nq~

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Kb|nsobfkbqei Anxqsehqnobx Nbqksbei

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Wskohh{weqnob

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Wskj{adfkbq

K"d" Q\) wedksx) snbd qobkx) Qmk~ lsedfkbq hobhkbqseqnob Ecxoscka nb o{s qmo{dmqx eba hobhksbx Eco{q wexq os l{q{sk k|kbqx -k"d" qkxqx elqks ikhq{sk.

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Tmkb qnska) nii) m{bds~) {becik qo loh{x

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An|ksxk inxqkbnbd xq~ikx

Hofwik} -anllnh{iq qo {baksxqeba. Weh`ka tnqm akqenix Nb|oi|k nbqsnheqk skexobnbd

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Skehqnbd qo Kfoqnobeii~ Ioeaka Iebd{edk

Tmkb tk skhkn|k fosk fkxxedkx qmeb tk heb kllkhqn|k wsohkxx

Qkbakbh~ qo j{adk oqmksx os qmkns nake cklosk tk„|k mkesa qmkf Q{bnbd wkowik o{q hox„ tk qmnb` tk `bot tmeq qmk~ `bot Ikea qo fnx{baksxqebanbd

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Ieh` ol Kllosq

Boq {baksxqebaecik a{k qo iebd{edk os qsebxfnxxnob wsocikfx -k"d" Ehhkbq) jesdobx) e{ancninq~) bonxk) dseffes.

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Kfoqnobeii~ ioeaka los {x -nb o{s wksxwkhqn|k. Qkbakbh~ qo skehq xqsobdi~ -woxnqn|k os bkdeqn|k. Bo iobdks ecik qo qmnb` hsnqnheii~ Anllkskbq h{iq{skx: heiinbd o{q os cknbd xnikbq Fe~ skdesa nq tsobdi~ ex nbqkss{wqnobx



Losfx ol Nbkllkhqn|k Inxqkbnbd Wxk{aoinxqkbnbd

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Fobowoinznbd

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Xkikhqn|k Inxqkbnbd

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Aklkbxn|k Inxqkbnbd

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Efc{xmnbd

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Inqksei Fkebnbd

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Wskqkbanbd qo inxqkb Ewwkesnbd eqqkbqn|k) c{q o{s fnba esk skeii~ kixktmksk Hobqnb{eii~ loh{xnbd hoff{bnheqnob ob o{sxki|kx nbxqkea ol qmk wksxob tmo„x qei`nbd Skso{qnbd ‘ hob|ksxeqnobx qo o{sxki|kx Nbqkss{wqnbd ‘ nbqsoa{hnbd e bkt qownh) ollksnbd otb ownbnobx qmeq anxqsehq -k"d" ’tmeq ~o{ xmo{ia ao nx‖) ’Tmeq fe`kx ~o{ qmnb` qmeq?‖ Loh{xnbd obi~ ob wesqnh{ies wesqx ol hoff{bnheqnob qmeq nbqkskxqx {x / feqhmkx o{s lkkinbdx os ownbnobx K"d" ’qmnx tnii ck ob qmk qkxq‖ Wkshkn|nbd e wksxobei eqqeh`) hsnqnhnxf os moxqnik {baksqobk tmkb bobk nx nbqkbaka Tk esk dkbkseii~ aklkbxn|k) k}wkhqnbd nbx{iqx Inxqkbnbd heskl{ii~ los qmk w{swoxk ol deqmksnbd |kscei eff{bnqnob qo eqqeh` e xwke`ks Inxqkbnbd obi~ qo qmk hobqkbq ik|ki ol fkebnbd Ndbosnbd qmk skieqnobxmnw ik|ki ol fkebnbd

5; ® 3755 JNSO„X ETKXOFK BOQKX


74 ‘ Hskeqnbd Hoff{bnheqnob Hinfeqkx Kllkhqn|k hoff{bnheqnob akwkbax ob qmk hoff{bnheqnob hinfeqk" Hoff{bnheqnob hinfeqk: hinfeqk: kfoqnobei qobk ol e skieqnobxmnw ckqtkkb wkowik"

Ik|kix ol Hoblnsfeqnob eba Anxhoblnsfeqnob Nbqkswksxobei hoblnsfeqnob: hoblnsfeqnob: k}wskxxka |ei{nbd ol eboqmks wksxob" Tmkb tk„sk hoblnsfka: tk lkki ewwskhneqka eba skxwkhqka" Tmkb tk„sk anxhoblnsfka: tk lkki anxho{bqka eba ak|ei{ka" Foxq skieqnobxmnwx esk e fn}q{sk ol qmk qto hinfeqkx"

Skhodbnqnob Skhodbnqnob K}wskxxka eteskbkxx ol eboqmks„x k}nxqkbhk

Hoblnsfnbd Eh`botikadkfkbq Eqqkbqn|kbkxx qo tmeq e wksxob lkkix) qmnb`x os xe~x

Kbaosxkfkbq Ehhkwqnbd e wksxob„x lkkinbdx ex |eina -aokxb„q fkeb edskknbd.

E xfnik) mebaxme`k ’mkiio‖) ’bnhk qo fkkq ~o{‖

Boaanbd mkea) k~k hobqehq Anskhq skxwobxkx qo oqmks„x hoff{bnheqnob / eh`botikadnbd qmkns lkkinbdx k"d" ’xo{bax in`k ~o{„sk me|nbd xofk anllnh{iq~ tnqm qmnx wsojkhq‖

Ehhkwqnbd qmk |einanq~ ol mnx/mks xnq{eqnob ’nq„x bosfei qo lkki in`k qmnx tmkb ~o{ kbho{bqks x{hm wsojkhq feqkx‖

ô{ k}nxq" ô{ aob„q k}nxq"

Inxqkbnbd Boq inxqkbnbd"

Tmeq ~o{ xe~ nx qs{k" ô{ esk tsobd"

Mkiio" 9Xnikbhk2

N„f xoss~ ~o{„sk m{sq" ô{„ii dkq o|ks nq"

Tmeq ~o{ lkki nx bosfei" Nq„x xq{wna qo lkki qmeq te~"

5< ® 3755 JNSO„X ETKXOFK BOQKX


Aklkbxn|k eba X{wwosqn|k Hinfeqkx Hoff{bnheqnob heb wsofoqk aklkbxn|k hinfeqkx) os x{wwosqn|k hinfeqkx" K|ei{eqnob

[xnbd ”ô{„ iebd{edk

Akxhsnwqnob

[xnbd ”N„ iebd{edk

Hksqenbq~ Wso|nxnobeinxf

Obi~ obk |eina ebxtks -bo anxh{xxnob. {xnbd qkbqeqn|k iebd{edk

K|ei{eqkx qmk oqmks wksxob eba moia mnf skxwobxncik los mot N lkki Akxhsnckx mot N lkki eba e|onax j{adnbd oqmksx Xiefx aoos ob l{sqmks anxh{xxnob Owkbbkxx qo oqmks wonbqx ol |nkt

Xqseqkd~

Febnw{ieqnbd e wksxob los otb ckbklnq

Tk ckhofk aklkbxn|k

Xwobqebknq~

Owkb) mobkxq) boq febnw{ieqn|k"

Fe~ boq bkhkxxesni~ kqmnhei -skxwkhql{i.

Hobqsoi

’ô{ {wxkq fk‖

’N lkki {wxkq tmkb ~o{ xhskef‖ ’F~ fnba hebboq ck hmebdka‖ ’qmk te~ N qkba qo xkk qmk nxx{k nx‖ ’skfkfcks mot N mkiwka ~o{ iexq qnfk?‖ ’N skeii~ bkka ~o{s mkiw bot‖

Tk ckhofk aklkbxn|k) skxkbq os skcki

’N in`k nq eba N me|k qmk fobk~ qo we~‖

Wsocikf Osnkbqeqnob

Aofnbeqnbd0 nfwoxnbd |nktx ob oqmksx ob qmk cexnx ol x{wksnosnq~ Skxoi|nbd qkbxnobx eba wsocikfx

Tos` hoiiecoseqn|ki~ qo lnba xofkqmnbd k|ks~obk lnbax ehhkwqecik

’Nq xkkfx kehm ol {x me|k anllkskbq nakex" Ikq„x lnba e te~ los eii ol {x qo ehmnk|k tmeq tk bkka‖

Bk{qseinq~

Nbanllkskbhk qo oqmksx

Kfweqm~

Hoblnsfx tosqm ol oqmksx

Tk dkq aklkbxn|k tmkb tk lkki xqsobdi~ eco{q xofkqmnbd qmeq oqmksx anx xmotx hobhksb

’Mot ~o{ lndmq tnqm ~o{s co~lsnkba nx boq f~ c{xnbkxx‖ ’N heb {baksxqeba tm~ ~o{ qmnb` qmeq te~‖

X{wksnosnq~

Ehq in`k qmk~ esk ckqqks qmeb {x Hoff{bnheqkx skxwkhq

Tk xm{q o{q fkxxedkx qmeq ckinqqik {x Owkb) {bd{esaka hinfeqk los hoff{bnheqnob

’N `bot e ioq fosk qmeb ~o{ ao‖ ’Ikq„x anh{xx qo xkk nl tk heb fe`k qmnx ckqqks‖

Ku{einq~



Hoblinhq eba Hoff{bnheqnob Hoblinhqx ohh{s tmkb:& 5" 3" 8"

wkowik akwkba ob kehm oqmks me|k anllkskbq |nktx) nbqkskxqx) |ei{kx) skxwobxncninqnkx) os ocjkhqn|kx eba wkshkn|k qmk anllkskbhkx ex nbhofweqncik

Hoblinhqx heb ck O|ksq os Ho|ksq O|ksq: wkowik k}wskxx anllkskbhkx nb eb o{qsndmq) xqsendmqlostesa febbks Ho|ksq: nbanskhqi~" Hoblinhqx heb ck Febedka Tkii os Woosi~

1 `k~ Hofwobkbqx ol Hoblinhq Wsohkxx 5" Nbqkskxq Doeix) nbqkskxqx os ownbnobx qmeq xkkf nfhofweqncik

Tk bkka qo skxoi|k nb e te~ qmeq aokxb„q mesf qmk skieqnobxmnw

3" Osnkbqeqnobx Anllksnbd nban|na{ei eqqnq{akx qotesax hoblinhq

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ioxk&ioxk tnb&ioxk tnb&tnb

8" Skxwobxkx O|ksq ckme|nosei skxwobxkx qo hoblinhq

Anedsef ckiot

1" O{qhofkx Mot hoblinhq nx febedka eba mot skieqnobxmnwx esk ellkhqka ‣

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wsk|eninbd akhnxnobx nfwehq ob skieqnobxmnwx

Hoblinhq heb ck Ckbklnhnei Hoblinhq heb ckbklnq o{s skieqnobxmnwx eba o{sxki|kx tmkb febedka hobxqs{hqn|ki~) nb e x{wwosqn|k nbqkswksxobei hinfeqk" Wsofwqx {x qo hobxnaks oqmks wonbq ol |nktx" Nbhskexk o{s nbxndmq nbqo skieqnobxmnwx) xnq{eqnobx eba o{sxki|kx"

5= ® 3755 JNSO„X ETKXOFK BOQKX


7> ‘ Nakbqnq~ eba Xkil&hobhkwq Xkil: aklnbka ex e wsohkxx) feak {w ol wksxwkhqn|kx eco{q o{sxki|kx) o{sxki|kx) oqmksx eba xohnei inlk skx{iqnbd lsof k}wksnkbhkx eba nbqksehqnobx tnqm oqmksx" Dskeqi~ nbli{kbhka c~ hoff{bnheqnob"

Hoff{bnheqnob eba Wksxobei Nakbqnq~ Tk ak|kiow xkil&{baksxqebanbd qmso{dm wsohkxx ol hoff{bnheqnbd tnqm oqmksx" Qmk xkil esnxk nb hoff{bnheqnob tnqm oqmksx" Xkil&l{ilniinbd wsowmkhnkx: wsowmkhnkx: k}wkhqeqnobx os j{adkfkbqx ol o{sxki|kx qmeq tk csnbd eco{q qmso{dm o{s otb ehqnobx" ’K}wkhq qo ao tkii) eba qmk~ ao tkii"‖ Nl tk ehhkwq oqmksx„ j{adkfkbqx) tk l{lnii qmkns wsowmkhnkx" Wesqnh{ies Oqmksx

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Dkbkseinzka Oqmks

Nbxqnq{qnobx

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xwkhnlnh wkowik tmo esk nfwq qo {x eba xmewk mot tk xkk o{sxki|kx heb |es~ ehhosanbd qo h{iq{sk \nktx -s{ikx) soikx) eba eqqnq{akx. kbaosxka c~ qmk o|kseii xohnkq~ eba hoff{bnqnkx tk ckiobd hoff{bnheqk |ei{kx qmeq l{sqmks hob|k~ qmk wksxwkhqn|kx ol qmk dkbkseinzka oqmks sklikhq eba k}wskxx wsk|eninbd xohnei wskj{anhnkx

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foqmks) leqmks) xncinbd) wkksx oqmks wkowik) xohnei nbxqnq{qnobx) fkane kqh" -k"d" Feb~ wsnxobx ç hob|k~ qmeq o{s xohnkq~ |ei{kx iet eba osaks. Snhm aklkbaebqx heb ellosa ckqqks ikdei ho{bxki

Diexx&ioo`nbd xkil / Sklikhqka ewwsenxei: ewwsenxei: wsohkxx ol xkknbd o{sxki|kx qmso{dm qmk k~kx ol oqmksx" -Ioo`nbd qms{ qmk ”fnssoska„ k~kx ol oqmksx) ikesbnbd mot oqmksx xkk qmkf. Xkil&hobhkwq" Xkil&hobhkwq" Tk xkk o{sxki|kx lsof qmk wksxwkhqn|kx ol oqmksx"

5> ® 3755 JNSO„X ETKXOFK BOQKX


Hoff{bnheqnob tnqm Lefni~ Fkfcksx Lefni~ nbqksehqnob aofnbeqkx o{s kesi~ ~kesx) xh{iwqx qmk lo{baeqnob ol o{s xkil&hobhkwqx" Qmk~ ao nq qms{:& Anskhq Aklnbnqnob K}winhnqi~ qkiinbd {x tmo tk esk -ieckinbd {x eba o{s ckme|nosx.

Inlk Xhsnwqx S{ikx los in|nbd eba nakbqnq~ Eqqehmfkbq Xq~ikx

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Hmniaskb nbqksbeinzk qmkf) {xk qmkf ex foakix los xkil Heb kbmebhk os akwikqk o{s xkil&kxqkkf Hmniaskb ikesb mot oqmksx xkk qmkf) tmeq oqmksx |ei{k ç xmewkx mot qmk~ skdesa qmkfxki|kx eba qmkns xkil& k}wkhqeqnobx

’ô{„sk f~ xtkkq inqqik dnsi"‖ ç dnsix esk xtkkq" ’ô{„sk e cnd) xqsobd co~ bot"‖ ç co~x esk xqsobd eba cnd

Aklnbkx o{s soikx) mot tk wie~ qmkf eba qmk qmnbdx qmeq fe`k los e ”sndmq„ inlk

’Eite~x mkiw oqmksx‖) ’Xe|k ~o{s fobk~‖) ’Ioo` o{q los ~o{sxkil‖

’ô{„sk dskeq eq xohhks‖ |x ’ô{„sk xq{wna‖

Weqqksbx ol weskbqnbd qmeq qkehmkx {x mot qo |nkt o{sxki|kx eba wksxobei skieqnobxmnwx



Hoff{bnheqnob tnqm Wkksx Hmniamooa wie~feqkx) tos` exxohneqkx) lsnkbax eba sofebqnh wesqbksx" Sklikhqka Ewwsenxeix Anskhq Ak lnbnqnobx lnbnqnobx

Xohnei hofwesnxobx

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Xkil&anxhiox{sk

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Jomesn Tnbaot @botb qo oqmksx

[b`botb qo oqmksx

Xefk ex eco|k Xqsobd nb hoffkbqnbd ob xohnei dkbaks bosfx

k"d" asnb`nbd nx febi~" Tkesnbd akxndbks hioqmkx nb lkfnbnbk"

Seqnbd o{sxki|kx skieqn|k qo oqmksx tnqm skxwkhq qo o{s qeikbqx) ecninqnkx) u{einqnkx kqh k"d" xefk nbqkskxqx? Xefk Hofwesk nl tk esk in`k qmkf) woinqnhei ckinklx? qkba qo xqnh` qo xnfnies wkowik k"d" ef N ex xfesq ex Jnf? Hofwesk qo fkex{sk xwkhnlnh Ex lnq ex Feqq? exwkhqx ol o{sxki|kx -nl tk„sk bosfei. Dooa nl hofwesnxobx esk skeinxqnh Sk|keinbd wksxobei nblo eco{q o{sxki|kx qmeq oqmksx esk {bin`ki~ qo `bot ob qmkns otb Qo k}wskxx wsn|eqk mowk Oqmksx„ skxwobxk qo o{s xkil&anxhiox{sk ellkhqx mot tk xkk o{sxki|kx

@botb qo xkil Owkb & befk) f{xnh qexqkx Mnaakb & |{ibksecninqnkx) qse{fex) xkil&ao{cqx

[b`botb qo xkil Cinba & wksxobei wkshkwqnob ol ikeaksxmnw [b`botb & {bqewwka skxo{shkx) lkesx) ecninqnkx

E mkeiqm~ xkil&hobhkwq sku{nskx `botikadk ol f~xkil Nfwosqebq qo denb ehhkxx qo nblosfeqnob nb o{s cinba eba {b`botb eskex:& ‣ ‣ ‣

Qs~nbd bo|ki ehqn|nqnkx) k}wksnfkbq bkt te~x qo hoff{bnheqk -[b`botb eskex. Ex` oqmksx mot qmk~ wkshkn|k fk -Cinba eskex. Anxhioxk wksxobei nblo qo qs{xqka lsnkbax -mnaakb eskex.

[bhksqenbq~ Ska{hqnob Qmkos~: Tk ex` u{kxqnobx qo ska{hk {bhksqenbq~"

Xkil&anxhiox{sk Xkil&anxhiox{sk Xkil&anxhiox{sk heb ska{hk {bhksqenbq~" Nq nx boq wsnfes~ nb iobd skieqnobxmnwx) ckhe{xk:& ‣ ‣ ‣

Nbnqeii~ xkil&anxhiox{sk heb c{nia nbqnfeh~" Bkhkxxes~ eba akxnsecik Obhk e skieqnobxmnw nx c{niq) c{i` ol hoff{bnheqnob loh{x ob qex`&skieqka xq{ll Ckbklnqx ol qs{xq c{niq qms{ qnfk eba nbnqnei anxhiox{sk kbho{sedkx qmk sxb



Hoff{bnheqnob tnqm Xohnkq~ Dkbkseinxka oqmks eixo xmewkx xkil&hobhkwq" Mot aokx xohnkq~:& ‣ ‣ ‣

Hobxnaks xofkqmnbd ex nfwosqebq \nkt |esno{x xohnei dso{wx \nkt {x ex fkfcksx ol wesqnh{ies dso{wx

Sehk

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Dkbaks

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Xk}{ei Osnkbqeqnob

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Xohnokhobofnh

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Wsnfes~ exwkhq ol nakbqnq~ Anxhsnfnbeqnob ol Tmnqkx akhinbka) c{q xqnii wsk|eikbq nb {blens kfwio~fkbq owwosq{bnqnkx) ka{heqnob kqh" Exx{fwqnob ol e ”Tmnqk„ Efksnhe Fkb 2 Tofkb) mnxqosnheii~ Bob&hoblosfnq~ ikeax qo ieckinbdx Mkqkso 6 bosfei) Oqmksx 6 ecbosfei Mkqkso me|k hksqenb wsn|nikdkx qmeq oqmksx me|k boq Wksxwkhqn|kx esk k|oi|nbd Wksqnbkbq nb nbhofk&hobhno{x xoh Mesa qo wnb wonbq) ikxx |nxncik Bkkax tnii |es~

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Nbhskexnbd f{iqn& sehneinxf hmeiikbdkx boqnob ol ”tmnqk„ os ”cieh`„

k"d" Febi~ dnsix esk cnqhmkx) dnsi~ d{~x esk tnfwx) Fessnedkx obi~ los mkqkso -{bqni skhkbqi~ nb hksqenb xqeqkx. ‣

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Nbli{kbhkx o{s inlkxq~ik) ka{heqnob eba qmnb`nbd Snhm wkowik heb qmnb` ol ôde los xwnsnq{ei ak|w"

Qmkxk |ei{kx nbqksxkhq eba heb hofcnbk nqx kllkhqx -k"d" tofeb ol hoio{s.



57 ‘ Nbqkswksxobei Skieqnobxmnwx Wksxobei Skieqnobxmnw: Skieqnobxmnw: |oi{bqes~ hoffnqfkbq ckqtkkb nsskwiehkecik -{bnu{k. nban|na{eix tmo esk nbli{kbhka c~:& ‣ ‣ ‣

s{ikx) skieqnobxmnw aneikhqnhx) , x{sso{ba hobqk}q"

Tk bkka nbqkswksxobei skieqnobxmnwx ckhe{xk:& ‣ ‣ ‣

nbhi{xnob: nbhi{xnob : ckhofnbd nb|oi|ka ellkhqnob: ellkhqnob : me|nbd loba / qkbaks lkkinbdx los oqmksx hobqsoi: hobqsoi : ecninq~ qo nbli{kbhk oqmksx eba o{sxki|kx

X~ffkqsnhei |x Hofwikfkbqes~ Skieqnobxmnwx X~ffkqsnhei: coqm wesqnkx ao qmk xefk qmnbd" Xefk qmnbd" Hofwkqnqn|k Hofwkqnqn|k X~ffkqs~ qsnkx qo k}ksq hobqsoi o|ks oqmksx Hmsnx: Ao nq bot" Ef~: N$ii ao nq tmkb N$f dooa eba skea~0 oqmkstnxk) ao nq ~o{sxkil" ‣

X{cfnxxn|k X{cfnxxn|k X~ffkqs~ hoff{bnheqkx x{cfnxxnob Hmsnx: Tmeq ao ~o{ tebq los anbbks? Ef~: Tmeqk|ks ~o{$a in`k nx lnbk" ‣

Bk{qseinzka X~ffkqs~ Hoff{bnheqkx xnfniesi~ Ef~: Jeh`nk bkkax bkt xmokx" Hmsnx: Eba e bkt jeh`kq" ‣

Hofwikfkbqes~: Hofwikfkbqes~: obk k}ksqx hobqsoi tmnik qmk oqmks x{cfnqx) os |nhk&|ksxe Hofwkqnqn|k -Hobqsoi. X{cfnxxn|k Ef~: Mksk) mobk~) ao nq qmnx te~" Hmsnx: Om) qmeq$x dskeq0 ~o{$sk xo hik|ks

X{cfnxxn|k Hofwkqnqn|k -Hobqsoi. Ef~: N bkka x{ddkxqnobx los febednbd qmnx bkt qkef ol skhs{nqx" Hmsnx: Om) qmeq$x kex~0 N$|k febedka xnfnies dso{wx los ~kesx"

1 Lkeq{skx ol Wksxobei Skieqnobxmnwx Foxq ol o{s skieqnobxmnw esk xohnei) boq wksxobei" 5" Xohnei Skieqnobxmnw Skwiehkecik -hiexxfeqk nb ikhq{sk0 heb skwiehk tnqm eboqmks obk. Sxb aklnbka c~ qmk soik qmk~ l{ilnii) boq tmo qmk~ esk Bob&{bnu{k k"d" ikhq{sk hiexxfeqk) wsojkhq feqk) ho& tos`ksx ‣

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[bnu{kbkxx Wksxobei Skieqnobxmnw Nsskwiehkecik -hebboq lnba e bkt ckxq lsnkba os weskbq. Sxb aklnbka c~ tmo qmk~ esk eba tmeq qmk~ hskeqk {bnu{k k"d" lsnkbaxmnwx) nbqnfeqk wesqbksx) ckxq lsnkbax) weskbqx ‣

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3" Hoffnqfkbq Akhnxnob qo skfenb nb e skieqnobxmnw

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Exx{fk e xmeska l{q{sk Dsotx o{q ol nb|kxqfkbq Qmk fosk tk nb|kxq) nb|kxq ) qmk mesaks qo kba e sxb

Nb|kxqfkbq: Nb|kxqfkbq: tmeq tk w{q nbqo sxb qmeq tk hebboq dkq ceh`) xmo{ia nq leni -k"d" qnfk) qmo{dmq) feqksnei) mnxqos~.

1" Hobqk}q -Hmebdnbd. x{sso{banbdx ellkhq ehqn|nq~ , k}wkhqeqnob nb wksxobei skieqnobxmnwx

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Dkbkseinxka oqmks Lefninkx wexx ob |nktx ol xohnei xqeq{x) nbhofk) ewwkesebhk) sehk) skindnob) nbqkiindkbhk kqh" Xohnei hnshikx kxqecinxm bosfx los ehqn|nqnkx -k"d" wesq~nbd) asnb`nbd. K}qksbei hobanqnobx -k"d" skhkxxnob. 1"

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Wesqnh{ies Wesqnh{ies Oqmksx Lefni~„x qexqk nb o{s nakei wesqbksx Qseanqnobei soikx nb lefni~ esk hmebdnbd tnqm a{ei&nbhofk lefni~ -k"d" tmo aokx mo{xktos`. Nbqks&an|ksxnq~ ol fessnedkx

Aneikhqnhx : Owwoxnbd eba hobqnb{o{x qkbxnobx nb hioxk skieqnobxmnwx

E{qobof~/Hobbkhqnob E{qobof~/Hobbkh qnob Akxnsk qo ck xkweseqk ~kq hobbkhqka Enf los nban|na{einq~ eba nbqnfeh~ Lsnhqnob skx{iqx a{k qo hoblinhqnbd doeix Tebqnbd qo me|k f~ otb nban|na{ei qnfk los f~ otb xq{ll) ~kq N hmksnxm f~ qnfk qodkqmks tnqm mks) xmesnbd o{s k}wksnkbhkx ‣

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Bo|kiq~/Wskanhqecninq~ Bo|kiq~/Wsk anhqecninq~ Aob„q tebq so{qnbk) ~kq tebq xkh{snq~ nb wskanhqecninq~ So{qnbk heb ck cosnbd Xwobqebknq~ nbjkhqx |esnkq~ Me|nbd xqebaesa qnfkx qo do o{q -e aeqk k|ks~ Xeq{sae~.

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Owkbbkxx/Hioxkbkxx Owkbbk xx/Hioxkbkxx Tebqnbd owkbbkxx ~kq bkkanbd wsn|eh~ Hebboq xmesk k|ks~qmnbd tnqm k|ks~obk -wksxobei xkhskqx Eii ol {x bkka wsn|eh~ Sofebqnh wesqbksx anxh{xx xk}{ei ehqn|nq~) c{q boq lefni~ xkhskqx ‣

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Akeinbd tnqm Aneikhqnhx Bk{qseinxeqnob Bkdoqneqk e ceiebhk ckqtkkb aneikhqnhx Tk edskk qo ck owkb c{q boq qoqeii~ anxhioxn|k"

Xkweseqnob Xkweseqno b Eaaskxxnbd obk aneikhqnh) ndbosnbd qmk oqmks Tk xwkba tkk`kbax qodkqmks) tkkàe~x ewesq"

Xkdfkbqeqnob Xkdfk bqeqnob Exxndbnbd e aneikhqnh qo hksqenb xwmksk -qnfk?. Tk aob$q qei` eco{q o{s tos`) c{q tk qkba qo o{s hmniaskb"

Sklsefnbd Fe`k hobqseanhqos~ aneikhqnhx boq xkkf xo Ckhe{xk tk„sk xkweseqk eco{q tos`) tk heb hmksnxm o{s qnfk qodkqmks) fosk"

Ikexq xeqnxl~nbd ckhe{xk nq skwskxxkx



Skieqnobxmnw S{ikx [bxwo`kb {baksxqebanbd ckqtkkb wesqbksx" Hobxqnq{qn|k s{ikx -Tmeq. tmeq nx k}wkhqka nb hksqenb `nbax ol skieqnobxmnwx Hobxqnq{qn|k s{ikx ”hobxqnq{qk%„

Skd{ieqn|k s{ikx -Mot. tmkb eba tnqm tmof qo kbdedk nb |esno{x `nbax ol hoff{bnheqnob Skd{ieqn|k s{ikx ”skd{ieqk%„ k"d" oè~ qo hsnqnhnzk nb wsn|eqk c{q boq w{cinh" @nax xmo{ia boq nbqkss{wq ea{iqx"

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Xmeiq Boq s{ikx Tmeq kehm oqmks tob„q qoikseqk Coqm qsn|ei eba nfwq

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k"d" lsnkbax xmo{ia ck IOÊI" M{dx esk ELLKHQNOB" Xnikbhk nx EBDKS" k"d" IOÊI |x ANXIOÊI"

k"d" hebboq fess~ o{qxnak skindnob os sehk

O@ |x BOQ O@E^

Heb |es~ tnqm h{iq{sk"

K|oi{qnobes~ Ho{sxk ol Wksxobei Skieqnobxmnwx Feb~ skieqnobxmnwx -lsnkbaxmnwx eba sofebhkx. ak|kiow xnfniesi~" Q{sbnbd wonbqx fo|k e skieqnobxmnw qotesax os ete~ lsof nbqnfeh~" Qmk~ esk k|kbqx os wonbqx ol anxho|ks~ -k"d" lnsxq `nxx) fkkqnbd weskbqx) qe`nbd e qsnw qodkqmks) xmesnbd wksxobei nblosfeqnob." K|kbqx in`k hoblinhq) anxho|ksnbd nblnakinq~ -fnxfeqhm. heb xqkks e skieqnobxmnw ete~ lsof nbqnfeh~"

< Xqedkx ol Lsnkbaxmnwx Tebnbd lsnkbaxmnw

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Xqecninzka lsnkbaxmnw

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Bexhkbq lsnkbaxmnw

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Fo|nbd qotesax lsnkbaxmnw Lsnkbai~ skieqnobx

Soik&infnqka nbqksehqnob

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Tmkb obk os coqm xqow cknbd hoffnqqka Ho{ia ck hnsh{fxqebqnei Exx{fwqnob ol hobqnb{nq~ Qs{xq Nbhskexka nb|oi|kfkbq eba hesnbd Xohnei bosfx eba soikx esk ikxx nfwq Tos` o{q wsn|eqk te~x qo skieqk Xqkwwnbd ck~oba xohnei soikx Wksxobeinzk e skieqnobxmnw c~ nbqsoa{hnbd e fosk wksxobei qownh Hmkh`nbd qmk oqmks wksxob o{q nl tk me|k hoffob dso{bax eba nbqkskxq qo ak|kiow e dooa lsnkbaxmnw Me|k xqebaesa xohnei s{ikx) heskl{i nb anxhiox{skx

Coqm `bot qmk~„ii `kkw xkknbd kehm oqmks Xkqqnbd eba hoffnqqnbd qo hoffob so{qnbkx Xmesnbd lkkinbdx) |ei{kx) eqqnq{akx Edk) ceh`dso{ba) nbqkskxqx) xqeq{x



Io|k , In`nbd Io|k: Io|k: woxnqn|k kfoqnobei xqeqk qotesa eboqmks wksxob hobxnxqnbd:& ‣

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Nbqnfeh~: Nbqnfeh~ : lkkinbdx ol hioxkbkxx) hobbkhqkabkxx) eba cobakabkxx Wexxnob: Wexxnob : wm~xnhei eqqsehqnob  xk}{ei hobx{ffeqnob Hoffnqfkbq: Hoffnqfkbq : akhnxnob qo skfenb tnqm eboqmks nb qmk iobd qksf) xmesnbd wiebx

Sofebqnh Skieqnobxmnwx: Kxheieqnbd + Be|ndeqnob d b n q e d n | e B

Be|ndeqnbd

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Nbqnfeqk Cobanbd

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Sk|nxnbd Hoff{bnheqnob d b n q e i e h x K

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Nbqkbxnl~nbd Hoff{bnheqnob -K{wmosne.

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K}wioseqnobei Hoff{bnheqnob

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Nb|nqeqnobei Hoff{bnheqnob

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Bo nbqksehqnob

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Qo x{xqenb nbqnfeh~ o|ks qnfk eba hmebdkx lsof wesqbksx) skieqnobxmnw eba hobqk}q @kkwnbd nbqnfeh~ xeqnxl~nbd eba akeinbd tnqm qkbxnobx Wexq/Wskxkbq ç L{q{sk&xndmqka skieqnobxmnw Exx{fk hobqnb{nq~ -in`k ’Xqecinxka lsnkbaxmnw‖ Iobd qksf hoffnqfkbq Dkq ceh` qo skeinq~ Tmkqmks os boq qo ikq qmk skieqnobxmnw iexq Io|k ç Hoffnqfkbq Foxq sofebqnh qnfk Wesqbksx xwkba fosk eba fosk qnfk qodkqmks Nakeinznbd eba wksxobeinzka hoff{bnheqnob Wkowik k}wiosk woxxncninq~ ol e skieqnobxmnw Lnbanbd o{q hoffob nbqkskxqx Xkil&anxhiox{sk K}wskxxnbd nbqkskxq nb nbqksehqnbd Skieqnobxmnw ik|ki 2 hobqkbq ik|ki ol fkebnbd Ellkhqka c~ wso}nfnq~ eba xnfniesnq~ -Feqhmnbd M~woqmkxnx. [bhksqenbq~) boq x{sk tmeq qmk~ fkeb -nb|nqeqnob os inqksei. Xkil&eteskbkxx ex nban|na{eix tnqm bkkax) doeix eba u{einqnkx qmeq ellkhq o{s xkeshm los skieqnobxmnwx

Wsk|kbqn|k fenbqkbebhk Wksnoanh skwensx Skieqnobxmnw h{iq{sk ak|kiowx

Hoffnqfkbq heb ck fessnedk) homecnqnbd) hn|ni {bnobx) me|nbd hmniaskb Anxh{xx xksno{xi~ eco{q qmk xqskbdqmx eba tke`bkxxkx ol qmk sxb

O|ksioo`nbd xmosqhofnbdx) k}eddkseqnbd xqskbdqmx ol wesqbks" Bnh`befkx in`k ’aesinbd‖) ’akes‖ ’Ao ~o{ in`k Jezz?‖ ’Ao ~o{ loiiot woinqnhx?‖ Bkkax qo ck ik|kika ’N io|k qmnx `nba ol f{xnh‖ ç N„f e|eniecik" Esk ~o{ nbqkskxqka?

Wkowik xkk` sxb tnqm oqmksx tmo hioxki~ feqhm

Hobxqnq{qn|k eba skd{ieqn|k s{ikx



Mot Skieqnobxmnwx Akqksnoseqk: ; Wsohkxxkx Boq eii nbqnfeqki~ cobaka skieqnobxmnwx k|kbq{eii~ kba{sk" Nbqsewx~hmnh

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A~eanh d b n q e s o n s k q k A

Xohnei x{wwosq

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Dse|k Askxxnbd

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Skx{sskhqnob

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Skieqnobei akqksnoseqnob Obk / coqm wesqbksx csooa eco{q wsocikfx nb qmk sxb ç xkil&l{lniinbd wsowmkhnkx Cskeàotb nb ckme|nosnei bosfx nb e skieqnobxmnw Qkiinbd oqmksx eco{q qmk qso{cika sxb Sxb ckhofkx mesaks qo ndbosk Wesqbksx dn|k xkil&xks|nbd ehho{bqx ol qmk sxb eba k}wkhq oqmksx qo qe`k xnakx Wesqbksx akhnak mot qo qkii eba k}wienb qmkns xnq{eqnob qo lsnkbax eba lefni~ Wesqnh{ies oqmksx fe~ qe`k xnakx nl qmk wesqbksx ao boq hselq e jonbq k}wiebeqnob

qmnb`nbd tmkqmks xmk„x skeii~ qmk sndmq obk) nbxkh{snq~ eco{q f~ ioo`x bo iobdks heiinbd mks eq bndmq) boq xwke`nbd skd{iesi~ Qkiinbd lsnkbax eco{q qmk wsn|eqk wsocikfx Jomb qkiinbd mnx lsnkbax eii qmk te~x Einhk nx eq le{iq eba mnf cknbd qmk nbbohkbq obk Cske` {wx heb xqnii ck dooa nb xofk te~x:& Wksxobei dsotqm Bkt nbxndmqx nbqo l{q{sk sxb Nfwso|ka lefni~ sxb

Fo|nbd ob qo e bkt xqedk ol inlk tnqmo{q qmk k}&wesqbks

Hmeiikbdkx nb Wksxobei Skieqnobxmnw Jkeio{x~

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Akeinbd tnqm anxqebhk A{ei&heskksx \noikbhk

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Wkshkwqnob ol qmskeq qo qmk xkil eba/os qmk sofebqnh skieqnobxmnw c~ e skei os woqkbqnei sn|ei skieqnobxmnw Qmskeq qo xkil -mk„x fosk mebaxofk) snhmks kqh. Qmskeq qo skieqnobxmnw -xkkfx qo ck ob ckqqks qksfx tnqm mks qmkb fk. Nblnakinq~ -ckqse~ei nb xk}{ei skieqnobx. iobd anxqebhk skieqnobxmnwx hmebdnbd aofkxqnh ocindeqnobx) xohnei skxwobxncninqnkx bkdoqneqnbd xelk xk}



55 ‘ Xfeii Dso{w Hoff{bnheqnob Hoff{bnheqnob nbli{kbhkx wsoa{hqn|nq~ wsoa{hqn|nq~ eba hinfeqk ol nbqksehqnob nb dso{wx" Dso{w fkfcksx {xk: ‣ ‣ ‣ ‣ ‣

|kscei , bob&|kscei hoff{bnheqnob hmkh` wkshkwqnobx inxqkb fnbal{ii~ c{nia dooa hinfeqkx eaewq hoff{bnheqnob

Dso{wx |x Qkefx Dso{wx: 8 os fosk wkowik tmo:& ‣ ‣ ‣ ‣

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nbqksehq o|ks qnfk akwkba ob obk eboqmks) eba loiiot xmeska s{ikx ol hoba{hq qo skehm e hoffob doei Dso{wx Qkefx nb|oi|k nbqksehqnob) nbqksakwkbakbhk) xmeska s{ikx eba hoffob doeix Wkowik me|k:& anllkskbq eba xwkhneinzka skxo{shkx qo e wsojkhq -e fnxxnob. dskeqks nbqksakwkbakbhk eba xqsobdks nakbqnq~ ‣

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Eii qkefx esk dso{wx) c{q boq eii dso{wx esk qkefx% S{ikx Dso{wx ak|kiow s{ikx -hobxqnq{qn|k eba skd{ieqn|k. qmeq fkfcksx {baksxqeba eba loiiot"

Doeix Hnqnzkbx

ç

ehhofwinxm woinqnhei doeix

Tos`ksx

ç

nfwikfkbq woinhnkx eq tos`

Hobxqnq{qn|k ‘ Tmeq ho{bqx ex tmeq -k"d" xofk dso{wx skdesa anxedskkfkbq ex xndb ol nb|oi|kfkbq) oqmks dso{wx skdesa nq nx bkdeqn|k.

Xq{akbqx nbqkskxqx

ç

lnba x{wwosq eq xhmooi) hoffob

Skd{ieqn|k ‘ Skd{ieqk mot) tmkb) eba tnqm tmof tk nbqksehq -k"d" Bo nbqkss{wqnbd tmkb xofkobk kixk nx xwke`nbd0 bo xmesnbd ol nbqksbei qmnbdx tnqm o{qxnaksx.



< @nbax ol Qex` Dso{wx -Qkefx. Hoffob nb c{xnbkxx eba hn|nh inlk" Wsojkhq qkefx

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Loh{x dso{wx

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Csenbxqosfnbd dso{wx

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Ea|nxos~ dso{wx

U{einq~ Nfwso|kfkbq Qkefx

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Akhnxnob fe`nbd dso{wx

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Ehhofwinxm e hoffob doei wkowik tnqm k}wksqnxk qmeq esk xwkhneinzka qo e hksqenb exwkhq ol e wsojkhq Lnba o{q tmeq wkowik qmnb` ol e hksqenb nake) wsoa{hq) nxx{k os wksxob hobqsnc{qnobx ol fkfcksx mkiw sklnbk qmk wsoa{hq os xks|nhk Hofk {w tnqm ex feb~ nakex ex woxxncik kbho{sedkx nfednbeqn|k) tnia qmnb`nbd Wso|nak k}wksq csnklnbd qo eb kfwotkska nban|na{ei tmo heb fe`k akhnxnobx 8 os fosk wkowik tos`nbd qodkqmks qo nfwso|k u{einq~ nb eb osdebnzeqnob exxkxxnbd hofwienbqx) eba qehìnbd osdebnzeqnobei wsocikfx K}nxqx qo fe`k akhnxnobx Heb ck xwkhnlnh

k"d" xhnkbqnxqx ea aohqosx los wmesfehk{qnhei hofwebnkx

k"d" Ao Elsnheb&Efksnhebx qmnb` qmnx hebanaeqk nx qs{xqtosqm~?

k"d" ea|nxnbd HKOx) fnbnxqksx

k"d" Tmeq xmo{ia ck qmk hofweb~„x akhnxnob ob fkanhei ike|k? Tmeq ckbklnqx eba wksxobbki xmo{ia ck h{q qo ehmnk|k e 5;+ akhkexk nb ebb{ei k}wkbxkx?

Woqkbqnei Infnqeqnobx eba Xqskbdqmx ol Dso{wx Infnqeqnobx ol Dso{wx

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Qe`kx Fosk Qnfk Boq wsehqnhei los kfksdkbh~ os so{qnbk woinh~ fe`nbd E ioq ol akinckseqnob efobd fkfcksx

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Wskxx{sk qo Hoblosf Wskxx{sk lsof e fejosnq~ |nkt heb xb{ll o{q fnbosnq~ |nkt Wkshkn|ka xqeq{x ol eb nban|na{ei ikbax oqmksx wskxx{sk qo hoblosf

Xqskbdqmx ol Dso{wx Fosk Skxo{shkx K}wksqnxk ckiobdnbd qo hksqenb nba| heb ck xmeska

Fosk Qmoso{dm Heqhmnbd fnxqe`kx) ieh` ol {baksxqebanbd

Fosk Hskeqn|nq~ Dso{wx me|k nblnbnqk dkbkseqn|k hewecninq~

Fosk Hoffnqfkbq Wesqnhnweqnob fe`kx {x fosk hoffnqqka qo akhnxnob"

X~bksd~ -Hoiiecoseqn|k \nqeinq~.



Wesqnhnweqnob ellkhqx Kllkhqn|kbkxx ol Xfeii Dso{wx Fkfcksx f{xq ck ecik qo wesqnhnweqk kllkhqn|ki~" ; lkeq{sk ol xfeii dso{wx qmeq ellkhq ell khq eba esk ellkhqka c~ xfeii dso{wx" Homkxnob / Hioxkbkxx

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Dso{w Xnzk -; ‘ 4. Wotks Xqs{hq{sk

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Nbqksehqnob Weqqksbx -K}winhnq S{ik. Dso{w bosfx -Nfwinhnq S{ik.

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Akdskk ol hioxkbkxx efobd fkfcksx) xkbxk ol dso{w xwnsnq Kbmebhka c~ hoff{bnheqnob qmeq c{niax dso{w nakbqnq~ Homkxn|kbkxx ßç Wesqnhnweqnob Iesdks dso{w) ikxx hoffnqfkbq wks fkfcks qo o{qhofkx Wotks o|ks: ecninq~ qo mkiw os mesf oqmksx Wotks qo: ecninq~ qo mkiw oqmksx x{hhkka Wotks ßç Wesqnhnweqnob Xohnei hinfcnbd

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K}hkxxn|k homkxn|kbkxx: qoo ”bnhk„ qo ollks dooa) mobkxq ea|nhk Dso{wqmnb`: Dso{wqmnb` : fkfcksx leni qo qmnb` nbakwkbakbqi~

Qoo xfeii e dso{w ç xheshk skxo{shkx ç {btniinbd qo hsnqnhnxk Mndm wotks ç hkbqsk ol dso{w hoff{bnheqnob) dskeqks nbli{kbhk nb dso{w akhnxnobx Mndm wotks ç dskeqks xeqnxlehqnob hox„ qmk~ dkq qmkns te~ fosk kexni~ Hkbqseinxka -5 os fosk wkowik moia hkbqsei woxnqnobx. |x Akhkbqseinxka -fosk ceiebhka hoff{bnheqnob) fkfcksx me|k so{dmi~ ku{ei wotks. k"d" eq eb nbnqnei fkkqnbd xofk Bosfx: d{nakinbkx qmeq fkfcks ao boq we~ eqqb" tmkb skd{ieqk mot fkfcksx ehq oqmksx esk qei`nbd ç bosf ol eba nbqksehq anxskxwkhq ak|kiowx Dsotx o{q ol nbqksehqnob ‣

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Xohnei hinfcnbd: wkowik qkba qo mebd o{q tnqm ikeaksx -tmok|ks mex fosk wotks nb qmk dso{w.) do bkes qmk ”hosk„ qo xmesk xofk ol qmkns wotks

Wotks Xqs{hq{skx Sktesa Dn|nbd wkowik qmnbdx qmk~ |ei{k Wsofoqnobx) eqqkbqnob) wsenxk

Hokshn|k W{bnxmnbd wkowik Akfoqnobx) lnsnbd

Ikdnqnfeqk Osdebnzeqnobei soik skx{iqnbd nb hofwinebhk Febedks) HKO) x{wks|nxos

K}wksq Lsof k}wksq `botikadk / k}w Aohqos) iet~ks

Sklkskbq Wksxobei hmesnxfe eba wksxobeinq~ Ocefe?



Ikeaksxmnw Xq~ikx Xq~ik E{qohseqnh -5&te~. Akfohseqnh -3&te~. Ienxxkz&lensk

Hmesnxfeqnh

K"d" Qmeq„x f~ akhnxnob eba qmeq„x lnbei Ikq„x anxh{xx eba hofk qo e akhnxnob O`) ~o{ ao qmnx) ~o{ ao qmeq" N„f ob ~o{s xnak eba N wsofnxk ~o{

Hinfeqk hobqsoiinbd

Owkbbkxx) ku{einq~ Obi~ x{wwosqn|k tmkb ex`ka X{wwosqn|k

\kscei Hoff E{qmosnqeqn|k xqeqkfkbqx) wxk{ao inxqkbnbd) fobowoinznbd Xqeqkfkbqx qesdkqx qmk wsocikf nqxkil

Bob&|kscei Wso}kfnhx) weseiebd{edk) `nbkxnhx Eqqkbqn|k dezk) dkxq{skx) k~k hobqehq Hoblnakbq) akhnxn|k

F{xq hob|k~ akqenika nbxqs{hqnobx) qo wsk|kbq fnx{baksxqebanbdx Ebnfeqka lehnei k}w) mndm kbksd~ ik|ki) kiou{kbhk

Q~wkx ol Hoff{bnheqnob nb Dso{wx Hobxqs{hqn|k wesqnhnweqnob ‣ ‣ ‣

Qex` hoff{bnheqnob ‘ ‘ loh{xkx ob wsocikf) nxx{kx) nblosfeqnob Wsohka{sei hoff{bnheqnob ‘ ‘ dkqx dso{w osdebnzka eba ob qseh` Hinfeqk hoff{bnheqnob ‘ ‘ hskeqkx eba fenbqenbx wsoa{hqn|k kb|nsobfkbq

A~xl{bhqnobei wesqnhnweqnob ‣

Kdohkbqsnh hoff{bnheqnob ‘ ‘ cioh`x nakex) xkil skhodbnqnob) ak|ei{k oqmksx



53 ‘ Osdebnzeqnobei Hoff{bnheqnob -D{kxq Ikhq{sk. K|kb qmo{dm osdebnzeqnobx anllks) eii ol qmkf bkka hoff{bnheqnob"

8 @k~x ol Osdebnzeqnobei Hoff{bnheqnob Nb eaanqnob) Osdebnzeqnobei Hoff{bnheqnob bkkax:& ‣ ‣ ‣

Xqs{hq{sk Qo ohh{s nb e Hoff{bnheqnob bkqtos` Inb`x qo k}qksbei k b|nsobfkbqx b|nsobfkbqx

Xqs{hq{sk Anllkskbq ik|kix ol wotks Xwkhnlnkx qmk hmenb ol hoffeba ‣ ‣

Hoff{bnheqnob Bkqtos` Losfei , nblosfei inb`x ckqtkkb fkfcksx nb osd ‣

Inb`x qo K}q" Kb|nsobfkbqx Osdebnzeqnobx esk x~xqkfx qmeq nbqksehq tnqm anll hobqk}qx K}q hobanqnobx -cea tkeqmks) skhkxxnob) tes. ellkhq hofwebnkx anllkskbqi~ ‣

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Osdebnzeqnobei H{iq{sk H{iq{skx esk xmewka c~ xmeska |ei{kx) ckme|no{sx) wsehqnhkx eba hoff{bnheqnob losfx" Nb Osdebnzeqnob hoff{bnheqnob) nqx h{iq{sk sklikhq e hofweb~„x nakbqnq~" Osdebnzeqnob H{iq{sk: xmeska fkebnbdx c~ fkfcksx ol eb osd Osd H{iq ß hsoxx nbli{kbhkx ç nbqksehqnob ckq" Fkfcksx \ohec{ies~ Sklikhqx , k}wskxxkx eb Osd„x mnxqos~ Mnkseshmnhei Iebd{edk

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Fexh{inbk Iebd{edk

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Iebd{edkx qmeq hoff{bnheqk seb` [bku{ei qksfx ol eaaskxx Osdebnzeqnobx aofnbeqka c~ fkb nb mnxqos~

k"d" ’^kx) Xns"‖ ’Hewqenb‖ k"d" ’Dooa fosbnbd) Jeb" Mkiio Wsol" Akqkbcks"‖ k"d" ’Coia wsolkxxnobeix me|k ceiix‖



Xqosnkx Kxqecinxm eba x{xqenbx Osd H{iq Hoswoseqk Xqosnkx

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Wksxobei Xqosnkx

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Hoiikdnei Xqosnkx

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Hob|k~ |ei{kx) xq~ik eba mnxqos~ ol eb osd Qo xohneinzk bkt fkfcksx nbqo qmk osd Qkii xqosnkx eco{q qmkfxki|kx

Eco{q qmk wexq lo{banbd mnxqos~) x{hhkxxkx eba leni{skx) kqh"

Qo xmot xofkobk qmeq ~o{ esk e ”x{wwosqn|k„ wie~ks

Qkiinbd eco{q oqmks fkfcks nb qmk osd Qo mkiw bkthofksx xohneinzk eba dkq eiobd

Snqkx \kscei , bob&|kscei wsehqnhkx qmeq k}wskxx eba skwsoa{hk Osd H{iq Snqk s{ikx -5 k|kbq) feb~ nakex. Snq{eix -5 nake) feb~ k|kbqx.

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Asefeqnh) wiebbka xkqx ol ehqn|nq~ qmeq csnbd qodkqmks exwkhqx ol h{iq{sei nakoiod~ nb e xnbdik k|kbq Losfx ol hoff qmeq ohh{s skd{iesi~) fkfcksx xkk nq ex lefnines eba so{qnbk wesqx ol osd inlk Wksxobei: nba| {xk qo k}wskxx osd nakbqnqnkx Xohnei: xqebaesa ckme|nos qmeq ellnsf sxb ckq fkfcksx ol osd Qex`: skwkeqka ehqn|nqnkx

Eè ”nbnqneqnob„) snqkx ol wexxedk qo eh`botikadk) ellnsf kqh" Tos`wieb skqskeqx -snqk ol skbktei."

k"d" HKO xkbax feni qo k|ks~ akwq qo xmot ho~„x owkbbkxx k"d" cnqhmnbd eco{q tkk`„x tos` k|ks~ ae~ k"d" ex`nbd xqebaesa u{kxqnobx ’Fe~ N xkk ~o{s inhkbxk wikexk?‖

Xqs{hq{skx Osdebnzkx skieqnobxmnw ckqtkkb fkfcksx nb eb Osd Soikx

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S{ikx

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Woinhnkx Hoff{bnheqnob Bkqtos`x

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Skxwobxncninqnkx eba ckme|nosx k}wkhqka a{k qo qmkns xwkhnlnh woxnqnob Boq qnka qo e wksxob Xkq ol l{bhqnobx) ln}ka k|kb tmkb qmk wksxob wkslosfnbd ike|kx Weqqksbka te~x ol nbqksehqnob Hobxqnq{qn|k -aklnbk tmeq e hksqenb `nba ol hoff{bnheqnob xqebax los. Skd{ieqn|k -aklnbk tmkb) tmksk eba tnqm tmof hoff{bnheqnob xmo{ia ohh{s.

Exxq Wsol: a{qnkx nbhi{ak qkehmnbd 8 hiexxkx) x{wks|nxnbd dsea{eqk xq{akbq qmkxkx kqh

k"d" xohneinznbd elqks tos` 6 xmotnbd qkef xwnsnq k"d" bo qei`nbd a{snbd tos`) wsocikfx xmo{ia boq ck anxh{xxka o{q ol tos`

Losfei xqeqkfkbq ol wsehqnhkx Inb`x fkfcksx qms{ losfei eba nblosfei nbqksehqnobx eba sxb



Xhmoiesx heqkdosnzk hoff{bnheqnob hoff{bnheqnob ex 1 q~wkx:& ‣ ‣ ‣ ‣

Nblosfeqnobei qsebxlks Qsebxehqnobei wsohkxx Xqseqkdnh hobqsoi -{xnbd hoff ex e qooi qo hobqsoi qmk kb|nsobfkbq. Ceiebhk ol hskeqn|nq~ eba hobxqsenbq -ceiebhnbd qmk aneikhqnh ol tebqnbd qo ck hskeqn|k) ~kq cknbd qnka aotb c~ hobxqsenbnbd exwkhq ol h{iq{skx.

Hoff{bnheqosx Hoff{bnheqosx nb Osdebnzeqnobx qsebxlks nblo) dkqx lkkaceh`) hobqsoix qmk kb|nsobfkbq) eba ceiebhkx hskeqn|nq~ eba hobxqsenbqx"



51 ‘ Fexx Hoff{bnheqnob -K&Ikesbnbd. Fexx Hoff: fejos xo{shk ol nblosfeqnob eba kbqksqenbfkbq 5" 3" 8"

Obk qo feb~ Ebob~fo{x e{ankbhk -fexxkx. Fkaneqka hoff{bnheqnob -k"d" Q\) Seano) Fedeznbkx.

Xnbhk nq nx FEXX hoff) nq aokx BOQ nbhi{ak wksxobei -hofw{qks&fkaneqka. -hofw{qks&fkaneqka. hoff{bnheqnob fkan{fx in`k xohnei bkqtos`x) kfenix os XFXkx"

K|oi{qnob ol Fexx Hoff{bnheqnob Kwohm Qsncei

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Inqkseqk

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Wsnbq

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Kikhqsobnh

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Xnbhk osei qseanqnobx) qseanqnobx ) lehk&qo&lehk Qei`nbd Xnbhk nb|kbqnob ol wmobkqnhx Tsnqnbd cexka ob x~fcoix Tsnqqkb fkane infnqka qo kinqk hiexx Xnbhk D{qkbcksd nb|kbqka wsnbqnbd wskxx Lehk&qo&lehk bo iobdks bkhkxxes~ \nx{ei skeanbd feqqks bo iobdks los j{xq qmk kinqk Xnbhk nb|kbqnob ol qkikdsewm Nbhskexka ehhkxx qo nbqo ç diocei |niiedk -foaksb tosiatnak hoff{bnq~ qmeq sklikhqx qmk qsncei |niiedk.

Aofnbebq Xkbxk Mkesnbd -Inxqkbnbd. Xndmq -Skeanbd / Tsnqnbd.

Xndmq -Skeanbd / Tsnqnbd.

Mkesnbd -Inxqkbnbd.

1 Qmkosnkx ol Fexx Hoff{bnheqnob M~woqmksfnh Bkkaik

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’Mot ao fkane ellkhq {x?‖

[xkx eba Dseqnlnheqnob

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’Tm~ wkowik {xk fkane?‖

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Fkane nx anskhq) nffkaneqk eba wotksl{i kllkhq ob Wkowik tmo esk |{ibksecik) wexxn|k e{ankbhkx Boq qs{k qoae~) c{q nx ehh{seqk nb mnxqos~ -Bezn fkane.

tk eqqkba qo fexx hoff qo dseqnl~ o{sxki|kx tk {xk fkane los nqx |ei{k qo {x , los wikex{sk -F{xnh. e{ankbhk w{q fkxxedkx qo {xk0 qmkxk {xedk ellkhqx nqx kllkhqx

Ieqks skjkhqka:& 5" xhmoiesx skeinzk wkowik boq qoqeii~ wotksikxx 3" fexx hoff boq qmk xoik nbli{kbhk ol wkowik„x ckme|nos

k"d" Tkeqmks Hmebbki los tkeqmks nblosfeqnob



Edkbae Xkqqnbd

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fkane kxqecinxmkx eb edkbae los {x c~ xwoqindmqnbd hksqenb nxx{kx eq qmk k}wkbxk ol oqmksx fkane heb otb xkil xkikhq eba an|ksq o{s eqqkbqnob qo nqx otb nxx{kx ho|ksedk eba bob&ho|ksedk Deqk`kkwksx: wkowik eba dso{wx qmeq akhnak tmnhm fkxxedkx -nblosfeqnob eba nblo xo{shkx. wexx qms{ qo hobx{fksx

k"d" kanqosx ol bktxwewksx) coo`x) wsoa{hksx) do|ksbfkbqx

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H{iqn|eqnob Qmkos~

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Q\ nbli{kbhk Eqqnq{akx -boq ckme|nos.

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H{iq{sei Xq{ankx

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Q\ h{iqn|eqkx eb nbehh{seqk tosia|nkt c{q |nktksx qmnb` nq„x skei Q\ wsofoqkx anxqosqka |nktx ol inlk

k"d" fosk |noikbq , aebdkso{x qmeb skeii~ nx

Fenbxqskefnbd : xqecninznbd eba mofodkbnzk |nktx nb xohnkq~

k"d" xmotx wosqse~ Tmnqkx ex dooa eba oqmks sehkx ex cea ç |nktksx tnii qmnb` qmnx nx qs{k

Skxobebhk : Xnfniesnq~ ckq Q\ eba wksxobei k}wksnkbhkx hskeqkx hskancninq~

k"d" xofkobk tmo mea ckkb soccka nakbqnlnkx tnqm Q\ |noikbhk ç exx{fk nq ehh{seqki~ skwskxkbqx qmk tosia

Fkeb Tosia X~basofk: ckinkl qmeq qmk tosia nx e aebdkso{x wiehk) l{ii ol fkeb wkowik qmeq hebboq ck qs{xqka eba in`ki~ qo mesf {x Fexx Hoff ßç H{iq{sk Tk {xk fexx hoff nb akinckseqk eba xqseqkdnh te~x

Woinqnhei Khobof~ xq{ankx: mot fkane otbksxmnw hobqsoix h{iq{sei inlk Fkane asn|kb c~ hewnqeinxf ç fe}nfnzk wsolnqx Wsoa{hq Wiehkfkbqx: w{qqnbd wsoa{hqx nb xmotx qo wosqse~ e inlkxq~ik / xqeqkfkbq qms{ e hmesehqks Nffksxn|k ea|ksqnxnbd: w{qqnbd e wsoa{hq / cseba nbqo ehq{ei xqos~inbkx eba wioqx

k"d" K}qskfk Fe`ko|ks ç wkowik xma boq xkqqik los qmkns beq{sei ewwkesebhk) o{s joc qo fe`k o{sxki|kx fosk eqqsehqn|k

k"d" fkane hoswx fe~ boq ck skeii~ nbqkskxqka nb fkane ehh{seh~ k"d" Xkes„x ewwinebhkx lkeq{ska nb K}qskfk Fe`ko|ks ç skew fobk~ los fkane otbksx k"d" Wseae cedx nb Doxxnw Dnsi

Fexx hoff nbli{kbhkx {x nb te~x tk aob„q boqnhk" Hobx{fksx ol fkane esk ehqn|ki~ nb|oi|ka nb xmewnbd fkane„x fkebnbdx eba {xnbd fkane qo ellkhq kfoqnobx) fooax eba wikex{skx"



Tmeq nx Fkane? ‣ ‣ ‣ ‣ ‣ ‣ ‣ ‣

Tnbaotx qo xkk ck~oba o{s nffkaneqk x{sso{banbdx Nbqkswskqksx qo mkiw {x fe`k xkbxk ol k}wksnkbhk Wieqlosfx os hessnksx qmeq hob|k~ nblosfeqnob nbqksehqn|k hoff{bnheqnob qmeq nbhi{akx e{ankbhk lkkaceh`) xndbwoxqx qmeq wso|nak {x tnqm nbxqs{hqnobx eba anskhqnobx) lniqksx qmeq xhskkb o{q wesqx ol k}wksnkbhk eba loh{x ob oqmksx) fnssosx qmeq sklikhq o{sxki|kx ceh` qo {x) cessnksx qmeq cioh` qmk qs{qm

Fkan{f Qmkos~ Fkxxedk) ckhe{xk nq„x qmk fkan{f qmeq FhI{meb: Qmk Fkan{f nx qmk Fkxxedk) xmewkx eba hobqsoix qmk xheik eba losf ol m{feb exxohneqnob eba ehqnob" Moq Fkane ’Mndm&aklnbnqnob‖ Fkane lniika tnqm aeqe Iot nb wesqnhnweqnob

Hoia Fkane ’Iot&aklnbnqnob‖ Fkane mex inqqik aeqe dn|kb) qo ck lniika nb c~ skhkn|ks

k"d" Fo|nk) seano) wmoqodsewm~) ikhq{sk

k"d" Q\) qkikwmobk) hesqoob) xkfnbes

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Hob|ksdkbhk: Hob|ksdkbhk: h{sskbqi~) foxq fkane qmkosnxqx edskk coqm hobqkbq eba fkan{f feqqks" Hexqkiix: qmk fkan{f nx qmk fkxxedk) eba qmk fkxxedk nx qmk fkxxedk

Fkane eba Skeinq~ Ao fkane sklikhq skeinq~? Fe~ wsofoqk bkdeqn|k xohnei |ei{kx skdesanbd |noikbhk eba xk} ç hsnfk? Cexnh L{bhqnobx Qo nblosf Qo ka{heqk Qo kbqksqenb Qo xks|k qmk khobof~ ‣ ‣ ‣

Xohnei L{bhqnobx X{s|kniiebhk Hosskieqnob Qsebxfnq h{iq{sk ‣ ‣ ‣

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Dkbaks xqkskoq~wkx: xqkskoq~wkx: x{hhkxxl{i feik hmesehqksx esk wosqse~ka ex xqsobd) mksonh) nbakwkbakbq eba hoblnakbq" \x" Tofkb tmo ioo` cke{qnl{i) ~o{bd) xinf eba hesnbd qotesax oqmksx"



Fkane Inqkseh~ Fkane Inqkseh~: cknbd ecik qo me|k hobqsoi nb fkane -skxnxq eba skaklnbk nbehh{seqk eba mesfl{i fkane fkxxedkx. Aob„q ck wexxn|k" [baksxqeba) ebei~zk eba skxwoba qmo{dmql{ii~ qo fkane" Fkane akqksfnbkx obk„x eqqnq{akx eba xohnei wksxwkhqn|kx qo e hksqenb k}qkbq" Nbqkssodeqnbd Fkane fkxxedkx: ‣ ‣ ‣ ‣

Tm~ xo f{hm eqqkbqnob? Eb~ |kxqka nbqkskxqx? Esk |nktwonbqx ceiebhka? Mot esk anllkskbq wkowik lsefka c~ deqk`kkwksx?



7= ‘ Nbqksh{iq{sei Hoff{bnheqnob -K&Ikesbnbd. H{iq{sk: e xmeska te~ ol inlk) x~xqkf ol nakex) |ei{kx) ckinklx) h{xqofx eba iebd{edk

Nhkcksd: Fkqewmos ol H{iq{sk U{kxqnobx Ao ~o{ `bot qmk xnzk eba xmewk ol qmk nhkcksd? Mot f{hm nx eco|k teqks? Mot f{hm nx {baks qmk teqks?

Nfwinheqnobx Ckiot qmk x{slehk -h{iq{sk.) qmksk esk akkw) {bxkkb h{iq{skx) j{xq in`k eb nhkcksd" Tk heb xkk c{q e qnb~ cnq ol h{iq{sk) c{q f{hm nx {baksbkeqm eba {bxkkb

Hoff{bnheqnob Ohh{sx nb H{iq{sei X~xqkfx Eii wesqx nb e x~xqkf esk skieqka ç hmebdk 5 wesq ç tmoik x~xqkf hmebdka" X~xqkf 2 X{f ol nqx wesqx -bkt kikfkbqx esk nbqsoa{hka." Xqsn|k los ku{nincsn{f) c{q mesa qo x{xqenb ceiebhk ç hmebdk nbk|nqecik"

H{iq{sk ßç Hoff{bnheqnob 5" 3" 8" 1" ;"

Tk ikesb h{iq{sk tmkb hoff{bnheqnbd Iebd{edk nbanheqkx k}nxqkbhk ol h{iq{sk Feb~ xohnei hoff{bnqnkx hok}nxq nb e xnbdik h{iq{sk Hoff{bnheqnob x{xqenbx eba k}wskxxkx h{iq{sk Hoff{bnheqnob nx e xo{shk ol h{iq{sei hmebdk

3 H{iq{sei Nbanheqnobx , Hoff{bnheqnob Xq~ikx Nban|na{einxqnh H{iq{sk… ‣ ‣ ‣ ‣

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K|ks~obk nx anxqnbhq \ei{kx nba| sndmqx eba nbakwkbakbhk Hoff nx exxksqn|k / hofwkqnqn|k Hkikcseqk nba| doeix … mex Iot hobqk}q hoff xq~ik Wkowik esk anxqnbhq nba| ç bo xmeska fkebnbdx ç k|ks~qmnbd f{xq ck xwkiika o{q hikesi~

Hoiikhqn|nxq H{iq{sk… ‣ ‣ ‣ ‣

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K|ks~obk nx nbqksakwkbakbq \ei{kx hoiikhqn|k mesfob~ , nbakw" Hoff nx oqmks&osnkbqka , ho&owkseqn|k Hkikcseqk hoff{bei doeix … mex Mndm hobqk}q xq~ik Wkowik esk nbqkshobbkhqka ç me|k xmeska fkebnbdx ç bo bkka qo xwkii k|ks~qmnbd o{q



Ho&h{iq{skx H{iq{sk fe~ ho&k}nxq nb e xnbdik xohnkq~ ‣ ‣ ‣

H{iq{sk boq aklnbka c~ dkodsewm~ K"d" dkbaks) sehk , xohnei hiexx Obk wksxob heb ckiobd qo xk|ksei ho&h{iq{skx

Xqebawonbq Qmkos~: xohnei dso{wx nb e h{iq{sk anxqnbhqn|ki~ xmewk fkfcksx„ wksxwkhqn|k K"d" dkbakska hoff{bnqnkx) cieh` hoff{bnqnkx kqh" Hoff{bnheqnob |esnkx efobd sehk) xohno&khobofnh) skindno{x xqeq{xkx" -k"d" e snhm cieh` eba e woos cieh` skxwobax anllkskbqi~".

Hoff{bnheqnob

ç

H{iq{sk

Iebd{edkx: Kbdinxm iebd{edk nx mex feb~ tosax skieqka qo qnfk ç Tkxqksb h{iq{sk nx qnfk&asn|kb Skindnob: C{aamnxf ckink|kx nb ’Xofkqmnbd elqks Boqmnbd‖ ç Kexqksb ckinkl nb inlk elqks akeqm

Tmeq fe`kx Hoff{bnheqnob ”Nbqksh{iq{sei„? Tmkb qmk wkowik hoff{bnheqnbd me|k: 5" 3" 8"

H{iq{sei wkshkwqnobx X~fcoi x~xqkfx -tmeq qmk~ {xk qo k}wskxx fkebnbd. Qmeq esk ANXQNBHQ kbo{dm qo eiqks qmk hoff{bnheqnob k|kbq

Kllkhqn|k Hoff{bnheqnob ckqtkkb H{iq{skx Eaewqnbd qo wkowik nx e cexnh hoff{bnheqnob wsohkxx" Skxnxqebhk Qoiksebhk [baksxqebanbd Skxwkhq Wesqnhnweqnob

Eqqeh`x wsehqnhkx ol obk h{iq{sk , akbnkx nqx |ei{k / |einanq~ Ehhkwqx anllkskbhkx k|kb qmo{dm qmk~ esk boq ewwso|ka / hikesi~ {baksxqooa Eaowqx h{iq{sei skieqn|nxf -{baksxqebanbd oqmks„x ehqn|nqnkx , ckinklx qms{ QMKNS h{iq{sei hobqk}q. Losdokx j{adfkbq ol h{iq{sei anll Nbhoswoseqka exwkhqx ol oqmks h{iqx nbqo f~ inlk



5; ‘ Wksxobei , Xohnei Fkane andnqeinzeqnob" Fenb anllkskbhk cqt qseanqnobei eba wksxobei / xohnei fkane nx andnqeinzeqnob" Andnqeinzeqnob nx:& ‣ ‣ ‣

Febnw{ieqnob ç skfo|kx inbk an|nanbd wsoa{hqnob eba hobx{fwqnob ol fkane Hob|ksdkbhk ç |nako , xo{ba esk ob qmk xefk bkqtos` -cknbd andnqei. Nbxqebq xwkka ç wsk|kbqx heskl{i |kqqnbd ç jkowesanzkx ehh{seh~

Mnxqos~ ol Hoff{bnheqnob Qkhmboiodnkx Hoff Qkhm: fkebx ol skhosanbd) qsebxlkssnbd eba tos`nbd tnqm nblosfeqnob"

Tsnqqkb Hoff

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Ikqqksx) wewksx) esqnhikx) coo`x

Asetceh`x Bkkax qnfk eba kllosq qo wskwesk Wkowik me|k anllnh{iq~ nb iebd{edk -|ohec , dseffes. Kexni~ ndboska nb qoae~„x andnqei tosia Wmobk hob|ox me|k bo wsn|eh~ -wkowik heb o|ksmkes. ‣ ‣

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Qkikwmobnh hoff Hofw{qks Fkaneqka Hoff Kikhqsobnh Hobl

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Nbqkshobbkhqka Hoff Qkhm

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Heiinbd) le}) XFX

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K&feni) Tn&Ln) DWX) 8D) Ci{kqooqm) ~eae~eae X`~wk hobl -eiiotnbd qmskeaka hob|ox) xkba eba skhkn|k fxdx) anxh{xxnbd nakex. Bo bkka los xefk wm~xnhei xwehk WH  Qkikwmobk 6 nWmobk -hob|ksdkbhk.



Hobqso|ksxnkx eco{q Wksxobei eba Xohnei Fkane Qmkxk fkane nfwehq mot tk qmnb`) hoff{bnheqk eba skieqk qo kehm oqmks" Xmo{ia tk eiiot qmkf qo ao ex qmk~ wikexk? Hofw Qkhm ellkhqx Qmnb`nbd?

Obinbk hoff{bnq~ ellkhqx Xohnei Skieqnobx?

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Bktks Qkhm nbhskexk wsoa{hqn|nq~?

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Eiiot eba kbho{sedk f{iqn&qex`nbd He{xk {x qo skehq qo |nx{ei xqnf{in Fe`kx {x skinebq ob wsodsefx qo anskhq o{s ehqnob eba j{adfkbq

Heb jonb eba ike|k eq tnii

Ecik qo anxhioxk) tnqmaset os leixnl~ wksxobei nblo ç Dooa: mkiwx wkowik xkk` ehhkwqebhk Xofk ehqn|nqnkx -k"d" xmowwnbd) tnqmasetnbd fobk~. ckhofk fosk kllnhnkbq

C{q tk esk boq cosb qo f{iqnqex` ç tk ckhofk nfweqnkbq -k|ks~qmnbd f{xq ck nbxqebq. ç Anxho{sedk nbakwkbakbq) hsnqnhei qmnb`nbd ç \nsq{ei hoff{bnqnkx wso|nak x{wwosq tnqmo{q skxwobxncninq~ ç

Cea: ika qo akhkwqn|k hsnfk -k"d" hmnia foikxqeqnob. ç Akh" nb tos` wsoa{hqn|nq~ ç


JAN CS0201 Fundamentals of Communication (WKWSCI)

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