Problem 11-19 Special order, ABC costing, (CMA adapted) The Gold Pls Compan! man"actres medals "or #inners o" athletic e$ents and other contests% 6ts man"actring plant has the capacit! to prodce 11,''' 11,''' medals medals each month% Crrent prodction and sales are 1',''' medals per month% The compan! normall! normall! charges *1' per medal% Cost in"ormation "or the crrent acti$it! acti$it! le$el is is as "ollo#s& 1',''' ariable costs that $ar! #ith the nmber o" nits prodced irect materials irect man"actring labor ariable costs ("or setps, materials handling, .a lit! control, and so on) that $ar! #ith nmber o" batches, 3'' 3'' batches batches ? *'' *'' per per batch ' batc batch h si/e si/e 0ied man"actring costs 0ied mar2eting costs Total
*+',''' +,'''
*+%'' *+%'
1'',''' +'',''' 3,''' *1,4'','''
*''%''
*14'%''
Gold Pls has 8st recei$ed a special s pecial one-time-onl! order "or 1,''' 1,''' medals medals at *1'' *1'' per per medal% Accepting the special order #old not a""ect the compan!5s reglar bsiness% Gold Pls ma2es medals "or its eisting cstomers in batch si/es o" ' ' medals medals (3'' (3'' batches batches ? ' ' medals medals per batch @ 1',''' medals)% The special order re.ires Gold Pls to to ma2e the medals in 3 batches o" 4' 4' each% each% 1% Shold Gold Pls accept the special one-time one-time onl! order "or "or 1,''' 1,''' medals medals at *1'' *1'' per per medal 6ncremental re$ene *1'' 6ncremental costs ariable man"actring costs irect materials (*+) irect man"actring labor (*+%') Batch setp costs (*'') 6ncremental increase in operating income
1,'''
1,''' 1,''' 3
*1'','''
(*+,''') (+,'') (13,'')
(7,''') *1,'''
Gold Pls shold accept the one-time-onl! special order pro$ided that there are no long-term implications% implications% 6" accepting the special order #old case the reglar cstomers to be dissatis"ied or to demand lo#er prices, then Gold Pls #ill ha$e to trade o"" the *1,''' pro"it increase "rom acce pting the special order against the operating income that might be lost "rom reglar cstomers% 3% Sppose plant capacit! capacit! #as onl! onl! 1','' 1','' medals medals instead o" 11,''' 11,''' medals medals each month% The special order mst either be ta2en in "ll or be re8ected completel!% completel!% Shold Gold Pls accept the special order Batc Batch h si/ si/e
Total prodction capacit! Capacit! sed "or normal cstomers Capacit! sage #ith special order ;eeded "o special order A$ailable "or reglar cstomers <cess Capacit!
1',''
1,''' 9,'' ' =nits
1','' 1','''
Batch atches es :e. :e.%
'
3''
4' '
3 19'
'' SP>Costs
Total
ost re$ene "rom reglar cstomers
ariable man"actring costs sa$ed irect materials irect man"actring labor Batch setp costs sa$ed
('')
*1'%''
(*,''')
'' '' 1'
*+%'' *+%' *''%''
1,'' 17,' ,''' (*++,')
ecrease in operating income "rom reglar cstomers
6ncremental re$ene "rom special order 6ncremental costs ariable man"actring costs irect materials irect man"actring labor Batch setp costs
1,'''
*1''%''
*1'','''
1,''' 1,''' 3
(*+%'') (*+%') (*''%'')
(*+,''') (+,'') (13,'')
6ncrease in operating income "rom special order
;et bene"it o" accepting special order
1,''' (*17,')
The special order shold be re8ected becase i" accepted operating income #old decrease b! *17,'% ;ote& <$en i" operating income had increased b! accepting the special order, order, Gold Pls shold consider the e""ect on its reglar cstomers o" accepting the special order% 0or eample, #old selling '' "e#er medals to its reglar cstomers case these cstomers to "ind ne# sppliers that might ad$ersel! impact Gold Plss bsiness in the long rn% +% As in re.irement 1, assme that monthl! capacit! is 11,''' 11,''' medals% medals% Gold Pls is concerned that i" it accepts the special order, its eisting cstomers #ill immediatel! demand a price disco o" *1' *1' in in the month in #hich the special order is being "illed% The! #old arge that Gold Gold Pls5s capacit! costs are no# being spread o$er more nits and that eisting cstomers shold get the bene"it o" these lo#er costs% Shold Gold Pls accept the special order nder these conditions 6ncremental re$ene "rom special order 1,''' *1'' *1'',''' 6ncremental costs "rom special order ariable man"actring costs irect materials 1,''' (*+%'') (*+,''') irect man"actring labor 1,''' (*+%') (+,'') Batch setp costs 3 (*''%'') (13,'') 6ncremental increase in operating income "rom special order ess decrease in operating income generated "rom normal sales ;et decrease in operating income i" special order is accepted The special order shold, there"ore, be re8ected
1,''' *1,''' (1'',''') (*7,''')
ost re$ene "rom reglar cstomers
ariable man"actring costs sa$ed irect materials irect man"actring labor Batch setp costs sa$ed
('')
*1'%''
(*,''')
'' '' 1'
*+%'' *+%' *''%''
1,'' 17,' ,''' (*++,')
ecrease in operating income "rom reglar cstomers
6ncremental re$ene "rom special order 6ncremental costs ariable man"actring costs irect materials irect man"actring labor Batch setp costs
1,'''
*1''%''
*1'','''
1,''' 1,''' 3
(*+%'') (*+%') (*''%'')
(*+,''') (+,'') (13,'')
6ncrease in operating income "rom special order
;et bene"it o" accepting special order
1,''' (*17,')
The special order shold be re8ected becase i" accepted operating income #old decrease b! *17,'% ;ote& <$en i" operating income had increased b! accepting the special order, order, Gold Pls shold consider the e""ect on its reglar cstomers o" accepting the special order% 0or eample, #old selling '' "e#er medals to its reglar cstomers case these cstomers to "ind ne# sppliers that might ad$ersel! impact Gold Plss bsiness in the long rn% +% As in re.irement 1, assme that monthl! capacit! is 11,''' 11,''' medals% medals% Gold Pls is concerned that i" it accepts the special order, its eisting cstomers #ill immediatel! demand a price disco o" *1' *1' in in the month in #hich the special order is being "illed% The! #old arge that Gold Gold Pls5s capacit! costs are no# being spread o$er more nits and that eisting cstomers shold get the bene"it o" these lo#er costs% Shold Gold Pls accept the special order nder these conditions 6ncremental re$ene "rom special order 1,''' *1'' *1'',''' 6ncremental costs "rom special order ariable man"actring costs irect materials 1,''' (*+%'') (*+,''') irect man"actring labor 1,''' (*+%') (+,'') Batch setp costs 3 (*''%'') (13,'') 6ncremental increase in operating income "rom special order ess decrease in operating income generated "rom normal sales ;et decrease in operating income i" special order is accepted The special order shold, there"ore, be re8ected
1,''' *1,''' (1'',''') (*7,''')
per nit per nit
per batch
per nit
*1+%''
t
Problem 11-3' The S$enson Corporation man"actres man"actres celllar modems% 6t man"actres its o#n celllar modem circit boards (CMCB), (CMCB), an important part o" the celllar modem% 6t reports the "ollo#ing cost in"ormation abot the costs o" ma2ing CMCBs in 3'14 and the epected costs in 3'1&
ariable man"actring costs irect material cost per CMCB irect man"actring labor cost per CMCB ariable man"actring cost per batch "or setps, materials handling, and .alit! control 0ied man"actring cost 0ied D>E costs that can be a$oided i" CMCBs are not made 0ied D>E costs o" plant depreciation, insrance, and administration that cannot be a$oided e$en i" CMCBs are not made
Crr Crren entt Cos Costs ts
<pe <pect cted ed Cost Costs s
in 3'14
in 3'1
*17' *'
*1' *4
*1,''
*1,''
*+3','''
*+3','''
*7'','''
*7'','''
S$enson man"actred 7,''' 7,''' CMCBs CMCBs in 3'14 in 4' 4' batches batches o" 3'' 3'' each% each% 6n 3'1, S$enson anticipates needing 1',''' 1',''' CMCB CMCBs% s% The CMCBs #old be prodced in 7' 7' batches batches o" 13 13 each% each% The Minton Corporation has approached S$enson abot sppl!ing 1',''' 1',''' CMCBs CMCBs to S$enson in 3'1 at *+'' per *+'' per CMCB on #hate$er deli$er! schedle S$enson #ants% 1% Calclate the total epected man"actring man"actring cost per nit o" ma2ing CMCBs in in 3'1% Prodction e$el ariable man"actring costs irect materials cost per nit irect man"actring labor Batch costs (setps, materials handling and .alit! control) 0ied Costs A$oidable Costs =na$oidable Costs Total epected m"g% cost per nit to man"actre 1',''' nits
1','''
*13',''' *+3',''' *7'','''
*1' 4 13 +3 7' *++ 9
3% Sppose the capacit! crrentl! sed to ma2e CMCBs #ill become idle i" S$enson prchases CMCBs "rom Minton% Dn the basis o" "inancial considerations considerations alone, shold S$enson ma2e CMCBs or b! them "rom Minton 6ncremental cost per nit i" prchased "rom Minton 6ncremental cost sa$ings per nit b! not prodcing CMCBs internall! ariable man"actring costs sa$ed b! not prodcing CMCBs internall! irect materials cost per nit irect man"actring labor =nit =nit batc batch h cost costs s (set (setp ps, s, mate materi rial als s hand handli ling ng and and .al .alit it! ! cont contro rol) l) *13' *13',' ,''' '' 0ied Costs A$oidable Costs (1) *+3',''' 6ncremental m"g% costs per nit sa$ed b! not prodcing CMCBs
*+''
*1' 4 13 +3 *3 9
isad$antage o" b!ing CMCBs and ha$ing "reed capacit! remain idle
*41
(1) ;ote& The na$oidable "ied costs o" *7'',''' #ill contine to be incrred regardless o" the decision to ma2e or b!% These costs are there"ore, irrele$ant to the decision at hand% +% ;o# sppose that i" S$enson prchases CMCBs "rom Minton, its best alternati$e se o" the capacit! crrentl! sed "or CMCBs is to ma2e and sell special circit boards (CB+s) to the
loss o" sing "reed capacit! to prodce CB+s% 6ncremental re$ene associated #ith CB+s *3,''',''' 6ncremental costs associated #ith CB+s 3,1',''' ;et loss associated #ith prodcing CB+s (*1',''') <tra cost per nit to be absorbed b! the 1',''' CMCBs ;et cost o" b!ing CMCBs and sing "reed capacit! to prodce CB+s% isad$antage o" b!ing CMCBs "rom Minton and prodcing and selling CB+s ;ote& As long as prodcing CB+s !ields a net loss, S$enson shold 8st prodce CMCBs%
*39
*+''
1 *+1 *
7,''' 1',''' 7'
Problem 11-33 (Slightl! Modi"ied ata -- I5s) The Snac2 Shac2 is a ta2e-ot "ood store at a poplar beach resort% Ssan Seton, o#ner o" the Snac2 Shac2, is deciding ho# mch re"rigerator space to de$ote to "or di""erent drin2s% Pertinent data on these "or drin2s are as "ollo#s&
Selling price per case ariable cost per case Cases sold per "oot o" shel" space per da!
Cola emonade *17%7' *3'% 1+%7' 1%3 13
Pnch ;atral DF *3%9' *+9%+' 3'%1' +'%1' 1'
Seton has a maimm "ront shel" space o" 13 "eet to de$ote to the "or drin2s% She #ants a minimm o" 1 "oot and a maimm o" "eet o" "ront shel" space "or each drin2% 1% Calclate the contribtion margin per case o" each t!pe o" drin2%
Selling price per case ariable cost per case Contribtion margin per case
Cola emonade *17%7' *3'% (1+%7') (1%3) *%'' *4%49 + 4
Pnch ;atral DF *3%9' *+9%+' (3'%1') (+'%1') *%7' *9%3' 3 1
3% A co-#or2er o" Seton5s recommends that she maimi/e the shel" space de$oted to those drin2s #ith the highest C>M per case% <$alate this recommendation% The recommendation "ails to ta2e into consideration that cases sold per "oot o" shel" space per da! di""ers b! drin2% Cola emonade Pnch ;atral DF 13 1' Cases sold per "oot o" shel" space per da! +% Hhat recommendation #old !o ma2e
Selling price per case ariable cost per case Contribtion margin per case Cases sold per "oot o" shel" space per da!
ail! C>M per "oot o" shel" space (A)
Cola emonade *17%7' *3'% (1+%7') (1%3) *%'' *4%49 13 *+%'' *+%77 1 0oot Minimm Allo#ed
(A) Contribtion margin per nit o" limiting resorce%
Pnch ;atral DF *3%9' *+9%+' (3'%1') (+'%1') *%7' *9%3' 1' *7%'' *%3'
4 0eet 0eet :emaining Maimm Amont Allo#ed
1 0oot Minimm Allo#ed
Problem 11-3& Closing and Dpening Stores Gi$en& Sanche/ Corporation rns t#o con$enience stores, one in Connectict and one in :hode 6sland% Dperating income "or each store in 3'13 is as "ollo#s&
:e$enes Dperating Costs Cost o" Goods Sold ease rent (rene#able each !ear ) abor costs (paid on an horl! basis ) <.ipment depreciation =tilities (electricit!, heating) Allocated corporate o$erhead Total operating costs Dperating 6ncome
Connectict Store *1,'','''
:hode 6sland Store *7','''
*',''' 9',''' 43,''' 3,''' 4+,''' ',''' *1,''',''' *','''
*',''' ,''' 43,''' 33,''' 4,''' 4',''' *77,''' (*3,''')
The e.ipment has a /ero disposal $ale% 6n a senior management meeting, Maria ope/, t management accontant at Sanche/ Corporation, ma2es the "ollo#ing comment, Sanche/ can increase its pro"itabilit! b! closing do#n the :hode 6sland s tore or b! adding another store li2e it% 1% B! closing do#n the :hode 6sland store, Sanche/ can redce o$erall corporate o$erhea b! *44,'''% Calclate Sanche/5s operating income i" it closes the :hode 6sland store% 6 ope/5s statement abot the e""ect o" closing the :hode 6sland store correct <plain% Jes, see belo#% :ele$ant Cost Total :e$%>Cost
Crrent sitation :e$enes Dperating Costs Cost o" Goods Sold ease rent (rene#able each !ear) abor costs (paid on an horl! basis) <.ipment depreciation =tilities (electricit!, heating) Allocated corporate o$erhead Total operating costs Dperating 6ncome
Close :hode 6sland Store :e$enes Dperating Costs Cost o" Goods Sold ease rent (rene#able each !ear) abor costs (paid on an horl! basis) <.ipment depreciation
6rrele$ant
Approach
Approach
Connectict Store *1,'','''
:hode 6sland Store *7','''
Both Stores *1,9+','''
*',''' 9',''' 43,''' 3,''' 4+,''' ',''' *1,''',''' *','''
*',''' ,''' 43,''' 33,''' 4,''' 4',''' *77,''' (*3,''')
*1,41',''' 1,''' 74,''' 4,''' 79,''' 9',''' *1,77,''' *4,'''
Connectict Store *1,'','''
:hode 6sland Store *'
Both Stores *1,'','''
*',''' 9',''' 43,''' 3,'''
*' ' ' 33,'''
*',''' 9',''' 43,''' 4,'''
=tilities (electricit!, heating) Allocated corporate o$erhead Total operating costs Dperating 6ncome ;et bene"it obtained b! closing :6 store
4+,''' ',''' *1,''',''' *','''
' (4,''') *17,''' (*17,''') *,'''
4+,''' 4,''' *1,'17,''' *3,''' *,'''
3% Calclate Sanche/5s operating income i" it 2eeps the :hode 6sland store open and open another store #ith re$enes and costs identical to the :hode 6sland store (inclding a cost o" *33,''' to ac.ire e.ipment #ith a one-!ear se"l li"e and /ero disposal $ale Dpening this store #ill increase corporate o$erhead c osts b! *4,'''% 6s Maria ope/5s statement abot the e""ect o" adding another store li2e the :hode 6sland store correct <plain% Jes, see belo#%
Crrent sitation :e$enes Dperating Costs Cost o" Goods Sold ease rent (rene#able each !ear) abor costs (paid on an horl! basis) <.ipment depreciation =tilities (electricit!, heating) Allocated corporate o$erhead Total operating costs Dperating 6ncome
6rrele$ant
6rrele$ant
Connectict Store *1,'','''
:hode 6sland Store *7','''
*',''' *9',''' *43,''' *3,''' *4+,''' *',''' *1,''',''' *','''
*',''' *,''' *43,''' *33,''' *4,''' *4',''' *77,''' (*3,''') 6ncremental
Dpen an additional store
6rrele$ant
6rrele$ant
Connectict Store *1,'','''
:hode 6sland
:e$enes Dperating Costs Cost o" Goods Sold *',''' ease rent (rene#able each !ear) 9',''' abor costs (paid on an horl! basis) 43,''' <.ipment depreciation 3,''' =tilities (electricit!, heating) 4+,''' Allocated corporate o$erhead ',''' Total operating costs *1,''',''' Dperating 6ncome *',''' ;et bene"it obtained b! adding a :hode 6sland t!pe store%
Store (Crrent)
*7',''' *',''' ,''' 43,''' 33,''' 4,''' 4',''' *77,''' (*3,''')
approach
;e# Store *7',''' *',''' *,''' *43,''' *33,''' *4,''' *4,''' *749,''' *11,''' *11,'''
e
d costs Maria
6ncremental Approach (*7',''') (*',''') (*,''') (*43,''') *' (*4,''') (*44,''') (*7,''') *,'''
%
Total :e$%>Cost
Both Stores *1,9+',''' *1,41',''' 1,''' 74,''' 4,''' 79,''' 9',''' *1,77,''' *4,''' Total :e$%>Cost
All Stores *3,9',''' *3,'',''' 34',''' 13,''' 9,''' 1+,''' 94,''' *3,+4,''' *,''' *11,'''
*,'''
Problem 11-3& Choosing Cstomers (Slightl! modi"ied) Gi$en& :odeo Printers operates a printing press # ith a monthl! capacit! o" 4,''' machine-hors% :odeo Printers has t#o main cstomers& Trent Corporation and Flie Corporation% ata on each cstomer "or Fanar! "ollo#s& 4,''' Crrent sitation :e$enes ariable Costs Total contribtion margin 0ied costs (allocated) Dperating income Machine-hors re.ired
Trent Julie Both Corporation Corporation Corporations *31',''' *14',''' *+',''' 74,''' 7,''' 19,''' *13,''' *,''' *171,''' 1'3,''' 7,''' 1',''' *34,''' (*1+,''') *11,''' +,''' 1,''' 4,'''
Flie Corporation indicates that it #ants :odeo to do a total o" *334,''' #orth o" printing bsiness "or it dring 0ebrar!% This additional #or2 #old be similar to the #or2 :odeo did "or Flie in Fanar! and #old ha$e identical cost-$olme-pro"it characteristics as Fanar!5s bsiness #ith :odeo% 6n addition, :odeo anticipates that the bsiness "rom Trent Corporation in 0ebrar! #ill be the same as that in Fanar!% :odeo can choose to accept as mch o" the Trent and Flie bsiness "or 0ebrar! as its capacit! allo#s% Assme that total machine-hors and total "ied costs "or 0ebrar! #ill be the same as in Fanar!% :e.ired& Hhat action shold :odeo ta2e to maimi/e its operating income Anal!sis& C>M per limiting resorce :e$enes ariable Costs Total contribtion margin Machine hors necessar! CM per machine hor
Trent Julie Both Corporation Corporation Corporations *31',''' *14',''' *+',''' 74,''' 7,''' 19,''' *13,''' *,''' *171,''' +,''' 1,''' $42 $55
:e$ene per machine hor
$70
$140
:odeo shold maimi/e C>M per nit o" limiting resorce -- that is maimi/e bsiness #ith Flie Corporation%
Total machine hours available Potential revenue from Julie Corporation Divie b! revenue per machine hour "ours re#uire for Julie business "ours remainin& for Trent business 'evenue per machine hour 'evenue potential from Trent business
4,''' *334,''' 140 1%00
1%00 2400 $70 $1%(000
:odeo shold de$ote 1,'' machine hors to Flie bsiness and 3,4'' machine hors to Trent bsiness%
)e* situation 'evenues -ariable Costs Total contribution mar&in ie costs 3peratin& income /1 Proof of C achine hours 6 ne* C per machine hour Total C
Trent Julie Both Corporation Corporation Corporations $1%(000 $224000 $+,2000 0.40 %7200 1+%000 20+200 0.%0 $100(00 $((000 $1(((00 /1 1',''' $1((00 Trent Julie Both Corporation Corporation Corporations 4,''' 2400 1%00 $42 $55 $100(00 $((000 $1(((00
Sample P Problem 6n"ormation Technolog!, 6nc%, assembles and sells t#o prodcts& printers and des2top compters% Cstomers can prchase either (1) a compter or (3) a compter pls a printer% The printers are not sold #ithot the compter% The reslt is that the .antit! o" printers sold is e.al to or less than the .antit! o" des2top compters sold% The contribtion margins are *3'' per printer and *1'' per compter%
et P 8 the number printers /onl! sol *ith computers et C 8 the number computers Db8ecti$e "nction Maimi/e& *3'' P K *1'' C Sb8ect to the "ollo#ing constraints& 1 9ales Constraint P:8C 2 ;ssembl! ine 1 %P < 4C : 8 24 hours + ;ssembl! ine 2 10P < 0C : 8 20 hours 4 )on6ne&ativit! P = 8 0> C = 8 0 Plot? @#ualit! relationships Sales Constraint P 8 C 1 P C 0 0 Point 1 , , Point 2 Assembl! ine 1 %P < 4C 8 24 hours 2 P C 0 % Point 1 4 0 Point 2 Assembl! ine 3 10P < 0C 8 20 hours + 10P 8 20 hours P C P82 2 0 Point 1 2 , Point 2 ;on-negati$it! 4 P 8 0> C 8 0 5
Db8ecti$e "nction
200 P < 100 C 8 A
,
Db8ecti$e 0nction Asse
( C D M P = T < : S
7 %
Asse Const
5 4 +
easible 9olution
;rea 9et A 8 (00 /an eas! to plot assume value Then plot? 200 P < 100 C 8 (00
2 1
P C 0 ( Point 1 4 0 Point 2
P C 0 7 Point 1 +% 0 Point 2
A 8 (00
A 8 700
The obective function is mae at corner point /P 8 2 C 8 + The interesection o" Assembl! ine Constraint 1 and Assembl! ine Constraint 3% Assembl! line constraint 3& Assembl! line constraint 1&
P@3 % P < 4 C 8 24 % /2 < 4 C 8 24 12 < 4 C 8 24 4 C 8 12 C@+
Therefore optimum solution is 2 printers /P an + computers /C Db8ecti$e soltion&
$200 P < $100 C 8 A $200/2 < $100/+ 8 A $400 < $+00 8 A $700 8 A
1
3
+ P :
bl! ine 3 Constraint Sales Constraint
bl! ine 1 raint
4 5 % 6 ; T < : S
7
(
,
Problem 11-+4& Dpportnit! costs% ata The Hild Drchid Corporation is #or2ing at "ll prodction capacit! prodcing 1+,''' nits o" a ni.e prodct, <$erlast% 1+,''' Man"actring costs per nit "or <$erlast inclde& irect materials irect man"actring labor Man"actring o$erhead Total man"actring cost
/1 MDE per nit 0MDE per nit (*7,'''>1+,''' capacit!)
*1' 3 14 /1 *3 *7
*7,'''
Mar2eting costs per nit, all $ariable Selling price per nit
*4 *3
A cstomer, the Ape Compan!, has as2ed Hild Drchid to prodce +,'' nits o" Stronglast, a modi"ication o" <$erlast% Stronglast #old re.ire the same man"actring processes as <$erlast% Ape has o""ered to pa! Hild Drchid *4' "or a nit o" <$erlast and share 1>3 o" the mar2eting cost per nit% +,'' *4' '% 1% Hhat is the opportnit! cost to Hild Drchid o" prodcing the +,'' nits o" Stronglast (Assme that no o$ertime is #or2ed%) The opportnit! cost to Hild Drchid o" prodcing the +,'' nits o" Stronglast is the C>M lost on the +,'' nits o" <$erlast that #old ha$e to be "orgone, as compted belo#& Selling price ariable cost per nit& irect materials irect m"g% abor ariable m"g% D$erhead ariable mar2eting Contribtion margin per nit =nits o" <$erlast that mst be "orgone Total opportnit! cost o" prodcing Stronglast
*3 (*1') (3) (7) (4)
(34) *37 +,'' *97,'''
Additional ata The Chesapea2e Corporation has o""ered to prodce +,'' nits o" <$erlast "or Hild Drchid so that Hild Drchid ma! accept the Ape o""er% That is, i" Hild Drchid accepts the Chesapea2e o""er, Hild Drchid #old man"actre 9,'' nits o" <$erlast and +,'' nits o" Stronglast and prchase +,'' nits o" <$erlast "rom Chesapea2e% Cheaspea2e #old charge Hild Drchid *+ per nit to man"actre Stronglast% *+ 3% Dn the basis o" "inancial considerations alone, shold Hild Drchid accept the Chesapea2e o""er Contribtion margin "rom sale o" Stronglast prodced b! Hild Drchid to Ape
Sales price (*4' pls 1>3 o" $ariable mar2eting)
*43
ariable cost per nit& irect materials (*1') irect m"g% abor (3) ariable m"g% D$erhead (7) ariable mar2eting (4) Contribtion margin per nit =nits o" Stronglast prodced "or and sold to Ape Total C>M "rom sales o" Stronglast
(34) *17 +,'' *+,'''
Contribtion "rom sale o" <$erlast prchased "rom Chesapea2e Sales price *3 Prchase cost "rom Chesapea2e (+) ariable mar2eting (4) Contribtion margin per nit *13 =nits o" Chesapea2e-prodced <$erlast sold +,'' Total C>M "rom Chesapea2e-prodced <$erlast *43,''' Contribtion "rom sale o" <$erlast prodced b! Hild Drchid& Selling price ariable cost per nit& irect materials (*1') irect m"g% abor (3) ariable m"g% D$erhead (7) ariable mar2eting (4) Contribtion margin per nit =nits o" Hild Drchid-prodced <$erlast sold Total C>M "rom Hild Drchid-prodced <$erlast
Contribti Selling pri ariable c
(34) *37 9,'' *3,'''
Contribti =nits o" H Total C>M
D$erall C>M earned b! Hild Drchid&
*+1,'''
D$erall C>
*3
Net benefit of accepting Chesapeake's offer and producing Stronglast for Apex Alternative calculation of net benefit
$7,000 $7,000
+% Assme crrent prodction o" onl! 9,'' nits o" <$erlast% Hhat is minimm selling price Hild Drchid #old accept "rom Ape Co% "or Stronglast 9,'' Since there is enogh ecess capacit! "or Hild Drchid to prodce Stronglast #ithot gi$ing p an! normal cstomers, then the minimal acceptable selling price #old be slightl! higher than its incremental nit cost& +,'' Minimm selling price ariable cost per nit #hich #ill be incrred b! Hild Drchid& irect materials irect m"g% abor ariable m"g% D$erhead ar% mar2eting (Hild Drchid5s portionL 1>3 to be paid b! Ape) Contribtion margin per nit
*33 (*1') (3) (7) (3)
(33) *'
*33 selling price pls 1>3 o" the mar2eting costs%
0MDE are irrele$ant becase the! #ill not increase becase o" the prodction and sale o" Stronglast% 6ncremental "ied costs are /ero%
n "rom sale o" <$erlast all prodced b! Hild Drchid& ce st per nit& irect materials irect m"g% abor ariable m"g% D$erhead ariable mar2eting n margin per nit ild Drchid-prodced <$erlast sold rom Hild Drchid-prodced <$erlast earned b! Hild Drchid&
*3 (*1') (3) (7) (4)
(34) *37 1+,''' *+4,''' *+4,'''
<ercise 11-34 Theor! o" Constraints
<ercise 11-34 Theor! o" Constraints Gi$en& The Pierce Corporation manufactures filin& cabinets in t*o operations? machinin& an finishin&. achinin& inishin& ;nnual capacit! /units 11',''' 9',''' ;nnual prouction /units 9',''' 9',''' ie operatin& costs /ecluin& D *4',''' *3',''' * *+ ie operatin& costs per unit prouce
@ach cabinet sells for -ariable costs /all direct materialsL added at the beg% o" machining Deman is unlimite /Can sell all it can prouce.
*' *+'
:e.ired& 1% Pierce is considering sing some modern 8igs and tools in the "inishing operation that #old increase annal "inishing otpt b! 1,1' nits% The annal cost o" these 8igs and tools is *+,'''% Shold Pierce ac.ire these tools
inishin& is a bottlenec. oern i&s an tools *oul rela the bottlenec b! 1,1' units. Benefit of moern i&s an tools? ;itional contribution mar&in &enerate $4%000 Encremental fie costs associate *ith tools /+5000 )et avanta&e of bu!in& moern i&s an tools $11000 'ecommenation? Bu! moern i&s an tools 3% The prodction manager o" the Machining epartment has sbmitted a proposal to do "aster setps that #old increase the annal capacit! o" the Machining epartment b! 9,''' nits and cost *4,''' per !ear% Shold Pierce implement the change
achinin& alrea! has ecess capacit! an is therefore not a bottlenec operation. Encreasin& its capacit! further *ill not increase throu&hput contribution. Therefore there is no benefit from spenin& *4,''' to increase the achinin& DepartmentFs capacit! b! 9,''' units. 'ecommenation? Do not implement the chan&e to o faster setups. +% An otside contractor o""ers to do the "inishing operation "or 9,'' nits at *9 per nit, triple the *+ per nit that it costs Pierce to do the "inishing in-hose% Shold Pierce accept the sbcontractor5s o""er
inishin& is a bottlenec operation. ;cceptin& the outsie contractorFs offer *ill increase output b! ,500 units. ;vanta&e of acceptin& ;itional Throu&hput C from increase sales $+(0000 Cost of outsie finishin& /(5500 )et avanta&e of acceptin& the offer $2,4500 'ecommenation? ;ccept the offer. 4% The Eammond Corporation o""ers to machine ,''' nits at *+ per nit, hal" the * per nit that it costs Pierce to do the machining in-hose% Shold
Pierce accept the sbcontractor5s o""er
Ef Pierce provies the materials to be converte there is no variable cost savin&s b! acceptin& "ammon CorporationFs offer. ;ll other costs incurre b! Pierce are fie. Therefore there is no cost savin&s b! acceptin& the "ammon offer. En aition since the machinin& epartment is not a bottlenec no aitional throu&hput contribution *ill be &enerate b! acceptin& the offer from "ammon Corporation. 9ales is limite b! the capacit! of the finishin& epartment. Ef the offer is accepte costs *ill increase b! ,''' G *+ 8 $15000. 'ecommenation? 'eect the "ammon offer. % Pierce prodces 1,'' de"ecti$e nits dring the machining operation% Hhat is the cost to Pierce o" the de"ecti$e items prodced
achinin& is not a bottlenec operation. Proucin& 1,'' efective units oes not reuce throu&hput contribution> machinin& can still prouce an transfer ,0000 &oo units to finishin&. Therefore the cost of the efective units is *+' G 1,'' 8 $51000. % Pierce prodces 1,'' de"ecti$e nits at the "inishing operation% Hhat is the cost to Pierce o" the de"ecti$e items prodced
inishin& is a bottlenec operation. Proucin& 1,'' efective units in the bottlenec operation *ill reuce throu&hput contribution. Therefore the cost of the efective units is ost materials ae in the machinin& epartment 1,'' G $+0 8 ost throu&hput contribution in finishin& epartment 1700 G /$706$+08 Total cost of the 1700 efective units ;nother approach? 'evenue from units sol Cost of units sol /inclues spoile units if an! Hross profit Total cost of the 1,'' efective units
$51000 %(000 $11,000
;o e"ects
1,'' e"ects
$%+00000 $2700000 $+%00000
$%1(1000 $2700000 $+4(1000 $11,000
)ote that the irect material cost is irrelevant> *hether the units are efective or &oo the irect material costs *ill be incurre. ;lternative calculation? 1700 G $70 8
$11,000
$11,000
Problem 11-4' Theor! o" Constraints, CM, Sensiti$it! Anal!sis Gi$en& Talin& To!s /TT prouces olls in t*o processes? molin& an assembl!. TT is currentl! proucin& t*o moels? Chatt! Chelse! an Talin& Tan!a. Prouction in the molin& epartment is limite b! the amount of materials available. Prouction in the assembl! epartment is limite b! the amount of traine labor available. The onl! variable costs are materials in the molin& epartment an labor in the assembl! epartment. The re#uirements an limitations b! oll moel an epartment are?
Selling Price per oll Man"actring :e.irements Molding epartment :e.irements Pouns of olin& aterials D neee per oll /pouns D cost per poun Assembl! epartment :e.irements "ours of ;ssembl! abor D neee per oll /minutes D cost per labor hour
Chatt! Chelse! *+9
Tal2ing Tan!a *'
Total A$ailable
+,''' 3
+ *7 7,''
1
3' *13
The follo*in& re#uirements refer onl! to the preceein& ata. There is no connection bet*een the re#uirements. 1% 6" there #ere enogh demand "or either doll, #hich doll #old TT prodce Eo# man! o" these dolls #old it ma2e and sell Chatt! Chelse! Molding epartment :e.irements aimum prouction possible /olls Assembl! epartment :e.irements aimum prouction possible /olls Combined epartment :e.irements 3verall maimum prouction possible /olls
Tal2ing Tan!a
1(000
12000
+4000
25500
1(000
12000
9ellin& Price per Doll -ariable costs per Doll olin& epartment /materials onl! ;ssembl! epartment /labor onl!
*+9
*'
/1% /+
/24 /4
Contribution ar&in per Doll
$20
$22
aimum contribution &iven epartmental constraints
$+%0000
$2%4000
Therefore TT shoul male an sell as follo*s?
olls 1(000 0
Model Chatt! Chelse! Talin& Tan!a
3% 6" TT sells three Chatt! Chelse!s "or each Tal2ing Tan!a, ho# man! dolls o" each t!pe #old it prodce and sell Hhat #old be the TCM
Constraint Chec2ing&
Chatt!
Tal2ing
Total
<cess
Constraint Chec2ing& 0rom 1% abo$e& Molding epartment :e.irements olin& materials use Assembl! epartment :e.irements abor hours use
Chatt! Chelse!
Tal2ing Tan!a
Total A$ailable
<cess :esorces
+%000
0
+,'''
0
4500
0
7,''
4000
olin& Department is a bottlenec olin& Department material is the limitin& resource. Sales Mi :e.irement in olls et G 8 units of Talin& Tan!a prouce et +G 8 units of Chatt! Chelse! prouce D neee per oll /pouns D neee &iven +?1 sales mi aterial constraint %G < +G 8 +%000 +?1 9ales mi prouction TC
+
+G 3 %G
1 G + +G +,'''
13,''' *34','''
4,''' *77,'''
*+37,'''
+% 6" TT sells three Chatt! Chelse!s "or each Tal2ing Tan!a, ho# mch #old prodction and contribtion margin increase i" the molding department cold b! 9'' more ponds o" materials "or *7 per pond Chatt! Tal2ing Total Chelse! Tan!a A$ailable Sales Mi :e.irement in olls + 1 et G 8 units of Talin& Tan!a prouce G et +G 8 units of Chatt! Chelse! prouce +G 3 + D neee per oll /pouns D neee &iven +?1 sales mi %G +G +,9'' aterial constraint %G < +G 8 +%000 13,+'' 4,1'' +?1 9ales mi prouction *34,''' *9',3'' *++,3'' TC *7,3'' Encrease in contribution mar&in A< +% 6" TT sells three Chatt! Chelse!s "or each Tal2ing Tan!a, ho# mch #old prodction and contribtion margin increase i" the molding department cold b! 9'' more ponds o" materials "or *1' per pond 9'' *1'
Sales Mi :e.irement in olls et G 8 units of Talin& Tan!a prouce et +G 8 units of Chatt! Chelse! prouce D neee per oll /pouns D neee &iven +?1 sales mi aterial constraint %G < +G 8 +%000 +?1 9ales mi prouction TC 3l operatin& income Encrease in contribution mar&in ess etra material cost
Encrease in contribution mar&in
+
+G 3 %G
1 G + +G +,9''
13,+'' *34,'''
4,1'' *9',3''
*++,3'' /+2(000 *7,3'' /1(00
*,4''
Encrease in contribution mar&in
Proof? 9ales olin& material costs /(.04(( ;ssembl! epartment labor 3peratin& income *ith etra material 3l operatin& income Encrease in contribution mar&in
*,4'' Chatt! Chelse! $47,700 /1,(000 /+%,00 $244(00
Tal2ing Tan!a $205000 /,,000 /1%400 $(,%00
Total $%(4700 /2,7000 /5++00 $++4400 /+2(000 $%400
/2,7000 $++4400
4% 6" TT sells three Chatt! Chelse!s "or each Tal2ing Tan!a, ho# mch #old prodction and contribtion margin increase i" the assembl! department cold get more labor hors at *13 per hor
Constraint Chec2ing& 0rom +% abo$e& Prouction I 9ales D neee per oll /pouns D neee per oll /minutes Molding epartment :e.irements olin& materials use Assembl! epartment :e.irements abor hours use
Chatt! Chelse!
Tal2ing Tan!a
Total A$ailable
<cess :esorces
12000 3 1
4000 + 3'
24000
12000
+,'''
0
+000 1+++.+++++
7,''
41%7
olin& Department is a bottlenec olin& Department material is the limitin& resource. ith %5 more labor hours prouction *oul not chan&e. The limitin& constraint is pouns of material not labor hours. TT alrea! has more labor hours available than it ne es.
+,''' 7,''
Problem 11-41 Closing o#n i$isions
Problem 11-41 Closing o#n i$isions Gi$en& ;insle! Corporation has four operatin& ivisions. The bu&ete revenues an epenses for each ivision for 2014 follo*s? Divisions ; B C D 9ales $504000 $,4(000 $,%0000 $1240000 Cost of Hoos 9ol 440000 ,+0000 7%5000 ,25000 9ellin& &eneral an aministrative epenses ,%000 202500 144000 210000 3peratin& incomes /oss /$+2000 /$1(4500 $51000 $105000
urther anal!sis of cfosts reveals the follo*in& percenta&es of variable costs in each ivision? Cost of Hoos 9ol ,0K (0K ,0K 9ellin& &eneral an aministrative epenses 50K 50K %0K
(5K %0K
Top mana&ement is ver! concerne about the unprofitable ivisions /; an B an is consierin& closin& them for the !ear. Closin& o*n an! ivision *oul result in a savin&s of 40K of the fie costs of that ivision. 40K 1N3% Calclate the change in operating income i" i$ision A or B are closed%
ost sales 9ave variable costs C3H9 /,0K 9ellin& H I ; @penses /50K 9ave fie costs /40K Chan&e in operatin& income
; B /$504000 /$,4(000 +,%000 4(000 +%(00 /$2+200 Leep open
744000 101250 114,00 $12150 Close
+% Hhat other "actors shold the top management consider be"ore ma2ing sch a decision
Before eciin& to close Division B mana&ement shoul consier the role that the DivisionFs prouct line pla!s relative to other prouct lines. or instance if the prouct manufacture b! Division B attracts customers to the compan! then roppin& Division B ma! have a etrimental effect on the revenues of the remainin& ivisions. ana&ement ma! also *ant to consier the impact on the morale of the remainin& emplo!ees if Division B is close. Talente emplo!ees ma! become fearful of losin& their obs an see emplo!ment else*here.
Problem 11-+'& Short-rn pricing, capacit! constraints
Problem 11-+'& Short-rn pricing, capacit! constraints Gi$en& Dhio Acres iar!, ma2er o" specialt! cheeses, prodces a so"t cheese "rom the mil2 o" Eolstein co#s raised on a special corn-based diet% Dne 2ilogram o" so"t cheese, #hich has a contribtion margin o" *7, re.ires 4 liters o" mil2% A #ell-2no#n gormet restarant has as2ed Dhio Acres air! to prodce 3,''' 2ilograms o" a hard cheese "rom the same mil2 o" Eolstein co#s% Ono#ing that the diar! has s""icient nsed capacit!,
il /1' liters G *1%' per liter -ariable irect manufacturin& labor -ariable manufacturin& overhea ie manufacturin& cost allocate Total manufacturin& cost /"ar Cheese
*1 4 3 *3 one ilo&ram
:e.ired& 1% Sppose Dhio Acres iar! can ac.ire all the Eolstein mil2 that it needs% Hhat is the minimm price per 2ilogram it shold charge "or the hard cheese
The minimum price is the sum of all of the variable costs. The fie costs are not relevant because the! are not epenent on prouction volume.
$21
3% ;o# sppose that the Eolstein mil2 is in short sppl!% <$er! 2ilogram o" hard cheese prodced b! Colorado Montains air! #ill redce the .antit! o" so"t cheese that it can ma2e and sell% Hhat is the minimm price per 2ilogram it shold charge to prodce the hard cheese Dne 2ilogram o" hard cheese re.ires 1' liters o" mil2% Dne 2ilogram o" so"t cheese re.ires 4 liters o" mil2% <$er! 2ilogram o" hard cheese prodced re.ires that 3% (1'>4) 2ilograms o" so"t cheese to be "oregone%
CM generated per 2ilogram iters o" mil2 re.ired per 2ilogram CM generated per liter o" mil2
*7 4 *3%'' CM per limiting resorce
Eard Cheese (sbstitte "or so"t cheese)
CM necessar! per liter o" mil2 iters o" mil2 re.ired per 2ilogram CM generated per 2ilogram ariable cost o" prodction Minimm price per 2ilogram
*3%'' CM per limiting resorce 1' *3' 31 *41
*31 3' *41
Problem 11-3& :ele$ance o" e.ipment costs Gi$en& The Ato Hash Compan! has 8st toda! paid "or and installed a special machine "or polishing c one o" its se$eral otlets% 6t is the "irst da! o" the compan!5s "iscal !ear% The machine costs *3' 6ts annal cash operating costs total *1,'''% The machine #ill ha$e a 4-!ear se"l li"e and a / terminal disposal $ale% A"ter the machine has been sed "or onl! one da!, a salesperson o""ers a di""erent machine that promises to do the same 8ob at annal cash operating costs o" *9,'''% The ne# machine #ill co *34,''' cash, installed% The old machine is ni.e and can be sold otright "or onl! *1',''', *3,''' remo$al cost% The ne# machine, li2e the old one, #ill ha$e a 4-!ear se"l li"e and /ero t disposal $ale% :e$enes, all in cash, #ill be *1',''' annall!, and other cash costs #ill be *11',''' annall!, regardless o" this decision% :e.ired& 0or simplicit!, ignore income taes and the time $ale o" mone!% 1a% Prepare a statement o" cash receipts and disbrsements "or each o" the 4 !ears nder each alternati$e% Hhat is the cmlati$e di""erence in cash "lo# "or the 4 !ears ta2en together
:e$enes isbrsements Prchase o" machiner! Cash machine operating costs Dther cash operating costs ;et cash disbrsements ;et cash in"lo#
:e$enes isbrsements Prchase o" machiner! (old) Cash machine operating costs Dther cash operating costs B! ne#er machine Sal$age "rom sale o" old ;et cash disbrsements ;et cash in"lo# ;et bene"it o" b!ing ne#er machine
Oeep the Dld Machine -- Cash 0lo# Ana Jear 1 Jear 3 Jear + Jear 4 *1',''' *1',''' *1',''' *1',''' *3',''' 1,''' 11',''' *14,''' *,'''
*1,''' 11',''' *13,''' *3,'''
*1,''' 11',''' *13,''' *3,'''
*1,''' 11',''' *13,''' *3,'''
B! the ne#er Machine -- Cash 0lo# Anal Jear 1 Jear 3 Jear + Jear 4 *1',''' *1',''' *1',''' *1',''' *3',''' 9,''' 11',''' 34,''' (7,''') *1,''' (*,''')
*9,''' 11','''
*9,''' 11','''
*9,''' 11','''
*119,''' *+1,'''
*119,''' *+1,'''
*119,''' *+1,'''
(*1',''')
*,'''
*,'''
*,'''
1b% Prepare a statement o" income "or each o" the 4 !ears nder each alternati$e% Assme strai depreciation% Hhat is the cmlati$e di""erence in operating income "or the 4 !ears ta2en to Oeep the Dld Machine -- 6ncome Anal! Jear 1 Jear 3 Jear + Jear 4
:e$enes <penses epreciation o" old machine Cash machine operating costs Dther cash operating costs Total <penses Dperating 6ncome
:e$enes <penses (and osses) oss on disposal o" old Cash machine operating costs Dther cash operating costs epreciation o" ne#er machine Total epenses>losses Dperating 6ncome ;et bene"it o" b!ing ne#er machine
*1','''
*1','''
*1','''
*1','''
*,''' 1,''' 11',''' *1+',''' *3','''
*,''' 1,''' 11',''' *1+',''' *3','''
*,''' 1,''' 11',''' *1+',''' *3','''
*,''' 1,''' 11',''' *1+',''' *3','''
B! the ne#er Machine -- 6ncome Anal! Jear 1 Jear 3 Jear + Jear 4 *1',''' *1',''' *1',''' *1',''' *13,''' 9,''' 11',''' ,''' *1+,''' *1+,'''
*9,''' 11',''' ,''' *13,''' *3,'''
*9,''' 11',''' ,''' *13,''' *3,'''
*9,''' 11',''' ,''' *13,''' *3,'''
(*,''')
*,'''
*,'''
*,'''
1c% Hhat items inclded in 1a and 1b abo$e are irrele$ant Hh! Cost o" old e.ipment Dther cash operating costs :e$enes generated These items do not di""er bet#een alternati$es% 3% Sppose that the cost o" the original machine #as *1,''',''', #old the net di""erence in 1a and 1b change% ;o% See schedles belo#% 1a re$isited% :e$enes isbrsements Prchase o" machiner! Cash machine operating costs Dther cash operating costs ;et disbrsements ;et cash in"lo#
:e$enes isbrsements Prchase o" machiner!
Oeep the Dld Machine -- Cash 0lo# Ana Jear 1 Jear 3 Jear + Jear 4 *1',''' *1',''' *1',''' *1',''' *1,''',''' 1,''' 11',''' *1,13,''' (*9,''')
*1,''' 11',''' *13,''' *3,'''
*1,''' 11',''' *13,''' *3,'''
*1,''' 11',''' *13,''' *3,'''
B! the ne#er Machine -- Cash 0lo# Anal Jear 1 Jear 3 Jear + Jear 4 *1',''' *1',''' *1',''' *1',''' *1,''','''
Cash machine operating costs Dther cash operating costs B! ne#er machine Sal$age "rom sale o" old ;et disbrsements ;et cash in"lo# ;et bene"it o" b!ing ne#er machine
1b re$isited% :e$enes <penses epreciation o" old machine Cash machine operating costs Dther cash operating costs Total epenses Dperating income
9,''' 11',''' 34,''' (7,''') 1,1+,''' (*97,''')
*9,''' 11','''
*9,''' 11','''
*9,''' 11','''
119,''' *+1,'''
119,''' *+1,'''
119,''' *+1,'''
(*1',''')
*,'''
*,'''
*,'''
Oeep the Dld Machine -- 6ncome Anal! Jear 1 Jear 3 Jear + Jear 4 *1',''' *1',''' *1',''' *1',''' *3',''' 1,''' 11',''' *+,''' (*33,''')
*3',''' 1,''' 11',''' *+,''' (*33,''')
*3',''' 1,''' 11',''' *+,''' (*33,''')
*3',''' 1,''' 11',''' *+,''' (*33,''')
B! the ne#er Machine -- 6ncome Anal! Jear 1 Jear 3 Jear + Jear 4 *1',''' *1',''' *1',''' *1','''
:e$enes <penses (and osses) oss on disposal o" old Cash machine operating costs Dther cash operating costs epreciation o" ne#er machine Total epenses Dperating 6ncome
*993,''' 9,''' 11',''' ,''' *1,11,''' (*9,''')
9,''' 11',''' ,''' *13,''' *3,'''
9,''' 11',''' ,''' *13,''' *3,'''
9,''' 11',''' ,''' *13,''' *3,'''
;et bene"it o" b!ing ne#er machine
(*43,''')
*3','''
*3','''
*3','''
+% 6s there an! con"lict bet#een the decision model and the incenti$es o" the manager #ho has 8st prchased the old machine and is considering replacing it a da! later ecision model is based pon rele$ant items -- those epected "tre items that #ill di""er a alternati$es% i""erence in total cash machine operating costs Cost o" ne# machine Sal$age o" old machine Ad$antage o" b!ing ne#er machine
*34,''' (*34,''') 7,'''
(1,''') *7,'''
6ncenti$es -- income measres are o"ten the principal means o" per"ormance e$alation% :eplacement re.ires recognition o" large loss in the replacement !ear, #hich can be a$oid b! not replacing% Management compensation plans o"ten are dis"nctional casing e.ipm decisions to be de"erred or a$oided despite being good "or the compan! as a #hole%
rs at ,'''% ro
st mins rminal
l!sis Total *'',''' *3',''' ',''' 44',''' *3',''' *7',''' !sis Total *'',''' *3',''' +,''' 44',''' 34,''' (7,''') *13,''' *77,''' *7,'''
ht-line gether sis Total
*'',''' *3',''' ',''' 44',''' *3',''' *7',''' is Total *'',''' *13,''' +,''' 44',''' 34,''' *13,''' *77,''' *7,'''
l!sis Total *'',''' *1,''',''' ',''' 44',''' *1,'',''' (*9'',''')
!sis Total *'',''' *1,''','''
+,''' 44',''' 34,''' (7,''') 1,493,''' (*793,''') *7,'''
sis Total *'',''' *1,''',''' ',''' 44',''' *1,'',''' (*9'',''') is Total *'',''' *993,''' +,''' 44',''' 34,''' *1,493,''' (*793,''') *7,'''
J
mong
ed ent
M N O $ K I F / < 6 . 0
! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . / 0
! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . / 0
1 2 + 4 5 % 7 ( , ? > : 8 = Q ; B C D @ H " E J L ) 3 P R ' 9 T S G A U V W X Y Z
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A
a b c e f & h i l m n o p # r s t u v * ! [ \ ] ^ _
ﾀ ﾁ ﾂ ﾃ ﾄ ﾅ ﾆ ﾇ ﾈ ﾉ ﾊ ﾋ ﾌ ﾍ ﾎ ﾏ ﾐ
B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
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ﾀ ﾁ ﾂ ﾃ ﾄ ﾅ ﾆ ﾇ ﾈ ﾉ ﾊ ﾋ ﾌ ﾍ ﾎ ﾏ ﾐ
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