IOU Short Course Booklet 1.pdf

SHORT COURSE -SESSION NOTES-

ARABIC SPEECH SIMPLIFIED

ISLAMIC ONLINE UNIVERSITY

Contents 1. Welcome to the course.............................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Brief History of Arabic .......................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Modern Standard Arabic vs Classical Arabic ....................................................................... 2 2. The Arabic Alphabet................................................................................................................... 3 2.1. Letters of the Arabic alphabet ............................................................................................. 3 2.2. Transliteration Chart............................................................................................................. 4 2.3. Pronunciation of Letters ....................................................................................................... 5 2.4. Makhārij ................................................................................................................................ 6 3. Unit One : Greeting and Acquainting Oneself .......................................................................... 11 3.1. Conversation One – Masculine .......................................................................................... 11 3.2. Conversation One – Feminine ............................................................................................ 11 3.3. Vocabulary .......................................................................................................................... 12 3.4. Phrases and Expressions .................................................................................................... 12 4. Conversation Practice .............................................................................................................. 13 4.1. Talk to a friend .................................................................................................................... 13

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1. Welcome to the course Dear Student, Welcome to the exciting world of Arabic; where we will discover a new language, culture and broaden our horizons. Loosen your tongue, clear your throat and enjoy the vast unearthing of the language of Islam. We trust you will enjoy this journey with us as we learn to understand and speak a bit of Arabic.

Ahlan Wa Sahlan

A very warm welcome!

On behalf of the Islamic Online University, we wish you success and hope you enjoy this enriching journey with us.

Ma’as Salāmah,

(Sh.) Mukhtar Raban

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1.1. Brief History of Arabic Arabic is the sixth most spoken language in the world and is spoken by more than 200 million people worldwide. Arabic started off as a language that was only spoken by a small population. Nomadic tribes would travel around the Arabian Peninsula and speak Arabic, a language they were very proud of. Prose, poetry and oral literature were common ways to communicate through Arabic in those times. Arabic is a Semitic language and is most closely related to Aramaic and Hebrew. Semitic languages are based on a consonantal root system. Every word in Arabic is derived from one or another root word (most likely a verb). By the 7th Century A.D., Arabic started to spread to the Middle East. During this time of religious conversions, Arabic replaced many South Arabian languages, most of which are no longer commonly spoken or understood languages. Arabic is the official language of many countries in the Middle East such as Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and the United Arab Emirates. It is also one of the six official languages of the United Nations.

1.2. Modern Standard Arabic vs Classical Arabic Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), as its name indicates, is the modern counterpart of Classical Arabic. It is the official language of 22 Arab countries where it is used in the oral and written form on all formal occasions. The main difference between MSA and Classical Arabic lies in the vocabulary. MSA reflects the needs of contemporary expression whereas Classical Arabic reflects the needs of older styles.

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2. The Arabic Alphabet 2.1. Letters of the Arabic alphabet The Arabic alphabet comprises of 28 letters, written from right to left.

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2.2. Transliteration Chart The following is a transliteration chart of Arabic letters and vowels to Roman letters and symbols.

a

‫ط‬

ṭ

ā

‫ظ‬

dh

‫ب‬

b

‫ع‬

‘

‫ت‬

t

‫غ‬

gh

‫ة‬

h or t

‫ف‬

f

‫ث‬

th

‫ق‬

q

‫ج‬

j

‫كـ ك‬

k

‫ح‬

ḥ

‫ل‬

l

‫خ‬

kh

‫م‬

m

‫د‬

d

‫ن‬

n

‫ذ‬

dh

‫هـ ه ـه‬

h

‫ر‬

r

‫و‬

w

‫ز‬

z

‫س‬

s

‫ش‬

sh

‫ص‬

ṣ

‫ض‬

ḍ

‫أ‬ ‫ى‬

‫آ‬

‫و‬

ū or oo

(vowel)

‫ي‬ ‫ي‬

y ī or ee

(vowel)

‫ء‬

’

َ

َ

َ

َ

َ

Fatḥah

Kasrah

Ḍammah

Shaddah

Sukūn

a

i

u

Double letter

Absence of vowel

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2.3. Pronunciation of Letters The 28 letters of Arabic originate from 9 main areas of the mouth and throat, which is further subdivided into 17 exact places of origin (Makhārij).

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2.4. Makhārij The place where the sound of a letter originates from is called the Makhraj. The letters of the Arabic Alphabet originate from seventeen main Makhārij (plural of Makhraj). 9|

Alif

‫أ‬

Pronounced from the emptiness or hollow portion of the mouth - exhaling of air occurs during the pronunciation and the sound depends on this air being exhaled. As long as the exhaling continues, so does the pronunciation of the letter. When the exhaling stops, the pronunciation also stops.

9|

Hamzah ‫ء‬

Pronounced from the bottom (or back) of the throat, near the chest

1|

Bā

‫ب‬

Pronounced from the moist part of the lips - the sound is obtained by bringing the lips together.

3|

Tā

‫ت‬

Pronounced when the tip of the tongue comes in contact with the gum of the front upper incisor teeth

3|

Thā

‫ث‬

Pronounced with the tip of the tongue touching the edge of the front upper incisor teeth - the tip of the tongue must protrude slightly so as to be visible from outside.

4|

Jeem ‫ج‬

Pronounced from the space between the middle of the tongue and the upper palate

8|

Ḥā

‫ح‬

Pronounced from the middle of the throat

7|

Khā ‫خ‬

Pronounced from the front (or top) of the throat, the part nearest to the mouth

3|

Dāl

‫د‬

Pronounced when the tip (or front) of the tongue comes in contact with the gum of the front upper incisor teeth

3|

Dhāl ‫ذ‬

Pronounced with the tip of the tongue touching the middle part of the front upper incisor teeth

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3|

Rā

‫ر‬

The Makhraj of this letter is similar to the Makhraj of Noon - the tip of the tongue, together with any one side of the tongue, while rising towards the palate, touches the gums from the incisors to the molars.

3|

Zā / Zayn

‫ز‬

Pronounced from the tip of the tongue and the flat portion of the incisors - a small space remains between the tip of the tongue and the incisor teeth when this letter is pronounced. A whistling sound will be produced.

3|

Seen

‫س‬

Pronounced from the tip of the tongue and the flat portion of the incisors - a small space remains between the tip of the tongue and the incisors when this letter is pronounced. A whistling sound will be produced.

4|

Sheen ‫ش‬


3|

Ṣād

‫ص‬

Pronounced from the tip of the tongue and the flat portion of the incisors - a small space remains between the tip of the tongue and the incisors when this letter is pronounced. A whistling sound will be produced.

6|

Ḍād ‫ض‬

Pronounced from the left side of the tongue and the left upper molars - it is also correct to pronounce this letter from the right side of the tongue and the right upper molars.

3|

Ṭā

‫ط‬

Pronounced when the tip (or front) of the tongue comes in contact with the roof or gum of the front upper incisor teeth

3|

Dh

‫ظ‬

Pronounced with the tip of the tongue touching the roof or gum of the front upper incisor teeth

8|

‘Ayn

‫ع‬

Pronounced from the middle of the throat

7|

Ghayn ‫غ‬

Pronounced from the front (or top) of the throat, the part nearest to the mouth

2|

Fā

‫ف‬

Pronounced when the inner portion of the lower lip comes in contact with the edge of the upper front teeth

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5|

Qāf

‫ق‬

Pronounced from the back of the tongue and the upper palate in front of the Uvula. (The Uvula is the pendant, fleshy lobe in the middle of the posterior border of the soft palate).

5|

Kāf

‫ك كـ‬

Pronounced from the back of the tongue and the soft palate, in front of the Makhraj of Qāf

6|

Lām ‫ل‬

Pronounced when the tip of the tongue, together with any one side of the tongue, touches the gums from the front upper incisor teeth (while rising towards the palate) to the first Pre-Molars.

1|

‫م‬

Meem

Pronounced by bringing the lips together, but not as strong as the Makhraj of Bā - Meem is pronounced from the dry part of the lips, whilst Bā is pronounced from the moist part

3|

Noon ‫ن‬

The Makhraj of Noon is similar to that of Lām - the difference is that the tongue will only touch the front upper incisors, the lateral Incisors, and the canines; but will not touch the first pre-molars.

9|

Hā

‫ـه ه هـ‬

Pronounced from the bottom (or back) of the throat near the chest.

1|

‫و‬

Wāw (WITHOUT MADD)

(Madd – Elongation of sound)

Pronounced from between the lips - the two lips project forward during the pronunciation

9|

‫و‬

Wāw (LETTER OF MADD)

Pronounced from the emptiness or hollow portion of the mouth - exhaling of air occurs during the pronunciation and the sound depends on this air being exhaled. As long as the exhaling continues, so does the pronunciation of the letter. When the exhaling stops, the pronunciation also stops.

4|

Yā (WITHOUT MADD)

‫ي‬


9|

Yā (LETTER OF MADD)

‫ي‬

Same as Alif and Wāw (with Madd).

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 1-2 Conv. 1

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3. Unit One : Greeting and Acquainting Oneself 3.1. Conversation One – Masculine Khālid

:

Khaleel

:

Khālid

:

Khaleel

:

Khālid

:

Khaleel

:

Khālid

:

Assalāmu ‘Alaykum Peace be upon you Wa ‘Alaykumus Salām And upon you be peace Ismee Khālid , Masmuka ? My name is Khālid, what is your name ? Ismee Khaleel My name is Khaleel Kayfa Ḥāluka ? How are you? Bikhayrin , Wal Ḥamdulillah. Wa Kayfa Ḥāluka Anta ? All well, and all praise to The Almighty. And how are you ? Bikhayrin , Wal Ḥamdulillah All well, and all praise to The Almighty.

3.2. Conversation One – Feminine Khowlah

:

Khadeejah

:

Khowlah

:

Khadeejah

:

Khowlah

:

Khadeejah

:

Khowlah

:

Assalāmu ‘Alaykum Peace be upon you Wa ‘Alaykumus Salām And upon you be peace Ismee Khowlah, Masmuki ? My name is Khowlah, what is your name ? Ismee Khadeejah My name is Khadeejah Kayfa Ḥāluki ? How are you? Bikhayrin , Wal Ḥamdulillah. Wa Kayfa Ḥāluki Anti ? All well, and all praise to The Almighty. And how are you ? Bikhayrin , Wal Ḥamdulillah All well, and all praise to The Almighty.

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3.3. Vocabulary The peace

As Salāmu

ََّّ‫لم‬ َّ َ َّ‫الس‬

A name

Ismun

َّ‫اِسْم‬

What ?

Mā

‫َماَّ؟‬

How ?

Kayfa

‫ْفَّ؟‬ َ ‫َكي‬

A condition

Ḥālun

َّ‫َحال‬

You (masculine)

Anta

َّ‫ت‬ َ ‫أ َ ْن‬

You (feminine)

Anti

َّ‫ت‬ ِ ‫أ َ ْن‬

Goodness

Khayrun

ََّّ‫َخيْر‬

Peace be upon you

As Salāmu ‘Alaykum

َّ‫علَيْك َّْم‬ َّ َ َّ‫الس‬ َ َّ‫لم‬

My name is …

Ismee …

...َّ‫اِس ِْم ْي‬

What is your name ?

Masmuka ?

‫َماَّاسْمكَ ؟‬

How are you ?

Kayfa Ḥāluka ?

‫ْفَّ َحالكَ َّ؟‬ َ ‫َكي‬

All well

Bikhayrin

َّ‫ِب َخيْر‬

3.4. Phrases and Expressions

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4. Conversation Practice 4.1. Talk to a friend Approach your friend and do the following:    

Greet him/her Introduce yourself by saying your name Ask him/her his/her name Ask him/her how he/she is doing

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IOU Short Course Booklet 1.pdf

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