Introduction to "The Sabian Symbols by Degree: A Word History"

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Rwlsnjdo Glxjg Aydwis rwlsnjdoglxjgaydwisMofljn$b`f

Rwlsnjdo Aydwis ª 3=<<

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Ai a` `yng wslbe nldoyloi w` jwr nljs `yng jdgi ig idg lr ` f d j r b j i d w $ ‒ L y w ` c j ` o s l } a z ` h l Z ` o j











Wlcni `h B`dwidwr LC@YW WAI LYWA@S ]SIHLBI ]LSW J; JDWS@GYBWJ@D ( @XISXJI_        

GIHJDJWJ@D ( GIRBSJ]WJ@D @SJOJDR ( AJRW@SZ FJFI@OSL]AIG ( @HHJBJLN JDWIS]SIWLWJ@D ( LDLNZRJR EIZ_@SGR ( ]ASLRIR _@SG @SJOJDR ( AJRW@SZ _@SGJDO ( SI_@SGJDO FIWA@GR ( R@YSBIR

]LSW JJ; LDLNZRJR ( B@FFIDWLSZ            

LSJIR WLYSYR OIFJDJ BLDBIS NI@ XJSO@ NJCSL RB@S]J@ RLOJWWLSJYR BL]SJB@SD L\YLSJYR ]JRBIR

]LSW JJJ; RYFFLSZ ( B@DBNYRJ@D L]]IDGJBIR CJCNJ@OSL]AZ











Lc`yw wai Lywa`s Rwlsnjdo lr c`sd jd Blnjh`sdjl ldg sljrig jd wai irwisd Ydjwig Rwlwir$ Ajr ajoais igyblwj`d lr `cwljdig lw Lsj{`dl Rwlwi Ydjxisrjwz. aisi ai ilsdig l CR jd Inibwsjbln Idojdi isjdo. ldg Gyei Ydjxisrjwz. aisi ai ilsdig c`wa l Flrwisr `h Cyrjdi rr Lgfjdjrwslwj`d ldg l ]a$G$ jd Fldloifidw$ Ajr }s`hirrj`dln iq}isjidbi alr ciid gjxjgig ciwiid jdgyrwsz ldg lblgifjl$ Rwlsnjdo `seig lr ld inibwsjbln idojdiis lw wai Cìjdo B`f}ldz jd Rilwwni ldg lr l b`f}idrl wj`d ldlnzrw lw Iqq`d Baifjbln$ Ajr lblgifjb }`rwr alxi ciid lw wai Flrrlbayriwwr Jdrwjwywi `h Wibad`nòz. Wai Lfisjbld Ydjxisrjwz `h Ralskla. ldg Blsdioji Finn`d Ydjxisrjwz jd \lwls$ Rwlsnjdo alr }ycnjraig. sixjiig. ldg igjwig dyfis`yr lblgifjb }l}isr `d wai rwslwiojb yri ldg `soldj{lwj`dln b`dri|yidbir `h fldloifidw jdh`sflwj`d rzrwifr$ Ai alr b`f}niwig hjxi `h rixid }nlddig x`nyfir ` d wai njdoyjrwjbr `h wai Osilw Jdx`blwj`d$ Wai risjir jr idwjwnig „Wai B`f}lrr `h Njoaw$‖ Wajr jr Rwlsnjdo‚r hjsrw c`è `d wai njdoyjrwjbr `h wai Rlcjld Rzfc`nr$











]sihlbi























Wai Rlcjld Rzfc`nr lsi l riw `h 28= ra`sw `sg }jbwysir `s xjodiwwir b`ssir}`dgjdo w` wai 28= giosiir `h wai [`gjlb$ @d wai icrjwi `h wai Rlcjld Lrrifcnz. `d l }loi idwjwnig „Wai @sjojd ldg Ajrw`sz `h wai Rlcjld Rzfc`nr‖. Gjldl S`bai sj wir lc`yw a` waiz blfi jdw` cijdo; @d r`fi ydsib`sgig glwi jd <:39. wai Rlcjld rzfc`nr isi cs`yoaw jdw` fldjhirwlwj`d jd wai r}ld `h l glz jd Clnc`l ]lse. Rld Gjio`. Blnjh`sdjl was`yoa wai < b`fcjdig ihh`swr `h Flsb Igfydg K`dir ldg Inrji _aiinis$

Gs$ Flsb Igfydg K`dir !<111&<:1=* lr wai h`ydgjdo baldbinn`s `h wai Rlcjld Lrrifcnz ldg lr f`rw jginz ed`d h`s wai fldz c`èr ai }ycnjraig `d lrws`nòz ldg `bbynw }ajn`r`}az$ Ai blfi w` wajr `se cz ld ydyryln s`ywi$ Lhwis gs`}}jdo `yw `h ajoa rba``n w` o` jdw` cyrjdirr. ai nlwis b`f}niwig ajr ]a$G$ jd }ajn`r`}az hs`f B`nyfcjl Ydjxisrjwz jd <:71$ Jd ajr ilsnz glzr. ai lr l A`nnz``g rbsiid sjwis. ldg lr jdrwsyfidwln jd h`ydgjdo wai Rbsiid _sjwisr/ Oyjng$ Jd <:29. ai sibijxig ajr Clbain`s `h Gjxjdjwz giosii lw wai Rld Hsldbjrb` Wai`nòjbln Rifjdlsz lw Rld Ldrinf`. Blnjh`sdjl ldg lr `sgljdig lr l ]sirczwisjld fjdjrwis$ Ai risxig lr l 3 }lrw`s jd Ir}lsw`. Blnjh`sdjl h`s hjxi zilsr$

Fr$ Inrji _aiinis lr l rwygidw ` h Gs$ K`dir a` ilsdig ais njxjdo lr l figjyf$ C`wa bsj}}nig cz lswasjwjr ldg b`dhjdig w` ais aiinbaljs. Fr$ _aiinis }`rrirrig l giwisfjdlwj`d w` g` r`fiwajdo f`si jwa ais bnljsx`zldw lcjnjwjir wald }s`xjgi ldrisr w` „w ai lxisloi syd `h











hinn r``}$‖9 @d wai glz jd |yirwj`d. Gs$ K`dir w`è Fr$ _aiinis w` l s i n l w j x i n z r i b n y g i g r i b w j ` d ` h C l n c ` l ] l s e j d R l d G j i o ` . B l n j h ` s dj dj l $ A i alg }si}lsig jd lgxldbi r`fi „28= ajwi. ydnjdig. 2‖ q 9‖ jdgiq blsgr‖. ilba alxjdo `di lrws`nòjbln giosii sjwwid `d `di rjgi$ S `bai b`dwjdyir girbsjcjdo wai glz‚r ixidwr; Ciblyri ai silnj{ig waisi b`yng ci jdwissy}wj`dr ai gibjgig w` csile y} wai rirrj`d jdw` |ylswisr$ L |ylswis `h wai blsgr isi wleid lw sldg`f h`s ilba rirrj`d ldg wai blsgr isi rayhhnig b`dwjdy`yrnz gysjdo wai }s`birr$ Ilba blsg lr }nlbig hlbi g`d cih`si Inrji ldg #rai si}`swig `d wai }jbwysi rai rl cz jdlsg xjrj`d$# Dijwais `h waif edi ajba giosii lr cijdo gilnw jwa gysjdo wai wjfi rai lr girbsjcjdo wai }jbwysi$ Flsb ayssjignz s`wi g`d wai csjih girbsj}wj`d `d ilba blsg lr rai girbsjcig wai jfloi$ Lr Flsb nlwis girbsjcig jw. wai blsgr sihnibw. #wai rjf}ni hi `sgr jd ajba Inrji _aiinis girbsjcig wai }jbwysi walw rai rl jd wai hniiwjdo rib`dgr walw rai alg w` girbsjci jw ldg J 8 alg w` sjwi wai d`wir g`d$#

Lhwis b`f}niwjdo wai hjsrw := blsgr. i lsi w`n g walw waiz w`è l csjih csile cih`si `se `d wai diqw := b`ffidbig$ Lhwis l gsjxi jdw` wai b`ydwszrjgi ldg l nijrysinz nydba. `se siryfig lw wai rlfi r}`w jd Clnc`l ]lse$ Ojxid walw dilsn z w` a`ysr isi si|yjsig w` b`f}niwi wai hjsrw := rzfc`nr. wai idwjsi riw `h 28= rzfc`nr i si }s`clcnz b`dxizig ldg sib`sgig jd 1 a`ysr ‗l slwi `h lc`yw `di rzfc`n ixisz 1= rib`dgr$

Gir}jwi wai b`drjgislcn i }nlddjdo ldg ihh`sw walw idw jdw` `cwljdjdo wai 28= giosii rzfc`nr. Gs$ K`dir lr d`w jdjwjlnnz idwayrjlrwjb lc`yw











Walw xisrj`d iq}ldgig wai girbsj}wj`d `h wai jfloir ldg jdbnygig l njwwni rw`sz `s xjodiwwi jwa ilba jfloi$ Wai jdjwjln sir}`dri lr r` idb`yslojdo walw ai `seig `yw wai flwaiflwjbln rwsybwysi walw ai alg gjrb`xisig jd waif ldg }yw wai a`ni wajdo wòiwais lr 1 l fjfiòsl}aig lrws`nòjbln nirr`d risjir idwjwnig Rzfc`njbln Lrws`nòz$

Wajr „fjfiòsl}aig‖ xisrj`d `h wai rzfc`nr lr }ycnjraig ciojddjdo jd <:2< ldg jw gjhhisr jd lw nilrw wasii jf}`swldw sir}i bwr hs`f K`dir‚ „nlrw‖ ldg „`hhjbjln‖ xisrj`d }ycnjraig jd <:92 jd ajr c`è Wai Rlcjld Rzfc`nr jd Lrws`nòz$ Wai f`rw jffigjlwinz `cxj`yr gjhhisidbi jr nidowa

lr filrysig jd wai dyfcis `h `sgr$ Jd wai fjfiòsl}aig ri w. wai rzfc`nr lxisloi `xis <1$8 `sgr‗f`si wald wasii wjfir wai 9$7 `sg lxisloi `h wai `hhjbjln xi srj`dr$ Rib`dgnz. lnn `h rzfc`nr jd wai fjfiòsl}a xisrj`d lsi oslfflwjblnnz b`ssibw ridwidbir; waiz b`dwljd c`wa ryckibw ldg }sigjblwi$ Jd flseig b`dwslrw. jd wai `hhjbjln xisrj`d wai rzfc`nr lsi ojxid lr }aslrir walw wz}jblnnz b`dxiz lbwj`d jwa ‒ j d o ‗  a i d } s i r i d w } l s w j b j } n i r ‗ j $ i $ x i s c r w i s f j d l w i g c z w a i r y h h j q ‒ j

lbwj`d jr b`dxizig lw lnn$ Wlcni <. cin`. b`f}lsir wai `sgjdo h`s hjxi Rlcjld Rzfc`nr lr ojxid jd wai <:2< fjfiòsl}a riw ldg wai <:92 „`hhjbjln‖ xisrj`d$











Rzfc`n

„Fjfiòsl}aig‖ xisrj`d U`sg b`ydwV

„@hhjbjln‖ xisrj`d U`sg b`ydwV

Lsjir =3

L b`figjld jr idwiswljdjdo l os`y} `h hsjidgr$ U1V

L b`figjld idwiswljdjdo l os`y}$ U1V

Oifjdj <9

W` Gywba bajngsid jd waijs jfflbynlwi dlwjxi b`rwyfir lsi rwygzjdo waijs nirr`dr wòiwais$ U<2V

W` Gywba bajngsid wlnejdo$ U<7V

Ni` 38

L }ishibw sljdc` h`sfr rn`nz jd wai ryffis sljd lr wai ryd ciojdr w` csile was`yoa wai slwais wajd bn`ygclder$ U<:V

Rb`s}j` =1

L cilywjhyn oif `h l nlei riw ajoa jd wai f`ydwljdr jr sixilnig jd wai rjnxisz clwajdo njoaw `h l hynn f``d$ U33V

Wai f``d rajdjdo lbs`rr l nlei$ U8V

Bl}sjb`sd 37

Wai b`dxidw njir ciwiid odlsnig `ng wsiir lr l xisz }jbwysi `h }ilbi ldg l `fld l}}s`lbair wajr rysi alxid$ U3=V

L `fld idwisjdo l b`dxidw$ U9V

L sljdc`$ U3V

Wai wajsg ldg f`rw b`dri|yidwjln gjhhisidbi b`dbisdr wai wid`s ldg wai jdwidw `h wai fjfiòsl}aig xisrj`dr ‗r`fiwajdo walw blyrig Gs$ K`dir w` ixidwylnnz sikibw waif; Ai nlwis ciblfi gjridbaldwig jwa wajr xisrj`d. a`ixis. lr ai hinw ai alg g`di }sibjrinz alw ai r`yoaw w` lx`jg f`slnj{i wai rzfc`nr jd wisfr `h wai #ajwi&Ldon`& Rlq`d bynwysi `h UajrV y}csjdojdo$# Ldg ai ciblfi r` gjridbaldwig jwa walw xisrj`d walw ‗











C`wa jd Gs$ K`dir‚ `sjojdln fjfiòsl}a xisr j`dr ldg jd wai nlwis `hhjbjln xisrj`dr. il ba `h wai 28= rzfc`nr lr h`nn`ig cz ld jdwis}siwlwj`d `s b`ffidwlsz `h l}}s`qjflwinz <== `sgr$ Lnwa`yoa wai jdwis}siwlwj`dr gsl ailxjnz `d K`dir‚ xlrw ed`nigoi `h `b bynw ldg ldbjidw }ajn`r`}ajbln wslgjwj`dr. wai jdwis}siwlwj`dr alxi l gjrwjdbwnz }rzba`nòjbln h`byr$ Walw jr w` rlz. waiz lsi }sjdbj}lnnz b`dbisdig jwa alw f`gisd }isr`dlnjwz }rzba`nòjrwr sihis w` lr bòdjwj`d !wajdejdo. fidwln rwlwir*. lhhibw !hiinjdo. if`wj`dr. lwwjwygir*. ldg cialxj`s !g`jdo. lbwj`dr. rejnnr. lcjnjwjir*$ Ixisz `di `h wai b`ffidwlsjir j d wai „`hhjbjln‖ xisrj`d `h wai 28= rzfc`nr fleir sihisidb i w` `di `s f`si `h wairi lr}ibwr `h }isr`dlnjwz. `hwid lnn wasii$ Wa`yoa K`dir lr wai hjsrw. ai lr cz d` fildr wai `dnz b`ffidwlw `s w` if}alrj{i }isr`dlnjwz& ldg }rzba`nòjbln&nixin jdwis}siwlwj`dr$ Jd hlbw. jw lr Gldi Sygazls ‚r <:28 c`è idwjwnig Wai Lrws`nòz `h ]isr`dlnjwz walw hjsrw jdws`gybig wai Rlcjld Rzfc`nr w` l jgis lygjidbi$

Lr K`dir rwlwir; Wai Rlcjld Rzfc`nr al}}idig w` hlrbjdlwi Gldi Sygazls ldg J olxi ajf }isfjrrj`d w` }siridw waif jd wai hslfi `h. jd ajr lz w`glz `h iq}nljdjdo jw. ajr gjhhisidw `s #r}ibjln r`bjln }rzba`nòz ldg lcrwslbw }ajn`r`}az# ldg jd ajr lcsjgofidw waiz olxi l sig`ycnig jdgjblwj`d `h waijs xlnjgjwz$ Ajr Wai Lrws`nòz `h ]isr`dlnjwz ldg lswjbnir jd wai flol{jdir lw wai wjfi isi xisz nlsoinz sir}`drjcni h`s csjdojdo fz b`dwsjcywj`d `yw jd wai `}id `s













waif lr l „b`dwif} `slsz Lfisjbld J&Bajdo‖ ldg if}alrj{jdo waijs ` s l b y n l s y r i l d g j d w i s d l n r w s y b w y s i $ << @wais b`ffidwlw`sr if}alrj{jdo wai }isr`dln ldg }rzba`nòjbln nixin ` h l d l n z r j r j d b n y g i N z d g l A j n n ! 2 8 = G i o s i i r ` h _ j r g ` f * . G j l d l S ` b a i ! W a i R l c j l d R z f c ` n r ; L R b s i i d ` h ] s ` } a i b z * . l d g C n l j d C ` x i i ! W a i R l c j l d R z f c ` n r l d g L r w s ` n ` o j b l n L d l n z r j r * $ @ d w a i f ` s i l c r w s l b w l d g

}ajn`r`}ajbln idg `h wai r}ibwsyf j r Isjb Rbasìgis‚r }`rwayf`yrnz & } y c n j r a i g  ` s e . [ ` g j l b ; L d L d l n z r j r ` h R z f c ` n j b G i o s i i r .  a j b a lwwif}wig w` rzdwairj{i d` w `dnz K`dir‚ Rlcjld Rzfc`nr cyw lnr` w ai r z f c ` n r r i w r ` h F l y s j b i _ i f z r r . B a l s y c i n . l d g R i } a l s j l n $ <3 Gir}jwi aisi wairi b`ffidwlw`sr‚ ldlnzrir hlnn `d l b`dwjdyy f hs`f }isr`dln w` }ajn`r`}ajbln. lnn `h waijs jdwis}siwlwj`dr ralsi `di jf}`swldw balslbwisjrwjb; d`di `h waif rzrwiflwjblnnz ldlnz{i wai `sgr ` h w a i r z f c ` n r l r  ` s g r $ D ` d i s ` y w j d i n z w l e i l r w a i r w l s w j d o } ` j d w ` h waijs jdwis}siwlwj`dr ijwais wai gihjdjwj`d. wai rwsybwysi !f`s}a`nòz*.











e i z  ` s g r w a l w xl xl s j ` y r l y w a ` s r a l x i r i n i b w i g $ D ` s g j g l d z i x i d g i r b s j c i wai }s`birr cz ajba waiz lssjxig lw wai eiz`sgr `s }aslri r$ Wlcni 3. cin`. }s`xjgir wai eiz`sgr ojxid cz xlsj`yr lywa`sr h`s wai hjsrw hjxi Rlcjld Rzfc`nr !Lsjir < &9*$ Lr bld ci silgjnz riid. wai xlsjlwj`d jr b`drjgislcni$ D`wlcnz. K`dir baldoig r`fi `h ajr `d eiz`sgr lrr`bjlwig jwa wairi rzfc`nr ciwiid wai }ycnjblwj`d `h wai fjfiòsl}aig ldg `h wai `hhjbjln xisrj`dr }ycnjraig widwz&w` zilsr nlwis$ D`w rys}sjrjdonz. S`ba i. a` h`s fldz zilsr lr l gjsibw`s `h wai Rlcjld Lrrifcnz. lr wai f`rw hljwahyn w` K`dir‚ jdwis}siwlwj`dr lr ixjgidbig cz ais yri `h wai rlfi eiz`sgr$ Sygazls if}n`zig eiz }aslrir jdrwilg `h rjdoni `sgr ldg waiz cils njwwni `s d` sirifcnldbi w` ijwais riw `h K`dir‚$ Ajnn ldg C`xii lnr` `}w h`s }aslrir slwais wald rjdoni eiz`sgr$ Wai rib`dg lz jd ajba eiz`sgr `s eiz }aslrir alxi ciid yrig jr jd gjrbyrrj`dr `h wai jdwisdln `soldj{lw j`d ldg rwsybwysi `h wai Rlcjld











Wlcni 3; B`f}lsjr`d `h Eiz`sgr ldg ]aslrir Ojxid w` Hjxi Rlcjld Rzfc`nr !Lsjir <&9* cz Hjxi Gjhhisidw Lywa`sr Rzfc`n

K`dir !<:2<*

K`dir !<:92*

Sygazls !<:?7*

C`xii !3==7*

Lsjir <

Silnj{lwj`d

Silnj{lwj`d

Jf}ynri w` ci$

H`byr

Bzbnir rwlswjdo$

Silnj{lwj`d

Lsjir 3

Iqlfjdlwj`d

Sinilri

Llsidirr `h$

Iq}isjidbi

Iq}n`jwlwj`d

Lsjir 7

Idk`zfidw

Idk`zfidw

Lsjir 9

[iln

[iln

L di gjfidrj`d$

Riijdo wai hyddz rjgi$ @crisxjdo `di‚r njfjwlwj`dr$ _lnejdo n`xi‚r }lwa$ Jdr}jslwj`d ldg {iln$

Sinilri

Lsjir 2

@ckibwjxlwj`d `h b`drbj`yrdirr$ ]lswjbj}lwj`d jd l osilwis njhi$ ]` nlsj{lwj`d$

Fljdwljdjdo$ Balnnidoi$ Bsilwjxi oidjyr$

Ajnn !3==7*

S`bai !3=<=*

Iq}n`jwlwj`d Idk`zfidw [iln











Wai hjsrw aifjbzbni lr hyswais gjxjgig jdw` w` „Lbwr‖ idwjwnig „Gjhhisidwjlwj`d‖ h`s Lsjir < &Oifjdj 2= ldg „Rwlcjnj{lwj`d‖ h`s Bldbis <&Ni` 2=$ Wai rib`dg aifjbzbni lr rjfjnlsnz gjxjgig jwa wai dlfir „Os`y} Jdwioslwj`d‖ ldg „Bl}jwlnj{lwj`d‖ cijdo yrig w` girjodlwi wai wajsg ldg h`yswa „Lbwr‖. sir}ibwjxinz$ Hjdlnnz. ilba `h wai h`ys „Lbwr‖ lr hyswais ryc&gjxjgig jdw` rjq yddlfig „Rbidir‖ b`drjrwjdo `h wai hjsrw `s nlrw hjhwiid rzfc`n r `h ilba rjod$ H`s iqlf}ni. Lbw < lr b`f}sjrig `h Rbidi < !Lsjir < &<9*. Rbidi 3 !Lsjir <8&2=*. Rbidi 2 !Wlysyr <&<9*. Rbidi 7 !Wlysyr <8&2=*. Rbidi 9 !Oifjdj <&<9* ldg Rbidi 8 !Oifjdj <&2=*$











Wlcni 2; Sygazls‚r Jdwisdln Rwsybwys i `h wai 28= Rlcjld Rzfc`nr

Aifjbzbni <; Wai ]s`birr `h Jdgjxjgylnj{lwj`d Lsjir < ‒ Xjso` 2= Lbw <; Gjhhisidwjlwj`d Lsjir< ‒ Oifjdj 2=

Lbw 3; Rwlcjnj{lwj`d Bldbis <& Xjso` 2=

Aifjbzbni 3; Wai ]s`birr `h B`nnibwjxj{lwj`d Njcsl <& ]jrbir 2= Lbw 2; Os`y}&Jdwioslwj`d Njcsl < ‒ Rlojwwlsjyr 2=

Lbw 7; Bl}jwlnj{lwj`d Bl}sjb`sd < ‒ ]jrbir 2=

Rbidi < Lsjir <&<9

Rbidi 3 Lsjir <8&2=

Rbidi 2 Wlysyr <&<9

Rbidi ? Bldbis <&<9

Rbidi 1 Bldbis <8&2=

Rbidi : Ni` <&<9

Rbidi <2 Njcsl <&<9

Rbidi <7 Njcsl <8&2=

Rbidi <9 Rb`s}j` <&<9

Rbidi <: Bl}sjb <&<9

Rbidi 3= Bl}sjb <8&2=

Rbidi 3< L|yl <&<9

Rbidi 7 Wlysyr <8&2=

Rbidi 9 Oifjdj <&<9

Rbidi 8 Oifjdj <8&2=

Rbidi <= Ni` <8&2=

Rbidi << Xjso` <&<9

Rbidi <3 Xjso` <8&2=

Rbidi <8 Rb`s}j` <8&2=

Rbidi
Rbidi <1 Rlojw <8&2=

Rbidi 33 L|yl <8&2=

Rbidi 32 ]jrbir <&<9

Rbidi 37 ]jrbir <8&2=













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Rzfc`n ]ljs

Lsjir 1/Njcsl 1

Eiz ]aslri;

Eiz ]aslri;

Rzfc`n <

Rzfc`n 3

Wlysyr 2/Rb`s}j` 2

]s`wibwjxi H`sfr ldg Ridrjwjxjwz Dlwysln Hynhjnnfidw

A`}i B``}islwj`d

Oifjdj <1/Rlojwwlsjyr <1

Jdrynlwj`d

]s`wibwjxidirr

Bldbis 3
Wai ]sjbi `h Rybbirr

Gzdlfjb Jdwisbaldoi

Ni` <3/L|ylsjyr <3

R`}ajrwjblwj`d

Wai Dlwysln ]sòsirrj`d `h Rwlwir ` h B ` d r b j ` y rd rd i r r

Xjso` 3:/]jrbir 3:

S``w Ed`nigoi

Gjhhisidwjlwj`d











l xjcsldw ridri `h `sng bynwysir ciojdr w` ci ydb`xisig hs`f alw }isal}r riifig lw hjsrw w` <9 ci xisz bynwyslnnz r}ibjhjb$

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rwygz J wslbig dilsnz ixisz `sg jd ixisz rzfc`n clbe w` jwr Jdg` & I y s ` } i l d s ` ` w ‗ j h j w a l g ` d i ‗ l d g c l b e w ` j w r ` w a i s s ` ` w r ‗ O s i i e . N l w j d . @ng Idonjra. iwb$ ‗jh jw gjg d`w$ Ld`wais jf}`swldw gjhhisidbir b`dbisd a` J yri wai jdh`sflwj`d l c ` y w l l  ` s g ‚ r ` s j o j d r $ J d w a j r r w y g z J } n l b i i l b a  ` s g j d w a i r z f c ` n j d wai b`dwiqw jwr }ls`dzfr. j$i$ wai `sgr w` ajba wai `sg jr „lnnjig cz gisjxlwj`d hs`f wai rlfi s``w$‖ H`s iqlf}ni. K`dir‚ `sjojdln `sgjdo `h rzfc`n Lsjir 37 jr „Ld `}id jdg` ldg l diw byswljd cn`jdo jdw` l b`sdyb`}jl$‖ C`xii d`wir walw wai `sg „byswljd‖ girbidgr hs`f wai













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wai xisc Z jr l ws`}`dzf ` h wai xisc Q jh wai lbwjxjwz Z jr g`jdo Q jd r`fi flddis$ H`s iqlf}ni. w` njr} jr l ws`}` dzf `h w` wlne$ wai xisc Z jr idwljnig cz Q jh cz g`jdo Q z`y f yrw ci g ` j d o Z $ H ` s i q l f } n i . w ` r n i i } j r i d w l j n i g c z w ` r d ` s i $ <1

@wais njdoyjrwjb sinlwj`draj}r jdbnygi rzd`dzfr !`sgr jwa rjfjnls fildjdor*. ldw`dzfr !`sgr jwa `}}`rjwi fildjdor*. aiwis`dzfr !jgidwjbln r}innjdor cyw gjhhisidw fildjdor ldg }s`dydbjlwj`dr*. a`f`dzfr !w` `s f`si `sgr walw alxi wai rlfi r`ydg ldg `hwid wai

r l f i r } i n n j d o c y w g j h h i s j d f i l d j d o * . l d g w a i w ` } j b r ` h j d x i d w j ` d . i $ o $ blyri&ldg&ihhibw. ldwibigidw&ldg&b`dri|yidbi. oidyr&ldg&r}ibjir. ldg













B`ssibwjdo. iq}ldgjdo. jdwis}siwjxinz idaldbjdo. jr iqlbwnz alw wai r`&blnnig fjfiòsl}a xisrj`d lwwif}wr w` g`$ Wai fjfiòsl}a xisrj`d aldgig `yw w` wai rwygidwr 33 `h Flsb Igfydg K`dir lwwif}wig w` iq}ldg `d wai `sjojdln bsz}wjb }idbjnig d`wir$

Lr d`wig }sixj`yrnz. S`bai winnr yr walw K`dir nlwis ciblfi











}s`d`ydr$ Wairi `sgr lsi wai `dir jd wai rzfc`n a`ri s``wr lsi wslbig ldg a`ri }ls`dzfr lsi jgidwjhjig ldg waiflwjblnnz njdeig$ Rib`dgnz. wai c`gz `h ilba idwsz ciojdr jwa ld iwzf`nòjbln ldlnzrjr











xlsjiwz `h r`ysbir; }ljdwjdor5 rwjnn&njhi }a`wòsl}ar5 ldjflwig blsw``dr5 c`è. flol{jdi. ldg lncyf b`xisr5 f`xji }`rw isr5 rwlf}r ldg }`rw blsgr5 }s`gybw nò`r ldg lgxiswjrifidwr5 xjgi` olfir5 wiqwc`èr5 ldg

Introduction to "The Sabian Symbols by Degree: A Word History"

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