INTRODUCTION TO MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS
PROF. V. R . KISHORE KUMAR,
INDEX
Introduction Definition of Economics and Managerial Economics Scope of Managerial Economics Basic Economic Problems The Firm Role of a Managerial Economist Decision making areas Steps in decision making References
INTRODUCTION Emergence of managerial economics as a separate curse of management manageme nt studies can be attributed to at least least three factors b) Growing complexity of business decision making process due to changing market conditions and business bus iness environment c) The increasing use of economic logic, conceptual theories and tools of economic analysis in the process of business decision making process d) Rapid increase in demand for professionally trained managerial manpower
DFINITIONS OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS ECONOMICS: Economics is a social science . Its basic function is to study how people – individual house holds, firms and nations maximizing their gains from their limited resources and opportunities.
In economic terminology it is called as “maximizing behaviour” or more approximately “optimizing behaviour” . Optimization means selecting best out of available resources with the objective of maximizing gains from given resources.
Economics is thus a social science, which studies human behaviour in relation to optimizing allocation of available resources to achieve the given goals.
Eg : individual household behaviour, behaviour, firm, industry and nation Economics is also a study of choice-ma choice-making king behaviour of the people.
The origin of the subject could be traced from the works of the Greek philosopher Aristotle who confined the study of economics to household management and acquiring, guarding and making proper use of wealth. The term economics is derived from two Greek Greek words “OIKOS”(a house) and “NEMEIN”(to manage). economics as “the oldest of arts and Prof. Samuleson remarks economics newest of science, indeed the queen of the social science.
Definitions of Economics: Wealth DefinitionDe finition- Adam Smith, J.B.Say, J.S.Mill etc.(Classical definition) Welfare Definition- Marshall, A.C.Pigue etc.(Neoclassical definition) Scarcity definition- Robbins Growth Definition- Paul A Samuelson Modernde Moderndefinition finition
Managerial Economics Managerial economics can be broadly defined as the study of economic theories, logic and tools of economic analysis that are used in the process proc ess of decision making. Economic theories
and techniques of economic analysis are applied to analyze business problems, evaluate business options and opportunities with a view to arriving at an appropriate business decision.
Douglas : Managerial economics is concerned
with the application of economic principles and methodologies to the decision making process within the firm or organization. It seeks to establish rules and principles to facilitate the attainment of the desired economic goals of the management.
Mansfield : He defines that managerial economics is
concerned with the application of economic concepts and economic tools to the problems of formulating rational decision making. Spencer and Seigleman : It is the integration of
economic theory with business practice for the purpose of facilitating decision making and forward planning by management
Economic Theory and Managerial Theory Managerial Theory
Economic Theory
1.
It deals with the body principles
1.
It deals with the application of certain principles to solve the problem of a
2.
It has the characteristics of both
firm
micro and macro economics 3.
2. It deals with a study of individual 3. firm and individual consumer
It has only micro characteristics It deals with the study of only profit theories
4.
It based on certain assumptions
5.
4. It studies economic aspects of the
In managerial theory assumptions disappear due to practical situations
problem 5.
It studies both economic and noneconomic concepts.
Scope of Managerial Economics
Economics has two major branches 1. Micro Economic E conomicss 2. Macro Economics E conomics The term Micro means small and Macro means big.Both are applied to business directly or indirectly.
managerial economics comprises both micro and macro economic economic theories. The parts of micro and macro economics that constitute managerial economics depend on the purpose of analysis.
The scope of M.E. comprises all the economic concepts, theories and tools of analysis which can be used for analyse the issues related to demand , production and cost, market structure etc., In other words managerial economics is economics applied to analysis of business problems and decision making . Broadly it is applied economics
Micro-economics Micro-ec onomics applied to internal issues :
Operational issues are of internal nature. Internal issues include all those problems which arise within the business organization and fall within purview and control of the management management . Some of the basic internal issues are : ØWhat to produce ØHow much to produce ØChoice of technology i.e. choosing of the factor –combination ØChoice of price i.e. how to price the commodity ØHow to promote sales ØHow to face the price competition
ØHow to decide on new investments ØHow to manage capital and profit ØHow to manage inventory i.e. stock of both
finished goods and raw material Most of the micro economic problems deals with most of these questions. ØThe Law Demand ØThe Theory of Production ØAnalysis of Market Structure and Pricing
Theory
ØProfit analysis and management
It guide firms in the measurement and management of profit , in making new allowances for the risk premium, in calculating the pure return on capital and pure profit and also for future planning. ØTheory of Capital and Investment Decisions
Knowledge of capital theory can contribute a great deal in investment-decision making, choice of projects, maintaining the capital, capital budjeting etc.
Macro-economics deals with external issues : üThe type of economic system in the country üGeneral trends in N.I., employment, prices, savings and
investments üStructural change in the working financial institutions
viz., banks, insurance companies etc üMagnitude of and trends in foreign trade üTrends in labour supply and strength of capital market üGovernment’ Government’ss economic policies i.e., industrial, industrial ,
monetary,, fiscal, price monetary pr ice and foreign etc.
üSocial factors viz., value system of the society,
property rights, customs and habits etc., üPolitical environment i.e., democratic, authoritarian,
socialist political systems, or state attitude towards private business man etc. These Environmental factors have a far-reaching bearing upon the functioning and performance of the firms. Therefore, decision makers have to take in to account the present and future economic, political and social
Conditions in the country and give due consideration to the environmental factors in the process of decision making. Eg: SEZ in the Nandigram, Tata’ Tata’ss small car in Singur district in West Bengal
BASIC ECONOMIC PROBLEMS WHAT
TO PRODUCE ?
WHERE
TO PRODUCE ?
HOW TO
PRODUCE ?
WHOOM
TO PRODUCE ?
THE FIRM
Meaning : The basic unit for obtaining production which performs crucial role of linking product, factor and money markets. It is an administrative organization, utilising a pool of resources. A business organization under a single management with one or more establishments.
FIRMS,INPUTS FIRMS,INPUT S AND
Role of a managerial economist in the firm Demand estimation and forecasting Preparation of business /sales forecasts Analysis of market survey to determine the nature and extent of competition Analyzing the issues and problems of concerned industry
Assisting the business planning process of the firm Discovering new possible fields of business endeavor and its cost-benefit analysis Advising on prices, investment and capital budgeting policies Evaluation of capital budgeting etc.
DECISION MAKING AREAS AREAS Business decision making is influenced not only by economic considerations, but also by human behavioral, technological and environmental factors due to growing public awareness. “Decision making and processing information are two important tasks of managers” In order to make good decisions d ecisions managers must be able to obtain, process and use information.
DEMAND FORECASTING
PRODUCTION PLANNING AND COST REVENUE DECISIONS Production Function : The production function is a technological relationship between output and various inputs used in production viz., land, labour, capital and technology. The output depends on the increasing function of all the factor inputs Q=f(S,L,K,T)
The following types of cost are useful in the decision areas Average, Marginal and Total Costs Fixed and Variable Cost Direct and Indirect Cost Replacement and Original Cost Opportunity and Industrial Cost Sunk Cost and Outlay Cost
STUDY OF ECONOMIC ENVIORNMENT Economic environment is the most significant component of the business environment. It aff affects ects the survival and success of a business organization.
PRICING AND RELA RELATED TED DECISIO DECISIONS NS The Price-output decisions are taken under various market structures. The structure of the market refers to the degree of competition in the market for the firms goods and services.
INVESTMENT DECISION Business firms invest large money in their projects. Therefore, capital expenditure for different project proposals compete within themselves for their claim on scarce resources. Generally , in business sector itself, individual firms compete against access to financial resources and scares .
The investment decisions are important as v Not easily reversible vGenerally involves large sums of money vHighly futuristic and future is full of uncertainty vLong gestation periods
Thus, careful financial appraisal of each project involves larger investments. Due to above reasons, capital decisions fall in the category of investment and known as “capital budgeting decisions” made by highest level of management.
STEPS IN DECISION MAKING Managerial economics is concerned with decision making at the level level of firm. These decisions have far far reaching effects effects on the firm. Delay in taking decisions or implementing decisions might turn in to losses. Various steps in the decision making by a business firm are as fallows :
REFERENCES 3. MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS -D.N.DWIVEDI 2. BUSINESS ECONOMICS -D.D. CHATURVEDI S.L. GUPTA SUMITR SUM ITRA A PAUL PAUL 11. MICRO ECONOMICS -JHON KENNADY 14. MANGERIAL ECONOMICS – MITHANI
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