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Internal Combustion Engines Introduction (L01)
Dr. Fengjun Yan Office:ITB-161 Email:
[email protected]
January 4, 2017
About myself
http://mech.eng.mcmaster.ca/~yanfeng/index
About this Course Engine operation (parameters, characteristics, cycle, operation)
Engine efficiency (fuel property, A/F ratio, combustion, turbo-charging) Engine emission (emission formation, EGR, after-treatment, ) Hybrid electric powertrain (architecture, components, energy management)
Grading Criteria
10% assignments 25% midterm 1
25% midterm 2 40% final exam
Grading Criteria 1.
Five assignments will be provided. The full mark for each assignment is 10 points. The average marks of the assignments will count as 10% of the overall score.
2.
Midterm 1 will cover the content of the first 9 lectures (see Syllabus) and count as 25% of overall score.
3.
Midterm 2 will cover the content of the lectures from 10 to 18 (see Syllabus) and count as 25% of overall score.
4.
Final exam will cover the entire course content and count as 40% of overall score.
Reference Textbook: 1.
Lumley, J. L., Engines: An Introduction, Cambridge University Press, (1999).
2.
Lecture notes (uploaded on “avenue” and in lecture)
Other References: 1.
Heywood, John B. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1988.
2.
Ehsani, M., Gao, Y., Gay, S.E., and Emadi, A., Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles, CRC Press, (2010)
Recent published research literature Website
Introduction ICE: Internal Combustion Engine Engine: any device that converts another form of energy into mechanical energy so as to produce motion. (from Dictionary.com) Combustion engine: an engine which generates mechanical power by combustion of a fuel (from wikipedia.org/)
Internal Combustion Engine
http://www.animatedengines.com/otto.html
Introduction External Combustion Engine
(from google picture)
Introduction Internal Combustion Engine
(from google picture)
History Huygens (1673) developed piston mechanism Hautefeuille (1676) first concept of internal combustion engine Papin (1695) first to use steam in piston mechanism
“Modern” engines using same principles of operation as present engines – previously no compression cycle Lenoir (1860) driving the piston by the expansion of burning products - first practical engine, 0.5 HP, later 4.5 kW engines with mech efficiency up to 5% Rochas (1862) four-stroke concept was proposed Otto – Langen (1867) produced various engine improved efficiency to 11%
Otto (1876) Four-stroke engine prototype built, 8 HP and patented Clark (1878) Two-stroke engine was developed Diesel (1892) Single cylinder, compression ignition engine Daimler/Maybach (1882) Incorporated IC engine in automobile
Old Engines
scans are from 19th century magazines and journals
(from google picture)
Old Engines
scans are from 19th century magazines and journals
(from google picture)
Old Engines
scans are from 19th century magazines and journals
(from google picture)
Old Engines
scans are from 19th century magazines and journals
(from google picture)
Old Engines
scans are from 19th century magazines and journals
(from google picture)
Old Engines
scans are from 19th century magazines and journals
(from google picture)
Old Engines
scans are from 19th century magazines and journals
(from google picture)
Old Engines
scans are from 19th century magazines and journals
(from google picture)
Old Engines
scans are from 19th century magazines and journals
(from google picture)
Old Engines
scans are from 19th century magazines and journals
(from google picture)
Old Engines
scans are from 19th century magazines and journals
(from google picture)
Old Engines
scans are from 19th century magazines and journals
(from google picture)
Old Engines
scans are from 19th century magazines and journals
(from google picture)
Old Engines
scans are from 19th century magazines and journals
(from google picture)
Old Engines
scans are from 19th century magazines and journals
(from google picture)
Old Engines
scans are from 19th century magazines and journals
(from google picture)
Different Types of Engines
• Gun powder burned at atmospheric pressure with open cylinder valve. • Cylinder valve closed, hot gases cooled. • Resulting vacuum created work on piston
Atmospheric Engines Atmospheric engines
(from google picture)
Introduction
Introduction 1. Combustion chamber
(from google picture)
Introduction 2. Ignition System Gasoline: Spark plug
Diesel: Compression
(from google picture)
ICE components
(from google picture)
Introduction ICE components:
(from google picture)
ICE components:
(from google picture)
ICE components: Search another engine figure online and tell what are the components
Classification Ignition: •Spark ignition mixture is uniform (conventional engines), mixture is non-uniform (stratified-charge engines);ignition is by the application of external energy (spark plug)
•Compression ignition ignition by compression in conventional engine (Diesel engine), pilot injection of fuel in gas engines (eg, natural gas and diesel fuel – dual fuel engines)
Classification Principle of operation: • Four stroke engine complete cycle in 720 CA naturally aspirated, supercharged, turbocharged •Two stroke engine complete cycle in 360 CA crankcase scavenged, supercharged, turbocharged
Classification Principle of operation: • Four stroke engine complete cycle in 720 CA naturally aspirated, supercharged, turbocharged •Two stroke engine complete cycle in 360 CA crankcase scavenged, supercharged, turbocharged
Introduction Four Strokes
Introduction Four Strokes
Introduction Two Strokes
(from google picture)
Classification By application: motorcycles, scooters, 0.75 – 70 kW, SI, 2- and 4-stroke passenger cars, 15 – 200 kW, SI and CI, 4-stroke light commercial vehicles, 35 – 150 kW, SI and CI, 4-stroke heavy commercial vehicles, 120 – 400 kW, Diesel, 4-stroke locomotives, 400 – 3 000 kW, CI, 4-stroke ships, 3 500 – 22 000 kW, CI, 2- and 4-stroke airplanes, 45 – 3 000 kW, SI, 4-stroke stationary engines, 10 – 20 000 kW, CI, 2- and 4-stroke
Classification Engine speed: low speed engines, 100 – 600 r.p.m. ships, stationary engines medium speed engines, 800 – 1500 r.p.m generally Diesel engines, small marine applications, stationary engines, earth moving vehicles high speed engines, 2500 – 8000 r.p.m. passenger cars
Classification Basic Design: •Reciprocating engine (subdivided by arrangement of cylinders)
•Rotary engine
Classification Reciprocating engine: Single cylinder
(from google picture)
Classification Reciprocating engine: in-line engine
(from google picture)
Classification Reciprocating engine: Opposed piston engine
(from google picture)
Classification Reciprocating engine: V type engine
(from google picture)
Classification Reciprocating engine: Radial engine
(from google picture)
Classification Rotary Engines: Wankel engine (Felix Wankel, prototype in 1929, patented double rotor in 1934)
(from google picture)
Classification
Air Intake: •Naturally Aspirated •Supercharged •Turbocharged •Crankcase Compressed
Classification Naturally Aspirated
(from google picture)
Classification Supercharged (from google picture)
Classification Turbocharging
(from google picture)
Classification
Fuel Input: •Carbureted •Multipoint Port Injection •Throttle Body Fuel Injection
(from google picture)
Classification
(from google picture)
Classification Valve Location: • Valves in head (Overhead or I Head) • Valves in block (Flathead or L Head) • One in Head, One in Block (F Head):
(from google picture)
Classification
Fuel: •Gasoline •Diesel or Fuel Oil •Natural Gas •Propane (LPG) •Alcohol-Ethyl, Methyl •Dual Fuel •Gasohol
Terminology
•Internal Combustion •Spark Ignition •Compression Ignition •Top-Dead-Center •Bottom-Dead-Center •Direct Injection •Indirect Injection
(from google picture)
Terminology
•Bore •Stroke •Clearance Volume •Displacement Volume •Engine Management System •Wide Open Throttle
(from google picture)
Terminology
•Ignition Delay •Air-Fuel Ratio •Brake Maximum Torque •Overhead Valve •Overhead Cam •Fuel Injected