A PROJECT ON
INTERNAL AIDS TO INTERPRETA INTERPRE TATION TION
1
CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION KINDS OF INTERPRETATION INTERNAL AIDS TO CONSTRUCTION CONCLUSION. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
2
INTRODUCTION
The term interpretti!n men" #T! $i%e menin$ t!&. G!%ernment' p!(er h" )een *i%i*e* int! three (in$" nme'+ the 'e$i"'t,re- the ee/,ti%e n* the 0,*i/ir+. Interpretti!n ! "tt,e" t! ren*er 0,"ti/e i" the primr+ ,n/ti!n ! the 0,*i/ir+. It i" the *,t+ ! the C!,rt t! interpret the A/t n* $i%e menin$ t! e/h (!r* ! the Stt,te.
The m!"t /!mm!n r,'e ! interpretti!n i" tht e%er+ prt ! the "tt,te m,"t )e ,n*er"t!!* in hrm!ni!," mnner )+ re*in$ n* /!n"tr,in$ e%er+ prt ! it t!$ether. The mim # A Verbis legis non est recedendum& men" tht +!, m,"t n!t %r+ the (!r*" ! the "tt,te (hi'e interpretin$ it. The object ! interpretti!n ! "tt,te" i" t! *etermine the intenti!n ! the 'e$i"'t,re /!n%e+e* epre""'+ !r imp'ie*'+ in the 'n$,$e ,"e*. In Santi swarup Sarkar v pradeep kumar sarkar 1 , the S,preme C!,rt he'* tht i t(! interpretti!n" re p!""i)'e ! the "me "tt,te- the !ne (hi/h %'i*te" the "tt,te m,"t )e preerre*.
1
AIR 13 C' 13
4
KINDS OF INTERPRETATION.
There re $ener''+ t(! 5in* ! interpretti!n6 'iter' interpretti!n n* '!$i/' interpretti!n. Literal interpretation
Gi%in$ (!r*" their !r*inr+ n* nt,r' menin$ i" 5n!(n " 'iter' interpretti!n !r litera legis. It i" the *,t+ ! the /!,rt n!t t! m!*i+ the 'n$,$e ! the A/t n* i ",/h menin$ i" /'er n* ,nm)i$,!,"- ee/t "h!,'* )e $i%en t! the pr!%i"i!n" ! "tt,te (hte%er m+ )e the /!n"e7,en/e. The i*e )ehin* ",/h prin/ip'e i" tht the 'e$i"'t,re )ein$ the ",preme '( m5in$ )!*+ m,"t 5n!( (ht it inten*" in the (!r*" ! the "tt,te. Liter' interpretti!n h" )een /''e* the "e"t r,'e )e/,"e the 'e$i"'t,re8" intenti!n /n )e *e*,/e* !n'+ r!m the 'n$,$e thr!,$h (hi/h it h" epre""e* it"e'. The )re (!r*" ! the A/t m,"t )e /!n"tr,e* t! $et the menin$ ! the "tt,te n* !ne nee* n!t pr!)e int! the intenti!n ! the 'e$i"'t,re. The e'ementr+ r,'e ! /!n"tr,/ti!n i" tht the 'n$,$e m,"t )e /!n"tr,e* in it" $rmmti/' n* 'iter' "en"e n* hen/e it i" terme* " litera legis or litera script. The Golden Rule i" tht the (!r*" ! "tt,te m,"t prim /ie )e $i%en their !r*inr+ menin$. Thi" interpretti!n i" ",preme n* i" /''e* the $!'*en r,'e ! interpretti!n. In Ramanjaya Singh v Baijnath Singh , the E'e/ti!n tri),n' "et "i*e the e'e/ti!n ! the ppe''nt ,n*er " 12493: ! the Repre"entti!n ! Pe!p'e8" A/t- 1;1 !n the $r!,n*" tht the ppe''nt h* emp'!+e* m!re per"!n" thn pre"/ri)e* !r e'e/ti!neerin$ p,rp!"e. The ppe''nt /!nten*e* tht the e/e"" emp'!+ee" (ere pi* )+ hi" ther n* hen/e (ere n!t emp'!+e* )+ him. The S,preme C!,rt !''!(e* the $rmmti/' interpretti!n ! S 12493: n* terme* the e/e"" emp'!+ee" " %!',nteer". In !a"bool #ussain v State o$ Bombay% , the ppe''nt- /iti: Se C,"t!m" A/t- 1>3>. He (" /hr$e* ,n*er "e/. > ! the F!rei$n E/hn$e Re$,'ti!n A/t- 1?3. The ppe''nt p'e*e* tht hi" tri' ,n*er the A/t (" %i!'ti%e ! Art 2@92: ! the /!n"tit,ti!n re'tin$ t! *!,)'e 0e!pr*+ " he (" 're*+ p,ni"he* !r 2 4
91;;: 1 SCR =31 AIR 1;? SC 3?. 1;4 S.C.R. 34@.
?
hi" /t )+ (" ! /!ni"/ti!n ! the $!'*. It (" he'* )+ the S,preme C!,rt tht the "e /,"t!m" ,th!rit+ i" n!t /!,rt !r 0,*i/i' tri),n' n* the /!ni"/ti!n i" n!t pen't+. C!n"e7,ent'+ hi" tri' (" %'i* ,n*er the A/t ! 1?3. In !adan !ohan v &.'handrashekara, it (" he'* tht (hen "tt,te /!ntin" "tri/t n* "trin$ent pr!%i"i!n"- it m,"t )e 'iter''+ n* "tri/t'+ /!n"tr,e* t! pr!m!te the !)0e/t ! the /t. In Bhavnagar (niversity v )alitana Sugar !ills )vt *td + , it (" he'* tht //!r*in$ t! the ,n*ment' prin/ip'e" ! /!n"tr,/ti!n the "tt,te "h!,'* )e re* " (h!'e- then /hpter )+ /hpter- "e/ti!n )+ "e/ti!n n* then (!r* )+ (!r*.
In !unicipal Board v State ransport Authority, Rajasthan- , n pp'i/ti!n $in"t the /hn$e ! '!/ti!n ! )," "tn* /!,'* )e m*e (ithin 4@ *+" ! re/eipt ! !r*er ! re$i!n' trn"p!rt ,th!rit+ //!r*in$ t! " =? A ! the !t!r %ehi/'e" A/t- 14. The pp'i/ti!n (" m!%e* ter 4@ *+" !n the /!ntenti!n tht "tt,te m,"t )e re* " #4@ *+" r!m the 5n!('e*$e ! the !r*er& The S,preme C!,rt he'* tht 'iter' interpretti!n m,"t )e m*e n* hen/e re0e/te* the pp'i/ti!n " in%'i*.
Exceptions to the rule of literal interpretation
Gener''+ "tt,te m,"t )e interprete* in it" $rmmti/' "en"e ),t ,n*er the !''!(in$ /ir/,m"tn/e" it i" n!t p!""i)'e L!$i/' *ee/t" A: m)i$,it+ B: in/!n"i"ten/+ C: in/!mp'etene"" !r '/,ne D: ,nre"!n)'ene""
Logical interpretation
? ;
2@@2 AIR SC ?4. 1=4 S,pp. 2 S.C.R. 434.
;
I the (!r*" ! "tt,te $i%e ri"e t! t(! !r m!re /!n"tr,/ti!n- then the /!n"tr,/ti!n (hi/h %'i*te" the !)0e/t ! the A/t m,"t )e $i%en ee/t (hi'e interpretin$. It i" )etter t! %'i*te thin$ thn t! in%'i*te it !r it i" )etter the A/t pre%i'" thn peri"h. The p,rp!"e ! /!n"tr,/ti!n i" t! "/ertin the intenti!n ! the pr'iment.
The mischief rule
The mi"/hie r,'e ! interpretti!n !ri$inte* in He+*!n8" case. I there re t(! interpretti!n" p!""i)'e !r the mteri' (!r*" ! "tt,te- then !r ",re n* tr,e interpretti!n there re /ertin /!n"i*erti!n" in the !rm ! 7,e"ti!n". The !''!(in$ 7,e"ti!n" m,"t ) /!n"i*ere* 1. ht (" the /!mm!n '( )e!re m5in$ the A/t 2. ht (" the mi"/hie n* *ee/t !r (hi/h the /!mm!n '( *i* n!t pr!%i*e reme*+ 4. ht i" the reme*+ re"!'%e* )+ the pr'iment t! /,re the *i"e"e ! the /!mm!n (e'th ?. The tr,e re"!n ! the reme*+. The 0,*$e "h!,'* '(+" tr+ t! ",ppre"" the mi"/hie n* *%n/e the reme*+. The mi"/hie r,'e "+" tht the intent ! the 'e$i"'t,re )ehin* the en/tment "h!,'* )e !''!(e*.
Rule of casus omissus
Gener''+- the /!,rt i" )!,n* t! hrm!ni
=
In )adma Sundara Rao v State o$ amil adu/ it (" he'* tht the /""," !mi""," /nn!t )e ",pp'ie* )+ the /!,rt e/ept in the /"e ! /'er ne/e""it+ n* (hen re"!n !r it i" !,n* (ithin the !,r /!rner" ! the "tt,te it"e'.
Rule of Ejusdem Generis
E0,"*em $eneri" men" #! the "me 5in*&. Gener''+ prti/,'r (!r*" re $i%en their nt,r' menin$ pr!%i*e* the /!ntet *!e" n!t re7,ire !ther(i"e. I $ener' (!r*" !''!( prti/,'r (!r*" pertinin$ t! /'""- /te$!r+ !r $en," then it i" /!n"tr,e* tht $ener' (!r*" re 'imite* t! men the per"!n !r thin$ ! the "me $ener' /'""- /te$!r+ !r $en," " th!"e prti/,'r'+ ep!"e*. E$ i the h,")n* "5" the (ie t! ),+ )re*- mi'5 n* /5e n* i the (ie ),+" 0m '!n$ (ith them- it i" n!t in%'i*te* mere'+ )e/,"e ! n!t "pe/i+in$ it ),t i" %'i* )e/,"e it i" ! the "me 5in*. The )"i/ r,'e i" tht i the 'e$i"'t,re inten*e* $ener' (!r*" t! )e ,"e* in ,nre"tri/te* "en"e- then it nee* n!t h%e ,"e* prti/,'r (!r*" t ''. Thi" r,'e i" n!t ! ,ni%er"' pp'i/ti!n. In 0evendra Surti v State o$ ujarat 2 , ,n*er "2 9?: ! the B!m)+ "h!p" n* E"t)'i"hment" A/t- 1?> the term /!mmer/i' e"t)'i"hment men" #n e"t)'i"hment" (hi/h /rrie" n+ tr*e- ),"ine"" !r pr!e""i!n&. Here the (!r* pr!e""i!n i" ""!/ite* t! ),"ine"" !r tr*e n* hen/e pri%te *!/t!r8" /'ini/ /nn!t )e in/',*e* in the )!%e *einiti!n" " ,n*er the r,'e ! 3jusdem eneris. In rasim 4ndustries *td v 'ollector o$ 'ustoms, Bombay5 , the r,'e ! E0,"*em Generi" i" pp'i/)'e (hen prti/,'r (!r*" pertinin$ t! /'""- /te$!r+ !r $en," re !''!(e* )+ $ener' (!r*". In ",/h /"e the $ener' (!r*" re /!n"tr,e* " 'imite* t! thin$" ! the "me 5in* " th!"e "pe/iie*. E%er+ /',"e ! "tt,te m,"t )e /!n"tr,e* (ith reeren/e t! !ther /',"e" ! the A/t.
=
92@@2: 4 SCC ;44. 1= 1 SCR 24;. > AIR 2@@2 SC 13@=. 3
3
INTERNAL AIDS TO CONSTRUCTION Long title
A '!n$ tit'e ! Le$i"'ti!n m+ n!t /!ntr!'- /ir/,m"/ri)e !r (i*en the "/!pe ! the 'e$i"'ti!n- i the pr!%i"i!n" there! re !ther(i"e /'er n* ,nm)i$,!,"- ),t i the term" ! the 'e$i"'ti!n re /p)'e ! )!th (i*er n* nrr!(er /!n"tr,/ti!n- tht /!n"tr,/ti!n (hi/h (!,'* )e in t,ne (ith the %!(e* !)0e/t mnie"te* in the prem)'e !r *e/'re* in the '!n$ tit'e- !,$ht t! )e //epte*. Ee!"tion#
An eempti!n /',"e in tin$ "tt,te m,"t )e- " r " p!""i)'e- 'i)er''+ /!n"tr,e* n* in %!,r ! the ""e""ee- pr!%i*e* n! %i!'en/e i" *!ne t! the 'n$,$e ,"e*1@. #It i" tr,e tht n eempti!n pr!%i"i!n "h!,'* )e 'i)er''+ /!n"tr,e*- ),t thi" *!e" n!t men tht ",/h 'i)er' /!n"tr,/ti!n "h!,'* )e m*e e%en )+ *!in$ %i!'en/e t! the p'in menin$ ! ",/h eempti!n pr!%i"i!n. Li)er' /!n"tr,/ti!n (i'' )e m*e (here%er it i" p!""i)'e t! )e m*e (ith!,t impirin$ the 'e$i"'ti%e re7,irement n* the "pirit ! the pr!%i"i!n.&11 P$o%i#o#
The n!rm' ,n/ti!n ! pr!%i"! i" t! e/ept n* *e' (ith /"e (hi/h (!,'* !ther(i"e '' (ithin the $ener' 'n$,$e ! the min en/tment- n* it" ee/t i" /!nine* t! tht /"e. #The min ,n/ti!n ! pr!%i"! i" t! /r%e !,t n e/epti!n t! the min en/tment. It /nn!t- n!rm''+- )e "! interprete* " t! "et t n,$ht the re' !)0e/t ! the min en/tment.&12. A pr!%i"! /nn!t )e he'* t! /!ntr!' the min en/tment !r t! (ith*r(- )+ mere imp'i/ti!n- n+ prt ! (ht the min pr!%i"i!n h" $i%en. B,t it /nn!t en)'e
Urmi' B' D"i %". Pr!)!*h Chn*r Gh!"h 91@: 1>? ITR =@? 9C': CIT %". D,n$rm' Tin(' 911: 11 ITR ??; 9 Ptn: 11 Petr!n En$ineerin$ C!n"tr,/ti!n P%t. Lt*. %". CBDT 91>: 13; ITR ;24 9SC: 12 CIT %". P+ri'' K"m n0i C!. 1> ITR 11@ 9Ori.: 1@
>
"!methin$ t! )e *!ne (hi/h i" n!t t! )e !,n* in the en/tin$ /',"e it"e'- !n the $r!,n* tht !ther(i"e the pr!%i"! (!,'* )e menin$'e"" n* "en"e'e"". #There m+ )e /"e" in (hi/h the 'n$,$e ! the "tt,te m+ )e "! /'er tht pr!%i"! m+ )e /!n"tr,e* " ",)"tnti%e /',"e. B,t (hether pr!%i"! i" /!n"tr,e* " re"tri/tin$ the min pr!%i"i!n !r " ",)"tnti%e /',"e- it /nn!t )e *i%!r/e* r!m the pr!%i"i!n t! (hi/h it "tn*" " pr!%i"!. It m,"t )e /!n"tr,e* hrm!ni!,"'+ (ith the min en/tment.&14 E"l&n&tion
S!metime" n Ep'nti!n i" **e* t! "e/ti!n t! e')!rte ,p!n n* ep'in the menin$ ! the (!r*" pperin$ in the "e/ti!n. S,/h n Ep'nti!n )e/!me" n inte$r' prt ! the min en/tment. #An Ep'nti!n t! "tt,t!r+ pr!%i"i!n h" t! )e re* (ith the min pr!%i"i!n t! (hi/h it i" **e* " n Ep'nti!n. An Ep'nti!n ppen*e* t! "e/ti!n !r ",) "e/ti!n )e/!me" n inte$r' prt ! it n* h" n! in*epen*ent ei"ten/e prt r!m it. There i"- in the e+e ! '(- !n'+ !ne en/tment- ! (hi/h )!th the "e/ti!n !r ",)"e/ti!n n* the Ep'nti!n re t(! in"epr)'e prt". In the )"en/e ! n+thin$ rep,$nnt in the ",)0e/t !r /!ntet- the (!r*" n* epre""i!n" ,"e* in the Ep'nti!n re t! )e $i%en the "me menin$ " $i%en t! them in the min pr!%i"i!n it"e'.&1? The p,rp!"e ! n Ep'nti!n i" n!t t! 'imit the "/!pe ! the min "e/ti!n. An Ep'nti!n i" 7,ite *ierent in nt,re r!m pr!%i"!6 the 'tter e/',*e"- e/ept" n* re"tri/t" (hi'e the !rmer ep'in"- /'riie" !r ",)tr/t" !r in/',*e" "!methin$ )+ intr!*,/in$ 'e$' i/ti!n. #An Ep'nti!n m+ )e ppen*e* t! "e/ti!n t! ep'in the menin$ ! the (!r*" ,"e* in the "e/ti!n. There i" n! pre",mpti!n tht n Ep'nti!n (hi/h i" in"erte* ",)"e7,ent'+ intr!*,/e" "!methin$ ne( (hi/h (" n!t pre"ent in the "e/ti!n )e!re. Or*inri'+- n Ep'nti!n i" in"erte* t! /'er ,p n+ m)i$,it+ in the "e/ti!n n* it "h!,'* )e "! re* " t! hrm!ni"e it (ith the "e/ti!n n* t! /'er ,p n+ m)i$,it+ in the min "e/ti!n.&1;. 14
'4 vs. Aja6 )roducts *td. 718/+9 -- 4R 2+1 7S'9: '4 vs. Reunion 3ngineering 'o. 7)9 *td. 7188%9 ;% 4R 2+ 7Bom.9 1; '4 vs. Voltas *td. 7188+9 ;- 4R -/8 7Bom9 1?
#The n!rm' prin/ip'e in /!n"tr,in$ n Ep'nti!n i" t! ,n*er"tn* it " ep'inin$ the menin$ ! the pr!%i"i!n t! (hi/h it i" **e*6 the Ep'nti!n *!e" n!t en'r$e !r 'imit the pr!%i"i!n- ,n'e"" the Ep'nti!n p,rp!rt" t! )e *einiti!n !r *eemin$ /',"e6 i the intenti!n ! the Le$i"'t,re i" n!t ,''+ /!n%e+e* er'ier !r there h" )een mi"/!n/epti!n )!,t the "/!pe ! pr!%i"i!n- the Le$i"'t,re "tep" in t! ep'in the p,rp!rt ! the pr!%i"i!n6 ",/h n Ep'nti!n h" t! )e $i%en ee/t t!- " p!intin$ !,t the re' menin$ ! the pr!%i"i!n '' '!n$.&1=. Non'ob#t&nte cl&u#e#
#A n!n!)"tnte /',"e i" ,",''+ ,"e* in pr!%i"i!n t! in*i/te tht the pr!%i"i!n "h!,'* pre%i' *e"pite n+thin$ t! the /!ntrr+ in the pr!%i"i!n menti!ne* in ",/h n!n !)"tnte /',"e. In /"e there i" n+ in/!n"i"ten/+ !r *eprt,re )et(een the n!n !)"tnte /',"e n* n!ther pr!%i"i!n- !ne ! the !)0e/t" ! ",/h /',"e i" t! in*i/te tht it i" the n!n!)"tnte /',"e (hi/h (!, '* pre%i' !%er the !ther /',"e.&13 (&$gin&l note# &nd )e&ding#
#The mr$in' n!te t! "e/ti!n /nn!t )e reerre* t! !r the p,rp!"e ! /!n"tr,in$ the "e/ti!n ),t it /n /ertin'+ )e re'ie* ,p!n " in*i/tin$ the *rit ! the "e/ti!n !r t! "h!( (ht the "e/ti!n i" *e'in$ (ith. It /nn!t /!ntr!' the interpretti!n ! the (!r*" ! "e/ti!n- prti/,'r'+ (hen the 'n$,$e ! the "e/ti!n i" /'er n* ,nm)i$,!," ),t- )ein$ prt ! the "tt,te- it prim /ie ,rni"he" "!me /',e " t! the menin$ n* p,rp!"e ! the "e/ti!n.&1>. #r$in' n!te" re n!t *e/i"i%e in interpretin$ ",)"tnti%e pr!%i"i!n ! '( ),t- in /"e ! *!,)t- the+ /n )e re'ie* ,p!n " !ne ! the i*" !r /!n"tr,/ti!n.& 1 P$e&!ble
The A/t Strt" (ith prem)'e n* i" $ener''+ "m''. The min !)0e/ti%e n* p,rp!"e ! the A/t re !,n* in the Prem)'e ! the Stt,te. #Prem)'e i" the A/t in n,t"he''. It i" preprt!r+ "ttement. It /!ntin" the re/it'" "h!(in$ the re"!n !r en/tment ! the
1=
'4 vs. !angalore anesh Beedi &.). Varghese vs. 4= 1%1 4R -82 7S'9 1 R.B. Shreeram Religious > 'haritable rust vs. '4 718559 12 4R %2% 7Bom9 13
1@
A/t. I the 'n$,$e ! the A/t i" /'er the prem)'e m,"t )e i$n!re*. The prem)'e i" n intrin"i/ i* in the interpretti!n ! n m)i$,!," /t. In &ashi )rasad v State;- the /!,rt he'* tht e%en th!,$h the prem)'e /nn!t )e ,"e* t! *eet the en/tin$ /',"e" ! "tt,te- it /n )e trete* " 5e+ !r the interpretti!n ! the "tt,te.
Punctu&tion
#There re three /ti%itie" "eri''+ "et !,t in tht ",)/',"e- nme'+- /!n"tr,/ti!nmn,/t,re !r pr!*,/ti!n. A /!mm i"- there!re- 'e$itimte'+ n* " per the r,'e" ! $rmmr- re7,ire* ter the ir"t /ti%it+ t! "eprte it r!m the "e/!n* /ti%it+ ! mn,/t,re. Sin/e the "e/!n* /ti%it+ i" !''!(e* )+ the (!r* #!r&- n! /!mm i" re7,ire* ter the "e/!n* /ti%it+ t! "eprte it r!m the thir* /ti%it+. There!re p,n/t,ti!n i" p,t " $rmmti/''+ re7,ire*. It *!e" n!t *i"/'!"e n+ intenti!n ! pr!%i*in$ !r "eprte 5in* ! ),"ine"" 't!$ether. P,n/t,ti!n- in n+ /"e- i" min!r e'ement in the /!n"tr,/ti!n ! "tt,te. On'+ (hen "tt,te i" /re,''+ p,n/t,te* n* there i" n! *!,)t )!,t it" menin$ /n (ei$ht )e $i%en t! p,n/t,ti!n. It /nn!th!(e%er- )e re$r*e* " /!ntr!''in$ e'ement !r *eterminin$ the menin$ ! "tt,te.&21 De*inition cl&u#e &nd unde*ined +o$d# (a) Judicially defined words
#It h" '!n$ )een (e''e"t)'i"he* prin/ip'e t! )e pp'ie* in the /!n"tr,/ti!n ! n A/t ! Pr'iment tht (here (!r* ! *!,)t,' menin$ h" re/ei%e* /'er 0,*i/i' interpretti!n- the ",)"e7,ent "tt,te (hi/h in/!rp!rte" the "me (!r* !r the "me phr"e in "imi'r /!ntet- m,"t )e /!n"tr,e* "! tht the (!r* !r phr"e i" interprete* //!r*in$ t! the menin$ tht h" pre%i!,"'+ )een ""i$ne* t! it.&22 #Interpretti!n ! pr!%i"i!n in tin$ "tt,te ren*ere* +er" )/5 n* //epte* n* /te* ,p!n )+ the *eprtment "h!,'* n!t )e e"i'+ *eprte* r!m.&24
2@
1>@ BB C =12 #industan 'onstruction vs. '4 7188+9 ;5 4R 81 7Bom9 22 Barras vs. Aberdeen Steam rawling and ?ishing 'o. *td. 718%%9 A' +; 7#*9 24 '4 vs. Balkrishna !alhotra 718219 51 4R 2-8 7S'9 21
11
(b) Rule of Ejusdem generis
The mim e0,"*em $eneri" "er%e" t! re"tri/t the menin$ ! $ener' (!r* t! thin$" !r mtter" ! the "me $en," " the pre/e*in$ prti/,'r (!r*". It i" (e'' re/!$ni"e* r,'e ! /!n"tr,/ti!n tht (hen t(! !r m!re (!r*" (hi/h re ","/epti)'e ! n'!$!," menin$ re /!,p'e* t!$ether n!"/it,r "!/ii"- the+ re ,n*er"t!!* t! )e ,"e* in their /!$nte "en"e. The+ t5e their /!'!,r r!m e/h !ther tht i"- the m!re $ener' i" re"tri/te* t! "en"e n'!$!," t! the 'e"" $ener'. In !r*er t! ttr/t the prin/ip'e ! e0,"*em $eneri"- it i" e""enti' tht *i"tin/t $en," !r /te$!r+ m,"t )e *i"/erni)'e in the (!r*" ,n*er eminti!n. here the "tt,te imp!"e" re"tri/ti!n !n *%erti"ement- p,)'i/it+ n* "'e" pr!m!ti!n- the epre""i!n #"'e" pr!m!ti!n& /nn!t in/',*e "e''in$ epen"e" in/,rre* in the !r*inr+ /!,r"e ! ),"ine""2?. Simi'r'+- the (!r*" #!ther "tti!nr+ p'nt& m,"t )e /!n"tr,e* e0,"*em $eneri" (ith "(it/h$er" n* trn"!rmer".2; The r,'e ! e0,"*em $eneri" i" t! )e pp'ie* #(ith /,ti!n& n* #n!t p,"he* t!! r&. It m+ n!t )e interprete* t!! nrr!('+ n* ,nne/e""ri'+ i )r!* )"e* $en," /!,'* )e !,n* "! " t! %!i* /,ttin$ *!(n (!r*" t! *(r "i
The S/he*,'e" ppen*e* t! "tt,te !rm prt ! it. The+ re $ener''+ **e* t! %!i* en/,m)erin$ the "tt,te (ith mtter" ! e/e""i%e *eti'"- $,i*e'ine" t! (!r5 !,t the p!'i/+ ! the "tt,te- trn"it!r+ pr!%i"i!n"- r,'e" n* !rm" (hi/h nee* re7,ent men*ment n* the 'i5e. ,/h imp!rtn/e i" n!t $i%en t! the !rm" ,n'e"" the+ /!ntin re7,irement" ! mn*t!r+ nt,re.
2?
'4 vs. Statesman *td. 71889 185 4R -5 7 'al .9 @'4 vs. Anglo 4ndia ute !ills 'o. *td. 7188%9 ; 4R 1;+ 7'al.9 2= (.). State 3lectricity Board vs. #ari Shanker ain A4R 1828 7S'9 /2;
12
CONCLUSION .
Stt,te $ener''+ men" the '( !r the A/t ! the 'e$i"'t,re ,th!rit+. The $ener' r,'e ! the interpretti!n i" tht "tt,te" m,"t prim /ie )e $i%en thi" !r*inr+ menin$. I the (!r*" re /'er- ree r!m m)i$,it+ there i" n! nee* t! reer t! !ther men" ! interpretti!n. B,t i the (!r*" re %$,e n* m)i$,!," then intern' i* m+ )e "!,$ht !r interpretti!n.
14
,I,LIOGRAP- . •
th,r- D. N.- 4nterpretation o$ Statutes, 1"t E*n.- 2@@=- Centr' L( P,)'i/ti!n"- A''h)*.
•
Sin$h- A%tr- 4ntroduction to 4nterpretation o$ Statutes- 2n* E*iti!n Reprint 2@@3*h( n* C!mpn+- N$p,r.
RLs.
1?
•
httpJJ(((.itt!n'ine.!r$Jinterpretti!nJinterpretti!n.php
•
httpJJ(((."/ri)*./!mJ*!/J311>1@JInterpretti!n!Stt,te"
•
httpJJ"ith!rm'(.in!J@1m!*,'e"Jm!*2J224"ttinterpJ@;intern'i*".h tm
1;
