Radio Network Planning Department, Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
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Instructions for Selecting GSM Base Station Antenna Models (For internal use only) Drafted by:
Special Researching Group
Date:
2002-01-04
Examined and verified by:
Network Rule Specialist Group
Date:
2002/02/07
Examined and verified by:
Date:
yyyy/mm/dd
Approved by:
Date:
yyyy/mm/dd
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
All Copyrights Reserved
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Table of Contents Instructions for Selecting GSM Base Station Antenna Models................................................... 1. Antenna Concept................................................................................................................. 1.1 Antenna Gain................................................................................................................ 1.2Antenna Pattern............................................................................................................. 1.3 Polarization Mode......................................................................................................... 1.4 Downtilt......................................................................................................................... 1.5 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)......................................................................... 1.6 Port Separation............................................................................................................. 1.7 Power Capacity........................................................................................................... 10 1.8Antenna Input Interface............................................................................................... 10 1.9Passive Intermodulation (PIM).....................................................................................10 1.10 Antenna Dimensions and Weights............................................................................10 1.11Wind Load.................................................................................................................. 11 1.12 Operating Temperature and Humidity......................................................................11 1.13 Lightning Protection.................................................................................................. 11 1.14 Three-proofings Capabilities.....................................................................................11 2. Property Considerations in the Selection of Antenna....................................................12 2.1 Relations between Antenna Beam Width and Gain....................................................12 2.2 Contrast of Polarization Modes...................................................................................13 2.3 Selection of Antenna Gains........................................................................................ 14 2.4 Contrast of Mechanical Adjusting Downtilt and Electronic Adjusting Downtilt............15 2.5Function Contrast of Preset Downtilt and Zero Point Stuffing.....................................17 2.6 Tilt Angle Adjustment................................................................................................. 17 2.7Beam Width Selection................................................................................................. 18 2.8 Landform Matching Beam Selection...........................................................................19 2.9Forward to Back Ratio Selection..................................................................................19 2.10Antenna Dimension Selection....................................................................................20 2.11Antenna Impedance................................................................................................... 20 .3Antenna Model Selection for Different Application Environments.................................20 3.1the Urban areaUrban area Base Station Antenna Selection........................................21 3.2Rural Base Station Antenna Selection.........................................................................22 3.3Suburb Base Station Antenna Selection......................................................................23 3.4 Highway Covering Base Station Antenna Selection....................................................23 3.5 Mountain Area Covering Base Station Antenna Selection..........................................25 3.6 Offing Covering Base Station Antenna Selection.......................................................26 3.7 Tunnel Covering Base Station Antenna Selection.......................................................27 3.8 Indoor Covering Base Station Antenna Selection.......................................................28 4. Technical Indicators of Antennas already Authenticated by Our Company.................29 5. Other Major Antennas Unauthenticated..........................................................................29 5.1 Electronic Adjusting Antenna......................................................................................29 5.2Intelligence Antenna.................................................................................................... 30 Appendix 1: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Urban area Application Environment........................................................................................................................... 32 Appendix 2: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Rural Application Environment....33 Appendix 3: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Highway Application Environment ................................................................................................................................................. 34 Appendix 4: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Mountain Area Application Environment........................................................................................................................... 36 Appendix 5: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Offing Application Environment. .38
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Appendix 6: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Tunnel Application Environment ................................................................................................................................................. 40 Appendix 7: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Indoor Application Environment ................................................................................................................................................. 41 Appendix 8: Website Names of Authenticated Antenna Suppliers....................................42
Amendment Notes Date
2002/01/04
Revised Version
Descriptions
1.00
First draft accomplished
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Authors
Tao Maodi, He Qun
Instructions for Selecting GSM Base Station Antenna Models Key Words: base station antenna, model selection, directivity pattern Summary: This document introduce, firstly, some major characteristics of the antennas in the view of network planning and considerations in model selection, and then introduced the principles and suggestions of antenna model selecting for various application environments. Finally, list all the major characteristics of antennas authenticated by Huawei. Abbreviation List: Reference data list: Reference data list
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Consulting places Publishers or channels
1. Antenna Concept In the radio communication system, antenna is an interface between transceiver and outside transmission medium. For an antenna, it can be used to transmit and receive radio waves: when eradiating, it transforms high frequency current into electromagnetic wave; and when receiving, it transforms electromagnetic wave into high frequency current. When selecting GSM base station antennas, it is necessary to consider their electric and mechanical characteristics. The electric characteristics mainly include working frequency, gain, polarization mode, lobe width, preset slope angle, downtilt mode, the adjusting range of downtilt, F/B (forward to back ratios), secondary lobe suppression ratios, zero stuffing, return loss, power capacity, impedance and third order intermodulation, etc. The mechanical characteristics mainly include dimensions, weight, input connector type and wind load, etc. The GSM antenna is divided into omnidirectional antenna and directional antenna by directivity. If distinguished by polarization mode, there are mainly vertical polarized antenna (single polarized antenna),and cross polarized antenna (dual polarized antenna). The two polarization modes mentioned belong to linear polarization modes. Circular polarized and elliptical polarization antennas are usually not used in GSM. When distinguished by the appearances, there are collapsible whip antenna, tabulate antenna and cap-shaped antennas, etc. Before discussing the antenna theory, it is necessary to introduce firstly the Isotropic antenna. Isotropic antenna is a kind of theoretical model, not existing in reality, which presumed the antenna to be a radiating point source, energy radiating around evenly from the center of this point in the form of electromagnetic field, to form a spherical wave. By the way, the omnidirectional antenna does not mean that it has no directivity, it is omnidirectional in horizontal, but it is directional in vertical direction. It is quite different from isotropic antenna in concept. Half wave dipole is a basic element of GSM antenna, the strongpoint is high energy transformation efficiency.
1.1 Antenna Gain As a passive device, antenna gain concept is different from that of power amplifiers. A power amplifier works to amplify power, but antenna itself does not increase the signal energy, but only to concentrate the energy to one direction through the combination of antenna dipoles and by way of changing its current feeding system. Gain is one of important index of antenna, which shows the capacity of an antenna to concentrate energy in a certain direction. There are two units usually used to denote antenna gain: dBi and dBd. The relation between them is expressed by: dBi = dBd +2.15
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dBi is defined to be the relative capacity of an actual directional antenna (including omnidirectional antenna) to concentrate energy in relation to isotropic antenna, "i" means Isotropic. dBd is defined to be the relative capacity of an actual directional antenna (including omnidirectional antenna) to concentrate energy in relation to dipole, "d" means Dipole. See the following illustration for the relation between these two gain units:
ͼ1 Ideal isolated wave source Theoretic half wave dipole
Directional antenna
dBd dBi Fig. 1 relation between dBi and dBd Antenna gain is not only connected with the unit number, but also connected with the horizontal half power angle and vertical half power angle.
1.2Antenna Pattern The pattern of electromagnet field eradiated by antenna distributed with angular coordinate within a fixed distance is called antenna pattern. The one represented by field strength is called field strength pattern, the one represented by power density is called power density pattern, and the one represented by phase is called phase pattern. Antenna pattern is a spatial solid figure, but it usually expressed by the graphic within two main planes perpendicular to each other, called plane pattern. In most cases, it is called vertical pattern and horizontal pattern. So far as the horizontal pattern concerned, it is divided into omnidirectional antenna and directional antenna. But there are many shapes of horizontal pattern for directional antenna, for example, heart-shaped and 8-shaped, etc. The antenna directivity is essentially obtained through collocating dipoles and changing the feeding phase of each dipole, in theory, quite similar with the optical interference effect. Therefore, energy may be increased in certain directions and decreased in the other directions, to form a lot of lobes (or wave 6
beams) and zero points. The lobe with the strongest power is called main lobe, the secondary strong lobes at upper and lower sides are called first side lobe and so on. And in directional antenna, there are still back lobes. The follows are horizontal and vertical patterns of a directional antenna. Fig.2 horizontal and vertical patterns of directional antenna
Beam width is another important indicator of antenna, which includes
horizontal half power angle and vertical half power angle. They are defined respectively to be the beam width between two points with power lowered by a half (3dB) in relation to the most radiant direction in horizontal or vertical directions. Horizontal half power angle of antenna usually used in GSM BTS include 360°, 210°, 120°, 90°, 65°, 60°, 45° and 33°, etc., and the vertical half power angles include 6.5°, 13°, 25° and 78°etc. Forward to back ratio mean the ratio of signal radiant intensity in the main lobe and back lobe directions, the difference between the maximum wave packet level and the minor lobe level within 180°±30° in the backward of antenna, it is represented with a positive value. The forward to back ratio of ordinary antennas
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are located between 18~45dB. For the densely urban areas, it should be active to use antennas with big forward to back ratio. Zero stuffing: For a more uniform radiant level in the service area, shapedbeam design is adopted in the vertical plane of base station antennas. The first zero point of the lower secondary lobe need to be stuffed, without any obvious zero depth. For the high gain antennas, it is especially necessary to adopt zero point stuffing technology to effectively improve nearby coverage, because the vertical half power angle of these antennas is narrower. In usual cases, if zero depth more than -26dB in relation to main beam, this means the antenna has zero stuffing; some suppliers use percentage to represent it, for example, the antenna zero stuffing is 10%, the relation between these two expression methods are: Y dB＝20log(X%/100%) e.g.: zero stuffing 10%, that is, X=10; Represented by dB: Y=20log(10%/100%)=-20dB Upper secondary lobe suppression ratio: In order to improve frequency reuse efficiency in cellular system and reduce co-channel interference to the neighbor cells, it should try best to diminish the level of secondary lobe point to interference area, while increase D/U value, with the upper secondary lobe level less than -18dB, but this requirement is not required by parentzone system.
1.3 Polarization Mode Polarization is a radiation characteristic, used to describe the spatial direction of electromagnetic wave field intensity vector. If not specially pointing out, the spatial direction of electric field is usually used as polarization direction of electromagnetic wave, in relation to the electric field vector in the maximum radiant direction of antenna. The electromagnetic wave whose spatial direction of electric field vector will remain unchanged all the time is called linear polarization wave, and the wave whose electric field vector direction parallels ground is called horizontal polarization wave, accordingly the electromagnetic wave perpendicularity with ground is called vertical polarization wave. The spatial direction of electric field vector is not fixed sometimes, the locus traced by the endpoint of electric field vector is a circle, called circular polarization wave. If the locus is an ellipse, it is called elliptical polarization wave, and both circular polarized wave and elliptical polarized wave possess handedness. The electromagnetic waves of different frequency bands are proper to spread in different polarization modes, mobile communication system often adopts vertical polarization mode, while broadcast system adopts horizontal polarization mode, and elliptical polarization is usually used for satellite communications. The polarization modes of GSM antenna include single polarization antenna and dual polarization antenna, essentially they are all in linear polarization mode. The dual polarization antenna utilizes polarization diversity to reduce the influence of multipath fading to improve the signal quality received by base
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station in the mobile communication system. Usually, 0°/90° and 45°/-45°are used For GSM frequency band, the propagation effect of horizontal polarization wave is not as good as vertical polarization, so 0°/90°cross polarization antennas are rarely used at present.
1.4 Downtilt Antenna downtilt is an important means usually improve the signal level in mainly service cell and reduce the interference to other cells. Antenna downtilt modes include mechanical adjusting downtilt and electronic downtilt. In mechanical mode, downtilt is set through adjusting antenna bracket to change antenna downtilt; but in electronic mode, downtilt is controlled through changing the phase of antenna dipole elements. Of course, the electronic and mechanical adjusting downtilt could be used in a combined manner. Electronic downtilt antenna usually has a fixed tilt angle, namely, so called preset downtilt. The latest technology is tilt angle-adjustable electronic downtilt antenna, in order to distinguish from the downtilt antenna mentioned above, we usually call this kind of antenna electronic adjustating antenna.
1.5 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) For GSM antenna, the maximum value of VSWR should be less or equal to 1.5:1. If Z A represents antenna-input impedance, and Z 0 represents antenna characteristic impedance, then the reflection coefficient should be.
｜Г｜
｜Z A Z 0 ｜
, VSWR
1｜Г｜
thereinto, Z 0 is 50 ohm. It is also possible to use Return Loss to represent port impedance match characteristic, when ｜Z A Z 0 ｜
1｜Г｜ ,
R.L.dB 20 log ｜Г｜ ,VSWR=1.5:1, R.L.= 13.98dB.
When antenna input impedance and characteristic impedance are not match, backward wave and incident wave will be overlapped on the feeder cable to form standing wave, and the ratio between maximum value and minimum adjacent voltage value is the voltage standing wave ratio. If the voltage standing wave ration is too large, it would reduce communication distance, and reflected power would return to power amplifier of transmitter, which even burn power amplifier triode.
1.6 Port Separation For the multiport antennas, such as dual polarization antenna and dual- band dual polarization antenna, if an antenna shared by transmitter and receiver in same time, the separation between input and output port should be more than 30dB.
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1.7 Power Capacity It is mean effective power capacity. The power could be borne is limited by Antenna including coupling devices for matching, balancing, phase shifting and others. In consideration of the actual maximum input power of the base station (single carrier power is 20W). if an antenna port is able to input six carrier waves most, the antenna input power is 120W, so a single antenna port power capacity would be more than 200W (when ambient temperature is 65°C).
1.8Antenna Input Interface In order to improve passive intermodulation and reliability of RF connection, the input connector of antenna utilize 7/16DIN-Female, before antennas are used, protection lid should be added to connector to prevent oxide generation or impurity entering.
1.9Passive Intermodulation (PIM) Passive intermodulation refers the intermodulation effect caused by such passive parts as joints, feeder cable and filters, etc. which are operating under high-power conditions of multiple carrier frequencies because nonlinearity existing in the components themselves. It is usually believed that passive components are linear, but all passive components are nonlinear to varying degrees under the high-power condition, and this non-linearity is mainly caused some factors as follows:different metal materials are contacted; or contact surfaces of the same materials are not smooth; or connector are not tightened; or there are magnetic substances, etc. Existence of intermodulation offspring would cause interference to communication systems, especially when the intermodulation offspring falling in the receiving band, which would have a strong impact on the receive performance, so in GSM system, The requirements are strict to intermodulating property of such passive components as connector, feeder cable and antenna, etc.. Supplied by manufacturers whom are authenticated by Huawei, The passive intermodulation indices of connector may reach to -150dBc, cables can reach to -170dBc, and antenna can reach to -150dBc.
1.10 Antenna Dimensions and Weights In order to facilitate storage, transport, installation and safety of the antennas, the antenna should be made as small and light as possible, so far as the entire electric indices could be satisfied. Currently, network operators are putting forward more and more requirements on the dimensions, weights and appearance of antennas, so the selection of antennas would not only concern technical performance indices, but also these non-technical factors. In usual cases, base station in urban areas should choose antennas with lighter weights, smaller dimensions and more beautiful appearance, but these are not necessary for antenna in suburb, villages and towns.
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1.11Wind Load The base station antennas are usually installed on high buildings or towers, especially in coastland where wind speed is high all year round. So antennas are required to operate normally when wind speed is 36m/s, and not to be destroyed when wind speed reaches 55m/s, Antenna itself is capable to bear strong wind, and it is often damaged in the areas with strong wind because of towers and mount poles and other causes. So in these areas, the antennas with small surface areas should be chosen.
1.12 Operating Temperature and Humidity Antennas should be able to operate normally in the ambient temperature within the range of -40°C-+65°C and relative ambient humidity within the range of 0100%.
1.13 Lightning Protection All the RF input ports of antennas are required be directly DC grounded .
1.14 Three-proofings Capabilities Antenna must have three-proofings capabilities, namely, damp proof, salt mist proof and mould proof. For the omnidirectional antenna, it must allow antennas to be installed in inversion so far as three-proofings requirements could be satisfied.
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2. Characters Considerations in the Selection of Antenna 2.1 Relation between Antenna Beam Width and Gain Antenna is a device for energy concentration, radiation boosting up in certain directions means radiation fading in the other directions. It is possible to boost up the radiant intensity in a certain direction through reducing the horizontal lobe width to improve the antenna gain. When antenna gain is fixed, the antenna horizontal half power angle is inversely proportional to the vertical half power angle, and the relation could be represented by: G a 10 log log32400/ Thereinto,
Ga is antenna gain, unit: dBi;
is vertical half power angle, unit: degree; is horizontal half power angle, unit: degree; By the above formula, If gain and horizontal half power angle of certain antenna are known, the vertical half power angle can be worked out. For example: one antenna's gain is known to be 11 dBi and the horizontal half power angle be 360°, then, its vertical half power angle shall be: 32400 360 101 1 7.15 Because of the difference in design and manufacturing process, the vertical half power angle of actual omnidirectional antenna is often smaller than the above result. The smaller difference between them, the better antenna design will be. The relations between antenna gain, vertical half power angle and horizontal half power angle could be illustrated by the following graphic:
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Fig.3 the relation between antenna gain and half power angles
Thereat, when antenna gain become smaller, the antenna vertical half power angle and horizontal half power angle will often become larger; and when antenna gain become higher, the antenna vertical half power and horizontal half power angle would often become smaller. In addition, the antenna gain depends on the quantity of dipole. More dipoles there would be, higher gain would be obtained, and larger the antenna equivalent aperture (the valid receiving area) would be. For omnidirectional antennas, whenever gain increased by 3dB, the antenna length would be double, usually omnidirectional antenna gain would exceed 11dBi, in this case, the antenna length is about 3 meters. When antenna gain is fixed, the antenna horizontal half power angle is inversely proportional to the vertical half power angle.
2.2 Contrast of Polarization Modes The contrast of single polarized antenna and dual polarized antenna: Seeing from the viewpoint of transmission, the vertical single polarized antenna would have better coverage effect than the other non-vertical polarized antenna. Because mobile phone is perpendicular with ground and easier to match the
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vertical polarized signals, which is more obvious especially in the open mountain areas and plain rural. Experiments have proved that, in the open areas or plain rural, the covering effect of this antenna is better than dual polarized (±45°) antenna. But in urban areas, buildings are standing in great numbers, the metal substances inside and outside of the buildings is easy to make polarization rotate, so there's no much difference in the covering power between vertical polarized antenna and ±45° dual polarized antenna. Seeing from the viewpoint of reception, the single polarized antennas need more installation room and more maintenance after installation than the dual polarized antenna because single polarized antennas need two antennas for diversity reception, but the dual polarized antenna only need one antenna. As for space diversity and polarized diversity gain, there is no much difference, and the ordinary space diversity gain is about 3.5dB. The dimensions of dual polarized antenna would not be larger than the single polarized antenna because it is possible to ensure a sufficient separation even the dipoles of dual polarized antenna are overlapped. Contrast of ±45° dual polarized antenna and 0°/90° dual polarized antenna: All the antenna subsystems in ±45°mode may be used to transmit signals. But 0°/90° dual polarized antenna usually uses vertical polarized dipoles to transmit signals. Experiences show that, the signal transmitted by horizontal polarized antenna is much weaker than that transmitted by vertical polarized antenna. In the ideal free space (the receiving antenna of mobile phone is assumed to be vertically polarized), covering power of vertical polarized dipole would be about 3dB higher than that of ±45°transmission. In the actual application environment, the above mentioned differences basically disappeared in the receiving points in consideration of multipath effect, and this conclusion is also proved to be correct by various experiences. But on open plains, the above difference possibly still exist, but the detailed situation need to be further proved by experiments, maybe it is 1-2dB. All in all, there's little difference between these two polarization modes in the actual applications, and the ±45°quadrature polarized antennas are popular.
2.3 Selection of Antenna Gains The gain range of GSM onmidirectional antenna is usually 2dBi~14dBi. The specifications include 2dBi, 9dBi, 11dBi, 12dBi and 14dBi, etc. And the gain range of directional antenna is usually 3dBi~22dBi. The specifications include 3dBi, 8.5dBi, 10dBi, 13dBi and 15dBi, 15.5dBi, 17dBi, 18dBi, 21dBi and 22dBi,etc. Low gain antenna: when antenna gain is low, coverage and interference could be better controlled. It is usually used with micro BTS and microcell mainly for indoor coverage and outdoor spot coverage, such as places at the back of high buildings, new residential area and new special marketing places, etc. The dimensions of this kind of antenna are smaller and easier to install, for example, inside the tunnel gateway, it is possible to use Yagi antenna. By the way,This kind of antenna is cheaper. Medium gain antenna: medium gain is suitable for use in the urban areas because the dimensions of this antenna is proper on the one hand; and on the other hand, the bigger vertical beam width within shorter covering radium would
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make signal more even. Signal intensity of medium gain antenna would be more reasonable in the adjacent sector direction than the high gain antenna coverage. At the early phase of construction, if the covering radium is larger (for example, 1-1.5Km), it may use gain (17-18dBi) directional antenna. In suburb, if the covering radium is 1.5-2Km, and traffic is bigger, it should use gain (16-17dBi) directional antenna. High gain antenna: this antenna is usually used for the purpose of broad coverage. It is proper to cover highway, railway, tunnel and narrow landform. The lobe width of this antenna is narrow, and zero point is deeper, so if the antenna hanging height is higher, it should be used zero point stuffing or preset electronic downtilt technology to prevent the zero depth effect at the near end of coverage. Additionally, the units number of this antenna is large, so the dimension is usually large, should be noticed for installability, for example, this antenna would not be suitable to install at some tunnel gateways. In addition, wind load should be noticed. More attentions must be paid in the windy littoral. The costs of this antenna are relatively higher.
2.4 Contrast of Mechanical Downtilt and Electronic Downtilt There are usually three methods for antenna beam downtilt: mechanical downtilt, electronic downtilt (also called preset tilt angle) and electronic adjusting antenna (also called adjustable electronic downtilt). When the electronic adjusting antenna is adjusting downtilt, the antenna itself does not move, it is done through adjusting antenna element phases by electronic signal to change the field intensity of various vector components to make antenna radiant energy deviate from the original zero degree direction. The antenna field intensity in each direction would be increased or decreased simultaneously, which would ensure little change to the antenna pattern shape after the downtilt is changed, and the horizontal half power beam width has nothing to do with the size of downtilt. But, When the mechanical downtilt antenna is adjusting downtilt, the antenna itself will move, for it is necessary to adjust the mount position at the back of antenna to change the antenna downtilt. If the downtilt is large, the covering distance in antenna main lobe direction would be changed obviously. but there would be little change to the signal in the direction perpendicular to antenna main lobe direction. So the antenna pattern is seriously distorted, and the horizontal half power angle is increased with the increase of the downtilt. The principle of preset downtilt antenna is basically similar with electronic adjusting antenna, except that its downtilt is fixed and nonadjustable (but it would still be possible to adjust with the mechanical method). The strong points of electronic adjusting antenna include: the covering distance in antenna main lobe direction would be shortened obviously with little change to the shape of antenna pattern when the downtilt is very large, this would reduce call loss and interference. But the mechanical adjusting downtilt would distort antenna pattern, with the increase of downtilt, distortion would become more and more serious, and more difficult to control interference. Graphics are given as below to show the changes happened to antenna pattern under these two different adjusting methods. This, of course, is connected with the vertical half power angle.
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Fig.4 Changes of antenna pattern in horizontal direction with different downtilts Additionally, the influences of electronic adjusting downtilt and mechanical adjusting downtilt to the back lobe are also different, the electronic adjusting downtilt would make back lobe influence further controlled, and the mechanical adjusting downtilt maybe enlarge back lobe influence. As illustrated in the following graphics
Fig. 5 The different influences to back lobe with different downtilt modes
When the mechanical adjusting downtilt is large, the radiant signal of this antenna would be transmitted into the high buildings through back lobe in the backward direction, which would cause unexpected interference. Besides, when it is necessary to adjust antenna downtilt for network optimization and maintenance, the whole system does not need to be shut down if electronic adjusting antenna is applied. In this way, the test equipment could monitor antenna downtilt adjustment to ensure the downtilt to be the optimum value. The step of electronic adjusting downtilt is 0.1 degree, but the step of mechanical adjusting downtilt antenna is 1 degree, so the electronic adjusting antenna would obtain better precision and effect. After the electronic adjusting antenna is installed, it is not necessary for the maintenance staff to climb tower to adjust downtilt, it is possible to adjust the antenna downtilt on the ground. It is also possible to remote monitoring and adjustment to the BTS located on high mountains and in back countries. But when the mechanical antenna is adjusted,
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must shut down the cell, can not monitor the adjustment of the antenna downtilt; the downtilt of mechanical antenna is a theoretical value calculated by computer simulation analysis software, which has certain partial difference from the actual optimum downtilt. Furthermore, the mechanical antenna downtilt adjustment is quite troublesome, usually need maintenance staff to climb tower at night; and in some cases, the readjustment after installation is very difficult, such as on mountain tops and special buildings. In addition, the third order intermodulation index of the ordinary electronic adjusting antenna is -150dBc, but that of mechanical antenna is -120dBc. Having a difference of 30dBc. While the third order intermodulation index is a very important factor to eliminate adjacent channel interference and stray interference. Especially in the high traffic areas where the base station distances are short and TRX are very more, in this case, the third order intermodulation index must reach around -150 dBc, otherwise, serious interference would occur. The disadvantage of electronic adjusting antenna is that the price is relatively higher. In some cities where network frequencies are deficient, advise to use electronic adjusting antenna. The preset downtilt antenna is mature and reliable technically, and the price is also reasonable, so suggest to select preset downtilt antenna in priority in the places needing frequent adjustment and strict coverage control. But preset downtilt antenna must be selected with suitable downtilt according the need of coverage.
2.5Function Contrast of Preset Downtilt and Zero Point Stuffing Both preset downtilt and zero point stuffing could be used to solve the problem of "blind area beneath tower" caused by antenna zero point. but there is some difference between them. Adoption of preset downtilt would reduce the coverage of main lobe, but in case of large downtilt, it is able to enlarge the antenna adjustable downtilt range. As a shaping technology, zero point stuffing is capable to obtain a better pattern, in this case, the upper secondary lobe has been suppressed, so this antenna would not produce influence to the other aspects, of course, it would not enlarge the antenna adjustable downtilt range. An antenna may possess these two properties simultaneously or only one of them or none of them. This should be decided according to the concrete coverage required in the model selection of planning period. In many occasions, the antennas are not very high (not exceed 50 meters), so the antenna zero depth effect is not that obvious without preset dwontilt angle and zero point stuffing technologies. Therefore, these two technologies are mostly utilized in broad coverage, in this case, coverage increase is more important than downtilt adjusting range, so suggest to utilize zero point stuffing antenna. But in urban areas where larger downtilt adjusting range is needed and the antenna zero depth effect is not obvious, it would be better to select the preset downtilt antenna.
2.6 Tilt Angle Adjustment Omnidirectional antenna, could not adjust downtilt, but can use preset tilt angle antenna. As for directional antenna, the requirement of downtilt adjusting range is different. downtilt adjusting range would be larger in urban areas with a strict 17
coverage control, usually in 0° -18°, also could have a certain preset electronic adjusting downtilt, such as 3°. In some mechanical adjusting antennas, the maximum antenna downtilt could only be 12°, this is adverse to interference control, especially in the occasions of dense reuse. In the places where interference problem is not a major conflict and very small adjusting range is required, such as for broad coverage, sometimes it does not need to consider downtilt at all. The maximum gain of the high gain shaping omnidirectional antenna selected by Huawei is 12dBi, and zero point stuffing level of this kind antenna is 25% (that is, the depth of first zero point is -12dB) with 3 degree preset electrical dwontilt. This kind of antenna is ideal to be used for mountain and hill coverage, which would effectively solve the problem of "blind area beneath tower" phenomena caused by excessive antenna height. The shaping antenna could only stuff the first zero point below antenna, so if antenna is too high, zero stuffing technology is no use. So R (radial distance between buildings covered and the antenna) and H (antenna height), should satisfy the following relation: H
R (m)
H (m)
60 100 150 200
20 30 48 65
The medium gain shaping antenna and ordinary omnidirectional antennas are more suitable to be used in villages and towns in mountains. (Mountains are much higher than BTS antenna, elevation of antenna to ridge is more than 4 degree); because beam on the vertical plane is so wide, that the signal aiming to the mountain would be stronger. But attention must be paid to avoid the influence of time chromatic dispersion.
2.7Beam Width Selection Beam width selection includes horizontal and vertical half power angle width, and these two factors are relevant each other. The selection depends mainly on the various coverage requirement and interference control. In urban area, the horizontal half power angle should not be greater than 65° in consideration of interference control, 90°or above 90° would go against frequency reuse and interference control because its coverage is too large. While in the suburb where enough frequencies could be used and interference is not a major problem, antennas with half power angle above 90° could be selected to enhance the coverage. When antenna gain and horizontal half power angle are fixed, the vertical half power angle is also fixed. But sometimes coverage is considered in vertical direction. For example, the base station is built on mountaintop and the coverage areas are at the foot of the mountain. In this case, it would be better to select the antenna with very wide half power beam on vertical plane to covering
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purpose; such as 20°. Generally, narrower vertical lobe means higher antenna gain and better directionality, but at the same time means more obvious antenna zero depth effect. Then attentions should be paid to solve the zero point problems by preset dwontilt or zero point stuffing technology. Narrower lobe also means longer antenna and heavier weight, then the installability should be considered, and the price would be higher also. In ordinary cases, the maximum beam width within the horizontal plane of dual polarized antenna would not be greater than 90 degree.
2.8 Landform Matching Beam Selection Under some application occasions, there is obvious border between the area needed to be covered and that not needed to be covered. In these places, the proper landform matching beam antenna should be selected. The antenna beam shape should match the landform needed to be covered. The usual landform matching beams include “8” shape and heart shape, etc., and all these antennas are developed on the basis of omnidirectional antenna. The “8” shape omnidirectional antenna is compose of ordinary omnidirectional antenna and two symmetric assistant metal reflective bar. the function of the metal reflective bar is to change the directivity pattern in "" shape on horizontal plane of omnidirectional antenna through complex coupling. This antenna is very important to some only road coverage. The only road coverage means that of important roads in uninhabited mountain areas and deserts with less traffic, where station type below O2 is usually. In this case, the covering distance should go as far as possible. It is the most ideal selection for the radio covered area like this to use the landform matching antenna used to reduce the number of station and construction costs. The “8” shape omnidirectional antenna is capable to increase the gains in the direction deeded to be covered (the maximum directional gain may be increased by 3bdB) and decrease the covering energy in the subscriberless areas along both sides of road. The station location selection of this antenna is very important, the road extension direction should match the antenna pattern. This antenna is actually used for only road coverage or the buildingless area coverage without considering the problem of penetration loss, because signal fading will be much smaller in vehicles than in buildings. In the rural area, many small villages and towns are located on one side of road. that may be also covered by the coverage of the road, adoption of the following deformed omnidirectional antenna (heart-shaped pattern) may increase the antenna gain to 13 - 15dBi. In the road and village/town direction, to make the village/town and road coverage more effective.
2.9Forward to Back Ratio Selection The ordinary antenna forward to back ratio is around 22dB, but in planning and optimization, F/B is often unsatisfactory, and antenna with higher F/B ratio is needed. In the case of frequency dense reuse, too large secondary back lobe is easy to produce adjacent channel (even same channel) interference to affect network quality. The antenna with F/B ratio greater than 35dB is called high F/B ratio antenna. It’s specifications of gain and beam width is same as ordinary
19
directional antenna. The high F/B antenna is composed of logarithmically periodic dipoles, so the appearance of this antenna is thick but narrow. The price of two high F/B antennas is 35% higher than one dual polarized antenna with same gain and half power angle. But in order to improve network quality, It is still worth while recommending this kind of antenna. But in some application occasions, antenna forward to back ratio should not be too high. For example, the highway coverage, where most subscribers are moving very fast, in this case, two back to back cells provide coverage, if the antenna forward to back ratio is too high, it would not be good for normal handover since the overlap depth is too small.
2.10Antenna Dimension Selection Antenna dimension selection mainly concerns installation, which is very important in some areas with limited installation conditions, such as railway tunnel coverage, even a decisive factor for the antenna selection. In the first place, antenna dimension is connected with technology level of each manufacturer, so the antenna dimensions may be different when all the other indices are the same. Secondly, antenna dimension is mainly connected with antenna gain, more gains, more dipole units needed, this is usually embodied in the increased antenna length.
2.11Antenna Impedance The input impedance of combiner is 50 ohm. In order to reduce the antenna standing wave ratio, the antenna characteristic impedance must match it, namely, equal to 50 ohm. The characteristic impedance of ordinary GSM antennas could all satisfy this requirement, but this index should be noticed when selecting and authenticate new antennas.
3 Antenna Model Selection for Different Application Environments In GSM network, antenna selection is a very important part, and it should be done according to network coverage, traffic volume, interference, network service performance and other factors. A proper antenna selection may improve coverage, reduce interference and improve service performance. Antenna application environments could be divided into 8 types by landform or speech traffic distribution: urban area (with more high buildings and speech traffic), suburb (with lower buildings and open), rural (with less speech traffic), high road (ribbon coverage), mountain area (with hills, subscribers scattered), offing (very far coverage, less subscribers), tunnel, and indoor of building.
20
3.1the Urban area Base Station Antenna Selection Characteristics of application environment: base station distribution is dense, single base station coverage is small, and it is expected to reduce the crossarea coverage to minimize the interference between base stations and improve frequency reuse ratio. Antenna selecting principles: 1. Polarization mode selection: because it is not easy for the urban area to select BTS location, and antenna installation space is limited, so advise to select dual polarization antenna; 2. Antenna pattern selection: directional antenna should be selected for major concern of improving frequency reuse; 3. Half power beam width selection: in order to better control coverage and suppress interference, the horizontal half power beam width of the urban area antenna should be 60~65°. When antenna gain and half power angle is fixed, the vertical half power angle is also fixed; 4. Antenna gain selection: because the urban area base station does not need broad covering distance, it is advisable to select medium gain antenna. Smaller antenna dimension and weight are easy to installation and reduce costs. According to BTS density and building structures, etc. in urban, better to select 15-18dBi gain antenna. If microcell antenna is used in urban area for blind spot patch, it may select antenna with lower antenna gain, such as 10-12 dBi antenna; 5. Preset downtilt and zero point stuffing selection: generally, the urban area antennas need to set certain downtilt, so, it may select antenna with fixed electronic adjusting downtilt (suggest to be 3-6 degree) to enlarge the downtilt adjusting range in the future. the urban area base station covering distance is short, so it is not need zero point stuffing. 6. Downtilt mode selection: because the antenna downtilt adjustment is relatively often in urban and some antennas need to set large downtilt, so preset downtilt antenna is suggested to select under the possible condition, since the mechanical adjusting downtilt would go against interference control. When the condition is mature, electronic adjusting antenna may be selected; 7. Downtilt adjusting range selection: for purpose of interference control in the urban area, the antenna downtilt need to be adjusted very large, generally speaking, electronic downtilt antenna will be no problem within adjusting range. If selecting mechanical adjusting downtilt antenna, suggest to select antenna with a large downtilt adjusting range, the maximum downtilt should not be less than 14 degree; 8. In urban, very large downtilt sometimes need to be set to improve frequency reuse ratio and reduce interference caused by cross-area, but when the downtilt is set to exceed half of vertical half power beam width, it is necessary to consider the influence of up secondary lobe. So the shaping technology antenna with first up secondary lobe suppressed is suggested. but this kind of antenna has no fixed electronic adjusting downtilt. Recommendations: dual polarized antenna of half power beam width 65°/ medium gain / fixed electronic downtilt or adjustable electronic downtilt + mechanical adjusting downtilt. The major antenna models for urban area authenticated by Huawei, please see Appendix 1: Major Optional Antenna Models for the urban area Environment
21
3.2Rural Base Station Antenna Selection Characteristics of application environment: base station distribution is sparse, speech traffic is little, coverage required to be broad. In some places, there is only one base station around, coverage has become a most notable object, in this case, it is expected to get better coverage through antenna model selection. Antenna selecting principles: 1. Polarization mode selection: in view of signal transmission, better effect would be obtained in open places by using vertical polarized antenna than the other polarized antennas. In view of signal reception, the diversity gain of dual polarized antenna is not as good as space diversity. This is because there's few signal reflections and little change of signal polarization direction in open places. So vertical single polarized antenna is suggested to select in rural 2. Antenna pattern selection: if base station is required to cover the areas around without obvious directivity and the speech traffic distribution is scattered, the omnidirectional antenna is suggested. It should be specially pointed out that, the broad coverage mentioned hereby does not mean a far covering distance, but mean a large covering area without obvious directivity. At the same time, it should be noted that, the covering distance of omnidirectional antenna is not as far as that of directional antenna because the gain is smaller. When omnidirectional antenna is being installed, attention should be paid to the influence of tower body to coverage, and the antenna must be kept perpendicular to ground surface, please see Omnidirectional Antenna Installation Specifications for the concrete requirement. If customer requires the coverage farther, then it must be realized with directional antenna. In the normal circumstances, it should use directional antenna with horizontal half beam width to be 90, 105 and 120 degrees; if the coverage is a very obvious shape around the base station, it may select landform matching beam antenna for coverage, such as “8”shape antenna and heart shape antenna; 3. Antenna gain selection: antenna gain should be selected according to the covering requirements, suggest to select the directional antenna of higher gain (16-18dBi) or omnidirectional antenna of 9--11 dBi for rural; 4. Preset downtilt and zero point stuffing selection: the preset downtilt would affect the coverage of base station, so suggest to select antennas without preset downtilt in rural, where mainly giving priority to coverage. But when antenna height is required to be over 50 meters and the place near BTS requires be covered, zero point stuffing ( greater than 15%) antenna would be a better choice to avoid the problem of blind spot beneath tower; 5. Downtilt mode selection: there would be no many adjustments to antenna downtilt in the rural, and neither too many requirements to the downtilt. Inexpensive mechanical adjusting downtilt antenna is suggestion. Recommendations to directional station type selection: half power beam width 90°or 105°/medium or high gain/single polarized space diversity, or 90°dual polarized antenna, mainly mechanical downtilt/zero point stuffing greater than 15%. Recommendations to omnidirectional station type: zero point stuffing antenna, if not very far covering distance is required, electronic adjusting downtilt may be used (3°or 5°). Antenna height should not be higher than 50 meters relative to major coverage, and ordinary antenna may be used. 22
Additionally, dual transmitting antenna configuration may be used in omnidirectional station to reduce tower body influence to coverage. Signals must be distributed to two antennas through a power divder. The major antenna models for rural area authenticated by Huawei, please see Appendix 2: Major Optional Antenna Models for Rural Environment
3.3Suburb Base Station Antenna Selection Characteristics of application environment: the application environment of suburb intervenes between the urban area and rural environment, some places are more like urban area, with few base stations and compact frequency reuse, in this case, both coverage and interference control should be considered in the antenna model selection. Some places are more like rural, where coverage is an important factor. Therefore, the antenna model may be selected by the practical situations. The principles can consult urban area and rural. The situations in suburb are quite different. The needed antenna type may be decided through rough estimates to coverage. Usually observing the basic principles as the follows: 1. By the practical situations to select antenna with horizontal beam width to be 65 degree or 90 degree. When there are few base stations around, it would be better to select antenna with horizontal half power beam width to be 90 degree. If base stations are densely distributed around, the antenna selecting principle will refer to the urban antenna selection. If there are very few base stations around and little capacity expansion potential for the future, it may refer to the antenna selecting principle for rural; 2. In consideration of smooth expansion in the future, omnidirectional station type is usually not recommended; 3. It will be decided by the practical situations if the preset downtilt is used or not. Even if the downtilt were used, it would be small. Recommended selections: half power beam width 90°/medium or high gain antenna, possible to use electronic downtilt or mechanical adjusting downtilt . The selections may refer to urban and rural antenna selection list.
3.4 Highway Covering Base Station Antenna Selection Characteristics of application environment: in this case, speech traffic is few, subscribers are moving fast, and the key problem to be solved is the coverage. Highway coverage is quite different from that of big/medium cities and plain rural. Generally speaking, what it will realize is ribbon coverage. So the highway coverage mostly uses bi-directional cells; in the places passing through towns and travel industry sites, 3-directional and omnidirectional cells are also used; then coverage is emphasized, and antenna type should be decided by station locations and station types. Highways are very different each other, and there are straight highways, such as expressways, railways, etc. It is recommended to build stations at the side of highway adopting S1/1/1 or S1/1 station types installed with high gain directional antennas to ensure coverage. There are also serpentine and undulate highways, such as winding mountain highways and mountain area highways self-built by the counties, etc. Stations should be built on high places to cover the villages nearby highways. Different highway
23
segments have very different environments. For example, the places where highways and railways are passing by often have complicated and various landforms. Including plains, high mountains, forests and tunnels, etc., also passing by villages and towns, so, radio network planning and antenna model selection must be based on sufficient survey. When selecting antenna models in the initial planning period, should select high gain antenna for a broad coverage. and low gain antennas may be used to patch the blind spot. Antenna selecting principles: 1. Antenna pattern selection: in the BTS for covering along railways and
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
highways, narrow beam and high gain directional antennas could be used. Antenna model may be selected in a flexible way according to the landform factors, such as undulations and bending, etc., If covering objects are highways and some scattered villages around, omnidirectional antenna or deformed omnidirectional antenna may be used, such as “8” shape or heart shape antennas. For example, the coverage of only highway, can select suitable locations by highway directions to adopt high gain (14dBi) “8” shape antenna (O2/O1) or to consider adopting S1/1 configuration, It is better to have zero point stuffing; for highways with small villages and towns at one side with a few subscribers, it may use 210°-220°deformed omnidirectional antenna; Polarization mode selection: in view of signal transmission, better effect would be obtained in open places by using vertical polarized antenna than the other polarized antennas. In view of signal reception, the diversity gain of dual polarized antenna is not as good as space diversity. This is because there's few signal reflections and little change of signal polarization direction in open places. So vertical single polarized antenna is suggested to select for highway coverage; Antenna gain selection: if not for the purpose of blind spot patch, directional antenna gain may select 17dBi-22dBi (Some high gain antennas have not been authenticated by Huawei currently). Omnidirectional antenna gain may select 11dBi. if for the purpose of blind spot mending, low gain antennas may be selected; Preset downtilt and zero point stuffing selection: the preset downtilt would affect the covering capacity of base station, so antennas without preset downtilt are suggested to select for highway, where mainly giving priority to coverage. But when antenna height is required to be over 50 meters and the place near BTS requires be covered, zero point stuffing ( greater than 15%) antenna would be a better choice to avoid the problem of blind spot beneath tower; Downtilt mode selection: there would be no many adjustments to antenna downtilt for highway covering, and neither too many requirements to the downtilt adjusting range. So cheaper mechanical adjusting downtilt antenna are suggested to select; Forward to back ratio: most subscribers are moving fast on highway, so, in order to guarantee normal handover, the forward to back ratio of directional antennas should not be too high. Otherwise, call drops would be caused by no handover because the overlap of two cells is not deep enough.
For highway and railway coverage, suggest to select "8" shape antenna or S0.5/0.5 configuration to reduce handovers when fast moving subscribers are approaching or departing BTS.
24
In the current antenna authentication database, 65 degree directional antennas have no vertical polarized type, so some dual polarized antennas are placed in the list for selection. The major antenna models for highway authenticated by Huawei, please see Appendix 3: Major Optional Antenna Models for Highway Application Environment
3.5 Mountain Area Covering Base Station Antenna Selection Characteristics of application environment: In the remote hill and mountain areas, serious obstructions cause a great propagation loss of electric wave, and it is very difficult to cover the area, Usually need broad coverage. Scattered subscribers are distributed within the very wide covering radium of base station with few speech traffic. BTS is built on mountaintop, or at mountainside, or at mountain foot or some proper places in the mountain areas. Base station location selection, model selection and antenna selection should be done according to particular subscriber distribution and landform characteristics. The following circumstances are often seen: basin type mountain area BTS, mountaintop BTS, mountainside BTS and ordinary mountain area BTS, etc. If station is built at the center of a small basin, recommend using O2 station type. If the basin is big, or it is necessary to consider the road pass by the basin as well, recommend using S1/1/1 or O+S station type. Limited by microwave transmission factor, BTS must be built on the top of high mountains, in this case, there's often a fall over 150 meters from antenna to subscriber distribution plane. If the covering object areas are located near the mountain foot, the omnidirectional antenna with electronic downtilt should be installed to prevent the phenomena of "blind spot beneath tower". If station were built at mountainside, base station antenna height is lower than mountaintop, so the place at the back of the mountain could not be covered. So it only need directional cells, use large half power angle antenna to cover one side of mountain. The mountain area with smaller undulations, recommend to use S1/1/1 station type, trying best to increase signal intensity and leave more margin for signal attenuation. Antenna selecting principles: 1. Antenna pattern selection: Antenna pattern should be selected according to
base station locations, station types and coverage, it may select omnidirectional antenna or directional antenna. For the base station built on mountain top, if the coverage is relatively lower, then it should select antenna pattern with large vertical half power angle to satisfy the requirement of coverage better. 2. Antenna gain selection: according to the distance of coverage, select medium gain, Omnidirectional antenna (9-11dBi) or directional antenna (1518dBi); 3. Preset downtilt and zero point stuffing selection: If station is built on mountaintop and coverage is mountain foot, it should select zero point stuffing or preset downtilt antennas. The degree of preset downtilt would be selected by the relative height of base station and the coverage, higher the relative height are, greater preset downtilt antenna should be selected.
25
The major antenna models for mountain area authenticated by Huawei, please see Appendix 4: Major Optional Antenna Models for Mountain Area Application Environment
3.6 Offing Covering Base Station Antenna Selection Characteristics of application environment: few speech traffic, broad coverage, and well radio propagation conditions. Research shows that, the radio propagation model on sea s is similar to free space propagation model. The coverage of offing is mainly limited by three factors, namely, the earth spherical curvature, radio propagation attenuation and TA. In consideration of the influence of earth spherical curvature, BTS antenna is installed very high, exceeding 100 meters. Antenna selecting principles: 1. Antenna pattern selection: in offing coverage, the application environment toward sea is quite different from that toward coast. So omnidirectional antenna do not be selected for offing coverage, and directional antenna with a small vertical half power angle can be selected. 2. Antenna gain selection: because the covering distance is very long, high gain (over 16dBi) antenna is usually selected. 3. Polarization mode selection: in view of signal transmission, better effect would be obtained in open places by using vertical polarized antenna than the other polarized antennas. In view of signal reception, the diversity gain of dual polarized antenna is not as good as space diversity. This is because there's only a few signal reflections and little change of signal polarization direction in open places. So vertical single polarized antenna is suggested to select for offing coverage. 4. Preset downtilt and zero point stuffing selection: for offing coverage, the influence of earth spherical curvature must be considered, so antennas are installed very high, exceeding 100 meters, and this would form blind areas nearby BTS. Therefore, suggest to select antenna with zero point stuffing or preset downtilt, first selection id antenna with zero point stuffing. The major antenna models for offing area authenticated by Huawei, please see Appendix 5: Major Optional Antenna Models for Offing Application Environment
3.7 Tunnel Covering Base Station Antenna Selection Characteristics of application environment: generally, exterior BTS could not offer a good coverage to tunnel, so it is necessary to plan station location and select antenna in allusion to the concrete tunnels. Neither a heavy traffic in this application environment, nor interference control problems. The major problems are antenna selection and installation. In many cases, large antenna could not be adopted because there are not enough space to fix. For tunnels of various lengths, there are various selections of BTS and antenna. Additionally, it should be noticed that, installation, adjustment and maintenance in tunnels are very difficult, especially in railway tunnels, the space would be very small when the train is passing through, and it is impossible to install large-sized antennas in tunnels.
26
Antenna selection principles: 1. Antenna pattern selection: The tunnel covering directivity is obvious, so directional antennas are usually selected, and narrow bean antenna can be used; 2. Polarization mode selection: in consideration of antenna installation and the reflection effect of the tunnel inner wall, suggest to select dual polarized antennas. 3. Antenna gain selection: If the highway tunnel length does not exceed 2km, may select low gain (10-12dBi) antennas. For the longer tunnels, can use very high gain (22dBi) narrow bean antennas, but installability of large antenna must be thought over; 4. Antenna size selection: this is very important factor in tunnel coverage, in special coverage planning of every tunnels must sufficiently consider the installability of antenna, select small antennas to facilitate installations. 5. Beside the common flat plate antennas and Yagi antenna for tunnel coverage, it is also possible to use distributed antenna system for tunnel coverage. Such as using radiating cable, coaxial cable and optical fiber distributed system, etc. For example, in railway tunnel, antenna distributed system installation would be limited. In this case, may use radiating cable or other methods to cover the tunnel. 6. Forward to back ratio: most subscribers are moving fast in tunnel, so, in order to guarantee normal handover, the forward to back ratio of directional antennas should not be too high. Otherwise, call drops would be caused by no handover because the overlap of two cells is not deep enough. 7. The most suitable antenna for tunnel is ring antenna, and this kind of antenna is able to provide a covering solution of better property-price ratio to railway tunnels. The theory and technical indices of this antenna are still waiting to be researched. Recommend selecting 10-12dB, Yagi, logarithmic period or flat plate antenna is fixed inside the gateway of highway tunnel below 2km for tunnel coverage. The major antenna models for tunnel authenticated by Huawei, please see Appendix 6: Major Optional Antenna Models for Tunnel Application Environment
3.8 Indoor Covering Base Station Antenna Selection Characteristics of application environment: Most modern buildings are composed of reinforced concrete frameworks plus fully closed outer fitment, which would seriously shield and attenuate radio signals, making it difficult for normal radio communications. Base station signals at the lower parts of some high buildings are often weak, and blind areas exist in some sections; at the upper parts of the buildings, signals are disordered, interference is serious, and conversation quality is poor. Most underground buildings, such as underground parks, underground marketplaces etc., they are usually blind areas. In urban area of big or medium cities where base stations are dense, the signals entering into rooms are disordered and unstable. When mobile phones are used in this environment, cell re-selections are frequent, and handovers are frequent during conversation, speech quality is poor, and call drop is frequent. In order to solve the indoor covering problems, indoor-distributed systems are constructed. Signals from BTS are transmitted directly to each section through cables, and they are eradiated through mini-antennas. It can eliminate blind areas, suppress interference and provide a stable and reliable signal for GSM subscribers. The indoor distributed system is composed of three major parts: signal source
27
equipment (microcell BTS, macrocell BTS or indoor repeater); indoor wiring and related equipment (coaxial cables, optical cables, radiating cables, optoelectrical transceiver and optical transceiver, etc.); trunk amplifier, power splitter, coupler, indoor antenna and other equipment. Antenna model selecting principles: Antenna model will be decided on the basis of installability, radiating cables don't need antenna. The indoor distributed system usually use the following antenna units: 1. Indoor ceiling antenna unit 2. Indoor wall antenna unit 3. Small cup-shape ceiling antenna: super micro size, suitable for such occasions, is fixed in a ceiling chimney of elevator or loge where installations are limited. 4. Tabulate antenna unit: with different dimensions, for applications in lift shaft, tunnel, subway and corridor, etc. These antennas are made very small to facilitate installations and fine appearance. Gain is usually very low, possible to select omnidirectional or directional antennas according to the coverage requirement. Recommendations to indoor omnidirectional antenna: 2dBi / vertical polarized / omnidirectional antennas. Directional antennas: 7dBi / vertical polarized / 90 degree directional antennas. The major antenna models for indoor application authenticated by Huawei, please see Appendix 7: Major Optional Antenna Models for Indoor Application Environment
4. Technical Indicators of Antennas already Authenticated by Our Company Up to now, the suppliers already passed authentication of Huawei include Kathrein, Allgon, Andrew, Xi'an Haitian, Zhongshan Tongyu, and Sanshui Shenglu, altogether six companies. But, presently we mainly select the base station antennas from Kathrein, Allgon, Andrew and Xi'an Haitian. The follows will list all the antennas that have been authenticated for the reference of antenna selections. Of course, the antennas produced by these manufacturers are far more than these. if satisfied antennas could not be found out in the authenticated ones, please check the websites of these companies. (Seeing Appendix 8: The Website Names of Authenticated Antenna Suppliers for website names) and then contact the authentication department of Huawei for authentication to the antennas you have found out. For some new type antenna that these manufacturers maybe not be able to produce, may also contact the authentication department of Huawei, asking to authenticate the manufacturer who is able to provide this new type antenna; when it passed the authentication, then authenticate the corresponding antenna. Now list the major technical indexes of the authenticated antennas as the follows. These technical indexes are mainly subject to antenna pattern data closely connected with network planning and optimization, such as gains, horizontal half power angle, vertical half power angle, preset downtilt, zero point
28
stuffing, upper secondary lobe suppression, forward to back ratio, antenna dimensions, etc.
"antenna authenticated by Huawei020106.xls"
5. Other Major Antennas Unauthenticated Beside antennas authenticated by Huawei, there are also some important types of antenna, now introduced as the follows:
5.1 Electronic Adjusting Antenna Electronic adjusting antenna mainly refers to the antenna with downtilt adjustable electronically; this antenna has much more advantages than downtilt mechanical adjusting antenna, especially obvious in urban area applications. The adjustment may be conducted at near end (equepment room) through corresponding equipment connected with the electronic adjusting cable of antenna, and can also conduct remote adjustment at remote end. The method used more often is to adjust at near end. There's another antenna whose bearing angle could be adjusted through electronic adjustment, but this is a new antenna technology, not used cosmically for commercial purpose.
5.2Intelligence Antenna Intelligence antenna is utilizing digital signal processing technology, advanced switched beam technology and adaptive spatial digital processing technology. It can produce spatial directional beam to make antenna main beam aiming at the direction of subscriber signal destination. But side beam or zero point aims at the direction of interference, for the purpose of sufficient and effective utilization of mobile phone signals, as well as to suppress interference. The biggest weak point of the traditional antenna is to waste radio signal energy, usually only a little part of signal energy could reach the receiver. Besides, when the base station is receiving signals, what it received is not only useful signals, but also other signals as interference noises. Intelligence antenna is not so, it is able to receive the signals more effectively from a certain user and more effectively transmit the signal to this user. Different from the traditional Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) modes, intelligence antenna creates a new multiple access mode, Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA). Intelligence antenna works like a space-time filter, under the control of multiple parallel antenna beams aiming to different users, it is able to obviously reduce the mutual interference of subscriber signals. Speaking concretely, intelligence antenna could improve the performances of mobile communication system in the future in the following aspects. (1) Extend the covering area of the system; (2)Improve system capacity; (3) Increase utilization efficiency of frequency spectrum; (4) Reduce base station transmission power to save system costs and
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reduce the mutual interference of signals and electromagnetic environment pollution. Intelligence antenna is divided into two major classifications: multiple beam intelligence antenna and adaptive array intelligence antenna, the shortened forms are multiple beam antenna and adaptive array antenna. The multiple beam antennas are utilizing multiple parallel beams to cover the whole user area, the direction of each beam is fixed, and beam width will also be fixed when the array element number is fixed. With the movement of user in the cell, base station would select different corresponding beams to make the received signal be strongest. Because the subscriber signal would not always be in the center of the fixed beam, when subscriber is located at the edge of beam and interference is in the center of beam; the receiving effect would be the poorest. So the multiple beam antenna is not able to achieve the best reception, usually only used as receiving antenna. But compared with adaptive array antenna, the multiple beam antenna has such advantages as simple structure and no need to judge the arrival directions of subscriber signals. The adaptive array antenna is usually utilizing 4~16 antenna array element structure. The space between array elements is half of wave length, if array element space is too large, the mutual correlation of received signals would be lowered, if too small, it would form unnecessary grating lobe. Array element distribution modes include straight-line type, cirque type and plane type. The adaptive array antenna is the major type of intelligence antennas, capable to achieve omnidirectional antenna, perform the subscriber signal reception and transmission. The adaptive array antenna system is utilizing digital signal processing technology to identify the arrival direction of subscriber signals and form a main beam in this direction. The adaptive array antenna system is able to provide different space channels for the different space propagation direction of subscriber signals, equal to the cable of wire transmission, which effectively overcome the influence of interference to the system. Today, internationally, the intelligence antenna technology is one of the major developing directions of mobile communication system after three generations, a new technology with a bright future but not sufficiently exploited, and one of the key technologies indispensable in the third mobile communication system.
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Appendix 1: The Major Antenna Models for Urban area Application Environment Freq. band
Antenna Model
CTS0906513-0D
Horizontal Gain (dBi) half power angle (degree) 65 15
Vertical Pola. Mechanical downtilt half power mode (degree) angle (degree) 14.7 V 0-15°
Electronic Zero Upper lobe F/B dB L*W*D downtilt point suppression (MM) degree stuff. dB degree 0 0 35 1390*267*127
Descriptions
Suppliers
antenna-900MHz-7/16 DIN Femaledirectional -65°-13dBd-500W
ANDREW
900M 739,632
65
15
15
X
0-16°
6
0
>16
30
1296*262*116
7,217.03
65
15
13
X
0-15°
7
0
>17
>20
1320*256*50
XU-900-65-15i-7-D
ALLGON
730,368
65
15.5
13
V
0-16°
0
0
25
1294*258*103
KATHREIN
7,217.04
65
15.5
13
X
0-15°
0
0
>20
1320*256*50
870~960MHz-7/16 DIN Femaledirectional-65°-15.5dBi-500W- no mount adjustment XU-900-65-15.5i-0-D
739,622
65
15.5
15
X
0-16°
0
0
30
1296*262*116
806~960MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual polarized-directional-65°-15.5dBi-600Wno mount adjustment
KATHREIN
739,623
65
16.5
9.5
X
0-15°
0
0
>15
30
1936*262*116
7,255.04
65
17
9
X
0-15°
0
0
>17
>20
1940*256*50
739,634
65
17
9.5
X
0-15°
6
0
>18
>30
1396*262*116
CTSD09065160D 739,624
65
18
6.6
X
0-15°
0
0
>33
2452*291*90
Antenna 900MHz-7/16 DIN Female-65°16dBd-500W-dual polarized
ANDREW
65
18
7
X
0-16°after concatenation
0
0
>30
2580*262*116
806~960MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual polarized-directional-65°-18dBi-600W-no mount adjustment
KATHREIN
>17
31
KATHREIN
ALLGON
KATHREIN XU-900-65-17i-0-D
ALLGON KATHREIN
739,636
65
18
7
X
7,218.05
65
18
6.5
X
1800M PCS-06512- 65
Dual band
0
>18
>30
2580*262*116
0
0
>17
>20
2580*256*50
18
X
0-15°
0
0
PCS065130D PCSD18065130D UMWD065150DM 739,494
65
15.2
12.7
V
0-15°
0
0
33
antenna-1800MHz-7/16 DIN Femaledirectional-63°-13.2dBd-250W
ANDREW
65
15.4
10.9
X
0-15°
0
0
28
antenna-1800MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual polarized-directional-65°-13.4dBd-300W
ANDREW
65
17
0
0
65
18
6.5
X
0-15°
0
0
741,794
65
18
6.7
X
0-15°
2
0
PCSD18065160D 739,496
65
18
6.88
X
0-15°
0
0
65
18
7
X
0-15°
6
25
>14
>30
1302*155*49
7,247.03
65
18.5
6
X
0-15°
2
0
>19
>19
1556*160*55
900:65 900:15 900:14 XX 1800:60 1800:16.5 1800:8 900:65 900:15 900:14 XX 1800:60 1800:17 1800:8
0-16° 0-16°
0
30 >14
596*166*55
antenna-1800MHz-7/16 DIN Femaledirectional-65°-11.4dBd-250W XM-1800-65-14.5i-0-D
1473*168*84
>14
>30
1302*155*49
>30
1302*155*69
25.5
0 0
>19
740*160*55
ALLGON
14.5
X
0
XU-900-65-18i-0-D
65
741,326
0
KATHREIN
20.5
741,320
0-15°
6
14.14
0D 7,289.02
V
0-16°after concatenation 0-15°
>30 0
>30
ANDREW ALLGON
ANDREW 1710~1880MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual polarized-directional-65°-18dBi-200W-no mount
KATHREIN KATHREIN
antenna-1800MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual polarized-directional-65°-16dBd-300W
ANDREW KATHREIN
XM-1800-65-18.5i-2-D
1296*262*116
ALLGON KATHREIN
1296*262*116
KATHREIN
Appendix 2: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Rural Application Environment Freq.
Antenna
Horizontal Gain (dBi) Vertical
Pola.
Mechanical downtilt Electronic Zero
Upper lobe F/B dB L*W*D(MM)
32
Descriptions
Suppliers
band
Model CTS0909014-0D 7,283.02
half power angle 16
90
17
120
point stuff. 0
suppression dB 24
0-15°
2
0
5.8
V
0-15°
0
0
24
15
8.8
V
0-15°
0
0
19
HTD092101 210 3 TQJ-900M 360
13
6.5
V
0
V
4168.11.3 360 3.0 736,347 360
11
6.5
11
738,192
360
4168.11.33. 03 HTQ-0911(5) HTQ-0911(3) HTQ-09-11
M1800 738,187
16
downtilt degree 0
V
CTS0909015-0D CTS0912013-0D
90
half power mode (degree) angle 8.3 V 0-15°
2390*267*127
Antenna-900MHz-7/16 DIN Femaledirectional-90°-14dBd-500W
ANDREW ALLGON
antenna-900MHz-7/16 DIN Femaledirectional-90°-15dBd-500W 2390*267*12 antenna-900MHz-7/16 DIN Femaledirectional-120°-13dBd-500W 7
ANDREW
0
3267*270*70
Xi'an Haitian
0
0
2200(L)
Sanshui Shenglu
V
0
0
3000*$78
O-900-360-11i-0-D
7
V
0
0
3033*51
11
7
V
0
0
3237*51
870~960MHz-7/16 DIN FemaleKATHREIN omnidirectional-11dBi-500W-self mount KATHREIN
360
11
6.5
V
3
0
3033*51
O-900-360-11i-3-D
360
11
13
V
5
0
3400*$50
Xi'an Haitian
360
11
13
V
3
0
3400*$50
Xi'an Haitian
360
11
13
V
0
0
3400*$50
Xi'an Haitian
360
11
7
V
0
0
1568*51
KATHREIN
9
3020*267*127
ANDREW
ALLGON
ALLGON
Appendix 3: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Highway Application Environment Freq. Antenna band Model 900M 7,255.04
Horizontal Gain (dBi) half power angle 65 17
Vertical Pola. Mechanical downtilt half power mode (degree) angle 9 X 0-15°
Electronic downtilt degree 0
Zero point stuff. 0
Upper lobe F/B dB L*W*D(MM) suppression dB >17 >20 1940*256*50
33
Descriptions
Suppliers
XU-900-65-17i-0-D
ALLGON
739,624
65
18
7
X
0-16°after concatenation
0
0
7,218. 05 HTSX09-14 HTD0 92101 3 4168.1 1.33.0 736,34 7
65
18
6.5
X
0-15°
0
0
70(bot hway) 210
14
6.5
V
0
0
13
6.5
V
0
0
360
11
6.5
V
0
0
3000*$78
O-900-360-11i-0-D
ALLGON
360
11
7
V
0
0
3033*51
870~960MHz-7/16 DIN Femaleomnidirectional-11dBi-500W-self mount
KATHREIN
738,192
360
11
7
V
0
0
3237*51
360
11
6.5
V
3
0
3033*51
360
11
13
V
5
0
3400X$50
Xi'an Haitian
360
11
13
V
3
0
3400X$50
Xi'an Haitian
360
11
13
V
0
0
3400X$50
Xi'an Haitian
4168.11. 33.03 HTQ-0911(5) HTQ-0911(3) HTQ-0911 M180 UMWD06515-0DM 0
Dual
65
17
X
0
18
6.5
X
0-15°
0
0
741,794
65
18
6.7
X
0-15°
2
0
PCSD18065160D 7,247.03 738,187
65
18
6.88
X
0-15°
0
0
65 360
18.5 11
6 7
X V
0-15°
2 0
0 0
900:65
900:15
XX
0-16°
0
>20
2580*256*5 0 3267*270*7 0 3267*270*7 0
806~960MHz-7/16 DIN Femaledual polarized-directional-65°18dBi-600W-no adjustment XU-900-65-18i-0-D
>14
>30
1302*155*49
>30
1302*155*69
25.5 >19
0
>19 >30
34
1556*160*55 1568*51 1296*262*116
KATHREIN ALLGON Xi'an Haitian Xi'an Haitian
KATHREIN O-900-360-11i-3-D
1473*168*84
65
900:14
2580*262*1 16
0
739,494
741,320
>17
>30
ALLGON
ANDREW 1710~1880MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual polarized-directional-65°-18dBi-200W-no mount
KATHREIN KATHREIN
antenna-1800MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual polarized-directional-65°-16dBd-300W
ANDREW
XM-1800-65-18.5i-2-D
ALLGON KATHREIN KATHREIN
frequen cy antenn a
1800:60
741,326
900:65 1800:6 0
1800:16.5 1800:8
900:15 1800:1 7
900:1 4 1800: 8
XX
0-16°
0
0
>30
1296*262*1 16
KATHREIN
Appendix 4: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Mountain Area Application Environment Freq. Antenna band Model CTS0906513-0D
Horizontal Gain (dBi) half power angle 65 15
Vertical Pola. Mechanical downtilt half power mode (degree) angle 14.7 V 0-15°
Electronic downtilt degree 0
Zero point stuff. 0
Upper lobe F/B dB L*W*D(MM) suppression dB 35 1390*267*127
Descriptions
Suppliers
Antenna-900MHz-7/16 DIN Femaledirectional-65°-13dBd-500W
ANDREW
900M 739,632
65
15
15
X
0-16°
6
0
>16
30
1296*262*116
7,217.03 730,368
65 65
15 15.5
13 13
X V
0-15° 0-16°
7 0
0 0
>17
>20 25
1320*256*50 1294*258*103
7,217.04 739,622
65 65
15.5 15.5
13 15
X X
0-15° 0-16°
0 0
0 0
>17
>20 30
1320*256*50 1296*262*116
739,623
65
16.5
9.5
X
0-15°
0
0
>15
30
1936*262*116
7,255.04 739,634
65 65
17 17
9 9.5
X X
0-15° 0-15°
0 6
0 0
>17 >18
>20 >30
1940*256*50 1396*262*116
XU-900-65-17i-0-D
ALLGON KATHREIN
CTSD09065160D
65
18
6.6
X
0-15°
0
0
>33
2452*291*90
Antenna-900MHz-7/16 DIN Female-65°16dBd-500W-dual polarized
ANDREW
35
KATHREIN XU-900-65-15i-7-D 870~960MHz-7/16 DIN Femaledirectional-65°-15.5dBi-500W-no mountadjustment XU-900-65-15.5i-0-D 806~960MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual polarized-directional-65°-15.5dBi-600Wno mountadjustment
ALLGON KATHREIN ALLGON KATHREIN KATHREIN
739,624
65
18
7
X
0-16°after concatenation
0
0
739,636
65
18
7
X
6
0
7,218.05 CTS09090140D 7,283.02
65 90
18 16
6.5 8.3
X V
0-16°after concatenation 0-15° 0-15°
0 0
0 0
90
16
V
0-15°
2
0
739,650
90
16.5
7.5
X
0
0
CTS09090150D 739,662
90
17
5.8
V
0-16°after concatenation 0-15°
0
0
90
17
7
X
6
0
CTS09120130D TQJ900M 4168.11. 33.0 736,347
120
15
8.8
V
0-16°after concatenation 0-15°
0
0
360
9
V
0
0
2200(L)
360
11
6.5
V
0
0
3000(L)*$78
O-900-360-11i-0-D
360
11
7
V
0
0
3033*51
870~960MHz-7/16 DIN Femaleomnidirectional-11dBi-500W-self mount
738,192
360
11
7
V
0
0
3237*51
4168.11. 360 33.03 HTQ-09- 360 11(5) HTQ-09- 360 11(3) HTQ-09- 360 11 M1800 PCS-06513- 65 0D PCSD18- 65 06513-
11
6.5
V
3
0
3033*51
11
13
V
5
0
3400X$50
Xi'an Haitian
11
13
V
3
0
3400X$50
Xi'an Haitian
11
13
V
0
0
3400X$50
Xi'an Haitian
15.2
12.7
15.4
10.9
V
0-15° X
0-15°
0
2580*262*116
>18
>30
2580*262*116
>17
>20 24
2580*256*50 2390*267*127
806~960MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual polarized-directional-65°-18dBi-600W-no adjustment
KATHREIN KATHREIN
XU-900-65-18i-0-D Antenna-900MHz-7/16 DIN Femaledirectional-90°-14dBd-500W
ALLGON ANDREW ALLGON
>15
>16
0 0
>30
>25
2580*262*116
24
3020*267*127
>25
2580*262*116
19
2390*267*127
33 0
28
36
KATHREIN Antenna-900MHz-7/16 DIN Femaledirectional-90°-15dBd-500W
ANDREW KATHREIN
Antenna-900MHz-7/16 DIN Femaledirectional-120°-13dBd-500W
ANDREW Sanshui Shenglu ALLGON KATHREIN KATHREIN
O-900-360-11i-3-D
ALLGON
antenna-1800MHz-7/16 DIN FemaleANDREW directional-63°-13.2dBd-250W antenna-1800MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual ANDREW polarized-directional-65°-13.4dBd-300W
0D UMWD065150DM 739,494
65
17
65
18
6.5
X
741,794
65
18
6.7
PCSD18065160D 739,496
65
18
65
7,247.03 738,187
65 360
Dual 741,320 frequen cy antenn a
741,326
900:65 1800:60
900:65 1800:60
X
0
0
0-15°
0
0
X
0-15°
2
0
6.88
X
0-15°
0
0
18
7
X
0-15°
6
25
>14
>30
1302*155*49
18.5 11
6 7
X V
0-15°
2 0
0 0
>19
>19
1556*160*55 1568*51
900:15 900:14 1800:16.5 1800:8
900:15 1800:17
900:14 1800:8
XX
0-16°
XX
0
0-16°
1473*168*84
>14
1302*155*49
>30
1302*155*69
25.5
0
0
>30
>30
0
>30
ANDREW 1710~1880MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual polarized-directional-65°-18dBi-200W-no mount
KATHREIN KATHREIN
antenna-1800MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual polarized-directional-65°-16dBd-300W
ANDREW KATHREIN
XM-1800-65-18.5i-2-D
ALLGON KATHREIN
1296*262*116
KATHREIN
1296*262*116
KATHREIN
Appendix 5: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Offing Application Environment Freq. Antenna band Model
Horizontal halfGain (dBi) power angle
Vertical half Pola. Mechanical downtilt Electronic Zero power angle mode (degree) downtilt point degree stuff. 9 X 0-15° 0 0 9.5 X 0-15° 6 0
900M 7,255.04 739,634
65 65
17 17
CTSD09065160D 739,624
65
18
6.6
X
0-15°
0
0
>33
2452*291*90
65
18
7
X
0-16°after concatenation
0
0
>30
2580*262*116
739,636
65
18
7
X
0-16°after concatenation
6
0
>18
>30
7,218.0
65
18
6.5
X
0-15°
0
0
>17
>20
2580*262*1 16 2580*256*5
37
Upper lobe F/B dB L*W*D(MM) Descriptions suppression dB >17 >20 1940*256*50 XU-900-65-17i-0-D >18 >30 1396*262*116 antenna-900MHz-7/16 DIN Female-65°-16dBd-500W-dual polarized 806~960MHz-7/16 DIN Femaledual polarized-directional-65°18dBi-600W-no mountadjustment
Suppliers ALLGON KATHREIN ANDREW KATHREIN
KATHREIN XU-900-65-18i-0-D
ALLGON
5 CTS09090140D
90
16
7,283.02
90
16
739,650
90
16.5
7.5
CTS09090150D
90
17
5.8
V
739,662
90
17
7
X
M180 UMWD- 65 0 065150DM 739,494 65
8.3
17
V
0-15°
0
0
V
0-15°
2
0
X
0-16°after concatenation 0-15°
0
0
0
0
0-16°after concatenation
6
0
X
0
24
0 2390*267*1 27
>25
2580*262*116
24
3020*267*127
6.5
X
0-15°
0
0
>16
741,794
65
18
6.7
X
0-15°
2
0
PCSD18065160D
65
18
6.88
X
0-15°
0
0
739,496
65
18
7
X
0-15°
6
25
>14
7,247.0 65 18.5 6 X 0-15° 3 Dual 741,320 900:65 900:15 900:14 XX 0-16° freque 1800:60 1800:16.5 1800:8 ncy anten na 741,326 900:65 900:15 900:14 XX 0-16° 1800:60 1800:17 1800:8
2
0
>19
0
0
0
0
38
ANDREW
ALLGON >15
>25
0
18
antenna-900MHz-7/16 DIN Female-directional-90°14dBd-500W
>14
KATHREIN antenna-900MHz-7/16 DIN Female-directional-90°-15dBd500W
2580*262*1 16 1473*168*84
>30
1302*155*4 9
>30
1302*155*6 9
25.5
KATHREIN ANDREW 1710~1880MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual polarizeddirectional-65°-18dBi-200Wno mount
1302*155*4 9 >19 1556*160*5 XM-1800-65-18.5i-2-D 5 >30 1296*262*116
>30
1296*262*1 16
KATHREIN
KATHREIN antenna-1800MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual polarized-directional65°-16dBd-300W
>30
ANDREW
ANDREW
KATHREIN ALLGON KATHREIN
KATHREIN
Appendix 6: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Tunnel Application Environment Freq. Antenna band Model
Horizontal halfGain (dBi) Vertical half Pola. Mechanical Electronic Zero power angle power angle mode downtilt (degree) downtilt point degree stuff. 900M MC900S2-8 60 8 X 0 0
Upper lobe F/B dB L*W*D(MM) suppression dB
Descriptions
Suppliers Zhongshan Tongyu
739,632
65
15
15
X
0-16°
6
0
>16
30
1296*262*116
7,217.0 3 7,217.0 4 739,622
65
15
13
X
0-15°
7
0
>17
>20
1320*256*50
XU-900-65-15i-7-D
ALLGON
65
15.5
0
X
0-15°
0
0
>17
>20
1320*256*50
XU-900-65-15.5i-0-D
ALLGON
65
15.5
15
X
0-16°
0
0
30
1296*262*116
806~960MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual polarizeddirectional-65°-15.5dBi-600Wno mountadjustment
KATHREIN
739,623
65
16.5
9.5
X
0-15°
0
0
>15
30
1936*262*116
7,255.0 4 739,634
65
17
9
X
0-15°
0
0
>17
>20
1940*256*50
65
17
9.5
X
0-15°
6
0
>18
>30
1396*262*116
KATHREIN
736,624
90
7
65
V
0
0
205*115*32
KATHREIN
739,646
90
11
36
X
0
0
656*262*116
KATHREIN
M180 MC1800S 65 0 2-8 7,289.0 65 2 PCSD1 65 806513-
8
0-16°
X
0
>16
>20
0
KATHREIN
KATHREIN XU-900-65-17i-0-D
596*160*55
14.5
18
X
0-15°
0
0
15.4
10.9
X
0-15°
0
0
>14
>19 28
39
596*166*55
XM-1800-65-14.5i-0-D antenna-1800MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual polarizeddirectional-65°-13.4dBd-300W
ALLGON
Zhongshan Tongyu ALLGON ANDREW
0D UMWD065150DM 739,494
65
17
65
18
6.5
X
741,794
65
18
6.7
PCSD1 8065160D 739,496
65
18
65
7,247.0 65 3 Dual 741,320 900:65 frequen 1800:60 cy antenn a
741,326
X
0
0
0-15°
0
0
X
0-15°
2
0
6.88
X
0-15°
0
0
18
7
X
0-15°
6
25
>14
>30
1302*155*49
18.5
6
X
0-15°
2
0
>19
>19
1556*160*55
900:15 900:14 1800:16.5 1800:8
900:65 1800:60
900:15 1800:17
XX 0-16°
X X
900:14 1800:8
0-16°
0
1473*168*84
>14
1302*155*49
>30
1302*155*69
1710~1880MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual polarizeddirectional-65°-18dBi-200W-no mount
>30
0
>30
KATHREIN
KATHREIN
25. 5
0
0
>30
ANDREW
antenna-1800MHz-7/16 DIN Female-dual polarizeddirectional-65°-16dBd-300W
ANDREW
KATHREIN XM-1800-65-18.5i-2-D
1296*262*116
ALLGON KATHREIN
1296*262*116
KATHREIN
Appendix 7: The Major Optional Antenna Models for Indoor Application Environment Freq. Antenna band Model 900M 736,624
737,031
Horizontal Gain (dBi) half power angle 90 7
360
2
Vertical Pola. Mechanical downtilt half power mode (degree) angle 65 V
V
Electronic downtilt degree 0
0
Zero point stuff. 0
Upper lobe F/B dB L*W*D(MM) suppression dB 205*115*32
0
115*25
40
Descriptions
Suppliers KATHREIN
KATHREIN
1800M 736,935
90
738,451
360
8
65 2
78
V
0 V
0 0
>18 0
159*94*23 120*$20
Appendix 8: Website Names of Authenticated Antenna Suppliers Up to now, the web sites of authenticated base station antenna suppliers are given as the follows: Http://www.allgon.com/ Http://www.andrew.com/ Http://
[email protected]/en/mca/indicator.htm Http://www.slantenna.com/profile.htm Sanshui Shenglu Http://cn.tongyu-com.com/ Zhongshan Tongyu Http://www.xaht.com/ Xi'an Haitian
41
KATHREIN KATHREIN
