Ingles bÁsico

INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE COOPERACI\u00d3N EDUCATIVA

GU\u00cdA DE ESTUDIO

TWO

ONE

NIVEL: FORMACI\u00d3N BAS

VENEZUELA, 2003

INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE COOPERACI\u00d3N EDUCATIVA INCE DISTRITO FEDERAL A.C. GERENCIA DE FORMACI\u00d3N PROFESIONAL UNIDAD DE APOYO TECNICO

GU\u00cdA DE ESTUDIO

TWO

ONE

NIVEL : FORMACI\u00d3N B\u00c1 MODO: FORMACI\u00d3N

Caracas, julio 2003

Cr\u00e9ditos

Especialista en Contenido: Elaborado por: Instructores de Formaci\u00f3n: Prof. Javier Quiroz

Centro Poliv. Nva Granada

Prof. Niria Bolwine


Prof. Junior Le\u00f3n


Prof. Joyce Guti\u00e9rrez


Prof. Pastora Sivira

C.F.C Dr. Luis. B.Prieto F.

Prof. Maristania Mora

C.F.C Dr. Luis. B.Prieto F.

Validadores: Prof. Juan Luces Prof. Marlene Infante

C.F.C. Del Norte C.F.C. Dr. Luis. B.Prieto F.

Colaboradores: Inst. Gaudys Jim\u00e9nez

Diagramaci\u00f3n Laura D\u00edaz Coordinaci\u00f3n General Gerencia General de Formaci\u00f3n Profesional Gerencia de Tecnolog\u00eda Educativa Divisi\u00f3n de Recursos para el Aprendizaje (Sede) 1da . Edici\u00f3n 2003 Copyright INCE 2003

CONTENIDO Introducción Unidad 1: Socializándose ( Saludos, Presentaciones y Despedidas) 05 07 Unidad 2: Elementos Básicos de la Oración ( Verbo to Be en Presente) 19 Presente Unidad 3: Elementos Básicos de la Oración ( Verbo Auxiliar to Do en Simple) Unidad 4: Describir Personas, Animales, Lugares y Cosas

29

Unidad 5: Estructuras Gramaticales Relacionadas con el Tiempo Pa37 sado y Futuro 49 Unidad 6: Estructuras Gramaticales que Expresan Posesión o Pertenencia Unidad 7: Direcciones y Ubicaciones

59

Unidad 8: Acciones que Están o Estuvieron Realizando en Tiempo P65 rogresivo ( to Be+ ing) Unidad 9: Estructuras de Existencia y Cantidad

77

Unidad 10: Hechos y Acciones que Realizaron ( Verbo Auxiliar DID)85

INTRODUCCIÓN

Las tendencias actuales en esta era moderna globalizada, y el avance tecnológico, científico y cultural atienden a la necesidad de aprender el idioma inglés como medio comunicacional internacional, considerando que la información que se maneja en la actualidad se expresa en este idioma. De esta manera el desempeño laboral y el desarrollo será más acordes y eficientes de acuerdo con las exigencias hoy en día. La presente Guía de estudio responde íntegramente a las orientaciones dadas en el Programa: Inglés Básico. Se orienta a desarrollar las cuatro habilidades del lenguaje (comprensión oral, comprensión escrita, expresión oral y expresión escrita) dentro de los requerimientos exigidos. Esta Guía de Estudio tiene como propósito fundamental, proporcionar una serie de conocimientos básicos en el área, a personas que requieren el empleo de este idioma en el ámbito profesional o personal.

SOCIALIZANDOSE ( SALUDOS, PRESENTACIONES Y DESPEDIDAS

HOW TO GREET AND INTRODUCE PEOPLE / HOW TO SAY GOODBYE Good afternoon!

Hello!

Good evening!

Hi!

Good night!

How are you?

How do you do?

How are you getting along?

How do you feel?

How´s everything! What´s up, buddy?

POSSIBLE ANSWERS (GREETING BACK) I´m fine, thanks!

Pretty good

Nº 1 SoUNIDAD -so

I´m O.K

S Ory CIA LIZÁNDOSE (SNot ALUDOS , PRESENTACIONES Y DESPEDIDAS) Ve well so good Not too bad

OBJETIVO TERMINAL:

EXPRESAR EN FORMA VERBAL Y ESCRITA, SALUDOS, PRESENTACIONES Y DESPEDIDAS EN EL IDIOMA INGLÉS EN SITUACIONES DE LA VIDA DIARIA.

INTRODUCING ONESELF AND OTHERS Hello!, I´m ……./My name is……… Nice to meet you/Glad to meet you This is my friend Luis./ He is Luis He /She is Mr.- Miss….. 5


SAYING GOOD BYE Good bye!

Bye-bye!

So long

See you soon

Hope to see you again

See you later / tomorrow / next week, etc,,,

Have a nice day / week-end / time / trip GRAMMAR NOTE: Personal Pronouns and Verb TO BE – (simple present) I

am

You

are

He / She / It

is

We / You / They

are

EXERCISES: A. COMPLETE THIS DIALOGUE. Tom : Mary: Tom: Peter:

Hi!, How ______ you today ? ________! I´m _________ thanks. He is Peter. How ______you do? Peter. Glad to _________you Tom.

Tom:

________to meet you, too.

Mary: Tom: Peter:

Let´s go. See you_____________. So ____________. _______ bye.

B. PRACTICE THESE GREETINGS SITUATIONS. 1) You meet your best friend in the street at 3:00 p.m. 2) You meet your English teacher at the Airport. C. WORD ORDER -PUT THESE SENTENCES IN THE CORRECT ORDER 1) To/ nice / you / meet________________________________________ 2) Have / day / a / good _______________________________________ 3) Getting / how / you / along / are /? ______________________________ 6


4) Well / I / am / very __________________________________________

D. LISTEN TO THIS CONVERSATION AND PRACTICE..THE TEACHER NEEDS TO PLAY A TAPE WITH A CONVERSATION ADAPTED TO THE GRAMMAR PART SEEN IN THIS UNIT.

7

UNIDAD Nº 2

ELEMENTOS BÁSICOS DE LA ORACIÓN ( VERBO TO BE EN PRESENTE SIMPLE)

OBJETIVO TERMINAL: CONSTRUIR ORACIONES SIMPLES EN INGLÉS, EN FORMA ORAL Y ESCRITA, CON CADA UNO DE SUS ELEMENTOS, UTILIZANDO EL VERBO TO BE EN PRESENTE SIMPLE

ELEMENTOS BÁSICOS DE LA ORACIÓN

THE ALPHABET: A (ei) B (bi) C (si) D (di) E (ii) F (ef) G (yi) H (eich) I (ai) J (yei) K (kei) L (el)

M (em)

N (en) O (ou) P (pi)

Q (kiu)

R (ar)

S (es)

U (iu) V (vi) W (dabliú) X (eks) Y (uai) Z (zi) EXERCISES:

I.

Spell your own name and some of your friends’ names.

II.

Spell some of the objects in the classroom.

GRAMMAR NOTE:

Subject

+

verb to be

+

complement.

(present tense) I

am

He

is

at the University.

She

is

At the beach.

It

is

a dog.

We

are

With you.

You

are

a good dancer.

They

are

Good neighbors.

an English teacher.

9

T (ti)


- AFFIRMATIVE FORM -

He is the History teacher.

-

We are in the kitchen.

-

I am at the garden.

2.- INTERROGATIVE FORM -

Is he the History teacher?

-

Are we in the kitchen?

-

Am I in the garden?

3.- NEGATIVE FORM. -

He is not the History teacher.

-

We are not in the kitchen.

-

I am not in the garden.

4.- CONTRACTIONS (AFFIRMATIVE). -

He’s the History teacher.

-

We’re in the kitchen.

-

I’m in the garden.

5.- CONTRACTIONS (NEGATIVE). -

He isn’t the History teacher.

-

We aren’t in the kitchen.

-

I’m not in the garden. 10


EXERCISES: A.- INSERT AM , IS OR ARE IN THESE SENTENCES. 1) I ________ Peter and this ________ Janet. 2) _________ you Kate? No, I _______ not. I _______ Elaine. 3) _________ that the new teacher? Yes, her name _______ Carol. 4) ______ you the secretary? Yes, I ________. 5) ________ your name Joyce Smith? Yes, it __________. 6) No, it _______. It _______ Sandra. 7) ________ Susan at home? Yes she ________. She _______ at home. 8) _______ Peter the new pupil? Yes, he _________. B.- CHANGE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO INTERROGATIVE AND NEGATIVE FORM. Example: Mr. Rojas is the principal of the school. Is Mr. Rojas the principal of the school? Mr. Rojas is not the principal of the school. a) Mary is my friend. __________________________________________________ 11


__________________________________________________ b) Carlos is Mary’s classmate. __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ c) Mrs. Clark is the English teacher.

___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ d) I am at home now. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ e) The students are in the classroom. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ GRAMMAR NOTE: Possessive Adjectives.

My

I

Your

You

His

He

Her

She

Its

It

Our

We

Your

You

Their

They 12


Examples: a) I am an English teacher.

My name’s Claudia. b) He is a good baseball player.

His name’s Galarraga. c) We live in a beautiful house.

Our house is beautiful. EXERCISES: A) COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING THE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES:

MY, YOUR, HIS OR HER. 1.- Hello, he’s the Biology teacher. ________ name is Robert Brown. 2.- Hello, I’m your classmate. _________ name is Sara. 3.- Miss Carlota is a secretary. ________ name is Edith. 4.- Hello, are you a new teacher? What’s ________ name?. 5.- This is Mr. Rojas, the principal. ________ name is Mario. 6.- Do you know Robert’s mother? What’s _______ name? GRAMMAR NOTE: Indefinite Articles: use a + singular noun before a consonant sound. use an + singular noun before a vowel sound. He is a carpenter

He is an architect.

He is a good carpenter

He is an expensive architect.

Do not use a or an + plural nouns: 13


They are carpenters.They are expensive carpenters. EXERCISES: a.- Classroom objects: 1) This is _____ book. 2) This is _____ eraser. 3) This is ______ English book. 4) This is ______ dictionary. 5) This is ______ notebook.

Definite Article. The + singular noun. The + plural.

(NO GENDER)

(NO GENDER)

The book / The books. The teacher ( a woman or a man ). The teachers ( women or men ). THE DEFINITE ARTICLE IS USED BEFORE SEAS, RIVERS, HOTELS, MUSEUMS ,ETC. IF there is only one: the sun, the Queen.

Prepositions: in / on / at ( of place ). A.- In Where’s the eraser?

In the school bag.

Where’s the teacher?

In class.

Where are the students?In the classroom. B.- On Where’s my watch?

On the chair.

Where are the pictures? On the wall. 14

Where are their keys?


On the floor.

C.- At Where’s Marcos?

At the door.

Where’s the car?

At the traffic lights.

Where’s your teacher? At her desk.

Demonstrative Pronouns: This / It ( Singular) These / They ( Plural ). That / Those

Note: This/These: you use them when the object(s) is/are near. That/Those: you use them when the object(s) is/are far. Plural nouns:

Most words ending in ss, sh, ch, x.

Most words

Words Ending Words Ending in Word Ending In

Cap – caps

in -ss f / fe Glass - glassesknife - knives

shoe - shoes

watch - watches wolf - wolves

consonant + y country - countries

This is a camera. These are cameras. What’s this? This is a knife / It is a knife. What are these? These are knives / They are knives.

15


EXERCISES: A.- OBJECTS.

1) FIND THE THINGS IN THE PICTURE. WRITE WORDS.

1.- calculator. 2.- _____________________ 3.- _____________________ 4.- _____________________ 5.- _____________________

2) WRITE SENTENCES ABOUT THE THINGS IN PART A,,,. 1.- This is a calculator. 2.- ___________________ 3.- ___________________ 4.- ___________________ 5.- ___________________

16


B.- COMPLETE THIS CONVERSATION. USE WORDS IN THE BOX.

a an

are is

it’s this

these they

you you’re

Megan: Wow! What’s this? Louis: It’s a pager. Megan : Oh, cool. Thank _________, Louis. Louis: _____________ welcome. Now open ________ box. Megan: OK. What ________ this? Louis: It’s _________ watch. Megan: Oh, thank you, Louis. And What are ______________? Louis: __________ are sunglasses. Megan: Thanks! They ___________ great! Louis: Open this too! Megan: Oh, it’s __________ umbrella. 3.- COMPLETE THESE CONVERSATIONS. USE SHORT ANSWERS FROM THE LIST.

Yes, I am

Yes, it is

Yes, they are

No, I’m not

No, it’s not

No, they’re not

17


1) A: Excuse me. Is this the math class? B: Yes, it is. And I’m your teacher. 2) A: Is my purse on the chair? B: ______________. It’s under the table. 3) A: Are these your glasses? B: ______________. Thank you. 4) A: Hi. Are you in my Math class? B: ______________. And I’m in your English class too! 5) A: Are these your keys? B: _______________. My keys are in my pocket. 6) A: Excuse me: Are you Tomiko Soto? B: _____________. My name is Michiko Tahaka. 4.- Put the article the if necessary. a) What is name of this street? b) Our apartment is on second floor. c) What are you doing next week? d) Would you like to go to moon? 5.- WRITE THE PLURALS OF NEXT THE WORDS: WIFE / WATCH / COOKIE / WORD / DISH.

18

UNIDAD Nº 3

ELEMENTOS BÁSICOS DE LA ORACIÓN ( VERBO AUXILIAR TO DO E PRESENTE SIMPLE)

OBJETIVO TERMINAL: EXPRESAR EN INGLÉS ORACIONES INTERROGATIVAS, AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVAS EN FORMAS ORAL Y ESCRITA, EN TIEMPO PRESEN SIMPLE, UTILIZANDO VERBOS REGULARES E IRREGULARES

ELEMENTOS BÁSICOS DE LA ORACIÓN (VERBO AUXILIAR DO, PRESENTE)

You

DO

I

He

DOES

We They

She

It (Thing /animal)

GRAMMAR NOTE: To form interrogative sentences in present simple we have t use the Auxiliary Do for the pronouns mentioned above. This auxiliary has these functions: a) To form interrogative sentences. b) It is used in short affirmative answers. c) It is used in short and long negative answers.

Example: a) I go to school everyday.

Do I go to school everyday?

We read the lessons in class. Do we read the lessons in class? You work very hard.

Do you work very hard?

They get up early in the morning. Do they get up early in the morning?

AUXILIARY Do

SUBJECT

VERB

I/You/ We/They

Go

COMPLEMENT to school everyday?

Example: b) Do you work very hard? - Yes , I do.

Yes, I work very hard. - Yes, They do. -

Do they play tennis?

-

21

Yes, They play tennis.


AFFIRMATIVE

YES

SUBJECT

Yes,

I

YES

VERB drink

SUBJECT

Yes

COMPLEMENT coffee for breakfast

AUX

I

do

Note: The auxiliary do is omitted in long affirmative answers. Example c) Do we read lessons in class? No, we don’t. No, we don’t read lessons in class. Do I write some notes?No,

I don’t.

No,

I don’t write some note.

NEGATIVE

NO No

SUBJECT I/You/We/They

NO

SUBJECT

No

I/You/We/They

Do not = don’t

NEGATIVE COMPLEMENT VERB Do not/ Don’t Write some notes

AUXILIARY Don’t

Does

not

22

=

doesn’t


EXERCISES:

A. Change to Interrogative Form. 1.

I go to the library at 7 o’clock.

2. We write sentences on the board. 3. They travel to Europe every year. _______________________________________ 4. You know Peter. ________________________________________

B. Answer these questions in: a) affirmative

b) negative.

1. Do you play ping-pong? a)_______________________________________ b)____________________________________ ___ 2. Do teachers begin classes on time? a)_______________________________ b)____________________________ ___ 3. Do we read the newspaper on Sundays? a)_____________________________ b)_________________________ ____ 4. Do I watch T.V. everyday? a)______________________________________ 23


b)___________________________________

___ C. Complete with “do” or “don’t”. 1.

_________ you like to dance?

2. These men ___________ play football. 3. ___________the boys repeat the exercises? 4. We_______________live in Margarita. 5. My family ____________eat meat.

DOES / DOESN´T

Grammar note : To form interrogative sentences in present simple we have t use Does with the pronouns He/She/It. This auxiliary has these functions: a) To form interrogative sentences. b) It is used in short affirmative answers. c) It is used in short/long negative. ANSWERS Example a)

He comes to school by bus

She cleans the room.

- Does he come by bus?

- Does she clean the room?

The dog plays with the ball. - Does it play with the ball? It rains very hard.

AUXILIARY

- Does it rain very hard?

SUBJECT

VERB

24

COMPLEMENT. ?


Does

He/She

come

to school by bus ?

Example b) Does she clean the room?

Yes, She does.

Yes, she cleans the room.

YES

SUBJECT

Yes

AUXILIARY

He/She

YES

SUBJECT

Yes

It

does

VERB

COMPLEMENT

rains

very hard

Note: In a long affirmative answer the auxiliary is omitted, but we add `` s ´´, or ´és´´ according to the verb. EXCEPTIONS: 1. When the verb ends in: o, s, sh, x, z - add “es” Example go – goes

do-

does. 2. When the verb ends in y preceded by a vowel, the y doesn’t change only add “s”.

Example: play – plays pay- pays. 3. When the verb ends in y , preceded by a consonant the y changes to “i” and add

“es” Ejemplo: study - studies 25

- cry - cries


Example b)

Does it play with the ball?

- No, it doesn’t. - No, it doesn’t play with the ball.

NO

SUBJEC

AUXILIARY VERB

No

the dog (It) doesn’t

play

COMPLEMENT with the ball

NOTE: Remember that the ´´ s´´, ´és´´ and ´íes´´ is only added in long affirmative answers; NOT in negative form. EXERCISES: A) Change to interrogative form: l) She Rests in the morning. 2) She reads good novels. 3) He travels by plane. 4) The cat drinks milk. B) Answer these questions in a) affirmative

b) negative

Does your mother cook pizza? a)_______________________________________ b)_________________________________ _______

Does the teacher carry a bag? a)________________________________________ b)________________________________ _______

26


Does your mother put a lot of salt in your soup? a)__________________________________________ b)____________________________________________

Does the dog eat meat? a)______________________________________ ______ b)____________________________________________

C) Underline the correct answer: 1. He (eats- eat) every morning. 2. (Do- Does) she write a sentence? 3. (Does- Do) the boy study English? 4. Susan (doesn’t- don’t) eat fish. 5. My teacher (love-loves) to dance. 6. He (don’t- doesn’t) use a key-holder.

27

UNIDAD Nº 4 DESCRIBIR PERSONAS, ANIMALES, LUGARES Y COSAS

OBJETIVO TERMINAL:

DESCRIBIR EN INGLÉS SUSTANTIVO PROPIOS Y COMUNES, EN FORM ORAL Y ESCRITA, UTILIZANDO EL VERBO TO BE EN PRESENTE SIMPLE

DESCRIBIR PERSONAS, ANIMALES, LUGARES Y COSAS

NEW VOCABULARY :

Colours: red / pink / orange / yellow / light green / green / dark green / light blue / blue / dark blue / purple / white / light gray / gray / dark gray / beige / light brown / brown / dark brown / black YELLOW BLUE RED PNK I GREEN GRAY BROWN PURPLE BLACK

Ex.: A: What are your favorite colours? B: My favorite colours are red and purple. C: What´s Ana´s favorite colour? D: Her favorite colour is white.

Clothes:

For work: shirt, tie, belt, jacket and pants (suit), coat, shoes, blouse, scarf, skirt, (high) heels, raincoat, dress. For leisure: hat, sweater, jeans, gloves, boots, cap, T-shirt, shorts, socks, Sneakers, pajamas, swimsuits.

Conversation -Nelly: Are our clothes dry?

Betty: Yes, they are. -Nelly: Where are my favorite socks?

Betty: What colour are they? -Nelly: They’re white.

Betty: Are these your socks? -Nelly: They’re blue and white.

Betty: No, they’re probably Pat’s socks. Wait! They are my socks! They’re Ruined! -Nelly: Yeah. The problem is this T-shirt. It’s dark blue.

Betty: Is it Pat’s? -Nelly: Actually, it’s my T-shirt. I’m sorry.

Betty: That’s OK. It’s not important. 31


Grammar note: Possessives Are our clothes dry?

Are Stephen’s and George’s clothes OK??

Where are my gloves?

No, their clothes aren’t ok.

Are these your gloves?

What´s Elizabeth’s favorite colour?

Is this Carl’s T-shirt?

Her favorite colour is green.

No, it’s not her T-shirt. I--------------my

Pronunciation

you----------your

Elizabeth’s

/s/

he------------his

Stephen’s

/z/

she-----------her

George’s

/ iz /

we-----------our they---------their A. Write a question for each sentence. 1.

What colour

Liz’s jeans are black.

_____________________________? 2.

Dan’s

favorite

colour

is

What

green.

___________________________________? 3.

James’s

shoes

are

on

the

Where

table!

__________________________________? 4.

What colour

Julie’s T-shirt is dark blue.

_____________________________? 5.

Debbie

and

Jeff’s

house

is

white.

What

colour

_____________________________? 6.

My

favorite

colour

is

What

purple.

___________________________________? 7.

Our

classroom

is

light

yellow.

_____________________________? 32

What

colour


ADJECTIVES FOR DESCRIBING PERSONALITY: SUBJ + BE + adj She’s pretty. He’s serious.

PEOPLE’S

She’s smart.

APPEARANCE

He’s handsome

She’s shy.

He’s very funny. They’re nice. She’s really friendly.

He’s thin.

She’s a little heavy. He’s short.

short

thin

Appearance

good-looking handsome heavy fat

pretty short tall thin

AND

He’s really tall.

heavy

friendly funny nice serious

Personality

shy smart talkative organized

Write sentences. Use the words in the box. .- He’s short and a little heavy. He very serious, too. 1. Carlos_______________________________________________________ . 33


2. Reyna ______________________________________________________.

3. Daniel ______________________________________________________. 4. Victoria and Sheyla ____________________________________________. 5. Ana ________________________________________________________.

Where are you from? A. Vocabulary:

Nationality Country Capital Nationality Country Capital Venezuela Caracas Venezuela Colombia BogotaColombian Argentina Buenos Argentinian USA Washington,DC American Aires France Paris French Canada Ottawa Canadian England London British NicaraguManagua Nicaraguan a Spain Madrid Spanish Russia Moscow Russian Portugal Lisbon Portuguese Norway Oslow Norwegian Japan Tokyo Japanese Uruguay Montevideo Uruguayan Germany Berlin German Italy Rome Italian B.Conversation:

-Esteban: Where are you from, Jesus? -Jesus: Well, my family is here in Wales, but we’re from P eru originally.

-Esteban: Oh, my father is Peruvian –from Lima! Are you from Lima? -Jesus: No, we´re not from Lima. We’re from Iquitos.

34


-Esteban: So, is your first language Spanish?

STATEMENTS AND YES/NO QUESTIONS WITH BE Are you from Lima?

I´m not from Lima.

Is Gino from Italy?

He´s not from Italy.He´s from Argentina.

Is your first language Chinese? It´s not Chinese.

I´m from Iquitos

It´s Japanese.

Are you and Belkis from Cuba? We´re not from Cuba. We´re from Puerto Rico. Are your parents in Chile?They´re not in Chile. They´re in Uruguay. Are your parents in Chile? Are you and your family from Africa?

Yes, they are.

Yes, we are.

No, they’re not.

No, we´re not

we´re = we are

-Jesus: Yes, it is.

Grammar note: COMPLETE THE CONVERSATIONS.

1. A: Hiroshi, ____are___ you and Maiko from Japan? B. Yes, we __________. A: __ _ _ __ _ _ __ you from Tokyo? B: No, __________ not. __________ from Kyoto.

2. A: __________ Laura from the U.S.? B: No, __________ not. She’s from the U.K. A: __________ she from London? 35


B: Yes, she __________. But her parents __________ from Italy originally. A: __ _ _ __ _ _ __ Italian her first language? B: No, __________ not. __________ English.

3. A: __________ Elena and Carlos from México? B: No, __________ not. __________ from Peru. A: What about you? Where __________ you from? B: __ _ _ __ _ _ __ from Säo Paulo. A: So your first language __________ Portuguese. B: Yes, it __________.

36

past

future

UNIDAD Nº 5

ESTRUCTURAS GRAMATICALES RELACIONADAS CON EL TIEMPO PASADO Y FUTURO.

OBJETIVO TERMINAL: ESTABLECER COMUNICACIONES EN INGLÉS, EN FORMA

ORAL

ESCRITA, UTILIZANDO EL VERBO TO BE EN TIEMPO PASADO Y FUTURO

ESTRUCTURAS GRAMATICALES RELACIONADAS CON EL TIEMPO PASADO Y FUTURO

VERB TO BE IN THE SIMPLE PAST. I

was at home yesterday.

You

were very nice to her.

She

was in the beach with some friends.

He

was at the game.

It

was a beautiful dog.

They

were a couple two years ago.

You

were at the university.

We

were a big group of students.

1.- AFFIRMATIVE FORM. a) I was at home yesterday. b) It was a beautiful dog. c) You were at the University. 2.- INTERROGATIVE FORM. a) Was I at home yesterday? b) Was it a beautiful dog? c) Were you at the University? 3.- NEGATIVE FORM. a) I was not at home yesterday. b) It was not a beautiful dog. c) You were not at the University.

39


4.- CONTRACTIONS (ONLY IN THE NEGATIVE FORM). a) I wasn’t at home yesterday. b) It wasn’t a beautiful dog. c) You weren’t at the University. FUTURE

Will: It is a modal auxiliary. You use it to express a future decision made at the moment of speaking or when you’re not sure about doing something. Form: will + infinitive without to. 1.- AFFIRMATIVE FORM: Probably I will go to the beach next weekend. Mary will stay in her cousin’s house. They will make a cake for Jane’s birthday. 2.- NEGATIVE FORM. Probably I will not go to the beach next weekend. Mary will not stay in her cousin’s house. They will not make a cake for Jane’s birthday. 3.- INTERROGATIVE FORM. Will I probably go to the beach next weekend? Will Mary stay in her cousin’s house? Will they make a cake for Jane’s birthday?

40


4.- CONTRACTIONS ( AFFIRMATIVE).

I’ll probably go to the beach next weekend. She’ll stay in her cousin’s house. They’ll make a cake for Jane’s birthday. 5.- CONTRACTIONS ( NEGATIVE ). I won’t go to the beach next weekend. She won’t stay in her cousin’s house. They won’t make a cake for Jane’s birthday.

Be going to: we use it to talk about a future intention that was made before the moment of speaking. Form: am/is/are + going to + infinitive (without to). 1.- AFFIRMATIVE FORM. I am going to work tomorrow. Peter is going to play tennis. We are going to buy some bananas. 2.- NEGATIVE FORM. I am not going to work tomorrow. Peter is not going to play tennis. We are not going to buy bananas.

3.- INTERROGATIVE FORM. Am I going to work tomorrow? Is Peter going to play tennis? Are we going to buy bananas? 41


4.- CONTRACTIONS ( AFFIRMATIVE ) I’m going to work tomorrow. Peter’s going to play tennis. We’re going to buy bananas. 5.- CONTRACTIONS ( NEGATIVE ) I’m not going to work tomorrow. Peter isn’t going to play tennis. We aren’t going to buy bananas. EXERCISES.

1.- PUT IN WAS/WERE OR WASN’T/WEREN’T a) We weren’t happy with the hotel. Our room _______ very small and it ________ very clean. b) George _________ at work last week because he ________ sick. c) Yesterday __________ a public holiday so the shops ___________ closed. d) _________ Sue and Bill at the party?. Sue________ but Bill __________. e) Where are my keys? I don’t know. They __________ on the table but now they’re not. f) You _______ at home last night. Where ______ you? 2.- WRITE THE QUESTIONS. USE THE WORDS IN BRACKETS IN THE CORRECT ORDER + WAS OR WERE. a) ( late/you/this morning/why? ) b) ( last week/ where / Ann and Christ? ) c) ( nice/ last week/ the weather? ) 42


3.- COMPLETE THE SENTENCES. USE THE VERBS IN THE SIMPLE PAST: CLEAN, ENJOY, OPEN, START, HAVE, VISIT, GO, SEE. a) I __________ my teeth three times yesterday. b) Lisa ____________ a cup of coffee before breakfast. c) The concert ___________ at 7:30 p.m. d) We ___________ the party very much e) Peter _________ an accident in the street last night. f) It was hot in the room, so we __________ the window. g) Last year my family __________ me in Australia. h) She _________ to the airport to pick up her mother.

4.- MAKE THE QUESTION AND THE NEGATIVE SENTENCE OF EACH ONE OF THE SENTENCES IN EXERCISE NUMBER 3.

5.- WRITE SENTENCES USING THE FUTURE. REMEMBER THE USE OF WILL AND BE GOING TO. a)

(not go/ busy place / I). I’m not going to a busy place.

b) (she/ maybe/ take the train) __________________________. c) (not stay /they/ hotel) _________________________. d) (he/ think / ask a friend) ______________________. 6.- WRITE FOUR THINGS YOU PLAN TO DO ON YOUR NEXT VACATION. 7. .- READING.

A.-Read about Diane’s visit to a psychic named Miriem. Each sentence includes at least one verb form to talk about the future. Pay attention to the use. Miriem looked into her crystal ball and said to Diane, You won’t be at your job for very long. Your work is going to change completely. You will start to write a writing project. It will start at a meeting in Dallas in March, but no, nothing in Ap Are you going to travel to a meeting in April? She asked. 43


“No, I’m going to attend a software developer’s meeting in Dallas in March b

no, nothing in April…” Diane answered. The important meeting isn’t going to be big. It’ll be small”, the physic said shaking her head a bit. You are going to meet with two people –a man and a woman-. They will help you make this change. B.- Now your teacher will dictate to you the text. Close your books and pay attention to the pronunciation.

THE NUMBERS

CARDINALS. 1 (one) 2 (two) 3 (three) 4 (four) 5 (five) 6 (six) 7 (seven) 8 (eight) 9 (nine) 10 (ten)11 (eleven) 12 (twelve) 13 (thirteen) 14 (fourteen) 15 (fifteen) 16 (sixteen) 17 (seventeen)18 (eighteen) 19 (nineteen) 20 (twenty) 30 (thirty) 40 (forty) 50 (fifty) 60 (sixty) 70 (seventy) 80 (eighty) 90 (ninety) 100 (one hundred) 200 (two hundred)1,000 (one thousand) 2,000 (two thousand) 100,000 (one hundred thousand)1,000,000 (one million).

Examples: 56= fifty – six. 89= eighty – nine. 173= one hundred and seventy – three. 515= five hundred and fifteen. 2,890= two thousand eight hundred and ninety. 44


40,657= forty thousand six hundred and fifty – seven.

2,567,435= two million five hundred and sixty - seven thousand four hundred a thirty – five. ORDINALS. 1 (first) 2 (second) 3 (third) 4 (fourth) 5 (fifth) 6 (sixth) 7 (seventh) 8 (eighth) nine (ninth) 10 (tenth) 11 (eleventh) 12 (twelfth) 13 ( thirteenth) 14 (fourteenth) 15 (fifteenth)16 (sixteenth) 17 (seventeenth) 18 (eighteenth) 19 (nineteenth) 20 (twentieth) 30 (thirtieth) 31 (thirty-first) 50 ( fiftieth) 52 ( fifty-second) 70 (seventieth) 73 ( seventy-third)

Contractions: first = 1st / second = 2nd / third = 3rd / fourth = 4th WHAT TIME IS IT?

There are two ways of expressing the time in English: the formal way and the informal way.

Formal way:

It is twenty minutes past twelve → 12:20 It is ten minutes to five →4:40 It is half past three → 3:30 It is a quarter to seven → 6:45

Informal way: It

It is twelve twenty → 12:20 is five thirty five → 5:35 45


NOTE: You use TO after thirty minutes. You use PAST before thirty minutes.

DAYS OF THE WEEK Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday

Friday Saturday Sunday .

MONTHS OF THE YEAR January

February March

August

September

April

May

OctoberNovember

June

July

December

SEASONS OF THE YEAR Spring Summer Fall / Autumn Winter

DATES In English, to write the date you put first the day, then the month, after the number of day and finally the year. Examples: Saturday, August 9th 2003. Thursday, July 19th 2001.

EXERCISES. 1.- WRITE THE NEXT NUMBERS. a) 657 b) 2,478 c) 69,321 d) 5,876,345 e) 6,713,603 f) 56th g)

91st 46

ESTRUCTURAS GRAMATICALES RELACIONADAS CON EL TIEMPO PASADO Y FUTURO h) 83rd

2.- YOUR TEACHER WILL DICTATE SOME AMOUNTS AND YOU’LL HAVE TO WRITE THEM IN NUMBERS. 3.- WRITE THE TIME. a) 5: 30

(formal way).

b) 6: 55

(formal way).

c) 3: 20

(informal way).

d) 11: 10 (formal way). 4.- WRITE A SHORT COMPOSITION ABOUT YOUR LIFE ROUTINE. USE THE VOCABULARY YOU LEARNED ABOUT THE DAYS OF THE WEEK, THE MONTHS OF THE YEAR AND THE SEASONS.

5.-WRITE THE NEXT DATES ACCORDING TO THE RULES YOU LEARNED. a) Lunes 29 de septiembre de 2002. b) Domingo 15 de marzo de 1999. c) Jueves 3 de julio de 2003.

47

UNIDAD Nº 6 ESTRUCTURAS GRAMATICALES QUE EXPRESAN POSESIÓN O PERTENENCIA.

OBJETIVO TERMINAL: ESTABLECER

COMUNICACIÓN

ORAL

Y

ESCRITA

UTILIZANDO EL VERBO TO HAVE EN TIEMPO PRESENTE.

EN

INGLÉ

ESTRUCTURAS GRAMATICALES QUE EXPRESAN POSESIÓN O PERTENENCIA

I HAVE... / I’VE GOT... A.

YOU CAN SAY I HAVE OR I’VE GOT, HE HAS OR HE’S GOT:

(I’ve got)

I

Have

I OR

Have got

(we’ve got)

we

(you’ve got)

you

you

(they’ve got)

they

they

we

(he’s got)

he

Has

OR

he

she

she

it

it

Has got

(she’s got) (it’s got)

** I’ve got blue eyes. (or I have blue eyes.) ** Tim has got two sisters. (or Tim has two sisters.) ** Our car has got four doors. (our car has four doors) ** Diane isn’t feeling well. She’s got a headache. (she’s got = she has got)

** They like animals. They’ve got a horse, three dogs and six cats. (They have a horse, three dogs and six cats)

B.

I HAVEN’T GOT / HAVE YOU GOT? ETC. 51


NEGATIVE

QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS

I have I got? Yes, I have got. we have got we we they haven’t got they they you you he has he got?Yes, he she has not got she she It hasn’t got it it No, I haven’t. got No, she hasn’t got.

** I’ve got a motor-bike but I haven’t got a car. ** Mr. and Mrs. Harris haven’t got any children. ** It’s a nice house but it hasn’t got a garden. ** ‘Have you got a camera?’ ‘No, I haven ’t.’ ** ‘What have you got in your bag?’ ‘Nothing. It’s empty.’ ** ‘Has Ann got a car?’ ‘Yes, she has.’ C.

DON’T HAVE / DO YOU HAVE? ETC.

In negatives and questions you can also use do / does …: ** They don’t have any children. (=They haven’t got any children.) ** It´s a nice house but it doesn’t have a garden. (=it hasn’t got a garden) ** Does Ann have a car? (=Has Ann got a car?) ** How much money do you have? (=How much money have you got?)

EXERCICES. WRITE QUESTIONS.

52


1. (you / an umbrella?)

Have you got an umbrella?

Personal

Object

Possessive

Possessive

Pronouns

Pronouns

Adjectives

Pronouns

2. (you / a passport?) _________________________________________ 3. (your father / a car?) _________________________________________ 4. (Carol / many friends?) _________________________________________ 5. (you / any brothers or sisters?) _________________________________________ 6. (how much money / we?) _________________________________________ 7. (What kind of car / Julia?) _________________________________________

Complete the sentences. Use have/has got or haven´t/hasn´t got + one of these a lot of friends four wheels much time a garden

six legs

a headache

a toothache

a key

1. I´m not feeling very well. I’ve got a headache. 2. It´s a nice house but it hasn’t got a garden. 3. Most cars _____________________________________________________. 4. Everybody likes Tom. He _________________________________________. 5. I´m going to the dentist this morning. I _______________________________. 6. He can’t open the door. He _ _______________________________________. 7. An insect ______________________________________________________. 8. We must hurry. We ______________________________________________.

53


I know Lennis. Lennis knows me. Lennis knows us. We know

It´s my car. It´s our car.

It´s mine. It´s ours.

Lennis. You know

Lenis knows you.

It´s your car.

It´s yours.

Lennis. He knows

Lennis knows him.

It´s his car.

It´s his.

Lennis. She knows

Lennis knows her.

It´s her car.

It´s hers.

Lennis. They know

Lennis knows

It´s their car.

It´s theirs.

Lennis.

them.

** ‘Do you know that man?’ ‘Yes, I know him but I can’t remember his name.’ ** She was very pleased because we invited her to stay with us at our house. ** A: where are the children? Have you seen them? B: Yes, they are playing with their friends in the park. ** That’s my pen. Can you give it to me, please? ** ‘Is this your umbrella?’

‘No, it’s yours.’

** He didn’t have an umbrella, so she gave him hers. (= she gave her umbrella to him) ** I´m meeting a friend of mine this evening. (not ‘a friend of me’)

We use my / your etc. + a noun (my hands are cold / your book is red /Said gave his umbrella etc.) We use mine / yours etc. without a noun (Is this book mine or yours? / it´s their problem, not ours etc.) You can use his with or without a noun: (‘Is this his camera or hers?’ EXERCISES. 54

‘It´s his


A.- Finish these sentences in the same way.

1. We invited her to stay with us at our house. 2. He invited us to stay with ____________________ house. 3. They invited me to stay with ___________________ house. 4. I invited them ____________________________________. 5. She invited us ____________________________________. 6. Did you invite him ________________________________? B.- Where’s Caroline? Have you seen her? 2 Where are my keys? Where did I put ________? 3. This letter is for Bill. Can you give it to ________? 4. We wrote to John but he didn’t answer ________ letter. 5. ‘I can’t find my pen. Can I use _______ ?’

‘Yes, of course.’

6. We’re going to the cinema. Why don’t you come with ________? Whose…? ** Whose book is this? (= Is it your book? his book? my book? etc.) You can use whose with or without a noun ** Whose money is this?It’s mine. Whose is this? ** Whose shoes are these?

They’re Nelly’s

Whose are these?

Whose ______________?

Whose

____________? ______________. (theirs)

55

______________? (Nelly’s)


Whose ____________?

Whose _____________?

_____________ (his)

____________ (Raul´s)

NEW VOCABULARY : A.- Look at Samuel’s family tree. Fill in the blanks in the paragraph below. Use the words in the box.

brother

daughter

children

father

husband

mother

parents

sister

sons

wife

M Helen

Jack

M= married

M

Me

Samuel Jr.

Reyna

Kathy

Leo

My name is Samuel. This is my family. Helen and Jack are my parents. Helen is my __________, and Jack is my __________. Reyna is my __________. I´m her 4__________. Samuel Jr., Kathy, and Leo are our __________. Samuel Jr. and Leo are our __ ________, and Kathy is our __________. Samuel Jr. is Leo’s __________, and Kathy is his __________.

New vocabulary: Parts of the body FOREHEAD 56


HEAD HAIR

EYE

NOSE

MOUTH

NECK

ARM

FOREARM SHOULDER

HAND ELBOW FINGERS THIGH

HIP LEG

KNEE

FOOT

Note: 1 Foot (singular) 2 Feet (plural)

57

UNIDAD Nº7 DIRECCIONES Y UBICACIONES

OBJETIVO TERMINAL:

EXPRESAR EN INGLÉS EN FORMA ORAL Y ESCRITA, SITUACIONE RELACIONADAS CON LA UBICACIÓN DE SUJETOS EN LUGARE DETERMINADOS, UTILIZANDO EL VERBO TO BE.

DIRECCIONES Y UBICACIONES

IN AT ON (PREPOSITIONS OF PLACES) a) IN Where’s David?

In the kitchen / In the garden / In London.

What’s in the Box / in that bag? Angela works in a shop / in a bank / in a factory. I live in a town but I want to live in the country. Where’s Kate? She is in bed.

b) AT There’s someone at the door. The car is waiting at the traffic light. Julia is working at her desk. Will you be at home / at school / at work? Helen studies law at university.

c) ON There are some books on the shelf and some pictures on the wall. There are a lot of apples on those trees. There is a stamp on the envelope. Did you come here on a bus? The office is on the first floor.

61


OTHER PREPOSITIONS OF PLACES

Next to (or beside) / between / in front of / behind/under. .

A

B

C

A is next to B. or A is beside B / B is between A and C.

The cat is under the table/ The doctor is behind the girl/ The man is in front of the Lady.

62


There are other prepositions such as: up, down, along, through, etc.

Cardinal Points. NORTH ↑

WEST ←

→ EAST ↓

SOUTH Examples: Where is Caracas located? It’s in the North of Venezuela. Where is Bolivar state located? It’s in the south-east of Venezuela. Catia is located at the west of Caracas. Sucre state is located at the East of Venezuela.

Conversation. Louis: Hi Mark. How’s everything ? Mark : Everything is fine. I moved to another place. Louis: Nice and, where is it? Mark: It’s in the south of the city. I can explain to you how to do to get in. Louis: Sure. So now I can visit you. Mark. Ok. Pay attention to me. You take the bus to the south and get down on the second street. Then you walk along for two blocks. The building is next to the

supermarket and behind the church. Ah! And in front of the police station. There’s no way you get lost. Did you understand?

Louis: Yes, absolutely. Maybe next weekend I can visit you. Mark. Ok. See you around. Louis: See you.

63


EXERCISES:

1.- LOOK AT THE PICTURES AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS. USE IN/AT/ON/BETWEEN/NEXT TO/UNDER.

1.- Where is the man in white? 2.- Where is the couple? 3.- Where is the dog? 4.- Where is the flower pot? 5.- Where is the old lady? 6.- Where is the man in green? 2.- PUT IN AT/IN/ON. a) Were you _____ home yesterday morning? b) I walked to work but I came home _________ the bus. c) Where are the children? Are they _____ school? d) Peter has a cold. He is _______ bed. e)

Where does Diana lie? She lives _____ California.

3.- SITUATION: A FOREIGNER IS LOST IN THE CITY. TRY TO GIVE HIM THE ADDRESS HE’S LOOKING FOR. USE THE WORDS GIVEN ( NORTH / IN / TWEEN / NEXT TO / ALONG ). 64

UNIDAD Nº8 ACCIONES QUE SE ESTÁN O ESTUVIERON REALIZANDO EN TIEMP PROGRESIVO( TO BE + ING).

OBJETIVO TERMINAL:

Establecer comunicación oral y escrita en inglés, expres

acciones que se están o estuvieron realizando, utilizando el T como Auxiliar de este tiempo y los verbos en gerundio.

ACCIONES QUE ESTÁN O ESTUVIERON REALIZANDO EN TIEMPOS PROGRESIVOS (TO BE + iNG)

PRESENT CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) It is used to express an activity happening now. FORM:

Subject + verb to be + main verb + ing I

am

She is you are Example :

I am working

now .

Note: to form the continuous of the verbs that end in a vowel, you eliminate t vowel and add the ing.

Examples: take – taking / make – making / drive- driving CONTRACTIONS We

ARE

We’re

You

You’re

They

They’re

NOTE: I am = I’m

She

He

He’s is

She’s

It

It’s

AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE I

am (‘m) am not ( ‘m not)

working

now.

He She It

is (‘s)

eating

with me.

is not (isn’t)

We

sleeping

You

are (‘re)

They

are not (aren’t) 67

now.


QUESTION Am

I

ANSWERS Working

yes, you are. yes, you are working now. no, she isn´t.

Is

She

eating with me ?

Are

They sleeping

now?

no, she isn´t eating wit me. Yes, they are. No, they aren´t sleeping now.

NOTE: We cannot use I’m / we’re / she’s / he’s / it’s / they’re / you’re in short answers. WRONG: Yes, I’m Yes, she’s RIGHT: Yes, I am Yes, she is

PAST CONTINUOUS ( PROGRESSIVE ). It is used to express a past activity happening over a period of time.

FORM Was / were (past tense of to be) + verb + ing AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE I He

was

She

was not (wasn’t )

doing the homework.

It We You

were

They

were not ( weren’t)

playing tennis. 68


QUESTION. Was

I

doing the homework?

Was

she

doing the homework?

Were

they

playing tennis?

ANSWERS.

Yes, I was / No, I wasn’t / Yes, I was doing the homework / No, I wasn’t doing th homework. Yes, she was / No, she wasn’t / Yes, she was doing the homework / No, she wasn’t doing the homework. Yes, they were / No, they weren’t / Yes, they were playing tennis / No, they weren’t playing tennis. NOTE: to make specific questions you have to use the Wh questions. What – Where – Who – Why – When – Who . What + verb to be + subject + verb + ing Examples: What

are

Why

were

they

doing?

you

crying?

69


EXERCISES 1.- WHAT ARE THESE PEOPLE DOING?

Use the verbs to complete the sentences.(do/ cook/ drive/ drink/ work/ run/ pain

Remember the use of the present continuous.

2.- WHAT’S HAPPENING AT THE MOMENT. WRITE TRUE SENTENCES. 1.- ( I / wash / my hair ) I’m not washing my hair. 2.- ( It / snow ) ______________________________________________ 3.- ( I / sit / on a chair ) ________________________________________ 4.- ( I eat ) __________________________________________________ 5.- ( It / rain ) _________________________________________________ 6.- ( I / learn ) ________________________________________________ 7.- ( I / read / the newspaper ) ____________________________________

70


3.- A) THESE PEOPLE WERE DOING DIFFERENT THINGS YESTERDAY. WHAT WERE THEY DOING? USE THE FOLLOWING VERBS: REPAIR / SLEEP / VACUUM / TEACH / DANCE.

B) Now make the last sentences negative and change them into questions. 4.- CHANGE TO THE PAST: There is a boy in the restaurant. He is with his father and his mother. They are eating fish. The boy is drinking milk. His father is drinking water and his mother a coke. They are talking about the school. The boy isn’t happy with the conversation. He is trying to change the conversation. Around them there are some people having their meal. They are very happy. Now the boy is walking home with his parents.

71


5.- ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS: a) Where were you eating last night? b) What were you reading yesterday? c) Who was drinking milk this morning? d) When were you walking to the school? e) Where was your teacher teaching English yesterday?

6.- WRITE QUESTIONS FROM THESE WORDS. USE IS OR ARE AND PUT THE WORDS IN ORDER.

1.- (working / Paul / today?) Is Paul working today? 2.- (what / doing / the children?) 3.- (you / listening / to me? ) 4.- (where / going / your friends?) 5.- (your parents / television / watching?) 6.- (what / cooking / Ann?) 7.- (why / you / looking / at me?) 8.- (coming/ the bus?)

72


7.- THESE PEOPLE WERE DOING DIFFERENT THINGS YESTERDAY. LOOK AT THE PICTURES AND MAKE SENTENCES WITH:

SWIM / PLAY /

CELEBRATE / COOK / SURF / TOAST.

8.-

COMPLETE

THE

QUESTIONS.

USE

WAS/WERE

+

ING.

USE

WHAT/WHERE/WHY, IF NECESSARY.

QUESTIONS

ANSWERS

1.- (you/live) Where were you living in 1990?In London. 2.- (you/do) _______________________at 2 o’clock? I was asleep. 3.- (it/rain) ___________________when you got up? No, it was sunny. 4.- (Ann/drive) ________________________so fast? Because she was in a hurry. 5.- Tim /wear) _________________a suit yesterday? No, a T-shirt and jeans. 9.- SPEAKING. 73


Work in pairs. Ask and answer questions. Where were you, and what were you doing -at three o’clock this morning? -at eight o’ clock this morning?

I was in bed /reading…

-two years ago? -in August last year? -this time yesterday?

10.- READING. THE CHANGING FAMILY What kind of problems do parents have in your country? American families are changing. One important change is that most married women now work outside the home. What happens when both parents work? Read about the Morales family. Judy and Steve Morales have three children: josh, 12; Ben,9; and Emily,6. Steve is a computer programmer. This year, Judy is working again as a hospital administrator. The family needs the money, and Judy likes her job. E verything is going well, but there are also problems.

Now that Judy is working, Steve has to help her more with the housework. He doesn’t enjoy it, however.

74


Judy loves her work, but she feels tired and too busy. She also worries about her children because she’s working on Saturdays so she doesn’t have free time for her husband and children.

Emily is having a great time in her after- school program. When Judy comes to pick her up, she’s playing with her friends and doesn’t want to leave.

Unfortunately, Ben’s school doesn’t have an after- school program. Right now he’s spending most afternoons by himself in front of the TV.

Josh is enjoying his new freedom after school. He’s playing his music louder an spending more time on the phone. He’s also doing a few household chores.

A.- Read the article. What are Steve’s and Judy’s problems? Complete the chart. PROBLEMS 1.- Steve 2.- Judy 3.- Steve and Judy

75


11.- TRANSLATE THESE SENTENCES AND QUESTIONS INTO SPANISH. a) I’m working in a very big company now. b) Was Mary wearing a blue coat yesterday? No, she was wearing a black jacket. c) They aren’t enjoying the party because they are fighting. d) My parents are living in the country now. e) The computer system isn’t working. f) The birds were drinking water when I arrived to the park.

76

UNIDAD Nº9 ES EX ENCIA YTIDA CANDTIDAD STRUCTURA RUCTURAS S DEDE EXIS TIS ENTCIA Y CAN

OBJETIVO TERMINAL: EXPRESAR EN INGLÉS EN FORMA ORAL Y ESCRITA ESTRUCTURAS QUE INDIQUEN EXISTENCIA Y CANTIDAD

ESTRUCTURAS DE EXISTENCIA Y CANTIDAD

GRAMMAR Expressing Existence

THERE IS, THERE ARE, THERE WAS, THERE WERE There is a lamp

There are three chairs

There aren’t any lamps

There aren’t any chairs

Is there a bank around here?

Are there any post offices around here?

Yes, there is one

Yes, there are some on Elm Street.

No, there aren’t any

No, there aren’t any.

There was a television

There were two televisions

Was there a television?

Were there any televisions?

Yes, there was.

Yes, there were.

No, there wasn’t

No, there weren’t

1.- LOOK AT THE PICTURES AND COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING THE INFORMATION FROM THE CHART

1. There

television.

2. There

armchairs.

3. There

coffee table.

4.

there any lamps?

5. There 6.

a stove.

there any sofas?

7.There

chairs.

79


2.- WRITE QUESTIONS ABOUT THESE PLACES IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD MAP BELOW. A restaurant / shops/ a bus station/ a library/ a butchery/ airports/ A pet shop/ gas stations/ a hospital/ grocery store/ a stadium

Is there a restaurant around here? Are there any shops around here?

80


GRAMMAR

COUNTABLES(Singular and Plural )

UNCOUNTABLES (Only Singular)

There is an orange

There is some sugar

There are three oranges.

There isn’t any sugar

There are some oranges

Is there any sugar?

There isn’t an orange

Yes, there is some.

There aren’t any oranges.

No, there isn’t any.

Are there any oranges? Yes, there are some No, there aren`t any 1.- COMPLETE THESE STATEMENTS WITH IS , ARE, SOME, ANY 1. Carrots_______ my favorite vegetables. 2. There_______

_________ coffee.

3. ____there______ tomatoes?. 4. Broccoli_______ very good for you. 5. _____there _____cheese? 6. Strawberries _______my favorite fruit. 7. I think yogurt_______ awful. 8. There isn’t ________ milk. 9. There____ _______eggs. 2.- CORRECT THE MISTAKES IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. Ex: There are an apple.

There is an apple.

1. Is there some coffee?_____________________. 2. There is two bananas. _____________________. 81


3. There aren’t any sugar.

_____________________.

4. Are there any juice? _____________________. 5. There isn’t three potatoes _____________________. 6. There aren’t some apples _____________________. 7. Is there any eggs?

_____________________.

CONVERSATION. JOE: Hmm. Let’s go to prepare a potato salad. TINA: O.K we need some potatoes. Is there any mayonnaise at home? JOE: Yes, there’s a little TINA: How many onions do you want? JOE: Oh, just one. TINA: How many eggs can we use? Oh, there aren’t any. JOE: Then let’s buy some. TINA: Are there any carrots? JOE: Well, there are a few. TINA: This is a delicious salad. JOE: I like it. GRAMMAR FOCUS

HOW MUCH

HOW MANY

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

COUNTABLE NOUNS

How much milk is there?

How many eggs are there?

There is a lot

There are a lot

There is a little

There are a few

There isn’t much

There aren’t many

There isn’t any

There aren’t any

1.- LOOK AT THE PICTURES. MAKE QUESTIONS AND THE ANSWERS 82


1

2

5

3

6

4

7

1. How many pumpkins are there? There ___________ are a lot Pumpki ns. 2._________________________________________________ Bananas. 3._________________________________________________ Fish. 4._________________________________________________ Tomato. 5._________________________________________________ Carrots. 6._________________________________________________

Meat.

7._________________________________________________

Onions

2.- PUT IN HOW MUCH OR

HOW MANY

1. ___________________PEOPLE ARE COMING TO THE PARTY? 2. ___________________MILK DO YOU WANT IN YOUR COFFEE? 3. ___________________BREAD DID YOU BUY? 4. ___________________PLAYERS ARE THERE IN A FOOTBALL TEAM?

PUT IN A LITTLE, A FEW , USING ONE OF THESE WORDS. Air 1.

Chairs

Days

Friends

Letters Milk

Russian

Last night I wrote a few letters to my family and friends.

2. Can I have _________________in my coffee, please? 83


3. When did Julia go away?________________________ ago. 4. I can speak______________________________________. 5. Are you going alone? No, I’m going with______________. 6. There wasn’t much furniture in the room- just a table and_________________. 7. I’m going out for a walk. I need _______________ fresh____________.

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UNIDAD Nº10

HECHOS Y ACCIONES QUE SE REALIZARON ( VERBO AUXILIAR “DID

OBJETIVO TERMINAL: ESTABLECER COMUNICACIÓN ORAL Y ESCRITA EN INGLÉS ACERCA HECHOS Y ACCIONES QUE SE REALIZARON

HECHOS Y ACCIONES QUE SE REALIZARON (VERBO AUXILIAR “DID”

Use: We use the simple past to talk about something that happened and finishe in the past. This tense is usually indicated by words such as: yesterday, last week, last night and last year. Form: The form of the Simple Past is the same for all the persons. Positive: The positive of regular verbs ends in ED. Base form: start / simple past: started. Base form: work / simple past: worked. Base form: play / simple past: played. There are many common irregular verbs such as: drink, have, make, know, etc. These verbs change their form completely. Base form: drink / simple past: drank. Base form: have / simple past: had. Base form: make / simple past: made. 1.- AFFIRMATIVE FORM I

finished my homework yesterday.

He/She/It

worked very hard.

We

drank much beer.

You

made a cake.

We

played baseball.

2.- NEGATIVE FORM: THE NEGATIVE FORM OF THE SIMPLE PAST IS WITH DID + NOT (DIDN’T). AND THE VERB GOES IN ITS BASE FORM. I

did not

finish yesterday.

She

did not

work very hard.

We

did not

play baseball. 87


3.- INTERROGATIVE FORM: THE QUESTION IN THE SIMPLE PAST IS FORMED WITH DID. AND THE VERB GOES IN ITS BASE FORM. Did

I

finish yesterday?

Did

She

work very hard?

Did

we play baseball?

4.- CONTRACTIONS (ONLY IN THE NEGATIVE FORM) I

didn’t finish yesterday

She

didn’t work

We

didn’t play baseball

very hard

3.- COMPLETE THE SENTENCES. USE THE VERBS IN THE SIMPLE PAST: CLEAN, ENJOY, OPEN, START, HAVE, VISIT, GO, SEE. i) I __________ my teeth three times yesterday. j) Lisa ____________ a cup of coffee before breakfast. k) The concert ___________ at 7:30 p.m. l) We ___________ the party very much m) Peter _________ an accident in the street last night. n) It was hot in the room, so we __________ the window. o) Last year my family __________ me in Australia. p) She _________ to the airport to pick up her mother. 4.- MAKE THE QUESTION AND THE NEGATIVE SENTENCE OF EACH ONE OF THE SENTENCES IN EXERCISE NUMBER 3.

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5.- COMPLETE THESE SENTENCES WITH THE VERB IN NEGATIVE. a)

I saw Barbara but I didn’t see Jane.

b) They worked on Monday but they ________________ on Tuesday. c) We went to the post office but we ________________ to the bank. d) She had a pen but she_________________________ any paper. e)

Jack did French at school but he _________________German.

6.- WRITE B’S QUESTIONS. USE: ARRIVE / COST / GO / GO TO BED LATE / HAVE A NICE TIME / WIN.

1.- A: We went to New York last year. 5.- A: We came home by taxi. B: Where did you stay?

B: How much_________________?

A: With some friends.

A: Ten pounds.

2.- A: I was late this morning.

6.- A: I’m tired this morning.

B: What time_________________? B: _________________________? A: Eleven.

A: No, but I didn’t sleep very well.

3.- A: I played tennis this afternoon. 7.- A: We went to the beach yesterday. B: __________________________?

B: _________________________?

A: No, I lost.

A: Yes, it was great.

4.- A: I had a nice holiday.

8.- A: The window is broken.

B: Good. Where ______________? B: How______________________? A: To the mountains. 7.-

A: I don’t know.

PRONUNCIATION EXERCISES. REGULAR VERBS IN SIMPLE PAST 89


Note: There are three kinds of pronunciation of the regular verbs in the simple past 1.- IF THE VERB IN ITS BASE FORM ENDS IN VOICELESS SOUNDS SUCH AS: /K/ /P/ /CH/ /SH/, YOU PRONOUNCE THE ED AS /T/. Example: work – worked /t/ stop – stopped /t/ watch – watched /t/ crash – crashed /t/ 2.- IF THE VERB IN ITS BASE FORM ENDS IN VOICED SOUNDS SUCH AS: /N/ /M/ /R/ AND ANY VOWEL, YOU PRONOUNCE THE ED AS /D/ Example: play – played /d/ plan – planned /d/ clarify – clarified /d/ 3.- IF THE VERB IN ITS BASE FORM ENDS IN SOUND /D/ /T/, YOU PRONOUNCE THE ED AS /ID/ Example: demand – demanded /id/ start – started /id/ recommend – recommended /id/

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4. PRONOUNCE THE NEXT PHRASES ACCORDING TO THE RULES OF THE SIMPLE PAST

1.- I started to work as a manager last week and my boss demanded many thing to do. 2.- Last weekend Mary walked on Saturday and played tennis on Sunday. She must be very tired. 3.- They watched TV a lot and after they decided to go for an ice cream. 4.- Yesterday Peter mentioned something about going to the beach but I’m not sure. 5.- I just tried to get some money from my saving account but I couldn’t.

Adverbs of frequency: (always, seldom, never, usually, sometimes) Some sentences in past with the frequency adverbs: I always played basketball. You seldom ate hot dog. I never went to buy candies. Carl usually drank beer. She sometimes slept till late.

HOW OFTEN- adverb of frequency, it is used to know the frequency of an action, an event or any activity. Examples: How often did you play tennis? – I played tennis three times a week last year.

How often did they do the homework?- they did the homework once a week la month. How often did she drink coffee?- she drank coffee once a day.

How often did the boys went to the river?- they went to the river twice a month

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Answer these questions using the adverbs of frequency. How often did you go to the beach? ___ _______________________________ How often did you eat hot dog? _____________________________________ How often did you read the newspaper?_______________________________ How often did she sing a song?______________________________________ How often did you travel?___________________________________________ How often did they play football?_____________________________________ How often did he talk to his mother who lives in The United states?________________

PRACTICE THIS CONVERSATION USING THE ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY AND SOME VERBS IN PAST. Mary: You were really fit, Paul. Did you exercise very much? Paul: Well, I almost always got up very early, and I lifted weights for an hour. Mary: You’re kidding! Paul: No. And then I often went Rollerblading. Mary: Wow! How often did you exercise like that? Paul: About five times a week. What about you?

Mary: Oh! I hardly ever exercised. I usually watched TV in my free time. I guess was a real couch potato!

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS: myself/yourself/themselves, etc. I

→

He

→

me

him

→ myself →

himself herself

She →

her

→

You

you

→ yourself (singular)

→

yourselves (plural) We

→

us

→

ourselves

They → them → themselves 92

EXAMPLES:


I looked at myself in the mirror.

He cut himself with a knife. We had a good holiday. We enjoyed ourselves. They had a nice time. They enjoyed themselves.

EACH OTHER EXAMPLES: - Jill and Ann are good friends. They know each other well. - (Jill knows Ann / Ann knows Jill)

- Paul and I live near each other. - (he lives near me / I live near him)

EXERCISES: 1.- FINISH THE SENTENCES WITH MYSELF / YOURSELF, ETC. a)

He looked at himself in the mirror.

b) I’m not angry with you. I’m mad at ____________________. c) Margaret had a nice time in London. She enjoyed __________________. d) My friends had a nice time in Florida. They enjoyed _________________. e) He never thinks about other people. He only thinks about _____________. f) Goodbye! Have a nice holiday and look after _______________. (plural).

2.- WRITE SENTENCES WITH EACH OTHER. a)

He likes her / he likes him. They like each other.

b) I can’t see you / you can’t see me ______________________. c) I often write to her / she often writes to me _____________________. d) He doesn’t know him / he doesn’t know him _______________________. e) You are sitting next to me / I am sitting next to you __________________. f) She gave her a present / I gave her a present ____________________. 93


3.- COMPLETE THE SENTENCES. USE: EACH OTHER OR OURSELVES / YOURSELVES / THEMSELVES. a) Paul and I live near ________________ b) You can help Tom and Tom can help you. So you and Tom can help _________________ c) When we go on holidays, we always enjoy __________________ d)

Mary and Jane were at school together, but they never see _________________ now.

e) Many people talk to _________________ when they’re alone.

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VOCABULARY


Foods

Bread

Cake

Potato

Tomato

Bananas

Paprikas

Grapes

Meat

Carrots

Fish

Hamburguer

95

Cheese

Pizza


Others: rice, pasta, chicken, ham, jam, butter, beans, sugar, salt, garlic, onions, lettuce, orange, apple, pear, peach, etc.

Drinks

Coffee

Tea

Wine

Beer Others: soda, milk, juice (orange juice, apple juice), lemonade, etc.

96


Desserts

Cake

Ice Cream

Common Expressions Related to Foods and Drinks. I love eating in fast food restaurants. I would like to eat chicken with French fries. I’ll have some coffee. I’m going to bake a cake for Joan’s birthday party. I hate onions. I like pizza very much. My favorite food is Italian food. I would like my coffee with a lot of sugar and very hot.

97


CONVERSATION: Going out for dinner

Sandy: Do you want to go out for dinner tonight? Bob:

Sure. Where would you like to go?

Sandy: Well, what do you think of the restaurant that Mary told us about? Yes sure, I’d love to.

Bob:

Sandy: Ok. Let’s go! In the Restaurant. Waiter:

May I take your order please?

Sandy:

Yes, I’d like a hamburger and French fries, please.

Waiter:

All right. And would you like a salad?

Sandy:

Yes, with a lot of tomatoes and onions.

Waiter:

And you Mister. What will you have?

Bob:

I’ll have fried chicken with potatoes. Ah! And a Ceasar salad.

Waiter:

Sure. And would you like anything to drink?

Sandy:

Lemonade.

Bob:

I think I’ll have apple juice.

Some minutes later. Waiter: Here you have. A hamburger with French fries, chicken with potatoes for you and the two salads. I’ll be back in a minute with your drinks.

Bob:

I love chicken with potatoes.

Sandy: I like eating but I hate cooking Waiter: Here you have your drinks. Enjoy your meal Bob:

Thank you.

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Exercises: 1.-


Pair work. Ask your friend what does he / she normally take for breakfast,

lunch and dinner.

Start by saying: What do you have for breakfast / lunch / dinner? And remembe the use of the vocabulary of foods and drinks and the common expressions.

2.- Imagine you are the manager of a restaurant and you have to design the

menu. Create a good menu including the main dish, the dessert and the drinks.

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BIBLIOGRAFÍA

Jack ,C., R. (2000). New Interchange ( intro) text book English for Internation Communication. Ed. Cambridge University Press.

Jack, C., R. (2000), New Interchange ( intro) workbook English for Internation Communication. Ed. Cambridge University Press. Jack, C.,R. Hull J. (1997).New Interchange student’s book 1 English for International Communication. Ed. Cambridge University Press.

John and Liz S. ( 1991). Headway. Pre intermediate. Ed. Oxford University Press

Laurie Frazier and Robin Mills.(1998) North Star Basic. Focus on reading an writing. Ed. Longman

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary As Hornsby ( 1989) fourth edition chie Apcowie Edit. Cambridge University Press.

MATERIAL APROBADO POR COMITÉ EJECUTIVO SEGÚN ORDEN ADMINISTRATIVA Nº 2013-04-50 FECHA: 24-11-2004

La Gerencia General de Formación Profesional pone en vigencia el presente

material a partir de la fecha de su edición. Se agradece que los instructores y

especialistas del área, realicen una evaluación del mismo, a fin de incorporar la correcciones pertinentes y garantizar su actualización.

Reproducción: Gerencia de Servicios Generales División de Servicios Auxiliares Unidad de fotocopiado. (Sede) INCE

Se prohíbe la reproducción total o parcial de esta publicación sin la previa autorización del Instituto Nacional de Cooperación Educativa (I.N.C.E)

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