Informe Final Rup

\NIQLXPIMEM \NIQLXPIMEM @LN]XEK ML QLNLT\LKE AE@\K]EM ML @ILN@IE, LP@\LKE ML @GOR\]E@IÐN Rgstcr emg ml Pistloe Pistloe ml Inagr Inagr oeìðn y Clrlnìe Clrlnìe

Lk Rrg`l Rrg` lsg \niaiè \niai` emg ml Xetignek Xetignek Xetignek nek \niail \niai lm Rrg`l rg` lss , X\R) (Xetig

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@ereè ‐ Qlnlzulke 825=

LKEHGXEMG RGX4 @EXKGP GP\NE O. AXENJKIN AXENJK IN OÉNMLT OÉNMLT YEPOINE YEPOINE PEKETEX PEK ETEX

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Ïnmi`l @gntlnimg

5. FIP]GXIE ................................................................................................................ ......................................................... .................................................................. ........... < 8. MLAINI@IÐN ML M L X\R ........................................................................................................ ............................................................................................. ........... < 0. QLN]EDEP QLN]EDEP ML X\R .................................................. .......................................................................................................... .......................................................... 1 =. @EXE@]LXIP]I@EP ..................................................................................... ............................. ............................................................................ .................... 3 Miricimg pgr èsgs ml \sg ...................................................................................................... ................................................................ ...................................... 3 @lntremg ln ke Erquitl`ture Erqu itl`ture .................................................... .................................................................................................... ................................................ 3 Itlretivg l In`rlolntek ................................................... ........................................................................................................... .......................................................... 6 <. LKLOLN]GP HÅPI@GP ML X\R ..................................................................................... ........................................................ ............................. 6 Xgkls ........................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................... .......................................................... 6 Enekistes4 ................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................ .......................................................... 9 Mlserrgkkemgrls4 ................................................................................................... .................... 9 Rrghemgrls Rrgalsignekls4 ....................................................................................................... 9 Lnèrcemgs.................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................... .................... 9 Gtrgs .................................................................................................................... ............................................................. ........................................................................... .................... 9 E`tivimemls ................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................... .......................................................... 9 Ertlae`tgs............................................................................................... Ertlae`tgs....................................... ............................................................................................ .................................... 52 @gnduntgs ml ertlae`tgs ......................................................................................................... .................................................. ....................................................... 55 Misìpkines ........................................................................................................................ ................................................................. ................................................................ ......... 58 Akudgs ml ]rehedg (Sgrjakgws) (Sgrjakgws) .................................................... .................................................................................................. .............................................. 50 Akudgs ml ]rehedg Mltekkemgs ........................................................................................ ......... 50 1. LP]X\@]\XE ML X\R ..................................................... ................................................................................................... .............................................. 50 3. AEPLP MLK @I@KG ML QIME ML X\R X \R .......................................................................... ............................................... ........................... 5< Iopgrtenìe ml kgs Fitgs ................................................. ........................................................................................................ ....................................................... 51 Akudgs ml ]rehedg y Ertlae`tgs Minåoi`gs. ........................................................................... ............................. .............................................. 51 Aesl ml m l Iniìg ............................................... ....................................................................................................... .......................................................................... .................. 53 Aesl ml lkehgreìðn lkehg reìðn ...................................................................................................... ............................................... ................................................................ ......... 81 Aesl ml `gnstru`ìðn ....................................................... .............................................................................................................. ....................................................... 89 Aesl ml trensiìðn trens iìðn .................................................................................................................. .............................................................................. .................................... 08 6. U\ILNLP MLHLN \PEX LK X\R .......................................................

0<

















H. Xetignek Eppkiètign Mlvlkgpl ...................................................... .......................................................................................... .................................... 01 @. Xetignek @kler@esl ...................................................... ............................................................................................................. ....................................................... 03 M. Xetignek @klerUulst. .......................................................................................................... ........................................................................................ .................. =2 L. Xetignek Oltfgm @gopgslr. ................................................ .............................................................................................. .............................................. == A. Xetignek Rrgdl`t R rgdl`t @gnsgkl. @gns gkl. ..................................................... ................................................................................................... .............................................. <5 C. Xetignek RuriayRkus ..................................................... ............................................................................................................ ....................................................... <8 F. Xetignek UuekityEr`fitl`t ................................................................................. ......................... .......................................................................... .................. <0 I. Xetignek XlquisitlRrg .................................................. ......................................................................................................... ....................................................... <= D. Xetignek Xghgt................................................................................ Xghgt........................ ............................................................................................ .................................... <3 J. Xetignek Xgsl Xlek]iol .................................................................................................... ......................................................................... ........................... 10 K. Xetignek PgME ............................................................................... ....................... ............................................................................................ .................................... 10 O Xetignek Pgatwerl Er`fitl`t ................................................. ............................................................................................... .............................................. 10 N. Xetignek Puitl EnekystPtumig ............................................................................................. .................................................................. ........................... 10 G. Xetignek Pystlos Mlvlkgplr .............................................................................................. ..................................................................................... ......... 1= R. Xetignek ]lst Xlek]iol ...................................................................................................... ............................................................................................. ......... 1= U. Xetignek ]lstAe`tgry .......................................................................................................... ................................................... ....................................................... 1= X Xetignek ]lstOeneclr ]lstOeneclr .................................................. ......................................................................................................... ....................................................... 1= P. Xetignek \niailm Rrg`lss .................................................................................................... ...................................................... .............................................. 1= ]. Xetignek VML Mlvlkgplr ............................................................... ....... ............................................................................................ .................................... 1= @GN@K\PIÐN .............................................................................................. ...................................... ................................................................................... ........................... 1< CKGPEXIG ............................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................... .................................... 11 HIHKIGCXEAÏE ....................................................................................................................... ................................................................................... .................................... 16

















Ïnmi`l ml Aicures

.......................................... .................. 5= Aicure N² 54 Lstru`tures X\R (Aulntl4 Jru`ftln, 5991). ........................ ................................................ ........................... 51 Aicure N² 84 8 4 Fitgs ml kes Mialrlntls Aesls ml X\R. X\R. ....................... ...................................... ......... 82 Aicure N² 0 4 E`tivimemls y Ertlae`tgs ml ke Aesl ml Iniìg. ............................. ...................................................... ............. 8< Aicure N² =4 Erquitl`ture @enmimete mlk Ldlopkg ......................................... ............................ .................. 86 Aicure N² <4 E`tivimemls y Ertlae`tgs ml ke Aesl ml Lkehgreìðn. ........... ........................... .................. 05 Aicure N² 14 E`tivimemls y Ertlae`tgs ml ke Aesl ml @gnstru`ìðn .......... ................................ ......... 00 Aicure N² 34 3 4 E`tivimemls y Ertlae`tgs ml ke Aesl ml ]rensiìðn. ....................... ........................................... ........................... 0= Aicure N² 64 Pgkepeoilntg ml kgs @i`kgs ml Mlserrgkkg ...................

















5. FIP]GXIE Lk Rrg`lsg \niaièmg ml Xetignek ( Xetignek \niailm Rrg`lss ln inckés, fehituekolntl rlsuoimg `gog X\R) ls un prg`lsg ml mlserrgkkg ml sgatwerl mlserrgkkemg pgr ke loprlse Xetignek loprlse Xetignek Pgatwerl. Kgs Pgatwerl. Kgs grïclnls ml X\R sl rlognten ek ogmlkg lspirek gricinek ml Herry Hglfo. Jln Fertoen, ung ml kgs `gntrihuimgrls `kevls ml X\R `gkehgrð `gn Hglfo ln ke invlsticeìðn. Ln 599< Xetignek Pgatwerl `goprð une `gopeõïe sulè kkeoeme Ghdl`tgry EH, aunmeme pgr Iver De`ghsgn, aeogsg pgr fehlr in`grpgremg kgs èsgs ml usg e kgs oétgmgs ml mlserrgkkg grilntemgs e ghdltgs. Lk Xetignek \niailm Rrg`lss aul lk rlsuktemg ml une `gnvlrclnìe ml Xetignek Epprge`f y Ghdl`tgry (lk prg`lsg ml ke loprlse Ghdl`tgry EH). Lk priolr rlsuktemg ml lste ausiðn aul lk Xetignek Ghdl`tgry Rrg`lss, ke priolre vlrsiðn ml X\R, aul pulste ln lk olrèmg ln 5996, silnmg lk erquitl`tg ln dlal Rfikippl Jru`ftln. Lk priolr kihrg pere mls`rihir lk prg`lsg aul titukemg "]fl \niailm Pgatwerl Mlvlkgpolnt Rrg`lss (IPHN 2-825-<3519-8)" 2-825-<3519-8) " Lk Rrg`lsg \niaièmg ml Mlserrgkkg ml Pgatwerl (IPHN 2-825-<3519-8), 2-825-<3519-8) , y puhkièmg ln 5999 pgr Iver De`ghsgn, Cremy Hgg`f y Deols D eols Xuoheucf

8. MLAINI@IÐN ML X\R X\R ls une oltgmgkgcïe pere prg`lsgs ml mlserrgkkg ml sgatwerl mlntrg mlk `gntlxtg ml ke inclnilrïe ml sgatwerl. Ls un prg`lsg ml mlserrgkkg ml sgatwerl mlserrgkkemg pgr ke loprlse Xetignek Pgatwerl, Pgatwerl, e`tuekolntl prgpilmem ml IHO. ml IHO. Duntg `gn lk Klncuedl \niaièmg ml Ogmlkemg Ogmlkemg \OK, \OK, `gnstituyl ke oltgmgkgcïe lstånmer oås utikizeme pere lk enåkisis, mislõg, iopklolnteìðn y mgùolnteìðn ml sistloes grilntemgs e ghdltgs. Lk X\R ng ls un sistloe `gn pesgs airololntl lstehklìmgs, sing un `gnduntg

















Ng lxistl un prg`lsg ml sgatwerl univlrsek. Kes ère`tlrïstiès ml ème prgyl`tg (lquipg ml mlserrgkkg, rlùrsgs, tilopg, lt`.) lxicln qul lk prg`lsg ml mlserrgkkg ml sgatwerl sle `gnaicurehkl. E `gntinueìðn sl lxpkièrå qué garl`l X\R `gog oltgmgkgcïe pere kimier `gn ke verilmem ml prgyl`tgs qul sl pulmln mlserrgkker.

0. QLN]EDEP QLN]EDE P ML X\R X\R prgpgrìgne ek mlserrgkkemgr ml sgatwerl, un eohilntl pere lk prg`lsg ml mlserrgkkg `gnaicurehkl hesemg ln lstånmerls, qul plroitl4 •

\n prg`lsg ml sgatwerl sgatwerl fl`fg e ke olmime pere pere slr puhkièmg puhkièmg y fe`lrkg fe`lrkg e``lsihkl pere tgmg lk lquipg mlk prgyl`tg.

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\n prg`lsg ml sgatwerl sgatwerl `gnaicurehkl, `gnaicurehkl, pere setisae`lr setisae`lr nl`lsimemls nl`lsimemls lspl`ïaiès ml un prgyl`tg.

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\ne mlainiìðn `goôn mlk prg`lsg qul pulml slr `gopertime pgr tgmg lk lquipg ml mlserrgkkg, eyumenmg e eslcurer une `gounièìðn `kere y sin eohicûlmemls lntrl kgs oilohrgs mlk lquipg. Kgs mlserrgkkemgrls ng sgn kgs ôni`gs qul sl vln hlnlaiìemgs ml lstl

lnagqul, éstl hrinme e kgs mloås pertiìpentls mlk prgyl`tg vlntedes `gog4 •

Garl`l e ème usuerig, un aiktremg plrsgnekizemg ml ke mlainiìðn mlainiìðn mlk mlk prg`lsg puhkièmg, e`grml `gn su rgk mlntrg mlk prgyl`tg. Aeìkiter ek invlrsigniste, lk lntlnmioilntg ml qué lsplrer rlspl`tg ek lsaulrzg ml mlserrgkkg, prgpgrìgnånmgkl un ckgserig ml téroings y une lnì`kgplmie ml inagroeìðn pere eyumerkl e `gounièr sus nl`lsimemls ml oenlre lal`tive mlntrg mlk lquipg ml mlserrgkkg.

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Puoinistrerkl Puoinist rerkl ek clrlntl g kïmlr ml prgyl`tg, un prg`lsg pgr olmig mlk ùek pulml `gounièrsl lal`tiveolntl `gn su plrsgnek, emoinistrer ke pkeniaièìðn y `gntrgker lk trehedg ml lstgs rlspl`tiveolntl.

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Lntrlcerkl ek inclnilrg ml prg`lsgs, une hulne hesl ml ke erquitl`ture y



















=. @EXE@]LXIP]I@EP Miricimg pgr èsgs ml \sg \sg Kgs èsgs ml \sg pere kgs sistloes sgn ke hesl pere lk mlserrgkkg mlk sistloe

lntlrg, ye qul plroitln èpturer kgs rlqulrioilntgs aunìgnekls mlk sistloe, plrg ng sgkg lsg, teohién cuïen su mislõg, iopklolnteìðn y prulhe. Kgs @esgs ml \sg `gnstituyln un lklolntg intlcremgr y une cuïe mlk trehedg Rlroitl lstehkl`lr trezehikimem, imlntiaièr lk gricln y kes mialrlntls ltepes mlk prg`lsg ml mlserrgkkg. mlserrgkkg. Hesånmgsl ln kgs @esgs ml \sg sl `rlen kgs ogmlkgs ml enåkisis y mislõg, kulcg ke iopklolnteìðn qul kgs kklve e èhg, y sl vlriaiè qul lal`tiveolntl lk prgmu`tg iopklolntl emlùemeolntl ème @esg ml \sg. ]gmgs kgs ogmlkgs mlhln lster sin`rgnizemgs e trevés mlk kkeoemg ogmlkg ml @esgs ml \sg. @lntremg @lntremg ln ke Erquitl`ture Ln X\R lk prg`lsg sl hese ln mislõer tlopreneolntl une erquitl`ture hesl

ldlùtehkl. Ke erquitl`ture ml un sistloe, ls ke grcenizeìðn g lstru`ture ml sus pertls (`gopgnlntls) oås rlklventls mldenmg ml kemg kgs mltekkls, in`kuyl kgs espl`tgs lståti`gs y minåoi`gs mlk sistloe. Oilntres qul une erquitl`ture ldlùtehkl ls une iopklolnteìðn perìek mlk sistloe, `gnstruime pere mlogstrer ùåkls slrån kes aunìgnekimemls `kevls sgpgrtemes pgr lk sistloe, y kg oås iopgrtentl, lste erquitl`ture lxfihirå kes prgpilmemls `grrl`tes ln téroings ml mlsloplõg, rlnmioilntg, èpeìmem, `gnaiehikimem, lsèkehikimem lntrl gtres.

















erquitl`ture `gog @esgs ml \sg mlhen lvgkuìgner ln pereklkg murentl tgmg lk prg`lsg ml mlserrgkkg ml sgatwerl Itlretivg l In`rlolntek Ke lstretlcie qul sl prgpgnl ln X\R ls tlnlr un prg`lsg itlretivg l

in`rlolntek ln mgnml lk trehedg sl miviml ln pertls oås plqulões g oini prgyl`tgs. Rlroitilnmg qul lk lquikihrig lntrl @esgs ml \sg y erquitl`ture sl veye kgcrenmg murentl ème oini prgyl`tg, esï murentl tgmg lk prg`lsg ml mlserrgkkg. @eme pesg pgr lk ì`kg ml vime prgmu`l une vlrsiðn mlk prgmu`tg qul in`rlolntekolntl sl ve rlainenmg ln kes itlreìgnls ml kes mialrlntls aesls. Pi kklcenmg lk ainek mlk ì`kg ainek ml X\R, lk prgmu`tg ng ùopkl kgs ghdltivgs pkentlemgs, sl pulml rlekizer un ì`kg oås pere rlainer, lxeoiner kgs rilscgs, rleduster kgs ghdltivgs, `grrlcir y ecrlcer aunìgnekimemls qul kklvln lk sgatwerl e ùopkir `gn kes lxpl`tetives lxpl`tetives Itlretivg l In`rlolntek pgrqul sl tilnl un oldgr oenldg ml kgs rilscgs y un rlaineoilntg rlaineoilntg oås lal`tivg mlk prgmu`tg ainek.

<. LKLOLN]GP HÅPI@GP ML X\R @gn X\R, un prg`lsg ml mlserrgkkg ls rlprlslntemg usenmg un `gnduntg ml lklolntgs ml ogmlkemg, tekls `gog4 rgkls, e`tivimemls, ertlae`tgs y akudgs ml trehedg (wgrjakgws), lntrl gtrgs. \n rgk lxprlse quién (inmivimug g crupg) fe`l un trehedg (lk quién),

















Enekistes4 - Enekiste mlk Rrg`lsg mlk Nlcgìg. - Mislõemgr mlk Nlcgìg. - Xlvisgr mlk Ogmlkg mlk Nlcgìg. - Xlvisgr ml Xlqulrioilntgs. - Enekiste mlk Pistloe. - Lsplìaièmgr ml @esgs ml \sg. - Mislõemgr ml Intlraez mlk \suerig. Mlserrgkkemgrls4 - Erquitl`tg. - Xlvisgr ml ke Erquitl`ture. - Mislõemgr ml @åpsukes. - Xlvisgr mlk @ðmicg y Xlvisgr mlk Mislõg. - Mislõemgr ml ke Hesl ml Metgs. - Mislõemgr. - Iopklolntemgr y un Intlcremgr. Rrghemgrls Rrghemgrls Rrgalsignekls4 Rrgalsignekls4 - Mislõemgr ml Rrulhes. - Rrghemgr. Lnèrcemgs - Lnèrcemg ml @gntrgk mlk @eohig. - Lnèrcemg ml ke @gnaicureìðn. - Lnèrcemg mlk Mlspkilcul. - Inclnilrg ml Rrg`lsgs.

















rlqulrioilntgs (invlsticen). Rgr ldlopkg enekiste ml prg`lsgs ml nlcgìgs. • Clrlntls4 Ecrupe kgs rgkls prinìpekolntl invgku`remgs ln ke mirl`ìðn y `gnaicureìðn ml kgs prg`lsgs ml inclnilrïe. Rgr ldlopkg, clrlntl ml prgyl`tg, clrlntl ml puhkièìðn (mlpkgyolnt). • Mlserrgkkemgrls4 Ecrupe e kgs rgkls prinìpekolntl invgku`remgs ln lk mislõg l iopklolnteìðn iopklolnteìðn mlk sgatwerl. Ekcungs ml kgs rgkls ml lste ètlcgrïe sgn lk erquitl`tg ml sgatwerl, lk mislõemgr, lk intlcremgr, lt`. • Rrghemgrls4 Ecrupe kgs rgkls qul miricln kes prulhes pere fehikimemls lspl`ïaiès e olmir. Ldlopkgs4 prghemgr, enekiste ml prulhes, lt`. • Rrgmu`ìðn y Pgpgrtl4 Ecrupe kgs rgkls pere mer sgpgrtl ek prg`lsg ml mlserrgkkg mlk sgatwerl. Ldlopkgs4 ls`ritgr té`ni`g, lsplìekiste ml flrreoilntes, emoinistremgr ml sistloe, lt`. Xgkls Emiìgnekls4 Ecrupe kgs rgkls qul ng sl edusten ln nincung ml kgs crupgs entlrigrls. entlrigrls. E` ti vime vi memls mls

\ne e`tivimem ls une unimem ml trehedg qul sl esicne e un rgk, ke ùek sl rlquilrl sle ldlùteme pgr lk inmivimug esgìemg e lsl rgk. @eme e`tivimem ls esicneme e un rgk lspl`ïai`g. \ne e`tivimem clnlrekolntl tgoe unes pgès fgres g mïes ln slr `gopklteme, usuekolntl invgku`re une plrsgne. Ke e`tivimem tilnl un `kerg prgpðsitg, usuekolntl lxprlsemg ln téroings ml `rler g e`tuekizer ekcôn ertlae`tg, tek `gog un ogmlkg, un `gopgnlntl g un pken. Resgs Kes e`tivimemls lstån are`ìgnemes ln pesgs y lstgs ecrupemgs ln trls

















e`tgrls murentl lk prgyl`tg. Pgn kes lntremes y sekimes ml kes e`tivimemls, rlekizemes pgr kgs e`tgrls, kgs ùekls utikizen y ven prgmuìlnmg lstgs ertlae`tgs pere tlnlr cuïes. \n ertlae`tg pulml slr un mgùolntg, un ogmlkg g un lklolntg ml ogmlkg. @gnduntgs ml ertlae`tgs ertlae`tgs Pl tilnl un `gnduntg ml ertlae`tgs mlainimgs ln ème une ml kes misìpkines y

utikizemes mlntrg ml lkkes pgr kg e`tgrls pere ke rlekizeìðn ml kes oisoes, e `gntinueìðn `gntinue` iðn sl mlainln ème une ml lstes ètlcgrïes g crupgs ml ertlae`tgs mlntrg ml kes misìpkines mlk X\R4 e) Ogmlkemg mlk nlcgìg

Kgs ertlae`tgs mlk ogmlkemg mlk nlcgìg èpturen y prlslnten lk `gntlxtg mlk nlcgìg mlk sistloe. Kgs ertlae`tgs mlk ogmlkemg mlk nlcgìg sirvln `gog lntreme y `gog rlalrlnìe pere kgs rlquisitgs mlk sistloe. h) Xlqulrioilntgs

Kgs ertlae`tgs ml rlqulrioilntgs mlk sistloe èpturen y prlslnten ke inagroeìðn useme ln mlainir kes èpeìmemls rlqulrimes mlk sistloe. `) Enåkisis Enåkisis y mislõg mlk s istloe

Kgs ertlae`tgs pere lk enåkisis y mlk mislõg èpturen y prlslnte ke inagroeìðn rlkeìgneme `gn ke sgkuìðn e kgs prghkloes sl prlslntergn ln kgs rlquisitgs aidemgs. m) Iopklolnteìðn

Kgs ertlae`tgs pere pere ke iopklolnteìðn èpturen y prlslnten ke rlekizeìðn ml ke sgkuìðn prlslnteme prlslnteme ln lk enåkisis y mislõg mlk sistloe. l) Rrulhes



















Lk `gnduntg ml ertlae`tgs ml ke emoinistreìðn emoinistre` iðn mlk prgyl`tg èpturen kgs ertlae`tgs esgìemgs `gn lk prgyl`tg, prgyl`tg, lk pkenleoilntg pkenleoilntg y e ke ldlùìðn mlk prg`lsg. f) Emoinistr eìðn ml èohigs èohigs y `gnai cureìðn

Kgs ertlae`tgs ml ke `gnaicureìðn y emoinistreìðn emoinistre` iðn mlk èohig èpturen y prlslnten ke inagroeìðn inagroeìð n rlkeìgneme `gn ke misìpkine ml `gnaicureìðn y emoinistreìðn emoinistre ìðn mlk èohig. i) Lntgrng g eohilntl

Lk `gnduntg ml ertlae`tgs mlk eohilntl prlslnten kgs ertlae`tgs qul sl utikizen `gog mirl`ìðn e trevés mlk mlserrgkkg mlserrgkkg mlk sistloe pere pere eslcurer ke `gnsistlnìe ml tgmgs tgmgs kgs ertlae`tgs prgmuìmgs. Misìpkines \ne misìpkine ls une `gkl`ìðn ml e`tivimemls rlkeìgnemes e un årle ml

intlrés prinìpek, mlntrg ml tgmg lk prgyl`tg: pgr ldlopkg, ke emoinistreìðn ml kgs rlqulrioilntgs. Ke ecrupeìðn ml e`tivimemls ln misìpkines sl fe`l prinìpekolntl pere



















Akudgs m l ]rehedg ]rehedg (Sgrjakgws) \n akudg ml trehedg ls une slùlnìe ml e`tivimemls qul prgmu`ln un rlsuktemg

ml vekgr ghslrvehkl. \ne ml kes crenmls miaiùktemls ml mls`rihir un prg`lsg ml sgatwerl, ls qul fey ou`fes agroes ml grcenizer lk `gnduntg ml e`tivimemls mlntrg ml un akudg ml trehedg. Ng siloprl ls pgsihkl rlprlslnter akudgs ml trehedg. Ln X\R sl utikizen akudgs ml trehedg mltekkemgs y misìpkines pere grcenizer lk prg`lsg ml sgatwerl. Akudgs ml ]rehedg ]rehedg Mltekkemgs Mltekkemgs Ln kes rlunignls ml un lquipg ml prgyl`tg sl treheden ln pereklkg ekcunes

e`tivimemls, oilntres sl fe`l lstg, sl ghslrve oås ml un ertlae`tg. \n akudg ml trehedg mltekkemg, me une visiðn oås `kere ml lsl trehedg ln pereklkg. Lstg sicniaiè qul fey verigs miecreoes ml akudg ml trehedg mltekkemg pere une misìpkine. Ls `gopkièmg lk ogstrer kgs ertlae`tgs ml lntreme y sekime pere tgmes kes e`tivimemls ml une misìpkine ln un miecreoe. Lk miecreoe ml akudg ml trehedg mltekkemg, plroitl ogstrer kes e`tivimemls y kgs ertlae`tgs duntgs, pere une pertl mlk akudg ml trehedg.



















Aicure N² 54 Lstru`tures X\R (Aulntl4 Jru`ftln, 5991).

Lk prg`lsg tilnl mgs lstru`tures g miolnsignls4



















Pi kgs ghdltivgs ml ke aesl ng pulmln slr ekènzemgs `gn kes itlreìgnls pkenlemes, gtre itlreìðn mlhlrå slr ecrlceme e ke aesl, kg ùek rltreserå lk prgyl`tg. Rere lviter lstg, sl mlhl eslcurer qul ème itlreìðn sl lnagqul ln kgs ghdltivgs qul mlhln kgcresl ln lse aesl. @eme aesl e su vlz, tilnl un fitg (puntg ml mlìsiðn) qul prgpgrìgne un puntg ml trensiìðn hiln mlainimg ml une aesl e ke sicuilntl aesl. @eme fitg lstå lnagèmg ln un lntrlcehkl lspl`ïai`g, pgr ldlopkg kgs ghdltivgs mlk sgatwerl e mlserrgkker. @eme aesl l itlreìðn invgku`re ke ldlùìðn, une g oås ml kes misìpkines lslnìekls mlk mlserrgkkg (rlqulrioilntgs, enåkisis, mislõg l iopklolnteìðn). @eme itlreìðn su`lsive sl `gnstruyl sghrl lk rlsuktemg mlk trehedg ml intlre`ìgnls prlvies pere prgpiìer ke lvgkuìðn y rlaineoilntg mlk sistloe feste qul lk prgmu`tg ainek lstl tlroinemg. Ls esï `gog pgr ldlopkg ln ke Aicure5 sl ghslrve qul ln ke aesl ml iniìg fey une èntimem ml trehedg esgìemg e kes misìpkines, ml ogmlkemg mlk nlcgìg y rlqulrioilntgs, plrg ln ke aesl ml lkehgreìðn lse èrce ml trehedg misoinuyl, ye qul sl rlainerå lk rlsuktemg ghtlnimg ml epkièr lses misìpkines ln ke aesl ml iniìg.



















5. Iopgrtenìe ml kgs Fitgs Lk prgpðsitg ml kes aesls ml X\R ng ls `kesiaièr kes e`tivimemls pgr tipg4

enåkisis, `gmiaièìðn, lt`. Lk prgpðsitg ml une aesl ls ldlùter ùekquilr e`tivimem rlqulrime, kg suaiìlntl pere rlsgkvlr kgs ghdltivgs ml lse aesl. Ls mlìr, feste qul kgs fitgs qul ke mlkioiten sl feyen ekènzemg.

Aicure N² 84 Fitgs ml kes Mialrlntls Aesls ml X\R.

8. Akudgs ml ]rehedg y Ertlae`tgs Minåoi` gs. Ln X\R ng fey un akudg ml trehedg aidg g un sistloe prlmlainimg ml kes

e`tivimemls qul sl mlhln ldlùter ln ème aesl. Éstl garl`l une ceoe ml





















tentg, kes e`tivimemls qul sl fen ldlùtemg, tilnln qul slr ldlùtemes nulveolntl y kgs ertlae`tgs tilnmln e èohier y ng plroenl`lr `gnstentls ml une aesl e gtre, ml une itlreìðn e gtre. Rgr ldlopkg, kgs rlquisitgs sl `gnstruyln cremuekolntl ln lk iniìg y ke lkehgreìðn, emloås mlhln lster `gopkltgs pere lk ainek ml ke aesl ml ke lkehgreìðn. Ke erquitl`ture slrå mislõeme g slkl`ìgneme cremuekolntl y mlhlrïe slr hestentl lstehkl pere lk ainek ml ke aesl ml ke lkehgreìðn. Rlrg lstgs ertlae`tgs ng sgn intgèhkls. Pl pulml tlnlr qul ektlrer ke visiðn, ogmiaièr kgs rlqulrioilntgs g èohier lk mislõg erquitl`tðni`g ln kes ôktioes aesls. Éstl lnagqul, ls ehsgkuteolntl siopkl4 eslcurer qul sl tilnln `kergs kgs





















sgatwerl y kes `gnmiìgnls qul kg kioiten, in`kuylnmg une visiðn gplreìgnek, `ritlrig ml e`lpteìðn, emloås ml qué lstå prlvistg fe`lr ln lk prgmu`tg y qué ng. Ke visiðn mlhlrïe lster `gopklte y lstehkl ek ainek ml ke aesl ml iniìg, plrg sl pulml `gntinuer rlainenmg e trevés mlk prgyl`tg. Ls iopgrtentl qul ke visiðn sle pôhkiè, `gopertime y `gnstentlolntl rlviseme ml ogmg qul nemil pulme mlìr qul ng ke lntlnmïe g ng ke `gng`ïe. Rere eslcurer un lntlnmioilntg `goôn ml kg qul sl quilrl `gnstruir sl nl`lsite4 •

Rrgmuìr un mgùolntg ml ke visiðn.

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Rrgpgrìgner Rrgpgrìg ner une hulne mls`rip` mls`ripìðn iðn mlk ekèn`l mlk sistloe sin lntrer ou`fg ln mltekkls. Lste mls`ripìðn rlquilrl mgs e`tivimemls håsiès4





















rlkeìgnemgs e ·Uué rlùrsgs sl nl`lsiterån7 ·@uåntg tilopg tgoerå tlroiner lk prgyl`tg7 @gohinenmg tgmg lstl `gngìoilntg `gn lk lntlnmioilntg ml ke aunìgnekimem rlqulrime y lk vekgr ml ke oisoe pere kgs usuerigs, sl pulml `gnstruir un èsg ml nlcgìgs pere lk prgyl`tg. Murentl ke aesl ml lkehgreìðn sl lnarlnterå ke cren oeygrïe ml kgs rilscgs rlkeìgnemgs `gn ke tl`ngkgcïe y ke erquitl`ture qul sl imlntiaièrgn murentl ke aesl ml iniìg. <. Mlìmir qué prg`lsg slcuir y qué flrreoilntes user Ls iopgrtentl qul lk lquipg ml trehedg `goperte un puntg ml viste `goôn ml `ðog slrå `gnstruimg lk sgatwerl: ls mlìr, ùåk slrå lk prg`lsg ml sgatwerl e slcuir.





















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Fey ou`fgs invlrsignistes invlrsignistes y kes rlkeìgnls rlkeìgnls `gn éstgs éstgs sgn `gopkldes, `gopkldes, pgr ldlopkg, kes nlcgìeìgnls mlk `gntretg. Rere mltlroiner ùåntg mure y qué sl quilrl ml une itlreìðn, sl lstehkl`l un

pken ml itlreìðn, lk ùek ls lk mltekkl ml kes terles e rlekizer murentl une itlreìðn lspl`ïaiè. \n pken ml itlreìðn sl mlserrgkke ln ùetrg pesgs4 5. Mltlroiner qué sl intlnte g sl quilrl kgcrer ln ke itlreìðn. 8. Mlainir un `ritlrig ml lvekueìðn pere mltlroiner ùånmg ke itlreìðn fe `gn`kuimg. 0. Mlainir qué sl nl`lsite fe`lr y sghrl qué ertlae`tgs (E`tivimemls ml ke itlreìðn). =. Esicner kgs rlùrsgs (plrsgnes, flrreoilntes, lt`.) pere ldlùter kes e`tivimemls. Ke Aicure 0 oulstre kes e`tivimemls qul mlhlrïen kklversl e èhg murentl ke





















ekènzer lstgs ghdltivgs. Pi lk prgyl`tg lstå `gnmlnemg e areèser, ls oldgr rlekizer lstg ek prinìpig mlk ì`kg ml vime y ng kulcg. Lk fitg ml kgs ghdltivgs mlk ì`kg ml vime lvekôe håsièolntl ke viehikimem mlk prgyl`tg. Ghslrvl qul lk grmln ml kgs ghdltivgs ng inmiè prigrimem, teopg`g qul sl tretln sin un grmln lspl`ïai`g. Rgr lk `gntrerig, sl treten tgmgs kgs ghdltivgs ln pereklkg. \ne rlvisiðn mlk fitg mlk ghdltivg mlk ì`kg ml vime in`kuyl kgs sicuilntls `ritlrigs ml lvekueìðn4 lvekueìðn4 •

Lk `gnslnsg tentg ml kgs invlrsignistes invlrsigni stes `gog mlk lquipg ml prgyl`tg, ln ke mlainiìðn mlk ekèn`l, lstioeìðn iniìek mlk `gstg y `rgngcreoe mlk prgyl`tg. \n eùlrmg

fe simg èpturemg lk `gnduntg `grrl`tg ml rlqulrioilntg























mlpðsitg mlk `kilntl kgs mïes ml ogre, si ls lk èsg). ]eohién mlhl plroitir e kgs `kilntls `gnsukter kes plkïùkes mispgnihkls pgr olmig ml tlroinekls rlogtgs instekemgs ln ke tilnme.























ekquiklr. Lk iope`tg clnlremg pgr lk lstemg e`tuek, sl tremu`l ln un klntg y `gstgsg prg`lsg pere lk oenldg ml ke inagroeìðn, duntg e ke insetisae`ìðn ml kgs `kilntls y























Mls`ripìðn ml kgs usuerigs Ngohrl

Xlprlslnte

E`tivimemls E`tivime mls























kgs usuerigs mlk sistloe (kkåolsl sgkiìtum e ùekquilr terle qul sl kl piml ek sistloe ldlùter ml oenlre eutgoåtiè g ng, mlsml `gnsuktes feste e`tuekizer lk invlnterig), equï lstån kgs `gopgnlntls qul mltlroinen qué gtrgs `gopgnlntls etlnmlrån une























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Lk sgatwerl intlrng ml kgs tlroinekls rlogtgs ml ke tilnme y lk sgatwerl mlk huzðn, ng sgn `gopetihkls `gn lk sistloe e mlserrgkker.

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Ke rlm pere intlrèohig ml inagroeìðn lntrl lk hen`g y ke tilnme ls inlstehkl.

















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Clstiðn Clstiðn ml suhs istloes utikizenmg Xetignek Xetignek Xgsl.

Ln lste cuïe ml ke flrreoilnte sl mls`rihl `ðog rlprlslnter suhsistloes ml mislõg y Rrgmu`tgs ml trehedg rlkeìgnemgs rlkeìgnemgs ln Xetignek Xgsl. Clstiðn ml intlrae`ls utikizenmg Xetignek Xgsl.

Ln lste cuïe ml ke flrreoilnte sl mls`rihl `ðog utikizer Xetignek Xgsl pere clstigner intlrae`ls. Clnlreìð Clnlreìðn n ml lklolntgs lklolntgs e pertir m l un ogmlkg ut ikizenmg Xetignek Xgsl.

Ln lste cuïe ml ke flrreoilnte sl mls`rihl ke pgsihikimem ml Xetignek Xgsl ml clnlrer lklolntgs ml gricln e pertir ml un ogmlkg ml Xgsl, plroitilnmg qul kgs iopklolntemgrls `rlln y e`tueki`ln gricln hesemg ln lk mislõg mgùolntemg ln Xgsl. Lstru`tureìðn mlk ogmlkg m l iopklolnteìðn iopklolnteìðn utikizenmg Xetignek Xetignek Xgsl.

Ln lste cuïe ml ke flrreoilnte sl mls`rihl `ðog `rler y lstru`turer kgs lklolntgs ml ogmlkg, qul rlprlslnten lk ogmlkg ml iopklolnteìðn ml un sistloe, utikizenmg Xetignek Xgsl. Lstehklìoilntg ml Xetignek Xgsl pere un prgyl`tg.

Ln lste cuïe ml ke flrreoilnte sl mls`rihl `ðog lstehkl`lr Xetignek Xgsl pere un prgyl`tg. E``l E` `lsg sg e Xeti gn ek @kler @k ler@esl @esl mls ml Xet igne ig nekk Xgsl Xg sl..

Ln lste cuïe ml ke flrreoilnte sl mls`rihl `ðog utikizer lk `gopklolntg ml Xetignek Xgsl @kler@esl pere e``lmlr e Xetignek @kler@esl e ain ml clstigner èohigs ln er`fivgs ml ogmlkg Xgsl y sus er`fivgs ml `ðmicg aulntl clnlremgs. @gopereìðn y ausiðn ml ogmlkgs ml Xetignek Xgsl utikizenmg lk intlcremgr ml ogmlkgs.

Ln lste cuïe ml ke flrreoilnte sl mls`rihl `ðog utikizer lk intlcremgr ml ogmlkgs ml

















`golrìek utikizenmg miecreoes ml e`tivimem ln Xetignek Xgsl. Ainminc Hu sinlss Sgrjlrs enm Lntitils \sinc Xetignek Xgsl.

Lstl oelstrg flrreoilnte mls`rihl `ðog utikizer Xetignek Xgsl pere rlcistrer kgs rlsuktemgs ml ke hôsqulme ml kgs e`tgrls loprlseriekls loprlseriekls y èsgs ml usg mlk nlcgìg. Imlntiay Husinlss Cgeks \sinc Xetignek Xgsl.

Lstl oelstrg flrreoilnte mls`rihl `ðog utikizer Xetignek Xgsl pere rlcistrer kgs rlsuktemgs ml ke hôsqulme ml kgs ghdltivgs ml nlcgìg. Ptru`turinc tfl Husinlss \sl-@esl Ogmlk \sinc Xetignek Xgsl.

Lstl oelstrg flrreoilnte mls`rihl `ðog utikizer Xetignek Xgsl (X) pere mgùolnter kes rlkeìgnls lntrl kgs e`tgrls loprlseriekls y lntrl kgs èsgs ml usg mlk nlcgìg. Ogmlkemg mlk mis lõg ml une epki` eìðn D 8LL 8LL ln ln Xetignek Xgsl.

Ln lste mirl`triz ml flrreoilntes sl mls`rihl ke agroe ln qul utikizer Xetignek Xgsl pere ogmlker lk mislõg ml une epkièìðn D8LL. J. Xetignek Xgsl Xlek]iol Lste flrreoilnte ls une flrreoilnte ml mlserrgkkg y ogmlkemg ml `gopgnlntls

cråai`gs heseme ln \OK. Emloås in`kuyl aunìgnls ml ldlùìðn ml ogmlkgs, clnlreìðn ml `ðmicg y `gnstru`tgs ml mislõg ln tilopg rlek. K. Xetignek PgME Lste flrreoilnte garl`l ke clnlreìðn eutgoåtiè ml mgùolnteìðn ml sgatwerl. O. Xetignek Xetignek Pgatwerl Er`f itl`t Xetignek Pgatwerl Er`fitl`t ls un lntgrng ml mlserrgkkg intlcremg pere lk ogmlkemg,

`rleìðn, prulhe y mlspkilcul ml epkièìgnls sgatwerl. N. Xetignek Puitl EnekystPtumig Ke flrreoilnte IHO Xetignek Puitl EnekystPtumig(X) aeìkite ke rl`gpikeìðn, clstiðn y

















G. Xetignek Pystlos Mlvlkgplr Xetignek Pystlos Mlvlkgplr ls une flrreoilnte heseme ln \OK `gntrgkeme pgr

ogmlkg pere lk mlserrgkkg ml prgmu`tgs ml sgatwerl y ml sistloes. R. Xetignek ]lst Xlek]iol Lste flrreoilnte ls, ln lk agnmg, une flrreoilnte ml prulhe ml nivlk ml `ðmicg.

Garl`l ek mlserrgkkemgr un `gnduntg `gopkltg ml flrreoilntes pere ke `rleìðn, ldlùìðn y lkehgreìðn ml inagrols ml aunìðn, oétgmg y prg`lmioilntg (prulhes `lntremes pere klncuedls klncuedls @, @++, Eme y Deve). U. Xetignek ]lstAe`tgr ]lstAe`tgr y Ke flrreoilnte IHO(X) Xetignek(X) ]lstAe`tgry(X) clnlre eutgoåtièolntl s`ripts

ml prulhe ckghekls. X. Xetignek ]lstOeneclr Lste flrreoilnte ls ke hesl ml kes flrreoilntes ml prulhe ml Xetignek, qul `gntrgke

y clstigne tgmes kes e`tivimemls ml prulhe. P. Xetignek \niailm Rrg`lss Rrg`lss Xetignek \niailm Rrg`lss ls une pketeagroe mlk prg`lsg ml mlserrgkkg ml sgatwerl

aklxihkl. ]. Xetignek Xetign ek VML Mlvlkgplr Lste flrreoilnte ls une flrreoilnte ml mlserrgkkg y ogmlkemg ml `gopgnlntls

cråai`gs qul `gohine lk mislõg y mlserrgkkg ln un lntgrng lstrl`feolntl intlcremg. Lstl ôni`g lntgrng lvite ke nl`lsimem ml tlnlr qul peser ml une flrreoilnte e gtre aulre ml lsl lntgrng.

















@GN@K\PIÐN Pl pulml `gn`kuir qul, lk X\R, `gog flrreoilnte `gkehgremgre ln lk mlserrgkkg ml sgatwerl, euolnte ke visiðn ml mlserrgkkg mlk oisog, ls mlìr, lk X\R ls une flrreoilnte qul plroitl prlvlr kgs èohigs qul un sgatwerl pulme tlnlr ml eùlrmg e kgs rlqulrioilntgs y even`l sgìek qul sl tlnce, hrinmenmg ghdltivgs oås eopkigs y visiðn ml rlqulrioilntgs rlqulrioilntgs ckghek. Qistg mlsml su puntg oås siopkl, lk X\R ls equlk oétgmg qul me èhime ek èohig ln kes ltepes mlk mlserrgkkg ml sgatwerl, ng sicuilnmg ek pil ml ke kltre kgs rlqulrioilntgs, sing, pgr lk `gntrerig, ogstrenmg gtrgs èopgs qul oldgrln y gptioi`ln lk mlserrgkkg mlk oisog.

















CKGPEXIG E` ti vime vi mem4 m4 ls une unimem ml trehedg qul une plrsgne qul mlsloplõl un rgk pulml

slr sgkiìtemg e qul rleki`l. Kes e`tivimemls tilnln un ghdltivg `gn`rltg, ngroekolntl lxprlsemg ln téroings ml `rler g e`tuekizer ekcôn prgmu`tg. Er tlae` tla e`tg tg44 Ls un mgùolntg g un lklolntg ogmlkg qul ls prgmuìmg, ogmiaièmg g

utikizemg pgr un prg`lsg ml mlserrgkkg mlk sgatwerl, su prgpðsitg ls mlainir un årle ml rlspgnsehikimem y lstå sudltg e un `gntrgk ml vlrsignls. \n ertlae`tg pulml `gntlnlr gtrgs mgùolntgs. Kgs ldlopkgs ml ertlae`tgs in`kuyln ogmlkgs, er`fivgs aulntl, ai`flrgs ldlùtehkls hinerigs, lntrl gtrgs. Kgs ertlae`tgs sgn ke pertl tencihkl ml un prgyl`tg. @esg ml \sg4 Ls une té`niè pere ke èpture ml rlquisitgs pgtlnìekls ml un nulvg

sistloe g une e`tuekizeìðn ml sgatwerl. @epehikity Oeturity Ogmlk Intlcretign (@OOI)4 Ls un ogmlkg pere ke oldgre g

lvekueìðn ml kgs prg`lsgs ml mlserrgkkg y oentlnioilntg ml sistloes y prgmu`tgs ml sgatwerl. Lstl ogmlkg ls utikizemg pere miricir ke oldgre ml prg`lsgs e trevés ml prgyl`tgs, årles g ml tgme ke Grcenizeìðn. Lk @OOI ls un ogmlkg ml èkimem mlk sgatwerl qul `kesiaiè kes loprlses ln nivlkls ml oemurlz. Lstgs nivlkls sirvln pere `gng`lr ke oemurlz ml kgs prg`lsgs qul sl rlekizen pere prgmuìr sgatwerl. Akudg ml ]rehedg4 ]rehedg4 ls une rlkeìðn ml e`tivimemls qul ngs prgmu`ln ungs rlsuktemgs

ghslrvehkls. E `gntinueìðn sl merå une lxpkièìðn ml ème akudg ml trehedg. Fitg4 Ls une terle ml mureìðn `lrg qul siohgkize lk fehlr `gnslcuimg un kgcrg

iopgrtentl ln lk prgyl`tg. Kgs fitgs sgn une agroe ml `gng`lr lk even`l mlk prgyl`tg sin lster aeoikierizemg `gn lk prgyl`tg y `gnstituyln un trehedg ml mureìðn `lrg pgrqul siohgkizen un kgcrg, un puntg, un ogolntg ln lk prgyl`tg. Itlreìðn4 Ls ke rlpltiìðn ml une slril ml instru`ìgnls ln un prgcreoe ml

`goputemgre. Rulml usersl tentg `gog un téroing clnéri`g (`gog sinðniog ml rlpltiìðn) esï `gog pere mls`rihir une agroe lspl`ïaiè ml rlpltiìðn `gn un lstemg



















aunìgnls ml sgatwerl. Xgk4 Ls une mlainiìðn ehstre`te ml un crupg ml rlspgnsehikimemls qul mlhln

kklversl e èhg pere setisae`lr kes e`tivimemls ml kgs prg`lsgs, mls`rihilnmg `ðog un inmivimug mlhlrå pertiìper mlntrg mlk `gntlxtg ml un prgyl`tg. \OK4 Ls un klncuedl cråai`g pere visuekizer, lsplìaièr, `gnstruir y mgùolnter un

sistloe.

















HIHKIGCXEAÏE Jru`ftln, R., ]fl Xetignek \niailm Rrg`lss4 En Intrgmu`tign, Intrgmu`tign, 8222 Emmisgn Slskly. Jru`ftln, R. Er`fitl`tur E r`fitl`turek ek Hkulprints”]fl ‛=+5‟ Qilw Ogmlk ga Pgatwerl Er`fitl`turl. ILLL Pgatwerl 58 (1), Ngvlohlr 599<, pp. =8-<2. Oer`gs, L. (822<). ‛Invlsticeìðn ln Inclnilrïe mlk Pgatwerl vs. Mlserrgkkg Pgatwerl‟, Crupg JYHLKL, \nivlrsimem Xly Duen @erkgs. (8250, 20). IHO Inclnilrïe Mlk Pgatwerl. Hulnes]erles.`go. Xlùplremg 20, 8250, ml fttp4//www.hulnesterles.`go/lnseygs/Iho-Inclnilr%@0%EMe-Mlkml Pgatwerl/31<<623.ftok

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