Informe Corriente Alterna

:

 BKW]DGVIIBDK  Ivjkgd fkifkgf`dy kvfyw}dy wfnfxbyd}fy. jqj}jwdy gf ydkbgd. id`qvwjgd}fy. fwi+ kdy idkfiwj`dy j nj }fg fnâiw}bij zvf kdy q}dqd}ibdkjk njy id`qjúàjy gf fnfiw}bibgjg+ Fywj fy vkj id}}bfkwf gfn wbqd jnwf}kj. fk fyqfiàhbid vkj id}}bfkwf yfkdbgjn qf}bùgbij+ J gbhf}fkibj gf nj id}}bfkwf gb}fiwj d idkwbkvj. nj id}}bfkwf jnwf}kj ij`mbj yv xjnd} idkywjkwf`fkwf idk fn wbf`qd+ R fywj xj}bjibùk nj ejif wdwjn`fkwf gbywbkwj j vkj id}}bfkwf idkwbkvj+ Fywvgbj}f`dy fk gfwjnnf nj hd}`j gf dkgj yfkdbgjn. fn xdnwjof. nj id}}bfkwf. h}fivfkibj r qdwfkibj+ R iù`d yf id`qd}wjk ndy fnf`fkwdy mêybidy fk id}}bfkwf jnwf}kj. nj }fybywfkibj. fn ijqjibwd} r fn bkgviwd}+ Wj`mbâk yf bkxfywblj}j jnlvkdy bkyw}v`fkwdy `vr vwbnbjgdy qj}j `fgb} r }flbyw}j} xjnd}fy fk }fgfy gf IJ+

=

ID]]BFKWF  Ivjkgd fywvgbj`dy Id}}bfkwf Idkwbkvj gfiàj`dy zvf nj id}}bfkwf fnâiw}bij yf gfyqnjj gfygf fn qdnd  qdybwbxd gfn lfkf}jgd} jn kfljwbxd+ Fk fn fof ed}bdkwjn yf fuq}fyj fn wbf`qd r fk fn xf}wbijn nj wfkybùk fk ijgj bkywjkwf. âywj id}}fyqdkgf j nj l}jhbij gf ID]]BFKWF IDKWBKVJ. yb fn xjnd} gf nj wfkybùk fy idkywjkwf gv}jkwf wdgd fn wbf`qd+ Hbl+:? Id}}bfkwf idkwbkvj Fk nj hblv}j = gbied xjnd} xj}àj xj}àj j nd nj}ld gfn wbf`qd. qf}d kvkij yf ejif kfljwbxj+

Hbl+=? Id}}bfkwf idkwbkvj xj}bjmnf Jed}j mbfk. fubywfk lfkf}jgd}fy fk ndy zvf nj qdnj}bgjg fywê idkywjkwf`fkwf ij`mbjkgd gf yblkd. qd} nd zvf fn yfkwbgd gf nj id}}bfkwf xj}bj+ Gv}jkwf vk bkwf}xjnd gf wbf`qd fy qdybwbxj. r gf yfkwbgd idkw}j}bd fk fn bkwf}xjnd yblvbfkwf+ Hbl+9? Id}}bfkwf jnwf}kj

Nj id}}bfkwf fnâiw}bij fy fn `dxb`bfkwd gf fnfiw}dkfy nbm}fy j nd nj}ld gf vk idkgviwd} zvf fywê idkfiwjgd j vk ib}ivbwd fk fn ivjn fubywf vkj gbhf}fkibj gf qdwfkibjn+ Nj id}}bfkwf jnwf}kj ib}ivnj gv}jkwf vk wbf`qd fk vk yfkwbgd r gfyqvây fk yfkwbgd dqvfywd. xdnxbâkgdyf j }fqfwb} fn `by`d q}difyd+ Fk wjkwd fubywj vkj gbhf}fkibj gf qdwfkibjn. hnvb}ê id}}bfkwf. ivjkgd nj gbhf}fkibj gf qdwfkibjn kd xj}àj. nj id}}bfkwf h}vb}ê fk vkj ydnj gb}fiibùk. qd} nd zvf yf nf nnj`j id}}bfkwf idkwbkvj d gb}fiwj %II d IG"+ Fubywfk njy nnj`jgjy id}}bfkwfy jnwf}kjy Qf}bùgbijy? ydk jzvfnnjy fk njy zvf zvf ndy xjnd}fy yf }fqbwfk ijgj ibf}wd wbf`qd+

9  Hd}`jy gf Dkg j Jnwf} kjy

Fk njy hblv}jy yf `vfyw}jk jnlvkdy wbqdy gf id}}bfkwfy jnwf}kjy qf}bùgbijy+ qf}bùgbijy+

}  Hd}`j gf Dkgj ]fiwjklvnj} 

Hd}`j gf Dkgj W}bjklvnj} 

Id}}bfkwf fk gbfkwf gf ybf}}j

Id}}bfkwf ybkvydbgjn Fywj ÿnwb`d wbqd gf id}}bfkwf qf}bùgbij fy nj zvf kdy nnflj j kvfyw}jy ijyjy r vyj`dy qj}j jnb`fkwj} nj Wfnfxbybùk. fn fzvbqd gf }jgbd. nj njxjgd}j. fn }fh}blf}jgd}. }fh}blf}jg d}. fwi+

7

 Yb kv kv ydb gf gf

Vkj ybkvydbgf fy vkj yfújn zvf }fyqdkgf j vkj gf njy yblvbfkwfy fivjibdkfy?

           Gdkgf? J yf gfkd`bkj j`qnbwvg d xjnd} qbid gf nj ybkvydbgf  qvnyjibùk d h}fivfkibj jklvnj} r  êklvnd gf hjyf Fn êklvnd gf hjyf yf `bgf fk l}jgdy d fk }jgbjkfy. r nj h}fivfkibj jklvnj} fk l}jgdy qd} yflvkgd d }jgbjkfy qd} yflvkgd+ Nj hvkibùk idyfkd kd fy `êy zvf nj hvkibùk yfkd gfyhjyjgj 21 l}jgdy+ Nj ybkvydbgf fy vkj hvkibùk qf}bùgbij. nd zvf yblkbhbij zvf vk xjnd} gfwf}`bkjgd yf }fqbwf gf hd}`j iàinbij ijgj W yflvkgdy+

 NJ HD]@J GF DKGJ

Xjnd} bkywjkwêkfd? `jlkbwvg gf vkj hd}`j gf dkgj fk jnlÿk bkywjkwf+ J`qnbwvg %J"? Xjnd} `êub`d nj hd}`j gf dkgj Xjnd} qbid %Xq"? Xjnd} `êub`d bkywjkwêkfd gf vkj hvkibùk `fgbgd j qj}wb} gfn kbxfn gf if}d xdnwy+ Xjnd} qbid j qbid %Xqq"? Fy fn xdnwjof id`qnfwd fkw}f ndy qbidy kfljwbxdy r qdybwbxdy gf nj hd}`j gf dkgj. d yfj. nj yv`j gf nj `jlkbwvg gf ndy qbidy qdybwbxd r kfljwbxd+ Ibind? Vk ibind fy nj qj}wf gf vkj dkgj zvf yf }fqbwf. r zvf idkywj gf vk ibind qdybwbxd r vkd kfljwbxd+ J vk ibind gf dkgj wj`mbâk yf nf gfkd`bkj hd}`j gf dkgj %fk bklnây. |jxfhd}`"+ Qf}bdgd %W"? Jn wbf`qd zvf gv}j vk ibind yf nf gfkd`bkj qf}bdgd. r fy nd dqvfywd gf nj h}fivfkibj. r yf `bgf fk yflvkgdy qd} ibind. jvkzvf kd}`jn`fkwf yf ydm}ffkwbfkgf fn ibind r yf ejmnj yùnd gf ndy yflvkgdy+ H}fivfkibj %h"? Dw}j qj}ê`fw}d gf vkj dkgj fy yv h}fivfkibj. zvf fy fn kÿ`f}d gf ibindy zvf yvifgfk fk vk yflvkgd+ Yf `bgf fk Ef}ibdy+ Xjnd} fhbij %}`y"? Yf nnj`j xjnd} fhbij. jn xjnd} zvf wfkg}àj vkj id}}bfkwf idkwbkvj zvf q}dgvof}j nj `by`j qdwfkibj zvf gbiej id}}bfkwf jnwf}kj. fk vkj }fybywfkibj+

Gjgd zvf nj h}fivfkibj r fn qf}bdgd fywêk bkxf}yj`fkwf }fnjibdkjgdy fy qdybmnf }fnjibdkj}ndy `fgbjkwf nj yblvbfkwf hù}`vnj?  

 

Nj hd}`j gf dkgj yfkdbgjn fy gf qj}wbivnj} b`qd}wjkibj gjgd zvf yf q}fywj hêibn`fkwf qj}j iênivndy `jwf`êwbidy r ndy hfkù`fkdy hàybidy jydibjgdy idk ndy ib}ivbwdy fnâiw}bidy+ d}`j gf dkg j  yfkdb g  d}`j gf dkg j jnwf} kj ivrd jyqfiw d kd  yf xf j hfiw jg d  qd}  n jy jy  Nj h d}`j gj  n f y n j ÿkbij h d}`j dy fnf`fkw dy dy ]f yb  ywfkib j. j. Mdmb kj r I dkgfk yjg d}+ d}+ ij}jiwf}àyw bi bijy gf } f yqvf yw j gf n dy

Nj vkbgjg gf `fgbgj fk fn fof ed}bdkwjn fy fn l}jgd d fn }jgbjk %}jg"+ Fywf ÿnwb`d yf gfhbkf `fgbjkwf vk ivjg}jkwf gf vk ib}ivnd. gdkgf nj gbywjkibj ydm}f nj ib}ivkhf}fkibj fy blvjn jn }jgbd gfn ib}ivnd+ Fubywfk = }jgbjkfy jn}fgfgd} gf vk ià}ivnd gf 981±+ Xj}bjy hd}`vnjy fnâiw}bijy idkwbfkfk vk `ÿnwbqnd gf + Qd} fyd fk dijybdkfy fy q}fhf}bmnf `fgb} jklvndy fk }jgbjkfy fk xf gf l}jgdy+ Nj fivjibùk gf idkxf}ybùk fkw}f njy gdy fy nj yblvbfkwf?

    



Nj xfndibgjg idk zvf }dwj fn xfiwd} }jgbjn %}" ydm}f fn ifkw}d. yf nnj`j xfndibgjg jklvnj} r yf gfwf}`bkj j  qj}wb} gf nj yblvbfkwf fivjibùk?      

8 Fkwdkify wfkf`dy zvf 0

 

Fn wbf`qd fk gj} vkj xvfnwj id`qnfwj j nj ib}ivkhf}fkibj fy blvjn j vk qf}bdgd W+ Ndy }jgbjkfy jn id`qnfwj} fn lb}d ydk =+ Yb yvywbwvb`dy wfkf`dy?

   %}jg$y" Gf jzvà fywjmnfib`dy zvf `bfkw}jy `êy qfzvfúd yfj fn qf}bdgd. `jrd} yf}ê nj xfndibgjg jklvnj} gfn xfiwd} }jgbjn fk }dwjibùk+ Yjmf`dy zvf nj h}fivfkibj fy bkxf}yj`fkwf q}dqd}ibdkjn j qf}bdgd   + Fkwdkify yb yvywbwvb`dy?

 

   

Jyà zvfgj inj}d zvf `bfkw}jy `jrd} yfj nj h}fivfkibj. `jrd} yf}ê nj xfndibgjg jklvnj}+

DNWJOF DNWJOF R ID]]BFKWF  Y  FKDBGJN

X 

Fn hd}`jwd lfkf}jn gf vkj hd}`j yfkdbgjn yf fyi}bmf id`d? J` yfk %

idk



 id`d nj vkbgjg gf `fgbibùk ed}bdkwjn+ Qj}j ijkwbgjgfy fnâiw}bijy id`d nj id}}bfkwf r fn xdnwjof. nj hd}`j lfkf}jn fy?

                      

Gdkgf?

 }fq}fyfkwjk fn xjnd} bkywjkwêkfd gf id}}bfkwf r xdnwjof+  r  }fq}fyfkwjk fn xjnd} `êub`d gf id}}bfkwf r xdnwjof+ 

<

 H  J Y  F  Y   ]FNJIBÙK GF  H 

Yb xf`dy nj hblv}j jkwf}bd} kdy gj`dy ivfkwj zvf nj hd}`j gf dkgj gfn xdnwjof r gf nj id}}bfkwf id`bfkjk fk fn `by`d qvkwd. fywd zvbf}f gfib} zvf fywêk fk hjyf. d yfj idk vkj gbhf}fkibj gf if}d l}jgdy vkd }fyqfiwd jn dw}d+ Nj h}jiibùk gf ibind zvf ej w}jkyiv}}bgd gfygf zvf vkj id}}bfkwf d xdnwjof ej qjyjgd qd} vk gfwf}`bkjgd  qvkwd gf }fhf}fkibj %lfkf}jn`fkwf fk fn id`bfkd d 1±" yf gfkd`bkj êklvnd gf gfyhjyf+ H}fivfkwf`fkwf. fn wf}`bkd gbhf}fkibj gf hjyf yf vyj qj}j id`qj}j} xdnwjofy d id}}bfkwfy gf nj `by`j h}fivfkibj. zvf qjyjk qd} yvy qvkwdy if}d r `êub`d j gbhf}fkwfy xjnd}fy gf wbf`qd+ Yb vkj gf njy hd}`jy gf dkgj yf gfyqnjj gfygf fn qvkwd gf }fhf}fkibj nj hd}`vnj. gf fyj hd}`j gf dkgj. zvfgj?   qj}j fn ijyd gfn xdnwjof    fk fn ijyd gf nj id}}bfkwf 

              

gdkgf  }fq}fyfkwj fn êklvnd gf gfyhjyf%fk l}jgdy d }jgbjkfy" idk }fyqfiwd gf if}d l}jgdy+

Hblv}j J" Xdnwjof r Id}}bfkwf fk Hjyf M" Xdnwjof r Id}}bfkwf gfyhjyf gf 21¿ I" Xdnwjof r Id}}bfkwf gfyhjyf gf :51 ¿ Yb fn êklvnd gf hjyf  fy qdybwbxd zvbf}f gfib} zvf nj hd}`j gf dkgj fywj jgfnjkwjgj+ Yb fn êklvnd  fy kfljwbxd nj hd}`j gf dkgj id`bfkj gfyqvây gf kvfyw}d qvkwd }fhf}fkibj+  Nj }fnjibùk gf hjyf fkw}f gdy hd}`jy gf dkgj bkgbij ivên gf âywjy yf jgfnjkwj d }fw}jyj idk }fyqfiwd j nj dw}j. r qd} ivjkwdy l}jgdy d }jgbjkfy +

5 XD   D ]@   JND] F  H  FIWB X   Y 

X 

Qj}j yjmf} ivjn fy xjnd} fhfiwbxd gf vk xdnwjof d id}}bfkwf jnwf}kdy. id`qj}j`dy ndy fhfiwdy hàybidy gf nj id}}bfkwf gb}fiwj r ndy gf nj id}}bfkwf jnwf}kj. id`d qd} fof`qnd fn ijnd} zvf q}dgvifk %fk vkj }fybywfkibj" r  mvyij} ivên fy nj bkwfkybgjg gf nj id}}bfkwf jnwf}kj zvf q}dgvif fn `by`d fhfiwd. fy gfib}. nj `by`j ijkwbgjg gf ijnd} zvf vkj bkwfkybgjg gf id}}bfkwf gb}fiwj Fn xjnd} fhfiwbxd gf vkj dkgj jnwf}kj yf gfwf}`bkj `vnwbqnbijkgd yv xjnd} `êub`d %xjnd} qbid" qd}  Fkwdkify? X]@Y 0 XQ u

  

ù

  

X]@Y 0 XQ u 1+<1<

Gfygf fywj hù}`vnj gfgvib`dy zvf?

 

Xq 0 X]@Y u

Gfyqvây gf jkjnbjgjy njy dkgjy yfkdbgjnfy gf ij qdgf`dy }ffyi}bmb} njy hd}`vnjy gfn xdnwjof r id}}bfkwfy yfkdbgjnfy jnwf}kjy idk `jrd} fujiwbwvg+ Fkwdkify? Fn xdnwjof jnwf}kd zvfgj gfhbkbgd id`d yblvf?

         R nj id}}bfkwf jnwf}kj gfhbkbgj gf nj yblvbfkwf `jkf}j?



           

2

ID@QD]WJ@BFKWD GF ND Y  FNF@FKWD Y  MÊ  Y  BID Y  FK ID]]BFKWF JNWF]KJ

Vk ib}ivbwd gf id}}bfkwf jnwf}kj idkywj gf vkj id`mbkjibùk gf fnf`fkwdy %}fybywfkibjy. ijqjibgjgfy r jvwdbkgviibdkfy" r vk lfkf}jgd} zvf yv`bkbyw}j nj id}}bfkwf jnwf}kj+ Qj}j jkjnbj} ndy ib}ivbwdy gf id}}bfkwf jnwf}kj yf vwbnbj vk q}difgb`bfkwd lfd`âw}bid gfkd`bkjgd gf xfiwd}fy }dwjwd}bdy r dw}d. zvf f`qnfj jnlfm}j id`qnfoj+

]fybywd}  Fk vk ib}ivbwd gf id}}bfkwf jnwf}kj. ejywj h}fivfkibjy gf vkdy ibfkwdy gf cbndef}w. nj }fybywfkibj kd fy jhfiwjgj qd} nj h}fivfkibj gfn xdnwjof d nj id}}bfkwf jqnbijgdy+ Fywdy ydk ndy ÿkbidy fnf`fkwdy qjybxdy qj}j ndy ivjnfy nj }fyqvfywj fy nj `by`j wjkwd qj}j id}}bfkwf jnwf}kj id`d qj}j id}}bfkwf idkwbkvj+ Qd} nd wjkwd yf qdg}ê jqnbij} nj nfr gf De`+ Yfj?

                      







gdkgf fy fn xdnwjof gfn fnf`fkwd Fkwdkify?

   

Fk vkj }fybywfkibj nj wfkybùk r nj id}}bfkwf fywêk fk hjyf+

:1 Ijqjibwd}  Jn jqnbij} xdnwjof jnwf}kd j vk ijqjibwd}. âywf q}fyfkwj vkj dqdybibùk jn qjyd gf nj id}}bfkwf jnwf}kj. fn xjnd} gf fywj dqdybibùk yf nnj`j }fjiwjkibj ijqjibwbxj+ xi

     

i 0 I/ i 0  i 0 

 



                   

idk nj nfr gf De`+

              

gdkgf? Ui fy }fjiwjkibj ijqjibwbxj fk De` I fy nj ijqjibwjkibj fk Hj}jgbdy h fy nj h}fivfkibj fk ef} Nj id}}bfkwf gf vk ijqjibwd} fywê }fnjibdkjgj gb}fiwj`fkwf idk nj h}fivfkibj r idk nj ijqjibwjkibj gfn ijqjibwd}+ Fk vk ijqjibwd} fn êklvnd gf gfyhjyf gf nj id}}bfkwf fy gf 21¿. nd zvf zvbf}f gfib} zvf fywê 21¿ jgfnjkwjgj idk }fyqfiwd gfn xdnwjof+

Nj }fjiwjkibj ijqjibwbxj fy nj zvf q}dgvif fn gfyhjyf. U I 0 -21±

:: Bkgviwd}  Nj mdmbkj id`d nj }fybywfkibj yf dqdkf jn hnvod gf nj id}}bfkwf. fn xjnd} gf fywj dqdybibùk yf nnj`j }fjiwjkibj bkgviwbxj r yf qvfgf ijnivnj} idk nj nfr gf De`? 

     

 0 N   0 N         0     N N N

idk nj nfr gf De` gdkgf?

              

Un fy }fjiwjkibj bkgviwbxj fk De` N fy bkgviwjkibj fk Efk}bdy h fy nj h}fivfkibj Fn xdnwjof gfn bkgviwd} fywê }fnjibdkjgd gb}fiwj`fkwf idk nj h}fivfkibj r nj }fjiwjkibj bkgviwbxj+ Fk vk bkgviwd} fn êklvnd gf gfyhjyf gfn xdnwjof fy gf 21¿. nd zvf zvbf}f gfib} zvf fywê 21¿ jgfnjkwjgd idk }fyqfiwd j nj id}}bfkwf+

Nj }fjiwjkibj bkgviwbxj fy nj zvf q}dgvif fn gfyhjyf. U N 0 21±

:=  H  J Y D]F  D]F  Y 

Vkj hd}`j dkgj yfkdbgjn qvfgf }fq}fyfkwj}yf gf hd}`j qdnj}. id`d `vfyw}j nj hblv}j+

           ]fybywd}  Fk fn ijyd gf vk }fybywd} fn xdnwjof r nj id}}bfkwf kd wbfkfk gfyhjyf?

              Ijqjibwd} 



Ui -21±

              

:9

 B@QFGJKIBJ Nj }fybywfkibj fy fn xjnd} gf dqdybibùk jn qjyd gf nj id}}bfkwf zvf wbfkf fn }fybywd} d }fybywfkibj+ Fk fn ijyd gf vk }fybywd} fn xdnwjof r nj id}}bfkwf kd wbfkfk gfyhjyf?

              Nj }fjiwjkibj fy fn xjnd} gf nj dqdybibùk jn qjyd gf nj id}}bfkwf. ydnd id}}bfkwf jnwf}kj. zvf wbfkfk ndy idkgfkyjgd}fy r ndy bkgviwd}fy+ Ijqjibwd} 



Ui -21±

Bkgviwd} 



                        

Un 21±

                        

Ivjkgd fk vk `by`d ib}ivbwd yf wbfkfk fywdy fnf`fkwdy id`mbkjgdy %}fybywfkibjy. idkgfkyjgd}fy r  mdmbkjy" r qd} fnnjy ib}ivnj id}}bfkwf jnwf}kj nj dqdybibùk gf fywf fywf idkovkwd gf fnf`fkwdy jn qjyd gf nj id}}b id}}bfkwf fkwf jnwf}kj yf nnj`j b`qfgjkibj +

Nj b`qfgjkibj wbfkf vkbgjgfy gf De`y+ R fy nj yv`j gf vkj id`qdkfkwf }fybywbxj r vkj id`qdkfkwf }fjiwbxj+

            



:7 Gdkgf? _ fy nj b`qfgjkibj ] fy }fybywfkibj U fy nj }fjiwjkibj  o kdy bkgbij zvf U fy vk kÿ`f}d b`jlbkj}bd Qd} nd wjkwd nj hd}`vnj gf b`qfgjkibj kd fy vkj yv`j gb}fiwj. qvfy ydk hjyd}fy+ Fn gfyhjyf zvf dh}fif vk mdmbkj r vk idkgfkyjgd} ydk dqvfywdy. r yb fywdy nnflj}jk j yf} gf nj `by`j `jlkbwvg. yf ijkifnj}àjk r nj b`qfgjkibj wdwjn gfn ib}ivbwd yf}àj blvjn jn xjnd} gf nj }fybywfkibj+ Nj hù}`vnj jkwf}bd} yf l}jhbij id`d yf `vfyw}j fk nj hblv}j

Njy }fjiwjkibjy yf }fq}fyfkwjk fk fof R %fn fof b`jlbkj}bd" qvgbfkgd gb}blb}yf qj}j j}}bmj d qj}j jmjod. gfqfkgbfkgd gf yb fy `jrd} nj bkhnvfkibj gf nj mdmbkj d nj gfn idkgfkyjgd}+ Njy }fybywfkibjy yf `vfyw}jk fk fn fof U+ Fn xjnd} gf nj b`qfgjkibj _ yf}ê? 

      

:6

IDKGVIWJKIBJ Fn wf}`bkd idkgviwjkibj fy idkw}j}bd jn gf }fybywfkibj. fy nj kd dqdybibùk jn qjyd gf nj id}}bfkwf+ Nj vkbgjg gf `fgbibùk fy fn Ybf`fky+

   

Fk id}}bfkwf jnwf}kj nj Idkgviwjkibj yf q}fyfkwj id`d Jg`bwjkibj. }fq}fyfkwjgj idk nj nfw}j ¹R·. qdyff fn `by`d xjnd} fk `jlkbwvg zvf nj idkgviwjkibj+





Fk vkj id}}bfkwf fnâiw}bij. fy nj qj}wf }fjn gf nj jg`bwjkibj+

 QDWFKIBJ Nj xf}gjgf}j qdwfkibj idkyv`bgj gfqfkgf}ê fk fywf ijyd gf nj gbhf}fkibj gf êklvnd fkw}f fn xdnwjof r nj id}}bfkwf+

Nj qdwfkibj q}d`fgbd 

     

Gdkgf  fy nj gbhf}fkibj gfn êklvnd gf hjyf fkw}f x f b

 Fn xjn d}  fl jg j f y b kgf kgf qfkg b bfkwf  fkwf gf  yb  x jgfn jkw j j b  d b  jgfn jkw j j x d}  gf n j  qdwfkib j  q}d`fg b b d fkw }  } fl 

Wj`mbâk qdgf`dy fyi}bmb}? 



        



fhfiwbxd



fhfiwbxd



Fk vk ijqjibwd} d fk vk bkgviwd} nj qdwfkibj fy if}d rj zvf fn gfyhjyf fkw}f xdnwjof r id}}bfkwf fy gf º21±. r fn idy %º21±" fy if}d+

:8  H  JIWD] GF QDWFKIBJ



Fk nj fivjibùk gf qdwfkibj fn hjiwd} zvf wbfkf idkw}dn b`qd}wjkwf ydm}f fn kbxfn gf qdwfkibj fy + Ybk b`qd}wj} ndy xjnd}fy fhfiwbxdy gf xdnwjof d id}}bfkwf yb fy if}d nj qdwfkibj fy if}d. yb fy vkd nj  qdwfkibj fkw}fljgj fy `êub`j+ Rj zvf fy gf yv`j }fnfxjkibj fywf hjiwd} hvf gfkd`bkjgj hjiwd} gf qdwfkibj r yf gfhbkf id`d yblvf?





       }jy `êy } f yb  yw b b xj  yfj n j b `q `qfg jkib j w dw jn  . `êy if} ijkd  yf}ê fn h jiw d}  d}  gf  qdwfkib j j :3 `b fkw  }jy  @ b bfkw  fkw }jy  fkw }jy `jy } fjiw b b xj  yf n j b `q `qfg jkib j w dw jn   . `êy if} ijkd  yf}ê fn h jiw d}  d}  gf  qdwfkib j j if}d+

Fkwdkify fn hjiwd} gf qdwfkibj yf gfwf}`bkj? 

         d} f y gf  qdwfkib j jgfn jkw jg dy dy r n jy jy } fgf  Njy } fgf fgf y gf  qdwfkib j ijqjib w w b b xjy w b bfkfk fgf y b kgv kgviw b b xjy w b bfkfk  fkfk h jiw d}   fkfk d} f y gf  qdwfkib j jw }jyj }jyjg dy+ dy+  h jiw d} 

:<

 BK  Y W]V@FKWD W]V@FKWD Y  GF @FGBIBDK  DYIBNDYIDQBD Fn dyibndyidqbd fy vk bkyw}v`fkwd `vr ÿwbn qj}j }fjnbj} `fgbibdkfy wjkwd JI id`d GI+ Qf}`bwf xbyvjnbj} njy hd}`jy gf njy dkgjy zvf yf q}fyfkwjk fk vk ib}ivbwd+ Fywf bkyw}v`fkwd mêybij`fkwf w}jj nj j`qnbwvg gf nj hd}`j gf dkgj idkw}j fn wbf`qd fk vk wvmd gf }jrdy ijwùgbidy+ Qj}j zvf nj yfújn yf q}fyfkwf fywêwbij fk nj qjkwjnnj. âywj fy w}jjgj xj}bj xfify qd} yflvkgd. jyà qj}fif idkwbkvj fk fn wbf`qd+ Jn qdgf} xbyvjnbj} nj yfújn. fy qdybmnf? - Xf} nj j`qnbwvg gf nj yfújn %xjnd}fy qbid"+ Yf ijnivnj idk njy gbxbybdkfy fk yfkwbgd xf}wbijn gf nj qjkwjnnj gfn W]I - Dmwfkf} nj h}fivfkibj+ Yf ijnivnj idk njy gbxbybdkfy fk yfkwbgd ed}bdkwjn gf nj qjkwjnnj+ - Idkhb}`j} d kd yb fy nj yfújn fyqf}jgj fk fn qvkwd gdkgf yf `bgf+ Fk vkj `fgbibùk gf vkj yfújn fk GI. fn `vnwb`fw}d qdg}àj idkybgf}j}yf fn fzvbqd gf `fgbibùk q}fhf}bgd.  qf}d fywj `fgbibùk ij}fif}àj gf bkhd}`jibùk id`d fn }bjgd. yb fywf fubywbf}j+ Fn dyibndyidqbd gf nj nj hblv}j hblv}j fy gf gdy ijkjnfy?

Ejr dyibndyidqbdy `êy `dgf}kdy. gf `êy ijkjnfy. gblbwjnfy. idk `viejy ij}jiwf}àywbijy `êy. qf}d fk fyfkibj wdgdy wbfkfk fn `by`d dmofwbxd r q}bkibqbd+ Ndy dyibndyidqbdy kd}`jn`fkwf wbfkfk gbxbgbgj nj qjkwjnnj fk 5 gbxbybdkfy xf}wbijn`fkwf %fof R" r nj `fgbibùk yf ejif fk xdnw %X+" r :1 gbxbybdkfy ed}bdkwjn`fkwf %fof U" r nj `fgbibùk yf ejif fk yflvkgdy+ Fy idkxfkbfkwf fywjmnfif} fk nj qjkwjnnj gfn dyibndyidqbd fn kbxfn gf if}d xdnwbdy. fk nj nàkfj ed}bdkwjn ifkw}jn+ Fywj vmbijibùk gbxbgf nj qjkwjnnj fk vkj qj}wf yvqf}bd} r vkj bkhf}bd}. qf}`bwbfkgd xbyvjnbj} wjkwd xjnd}fy qdybwbxdy id`d kfljwbxdy+ Ejibâkgdnd gf fywj `jkf}j wj`mbâk kdy jyflv}j`dy zvf nj yfújn yf qvfgj xbyvjnbj} idk nj `fod} fujiwbwvg qdybmnf+

Qjkwjnnj gf vk Dyibndyidqbd

:5 @VNWB@FW]D Fywf bkyw}v`fkwd gf `fgbibùk `vr idkdibgd id`d XD@ %Xdnwbdy. De`bdy. @bnbj`qf}à`fw}d". jvkzvf fk nj jiwvjnbgjg ejr `vnwà`fw}dy idk ijqjibgjg gf `fgb} `viejy dw}jy `jlkbwvgfy id`d nj ijqjibwjkibj. h}fivfkibj. wf`qf}jwv}j. fwi+"+ Fywf bkyw}v`fkwd gf `fgbgj qd} yv q}fibd r yv fujiwbwvg yblvf ybfkgd fn `êy vyjgd fk fnfiw}ùkbij+

@fgb}

wfkybùk. id}}bfkwf r }fybywfkibj $ b`qfgjkibj fk id}}bfkwf jnwf}kj

Id`d `fgb} Wfkybùk fk i+j+

@fgb} fk id}}bfkwf jnwf}kj fy blvjn gf hêibn zvf ejif} njy `fgbibdkfy fk ig+ Yf yfnfiibdkj. fk fn `vnwb`fw}d nj vkbgjg xdnwy fk JI+ Id`d yf fywê `bgbfkgd fk id}}bfkwf jnwf}kj. fy bkgbhf}fkwf nj qdybibùk gfn ijmnf kfl}d r fn }dod+ Yf yfnfiibdkj nj fyijnj. yb kd yf yjmf zvâ xjnd} yf `fgb}ê fnflb} nj `êy jnwj+ Yf idkfiwj fn `vnwà`fw}d j ndy fuw}f`dy gfn id`qdkfkwf. fk qj}jnfnd. r yf dmwbfkf nj nfiwv}j fk nj  qjkwjnnj+ Nj nfiwv}j dmwfkbgj fy fn xjnd} ]@Y d fhfiwbxd gf nj wfkybùk+

:2 @fgb}

id}}bfkwf jnwf}kj

Yf yfnfiibdkj. fk fn `vnwà`fw}d zvf fywf`dy vwbnbjkgd. nj vkbgjg id}}bfkwf fk JI+ Id`d yf fywê `bgbfkgd fk id}}bfkwf jnwf}kj. fy bkgbhf}fkwf nj qdybibùk gfn ijmnf kfl}d r fn }dod+ Yf yfnfiibdkj nj fyijnj. yb kd yf yjmf zvâ xjnd} yf `fgb}ê fnflb} nj `êy jnwj+ Qj}j `fgb} vkj id}}bfkwf idk fn `vnwà`fw}d. âywf wbfkf zvf vmbij}yf fk fn qjyd gf nj id}}bfkwf zvf yf gfyfj `fgb}+ Qj}j fywd yf jm}f fn ib}ivbwd fk fn nvlj} gdkgf qjyj nj id}}bfkwf j `fgb} r idkfiwj`dy fn `vnwà`fw}d+ Nd qdkf`dy fk yf}bf+ Fk jnlvkjy dijybdkfy kd fy qdybmnf jm}b} fn ib}ivbwd qj}j idndij} fn j`qf}à`fw}d+ Fk fywdy ijydy. yb yf gfyfj jxf}blvj} nj id}}bfkwf zvf qjyj qd} vk fnf`fkwd. yf vwbnbj nj nfr gf De`+Yf `bgf nj wfkybùk zvf ejr fkw}f ndy wf}`bkjnfy gfn fnf`fkwd qd} fn ivjn qjyj nj id}}bfkwf zvf yf gfyfj jxf}blvj} r gfyqvây. idk nj jrvgj gf nj Nfr gf De`. yf dmwbfkf nj id}}bfkwf %B 0 X $ ]"+ Dw}j dqibùk fy vwbnbj} vk j`qf}à`fw}d gf ijkgjgd. zvf qf}`bwf dmwfkf} nj id}}bfkwf zvf qjyj qd} vk ib}ivbwd ybk jm}b}nd+ Fywf gbyqdybwbxd. id`d yv kd`m}f nd bkgbij. wbfkf vkj fyqfibf gf ijkgjgd fk yv fuw}f`d zvf yf idndij jn}fgfgd} gfn idkgviwd} qd} gdkgf qjyj nj id}}bfkwf r `bgf fn ij`qd `jlkâwbid jn}fgfgd} gf ân+ Fywj `fgbibùk fy gb}fiwj`fkwf q}dqd}ibdkjn j nj id}}bfkwf zvf ib}ivnj qd} fn idkgviwd}  Fn xjnd} dmwfkbgd qd} fywf wbqd gf `fgbibùk fy ]@Y d fhfiwbxd gf nj id}}bfkwf+ Id`d `fgb} vkj ]fybywfkibj $ B`qfgjkibj fk i+j+

Fywj `fgbibùk fy blvjn j nj zvf yf }fjnbj fk GI+ Yf yfnfiibdkj nj fyijnj gf De`+ Qj}j `fgb} vkj }fybywfkibj idk fn `vnwà`fw}d. âywf yf vmbij idk njy qvkwjy fk ndy fuw}f`dy gfn fnf`fkwd j `fgb}. fk qj}jnfnd. r yf dmwbfkf nj nfiwv}j fk nj qjkwjnnj+ Nd bgfjn fy zvf fn fnf`fkwd j `fgb} %vkj }fybywfkibj fk fywf ijyd" kd fywâ jnb`fkwjgd qd} kbklvkj hvfkwf gf qdgf}+ Fn de`à`fw}d ejif ib}ivnj} vkj id}}bfkwf B qd} nj }fybywfkibj qj}j qdgf} dmwfkf} fn xjnd} gf nj âywj+ Vk ijyd `êy lfkf}jn fy ivjkgd yf gfyfj `fgb} vkj b`qfgjkibj %_". rj yfj fywj bkgviwbxj d ijqjibwbxj+ Ejr jnlvkdy `vnwà`fw}dy zvf qf}`bwfk `fgb} fywdy xjnd}fy. qf}d fk ijyd gf kd wfkf}nd. nj id}}bfkwf fk vkj b`qfgjkibj yf qvfgf dmwfkf} idk jrvgj gf nj nfr gf De`+ _ 0 X $ B. gdkgf X f B ydk xjnd}fy ]@Y+

=1

LFKF]JGD] GF YFÚJNFY Vk lfkf}jgd} gf yfújnfy fy vk bkyw}v`fkwd zvf q}dqd}ibdkj yfújnfy fnâiw}bijy+ Fk idki}fwd. yf vwbnbj qj}j dmwfkf} yfújnfy qf}bùgbijy idkw}dnjkgd yv qf}bdgd r yv j`qnbwvg+ Wàqbij`fkwf. lfkf}j yfújnfy gf hd}`j ivjg}jgj. w}bjklvnj} r nj ybkvydbgjn. zvf fy nj `êy vyjgj+ Yvy `jkgdy gf idkw}dn `êy b`qd}wjkwfy ydk?

:+

Yfnfiwd} gf hvkibdkfy + Idkw}dnj nj hd}`j gf dkgj gf nj yfújn gf yjnbgj+ Qvfgf yf} w}bjklvnj}. ivjg}jgj.

yfkdbgjn. fwi+ =+ Yfnfiwd} gf }jkld+ Yfnfiibdkj fn }jkld d `j}lfk gf h}fivfkibjy gf w}jmjod gf nj yfújn gf yjnbgj+ Yv

xjnd} xj gfwf}`bkjgd fk gâijgjy+ 9+ Idkw}dn gf h}fivfkibj + ]flvnj nj h}fivfkibj gf yjnbgj gfkw}d gfn `j}lfk yfnfiibdkjgd `fgbjkwf fn

yfnfiwd} gf }jkld+ Nj nfiwv}j gf nj h}fivfkibj fk fn `jkgd }dwjwd}bd fy wjk yùnd bkgbijwbxj+ Nj `fgbgj gf wjn `jlkbwvg gfmf }fjnbj}yf ybf`q}f fk fn dyibndyidqbd+ 7+ Idkw}dn gf j`qnbwvg + @jkgd zvf }flvnj nj j`qnbwvg gf nj yfújn gf yjnbgj+ Nj j`qnbwvg gfmf `fgb}yf fk fn dyibndyidqbd+ 6+ GI dhhyfw + ]flvnj nj wfkybùk idkwbkvj gf yjnbgj zvf yf yvqf}qdkf j nj yfújn xj}bjmnf fk fn wbf`qd gf yjnbgj+ 8 + Jwfkvjgd} gf =1gM+ Dh}fif nj qdybmbnbgjg gf jwfkvj} nj yfújn gf yjnbgj =1 gM %:11 xfify" ydm}f nj j`qnbwvg yfnfiibdkjgj idk fn idkw}dn kv`f}d 7+ < + Yjnbgj 811de`+ Idkfiwd} gf yjnbgj zvf fkw}flj nj yfújn fnflbgj idk vkj b`qfgjkibj gf 811 de`bdy+ 5+ Yjnbgj WWN+ Fkw}flj vkj idkyfivibùk gf qvnydy WWN %1 - 6X" idk nj `by`j h}fivfkibj zvf nj yfújn gf yjnbgj+

=:

IDKNV  Y  BDKF  Y  Jn yf} vkj dkgj yfkdbgjn. fn xdnwjof r nj id}}bfkwf. xjk gf qdybwbxd j kfljwbxd+ Jn kd wfkf} vk xjnd} hbod gf xdnwjof d id}}bfkwf. fn xjnd} `êub`d d j`qnbwvg kd fy fn xjnd} fhfiwbxd gf id}}bfkwf d xdnwjof+ Fn xjnd} fhfiwbxd fy vk xjnd} `êy mjod zvf fn xjnd} qbid+ Nj id}}bfkwf jnwf}kj wj`mbâk yf }blf qd} nfrfy id`d nj nfr gf De`+ Nj }fybywfkibj yf id`qd}wj gf nj `by`j hd}`j zvf fk vkj id}}bfkwf idkwbkvj. ybk f`mj}ld fn idkgfkyjgd} ejif zvf nj id}}bfkwf yf jgfnjkwf 21 l}jgdy idk }fyqfiwd jn xdnwjof r fn bkgviwd} q}dgvif vk jgfnjkwj`bfkwd gfn xdnwjof 21 l}jgdy idk }fyqfiwd gf nj id}}bfkwf+ Fk vk ib}ivbwd gf ij fubywfk }fybywd}fy. bkgviwd}fy r ijqjibwd}fy+ Nj dqdybibùk zvf fubywf jn qjyd gf nj id}}bfkwf fk vk ib}ivbwd gf ij yf nnj`j b`qfgjkibj r fy fn yv`j gf nj }fybywfkibj `êy njy }fjiwjkibjy+ Nj qdwfkibj fk ij fy gbywbkwj zvf fk ii+ Nj qdwfkibj fy nj `vnwbqnbijibùk gfn xdnwjof idk nj id}}bfkwf r fn idyfkd gfn êklvnd fkw}f fnndy+ Fk vk ijqjibwd} fn êklvnd gf gfyhjyf fy gf 21± qd} nd wjkwd nj qdwfkibj gbybqjgj fy if}d. nd `by`d div}}f fk vk bkgviwd}+ Fn dyibndyidqbd fy `vr ÿwbn. jgf`êy gf gj}kdy xjnd}fy qbidy qdgf`dy xf} nj hd}`j gf dkgj r ijnivnj}  h}fivfkibjy+ Idyj zvf kd yf qvfgf }fjnbj} idk vk @vnwb`fw}d rj zvf fywf ydnd kdy gj xjnd}fy ]@Y d fhfiwbxdy+ Idk fn lfkf}jgd} gf yfújnfy qdgf`dy i}fj} hd}`jy gf dkgj gf gbywbkwdy wbqdy. jovywj} xjnd}fy gf xdnwjof r gf h}fivfkibj+

==

}j h àj àj  Mb mn b b d l }j

Qjlbkjy fk bkwf}kfw r r r

ewwq?$$|||+vkbi}d`+id` ewwq?$$|||+yi+fev+fy ewwq?$$|||+`dknjv+fy

Nbm}dy Fyqfibjnbjgdy r

r

Mdrnfywjg. Bkw}dgviibùk jn jkênbyby gf ib}ivbwdy -Ijqbwvnd :9 -Ijqbwvnd :7. qjlbkjy 6<6-62<.8::-8:6+ Hvkgj`fkwdy gf Fnfiw}ùkbij -Ijqbwvnd :