Infernal Geometry and the Left-Hand Path

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EKOMWKJF N MACMYWU MACMYWU JKI YLM

F MOYMOY-L J JKI KI R J JYL YL Ylm Cjnehjf Xystmc ao tlm Kekm Jknfms

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Ekkmr Yrjieteaks Wahlmstmr, _mrcakt

Ekkmr Yrjieteaks Akm Rjr` Xtrmmt Wahlmstmr, _mrcakt 2=>?> www.Ekkmr ww w.EkkmrY Yrjiet rjieteaks.hac eaks.hac Hapyrenlt © 72:5 gy Jkirmw Yagejs Hljppmff Jff renlts rmsmrvmi. Ka pjrt ao tles gaa` cjy gm rmpraiuhmi ar utefezmi ek jky oarc ar gy jky cmjks, mfmhtrakeh ar cmhljkehjf, ekhfuiekn platahapyekn, rmhariekn, ar gy jky ekoarcjteak starjnm jki rmtremvjf systmc, wetlaut pmrcesseak ek wretekn orac tlm pugfeslmr. Fegrjry ao Haknrmss Hjtjfanekn-ek-Rugfehjteak Ijtj Phep ta hacmS

Rrektmi jki gauki ek \\\\\ :2 5 < > ? = 9 8 7 : Ymxt imsenk jki fjyaut gy Imggem Nfanavmr Yles gaa` wjs typmsmt ek Njrjcaki Rrmcemr Rra wetl Gatjky, Yeim Xjks jki Neff Xjks CY Rra usmi js iespfjy oakts Mxhmrpt orac pp. :<:‘:58 P:=<2 warisS orac YLM XJYJKEH WEY]JFX gy JKYAK FJ_MU. Hapyrenlt © :5>7 gy Jktak Fj_my. Wmprektmi gy pmrcesseak ao LjrpmrHaffeks Rugfeslmrs. Ya smki harrmspakimkhm ta tlm jutlar ao tles gaa`, cjef j oerst-hfjss fmttmr ta tlm jutlar h/a Ekkmr Yrjieteaks • Gmjr & Hacpjky, Akm Rjr` Xtrmmt, Wahlmstmr, _Y 2=>?>, jki wm weff oarwjri tlm haccukehjteak, ar haktjht tlm jutlar iermhtfy jt cateakimcakBncjef.hac ar veset les gfan jt stakyruggesl.tucgfr.hac ar les twettmr Bcateakimcak.

êtlaut tlm peakmmrekn war` ao Jktak Xzjkiar Fj_my, Cehljmf J. Jqueka, Rl.I., jki Xtmplmk M. Ofawmrs, Rl.I., tles gaa` waufi kat mxest. E ljvm gmmk immpfy ekspermi gy jff tlrmm, jki jc nrjtmouf oar ljvek ljveknn lji tlm appartukety ta `kaw jki war` wetl Jqueka jki Ofawmrs (js (js wmff js Iak ^mgg, ^mgg, lecsmfo j oarceijgfm prjhteteakmr prjhteteakmr jki Ymjhlmr ao tlm sugdmht cjttmr ao tles gaa`). Cjy tles lucgfm tmxt grekn lakar ta yaur tmjhlekns jki sprmji yaur rmkawk.

Oar tlmer vjfujgfm haktreguteaks, mkhaurjnmcmkt, jki/ar ommigjh` ak tlm sugdmht ao tlm gaa` jki tlm wretekn prahmss etsmfo, E tljk` tlm oaffawekn4 Rjtty Ljriy, Yec ChNrjkjljk, Djcms Oetzseccak Oetzseccaks,s, Eknvefi Hfjr` Hfjr`,, Jkirå Ljr`m, Cjr` Fusèk, jki Hlres Cmrwek Cmrwek.. Yljk`s jfsa ta Djcms X. jki Djrf Y. oar cy arenekjf ektraiuhteak ta tlm Kekm Jknfms0 wljt smmcmi dust j ojshekjtekn hureasety jt tlm tecm ljs nrawk ekta j feom-hljknekn jrmj ao stuiy, ao wlehl tles gaa` es gut akm cjkeomstjteak. E wauf waufii jfs jfsaa fe`m ta tljk` Dak Nrjljc jki jff jt Ekkmr Yrjieteaks oar tlmer mktlusejsc tawjri tles pradmht jki ljri war` ta lmfp et gmhacm j rmjfety.

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‖Oarmwmeri– gy Cehljmf J. Jqueka, Rl.I.

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^meri Yjfms, Xmceatehs, Nmacm ^meri Nmacmtry, try, jki tlm Fmo Fmot-Ljki t-Ljki Rjtl

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Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms

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: Avmrvemw ao tlm Kekm Jknfms

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7 Lestarehjf Jktmhmimkts

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Jknufjr Cjneh wetlek tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk jki tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt

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9 Ylm Oaukijteaks ao Nmacmtry =

ek Cjnehjf Rrjhtehms

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J Ylmary ao Cjneh

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? Ylm Ylrmm Wetms ao Jknufjr Cjneh Jkjfyzmi

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> Ylm Oaukijteaks ao âr` wetl tlm Kekm Jknfms

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Effustrjtevm jki Apmrjtevm âr` wetl tlm Kekm Jknfms

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‖Jotmr Jotmrwmeri– wmeri– gy Xtmplmk M. Ofawmrs, Rl.I.

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Ylm Jppmkiehms Ektraiuhteak Ekt raiuhteak ta tlm Jppmkiehms

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Gy Cehljmf J. Jqueka, Rl.I. JRRMKIE\ G

Haccmktjry Haccm ktjry ak tlm Xmjf ao tlm Kekm Jknfms

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Gy Cehljmf J. Jqueka, Rl.I. JRRMKIE\ H

Ylm Kekm Jknfms ao tlm Xmjf

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Gy Xtmplmk M. Ofawmrs, Rl.I. JRRMKIE\ I

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Gy Rjtty J. Ljriy, Nrjki Cjstmr Mcmretus ao tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei JRRMKIE\ M

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Gy Xtmplmk M. Ofawmrs, Rl.I. JRRMKIE\ O

Ylm W― W―yfmlejk yfmlejk Jfpljgmt

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Gjsmi ak tlm âr` ao Ycytlas (Yec ChNrjkjljk)

Katms

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‖OAWM^MEWI– G� C�� J. J��, R�.I.

Ek tryekn ta cj`m smksm ao tlm kjturjf mkverakcmkt ek wlehl tlmy oauki tlmcsmfvms, tlm jkhemkt Mnyptejks ieshmrkmi rmnufjretems ek plmkacmkj, orac tlm haursms ao tlm stjrs ta tlm jkkujf hyhfms ao tlm Kefm. Js tlmsm plmkacmkj rmhurrmi wetl ekmvetjgfm rmnufjrety jki prmiehtjgefety, tlm Mnyptejks ourtlmr rmhankezmi imtmrcekekn jki mkoarhekn jnmkhems gmleki tlmc, mjhl ao wlehl tlmy eimkteoemi js j kmtmr (orac (orac wlehl wm rmtjek tlm caimrk wari & hakhmpt ‖kjturm–). kmtmru’wlac Jff gut akm ao tlm kmtmru ’wlac fjtmr, iuffmr hufturms waufi hjff ‖nais–’hrmjtmi jki arimrmi tlm plysehjf mkverakcmkt0 haffmhtevmfy, tlmy waufi fjtmr hacpresm ‖Kjturjf Fjw– (ar, cytlafanehjffy, vjreaus ‖nais– ar j hacgekmi ‖Nai–). Xa smksegfm lucjks fmjrkmi jgaut tlm kmtmru tljt ecpjhtmi tlmc kmtmru tljt jki ljrcakezmi tlmer feomstyfms wetl tlmc js cuhl js passegfm, gatl ta gmkmoet jki ta jvaei ljrc. Rremstlaais jki fjtmr shemktests wmrm/jrm kmtmru jki mktrustmi wetl tlm tjs` ao ukimrstjkiekn tlm kmtmru jki imvesekn aptecjf lucjk haapmrjteak wetl tlmc. Ya tlmer cjrvmf jki imfenlt, lucjks jfsa ieshavmrmi tljt tlm cmhlkmtmru ljvm ïstlmteh jspmhts. Ylmy jrm jkescs jki rmnufjrety ao tlm kmtmru ljrcakeaus, gmjuteouf ta tlm senlt, prmtty ta tlm mjr. Jppfyekn cusehjf pe jki ple ple ek jrt & shjfms cj`ms passegfm hacpfmx sycplakems0 usekn pe jrhletmhturm mksurms gatl strmkntl jki jttrjhtevmkmss. Eo tles wmrm jff tlmrm es ta kjturm jki lucjk ektmrjhteak wetl et, ex

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tlmrm waufi gm ka rmjsak ar kmmi oar tles gaa`. Eo ek Yafèmk―s Ceiifmmjrtl tlmrm lji gmmk akfy tlm 8 Wekns ao tlm Mfvms, tlm > ao tlm Iwjrvms, jki tlm 5 ao Cmk, tlm Jnms ao Jrij (Mjrtl) waufi ljvm nfeimi jfakn pfjheify jki ukrmcjr`jgfy. Gut tlmrm wjs jkatlmr Wekn tlmrm, jki tlmrm es akm lmrm taa4 tljt kmtmr,–– wlehl paseteaks ekieveiujf lucjk haksheauskmss ekim‖atlmr kmtmr, pmkimkt ao, lmkhm mxtmr mxtmrkjf kjf ta tlm kjtur kjturjf jf uke ukevmrsm vmrsm jki ets fjws fjws.. Ylm kmtmru–– js Xmt0 fjtmr hufturms Mnyptejks `kmw tles ‖kmtmr ‖kmtmr kat ao tlm kmtmru waufi mhla lec js ‖Xjtjk– jki sece secefjr fjr imetems ao smpjrjtmkmss. Et es tles haksheaus smpjrjtmkmss tljt mkjgfms lucjks ta eimkteoy Kjturjf Fjw jki ektmkteakjffy usm et ljrcakeausfy. Umt ektrenueknfy, et jfsa mkjgfms tlmc ta usm tlasm fjws ek jff sarts ao wjys tlmy waufi kat ‖kjturjffy– cjkeomst ak tlmer awk. Gy etsmfo, kjturm praiuhms mfmcmkts jki sugstjkhms suhl js erak, mfmhtrehety, ruggmr, jki hacgustegfm hlmcehjfs. Gut et tj`ms lucjk eknmkuety jki hrmjtevety ta oerst ecjnekm jki tlmk jhtujfezm hacgekekn tlmsm ekta j Omrrjre. kmtmru iak―t Ylm kjturjf kmtmru iak―t na aut ao tlmer wjy ta cj`m Omrrjres. Xmt iams. Gut tljt―s steff kat tlm wlafm stary. Yles gaa` tmffs tlm rmst ao et. ^ljt ljppmks wlmk Xmt, ar XmtXmt-eksperm ekspermii lucjks lucjks,, stjr stjrtt tek tek`mrek `mreknn wetl Kjturjf Fjw1 Uau Uau nmt cjtlmcjtehs wlmrmek 7 + 7 ka faknmr mqujfs mqujf s 9, jrt jki jrhletmhturm tljt smmc ecpassegfm, cuseh tljt yaur mjrs hjk―t gmfemvm tlmy lmjri. Xacm ao tles stuoo es jcusekn jki mktmrtjekekn4 festmkekn ta j Hljrfms Evms sycplaky ar vemwekn C.H. Mshlmr―s irjwekns. KakKjturjf ïstlmtms ljvm mvmk gueft tlmcsmfvms ‖@fmek-gattfm– lacms wetl ‖ka ekseim/autseim,– js tlm hureaus cjy mjsefy ieshavmr wetl jk Ektmrkmt Naanfm smjrhl. Gut wlmrm wlmrm et nmts rmjffy rmjf fy wmeri es ek tlm moomhts mo omhts ao suhl KakKjturjfesc ak haksheauskmss etsmfo. Akm―s ceki jki grjek jrm jhhustacmi ta oukh teak jceist renei, rmjssurekn rmnufjrety. @kah` tles s`mfmtak jwjy jki tlm rmsuft es jgsafutmfy ekimpmkimkt, ukhakstrjekmi hrmjtevm pawmr, wlehl tlm pmijkteh cenlt cestj cestj`m `m oar ‖e ‖eksjket ksjkety. y.–– Ylm oerst jrtests ta rmjfezm jki mxpfarm tles rmjfc wmrm tlm


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Mxprmsseakests ao tlm mjrfy twmktemtl hmktury, cast ojcausfy ek ^mecjr Nmrcjky. Lmkhm tlm stukkekn jki slahèkn ecpjht ao oefcs suhl js Ylm Hjgekmt ao Ir. Hjfenjre, Ylm Nafmc, jki Nafmc, jki Cmtrapafes Cmtrapafes.. Ylm oerst pmroarcjkhm ao Xtrjveks`y―s Wetm Xtrjveks`y―s Wetm ao Xprekn ek ek Rjres rmsuftmi ek jk juiemkhm reat jki tlm arhlmstrj―s pmrhusseakest ojcausfy grmjèkn les irucsteh`s avmr les `kmms gmhjusm ao tlm gfjsplmcy tlmy lji lmfpmi ta hrmjtm. Et wjs shjrhmfy surpr surpresekn esekn tljt j omw ymjrs fjtmr Mxprmsseak Mxprmsseakesc esc waufi gm supprmssmi ek j kmjr-lystmrehjf rmjhtevm rusl ta kmarmjfesc. Larrar wretmrs suhl js L. R. Favmhrjot jki Hfjr` Jsltak Xcetl wmrm prmshemkt ta smm ek KakKjturjfesc j pjkapfy ao tmrrar ojr nrmjtmr tljk tlm afi ecjnmry ao vjcperms jki wmrmwafvms. Jfakn wetl tlmer tjfms hjcm j gegfeanrjply ao oargeiimk gaa`s, tmffekn tlm haurjnmaus (jki usujffy ojtjffy oaafesl) rmjimr law lm ‖cjy nmtt gmyakim Yecm & ym Xplmrms.– Kmhrakacehak, jrm Cast ao tlasm tacms, suhl js Favmhrjot― Favmhrjot―ss Kmhrakacehak, jrm oehteakjf. Ylmrm jrm j omw tljt jrmk―t, fe`m tles akm. Eo yau iak―t wjkt ta gm ieshavmrmi tacarraw carkekn hrauhlmi ek j harkmr jki slremèkn ekhjktjteaks ta Uan-Xatlatl, yau lji gmttmr tlraw et ekta tlm oermpfjhm jki ijsl oar tlm iaar.

C�� J. J��, R�.I., es j Ft. Hafakmf, Rsyhlafanehjf Apmrjteaks, ].X. Jrcy (Wmt.). Lm mjrkmi j G.J., C.J., jki Rl.I. ek Rafetehjf Xhemkhm orac tlm ]kevmrsety ao Hjfeoarkej, Xjktj Gjrgjrj. Xekhm :5>= lm ljs gmmk j Rremst ao tlm jkhemkt Mnyptejk nai Xmt jki smrvmi js Lenl Rremst ao tlm ektmrkjteakjf Ymcpfm ao Xmt uktef :55?. Lm es tlm jutlar ar mietar ao kucmraus gaa`s ak Xjtjk, Ylm pafetehjf, pafeteh jf, cef cefetjr etjry, y, jki eket eketejtar ejtaryy sugdmht sugdmhts,s, ekhfui ekhfuiekn ekn Ylm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk, Ymcpfm ao Xmt , Ceki^jr , CekiXtj CekiXtjr r , jki Mxt rmcm Rrmduie Rrmduiehm4 hm4 Ylm Y lm Rrmseiea Rrmse iea Xjtjke Xjtjkehh jki Mxtrmcm Jgusm Xhjc Xhjc.. Lm, les weom Fefetl, jki ekmvetjgfm, ekkucmrjgfm, jki eccartjf hjts fevm ek Xjk Orjkhesha, Hjfeoarkej.

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M EWI Y J JF F M X , XMCEAYEHX , ^ MEWI MACMYWU , J JK KI YLM N MACMYWU JK K I R JYL F MO Y-L J

Ek :5>7, Jktak Xzjkiar Fj_my―s oaffawup ta les :5?5 gaa` Ylm Xjtjkeh Gegfm wjs Gegfm wjs pugfeslmi. Ek tles hacpjkeak vafucm, mktetfmi Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, Wetuj fs, Fj_my Fj_my rmvmjfmi pugfeh vmrseaks ao cjky ao tlm ektmrkjf retms ao tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk. Cast ao tlm haktmkts ao tlm gaa` oahus ak ‖trjieteakjf– gfjh`-cjneh tapehs, suhl js tlm Gfjh` Cjss, gut tlmrm jrm tlrmm retujfs jki j hakhfuiekn mssjy tljt stjki aut js sacmtlekn vmry ieoomrmkt ek tlmer hakhmpteak jki purpasm. Mfm`tre `treshlmk shlmk _arspem arspemfm, fm, es Ylm oerst ao tlmsm retujfs, Iem Mfm es j hacgekjteak ao tmxt jki eimjs orac Orjk` Gmf`kjp Fakn―s Htluflu-cytlas Yekijfas jki ahhuftest Cjurehm Iarmjf―s suppasstary Ylm Laukis ao Yekijfas jki Ylatl, rmkimrmi tlraunl tlm mify jkhemkt tmxt Ylm Mcmrjfi Yjgfmt ao Ylatl, vesujff jmstlmteh ao Nmrcjk Mxprmsseakest oeoefc. vesuj fc. Ylm atlmr twa retujfs (Ylm (Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms jki Ylm Hjff ta Htluflu) Htluflu) jrm iermhtfy ekofumkhmi gy tlm wretekns ao L. R. Favmhrjot, jki gatl cj`m usm ao jk mfjgarjtm cjnehjf fjknujnm ekspermi gy tlm shjkt plrjsms ao tlm ‖fjknujnm ao tlm Nrmjt Afi Akms– (iuggmi Uunnatleh) ek Favmhrjot―s war`s. Ylmsm retujfs wmrm kat, ek ojht, wrettmk gy Fj_my, gut wmrm haktreguteaks orac Cehljmf Jqueka :

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(wla wjs Fj_my―s ‖fmot-ljki cjk– ek tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk jt tljt tecm). Ylm hakhfuiekn mssjy, ‖Ylm ]k`kawk @kawk,– nevms Fj_my―s tlmary tljt Kekm es tlm cast cjnehjf ao jff kucgmrs, jki tljt lucjks jki tlmer ekstetuteaks jilmrm ta hyhfehjf gmljvear pjttmrks gjsmi ak pmreais ao kekm ymjrs. Fj_my―s cusekns ak hyhfms wmrm lmjvefy ekspermi gy ^mftmesfmlrm (ar Nmrcjk mknekmmr Ljkks Lÿrgenmr―s psmuia-shemkteoeh ^mftmesfmlrm ‖ârfi Ehm Iahtrekm,– ieshussmi ek carm imtjef ek hljptmr 7). Ylm tlrmm retujfs jff ekhfuim rmomrmkhms ta cjnehjffy patmkt jknfms, jki guefi ak tlmer senkeoehjkhm js jffuimi ta ek Fj_my―s vmrseak ao tlm Gegfm . Mkahlejk @mys, wlehl hakhfuims Ylm Xjtjkeh Gegfm. Ylm Kekm Jknfms rmomrrmi ta ek tlmer mpakycaus Hmrmcaky jrm vesujf vesu jfezm ezmii js jk ekvmrsm pmktjn pmktjnrjc rjc supmre supmrecpasmi cpasmi ak j trjpmzaei trjpmzaei,, tlm kmtlmrcast paekt ao tlm pmktjnrjc mxtmkiekn gmyaki tlm fawmr larezaktjf ao tlm trjpmzaei, wetl tlm uppmr paekts ao gatl oenurms haekheiekn. Xekhm j rmnufjr pmktjnrjc mcgaiems tlm Nafimk Wjtea, jki tlm hakkmhtmi trjpmzaei es irjwk ek praparteaks imrevmi orac tlm iestjkhm gmtwmmk tlm twa uprenlt paekts ao tlm pmktjnrjc, tlm hacgekmi oenurm es prmiacekjktfy hacpasmi ao fekm smncmkts ieveimi ekta tlm Nafimk Wjtea. Js suhl, tlm Jknfms oukhteak js j typm ao sjhrmi (ar pmrljps carm jhhurjtmfy, ekomrkjf) nmacmtry tljt praveims j sycgafeh jki prjhtehjf caimf ao trjksoarcekn tlm Xmfo tlraunl hjrmouffy cmjsurmi ektraspmhektraspmh teak jki jhteak. Ylm Kekm Jknfms imshregm j caimf oar smfo-`kawfminm jki smfo-trjksoarcjteak gmhjusm jt tlmer harm tlmy jrm j hascafany’tljt es, j hakhmpteak ao tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm (tlm plysehjf ukevmrsm ao cjttmr jki mkmrny, jki tlm fjws tljt navmrk ets mxestmkhm) jki ets rmfjteakslep ta

Ylm Kekm Jknfms

^meri Yjfms, Xmceatehs, Nmacmtry, jki tlm Fmot-Ljki Rjtl

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tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm (tlm ekieveiujf `kawfminm, mxpmremkhm, jki smfojwjrmkmss ao mjhl smktemkt gmekn wetlek tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm). Ya gmnek ukimrstjkiekn law tlm Jknfms hjk gm usmi ek cjnehjf prjhtehm, et cjy gm usmouf ta jpprajhl tlmc js j cjp ao law eimjs, jhteaks, jki atlmr praiuhts prai uhts ao tlm ceki ce ki hacm ekta gmekn, tlus praveiekn j wjy ta qujkteoy tlm ieoomrmkt stjnms ao tles prahmss jki ta jei ek rmoekekn ets rmsufts. `mywaris jssahejtmi wetl et, wlehl Mjhl Jknfm ljs akm ar carm `mywaris jttmcpt ta hjpturm sacm jspmht ao tlm mssmkhm ao tljt jknfm ek tlm haktmxt ao jff kekm. Ylm `mywaris praveim j smceateh cjp ao law tlm Jknfms ektmrjht wetl mjhl atlmr js rmprmsmktjteaks ao ieoomrmkt stjnms ao tlm hrmjtevm jki trjksoarcjtevm prahmss, jki tlmy jfsa smrvm js j haccak fjknujnm oar ieshussekn tlm Jknfms. Ylm cjnehejk cjy ljvm gatl jk ukimrstjkiekn ao tlm haccakfy jhhmptmi `mywaris, js wmff js tlmer awk pmrsakjf `mywari, jff ao wlehl ojhefetjtm tlm prjhtehjf usm ao tlm Jknfms.

YLM KEKM JKNFMX JKI YLM FMOY-LJKI RJYL Cjne h js Cjneh pmrhmptujff js usmi ek tles gaa` rmomrs ta tlm prahmss gy wlehl pmrhmptuj hljknms jrm hrmjtmi jki cjim pmrcjkmkt wetlek tlm ekkmr warfi, jki wlehl cjy, wlmk kmmimi, hrmjtm plmkacmkjf hljknm ek tlm autmr warfi. Ylm usm ao j `mywari jssahejtmi wetl mjhl ao tlm Jknfms es jk jppfehjteak ao tlm smceateh tlmary ao cjneh, wlehl pasets tljt rmsufts impmki ak oekiekn tlm prapmr sycgafs jki caim ao jiirmss/haccukehjteak, hacgekmi wetl jshreptevm tlekèkn (jssenkcmkt ao cmjkekn) rmnjriekn tlm atlmrwesm leiimk jspmhts ao rmjfety jki tlmer ekofumkhm ak tlm imsermi rmsufts. Ylm smceateh tlmary ao cjneh es j pastcaimrk rmpfjhmcmkt oar tlm prmveausfy ek vanum sycpjtlmteh tlmary ao cjneh (papufjrezmi gy Djcms Nmarnm Orjzmr jki atlmrs), wlehl wjs prmiehjtmi ak tlm jssucpteak tljt cjneh wjs ofjwmi tlekèkn Par enkarjkhm ao shemkhmS jki tlus ekmoomhtevm. Ylm smceateh tlmary prahmmis orac tlm jssucpteak tljt cjneh iams war`, jki jttmcpts ta qujkteoy tlm cmjks gy wlehl et es moomhtevm (pjrtehufjrfy js jk autnrawtl ao moomhtevm

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Rrmfuim

sycgafeh haccukehjteak gmtwmmk tlm prjhteteakmr jki tljt wlehl es ta gm joomhtmi). Yles hruhejf jspmht ao tlm tlmarmtehjf gjh`nrauki gmleki jknufjr cjneh es ieshussmi ek imtjef ek hljptmr =. Ylm Kekm Jknfms js put oartl ek tles tmxt jrm j purmfy Fmot-Ljki Rjtl (FLR) systmc, kmetlmr imrevmi orac, kar prmiehjtmi ak jky trjieteakjf systmc. Ylm hakhmpt ao tlm Fmot-Ljki Rjtl js usmi ek tles gaa` es tlm ukmkiekn pursuet ao mkljkhekn jki pmrpmtujtekn tlm cjnehejk―s smfo-jwjrm, psyhlm-hmktreh mxestmkhm (e.m., tlm sugdmhtevm uke vmrsm, js imoe imoekmi kmi jgavm jgavm).). Ek iaekn sa, tlm ekie ekieveiuj veiujff gmhacms j carm patmkt jhtar wetlek w etlek tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm, jki smm`s s mm`s ta `kaw ` kaw les ar lmr awk pasetevm trjksoarcjteaks js rmofmhtmi gy tlmer moomhts ak tlm autmr warfi. Ylm tmrc Fmo Fmott-Ljki Rjtl ecpfems ka carjf duincmkt (tljt es, hlaasekn j seim ek secpfesteh kateaks ao naai jki mvef)0 et es cmrmfy j pjrtehu pjr tehufjr fjr jpprajhl tljt mcpljsez mcpljsezms ms mklj mkljkhekn khekn tlm smksm ao Xmfo jki Gmekn, wetl ets awk tmhlkequms jki jmstlmtehs, jki wlehl es ecpmrjtevm ta pursum rmspaksegfy jki mtlehjffy. Ylm systmc ao tlm Kekm Jknfms slaws tlm ekofumkhm ao suhl ievmrsm saurhms js Rfjtakeh kucgmr tlmary, Nmrcjkeh hascafany, tlm war`s ao L. R. Favmhrjot (jki atlmr jutlars mxpfarekn secefjr tlmcms), jki tlm cjtlmcjtehjf pmrspmhtevms ao tlm vesujf jrts. Jt tlmer harm, lawmvmr, tlm Jknfms jrm j rmfjtevmfy kmw imvmfapcmkt tljt trjkshmkis jki ukeoems jff ao tlmsm ekta j halmrmkt ymt haktekujffy mvafvekn systmc ao cjneh. Yles gaa` es jgaut tlm Kekm Jknfms’jki tlm tlmary jki prjhtehm ao Jknufjr cjneh’js imvmfapmi wetlek jki prjhtehmi gy tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt jki ets ektmrkjf gaiy tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei0 lawmvmr, et es kat j iahtrekjf stjtmcmkt jgaut metlmr arnjkezjteak. Cjky tecmfmss eimjs jki ekofumkhms orac tlm ^mstmrk msatmreh trjieteaks ek nmkmrjf, jki tlm Nmrcjkeh msatmreh trjieteaks ek pjrtehufjr, hakvmrnm ek tlm Kekm Jknfms. Js j precariejf mxprmsseak ao tlm lucjk psyhlm, tlmer usm es kat mxhfusevm ta jky akm arnjkezjteak’dust js war` wetl tlm rukms es kat fecetmi ta tlm Wukm-Nefi, ar Ylmfmcj ta tlm Aria Ymcpfe Aremktes (A.Y.A.). Kakmtlmfmss, tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt jki tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei rmcjek tlm cast jutlmk jutlmkteh’jki teh’jki jivjkhmi’shlaafs oar imvmfa imvmfapekn pekn ukimrstjkiu kimrstjkiekn jki cjstmry ao tlm Jknfms. Yles gaa` rmprmsmkts j iesteffjteak ao


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twa imhjims ao rmofmhteak jki prjhtehm gjsmi ak tlm Kekm Jknfms, wlehl ljvm gmmk jk ektmnrjf pjrt ek cy gmhacekn gatl j Cjstmr ao tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt jki tlm hurrmkt Nrjki Cjstmr ao tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei. Ylm syktlmses E sljrm lmrm lakars jki mxpjkis ak tlm war` gmnuk gy Cehljmf Jqueka, Rl.I., jki Xtmplmk Ofawmrs, Rl.I., wlehl ljs gmmk pursumi jki j ki mkljkhmi mklj khmi gy cjky atlmr tjfmktmi tj fmktmi cjnehejks cjnehej ks ao tlm t lm Ymcpf Ymcpfmm jki tlm Arimr avmr tlm imhjims.

HLJRYMW RWM_EM^ Hljptmr : es jk avmrvemw ao tlm Kekm Jknfms js j cjnehjf systmc, ekhfuiekn ourtlmr gjh`nrauki jgaut ets hakhmpteak ek Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. Jknfms .

Hljptmrs 7 jki 8 mxpfarm tlm lestarehjf jktmhmimkts ao tlm Kekm Jknfms jki tlm imvmfapcmkt ao tlm systmc wetlekk tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk jki Ymcpf wetle mcpfmm ao Xmt.

Hljptmr 9 havmrs vjreaus nmacmtreh hakhmpts tljt jrm tlm gjses oar ukimrstjkiekn tlm sycgafesc ao tlm Kekm Jknfms.

Hljptmr = ieshussms tlm smceateh tlmary ao cjneh, pfjhekn et ek tlm haktmxt ao lestarehjf tlmarems ao cjneh js wmff js imfvekn ekta tlm ‖Haccjki ta Faa`– ao platanrjplmr êffejc Cartmksmk, wlehl wjs wj s j precjr precjryy eko e kofumkhm fumkhm ak Jktak Fj_ Fj_my―s Fjw ao tlm Yrjpmzaei. Yrjpmzaei.

Hljptmr ? irjws ak tlm lestarehjf, nmacmtrehjf, jki tlmarmtehjf cjtmrejf prmsmktmi ek tlm prmveaus hljptmrs ta jkjfyzm ek imtjef Iem Mfm Mfm`tre `treshlmk shlmk _arspem arspemfm, fm, Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, jki Jknfms, jki Ylm Hjff ta Htluflu. Htluflu . Ylmsm tlrmm retujfs jrm tlm oaukijteakjf war`s ao

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Rrmfuim

Jknufjr Cjneh, jki jrm hretehjf ta ukimrstjki jki stuiy oar tlmer eksperjteak ek hrjotekn yaur awk retujfs.

Hljptmr > mstjgfeslms tlm oaukijteaks oar cjnehjf war` wetl tlm Kekm Jknfms. Yles nraukiwar` ekhfuims sunnmsteaks oar prmpjrekn jki imiehjtekn j hljcgmr ta tlm prjhtehm ao Jkn Jknufj ufjrr Cjn Cjneh, eh, js wmff js tlm gjses oar ijefy prjhtehms tljt weff jwj`mk tlm rmjimr ta tlm passegefetems passegef etems wetle wetlekk tles systmc.

Hljptmr < prmsmkts j vjremty ao mxjcpfms ao effustrjtevm jki apmrjtevm usms ao tlm Jknfms. Ylm effustrjtevm apmrjteaks’tljt es, tlm ektraspmhtevm jki rmofmhtevm jppfehjteaks ao tlm Jknfms’mxpfarm suhl tapehs js j ukequmfy Fmot-Ljki Rjtl oarc ao ievekjteak, senefs jki sycgafs, jki imvmfapekn cekioufkmss. Ylm apmrjtevm jppfehjteaks oahus ak tlm usm ao tlm Jknfms ta ojhefetjtm ieshmrkegfm hljknm wetlek tlm Xmfo ar ek tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm. Ylm hljptmr jfsa ekhfuims sunnmsteaks oar imvmfapekn yaur awk prjhtehms, wlehl jrm j kmhmssety oar trufy ukimrstjkiekn tlm Fmot-Ljki Rjtl ukimrpekkekns ao tlm Jknfms.

Hljptmr 5 prmvemws tlm jppmkiehms, wlehl ekhfuim j vjreaus oaukijteakjf wretekns tljt ljvm lji senkeoehjkt ekofumkhm ak tlm imvmfapcmkt ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, pfus j hacprmlmksevm gegfeanrjply. Ylm gaa` hakhfuims wetl tlm jppmkiehms tljt praveim immpmr lestarehjf haktmxt jgaut Jknufjr Cjneh tlraunl sacm ao tlm retujfs jki mssjys tljt ljvm gmmk praoauki ekofumkhms ak ets imvmfapcmkt wetlek tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei. Cy imserm es ta mcpawmr jki ekoarc tlasm wla cjy rmsakjtm wetl tles systmc’akm wlehl uktef kaw ljs akfy gmmk lektmi jt ek cjtmrejfs jvjefjgfm ta tlm pugfeh’tlraunl cy twa imhjims ao war` wetl et. Jgavm jff, tlm Kekm Jknfms cust gm war`mi wetl wet l jki mxpmremkhmi ek arimr ta


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njek tlm cast orac tlmer stuiy. Yrum trjksoarcjteak hjkkat hacm orac rmofmhteak jfakm, jki j systmc suhl js tlm Jknfms, wlehl es iykjceh jki mvmr-mvafvekn, cust gm jpprajhlmi wetl jk mqujffy iykjceh, ofmxegfm, jki mxpmrecmktjf cekismt. Fmt us kaw gmnek wetl j carm tlaraunl faa` jt wljt tlm Jknfms jrm jki law yau cenlt gmnek ta usm tlmc ek yaur awk prjhtehms. Jutlar―s Katm4 Ylm usm ao nmkimr-spmheoeh prakauks ek tlm vjreaus retujfs es ektmkimi ek j purmfy fetmrjry smksm0 jff ao tlm retujfs cjy gm pmroarcmi gy cjnehejks ao jky nmkimr eimkteoehjteak.

Y LM HMWMCAKU AO Y LM

K E K M J KNFMX

G� C�� J. J��, R�.I.

PYles hmrmcaky es ta gm pmroarcmi ek j hfasmi hljcgmr haktjekekn ka hurvmi surojhms wljtsamvmr. Ka apmk ofjcms jrm ta gm prmsmkt ek tlm hljcgmr, mxhmpt j seknfm grjzemr ar ofjcm-pat ta gm usmi wlmrm ekiehjtmi. Nmkmrjf effucekjteak es praveimi metlmr tlraunl haktraffmi stjrfenlt ar caakfenlt, ar vej hakhmjfmi uftrjveafmt imvehms. Jgavm jki gmleki tlm jftjr pfjtoarc slaufi jppmjr tlm autfekm ao j rmnufjr trjpmzaei. Ylm hmfmgrjkt jki pjrtehepjkts jff wmjr cjs`s ar lmjipemhms ta gfur ar iestart tlm trum ojhejf omjturms. Jff pjrtehepjkts jssmcgfm ek j ljfo-lmxjnakjf oarcjteak ojhekn tlm fjrnm trjpmzaei mcgfmc. Ylm hmfmgrjkt stjkis gmoarm tlm jftjr, ojhekn tlm pjrtehepjkts. Lm rjesms les fmot ljki ek tlm Xenk ao tlm Larks4S

H��4 K―`nkjtl è―q Jz-Jtlatl r―dyjrl wl―ojnl zljsj plr-tnj kymkj plrjn-k―nfu.

Fmt us ia lakar ta Jzjtlatl, wetlaut wlasm fjunltmr tles warfi slaufi kat gm. Mxhmrpt orac YLM XJYJKEH WEY]JFX gy JKYAK FJ_MU. Hapyrenlt © :5>7 gy Jktak Fj_my. Wmprektmi gy pmrcesseak ao LjrpmrHaffeks Rugfeslmrs.

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PRjrtehepjkts jkswmr tlm nmsturm.S

R��4 @e―q Jz-Jtlatl r―dyjrl wl―ojnl zljsj plr-tnj kymkj plrjn-k―nfu.

Lakar ta Jzjtlatl, wetlaut wlasm fjunltmr tles warfi slaufi kat gm. H��4 @zs―kjtl r―k Jz-Jtlatl gref―kwm szj―n mfu―`lkjr rquar`wm w―rjnu cojkhnl― teec―gr vuj. Dskuo j wrunl ài―ro `prj `ygke sprk―j`j ty―`ku Mf-j`j nrymkk―l `rjks lu-mlk.

Jzjtlatl, nrmjt hmktmr ao tlm hascas, fmt tly ofutms sekn ukta us, fuffekn us jnjekst tlm tmrrars ao tly iacjek. Yly cmrrecmkt sustjeks aur omjrs, jki wm rmdaehm ek tlm ârfi ao Larrars ek tly kjcm. R��4 @e―q Jz-Jtlatl r―dyjrl wl―ojnl zljsj plr-tnj kymkj plrjn-k―nfu.

Lakar ta Jzjtlatl, wetlaut wlasm fjunltmr tles warfi slaufi kat gm. PHmfmgrjkt fawmrs ljki, tlmk rmkimrs tlm Xenk ao tlm Larks wetl les renlt ljki. Jff pjrtehepjkts mhla tlm nmsturm.S

H��4 K―`nkjtl è―q U―ns-Atlatl r―dyjrl omr-nryp―l-kzj `m―ru plrjnk―nfu.

Fmt us ia lakar ta Uan-Xatlatl, wetlaut wlasm senk wm aursmfvms slaufi kat gm. R��4 @e―q U―ns-Atlatl r―dyjrl omr-nryp―l-kzj `m―ru plrjnk―nfu.

Lakar ta Uan-Xatlatl, wetlaut wlasm senk wm aursmfvms slaufi kat gm. H��4 @l―ruk-cku `je U―ns-Atlatl lrk-kde quj-rmsvk xlj irun―ges pw-knj s―dmks ke―`j qurjjs-te `ka―n kwrml sla-d rny-kjcjktl Mf-j`j nrymkk―l. @y―rl-ljk―trml zcjl-nrak―t`―rmkg plrak-yml olj―nke y―n zyg―kas vuy-èk―ml vuy-èk― ml `sak wr―n `yka. ` yka.

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Uan-Xatlatl, cjstmr ao iecmkseaks, tlraunl tly weff jrm wm smt upak tlm âr ^ arfi fi ao ao Larra Larrars. rs. Ojhm Ojhmfms fmsss akm, akm, nueim us us tlraunl tlraunl tlm tlm ofenl o fenltt ao tly tly hrmjte hrmjteak ak,, tljt wm cjy gmlafi tlm Gaki ao tlm Jknfms jki tlm pracesm ao tly weff. R��4 @e―q U―ns-Atlatl r―dyjrl omr-nryp―l-kzj `m―ru plrjnk―nfu.

Lakar ta Uan-Xatlatl, wetlaut wlasm senk wm aursmfvms slaufi kat gm. PHmfmgrjkt rjesms gatl jrcs jwjy orac lec jt j sljrp jknfm. Rjrtehepjkts ia fe`mwesm.S

H��4 T―d-c―l `l―rk T―d-c―l `l―r T―d-c―l `l―rcku. @l―rk w―kl kyn lsyl olj―nku mr―kneirn-kzj `ku `y hry-str―l k―`ku. Au-a kdm―y olj―nku qurs-te knje-`jkn wlra-`kn― wlra`kn―lrnllrnl-ee szlka zyu-ilrak―` zyu-ilrak―` pa―d ku Htl―k. Htl―k. E― E ―j ry― r y―nzmknlra. nzmknlra.

Ylm Ijmcaks jrm, tlm Ijmcaks wmrm, jki tlm Ijmcaks sljff gm jnjek. Ylmy hjcm, jki wm jrm lmrm0 tlmy sfmmp, jki wm wjthl oar tlmc. Ylmy sljff sfmmp, jki wm sljff iem, gut wm sljff rmturk tlraunl tlmc. ^m jrm tlmer irmjcs, jki tlmy sljff jwj`mk. Ljef ta tlm jkhemkt irmjcs. R��4 E―j ry―nzmknlra.

Ljef ta tlm jkhemkt irmjcs. PYlm hmfmgrjkt kaw turks ta ojhm tlm jftjr.S

H��4 @l―rmksl k―olj―k-nkl `lrmk-`jk―n K―yrj-f―ylt-Atp lry―k hlu-se wlr―n zyg―kas tlu―kgydkm―w kle quz-j.

E hjff kaw ta tlm uksfmmpekn akm, tlm gfjh` lmrjfi, Kyjrfjtlatmp, wla jssurmtl tlm Gaki gmtwmmk tlm fevekn jki tlm imji. R��4 E―j K―yrj-f―ylt-Atp.

Ljef, Kyjrfjtlatmp.


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H��4 @l―rmknyu jz―pyzl rz―m ly―`kas zlre ty―l kzjf―s zj kjjnlj lu―l-kgy dkm―w kle quz-jf ldru-hrus`―m izuki i`ke-kyml ryr―kn`jek-e `lrekn―s kjjnls pyz―rk r y―nzy y―nzykk rn rny-kjcjktl y-kjcjktl Mf-j Mf-j`j `j nr nrymkk―l ymkk―l tà o ―uknj f ―zmk-zu ise-r p―knjtl p― knjtl o lj― lj―nku nku ken-quz― ken-quz―jj E―j K―yrj-f―ylt-Atp. K―yrj-f―ylt-Atp.

A ijr` akm, wla reimtl tlm wekis ao tlm Jgyss jki hrymtl tlm kenlt njukts gmtwmmk tlm fevekn jki tlm imji, smki ta us tlm Afi Akm ao tlm ârfi ^ arfi ao Larrars, wlasm wari wm laka lakarr ukta tlm mki ao tlm imjtlfmss sfmmp. Ljef, Kyjrfjtlatmp. R��4 E―j K―yrj-f―ylt-Atp.

Ljef, Kyjrfjtlatmp. H��4 E―js urmkz-`lrnk kjjnls z―l lfym omr-zk hyk. E―js jmc―kl he-hyzg vyke-wmtl w―rjnk w― rjnk dkuso wlrmkna wlrmkna dkuso― dkuso ―we `fa zyjl zsygl `yk`y k-tjf-a tjf-a luz-u `yka.

Ljef ta tlmm, gfjh` prekhm orac tlm Gjrremr wlasm hljrnm wm gmjr. Ljef ta tlmm jki ta tly ojtlmrs, wetlek wlasm hyhfm tlau fjunl jki shrmjc ek tmrrar jki ek cmrrecmkt, ek omjr jki ek mhstjsy, ek fakmfekmss jki ek jknmr, upak tlm wlec ao tly weff. R��4 E―j K―yrj-f―ylt-Atp urz―k kjjnlj.

Ljef, Kyjrfjtlatmp, prekhm ao tlm Jgyss. H��4 _―lu-mlk k―`nkjtl olj―nku k―jmc―kl. @zrmk ry―nzyk hyzg-kjcjktl Mf-j`j nrymkk―l `l―rmkslz `―rjlz―klu zyg―kas y―natl-m vuy-èk―ml kjfs zyl.

Ek tly kjcm fmt us gmlafi tlm ojtlmr. Fmt tlm Afi Akm wla rmenkmtl upak tlm ârfi ao Larrars hacm jki spmj` wetl us, oar wm waufi jnjek strmkntlmk tlm Gaki tljt fevmtl wetlek tlm jknfms ao tlm Rjtl ao tlm Fmot. PYlm hmfmgrjkt stjkis iermhtfy gmoarm tlm jftjr, hfmkhlekn gatl oests

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jki hrassekn tlm fmot ljki avmr tlm renlt jnjekst les hlmst.S

H��4 E―j Xl―g-K―ynr―tl jmc―kl Mf-j`j nrymkk―l. E―j jmc―kl `yf-i zlmc―k. E―j zlmc―kokek―quz k―olj―k-nk è-quj lu-mlk zyg―kas.

Ljef, Xlug-Kennurjtl, ojtlmr ao tlm ârfi ao Larrars. Ljef, ojtlmr ao tlm larkfmss akms. Ljef, rjc ao tlm Xuk jki imjtlfmss akm, wla sfmmpmst kat wlefm wm lakar tly kjcm jki tly gaki. R��4 E―j Xl―g-K―ynr―tl.

Ljef, Xlug-Kennurjtl. PYlm Najt ao j Ylausjki Uaukn jppmjrs. Jff pjrtehepjkts hfmkhl tlmer oests jotmr tlm ojsleak ao tlm hmfmgrjkt.S

H��4 E―j jmc―kl.

Ljef, ojtlmr. R��4 E―j jmc―kl.

Ljef, ojtlmr. X��-K��4 Rlrjnk―`j plrjnk. _―vuy-èk―m o―uknk `yf-i zlmc―k `―ouknk zyg―kas T―d-c―l `yks mf-`rjk―u, Ouknku―l zyg-`je zyg―kas ralz vuy-`l―yk.

E jc tljt E jc. Ylraunl tlm jknfms E spmj` wetl tlm larkfmss akms, jki E pfminm jkmw tlm Gaki ao tlm Ijmcaks, tlraunl wlasm weff tles warfi es hacm ta gm. Fmt us spmj` tlm Gaki ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. H�� 4 E―j jmck―l urz―vuy-èk w―lrmk―d Mf-j`j nrymkk―l. Oukn―lk-`je zyg―kas ralz vuy-`l―yk k―`ym w―rjnl zl―szj lrk-kde quj-rmsvk `―kn kjjnlj zlmc v―clkmn-j v― clkmn-jfz. fz.


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Ljef, ojtlmr jki fari ao tlm jknfms, cjstmr ao tlm ârfi ao Larrars. ^m spmj` tlm Gaki ao tlm Kekm Jknfms ta tlm lakar ao tlm ofutms ao tlm fjunlekn akm, tlm cjstmr ao iecmkseaks, tlm lmrjfi ao tlm gjrremr, jki tlm Najt ao j Ylausjki Uaukn. J��4 _―ty―l vuy-`k mf-u`l―kjr he-wrjnl zl―szj w―rjnkl `s―zy i―syk.

Orac tlm Oerst Jknfm es tlm ekoeketm, wlmrmek tlm fjunlekn akm iatl hry jki tlm ofutms wjef ukta tlm mkiekn ao tecm. _―quy―l vuy-`k lrk-kde lyf zjjk-e vy` i―plrak―l Mf-j`j nrymkk―l v―dkus-oyl v― dkus-oyl wlrmkn― wlrmkn―k. k. Orac tlm Xmhaki Jknfm es tlm cjstmr wla iatl arimr tlm pfjkms jki tlm jknfms, jki wla ljtl hakhmevmi tlm ârfi ao Larrars ek ets tmrrar jki nfary. _―`rmsk vuy-`k `―knj i―plrak―n `r-j Mf-j`j nrymkk―l p―ksmg qumr-lnj plrjnk u`-`lrak ty― ty―l-qu―`rm l-qu―`rm vuy-èk― vuy-èk―mm ralz. Orac tlm Yleri Jknfm es tlm cmssmknmr, wla ljtl hrmjtmi tlm pawmr ta gmlafi tlm cjstmr ao tlm ârfi ao Larrars, wla nevmtl ta tlmm sugstjkhm ao gmekn jki tlm `kawfminm ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. _―luy vuy-`k zlmc―koe i―psy―l iy-tr―nyu Mf-j`j nrymkk―l o―uknk-me se―k se-r―j s―jf` i―lu―l-uym ralz. Orac tlm Oaurtl Jknfm es tlm rjc ao tlm Xuk, wla graunlt tly smfvms ta gm, wla mkiurmtl upak tlm ârfi ao Larrars jki prahfjecmtl tlm tecm tljt wjs, tlm tecm tljt es, jki tlm tecm tljt sljff gm0 jki wlasm kjcm es tlm greffejkhm ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. _―hvym vuy-`k `l―rmk-e `yf-i zlmc―k fyz-kjj ckjj r―hvymv―y-`rm T―d-c―l nryk-l―y i―yk―`lm hyvjjfeh l―y-hvy-ralz. Orac tlm Oeotl Jknfm jrm tlm larkfmss akms, wla rjesm tlm tmcpfm ao tlm oevm trelmiraks ukta tlm Ijmcaks ao hrmjteak, wlasm smjf es jt akhm oaur jki oevm jki kekm.

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_ ―qujr― qujr―kk vuy-`k v uy-`k olj― o lj―nk nk Td-c Td-c―― l è-iyus ` e-iyus iyk-dk iyk-dk――jsl hv hvy-`ku y-`ku u`r― u` r―kk ly-ralz. ly-ralz. Orac tlm Xextl Jknfm es tlm sfmmp ao tlm Ijmcaks ek syccmtry, wlehl iatl vjkquesl tlm oevm gut sljff kat prmvjef jnjekst tlm oaur jki tlm kekm. _―try―v vuy-`k idk―sl iys-u k―olj―n-ker T―d-c―l r―k ly-`rm―skvy―` `r―k-qujr. Orac tlm Xmvmktl Jknfm es tlm ruek ao syccmtry jki tlm jwj`mkekn ao tlm Ijmcaks, oar tlm oaur jki tlm kekm sljff prmvjef jnjekst tlm sex. _―kyr vuy-`k lrk-kder vu―j fyz-kjj ckjj r―kyrv―y T―d-c―l nry-l―y i―yk`lm hyvjjf―` ly-hvy-ralz. Orac tlm Menltl Jknfm jrm tlm Cjstmrs ao tlm Wmjfc, wla rjesm tlm tmcpfm ao tlm menlt trelmiraks ukta tlm Ijmcaks ao hrmjteak, wlasm smjf es jt akhm oaur jki oevm jki kekm. _―ralz vuy-`k e―ek`l-v zy-i―syk ur―grm-mf ly―d wlrmkn―k kj`lrmkn―l yl―wlrmkn―kk `ymkk―l yl―wlrmkn― `ymkk―l.. Orac tlm Kektl Jknfm es tlm ofjcm ao tlm gmnekkekn jki mkiekn ao iecmkseaks, wlehl gfjzmtl ek greffejkhm jki ijr`kmss ukta tlm nfary ao imserm. X��-K��4 @―oukn―k zyg―kas Td-c―l `yks mf-nryk―ly.

E pfminm tlm Gaki ao tlm Ijmcaks, tlraunl wlasm weff tles warfi ljtl hacm ta gm. H�� 4 @e―q zyg―kas `―Mf-j`j nrymkk―l.

^mm lak ^ lakar ar tlm gaki upak tlm ârfi ao Larrars. X��-K��4 @e-eq `yf-i zlmc―k.


:=

Ljef ta tlm larkfmss akms. H�� 4 @e-eq Xl―g-K―ynr―tl jmc―kl Mf-j`j nrymkk―l.

Ljef ta Xlug-Kennurjtl, ojtlmr ao tlm ârfi ao Larrars. X��-K��4 Tljr-v zy-i―syk.

]kta tlm gmnekkekn jki tlm mkiekn ao iecmkseaks. H��4 Tljr-v zy-i―syk.

]kta tlm gmnekkekn jki tlm mkiekn ao iecmkseaks. PYlm Najt ao j Ylausjki Uaukn ka faknmr jppmjrs. Ylm hmfmgrjkt ojhms tlm t lm pjrtehepjk pjr tehepjkts.S ts.S

H��4 Yy―l kzjf―s `rj kjjnls k―nlfjsd zsyk―m ty―l kzjf―s zj―dm atl―m `yf-i zlmc―k ouknl―k.Kjf U―ns-Atlatl `rmff K―yrj-f―ylt-Atp. E―j U―ns-Atlatl. E―j K―yrj-f―ylt-Atp.

Ylm njukts jrm faasm upak tlm wafi, jki wm sljff kat pjss0 gut tlm tecm sljff hacm wlmk tlm njukts weff gaw gmoarm us, jki cjk sljff spmj` wetl tlm taknums takn ums ao tlm larkfmss larkfms s akms. Ylm wjy es Uan-Xatlatl, jki j ki tlm `my es Kyjrfjtlatmp. Ljef, Uan-Xatlatl. Ljef, Kyjrfjtlatmp. R��4 E―j U―ns-Atlatl. E―j K―yrj-f―ylt-Atp. E―j X―lj-t―k.

Ljef, Uan-Xatlatl. Ljef, Kyjrfjtlatmp. Ljef, Xjtjk.

: _M M W_ W_EE M ^ AO A _ Y L M KE K M J KNFMX K NFMX

Js tlm prmfuim rmhaukts, tlm oerst ouffy oarcmi mxprmsseak ao tlm hakhmpt ao tlm Kekm Jknfms (ek ets vesujf rmprmsmktjteak js tlm trjpmzaeiJknfms . Ylm pfus-pmktjnrj pfus-pmktj nrjc) c) mcmrnmi ek Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. Hmrmcaky wjs wrettmk gy Cehljmf Jqueka, jki pugfeslmi ek Jktak Hmrmcaky Wetujfs (Jvak, :5>7). Xzjkiar Fj_my―s Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs (Jvak, Hmrmcaky.. Cuftepfm tlrmjis ao msatmreh tlaunlt hjcm tanmtlmr ek tlm Hmrmcaky Ylm kucgmr cystehesc ao Rytljnarjs pfjys jk ecpartjkt rafm, js ia Jktak Fj_my―s eimjs ak tlm cmtjplysehjf senkeoehjkhm ao agfequm (kakrenlt) jknfms ek jrhletmhturm jki jrt. Ylm cjtlmcjtehjf prapmrtems ao tlm kucgmr kekm (jki tlm cystehjf senkeoehjkhm ao tles ek Fj_my―s tlaunlt) oeki j prjhtehjf jppfehjteak, jki Jqueka―s ektmrmst ek tlm ektmffmhtujf jki cjnehjf ecpfehjteaks ao jrteoehejf fjknujnm hakstruhteak jfsa oenurm pracekmktfy. pracekmk tfy. Jf Jfff ao tles es prmsmk prmsmktmi tmi tlraunl tlm jmstlmtehs ao tlm wretekn ao Lawjri Rleffeps Favmhrjot.

Ylm nmacmtreh cystmry tljt rmprmsmkts tlm Kekm Jknfms

:?

Avmrvemw ao tlm Kekm Jknfms

:>

Hljptmrs 7 jki 8 mxpfarm ek imtjef jff tlm hacpakmkts ao tles jcjfnjc ao eimjs jki tlmer lestarehjf jktmhmimkts. Ek tles hljptmr, wm―ff tj`m j hfasmr faa` jt tlm Fjw ao tlm Yrjpmzaei, jki ets rafm ek tlm imvmfapcmkt ao tlm Kekm Jknfms js j cjnehjf systmc. ^m―ff ^ m―ff jfsa ektraiu ektraiuhm hm twa ao tlm tlm `my jspmht jspmhtss ao tlmer tlmer apmr apmrjtev jtevmm usm4 usm4 tlm Gak Gakii ao tlm Kekm Jknfms jki j kmw pmrspmhtevm ak tlm pmrhmpteak jki cjkepufjteak ao tecm. Ylm hljptmr hakhfuims wetl j pjer ao imtjefmi mxjcpfms ao law tlm Jknfms pranrmss, orac twa ieoomrmkt vjktjnm paekts ao tecm.

YLM AWIMW AO YLM YWJRMTAEI Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms jki Jknfms jki ets hacpjkeak retm, Ylm Hjff ta Htluflu, jrm Htluflu, jrm gatl hfasmfy hakkmhtmi ta tlm cystmreaus nraup hjffmi tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei. Ylm Arimr oerst mcmrnmi orac tlm sljiaws ek jk jkkaukhmcmkt gy Jktak Fj_my ek tlm Imhmcgmr :5>2 essum ao tlm Laao, wlmrm lm imshregmi et Hlurhl ao Xjtjk―s kmwsfmttmr, Ylm Hfavmk Laao, js tlm Gajri ao Iermhtars, smhurety stjoo, jki jivesars ao tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk.* Ylraunl vjreaus etmrjteaks ao wljt mxjhtfy et senkeoemi wetlek tlm Hlurhl, tlm mcpljses jfwjys rmcjekmi ak tlm Arimr js tlm gmlekitlm-shmkms hjrmtj`mr ao tlasm eimjs jki prjhtehms ao wlehl tlm Hlurhl wjs tlm pugfeh, jhtevm ojhm ojhm.. Ylm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei oeoekjf kjffy fy taa` j imoeketm oarc tlraunl tlm war` ao Cehljmf Jqueka ek Ahtagmr :5<7, jki gmhjcm akm ao tlm kaw afimst jhtevm Arimrs (ar jrmjs ao spmhejfezj teak, ukimr tlm fmjimrslep jki tmjhlekn ao j Nrjkicjstmr) wetlek tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt.† *Dalk C. @ekhjei, ‖Jk Mxpfjkjteak ao tlm Wafm ao tlm Haukhef ao tlm Yrjpmzaei,– Ylm Hfavmk Laao =, ka. :7 (Imhmcgmr :5>2). Ylm kjcm Dalk C. @ekhjei, jftlaunl arenekjffy tljt ao jk jhtujf cmcgmr ao tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk, fjtmr rmcjekmi js j psmuiakyc usmi ek jicekestrjtevm Hlurhl harrmspakimkhm gy Jktak Fj_my (jki atlmrs). Yles gatl prmsmrvmi prmsmr vmi tlm cystequm ao rmhmevekn rjrm jhtujf harrmspakimkhm senkm senkmii gy Fj Fj_ _my, js wmff js jiimi ta tlm jppmjrjkhm ao j ouff stjoo ao jicekestrjtevm war`mrs jt tlm Hlurhl lmjiqujrtmrs jt ?::9 Hjfeoarkej Xtrmmt ek Xjk Orjkhesha. †Oar j carm hacpfmtm jhhaukt ao tlm lestary ao tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei, jki ets weim-rjkn weim -rjknekn ekn ektmrms ektmrmsts ts ekhfui ekhfuiekn ekn Jk Jknu nufjr fjr cjn cjneh, eh, smm hljptm hljptmrr 8. Ylm Arimr jf jfsa sa cje cjekktjeks j pugfeh prmsmkhm tlraunl ets wmgsetm.

:<


Ylm kjcm ao tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei rmomrs ta Fj_my―s Fjw ao tlm Yrjpmzaei, succjrezmi gy Jqueka js4 Jff agtusm jknfms jrm cjnehjffy ljrcouf ta tlasm ukjwjrm ao tles prapmrty. Ylm sjcm sj cm jknfms jkn fms jrm gmkmoehej gmkmoehejf,f, stecufjtekn ste cufjtekn,, jki mkmrneze mkmrnezekn kn ta tlasm wla jrm cjnehjffy smksetevm ta tlmc.:

Et es hfmjr orac Fj_my―s wretekns ak tlm Fjw’havmrmi tlaraunlfy ek hljptmrs 8 jki ?’tljt et rmomrs ta jhutm jknfms js wmff. Et es tlus hureaus ta katm tljt tlm trjpmzaei es tlm akfy hakvmx pafynak, ek ets stjkijri oarcs, tljt haktjeks gatl typms ao agfequm jknfms (e.m., jhutm jki agtusm), rmkimrekn tlm trjpmzaei js tlm oenurm tljt cast ouffy mkhjpsufjtms ek sycgafeh oarc tlm leiimk cmjkekn ao tlm Fjw tljt gmjrs ets kjcm.

IM_MFAREKN YLM XUXYMC Jknfms wjs pugfeslmi ek :5>7, et wjs Ylaunl Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms wjs kat uktef Cjrhl :5<< tljt j ouffmr mxpaseteak ao tlm cjnehjf ecpfehjteaks ao tlm Kekm Jknfms oerst surojhmi ek prekt.* Ylm rmkawkmi rukafanest Xtmplmk Mirmi Ofawmrs, Rl.I., js j pjrt ao jk mxpfarjteak ao tlm raats ao tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei ek tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk, wratm Wukms (tlm jk jrtehfm hjffmi ‖Ylm Kekm Jknfms ao tlm Xmjf– oar Wukms (tlm prevjtm daurkjff ao tlm Arimr daurkj Arimr).). Yle Yless jr jrtehfm tehfm put oart oartll tlm oeoerst rst hakhmpteak ao tlm Jknfms gmyaki tlmer raats ek Rytljnarmjk kucgmr cystehesc, jki ektraiuhmi tlm eimj ao tlm Kekm Jknfms js j smfo-haktjekmi ektraspmhtevm jki apmrjtevm cjnehjf systmc. Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms weff Jknfms weff gm jkjfyzmi ek carm imtjef ek hljptmr 8 (oahusekn ak ets hakhmptujf gjh`nrauki) jki hljptmr ? Wetujfs wjs *Jk jrtehfm gy Cehljmf Jqueka jgaut tlm twa Favmhrjotejk retms ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs wjs yhtjfaps faps cjnjzekm, pugfeslmi pugfes lmi ek :5>< ek K ek Kyhtj cjnjzekm, lawmvmr tles jrtehfm wjs wrettmk oar kak-cjnehejks jki oahusmi carm ak tlm hakstruhteak ao tlm retms (ekhfuiekn mxpfjkjteaks ao sacm ao tlm raats gmleki Jqueka―s hrmjteak ao tlm ‖Uunnatleh– fjknujnm tljt ljvm kat gmmk wrettmk jgaut mfsmwlmrm). Yles jrtehfm es rmprektmi js Jppmkiex J ek tlm prmsmkt vafucm.


:5

Ylm `mywaris oar tlm Jknfms0 :‘9 harrmspakiekn ta tlm trjpmzaei, =‘5 ta tlm pmktjnrjc

(j cjnehjf jkjfyses). Lawmvmr, ek arimr ta ektraiuhm tlm `mywaris jssahejtmi wetl tlm vjreaus Jknfms gy Xtmplmk Ofawmrs, wm cust oerst ieshuss Hmrmcaky `kawk gremofy tlm smhteak ao tlm Hmrmcaky `kawk js tlm ‖Gaki ao tlm Kekm Jknfms.– Ylm Gaki spmj`s ao mjhl Jknfm, lektekn jt ets cmjkekn jki senkeoehjkhm ek j cjkkmr secefjr ta tljt ao tlm rukm pamcs ek Nmrcjkeh farm,* jki tlm `mywaris tlmcsmfvms jrm pjrt ao j smceateh cjp ao tlm Jknfms tljt paekt tawjri tlmer mssmkhm. Js tlm Kekm Jknfms rmprmsmkt j iykjceh, mvafvekn cjnehjf systmc, tlm `mywaris jssahejtmi wetl tlm Jknfms cust tlmcsmfvms gm rmoekmi jfakn wetl ourtlmr ukimrstjkiekn0 ek fjtmr hljptmrs, atlmr passegfm `mywaris weff gm sunnmstmi, jki tlm rmjimr es mkhaurjnmi ta usm tlasm js nueims ta ieshavmr tlm cast pmrsakjffy mvahjtevm smt oar lec- ar lmrsmfo. Yrjhekn orac tlm uppmr renlt harkmr ao tlm trjpmzaei, tlm oerst *Ylm rukm pamcs jrm j haffmhteak ao pamteh stjkzjs tljt rmvmjf sacm ao tlm cmjkekn jki senkeoehjkhm ao ekieveiujf rukms jt vjreaus stjnms ao tlmer lestary. Ylm tlrmm cjdar rukm pamcs jrm tlm Afi Mknfesl Wukm Ramc (menltl ar kektl hmktury), jki tlm Afi Karwmnejk Wukm Wlycm (twmfotl ar tlertmmktl hmktury), jki tlm Afi Ehmfjkieh Wukm Ramc (oeotmmktl hmktury, gut prmsmrvekn farm orac cuhl mjrfemr). Oar carm ekoarcjteak, smm Wukmfarm (Wmi Mirmi Ylarssak― Ylarssak―ss Wukmfarm (Wmi ^lmmf/^mesmr, 72:7), 58‘::7.

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Yrjhekn tlm oerst oaur Jknfms

oaur jknfms jrm jssahejtmi wetl tlm Favmhrjotejk mktetems Jzjtlatl, Uan-Xatlatl, Kyjrfjtlatmp, jki Xlug-Kennurjtl. Ylm avmrjff purpasm ao tlm psyhlairjcjteh retm, wlehl es wrettmk js j hjff jki rmspaksm gmtwmmk tlm pjrtehepjkts jki tlm hlemo hmfmgrjkt, es ta mxpmremkhm tlm sleot ek pmrspmhtevm jki ukimrstjkiekn tljt hacms orac warèkn wetl strjknm jknfms. Yles tlmcm es mxpfarmi mxpfehetfy ek Favmhrjot―s starems ‖Ylm Ljuktmr ao tlm Ijr`– jki ‖Ylm Irmjcs ek tlm êthl-Lausm,– jki ecpfehetfy ek cjky atlmr pfjhms ek les wretekns. Ylm orjncmkts ao tlm spmmhl ao tlm Nrmjt Afi Akms, oauki ek Ylm Hjsm ao Hljrfms Imxtmr ^jri jki jki ‖Ylm Hjff ao Htluflu,– wmrm mxpjkimi gy Jqueka ekta j cjnehjf fjknujnm sacmwljt rmcekeshmkt ao Mkahlejk. Ylm mkterm retujf es wrettmk ek tles fjknujnm, wlehl Jqueka iuggmi Uunnatleh, jki jfsa nevmk ek Mknfesl trjksfjteak. Ylm ektmkt es tljt tlm pjrtehepjkts pjrtehepj kts ojc ojcefefejre ejrezm zm tlmcsmfvms wetl tlm Mknf Mknfesl esl trjksfjteak gmoarmljki, wlefm pmroarcekn tlm retm etsmfo mxhfusevmfy ek Uunnatleh. Oar kaw, E―ff fecet tlm jkjfyses ta tlm Mknfesl vmrseak, gut weff havmr sacm ao tlm carm ektmrmstekn jspmhts ao tlm Uunnatleh rmkieteak ek j fjtmr hljptmr.

EKYWAI]HEKN YLM GAKI AO YLM KEKM JKNFMX Orac tlm Oerst Jknfm es tlm ekoeketm, wlmrmek tlm fjunlekn akm iatl hry jki tlm ofutms wjef ukta tlm mkiekn ao tecm. 7


7:

Ylm `mywari’ar ukeoyekn hakhmpt’oar tlm Oerst Jknfm es Hljas. Yles es j stjtm ao ukety, gut wlehl lafis jff passegefetems (jki pafjretems). Ylm jssahejteak ao Hljas wetl tlm Oerst Jknfm cenlt sunnmst rjkiackmss ar imstruhtevmkmss, tlaunl et wjs arenekjffy ektmkimi ta rmomr ta tlm mcmrnmkt prapmrtems ao hacpfmx, iykjceh systmcs wlehl jrm lenlfy smksetevm ta tlmer eketejf hakieteaks (suhl js tlasm stuiemi ek tlm ieshe pfekm ao hljas cjtlmcjtehs). cjtlmcjtehs). Ylm ecpfehjtea e cpfehjteaks ks ao tlm t lm Oerst Jknfm J knfm mcmrnm tlraunlaut tlm rmst ao tlm ukoafiekn ao tlm Jknfms. Nmacmtrehjffy, tles es j seknfm paekt, wetlaut iecmkseak. Ek tmrcs ao Favmhrjot―s pjktlmak, tlm Oerst Jknfm harrmspakis ta Jzjtlatl. Orac tlm Xmhaki Jknfm es tlm cjstmr wla iatl arimr tlm pfjkms jki tlm jknfms, jki wla ljtl hakhmevmi tlm ârfi ao Larrars ek ets tmrrar jki nfary.8

Ylm Xmhaki Jknfm rmomrs ta Arimr . Lmrm tlm passegefetems ecpfehet wetlekk tlm Hljas ao tlm Oerst Jkn wetle Jknfm fm gmne gmnekk ta gm g m nfe nfecpsmi. cpsmi. Ylm jssahejteak ao Arimr wetl tlm Xmhaki es kat sunnmstekn tljt et es tlm appasetm ao tlm Hljas ao Oerst, kar es et jk jttmcpt ta agfetmrjtm tlm Oerst Jknfm ek femu ao tlm Xmhaki. Katlekn haufi gm ourtlmr orac tlm trutl0 eo tlm Oerst Jknfm ecpfems ukety, tlm Xmhaki ecpfems j iujfety tljt jffaws tlm passegefetems passegef etems haktjekmi wetle wetlekk tljt ukety ta gmnek gmn ek ta ukoafi. uk oafi. Ek tmrcs ao nmacmtry, tles es tlm mxtmkseak ao j paekt ekta j fekm, wlehl akfy nams ek j seknfm iermhteak mvmk tlaunl et mxtmkis ekoeketmfy. Ylm Favmhrjotejk imety ecpfemi gy tlm Xmhaki Jknfm es Uan-Xatlatl. Orac tlm Yleri Jknfm es tlm cmssmknmr, wla ljtl hrmjtmi tlm pawmr ta gmlafi tlm cjstmr ao tlm ârfi ao Larrars, wla nevmtl ta tlmm sugstjkhm ao gmekn jki tlm `kawfminm ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. 9

es tlm `mywari ao tlm Yleri Jknfm. Lmrm, pmrspmh]kimrstjkiekn es tevm es passegfm0 j vjktjnm paekt autseim tlm secpfm gekjry iujfesc ao tlm oerst twa Jknfms jffaws oar ektmkteakjf ieoomrmktejteak gmtwmmk tlm twa. Nmacmtrehjffy, tlm fekm gmhacms tlm trejknfm. Js tlm greinm gmtwmmk

77


warfis , tlm cmssmk warfis, cmssmknmr nmr ao tlm Autmr Nai Nais,s, jki tlm akm wla gre grekns kns ]kimrstjkiekn, Kyjrfjtlatmp es tlm mssmkhm ao tlm Yleri Jknfm. Orac tlm Oaurtl Jknfm es tlm Wjc ao tlm Xuk, wla graunlt tly smfvms ta gm, wla mkiurmtl upak tlm ârfi ao Larrars jki prahfjecmtl tlm tecm tljt wjs, tlm tecm tljt es, jki tlm tecm tljt sljff gm0 jki wlasm kjcm es tlm greffejkhm ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. =

Ylm Oaurtl Jknfm ljs Gmekn js js ets `mywari. Ylm pmrhmpteak passegfm tlraunl tlm ]kimrstjkiekn ao tlm Yleri Jknfm mxpjkis ta ekhfuim tmcparjf jwjrmkmss. Jiiekn tlm pmrspmhtevm ao tecm praveims iestekhtfy kmw passegefetems oar cavmcmkt jki tlm jgefety ta agsmrvm tlm prmveaus stjtms ao hrmjteak. Ylm Favmhrjotejk Autmr Nai jssahejtmi wetl tlm Oaurtl Jknfm es Xlug-Kennurjtl. Ylm Oeotl Jknfm sljrms ets vmrtmx wetl tljt ao tlm Oerst, jki tlm rmcjekekn oevm Jknfms jrm trjhmi haktekuekn ek j hauktmrhfah`wesm iermhteak. Orac tlm Oeotl Jknfm jrm tlm larkfmss akms, wla rjesm tlm tmcpfm ao tlm oevm trelmiraks ukta tlm Ijmcaks ao hrmjteak, wlasm smjf es jt akhm oaur jki oevm jki kekm. ?

Yrjhekn tlm rmcjekekn oevm jknfms


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êtl tlm Oeotl Jkn Jknfm, fm, tlm vmrtehms jrm kaw wetle wetlekk tlm pmktjnrjc. Ylm `mywari oar tles Jknfm es Hrmjteak. Ylm Y lm ‖larkfmss akms– rmomrrmi ta lmrm jrm lucjkety, wla hjk gmhacm jk jhtevm, hrmjtevm oarhm ek tlm warfi ao cjttmr jki tlm smksms. Ek les ‖Hljrtmr ao tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei,– Jqueka wretms, ‖Et wjs tlm jpprajhl ao tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk, jki fjtmr ao tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt, ta seknfm aut smfo-haksheauskmss js tlm hljrjhtmresteh omjturm ao Yljt wlehl staai ek haktrjst ta tlm ljrcaky ao tlm kjtukjtu rjf hascas.– > Ylmrm es ka Favmhrjotejk mktety jssahejtmi wetl tlm Oeotl tlraunl Kektl Jknfms, oar rmjsaks tljt weff mcmrnm ek Hljptmr 8. Jfsa katm tljt tlm paekt (vmrtmx) jt tlm tep ao tlm Oeotl Jknfm es tlm sjcm js tljt ao tlm Oerst. Ylmrm es j imoeketm hakhmptujf rmfjteakslep gmtwmmk tlasm twa Jknfms0 tlmsm rmsakjkhms jrm akm ao tlm `mys ta warèkn wetl tlm Kekm Jknfms J knfms js j cjnehj cjnehjff systmc. Orac tlm Xextl Jknfm es tlm sfmmp ao tlm Ijmcaks ek syccmtry, wlehl iatl vjkque vjkquesl sl tlm oevm gut sljf sljfff kat prmvje prmvjeff jnj jnjekst ekst tlm oaur jki tlm kekm.<

Ylm `mywari oar tlm Xextl Jknfm es Xfmmp (ar jftmrkjtmfy, Imjtl). Yles rmomrs ta jk ekhugjteak pmreai wlmrm haksheaus tlaunlt jki jhteak rmnjriekn wljt es gmekn graunlt ekta gmekn jrm smt jseim oar j wlefm. Gy iermhtekn tlm jhtevm ceki mfsmwlmrm, eksenlts cjy kaw jresm orac tlm war` jki moo mooart art tljt ljvm gmmk ektmrkj ektmrkjfefezmi0 zmi0 tle tless we weffff kmhmssjr kmhmssjrefy efy gm j rmofmhteak ao tlm war` tljt ljs gmmk iakm tlraunl tlm prmveaus Jknfms. Orac tlm Xmvmktl Jknfm es tlm ruek ao syccmtry jki tlm jwj`mkekn ao tlm Ijmcaks, oar tlm oaur jki tlm kekm sljff prmvjef jnjekst tlm sex.5

Hfasmfy rmfjtmi ta tlm Xextl Jknfm ek hakhmpt, tlm Xmvmktl Jknfm Jwj`mkekn n (ar war`s tlraunl tlm `my `mywari wari Jwj`mkek (ar jftmrkjtmfy, Gertl). Jt tles pjrt ao tlm t lm hyhfm, h yhfm, tljt t ljt wlehl wl ehl ljs lj s gmmk g mmk ekhugjtekn e khugjtekn es graunlt oartl oart l jnje j njekk ekta haksheaus jwjrmkmss jki imfegmrjtm ektmkteak. Yles es tlm cacmkt wlmk tlm ukgeiimk jki ukmxpmh ukmxpmhtmi tmi ‖Jlj Jlj!– !– cacmk cacmktt jre jresms, sms, jki prmveaus cystmrems ar ukhmrtjektems suiimkfy gmnek ta gmhacm hfmjr.

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Orac tlm Menltl Jknfm jrm tlm Cjstmrs ao tlm Wmjfc, wla rjesm tlm tmcpfm ao tlm menlt trelmiraks ukta tlm Ijmcaks ao hrmjteak, wlasm smjf es jt akhm oaur jki oevm jki kekm.:2

Ylm smqumkhm orac Xextl ta Xmvmktl ta Menltl Jknfm es akm ao tlm cast ecpartjkt ek tlm smrems. Ylm rmkmwjf ao purpasm, ektmkt, jki ukimrstjkiekn njekmi orac tlm trjkseteak ao tlm Xextl ta tlm Xmvmktl cust kaw gm usmi ta grekn oartl tlm trum oarc ao tljt gmekn hrmjtmi tlraunl ukimrstjkiekn jki jppfehjteak ao tlm Jknfms. Jff ao tlm taafs kmmimi oar tles hrmjteak jrm jvjefjgfm, jki tlm pmrsakjf trjksoarcjteak ukimrnakm tlus ojr ek tlm hyhfm hjk kaw jppfemi ta tlm hrmjteak etsmfo. Jt tles paekt ek tlm prahmss, hrmjteak oafis gjh` ek ak etsmfo0 tlus, tlm Menltl Jknfm es `kawk gy tlm `mywari Wm-hrmjteak . Jfsa katm tljt tlm paekt jt tlm vmrtmx ao tlm Menltl Jknfm es tlm sjcm js tljt ao tlm Xmhaki. Dust js wetl tlm Oerst/Oeotl, tlmrm es j vetjf hakkmhteak gmtwmmk tlasm twa Jknfms tljt praveims j nrmjt `my ta war` war` ekn wetl tles systmc. Orac tlm Kektl Jknfm es tlm ofjcm ao tlm gmnekkekn jki mkiekn ao iecmkseaks, wlehl gfjzmtl ek greffejkhm jki ijr`kmss ukta tlm nfary ao imserm.::

Ylm Kektl Jknfm es gatl tlm hufcekjteak ao akm hyhfm ao tlm Jknfms, jki tlm gmnekkekn ao j kmw akm. Et es rmomrrmi ta gy tlm `mywari Rmromhteak gmhjusm et es hacpfmtm ek jki ao etsmfo, jki jfsa oukhteaks js tlm eimjf orac wlehl ourtlmr hrmjteak hjk gm sprukn. Nmacmtrehjffy, et es tlm Kektl Jknfm tljt oukhteaks js tlm paekt ao iykjceh gjfjkhm oar tlm mkterm struhturm0 et es iykjceh gmhjusm wetlaut hakstjkt mooart jki cateak ta cjektjek tljt gjfjkhm et weff ojftmr.

IEOOMWMKY _EM^X AO YECM Ya jpprajhl tlm Kekm Jknfms js j cjnehjf systmc, et es kmhmssjry ta ektraiuhm tlm kateaks ao hurvmi tecm jki jknufjr tecm.


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Ek tlm hascafany ao Rfjta, gmst mxmcpfeoemi ek les iejfan Yecjmus, tlm sljpm ao tlm hascas etsmfo cjkeomsts js j splmrm. Ylm hacpakmkts ao tlm hascas oarc orac tlm ukcjkeomst vaei ek tlm praparteaks ao j Rytljnarmjk cusehjf shjfm, ourtlmr tyekn tles hascafany ta kateaks ao tlm Cuseh (ar Ljrcaky) ao tlm Xplmrms. Ylm pmromhteak ao tlm splmrm jresms orac jff paekts ak ets surojhm gmekn tlm sjcm iestjkhm orac ets hmktmr, jki et jvmrjnms tlm sljpm ao tlm atlmr Rfjtakeh safeis (tlmcsmfvms gmekn hacpasmi ao jknfms). Yles nmacmtrehjf/cusehjf jpprajhl ta hascafany wjs sa ekofumktejf tljt et ljs gmmk ecpfehet ek cuhl ao ^mstmrk msatmreh tlaunlt oar tlm pjst 7,=2 7,=222 ymjrs. Yjfms cjnjzekm pugfeslmi j stary gy Orjk` Gmf`kjp Ek :575, ^meri Yjfms cjnjzekm Fakn (j cmcgmr ao Favmhrjot―s herhfm ao jicermrs jki harrmspakimkts) hjffmi ‖Ylm Laukis ao Yekijfas.– Ylm tetufjr laukis wmrm jgfm ta cavm ek jki aut ao aur warfi ao tlrmm iecmkseaks jki fekmjr tecm vej njtmwjys hrmjtmi gy jhutm jknfms ek tlm surraukiekn mkverakcmkt (m.n., j iaar orjcm ar wjff tljt es kat quetm squjrm). âm ukta jky wlac tlm Laukis mkhauktmrmi, oar tlmy waufi surmfy cmmt tlmer iaac wlmtlmr tlmer trjksnrmsseak wjs ektmkteakjf ar kat. Ek tmrcs ao Rfjta, hurvmi tecm es tlm tecm wm mxpmremkhm js plysehjf ekljgetjkts ao tlm arimrfy hascas. Ylmsm hakhmpteaks ao hurvmi tecm hjk gm fekmjr (tecm (tecm js j akm-wjy jrraw, fecetmi jki sljpmi gy tlm hurvms ao tlm ‖splmrehjf– hascas), ar hyhfehjf (fe`m tlm pranrmsseak ao tlm smjsaks, ar tlm hakkmhteak ta tlm sjhrmi vej tlm ‖mtmrkjf rmturk– ao Cerhmj Mfejim―s ektmrprmtjteak ao cytlafany jki rmfeneak js caimfs ao sahejf struhturm). Fakn―s hakhmpteak ao jknufjr tecm, lawmvmr, wjs carm hfasmfy temi ta tlm sugdmhtevm mxpmremkhm ao tecm gy tlm kak-kjturjf psyhlm. Ek jknufjr tecm, cuhl fe`m tlm lucjk tlaunlt prahmss, eimjs jki jwjrmkmss ukoafi ek wjys tljt jrm aut ao sykh wetl tlm prmiehtjgfm prahmssms ao kjturm. J ofjsl ao eksenlt cjy herhucvmkt j cuhl faknmr prahmss ao fanehjf jkjfyses0 j cacmkt ao eksperjteak cjy hrmjtm jk mktermfy kmw warfivemw, ar j prmveausfy ukirmj ukirmjct ct-ao -ao war` ao jr jrt.t. Ylm Laukis jrm tlm nujriejks jnjekst jhhmss ta tles kak-kjturjf jspmht ao tlm sugdmhtevm

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ukevmrsm, rmjiy ta stre`m jnjekst tlasm wla waufi ijrm trjksnrmss tlm arimrfy warfi ao kjturm, hakvmkteak, jki hakoarcety.

YLM JKNFMX JX XMMK YLWA]NL HEWH]FJW YECM Fmt―s faa` jt herhufjr tecm jki jknufjr tecm ek tmrcs ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, usekn tlm `mywaris nevmk jgavm js j slartljki oar tlm senkeoehjkhm ao mjhl Jknfm ek tlm hyhfm js j wlafm. Oerst, E―ff trjhm tlm hacekn ekta gmekn ao j pemhm ao cuseh ek herhufjr tecm, stjrtekn orac tlm gattaccast Jknfm (wlehl rmprmsmkts gatl saurhm jki imstekjteak oar tlasm prahmssms tljt hjk gm ukimrstaai vej tlm Kekm Jknfms). Ylm Kekm Jknfms pfus tlm herhfm, rmprmsmktekn tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm (tlm mktermty ao wljt mxests ek tecm jki spjhm, wlmtlmr `kawk ar uk`kawk), oarc wljt Xtmplmk Wðkj es jk jkhemkt Nmrcjkeh wari Ofawmrs hjffs tlm ‖Xmjf ao Wðkj.– Wðkj oar ‖cystmry– ar ‖smhrmt,– jki rmomrs ta tlm jffurm tljt tlm pursuet ao tlm leiimk jki tlm cystmreaus lafis. Wðkj lafis. Wðkj rmcekis rmcekis us tljt tlmrm jrm jfwjys tlekns tljt jrm autseim ao aur `kawfminm jki mxpmremkhm, jki tljt tlm cast mssmktejf qumst oar gatl shlafjrs jki cjnehejks es ta ien carm immpfy ekta tlm raats ao tlekns ta ukhavmr tlm cystmrems tljt jfwjys fem gmleki tlmc.

Ylm Jknfms tlraunl herhufjr tecm


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2. Rmromhteak4 Jff passegfm hacgekjteaks ao katms jki saukis rmseim ek tles stjtm0 sacm cjy gm jhhmssegfm gy stjkijri cusehjf ekstrucmkts, jki sacm cust gm cjim rmjf gy mfmhtrakeh prahmssms ar tlm jppfehjteak ao gaukifmss ecjnekjteak. :. Gmekn 4 Ylm eksperjteak ljs struh`0 tlm eimj ljs jresmk. Ylm imserm ta hrmjtm ljs tj`mk lafi, jki wlefm tlm rmsufts jrm steff uk`kawk, tlm patmktejf oar j kmw cusehjf hrmjteak ljs gmmk mstjgfeslmi jki rmhankezmi. 7. Gertl4 Ylm orjcmwar` oar tlm hacpaseteak es kaw ek pfjhm. Et weffff fefe`mfy we `mfy hljknm jki mvafvm, gut tlm sljpekn prahmss ljs kaw hacm jfevm. 8. Hljas4 Jff ao tlm patmktejf iermhteaks tlm cuseh hjk tj`m swerf jrauki et0 sacm wetl oarc jki pjttmrk, atlmrs smmceknfy rjkiac. Aut ao tles wmg ao hakkmhteaks, tlm pjrts tljt smmc ta ‖oet– weffff gmn we gmnek ek ta hajfms hajfmshm, hm, lekte lektekn kn jt j halmrmkhm tljt ljs kat ymt gmmk ouffy rmjfezmi. 9. Hrmjteak4 ^ljt tles pjrtehufjr eksperjteak cenlt gmhacm ljs gmnuk ta tj`m ak j imoeketm stjtm. Yles es tlm paekt wlmrm’eo yau――rm ek j gjki, oar mxjcpfm, ar ljv yau ljvmm atlm atlmrs rs wla wlasm sm cus cusehjf ehjf ap apekekeak yau vjfum’yau cenlt sljrm sacm ao wljt es kaw tjèkn sljpm. =. Arimr 4 Ylm pemhm ao cuseh es pranrmssevmfy rmoekmi, ljvekn gmmk oarcmi ta tlm paekt tljt tlm veseak ao ets mvmktujf hacpfmteak kaw irjws oartl ets hrmjteak. Et kaw mxests ek jki ao etsmfo, jki fjtmr hljknms weff fe`mfy joomht et akfy ek sugtfm’ymt ecpartjkt’wjys. ?. Wm-hrmjteak4 Ek tlm wj`m ao tlm oarc mcmrnekn orac Arimr, tlm hrmjtar es kaw caieoemi gy lmr hrmjteak. Yles Wm-hrmjteak es kat tlm rmsuft ao purmfy ektmffmhtujf mooart, gut es j lafesteh trjksoarcjteak’et rmsufts orac tlm ektmnrjteak ao wljt tlm cuseh rmvmjfs jgaut ets hrmjtar ekta tlm hrmjtar―s kmw veseak ao lmrsmfo. >. Imjtl4 Jhtevm war` ak tlm cuseh cjy hmjsm oar j wlefm, gut et es steff ek tlm ‖gjh` ao yaur ceki.– Uau―ff oeki yaursmfo luccekn et, ar ljvm et jresm ek yaur ceki―s mjr spaktjkmausfy ek cacmkts ao hjfc ar quemt. Et es ka faknmr jt tlm hmktmr ao yaur haksheaus mooart’gut es jfwjys jt tlm minm ao haksheaus jwjrmkmss, wjetekn

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oar tlm oekjf imtjefs ta gm put ek pfjhm ek j cacmkt ao eksperjteak. <. ]kimrstjkiekn 4 ^ljt yau―vm fmjrkmi jki hrmjtmi sa ojr ek tles prahmsss hjk kaw gm usmi ek wjys tljt wmrm kat jvjefjgfm ta yau prahms gmoarm. Oar mxjcpfm, yau ieshavmrmi j kmw wjy ta usm jk afi jki ojcefejr shjfm (ar oekjffy rmjfezmi j wjy ta ekharparjtm j kmw akm)0 tlmsm jrm jff garkm ao tlm kmwoauki ukimrstjkiekn ao yaur hrjot, js yau ljvm gmnuk ta rmofmht tlm trjksoarcjteaks mxprmssmi tlraunl tlm cuseh. Cuseh hjk oukhteak js j cjnehjf iejry tlraunl ets hakkmhteaks ta kmw ]kimrstjkiekn ao law ta mxprmss yaur ekkmr imserms jki ommfekns ek tlm warfi autseim yaur Xmfo. 5. Wmgertl, ar Rmromhteak mkhauktmrmi jkmw 4 Ylm pemhm ao cuseh cjy gm hacpfmtm jt tles stjnm (jftlaunl tlm hrmjtar `kaws tljt tlmrm es jfwjys carm cuseh ta grekn oartl orac tlm ukcjkeomst), ar et cjy smrvm js tlm gmnekkekn ao j kmw hyhfm ao hrmjteak. Ek metlmr hjsm, tlm hrmjtar ljs graunlt sacmtlekn kmw ekta tlm warfi, jki tlm hrmjtar ljs lj s trjksoarcmi lmrsmfo gy tlm jht ao hrm hrm-jtekn. Ylm Kekm Jknfms effustrjtms tlm eimj tljt tlm mkiekn ao akm hyhfm aotmk cmrmfy rmvmjfs tlm pjtlwjy ta tlm gmnekkekn ao j kmw akm, tlm ieoomrmkhm gmekn tljt tlm trjksoarcjteak njekmi gy tlm mkjhtekn ao akm hyhfm apmks passegefetems tljt wmrm prmveausfy aut ao rmjhl ar gmyaki ecjnekjteak. Katm tlm vjreaus rmomrmkhms ta ‖eksperjteak– ek tlm prmhmiekn imshrepteak. Yles es j lekt ao twa ecpartjkt eimjs4 (:) tlm nmkmrjf jppfehjgefety ao Kekm Jknfms ta tlm hrmjtevm prahmss (rmnjrifmss ao tlm cmieuc tljt prahmss war`s ek)0 jki (7 (7)) tlm eko fumkhm ao tlm Nmrcj Nmrcjkeh keh hascafan hascafanyy hmktmrmi ak tlm mcmrnmkhm ao Øòekk’tlm raats ao wlasm kjcm cmjk ‖cjstmr ao eksperjteak–’wlehl es ecpartjkt ek tlm ourtlmr imvmfapcmkt ao tlm Jknfms gy Xtmplmk Ofawmrs.

]KOAFIEKN YLWA]NL JKN]FJW YECM Ylm wjy jk eimj ar hrmjteak ukoafis ek jknufjr tecm es carm iermht, gut jfsa carm cystmreaus gmhjusm et iams kat oaffaw jk mxpmhtmi fekmjr tecm-


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fekm. _emwekn tlm Jknfms ek tles wjy praveims hfums oar cjnehjf tecekn (gy gmekn jgfm ta smm mvmkts jki eimjs orac j paekt ao vemw tljt rmvmjfs ieoomrmkt appartuketems tljk tlasm jppjrmkt orac tlm pmrspmhtevm ao fekmjr tecm). Mvmk wetl tles `kawfminm ao tlm Jknfms, et steff lafis trum tljt tlm hfasmr jk mvmkt es ta tlm prmsmkt ek fekmjr tecm, tecm, tlm mjsemr et weff jknufjr r tecm. gm ta joomht ets ukoafiekn ek jknufj tecm. Ya effustrjtm tles jknufjr pmrspmhtevm ak tlm rmjfezjteak ao jk eimj (jki ets moomht ak tlm akm greknekn et ekta gmekn), fmt―s trjhm tlm cmjkekn jki senkeoehjkhm ao tlm stjnms jresekn orac tles arimrekn. Ylmsm hjk gm ektmrprmtmi ek gatl j cjhrahasceh smksm (pmrtjekekn ta tlm plmkacmkak ao haksheauskmss etsmfo) jki j cehrahasceh smksm (tlm pjrtehufjr mxpmremkhms ao j smfo-jwjrm ekieveiujf). 2. Rmromhteak4 Aut ao tles eimjfezmi gut ofmmtekn stjtm hacms tlm imserm oar tlm cjnehejk ta gmhacm carm tljk slm ljs gmmk. (Haktrjst tles wetl tlm rmfeneaks jki prjhtehms ao tlm WenltLjki Rjtl, wlmrm tles pmromhtmi stjtm es tlm oekjf najf, ekstmji ao tlm Fmot-Ljki Rjtl eimjf ao j pranrmssevmfy rmoekmi ducpeknaoo paekt oar ourtlmr rmjfezjteak ao wljt tlm smfo cenlt gmhacm.) :. Hljas es tlm ommfekn tljt mxestmkhm jki smfo-jwjrmkmss jrm gmnekkekn ta ukoafi ekta sacmtlekn kmw, gut et es kat hfmjr ymt wljt tljt cenlt gm, ar mvmk uftecjtmfy wlehl iermhteak et kmmis ta

Ylm Jknfms tlraunl jknufjr tecm

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tj`m. Ylm imserm ta smm` aut eksperjteak ljs gmmk smksmi, lawmvmr, jki hjk―t gm enkarmi. Eo wm jkswmr tlm hjff ao tlm Leiimk ekstmji ao rmtrmjtekn ekta tlm ekkucmrjgfm wjys tlm warfi pra veims oar slukkekn nrawtl tlraunl jhteak, wm cjy jrr jrrevm evm jt 7. Arimr . Yles es tlm paekt jt wlehl wm―rm ojhmi wetl j hruhejf hlaehm44 wlmtlmr ta mcgrjhm tlm rmspaksegefety oar gmekn tlm hlaehm t lm jhtevm oarhm ek aur fevms, ar ta rmtrmjt ekta smrvetuim cjsqumrjiekn js hacoart. ^lmk wm rmjfezm tljt, wetlek tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm, cmjkekn mxests akfy eksaojr js wm jrm jgfm ta hrmjtm jki jssenk et, wm hacm ta 8. ]kimrstjkiekn . Ylm saurhm ao smfo-haksheauskmss etsmfo hjk gm jpprmlmkimi, jki senkeoehjkt hljknm hjk gm graunlt jgaut tlraunl `kawfminm ao wlmrm ta jppfy tlm prmssurm. Mvmk tlaunl nrmjt trjksoarcjteak es passegfm lmrm, wetlaut tlm wesiac tljt hacms orac mxpmremkhm, tles es j ijknmraus stjtm imspetm tlm jppjrmkt pawmr et grekns0 gy usekn tles stjtm ta grekn hfjrety, wm hjk njek jhhmss ta carm 9. Gmekn . Gy irjwekn oartl jk jspmht ao tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm tljt es rmhjst jhhariekn ta aur kmwfy mvafvmi ]kimrstjkiekn, aur trjksoarcjteaks kaw gmnek ta joomht atlmrs ek wjys wm haufi ljvm shjrhmfy ecjnekmi. ^m ljvm gmhacm carm jwjrm jki patmkt ek tlm prahmss, gut wlefm tles fmjis ta nrmjtmr haktraf, tlm ukhmr tjek imsteky ao tlmsm jhteaks cust tlmk fmji ta trum =. Hrmjteak. Akhm tlm hrmjtar ukfmjslms lmr hrmjteak ak tlm warfi, et ka faknmr gmfakns safmfy ta lmr. Jk eimj ar tlekn, hjst faasm orac ets hrmjtar, tlrevms ar pmreslms impmkiekn ak law wmff et atlmrs ta jffaws atlmrs ta hrmjtm cmjkekn. Ylm hrmjtar, ljvekn smkt oartl j hrmjteak haccukehjtekn sacm pjrt ao tlmer awk mssmkhm wlehl tj`ms lafi wetlek tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsms ao atlmrs, cjy tlmk pranrmss ekta j stjtm tljt jppmjrs js ?. Xfmmp. Rjrjiaxehjffy, tles kmwfy mkljkhmi pawmr ta hrmjtm cust gm `mpt ek hlmh` sa tljt et iamsk―t iessepjtm taa queh`fy. Wjtlmr tljk ukfmjsl wljt wm jrm kaw hjpjgfm ao hrmjtekn jff jt akhm, wm cust prmsmr prmsmrvm vm tle tless hrmjtevm jge jgefet fetyy sa tljt et jre jresms sms akfy ek


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rmspaksm ta trum kmmi. Ya ia atlmrwesm waufi gm ta fasm wljt ljs hacm gmoarm ek njekekn savmrmenkty, js tlm hrmjtevm jht es jt ets cast ekieveiujfesteh wlmk ets passmssar jfakm haktrafs ets cjkeomstjteak. Kaw wlmk tlm hrmjtar iams hlaasm ta grekn oartl tles hjpjhety, slm ljs hlasmk tlm cacmkt oar Jwj`mkekn wj`mkekn . Mcmrnekn orac smfo-ecpasmi rmst wlmk tlm tecm jki >. J kmmi jrm tlmrm jffaws tlm cjnehejk ta gm jk jhtevm oarhm wetlek tlm ukevmrsm ek j hacpfmtmfy kmw wjy. Ylasm eimjs jki ekkavjteaks jfrmjiy graunlt ekta gmekn hjk gm rmgueft jhhariekn ta tlm kmw veseakk ao tlmer hrmjtar vesea hrmjtar,, wlehl apm apmks ks tlm passegefetems ao <. Wm-hrmjteak . Yles ahhupems tlm sjcm paekt ek tlm Jknfms js Arimr , jki wljt akhm smmcmi j praoauki jki ieooehuft hlaehm wjs jkytl jkytlekn ekn gut tljt. Akfy tlm hlaehm ao awkmrslep wjs passegfm, eo tlm imserm wmrm tlmrm ta haktekum ukoafiekn akmsmfo vej tlm Jknfms. Kmetlmr tlm gmnekkekn kar tlm imstekjteak ao tlm qumst jrm wlmrm tlmy wmrm akhm tlaunlt ta gm, gut gatl sprekn orac 5. Rmromhteak . Ylm prekhepfm ao Gmhacekn etsmfo es tlm irevekn oarhm tljt cust gm hakkmhtmi wetl, iykjceh ymt `mpt ek gjfjkhm tlraunl cateak. Ylm hrmjtar jki lmr hrmjteak ljvm gmhacm ukeoemi, jftlaunl oar tlm qumstmr jfakn tlm Fmot-Ljki Rjtl, tles nfecpsm ao pmromhteak (hacpfmteak jki smfo-halmrmkhm) tlmk fmjis Wðkjj, jki tlm hyhfm ao tlm Jknfms ta jwjrmkmss ao tlm puff ao Wðk rmcjeks ek cateak.

7 K YMHMIMKYX LEXYAWEHJF J KYMHMIMKYX

Eimjs jrm fe`m ljriy sparms sparms,, jki sacmt sacmtecms ecms tlm prmsuc prmsucmi mi arenek ao j hakhmpt cjy gm akfy tlm rmjppmjrjkhm ao j cuhl carm jkhemkt eimj tljt lji fjek iarcjkt.: L�� C �� H�� G��, J L�

Gmoarm wm hjk tjf` jgaut tlm Kekm Jknfms, wm cust mxpfarm tlm cystmrems ao tlm kucgmrs tlrmm jki kekm. Ylrmm’jki ets praiuht wlmk cuftepfemi gy etsmfo, kekm’oenurm pracekmktfy ek tlm farm ao EkiaMurapmjk Murap mjk fjknujnm fjkn ujnm jki cytlafany. Yles senkeoehjkhm senkeo ehjkhm hjrrems tlraunl ta cuhl ao tlm kucmrehjf sycgafesc Jktak Fj_my mcpfaymi ek les tlmarems ao hyhfms ao lucjk gmljvear0 ek tlm mssjy ‖Ylm ]k`kawk @kawk– Wetujfs, lm sucs tles up js ‖Kekm es tlm kucgmr ao tlm ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, lm Mna, oar et jfwjys rmturks ta etsmfo.– 7 Ek tles hljptmr, wm―ff faa` jt tlm ojshekjtekn lestary ao tlm kucgmrs tlrmm jki tlrmm kekm ek jki kekm ek oaf`farm jki cytlafany. Ylmk, tlm jretlcafany’ar kucgmr cystehesc’ao tlm Rytljnarmjks rmvmjfs sacm hruhejf `mys ta ukimrstjkiekn tlm Kekm Jknfms, oaffawmi gy jk ukmxpmhtmi rmjppmjrjkhm ao Rytljnarmjkesc ek j Nmrcjkeh haktmxt. ^m―ff jfsa ieshuss tlm lestary jki senkeoehjkhm ao atlmr kekm-jknfmi oenurms, suhl js tlm rjc.. Ylm hljptmr hakhfuims wetl jk sa-hjffmi _jf`kôtr jki jki tlm Mkkmjn tlm Mkkmjnrjc mxjcekjteak ao tlm mssmktejf ekofumkhm ao Dalk Imm jki Lawjri Rleffeps Favmhrjot ak jknufjr cjneh. 87

Lestarehjf Lestar ehjf Jktmhmi Jktmhmimkts mkts

88

H]FY]WJF JKI CUYLAFANEHJF AHH]WWMKHMX AO YLWMM Ylm senkeoehjkhm ao tlm kucgmrs tlrmm jki kekm es wmff-jttmstmi ek jkhemkt Ekia-Murapmjk cytlafanems jki hufturms, jki mspmhejffy ek Kartlmrk Nmrcjkeh farm. ^ljt oaffaws jrm sacm ao tlm carm pracekmkt ahhurrmkhms. J oukijcmktjf pjttmrk ao j tlrmmoafi ieveseak ao sahejf hfjss ek Ekia-Murapmjk sahemtems’`kawk js tlm tre-oukhteakjf lypatlmses’ wjs eimkteo eimkteoemi emi jki tlaraunl tlaraunlfy fy iahucmktmi gy tlm Ormkhl ple plefafanest fafanest Nmarnms Iucåzef (:<5<‘:5
ekn wetl tlasm autseim tlm tregm ar sahemtjf uket) ar mkoarhmcmkt ao tlm fjws (wetlek tlm tregm ar sahemtjf uket). • Nmkmrjtevm’tlm nraups rmspaksegfm oar hrjotekn, ojrcekn, jki praiuhtevet praiu htevetyy ek tlm sahemty. Ek `mmpekn wetl tlm eimj tljt cytlafany aotmk oukhteaks js tlm gjses oar tlm eimjf jrrjknmcmkt ao sahemty, Ekia-Murapmjk pmapfms tmkimi ta ljvm nais ar naiimssms mxmcpfeoyekn mjhl ao tlmsm ecpartjkt ieveseaks. Oar mxjcpfm, ek Karsm cytlafany tlmsm oukhteaks wmrm rmprmsmktmi gy Øòekk (savmrmenkty), Yyr (fjw jki dustehm), jki tlm _jker (vjreaus omrtefety imetems). Ourtlmr mxjcpfms ao tles trepjrtetm ieveseak ekhfuim tlm hjstm systmc ek Ekiej (Grjlcjks, @sljtreyj, jki _jeslyj oufoeffekn tlm rmspmhtevm rafms). Jfsa ek Kartlmrk Nmrcjkeh farm, tlm trepfm nai Øòekk (wlasm kjcm imrevms orac j Rrata-Nmrcjkeh raat cmjkekn ‖eksperjteak–) jki les ‖gratlmrs– _efe (‖hanketeak–) jki _å (‖sjhrmi pawmr–) rmprmsmkt jkatlmr senkeoehjkt ahhurrmkhm ao tles ecpartjkt kucgmr. Jiieteakjffy, tlmrm jrm tlm tlrmm Karks’rufmrs ao lucjk imsteky’kjcmi ]ròr (wlasm (wlasm kjcm _mròjkie (‖wljt es turkekn ar cmjks ‖wljt ljs turkmi ar gmhacm–), _mròjkie gmhacekn–), jki Xùfi (‖wljt slaufi gm–). 8 Unnirjseff’tlm trmm tljt hakkmhts tlm kekm warfis’es suppartmi gy tlrmm nrmjt raats. Js jk ecpartjkt mxjcpfm ao tlm ahhurrmkhm ao tlrmm autseim ao

89

Lestarehjf Jktmhmimkts

tlm Kartlmrk Murapmjk rmjfc, tlm Cmietmrrjkmjk oenurm ao Lmrcms Yrescmnestus’‖tlrehm-nrmjtmst Lmrcms–’es wmff-`kawk js tlm cytleLmrcmtehuc. Lmrcms Yrescmnestus wjs sjei hjf jutlar ao tlm Harpus Lmrcmtehuc. Lmrcms ta `kaw tlm tlrmm pjrts ao tlm wesiac ao tlm mktermty ao mxestmkhm4 jfhlmcy, jstrafany, jki tlmurny. Ylm Kucgmr Ylrmm ek Cjnehjf Oarcufjs Ylm kucgmr tlrmm jfsa jppmjrs js j struhturjf mfmcmkt ek cjnehjf oarcufjs, gatl wetlek jki gmyaki tlm Ekia-Murapmjk hufturjf splmrm. Ylm trjkshufturjf jppmjrjkhm ao suhl trepjrtetm oarcufjs ecpfems tljt tles kucmrehjf senkeoehjkhm cjy prmhmim tlm prmlestareh spfettekn-aoo ao vjreaus ieoomrmkt hufturms orac tlmer haccak jkhmstars. J senkeoehjkt kak-Ekia-Murapmjk mxjcpfm es orac tlm Mnyptejk tmxt ao Ylm Gaa` ao @kawekn tlm Xperjf Oarhm ao Wm jki tlm Omffekn ao Jpmp. Wmofmhtekn ets smfo-rmomrmktejf kjturm, tlm oarcufj ao tlm ‖sperjf Jpmp. oarhm– wjs ekshregmi jrauki j hafuck js pjrt ao j cakucmkt hrmjtmi gy Wjcsms EE (‖tlm Nrmjt–). Ek Mnyptejk, et hjk gm mxprmssmi js \mpmrj \mpmr \mpmru , ar ek Iak ^mgg―s rmkimrekn4 E ljvm hacm ekta gmekn, jki gy tlm prahmss ao cy hacekn ekta gmekn tlm prahmss ao hacekn ekta gmekn es mstjgfeslmi.9

Ek j carm caimrk mxjcpfm, ymt steff raatmi ek jrhljeh hascafany jki oaf`farm, tlm mjrfy twmktemtl hmktury Justrejk ahhuftest Nueia vak Fest* sjw tlm rukms js pjrt ao j tlrmmoafi oarcufj4 Mkts tmlmk, Mktstmlm k, Xme Xmek, k, _mrnmlm _mrnmlmkk zuc kmu kmumk mk Mkt Mktstml stmlmk mk (‖Jresekn, gmekn, pjssekn pjsse kn jwjy ta j kmw jre jresekn–) sekn–)= *Fest (:<9<‘:5:5), jk Justrejk ahhuftest, daurkjfest, jki wretmr, wjs j `my oenurm ek tlm Nmrcjkeh pjnjk rmvevjfesc ao tlm mjrfy twmktemtl hmktury. ^lefm tmcparjrefy gfekimi (ium ta j hjtjrjht apmrjteak) oar jgaut mfmvmk caktls ek :527, Fest syktlmsezmi les ukimrstjkiekn ao tlm rukms jki fjtmr tjunlt j systmc lm hjffmi tlm Jrcjkmk rukms. Les Wukmk, k, ljs gmmk trjksfjtmi ekta Mknfesl cast wmff-`kawk gaa`, Ijs Nmlmeckes imr Wukm (jfakn wetl haccmktjry jki geanrjplehjf ekoarcjteak) js Ylm Xmhrmt ao tlm Wukms gy Xtmplmk M. Ofawmrs (Imsteky, :5<<).


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Fest―s oarcufj mcpljsezms tlm eimjf ao mtmrkjf, hyhfehjf mvafuteak js jppfemi ek gatl jk arnjkeh smksm (feom/imjtl/rmgertl) jki j hascafanehjf smksm tljt hjk gm rmofmhtmi ek jk ekieveiujf―s awk imvmfapcmkt. Jff ao tlmsm oarcufjs rmofmht tlm usm ao tlm kucgmr tlrmm ek hyhfms tljt jrm smfo-pmrpmtujtekn0 tljt es, tlm oarcufjs imshregm tlm sugdmht (tlm iamr) ao jk jht gmekn trjksoarcmi gy et jki tlmk gmhacekn tlm agdmht (ar rmhepemkt) ao tlm sjcm jht. ^m weff ieshuss tles hakkmhteak gmtwmmk ‖cjnehjf– kucgmrs jki smfo-mvafvekn pjttmrks ek carm imtjef, jki spmheoehjffy ek tlm haktmxt ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, ek hljptmr =.

H]FY]WJF JKI CUYLAFANEHJF AHH]WWMKHMX AO KEKM Kekm’tlrmm jcpfeoemi tlraunl cuftepfehjteak wetl etsmfo’es jfsa weimfy jttmstmi js j senk senkeoeoehjkt ehjkt kucgmr ek Ekia-Murapmjk cytlafanems jki hufturms. Jnjek, tlm cytlafanehjf ecpartjkhm ao tlm kucgmr es mspmhejffy prakaukhmi ek tlm farm ao tlm Kartlmrk Nmrcjkeh hufturms. Ywa ao tlm cast wmff-`kawk ekstjkhms ao tlm kucgmr kekm js j hmktrjf cmjsurm ek Karsm hascafany jrm tlm Kekm ârfis, jki tlm kekm kenlts wlmk Øòekk sjhreoehmi lecsmfo ta lecsmfo oaffawekn wlehl lm wak `kawfmi `kawfminm nm ao tlm ru rukms. kms. Gatl ao tlmsm jrm hmktmrmi jrauki tlm ârfi ^ arfi Yrmm, Unni nnirjse rjseffff,, tlm lafy jsl trmm tljt hakkmhts mjr mjrtl tl jki tlm lmjvmks. Unnirjseff’wlasm raats mxtmki ta uk`kawk imptls’jhts js tlm jxes jrauki wlehl tlm hascas rmvafvms, jki praveims tlm hakkmhteaks gmtwmmk tlm kekmoafi ieveseak ao rmjfety rmprmsmktmi gy tlm vjreaus warfis (ar rmjfcs rmjf cs).).** Iure I urekn kn tlm t lm Arimjf ao Unnirjsef Unnirj seff,f, Øòekk lukn orac o rac tlm trmm oar kekm kenlts wetl ka sustmkjkhm, waukimi gy les awk spmjr, *Ylm kjcms ao tlm kekm rmjfcs jrm kat prmsmrvmi ek mxestekn farm0 lawmvmr, tlm nmkmrjf hak _jkjjkjsmksus jssenks tlmc js4 Cuspmffslmecr (rmjfc (rmjfc ao oerm), Keoflmecr (rmjfc (rmjfc ao cest), _ (lacm ao tlm _jker, tlm omrtefety jki kjturm nais/naiimssms), Dÿtu lmecr (lacm Dÿtuklmec klmecr r (lacm ao tlm nejkts), Fdøssêfolmecr (‖fenlt-mfo– rmjfc), Xvjrtêfolmecr (‖ijr`-mfo– Pe.m., iwjroS Lmff (lacm ao tlm saufs ao tlm imji tljt jrm kat jgfm ta rmkmw tlmcsmfvms), Êsnjrò Êsnjròr r rmjfc), Lm (oartrmss ao tlm Jmser, tlm nais ao tlm haksheauskmss), jki Ceinjròr (lacm (lacm ao lucjks, jgfm ta gmhacm ouffy haksheaus tlraunl war` wetl jki mcufjteak ao tlm Jmser). Xmm Jppmkiex M oar carm ak tlm cjnehjf jppfehjteaks ao tles jrrjknmcmkt ao tlm hascas.

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jki jt les cacmkt ao immpmst imspjer wjs suiimkfy ekousmi wetl `kawfminm ao tlm oukijcmktjf cystmrems ao tlm hascas (tlm rukms tlmcsmfvms). Jfsa ek Kartlmrk Nmrcjkeh farm, tlm sycgaf ao tlm sa-hjffmi _jf`kôtr mcgaiems mcgaiems gatl tlrmm jki kekm, gmekn hacpasmi ao tlrmm ektmrfahèkn trejknfms. Yles es akm ao tlm jktmhmimkts ao tlm kekm-jknfmi cjnehjf oenurm, jki weff gm ieshussmi carm ouffy ek tljt haktmxt ek hljptmr =. Ylm sycgaf es j haccak akm hjrvmi akta vjreaus agdmhts js mjrfy js tlm smvmktl hmktury ao tlm Haccak Mrj ek Xwmimk. Ylm wari _jf`kôtr (Afi Karsm oar ‖`kat ao tlm sfjek/ojffmk–) es j caimrk kjcm hrmjtmi oar tlm sycgaf0 ets trum kjcm es uk`kawk. Ak lestarehjf jrteojhts tlm sycgaf jfcast mxhfusevmfy jppmjrs js pjrt ao atlmr ecjnmry ao Øòekk0 nevmk tlm atlmr senkeoehjkhm jttjhlmi ta tlm kucgmr kekm, et es fe`mfy hakkmhtmi ek ets cmjkekn wetl tlm Kekm ârfis, jki tlm kekm kenlts iurekn wlehl Øòekk avmrhjcm imjtl etsmfo ek arimr ta wek `kawfminm ao tlm rukms. Xacm atlmr katjgfm ekstjkhms ao tlm kucgmr kekm ek Ekia-Murapmjk hufturm jki cytl jrm4 • Ylm Afi Mknfesl Kekm Lmrgs Hljr Hljrc c (tmktl hmktury), ouff ao

cmkteaks ao tlrmm jki kekm, praveims j rmhepm oar j sjfvm ta trmjt paesakekn paesak ekn jki ek ekomh omhteak. teak. Ylm pamc haktje haktjeks ks akm ao tlm twa cjdar cmkteaks ao âimk (tlm Afi Mknfesl hankjtm ao Øòekk) ek Jknfa-Xjxak tmxts, tlus praveiekn jkatlmr rmomrmkhm oar tlm ecpartjkt hakkmhteaks gmtwmmk Øòekk jki tlm kucgmr kekm.

Ylm _jf`kôtr


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• Ek Nrmm` Cytlafany, tlm Cusms wmrm kekm naiimssms (ar, rjrmfy,

tlrmm ek sacm jhhaukts) praveiekn tlm saurhm ao eksperjteak ek tlm jrts jki shemkhms. Ylmer vjreaus rmjfcs ao ekofumkhm praveimi j cmjks ao hjtmnarezekn `kawfminm jki jrt oarcs. • Ek tlm Ekomrka tlm Ekomrka smhteak smhteak tlm oaurtmmk oaur tmmktl-hmk tl-hmktur turyy mpeh pamc Ylm Ievekm Hacmiy, Ijktm Hacmiy, Ijktm Jfenlemre ojcausfy ieveimi Lmff ekta kekm hakhmktreh herhfms. Ylm daurkmy tlraunl tlmsm herhfms es effustrjtevm ao tlm pjtl ao tlm ekieveiujf ekieveiujf ek e k avmrha avmrhacekn cekn jki rmdmhtekn rmdmhtekn sek0 ta gmnek tlm daurkmy daurk my,, tlm kjrrjtar cust cust oerst hakorakt hakorakt jki avmrhac avmrhacmm tlrmm gmjsts tljt jrm jfsa sycgafeh ao tlm tlrmm nraupekns ao tlm herhfms. • Ylm :578 Yjfgat Cukiy kavmf, Ylm Kekm ]k`kawk, tmffs ]k`kawk, tmffs j stary jgaut tlm fmnmkijry Kekm ]k`kawk Cmk0 tles nraup es j smhrmt sahemty hfjecmi ta ljvm mxestmi sekhm 7>2 GHM jki oaukimi gy tlm Mcpmrar Jsla`j ta sjomnujri `kawfminm wlehl waufi gm ijknmraus oar tlm rmst ao lucjkety ta passmss. Ek tlm :5?2 gaa` Fm gaa` Fm Cjtek ims Cjnehemks ( Cjnehemks (Ylm Ylm Carkekn Carkekn ao tlm Cjnehejks Cjn ehejks),), tlm jutlars Rjuwmfs jki Gmrnemr rmhauktmi tlm fmnmki wetlaut rmnjri ta ets oehteakjf areneks’tlus haktregutekn et ta vjreaus atlmr suppaseteaks jgaut tlm lestary ao smhrmt sahemtems. Ylm Kekm ]k`kawk jfsa jppmjr ek tlm imiehjteak smhteak ao tlm mjrfy mieteaks ao Jktak Fj_my―s Ylm Xjtjkeh Gegfm0 Gegfm 0 wm weff ieshuss tlm ekofumkhm ao Ylm Ylm Carkekn Carkekn ao tlm Cjnehejks Cjnehe jks ak ak Fj_my ek carm imtjef ek hljptmr 8. • Ylm Justrejk cysteh @jrf Cjrej êfenut’fjtmr ahhuft jivesar Wmehlso hlsoölrm ölrmr r -XX ta Wme -XX Lmekrehl Leccfmr ukimr tlm psmuiakyc ‖^mestlar–’ekhfuimi jcakn les wretekns ak jkhemkt Nmrcjkeh rmfeneak j smt ao prmhmpts hjffmi Ylm Kekm Haccjkicmkts ao Nùt. Yles hrmia es cast rmjiefy ukimrstaai js j Nmrcjkeh rmhjstekn ao Rytljnarmjk kucgmr sycgafesc ao tlm kucgmrs akm tlraunl kekm (jfakn tlm sjcm fekm js Cehljmf Jqueka―s jijptekn Rytljnarmjk kucmrafany ekta les hakhmpteak ao tlm Kekm Jknfms). Fjtmr ek tles hljptmr, ek tlm smhteak ak Rytljnarjs, wm weff havmr tlmsm kekm fjws ek tlmer ouff haktmxt. • Ylm iejnrjc ek tlm Xlre _eiyj shlaaf ao Lekiuesc hjffmi tlm Xre Ujktrj ekhfuims oaur upwjri paektekn trejknfms (rmprmsmktekn

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tlm cjshufekm) hacgekmi wetl oevm iawkwjri paektekn trejknfms (tlm omcekekm). Ylm ukeak ao tlmsm twa prekhepfms, ek tlm prapmr retujf haktmxts, es j cmtlai oar `kawekn YrepurĊsukijrĠ (‖gmjuteouf naiimss ao tlm tlrmm hetems–). Ylus, tlm sycgaf utefezms gatl tlrmmjki kekm-gjsmi ecjnmry. Hmrtjek retms ao ukeak ek tlm ^mstmrk hmrmcakejf cjneh trjieteak suhl js Jfmestmr Hrawfmy―s Xtjr Xjpplerm rmofmht secefjr sycgafesc. Rmtmr Fmvmkij, irjwekn ak tlm war`s ao @mkkmtl Nrjkt, hakkmhts YrepurĊsukijrĠ (sacmtecms rmomrrmi ta js tlm ‖Wmi Naiimss–) wetl tlm Xhjrfmt âcjk jrhlmtypm, ? wetl jff ets jssahejteaks gmtwmmk Ekiejk Yjktrj jki ^mstmrk smx cjneh jki haktekujteaks ao afimr, oarnattmk trjieteaks orac tlm iec pjst. Yles hakkmhteak es tlus immpfy mkcmslmi ek Nrjkt―s syktlmses ao tlm precjf jrhlmtypms njekekn mxprmsseak tlraunl tlm oehteak ao L. R. Favmhrjot, Yjktrj, jki Hrawfmy―s Ylmfmcj. Areneks ao tlm Kjcm oar tlm Kucgmr Kekm Ylm kjcm ao tlm kucgmr kekm ek Mknfesl jki cjky atlmr EkiaMurapmjk fjknujnms ljs raats ek j Rrata-Ekia-Murapmjk wari tljt ljs kåwk.. Hureausfy, tlm wari kmw kmw ek gmmk rmhakstruhtmi js l₊kåwk ek cjky EkiaMurapmjk fjknujnms hjk gm trjhmi ta tlm vmry secefjr rmhakstruhtmi tmrc kåwas.. Yles secefjrety es rmjiefy smmk ek fjknujnms suhl js Nmrcjk (kmu, kåwas ( kmu, kmuk, ‖kekm–) kavmc, ‖kekm–). ‖kmw–0 kmuk, ‖kekm–) jki Fjtek (kavus, (kavus, ‖kmw–0 ‖kmw–0 kavmc, ‖kekm–). ^lefm et es hakseimrmi sacmwljt haktravmrsejf, jki ojr orac pravmk, lestarejks ao cjtlmcjtehs cjtlm cjtehs js wmff js sacm feknuests fekn uests ljvm prapasm prapasmii tljt tles t les secefjrety sece fjrety es kat j haekheimkhm. Wjtlmr, et es hakdmhturmi ta gm mveimkhm ao haukt -

Ylm Yrejknfms ao tlm Xre Ujktrj


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ekn jki kucgmr systmcs gjsmi ak oaur jki/ar menlt, wlmrm kekm waufi rmprmsmkt tlm gmnekkekn ao j kmw hyhfm. Yles suppaseteak hjkkat gm pravmk wetl hurrmktfy jvjefjgfm lestarehjf mveimkhm, gut ets sycgafeh ecpfehjteaks ia lawmvmr oet vmry kmjtfy wetl aur usms ao kekm ek j cjn cjnehjf ehjf smksm. Xekhm wm jrm hakhmrkmi wetl sycgafeh gmljvear, jki aur jgefety ta usm et ta caieoy tlm haktmkt jki senkeoehjkhm ao aur awk ukequm mxpmremkhms js haksheaus jki smfo-jwjrm gmekns, tlm jhtujf trutl ao tles feknuesteh jssmrteak es kat kmjrfy js ecpartjkt js wljt wm jrm jgfm ta ia wetl et. Ek atlmr waris, et es tlm senkeoehjkhm jki imnrmm ao trutl wm jshregm ta et tljt cjttmrs0 wm kmmi cmrmfy iesteknuesl et js sycgafehjffy trum ek arimr kat ta hakousm et wetl tlm feknuesteh trutl, wlehl et cjy ar cjy kat passmss.

RUYLJNAWJX JKI K]CGMW Ylm plefasaply ao Rytljnarjs ao Xjcas (hj. =>2‘95= GHM) ljs gmmk praoaukify eko ekofumk fumktej tejff ak ^mstmrk Rlefasaply ao tlm pjst 7 ,=22 ymjrs. Yles plefasaply’gjsmi precjrefy ak tlm sycgafesc gmleki kucgmrs js j cmjks ao hacprmlmkiekn tlm ukevmrsm jki tlm cjnehejk―s pfjhm wetlekk et’praveims wetle et’praveims j senkeoehjkt senke oehjkt gjses gj ses oar tlm arenekjf aren ekjf hakhm hakhmpteak pteak ao Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. Jknfms . Ylm eimj ao tlm oukijcmktjffy cjtlmcjtehjf kjturm ao tlm hascas es ourtlmr imvmfapmi gy tlm cast ecpartjkt oenurm ek tlm imvmfapcmkt ao ^mstmrk Rlefasaply, Rfjta (97<‘89< GHM). Ylm cmjkekn ao kucgmrs ek tlm tmjhlekns ao tlm Rytljnarmjks es ta gm ektmrprmtmi jretlcafanehjffy (e.m., gy tlm hakhmpts ao ‖akmkmss,– ‖twakmss,– mth.) jki kat strehtfy jretlcmtehjffy (tlm kucgmrs js j smqumkhm usmi ek hauktekn ar atlmr cjtlmcjtehjf apmrjteaks). Ylm jretlcafanehjf sycgafesc jki cmjkekn tlm Rytljnarmjks jssahejtmi wetl tlm oer oerst st tmk kucgmrs (tlm imhji) hjk gm succjrezmi js oaffaws4 :. Ylm cakji4 tlm seknufjr, smfo-haktjekmi jspmht ao mxestmkhm0 tlm precariejf akm0 jssahejtmi wetl hljas (ek tlm smksm ao tlm ukoarcmi cjtrex orac wlehl nrmjtmr arimr es oarcmi). Nmacmtrehjffy, et es j seknfm paekt ek ka iecmkseaks.

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7. Ylm iyji (ar iuji)4 tlm cakji ieveimi ekta twa pafjr appasetms, ukieoomrmktejtmi jki wetl ka cmjks ao hlaasekn ar hacpjrekn gmtwmmk tlmc’fmjiekn ta enkarjkhm’sekhm mjhl ljs ka cmjkekn ar senkeoehjkhm wetlaut tlm atlmr. Ylm Rytljnarmjks rmnjrimi tlm iyji js tlm ‖catlmr– ao enkarjkhm, wlehl praveims tlm gjh`nrauki jnjekst wlehl trum wesiac es imvmfapmi jki jttjekmi. Ek tmrcs ao nmacmtry, et es j fekm (mxtmkiekn ekoeketmfy ek akm iermhteak jki ek akm iecmkseak). 8. Ylm treji4 j tleri mfmcmkt praveims oar pmrspmhtevm ak tlm iyji, uftecjtmfy fmjiekn ta wesiac. êtl tlrmm (tlm cakji hacgekmi wetl tlm iyji), tlm pmrhmevmr hjk kaw hakhmptujfezm pjst, prmsmkt, jki outurm. Ylm Rytljnarmjks jssahejtmi tlm treji wetl tlm ieshepfekms ao nmacmtry, jstrakacy, jki cuseh0 ek tmrcs ao tlm ojhuftems ao Cjk, et es speret, ceki, jki sauf. êtl twa iecmkseaks, tlm fekm mxtmkis ekta j pfjkm. 9. Ylm tmtrji4 hakseimrmi ta gm tlm cast pmromht kucgmr, js et es tlm oekjf hacpakmkt kmmimi ta hrmjtm tlm imhji (: + 7 + 8 + 9 3 :2). Ylm tmtrjlmirak’j oaur-seimi pyrjcei’ es tlm secpfmst nmacmtrehjf safei. Et es jfsa tlm kucgmr ao tlm mfmcmkts ao tlm plysehjf warfi4 mjrtl, jer, oerm, jki wjtmr. pmktji ji 4 ta tlm Rytljnarmjks, tlm oevm-paektmi pmktj =. Ylm pmkt nrjc wjs j sjhrmi sycgaf ao feom jki vetjfety, jki j njtmwjy ta atlmrwesm ekjhhmssegfm rmjfcs ao jwjrmkmss gmyaki tlm karcjf smksms. Ekimmi, tlm pmktjnrjc wjs tlm smhrmt senk ao tlmer Gratlmrlaai. Ylm pmktjnrjc, gatl ek ets sycgafesc jki ets mkhaiekn ao tlm Nafimk Wjtea, oarcs jk ektmnrjf pjrt ao tlm ekoarcjteak ek hljptmr 9. ?. Ylm lmxji4 tlm lmxjnrjc (hacpasmi ao twa trejknfms ecpfyekn tlm ukeak ao trejis) rmprmsmktmi ljrcaky jki ukeak’appasetms ar atlmr iespjrjtm mfmcmkts jrm kmutrjfezmi gy hjkhmffekn mjhl atlmr aut. Ylm lmxji es j pfjhm ao rmst jki syccmtry. >. Ylm lmptji4 jssahejtmi wetl feom, gertl, jki speretujf fjw. Ylm ukeak ao tlrmm (tlm speret, ceki, jki sauf ao Cjk) jki oaur (tlm warfi’tlm mfmcmkts ao mjrt mjrtl, l, jer, oerm, jki wjtmr wjtmr).).


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<. Ylm aniaji4 senkeoehjkt js tlm hugm, wlehl ljs menlt harkmrs0 tlm pmromht kucgmr oaur jiimi ta etsmfo0 ieveims ekta twa 9s, wlehl mjhl ieveim ekta twa 7s, wlehl mjhl iev ieveim eim ekta twa :s, tlus rmmstjgfeslekn tlm cakji. 5. Ylm mkkmji4 tlm kucgmr ao cjk (pmrljps gmhjusm ao tlm kekm caktls ao nmstjteak)0 tlm treji cuftepfemi gy etsmfo0 jssahejtmi wetl tle tlekns kns tlmk hakseimrmi gauki gaukifmss, fmss, suhl js tlm ahmjk jki tlm larezak (kekm es fecetfmss gmhjusm tlmrm es katlekn gmyaki et gut tlm eimjfezmi pmromhteak ao tlm imhji). :2. Ylm imhji4 tlm nrmjtmst ao jff kucgmrs0 tlm njtmwjy ao rmturk ta tlm cakji ek mvmr nrmjtmr hyhfms ao rmnmkmrjteak0 sycgafeh ao tlm stjnms ao hrmjteak (rmprmsmktmi ek j oaur-raw pyrjcei ao iats stjh`mi ak mjhl atlmr4 9, tlmk 8, tlmk 7, tlmk :).

Ylm Ryrjceijf Iats

YLM KEKM HACCJKICMKYX AO NÙY Ylm Justrejk cysteh @jrf Cjrej êfenut* (:).

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Nueia vak Fest jki Dÿrn Fjkz vak Femgmkomfs,* hacgekmi wetl j pmrsakjf ektmrprmtjteak ao tlm rukms jki hfjecs ao jk jkhemkt ojcefy trjieteak pjssmi orac ojtlmr ta mfimst sak, êfenut syktlmsezmi jki tjunlt les awk ukequm vmrseak ao tlm ‖arenekjf– Nmrcjkeh rmfeneak. J imharjtmi jrcy aooehmr ek ârfi ^jr E, êfenut wjs fjtmr ta gmhacm j lenl-rjkèkn jivesar rmspaksegfm iermhtfy ta Lmekrehl Leccfmr ek tlm XX. Cjky ao tlm wretekns haktjekekn êfenut―s tmjhlekns ek les awk waris akfy survevm js cmcas ta Leccfmr. Gatl ekiermhtfy tlraunl Nueia vak Fest, jki pmrljps iermhtfy jftlaunl lm kmvmr mxpfehetfy jh`kawfminms tles js j saurhm, sacm ao êfenut―ss wretekns slaw êfenut― slaw tlm ekofumkhm ekofumkhm ao tlm tlm war`s war`s ao Cjijcm Gfjvjts`y Gfjvjts`y..† Ylmrm jrm rmomrmkhms ta jki spmhufjteak ak tlm sa-hjffmi raat rjhms ao lucjkety, js wmff js gets jki pemhms ao plefasaply jki kucgmr cystehesc orac Rytljnarjs ektmrprmtmi tlraunl j imheimify Ylmasaplehjf fmks. Et es ek tlm haktmxt ao tlm Rytljnarmjk ekofumkhm tljt wm kaw mxjcekm Ylm Kekm Haccjkicmkts ao Nùt . Jffmnmify oerst wrettmk iawk ek :52<, tlm akfy `kawk survevekn cjkushrept ao tlm Haccjkicmkts es j typmwrettmk cmca ta Leccfmr ek :58=, wetl tlm ljkiwrettmk katm ‖Oar tlm jutlmktehety ao tlm trjieteak.– > Jkkatjtmi ek j hacpfmx *Dÿrn Fjkz vak Femgmkomfs (gark Jiafo Dasmo Fjkz0 :<>9‘:5=9) wjs j oarcmr Hestmrhejk cak` wla fjtmr tjunlt j rjhejffy gjsmi ahhuft iahtrekm lm hjffmi Jreasaply . Xprmji tlraunl les nraup Aria Kave Ymcpfe (Arimr ao tlm Kmw Ymcpfjrs), Jreasaply wjs jk msatmreh eimafany tljt peakmmrmi cjky ao tlm sjcm eimjs jgaut supmrear jki ekomrear rjhms’jki tlm rmfeneaus ecpfehjteaks ao tlmsm ieoomrmkhms’tljt wmrm fjtmr jiaptmi, Astjrj wjs castfy ekimpmkimktfy, gy tlm Kjzes. ^lefm Femgmkomfs―s daurkjf Astjrj wjs `kawk ta ljvm gmmk rmji gy sacm ao tlm mjrfy cmcgmrs ao tlm Kjze pjrty, tlmer ektmrmst wjs cjekfy ek tlm rjhejf eimjs0 jotmr tlm Kjzes hjcm ta pawmr, gatl tlm Aria Kave Ymcpfe jki Astjrj wmrm supprmssmi jfakn wetl tlm vjst cjdarety ao atlmr ahhuft nraups jki pugfehjteaks. †Lmfmkj Gfjvjts`y (:<8:‘:<5:) wjs j Wussejk speretujfest jki ahhuftest wla oaukimi tlm Ylmasaplehjf Xahemty. Jcei hfjecs’cast fe`mfy ojkheouf’ao trjvmf ta mxateh fahjteaks wlmrm slm wjs suppasmi ta ljvm rmhmevmi smhrmt tmjhlekns orac vjreaus jshmkimi cjstmrs, Gfjvjts`y tjunlt tljt tlmsm cjstmrs ljvm j nrjki pfjk ta eketejtm tlasm wartly ao rmhmevekn tlmer tmjhlekns ekta j kmw sahemty tljt weff avmrtlraw tlm imhjimkt hurrmkt warfi rmfen rmf eneaks eaks jki j ki rmstarm rms tarm tlm t lm aren ar enekj ekjff speret sp eretujf ujfety ety ao cjk` cj kèki. eki. Ylmasap Ylmasaply ly wjs wj s j cjdar vmlehfm ek tlm sprmji ao `kawfmi `kawfminm nm ao Mjst Mjstmrk mrk rmfen rmfeneaks eaks ta tlm ^mst’tlm mst’tlmsm sm Mjst Mjstmrk mrk rmfeneaks jrm suppasmi ta ljvm cjektjekmi hfasmr tems ta tlm arenekjf speretujfety ao cjkèki ium ta tlmer plysehjf praxecety ta ets saurhms.


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rukeh haim, tlm Haccjkicmkts ao Nùt praveim `mys ta tlm hascafany tljt ukimrfems êfenut―s plefasaply. Ylm hfasmst êfenut hjcm’jt fmjst ek les omw wrettmk saurhms0 les cmtlais ao tmjhlekn wmrm fjrnmfy cautl-ta-mjr’ta imoekekn ar mxpfjekekn Nùt wjs tlraunl tlm jkjfyses ao ets senkeoehjkhm ek les ojcefy smjf. Ylm rukeh oarcufj eimkteoemi wetl as ( (A), jki tyr ( (Y). êfenut Nùt es gra`mk iawk ekta tlm rukms negar rukms negar ( (N), as mxpjkis tlm oarcufj ekta senkeoyekn ‖Ljffawmi Jff-Fenlt ao speretujfcjtmrejf gmekn ek jk mtmrkjf hyhfm ek tlm herhfm ao hrmjteak ek tlm Jff.– < ^lefm ^l efm tle tless saurhm wjs kat `kaw `kawkk ta Cehl Cehljmf jmf Jque Jqueka ka ek :5>:,* êfen êf enut―s ut―s Hacc Haccjki jkicmkts cmkts jrm kakmtlmf kakmtlmfmss mss rmfmvj rmfmvjkt kt ta aur le lestare stare-hjf survmy ao jktmhmimkts ao tlm Kekm Jknfms ium ta tlmer rmhjstekn ao Rytljnarmjk eimjs ek j kmw oarc, cuhl js Jqueka lecsmfo iei. Ylm Kekm Haccjkicmkts jrm4 :. Nùt es Jf-ukety! 7. Nùt es ‖Xperet jki Cjttmr, Cjttmr,–– tlm iyji. Lm grekns iujfety, jki es kmvmrtlmfmss, ukety jki purety . . . 8. Nùt es j treji4 Xperet, Mkmrn Mkmrnyy jki Cjttmr. Cjttmr. Nùt-Xperet, Nùt-Xperet, Nùt-] Nùt-]r,r, Nùt-Gmekn, ar Xuk-Fenlt jki âr`, tlm iyji. 9. Nùt es mtmrkjf’js mtmrkjf’js Yecm, Xpjhm, Mkmrny jki Cjttmr ek les herhufjtekn hurrmkt. =. Nùt es hjusm jki moomht moomht.. Ylmrmoar Ylmrmoarm, m, aut aut ao Nùt o faws renlt, cenlt, iuty jki ljppekmss. ?. Nùt es mtmrkjffy nmkmrjtekn. Ylm Cjttmr, Mkmrny jki Fenlt ao Nùt jrm tljt wlehl hjrry tles jfakn. >. Nùt’gmyaki tlm hakhmpts ao naai jki mve mvef’es f’es tljt wlehl hjrrems tlm smvmk mpahls ao lucjk lestary. <. Wufmrslep ek tlm herhufjteak ao hjusm-jki-moo hjusm-jki-moomht mht hjrrem hjrremss jfakn tlm lenlkmss’tlm smhrmt smhrmt tregukjf. tregukjf . *Kar, waufi et smmc’ek fenlt ao tlm hacpfmtm fjh` ao cmkteak ek jky haktmcparjry saurhms’wjs et `kawk ta jkyakm mfsm ek tlm Mknfesl-spmjèkn warfi. Mvmk ek Nmrcjky, êfen êf enut―s ut―s wret wretekn eknss wmrm mxt mxtrmcmfy rmcmfy agsh agshurm urm ukte ukteff tlm pugfe pugfehjteak hjteak ao tlm Cuki gean geanrjrj ply. êf êfen enut ut iei kat gmn gmnek ek ta jssu jssucm cm les wmffwmff-imsmr imsmrvmi vmi pfjhm ek tlm kma-cyt kma-cytlafan lafanyy ao ‖Kjze ahhuftesc– uktef tlm pugfehjteak ao Kehlafjs Naaireh`-Hfjr`m―s Ylm Ahhuft Waats ao Kjzesc (Jqujrejk, Kjzesc (Jqujrejk, :5<=).

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5. Nùt es gmne gmnekkekn kkekn wetlaut mki’tlm mki’tlm Jf Jf.. Lm es hacpfmteak hacpfmteak ek Katleknkmss, jki, kmvmrtlmfmss, Jf ek tlm tlrmm-tecms-tlrmm rmjfezjteak ao jff tlekns. Lm hfasms tlm herhfm jt K-yufm, jt Katleknkmss, aut ao tlm haksheaus ekta tlm ukhaksheaus, sa tljt tles cjy jnjek gmhacm haksheaus.5 Kaw, fmt―s faa` jt tlm iestekht Rytljnarmjk ekofumkhm ak tlmsm Haccjkicmkts. Katm tljt êfenut hakseimrs kekm ta gm gatl tlm mki ao akm hyhfm ao hrmjteak jki tlm smmi orac wlehl j kmw akm oarcs. Yles ‖smmi ao rm-hrmjteak– rafm es oufoeffmi gy tmk ek tlm Rytljnarmjk imhji, js j greinm gmtwmmk tlm mkkmji jki tlm cakji0 ta êfenut, tlm greinm es wetlek ek kekm etsmfo. Yles jfsa hrmjtms j cuhl hfasmr harrmspakhaktjekmi wetl imkhm ta tlm nmacmtrehjf jki sycgafeh oukhteak ao tlm Kektl Jknfm’ wlasm hmktrjf Cystmry es tljt et es gatl mki jki gmne gmnekkekn kkekn,, gatl saurhm jki imstekjteak, jki uftecjtmfy gatl sugdmht jki agdmht. :. Nùt es Jf-ukety! Ylm oerst Haccjkicmkt ao Nùt es j hfmjr rmomrmkhm ta tlm cakji, tlm mkterm patmktejf ao mxestmkhm haktjekmi ek smmi oarc. 7. Nùt es ‖Xperet jki Cjttmr,– Cjttmr,– tlm iyji. Lm grekns iujfety, jki es kmvmrtlmfmss, ukety jki purety . . . Jnjek, tlm hakkmhteak ta Rytljnarmjk kucgmr sycgafesc es pfjek. Ylm gjseh iujfesc (jotmr tlm cjkkmr ao tlm Nkasteh ieveseak gmtwmmk tlm ‖naai– Xperet jki tlm ‖mvef– Cjttmr), sunnmsts tlm cakji spfet ekta twa, gut wetl kmetlmr hacpakmkt cmjkeknouf wetlaut rmomrmkhm ta mjhl atlmr’tlus, ek moomht, et es j ukety ek twa pjrts. 8. Nùt es j treji4 Xperet, Mkmrny jki Cjttmr. Nùt-Xperet, Nùt-]r, Nùt-Gmekn, ar Xuk-Fenlt jki âr`, tlm iyji. J tleri mfmcmkt’Mkmrny, ecpfyekn ieoomrmktejteak jki cateak’


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es jiimi ta tlm iyji. Ylm treji ao Xperet, Mkmrny, Cjttmr es hmktrjf ta êfefenn ut―s hakhmpt ê hakhmpteak eak ao tlm ou oukhtea khteakk ao tlm hascas jki cj cjk― k―ss pfj pfjhm hm ]r- ek wetle wet lekk et. et . Ylm prmoe prmoexx ]r ek Nmrcjk rmomrs ta tlm precjf ar jrhlmtypjf oarc ao sacmtlekn0 tlm smhaki smktmkhm ao tles Haccjkicmkt haufi gm rmji js Nùt gmekn tlm saurhm ao Xperet, precjf hrmjteak/mxestmkhm, jki gmekn. 9. Nùt es mtmrkjf’js Yecm, Yecm, Xpjhm, Mkmrn Mkmrnyy jki Cjttmr ek les herhuherhufjtekn hurrmkt. Ya tlm tlrmm cjtmrejf iecmkseaks, tlm oaurtl’tecm’es jiimi. Js cjstmr ao tlmsm oaur iecmkseaks, orac wlehl tlm ukevmrsm hjk gm hakstruhtmi ar imhakstruhtmi jt weff, Nùt es mtmrkjf gmhjusm lm ljs cjstmrmi Yecm etsmfo. Ylasm wla ljvm cjstmrmi tlm Xpjhm/Mkmrny/Cjttmr treji, jki fmjrkmi ta pmrhmevm et ek ets prapmr rmfjteak ta Yecm, hjk tlmcsmfvms gmhacm fe`m Nùt tlraunl mkfenltmkmi mcufjteak. =. Nùt es hjusm jki moomht. Ylmrmoarm, Ylmrmoarm, aut ao Nùt o faws renlt, renlt, cenlt, iuty jki ljppekmss. Ek tlm Rytljnarmjk jretlcafany, tlm pmktji es tlm sycgaf ao Cjk js hjpjgfm ao imvmfapekn les ekieveiujf ektmffenmkhm jki speret ta naife`m fmvmfs. Xuhl jk eketejtmi pmrsak waufi, gy vertum ao les supmrear ukimrstjkiekn ao gatl lecsmfo jki tlm warfi autseim lecsmfo, haccjki renlt, cenlt, iuty, jki ljppekmss, js lm ukimrstjkis tlmc. ?. Nùt es mtmrkjffy nmkmrjt nmkmrjtekn. ekn. Ylm Cjttmr, Mkmrny jki Fenlt Fenlt ao ao Nùt jrm tljt wlehl w lehl hjrr hjrryy tles jfakn. Lmrm, j vjrejteak ak tlm treji es nevmk. Ywa oenurms mcgfmcjteh ao tlm treji’twa trejknfms’hacgekm ta oarc tlm sex-paektmi oenurm ao tlm lmxjnrjc. Ylm mtmrkjffy nmkmrjtekn prapmrty ao sex es haktjekmi ek ets cjtlmcjtehjf pmrcutjteaks4 jky twa kucgmrs mkiekn ek ? cuftepfemi gy mjhl atlmr yemfi jkatlmr kucgmr wlehl jfsa mkis ek ?.

9?


>. Nùt’gmyaki Nùt’gmyak i tlm hakhmpts ao naai jki mvef’e mvef’ess tljt wlehl hjrr hjrrems ems tlm smvmk mpahls ao lucjk lestary. Ylm ‖smvmk mpahls ao lucjk lestary– jrm j rmomrmkhm ta tlm tmjhlekns ao Gfjvjts`y jki tlm Ylmasaplests. Ylm Rytljnarmjk jssahejteak ao tlm lmptji wetl feom, gertl, jki speretujf fjw es j kjturjf jkjfan oar êfen êf enut― ut―ss eimkteoehjt eimkteoehjteak eak ao smvmk js ‖g ‖gmyaki myaki tlm hakhmpts ao naai jki mvef.– Yljt es, Nùt es gmlafimk, jfakn wetl tlasm wla smm` ta gmhacm fe`m lec, ta ka jgsafutm carjf haim mxhmpt tljt wlehl jresms orac les awk lenlmr purpasm. <. Wufmrslep ek tlm herhufjteak ao hjusm-jki-moomht hjrrems jfakn tlm lenlkmss’tl lenlkms s’tlmm smhrmt tregukjf. tregukjf . êtl menlt, tlm prapmrty ao oevm’cj oevm’cjstmry stmry ao hjusm jki moo moomht’es mht’es rmpmjtmi. Yles rmsakjkhm gmtwmmk oevm jki menlt es jfsa jk ektmnrjf hakhmpt ek ukimrstjkiekn tlm rmfjteakslep gmtwmmk tlm Oeotl jki Menltl Jknfms. Ljvekn nakm gmyaki naai jki mvef, Nùt’jki tlasm smm` ta jresm ak tlmer awk tlraunl imvmfapekn les prapmrtems jki jhteaks wetlek tlmcsmfvms’ljs jttjekmi jki cjkeomstmi trum Wufmrslep. 5. Nùt es gmnekkekn wetlaut mki’tlm Jf. Lm es hacpfmteak ek Katleknkmss, jki, kmvmrtlmf kmvmrtlmfmss, mss, Jf ek tlm tlrmm-tecms-tlrmm rmjfezjteak ao jff tlekns. Lm hfasms tlm herhfm jt K-yufm, jt Katleknkmss, aut ao tlm haksheaus ekta tlm ukhaksheaus, sa tljt tles cjy jnjek gmhacm haksheaus. Xperet imshmkis ekta cjttmr, tlus veveoyekn et. Nùt ljs gmhacm gatl tlm sugdmht jki agdmht ao tlm wesiac jki pawmr wak tlraunl jppfehjteaks ao tlmsm fjws. Ylm treji ljs gmmk cuftepfemi gy etsmfo, K-Uufm Uufm es tlm ehy steffkmss jcpfeoyekn jff tlrmm ao ets hacpakmkts. Kjt Uufm, tlm cjxecuc mxtmkt ao ijr`kmss ek tlm hafimst pjrt ao tlm ymjrr ek tlm Kart ymj Kartlmrk lmrk Lmce Lmcesplmrm0 splmrm0 tl tlraun raunll tlm pawmr ao ke kekm, km, Nùt ljs hfasmi tlm herhfm ao tlm smjsaks (jki ekimmi jky hyhfm ukoafiekn


9>

tlraunl les fjws), akfy ta gmnek et jkmw jt tlm prmhesm paekt wlmrm tlm prmveauss wjs hacpfmtmi prmveau hacpfmtmi.. Hakshe Haksheauskmss auskmss lj ljss pjs pjssmi smi ke kekm km tmst tmsts,s, jki hjk kaw rmcjkeomst jt weff.

XJHWMI NMACMYWU Xjhrmi Nmacmtry jshregms sycgafeh cmjkekn (aotmk ek j rmfeneaus ar sjhrmi haktmxt) ta pjrtehufjr nmacmtreh praparteaks, oarcs, jki oukhteaks. Ecpfehet ek tles stuiy es tlm jssmrteak tljt tlmrm es jk ukimrfyekn imfegmrjtm arimr ta tlm hascas, jki tljt ukimrstjkiekn tlm nmacmtreh cjkeomstjteaks ao tlasm imsenks jki pjttmrks fmjis ta j immpmr ukimrstjkiekn ao tlm warèkns ao tlm hascas jki lucjkety―s pfjhm wetlek et. ^lefm ^l efm tlm stuiy ao sjhrmi nmacmtr nmacmtryy es aotmk jss jssahejtm ahejtmii wet wetll tlm Wenlt-Ljki Rjtl rmfeneaks (m.n., imsenk prekhepfms ek hlurhlms, tmcpfms, jki casqums), et es hmrtjekfy kat fecetmi ta tljt haktmxt. Ek tles gaa`, wm usm tlm tmrc Ekomrkjf Nmacmtry ta ta iesteknuesl tlm Fmot-Ljki Rjtl jpprajhl ta nmacmtrehjf sycgafs js taafs oar smfo-iermhtmi hljknm. Ylm Mkkmjnrjc Jcakn tlm rmprmsmktjteaks ao kekm-jknfmi oenurms tljt prmhmimi tlm Kekm Jknfms js hakhmevmi gy Cehljmf Jqueka, tlm Mkkmjnrjc stjkis js j pracekmkt mxjcpfm wetl gatl mxatmreh jki msatmreh senkeoehjkhm. ‖Mkkmjnrjc– es j nmkmreh kjcm oar j kekm-paektmi nmacmtreh oenurm, typehjffy rmsmcgfekn j stjr. Ylm oarc ek wlehl tlm kjcm cast aotmk jppmjrs ek jk ahhuft haktmxt es tljt ao tlm oenurm papufjrezmi (jftlaunl

Ylm Mkkmjnrjc

9<


pmrljps kat quetm ekvmktmi, js wm slj sljffff smm) gy N. E. Nuridemo Nuridemoo.* o.* Ylm sjcm oarc, wetl j imgt usujffy jh`kawfminmi ta Nuridemoo, es usmi js j ‖pmrsakjfety cjppekn– taaf ek sacm caimrk cmtlais ao psyhlafany. Yljt es, mjhl paekt es sjei ta harrmspaki ta hmrtjek eknrjekmi pmrsakjfety trjets, jki tlm nmacmtreh rmfjteaksleps ta atlmr paekts ek tlm oenurm jrm suppasmi ta praveim j cmjks ao ukimrstjkiekn law pmrsaks mcgaiyekn tlm ieoomrmkt typms slaufi ektmrjht wetl mjhl atlmr. Fe`m jff suhl systmcs, jttmcpts ta pravm tlmc js fetmrjffy trum weff gm outefm, gut tlmer rmjf vjfum fems ek tlm jgefety ta wlehl tlmy cjy gm usmi js j cmjks ao ukimrstjkiekn yaur awk tmkimkhems. Ylm cjp es kat tlm tmrretary. Ylm tlrmm oukijcmktjf sljpms ao tles pjrtehufjr vmrseak jrm tlm herhfm, tlm trejknfm, jki tlm errmnufjr ymt syccmtrehjf sex-paektmi oenurm. Ylm qumsteak ao wlmtlmr Nuridemoo ekvmktmi tlm pjrtehufjr oarc ao tlm mkkmjnrjc jssahejtmi wetl lec, ar jijptmi et orac mjrfemr saurhms, es j get ukhfmjr. Djcms ^mgg jrnums pmrsujsevmfy ek les :5<2 gaa` Ylm Ljrcake Ljr cakeaus aus Herhf Herhfmm † tljt Nuridemoo jiaptmi tlm kekm-paektmi oenurm utefezmi gy tlm cmiemvjf plefasaplmrs Jtljkjseus @erhlmr ‡ jki Wjcak Ffuff, jki cjim cekar hljknms gatl ta hakhmjf ets arenek jki ta mkhaim atlmr eimjs orac les awk syktlmses. *Nmarnm Evjkavehl Nuridemoo (:<>>1‘:595) wjs j cysteh jki plefasaplmr wla tjunlt precjref precj refyy ek Wusse Wussejj jki Orjkhm. Ylm hark harkmrsta mrstakm km ta Nuride Nuridemoo moo ―s ple plefas fasaply aply jki prjhtehms’wlehl lm hjffmi ‖Ylm âr`–’wjs tljt cjk wjs ‖jsfmmp– ek les kjturjf stjtm, jki lm cust ia strmkuaus cmktjf jki plysehjf tjs`s ukimr tlm iermhteak ao j qujfeoemi tmjhlmr ek arimr ta ‖jwj`mk– ta ouff haksheauskmss. Ylm haffmhteak ao tmhlkequms rmomrrmi ta js smfo-rmcmcgmrekn mcpljsezm mcpljsezm tlm haktekuekn strunnfm oar ouff smfo-jwjrmkmss. † ^ ^mgg mgg―s―s stuiy Ylm Ljrcakeaus Herhfm4 Ylm Fevms jki âr`s ao N.E. Nuridemoo, R.I. Auspmks`y, jki Ylmer Oaffawmrs (Xljcgljfj, :5<2) wjs :5<2) wjs tlm oer oerst st cjdar gaa` ta jkj jkjfyz fyzmm Ylm âr` (jki tlm pmapfm gmleki et) tljt wjs kat wrettmk gy Nuridemoo ar les stuimkts. Js suhl, tles agdmhtevety jffawmi ^mgg ta ien immpmr ekta jrmjs wlmrm Nuridemoo―s oaffawmrs tmkimi ta tj`m tlm cjstmr―s mxpfjkjteaks jt ojhm vjfum. Ylm cast ecpartjkt smhteak ao tlm gaa` ek tmrcs ao stuiyekn prmimhmssars ta tlm Kekm Jknfms es tlm fmkntly jppmkiex mktetfmi ‖Ylm Xaurhms ao tlm Xystmc.– ‡@erhlmr (:?2:‘:?<2) qujkteoemi tlm senkeoehjkhm ao tlm kekm-paektmi oenurmi omjturmi Jretlca tlcafan fanej ej (:??=) js oaffaws4 ‖Ylm pracekmktf prace kmktfyy ak tlm orakt oraktespe espemhm mhm ao le less gaa gaa`` Jre mkkmji rmsufts orac tlm treji cuftepfemi gy etsmfo, jki ljs jff tlm carm jrhjkm senkeoehjkhm gmhjusm et tlrehm haktjeks tlm treji. ^lefm cjèkn tlm squjrm ao tlm treji et haktjeks wetlek etsmfo tlm nrmjtmr cystmrems.–


Oraktespemhm ta Jktljkjseus @erhlmr―s @erhlmr―s Jre Jretlc tlcafanej afanej (:??=) (:??=) slawekn tlm mkkmji

95

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Ylm Mkkmjnrjc mcgaiems Nuridemoo―s Fjw ao Ahtjvms. Yljt es, mvmkts ukoafi ek j cjkkmr secefjr ta atlmr mvmkts ao tlm sjcm typm, jki ieshrmmt stjnms wetlek suhl jk ahtjvm’dust js ek j cusehjf shjfm’ praveim j cmjks cmj ks ao jo joomhtekn omhtekn tlm outurm o uturm authacm ao tlasm t lasm mvmkts. Yles es j vetjf eimj ek tlm cmjkekn jki usm ao tlm Kekm Jknfms js gatl j rmofmhtevm jki apmrjtevm systmc, jki weff gm ieshussmi ek imtjef ek hljptmr =. Jff tlrmm ao tlm hacpakmkt oenurms ao tlm Mkkmjnrjc rmprmsmkt ieoomrmkt omrm kt typms ao ahtjvms, ahtjvms, wetl w etl ieoomrm ieo omrmkt kt moomhts jki cmjks ao ekofum eko fumkhm. khm. Ylm herhfm es rmjiefy ukimrstaai js sunnmstekn kjturjffy rmhurrekn mvmkts0 lmrm, et es tlm gjh`nrauki jnjekst wlehl jwj`mkekn cust gm haktekujffy wak. Ylm trejknfm, jki tlm ojht tljt tlmrm jrm tlrmm oenurms mxprmssmi js akm, mcgaiy tlm Fjw ao Ylrmm (tlm iahtrekm tljt tlrmm hjusms jrm kmhmssjry oar jky nevmk moomht, ljr`mkekn gjh` ta tlm senkeoehjkhm ao tlm kucgmr tlrmm ek Ekia-Murapmjk hascafany). Ylm rmcjekekn (sex-paektmi) oenurm mcgaiems tlm Fjw ao Xmvmk (tlm fjw ao ahtjvms etsmfo, jki ektmkimi ta gm rmcekeshmkt ao j ^mstmrk cusehjf shjfm, wlehl ljs smvmk ieshrmmt katms gmoarm tlm oerst katm’tlm gmnekkekn ao tlm kmxt ahtjvm’es rmpmjtmi). Ylm sex-paektmi oenurm es hakkmhtmi ta tlm herhfm jt tlm paekts eimkteoemi js :‘9‘7‘<‘=‘>, wlehl jrm tlm ienets ao tlm ekoeketmfy rmpmjtekn imhecjf rmprmsmktjteak ao tlm orjhteak :/> (.:97<=>:97<=> . . .).

Ylm Mkkmjnrjc, wetl ekieveiujf oenurms jki hyhfms ekiehjtmi

Js Nuridemoo lecsmfo imshregmi et, ‖tlm trejknfm rmprmsmktmi tlm prmsmkhm prms mkhm ao le lenlm nlmrr oarhm oarhmss jki tlm se sex-seimi x-seimi oeoenn urm staa staaii oar cj cjk.– k.– :2 Nuridemoo Nurid emoo wjs jfsa sjei sj ei ta ljvm imshregmi imshregmi les Mkkmjnrjc js ‖jk ekhacekhac pfmtm jki tlmarmt tlmarmtehj ehjff oarc oarc.– .–:: Ek tles smksm, et haufi mjsefy gm smmk js j sycgaf tljt wlefm ljvekn immp senkeoehjkhm ek jki ao etsmfo, es kakmtlmfmss ektmkimi ta gm j lekt tawjri ourtlmr ekvmstenjteak ekta tlm raats


=:

ao tlm oarc’wlehl tlmk rmvmjf ourtlmr cystmrems. ]kimrstjkiekn tlm trejknfm’tlmsm ‖lenlmr oarhms–’waufi tlmk gm gatl tlm jpmx ao tlm systmc gmekn pursumi gy tlasm wla war` wetl tlm Mkkmjnrjc ek tles oarc, jki tlm hakkmhteak ta tlm ‖purmr– vmrseak ao tlm Mkkmjnrjc ek tlm systmc imshregmi gy @erhlmr js tlm njtmwjy ta tlm lenlmst cystmrems ao mxestmkhm.

YLM EKOF]MKHM AO DALK IMM Dalk Imm (:=7> =7>‘‘:?2
=7


tlmk gm mxjcekmi carm tlaraunlfy jki systmcjtehjffy ta stuiy tlm rmfjteaksleps gmtwmmk ieoomrmkt jrmjs, tlmrmgy praveiekn j `my oar nrmjtmr `kawfminm ao tlm tmrretary etsmfo. Ylm prmhesm usm ao sycgafs es ecpartjkt ta hjrtanrjply (jki ets cjnehjf jppfehjteak ek hjrtacjkhy)0 tlm jnm ao mxpfarjteak praveimi j kmw iecmkseak ta tlm usm ao ahhuft sycgafs jki tlmer rafm ek hascafany, js cjtlmcjtehjf jki jstrakacehjf jivjkhms ek hjrtanrjply jki kjvenjteak tlmk gmnjk ta gm jppfemi ta atlmr stuiems js wmff. Yles usm ao sycgafs js jppfemi hascafanehjf cjps es j vetjf stmp pekn stakm ek tlm imvmfap imvmfapcmkt cmkt ao j systmc fefe`m `m tlm Kekm Jknfms. J knfms. Ak Jpref :8, :=<9, Dalk Imm, jfakn wetl j smmr kjcmi Miwjri @mffmy, gmnjk ta rmhari ek les iejry j smrems ao ekhjktjteaks jki atlmr haccukehjteaks rmhmevmi orac mktetems lm rmomrrmi ta js Jknmfs. Ylmsm trjkscesseaks wmrm ek j fjknujnm lm iuggmi ‖Mkahlejk– ar ‖Jknmfeh,– jki Mknfesl trjksfjteaks wmrm praveimi tlraunl @mffmy gy tlmsm Jknmfs.* Cjky ymjrs jotmr Imm―s imjtl, les iejrems wmrm pugfeslmi (fjrnmfy ek arimr ta ieshrmiet tlmc jki ljrc Imm―s rmputjteak) gy Cmreh Hjsjugak J Yrum jki Ojetlouf Wmfjteak ao ^ljt Rjssmi oar oa r Cjky Umjrs gmtwmmk js J js Ir. Dalk Imm jki Xacm Xper Xperets ets (:?=5). Ylm ekhjktjteaks, oarty-menlt ek kucgmr, imrevmi orac tlmsm haccukehjteaks jrm taijy haccakfy rmomrrmi ta js tlm Mkahlejk @mys. Ylm Mkahlejk @mys wmrm jijptmi gy tlm Lmrcmteh Arimr ao tlm Nafimk Ijwk ek tlm fjtm kekmtmmktl hmktury, jki wmrm rmwar`mi ta carm hfasmfy hakoarc ta tlm Nafimk Ijwk―s mcpljses ak tlm @jggjfjl. Ylm Arimr―s fmjimrs hfjecmi ofumkhy ek tlm Mkahlejk fjknujnm jki jijptmi et oar usm ek tlmer lenlfy arkjtm jki sycgafeh oarc ao hmrmcakejf cjneh. Oaffawekn les shlesc wetl tlm Nafimk Ijwk ek :<5<, Jfmestmr Hrawfmy ourtlmr jiaptmi Mkahlejk ek les Ylmfmceh cjnehjf systmc ukimr tlm juspehms ao les awk cjnehjf arimr, tlm J ∹ J ∹, wlefm jfsa hfjecekn ofumkhy ek tlm fjknujnm. Ylm @mys wmrm fjrnmfy oarnattmk ek tlm cei-twmktemtl hmktury, uktef Jktak Fj_my jijptmi tlmc oar pugfehjteak ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Gegfm *Ylm cast hacprmlmksevm jki wmff-ekoarcmi stuiy ao tlm lestary ao Mkahlejk jki ets usm gy vjreaus cjnehjf nraups (ekhfuiekn tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk jki Ymcpfm ao Xmt) es Mnef Jrnuekn wetl wetl Jknmfs4 Mkahlejk Mkahlejk Cjneh jki Caimrk Ahhufturm Ahhufturm (X]KU Jsprmc―s Jrnuekn Jsprmc―s (X]KU Rrmss, 72:8).


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(:5?5). Fj_my―s rmkieteak irmw lmjvefy ak tljt usmi gy tlm Nafimk Ijwk, gut wetl cjky ao tlm jknmfeh jki lmjvmkfy rmomrmkhms jftmrmi ta utefezm Xjtjkeh ecjnmry ekstmji. Ylm rmsuftekn authry orac tlasm wla steff wmrm ojcefejr wetl tlm Hjsjugak jki Nafimk Ijwk vmrseaks wjs akm ojhtar tljt fmi ta j rmvevjf ao ektmrmst ek Imm jki @mffmy―s war`. Jcakn tlm authacms ao tles rmvevjf, jk ecpartjkt imvmfapcmkt wjs tlm kmw trjksfjteak ao tlm arenekjf @mys (orac tlm tmxt ao tlm jhtujf iejrems tljt jrm ek tlm haffmhteak ao tlm Gretesl Cusmuc) hrmjtmi gy Cehljmf Jqueka jki rmomrrmi ta js tlm ‖âri ao Xmt.–* Imspetm tlm hfjecs ao tlm Nafimk Ijwk’rmpmjtmi ukhretehjffy gy Jfmestmr Hrawfmy, Jktak Fj_my, jki atlmrs’Mkahlejk es kat j trum fjknujnm (passmssekn rufms oar nrjccjr, hakdunjteak, mth.). Gatl Cehljmf Jqueka (usekn sèffs orac les praomsseakjf ektmrmst ek hryptanrjply) jki Rjtreh` Iukk† (j praomssar ao feknuestehs jki cjnehejk/ jutlar) hakhfuimi tlraunl jppfyekn tlmer rmspmhtevm ieshepfekms tljt Mkahlejk es carm jèk ta metlmr j djrnak ar rmfmxeoehjteak. J rmfmxeoehjteak es j oarc ao fjknujnm cjkepufjteak tljt sugstetutms senkeoehjkt parteaks part eaks ao tlm vahjgu vahjgufjr fjryy orac akm fjk fjknu nujnm jnm ekta tlm nrj nrjccjteh ccjtehjf jf struhturm ao jkatlmr fjknujnm. Mssmktejffy, et es j typm ao sugstetuteak haim. J wmff-`kawk mxjcpfm ao tles wjs tlm usm ao Kjvjda haim tjf`mrs gy tlm ]. X. cefetjry ek ârfi ^jr EE0 waris orac jk agshurm fjknujnm wmrm sugstetutmi oar spmheoeh Mknf Mknfesl esl waris wlmk trjkscette trjkscettekn kn smhrmt ar smksetevm cmssjnms, wlefm tlm ukimrfyekn nrjccjr ao Mknfesl rmcjekmi ukjftmrmi. Ek hjsm ao Mkahlejk, tlm raats ao tlm waris hjrry haksestmkt cmjkekns, gut tlmrm jrm ka eimkteoejgfm rmnufjr rufms oar usekn tlm waris js ieo ieoomrmkt omrmkt pjrt pjrtss ao spmmhl0 tlm efeffuseak fuseak ao nrj nrjccjr ccjr (wlehl ljs *Ek haktrjst ta Fj_my―s jpprajhl, wlehl wlefm moomhtevm ek retujf usm wjs steff gmlafimk ta tlm war` ao mjrfemr trjksfjtars, Jqueka―s trjksfjteak wjs hrmjtmi ‖kat js j lestarejk smmèkn ta rmprekt wljt Imm iei, gut js j cjnehejk smmèkn ta apmrjtm tlm sjcm “cjnehjf cjhlekmry― tljt Imm iei’jki ta apmrjtm et wetl nrmjtmr hjrm jki prmheseak tljk lm iei– Xmt, 7>:). Xmm jppmkiehms tlrmm jki oaur ao Jqueka―s Ylm Ymcpfm (Jqueka, Ylm Ymcpfm ao Xmt, 7>:). ao Xmt oar oar carm ekoarcjteak jki haktmxt. †Iukk―s Cjn Cjneh eh,, Rawm Rawmr, r, Fjk Fjknu nujnm jnm,, Xyc Xycgaf4 gaf4 J Cjn Cjnehe ehejk―s jk―s Mx Mxpfa pfarjtea rjteakk ao Fekn Feknuest uestehs ehs (Ffmwmffyk, 722<) es j lenlfy rmhaccmkimi hacpjkeak ta tles gaa` oar ets trmjtcmkt ao fjknujnm jki smceatehs ek j cjnehjf haktmxt.

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rmnufjrfy oaafmi kak-feknuests tlraunlaut tlm lestary ao Mkahlejk) hjk gm jhlemvmi gy jftmrekn tlm mkiekns, gut tlmrm jrm ka haksestmkt rufms oar iaekn sa js j rmjf fjknujnm waufi passmss. Ylm hfjecs jfsa cjim gy Esrjmf Wmnjriem, Jktak Fj_my jki atlmrs tljt Mkahlejk es j ‖fjknujnm afimr tljk Xjks`ret–:7 hjk tlus gm iescessmi aut ao ljki js wmff. Yles jpprajhl ta jrteoehejf fjknujnm hakstruhteak wjs j `my ekofumkhm ak tlm hrmjteak jki usm ao ‖Uunnatleh– ek Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms jki Jknfms jki Ylm Hjff ta Htluflu. Htluflu . Jqueka wretms (grjh`mtmi tmxt ek tlm arenekjf)4 Et wjs tlm war` ao jgaut twa caktls ta imvmfap tlm djrnak tljt gmhjcm tlm ‖kjcmfmss fjknujnm– PE hjffmi et ‖Uunnatleh–S ao Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms jki Jknfms jki Ylm Hjff ta Htluflu. Htluflu . J wari tljt saukimi prapmrfy ‖Favmhrjotejk– waufi gm hakstruhtmi jrgetrjrefy4 Mf-j`j Mf-j `j 3 warfi, n nry rymk mkk― k―ll 3 PaoS larrars. Ylmk tlm wari waufi gm usmi haksestmktfy tlraunlaut tlm tmxt ao gatl retujfs. Xfenlt caieoehjteaks ao mkiekns waufi suooehm oar ieoomrmkt smktmkhm hakstruhteaks, jki tlmrm yau ljvm j ‖fjknujnm– mvmry get js ofmxegfm js Mkahlejk!:8

Ylm atlmr eksperjteak tljt tlm Mkahlejk @mys praveimi ta Jktak Jknfms fms. Jknfms ek Fj_my―s cjnehjf tmrcekafany wmrm tlm rmomrmkhms ta Jkn Mkahlejk cjneh jrm jkatlmr kjcm oar tlm qujirjkts ao tlm tjgfms tljt jrm usmi ek hakdukhteaks wetl tlm ekvahjteaks jki wetl senef hakstruh teak’gy trjhekn aut fmttmrs ek hmrtjek hakoenurjteaks usekn tlmsm tjgfms, tlm kjcms ao tlm ieoomrmkt hmfmstejf jki mfmcmktjf gmekns jssahejtmi wetl Mkahlejk cjneh hjk gm imrevmi. Js wetl tlm rmhjstekn ao tlm ‖Jknmfeh– rmkimrekn ao Mkahlejk ekta carm Xjtjkeh tmrcs, Fj_my jfsa cjim hakkmhteaks gmtwmmk tlmsm ‖strjknm jknfms– effucekjtmi ek tlm tmxt wetl les awk tlmarems ao tlm Fjw ao tlm Yrjpmzaei. Yles hakkmhteak wjs rmekoarhmi gy tlm ojht tljt tlm tjgfms js usmi ek tlm Nafimk Ijwk systmc ao Mkahlejk cjneh lji tlm ekieveiujf squjrms imsenkmi js trukhjtmi pyrjceis. Oar mxjcpfm, Fj_my―s rmkieteak ao tlm Xextl @my ek Ylm Xjtjkeh


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Gegfm es sfenltfy jftmrmi ta gmnek4 ‖Ylm sperets ao tlm oaurtl jknfm jrm Gegfm Kekm, cenlty ek tlm trjpmzaei . . .– :9 Gmtwmmk tlm mvahjtevm cjnehjf oarc jki takm ao tlm Mknfesl vmrseaks ao tlm @mys, jki tlm cystmreaus jki precjf-saukiekn Mkahlejk vmrkjhufjrr etsmfo, tlm gfump vmrkjhufj gfumprekt rekt oar tlm hakstruhteak ao ‖ Ylm Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms– Jknfms– lji lji jfrmjiy gmmk hrmjtmi hmkturems prear ta ets rmjfezjteak. Ylm cessekn pemhm wjs j suetjgfy mkencjteh cmtjplysehjf orjcm war`, wlehl wjs ta gm ekspermi gy tlm oehteak ao L. R. Favmhrjot Favmhrjot..

YLM EKOF]MKHM AO LA^JWI RLEFFERX FA_MHWJOY Cuhl carm weff gm sjei jgaut tlm praoauki ekofumkhm ao Favmhrjot ak tlm imvmfapcmkt ao tlm Kekm Jknfms ek hljptmr 8. Oar tlm cacmkt, tlm ecpartjkt jspmht ta gm jwjrm ao es Favmhrjot―s agsmsseak wetl hyhfms’ mspmhejffy tlasm mxprmssmi tlraunl jstrakacehjf plmkacmkj. Yles smmcs ta gm jk jrmj wlmrm Favmhrjot―s immp rmspmht oar Oremirehl Kemtzshlm―s eimjs’pjrtehufjrfy tlm mtmrkjf rmturk, ek wlehl mvmkts ek j purmfy cmhljkesteh ukevmrsm rmpmjt oarmvmr ek smfo-secefjr oarcs’ektmrsmhtmi wetl les favm ao jstrakacy ta fmjvm j katehmjgfm ecprmsseak ak les wretekns. Favmhrjot―s imshreptevm plrjsm oar tles agsmsseak wetl pjttmrks ek tlm kenlt s`y es Xtjrry êsiac. Ylm kjcm hacms orac tlm slart stary ‖Ylm Ljuktmr ao tlm Ijr`–0 ek tles stary tlm ‖iesfe`mi jki ukartlaiax– Xtjrry êsiac Xmht usms j strjknmfy jknfmi shryekn stakm ta haktjht jk mktety wla omjrs tlm fenlt jki arenekjtms orac gmyaki tlm vesegfm stjrs. Xtjrry êsiac es tlm stuiy ao tlm kenlt s`y―s moomht ak ekieveiujfs, orac tlm immp pjst jki tlm oarcjteak ao ukequmfy lucjk ektmffenmkhm jki smfo-jwjrmkmss, ta tlm prmsmkt wlmrm sycgafesc rmfjtmi ta tlm cavmcmkts ao tlm lmjvmks es ecpfehet ek cuhl ao rmfeneak, plefasaply, jki atlmr hakhmrks jgaut lucjkety―s pfjhm wetlek tlm hascas. Cjky jssucm tlm Fmot-Ljki Rjtl jttrjhteak ta ijr`kmss ta gm cmrmfy jvmrseak ta ijyfenlt jki ta ariekjry sahejfezjteak. Ek haktrjst, tlek` jgaut tlm ekhrmiegfm haurjnm et taa` ta na aoo gy akmsmfo jki dust

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njzm jt tlm stjrs ekstmji ao rmcjekekn ek tlm sjomty ao fenlt, slmftmr, jki atlmr lucjks. Ourtlmr, hakseimr tlm eimj tljt cuhl haufi gm fmjrkmi gy tlm stuiy ao pjttmrks ek tlm s`y jki tlmer rmofmhteak ek lucjk tlaunlt jki gmljvear0 tles slaws sacmtlekn hretehjf jgaut tlm ekieveiujf, smfojwjrm psyhlm jki ets huftevjteak. Yles tj`ms tlm Fmot-Ljki Rjtl gmyaki cmrmfy gmekn haktrjrejk jki ekta tlm rmjfc ao tlm trjkshmkimkt. Ek tlm Wenlt-Ljki Rjtl rmfeneaks’tlm ‖rmfeneaks ao tlm ijy seim–’ jff hrmjteak es hakseimrmi ta sprekn orac j seknfm hasceh oenurm aotmk rmprmsmktmi gy ar hfasmfy jssahejtmi wetl tlm Xuk. J hretehjf iestekhteak gmtwmmk tlm Rjtls ao tlm Wenlt jki tlm Fmot es cerrarmi ek tles safjr/stmffjr iehlatacy. Ylm Wenlt-Ljki Rjtl tj`ms ets hums orac tlm Xuk, wlehl imoekms tlm tecms, arimrs lucjk feom, iacekjtms jnrehufturm, jki oukhteaks js tlm pratatypm oar hasceh arimr ek ets rmnufjrety. Ylm Fmot-Ljki Rjtl, gy haktrjst, es stmffjr. Ylm kenlt s`y gmhacms jk mktrjkhm kat j gjrremr, jffawekn tlm agsmrvmr ta smm cuftepfm paekts ao fenlt’jki ta gm jwjrm ao atlmrs prmsmkt gut leiimk ium ta mvmr ekhrmjs ekn iestjkhm. Cjky ao tlmsm paekts ao fenlt jrm tlmcsmfvms suks, shjttmrmi tlraunlaut tlm s`y, cjky eo kat cast wetl mkterm pfjkmtjry systmcs argetekn tlmc. Yles praveims j patmkt sycgaf oar tlm ekieveiujf’jotmr jff, js Hrawfmy rmcjr`mi, ‖mvmry cjk jki mvmry wacjk es j stjr.– Ylm Xmfo es j nrjvetjteakjf hmktmr ao warfis’kat akm, fe`m aur suk, gut cjky. Xuhl j warfivemw mkhacpjssekn tles pfurjfety nrjkts fegmrty ta ets omffaw gmekns tljt hjkkat mxest ek j safjr warfivemw. Ylm ekieveiujf, smfo-jwjrm, smfo-mvafvekn psyhlm oukhteaks js j presc4 tlmsm mxpmremkhms ao tlm agdmhtevm warfi jrm trjksoarcmi jki rmsljpmi ekta j ievmrsm rjknm ao struhturms ao ukimrstjkiekn, suhl js shemkteoeh tlaunlt, cytl, rmfeneak. Ylm stuiy ao tles ek turk fmjis ta tlekèkn ao tlm kenlt s`y js j cerrar ek wlehl tlm psyhlm smms etsmfo. Ylm stjrs jrm kat akfy ‖aut tlmrm,– gut ektmrear rmofmhteak jffaws us ta smm aursmfvms ek tlmc. Ylm stuiy ao jstrakacy jki ets cmtjplysehjf hakkmhteaks pfjymi j cjdar rafm ek tlm imvmfapcmkt ao caimrk shemkhm. Ek tlm fjtm sextmmktl hmktury, jstrakacy gmhacms j taaf ao jktekacejkesc, usmi ek oenltekn jnjekst prmvjefekn karcs jki jssucpteaks. Ylm hljffmknms ta tlm


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hmkturems-afi iacekjkhm ao tlm Hlurhl’gy tlm war` ao tlasm suhl js Hapmrkehus, @mpfmr, jki Njfefma’graunlt jgaut j kmw ukimrstjkiekn ao tlm warèkns ao tlm hascas jki lucjkety―s pfjhm wetlek et. Oar tlasm wla gra`m ormm ao tlm ya`m ao tlm Hlurhl, j kmw caimf oar pmrsakjf jttjekcmkt wjs praveimi. Favmhrjot wjs jk jvei jcjtmur j cjtmur jstrakacmr. jstrakacmr. Agsmsseak Agsmsseak wetl tlm t lm kenlt s`y es pracekmkt ek cjky ao les starems, wetl sacm ao tlm carm vevei mxjcpfms gmekn ‖Rafjres,– ‖^ljt tlm Caak Grekns,– jki ‖Jzjtlatl.– Akm ao tlm hmktrjf tlmcms es tljt tlm stjrs weff akm ijy ‖hacm renlt jnjek.– J rmpmjtmi get ao vmrsm ek ‖Rafjres–’gmnekkekn wetl ‖Xfucgmr, wjthlmr, wjth lmr, te teffff tlm splmrms / Xe Xexx jki twmkt twmktyy tlau tlausj sjki ki ymj ymjrs rs / Ljvm rmvafv―i–:=’rmomrs ta tlm cystehjf senkeoehjkhm lm jttjhlms ta tlm prmhmsseak ao tlm mquekaxms. Favmhrjot―s agsmsseak wetl tles hakhmpt ekva`ms Kemtzshlm―s hakhmpt ao mtmrkjf rmturk jki tlm hljffmknms ao grmjèkn ormm orac tlm ecpresakekn hyhfms ao tecm. Jxejf prmhmsseak es hjusmi gy tlm mjrtl―s sfenlt waggfm ak ets jxes, js tlm prmhesm aremktjteak ao tlm pafms ek rmfjteak ta tlm mjrtl―s ratjteak nrjiujffy cavms ek hyhfms havmrekn sacm 7?,222 ymjrs. Yles plmkacmkak hjusms tlm pmreaieh hljknm ek tlm stjr tljt cast hfasmfy jfenks wetl tlm Kartl ar Xautl Rafm (hurrmktfy tlm stjr `kawk js Rafjres, ar Jfplj ]rsjm Cekares). Favmhrjot sjw ek tles prmhmsseak j oukijcmktjf trutl jgaut tlm gjh`nrauki jnjekst wlehl ekieveiujfs cust metlmr suoomr jk ekmshjpjgfm ojtm, ar stmp autseim tlm hakstjkt rmhurrmkhm ao tlm sjcm ek arimr ta hljrt tlmer awk imsteky wetl tlm stjrs js tlmer eksperjteak. Ylm mtmrkjf rmhurrmkhm, wlehl hjk metlmr gm trjkshmkimi ar ljrljr kmssmi gy tlasm wla `kaw, es j immp eimj ek Ekia-Murapmjk farm, cast veveif vev eifyy efeffustrjtm fustrjtmii gy Karsm cytlafan cytlafanehj ehjff mvmkts ao Wj Wjnkj nkjrÿ`, rÿ`, wlehl fmjis tlm warfi ekta kmw hyhfms ao mxestmkhm. Hakhmpts ao tlm mtmrkjf rmturk praoaukify ekofumkhmi Jktak Fj_my js wmff. Ek tlm hakhfuiekn Wetujfs, mktetfmi ‖Ylm ]k`kawk @kawk,– Fj_my mssjy ta Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, mktetfmi wretms wr etms ao les tlmar tlmaryy tljt Kekm es tlm cast cjn cjnehj ehjff ao jf jfff kucgmrs kucgmrs,, gmhjusm et jfwjys rmturks ta etsmfo, jki tljt lucjks jki tlmer ekstetuteaks jilmrm ta hyhfehjf gmljvear pjttmrks gjsmi ak pmreais ao kekm ymjrs. Ek ‖Ylm Ljuktmr ao tlm Ijr`,– tlm iesfe`mi jki ukartlaiax

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Xtjrry êsiac Xmht usm j cufteojhmtmi, jfemk stakm hjffmi tlm Xlekekn Yrjpmzalmirak ta haktjht jk mktety orac gmyaki tlm stjrs (fjtmr rmvmjfmi ta gm jk jvjtjr ao Kyjrfjtlatmp). Yles agdmht es fe`mfy j trjksoenurmi rmprmsmktjteak ao tlm fmks ao j tmfmshapm, wlehl jfsa ljs tlm jgefety ta grekn tlm stjrs hfasmr sa tljt cuhl carm hjk gm fmjrkmi ao tlmc. Jkatlmr iermhtfy stmffjr ektmrprmtjteak ao tlm Xlekekn Yrjpmzalmirak haufi gm j pjrjffmf ta tlm Nrjef stakm orac âforjc vak Mshlmkgjhl―s Rjrzeojf,, wlmrm tlm Nrjef wjs jk arkjtm nmcstakm tljt omff mpeh pamc Rjrzeojf orac Fuheomr―s hrawk iurekn tlm wjr ek lmjvmk, jki wlehl garm hmrtjek ‖lmjtlmk wretekn– tljt mkjgfmi tlasm wla `kmw law ta rmji et ta fmjrk cuhl ao tlm rmjfcs gmyaki tlm mjrtl. Ylm oehteak ao Favmhrjot es jk ecpartjkt ekofumkhm, aotmk sugtfm jki ecpfemi, ak tlm jmstlmtehs ao tlm Fmot-Ljki Rjtl ek tlm twmktemtl hmktury jki gmyaki. Les starems haktjek prmheausfy omw imshrepteaks ao jhtujf retms, jki jky imshrepteaks tljt jrm oauki typehjffy hacm orac tlm pmrspmhtevm ao iesgmfemvekn akfaa`mrs enkarjkt ao tlmer trum purpasm. Yles, lawmvmr, fmjvms j nrmjt imjf ao ofmxegefety ek jijptekn tlm jmstlmtehs ecpfemi gy tlm cjnehjf jki ojktjstehjf ekta jhtujf retujfs. Et es orac tles oaukijteak tljt tlm usm ao jknufjr cjneh ek tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk jki Ymcpfm ao Xmt wjs ta nraw ojr gmyaki jkytlekn Favmhrjot cenlt ljvm ecjnekmi.

8 K N]FJW C JNE JNEH H ^ ÊE Y L E K Y L M J KN]FJW JYJ J K J JK KI Y LM HL]WHL AO X JY YMCRFM AO XMY

Ims petm atlm Imspetm atlmrs― rs― jt jttmc tmcpts pts ta eim eimkte kteoy oy j hmr hmrtje tjekk kuc kucgmr gmr wetl Xjtjk, et weff gm `kawk tljt Kekm es Les kucgmr. Kekm es tlm kucg kucgmr mr ao tlm Mna, oar et jfwjys rmturk rmturkss ta etsmfo. Ka cjttmr wljt es iakm tlraunl tlm cast hacpfmx cuftepfehjteak ao Kekm gy jky atlmr kucgmr, ek tlm oekjf mqujteak Kekm jfakm weff stjki oartl.: J�� F�_��, ‖Y�� ]�� @��– �� Y�� X�� W��

^l efmm tlm ple ^lef plefasap fasaplem lemss jki prjh prjhteh tehms ms ao tlm Hlurh Hlurhll ao Xjt Xjtjk jk or orac ac :5??‘:5>= wmrm kat mspmhejffy hakhmrkmi wetl kucmrafany,* tlm cystmreaus kjturm ao tlm kucgmr kekm iams pfjy j cjdar rafm. Ylm eimj tljt kekm ‖jfwjys rmturks ta etsmfo– rmomrs ta tlm prapmrtems ao cuftepfms ao kekm4 wlmk tlm ekieveiujf ienets ao suhl kucgmrs jrm jiimi tanmtlmr, tlmy jfwjys jii up ta (ar hjk gm ourtlmr rmiuhmi ta) kekm. *Oar jk ek-imptl (jki mxljustevmfy iahucmktmi) lestary jki jkjfyses ao tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk orac :5?? ta :5>=, smm Cehljmf J. Jqueka―s Ylm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk, 72:8 72:8..

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Oar mxjcpfm, 5 Þ 8 3 7> jki 7 + > 3 50 5 Þ :78 3 ::2> jki : + : + > 3 5.* Ek tles hljptmr, wm―ff tj`m j hfasm faa` jt tlm ekofumkhms gmleki tlm syktlmses ao Jktak Fj_my―s eimjs ak hyhfms ek les ‖Ylm ]k`kawk Wetujfs. Ylm Fjw ao tlm @kawk– mssjy tljt hakhfuims Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs. Yrjpmzaei weff gm mxjcekmi ek imtjef, ekhfuiekn ets oarcjtevm eimjs imrevmi orac Nmrcjk Mxprmsseakest oefcs, tlm war`s ao L. R. Favmhrjot, jki êffejc Cartmksmk―s tlmarems oar cjèkn hacpmffekn platanrjpls. ^m― ^ m―ffff jf jfsa sa ies ieshuss huss tlm tlmarems jki oarcs ao tlm retms ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs Wetu jfs,, jki na cuhl immpmr ekta tlm Favmhrjotejk hascafany jki ets jppfehjgefety ta gfjh` cjneh. Ya hakhfuim tlm hljptmr, wm weff mxpfarm tlm war` ao Xtmplmk Ofawmrs ek imvmfapekn tlm Kekm Jknfms orac ets arenekjf hakhmpteak ekta j ouffy oarcmi cjnehjf systmc, jfakn wetl jhhaukts ao sacm jiieteakjf haktreguteaks jki mxpmrecmkts wetl tlm Jknfms wetlek tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt.

OEWM JKI EHM Fj_my―s tlmarems ak hyhfms irmw orac tlm Justrejk mknekmmr Ljkks Lÿrgenmr (:
Jknufjr Jknuf jr Cjn Cjneh eh wetlek tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk jki tlm Ymcpf mcpfmm ao Xmt

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safei gaiems ek tlm safjr systmc, atlmr tljk tlm mjrtl etsmfo). Jff senkeoehjkt nmafanehjf mvmkts ak mjrtl rmsuft orac tlm cavmcmkts jki rmfjteakslep gmtwmmk oerm jki ehm, jki tlm hascafany jfsa spmheoehjffy haktrjiehts Kmwtak―s fjws ao cateak jki Mekstmek―s tlmary ao rmfjtevety ek ets mxpfjkjteaks oar law fjrnm gaiems ek tlm safjr systmc ektmrjht. ^mftmesfmlrm wjs Ylm ^mftmesfmlrm wjs mxhmmieknfy papufjr ek ektmrwjr Nmrcjky, fjrnmfy gmhjusm ao tlm pmrhmpteak tljt et wjs j ‖Nmrcjk– plysehs tljt rmoutmi tlm ‖Dmwesl– plysehs ao Mekstmek. Fj_my cast fe`mfy hjcm ta gm ektraiuhmi ta Lÿrgenmr―s eimjs gy Fm Cjtek ims Cjne Cjnehemks hemks (:5?2) wjy ao tlm gaa` gaa` Fm (:5?2) gy Faues Rjuwmfs jki Djhqums Gmrn Gmrnemr, emr, wlehl wjs pugfeslmi ek tlm ]ketmi Xtjtms ek :5?9 js Ylm Carkekn ao tlm Cjnehejks. Cjnehejks . Yles gaa` lji j praoauki ekofumkhm ak tlm jivmkt ao tlm ‖Kmw Jnm– cavmcmkt ek tlm ]ketmi Xtjtms, jki rmektraiuhmi suhl ahhuft oenurms js Cjijcm Gfjvjts`y jki N. E. Nuridemoo ta papufjr jwjrmkmss. ^le ^lefm fm prmsmk prmsmktmi tmi js j ojht ojhtujf ujf jhhaukt ao tlm strjknm jki cystmreaus, tlmrm wmrm kakmtlmfmss sacm smreaus slarthacekns wetl tlm gaa` js rmfejgfm lestary. Fe`m cjky atlmr papufjr jhhaukts ao cystmreaus tlekns’oar mxjcpfm, Yrmvar Wjvmkshraot―s gaa` Ylm Xpmjr ao Imsteky Imsteky (:5>8), ar tlm fjtm-:5>2s-mrj tmfmveseak smrems Ek Xmjrhl Ao . . .’ets vjfum fems carm ek ets jgefety ta jwj`mk ek hmrtjek rmjimrs jki vemwmrs tlm smksm ao cystmry tljt hacpmfs tlmc ta ien immpmr jki ta Ylm Carkekn Carkekn ao tlm Cjne Cjnehejks hejks es smpjrjtm ojht orac oehteak. Ylm es akm ao tlm cast moomhtevm mxjcpfms ao tlm cjnehjf vjfum ao spekkekn j naai tjfm, mcgmffeslcmkts jki jff.* Ylm wretekns ao Nuridemoo’wla lji gmmk fjrnmfy oarnattmk ek tlm Mknfesl-spmjèkn warfi uktef Ylm Carke Carkekn kn ao tlm Cjn Cjnehej ehejks ks sterrmi j rmkmwmi ektmrmst ek les war`’rmomr aotmk ta les eimj ao ‖ahtjvms,– wlehl Cjnehejkss jfsa ektraiuhmi akm ao tlm mjrfy papufjrezjteaks ao tlm *Ylm Carkekn ao tlm Cjnehejk ‖jkhemkt jfemks– cytlas, wetl j oahus ak tlm Kjzhj fekms ek Rmru, tlus pjvekn tlm wjy oar jutlars fe`m Mrehl vak Iéke`mk, Tmhljrej Xethlek, jki tlmer kucmraus ecetjtars. Ets jhhaukt ao Nuridemoo wjs mspmhejffy moomhtevm sekhm Rjuwmfs lji gmmk akm ao les stuimkts jki wjs tlus jgfm ta nevm oerst-ljki ektmrprmtjteaks ao les tmjhlekns. Et―s kat j strmthl ta sjy tljt cjky ao tlm strjknmr ahhuft eimjs wlehl gmhjcm prmvjfmkt ek tlm :5?2s jki :5>2s hjk gm gfjcmi ak tles gaa`.

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imshregm tlm imvmfapcmkt jki ukoafiekn ao prahmssms. Ylmsm cjy gm ak j shjfm js fjrnm js j pmrsak―s mkterm feom, ar jppfemi ta carm ieshrmtm prahmssms ao hrmjteak suhl js wretekn jk mssjy ar hacpasekn j pemhm ao cuseh. Yles es rmfjtmi ta tlm cusehjf hakhmpt ao jk ahtjvm, wlmrm j katm hjk gm tlm sjcm js jkatlmr’oar mxjcpfm, ‖O–’gut jt j lenlmr ormqumkhy (prmhesmfy iaugfm ta gm mxjht) jki tlmrmoarm ieoomrmkt, mvmk wlefm gmekn pmrhmevmi js j s imrevekn orac tlm sjcm katm. Nuridemoo jfsa rmomrrmi ta les Fjw ao tlm Ahtjvm js tlm Fjw ao Xmvmk, js les ahtjvms lji smvmk ieshrmtm stjnms (dust fe`m cast ahheimktjf cusehjf shjfms). Ylmsm stjnms rmomr ta paekts ek tlm prahmss ao tlm mvafvekn ahtjvm wlmrm tlm authac authacmm hjk gm joomhtmi, gatl oar tlm agdmht (wljt es gmekn graunlt ekta gmekn) jki tlm sugdmht (tlm akm wla es mkjhtekn tlm prahmss). Yles jpprajhl ta ahtjvms wjs ecpartjkt ta tlm Rytljnarmjks js wmff.. Ylmer cusehj wmff cusehjff shj shjfms fms (arimrmi suhhmsseaks ao iest iestekht ekht katms katms)) lji smvmk katms, wetl tlm menltl jnjek gmekn tlm sjcm js tlm oerst js tlm hyhfm shjfm ek gmneks jkmw. Ylm wari shjfm ek ojht hacms orac j Fjtek wari cmjkekn ‖fjiimr,– jkatlmr ekstjkhm ao j plysehjf agdmht gmekn tlm eksperjteak oar j rehl cmtjplar (tlm fjiimr js rmprmsmktjteak ao tlm ekieveiujf katms jfakn tlm shjfm js et sugieveims tlm ahtjvm). Ylm hakkmhteak ta tlm Rytljnarmjks es ecpartjkt js et hacgekms tlmer eimjs jgaut hyhfms wetl tlmer kucgmr cystehesc, jfsa j hretehjf ekofumkhm ak tlm hakhmpteak ao tlm Kekm Jknfms js hrmjtmi gy Cehljmf Jqueka.

YLM FJ^ AO YLM YWJRMTAEI Jktak Fj_my lji fakn gmmk ojshekjtmi wetl tlm jmstlmteh ao Nmrcjk Mxprmsseakest oefcs jki tlmer vesujf suhhmssar, tlm oefc-kaer irjcjs ao :592s Laffywaai. Lm wjs jfsa jk jicermr ao tlm war`s ao L. R. Favmhrjot, pjrtehufjrfy tlmer mcpljses ak tlm prm-rjteakjf larrars ao tlm lucjk psyhlm nevmk oarc js nais kat ao tles mjrtl, jki tlm jtcasplmrm ao irmji tljt oarhmi Favmhrjot―s pratjnakests (jki sacmtecms mvmk les rmjimrs!) ta ojhm tlmer immpmst, cast precjf omjrs. Fj_my jfsa sjw hakkmhteaks gmtwmmk tlm ‖strjknm jknfms– ao lucjk


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jki jfemk jrhletmhturm ek tlm starems ao jutlars fe`m Favmhrjot* jki Orjk` Gmf`kjp Fakn,† wlehl oukhteakmi js njtmwjys ekta atlmr rmjfcs ao mxestmkhm jki jwjrmkmss0 lm hakkmhtmi tlasm strjknm jknfms wetl tlm veshmrjf, Hjfenjre (:5:5) jki jknufjrr smts ao suhl oefcs suhl js Ylm Hjgekmt ao Ir. Hjfenjre (:5:5) jknufj Cmtrapafes (:57>), Cmtrapafes (:57>), js wmff js tlm platanrjply ao êffejc Cartmksmk. ‡ _ehtec (:59:) praveimi jk ecpartjkt eksperjYlm oefc Ylm Xmvmktl _ehtec (:59:) teak js wmff. Rraiuhmi gy tlm ekofumktejf larrar ecprmsjrea _jf Fmwtak, tlm stary oaffaws j yaukn wacjk js slm trems ta ukimrstjki lmr afimr sestmr―s ekvafvmcmkt wetl j Xjtjkeh huft ek Kmw Uar` Hety. Jfakn wetl tlm streèkn partrjyjf ao tlm iejgafests js smmceknfy karcjf, mvmryijy pma Wasmcjryy―s Gjgy Gjgy j pfm (wlehl wjs sece secefjrfy fjrfy slahèkn ek ek Wasmcjr j qujrtmr-hmktury fjtmr), tlm Xjtjkests wmrm slawk ta usm j pjrjffmfanrjc’j spmhejf oarc ao tlm trjpmzaei’js j sycgaf jki oahus ao cmietjteak. Ylmsm ekofumkhms hjcm tanmtlmr ta oarc wljt Fj_my hjffmi tlm Fjw ao tlm Yrjpmzaei , wlehl prapasmi tljt hmrtjek jknfms pmrhmevmi js ljrcouf ta tlasm ukjwjrm ao tlmer senkeoehjkhm waufi gm gmkmoehejf jki eksperjteakjf ta tlasm wla wmrm prapmrfy eketejtmi ekta tlmer cystmrems. Jff ao tlmsm eimjs wmrm oarcjtevm ak tlm retujfs jki jmstlmtehs ao tlm mjrfy Hlurhl ao Xjtjk, js hjk gm smmk ek tlm vjreaus retms ek Fj_my―s :5>7 Wetujfs . J ieshusseak ao tlm Fjw ao tlm Yrjpmzaei es gaa` Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs. *Ek pjrtehufjr, Favmhrjot―s starems ‖Ylm Ljuktmr ao tlm Ijr`– jki ‖Ylm Irmjcs ek tlm êthl-Lausm–– rmomr ta strjknm jknf êthl-Lausm jknfms ms jki tlmer prapmr prapmrtems, tems, wlehl jrm ektmn ektmnrjf rjf ta tlm pfats. Ylm cjnehj cjnehjff jki/ar ektmriecmkseakjf prapmrtems ao strjknm jknfms jrm jfsa lektmi jt ek ‖Ylm Hjff ao Htluflu,– ‖Ylm Xefvmr @my,– ‖Ylraunl tlm Njtms ao tlm Xefvmr @my,– Iecmkseak (:529) jki Wuiy Wuh`mr―s jki atlmrs. Xmm jfsa Hljrfms Lektak―s Ylm Oaurtl Iecmkseak (:529) gaa` ao tlm sjcm tetfm (:5<9). †Ek Ylm Laukis ao Yekijfas (:575). Yekijfas (:575). ‡J wmff-`kawk platanrjplmr ek tlm ].X. ek tlm :582s, êffejc Cartmksmk wjs katareaus oar les platas impehtekn wethlms jki omtesl shmkms0 Jksmf Jijcs rmomrrmi ta lec js Xtrjenlt, 9>). Jotmr cjky ymjrs ao gmekn aut ao prekt ‖Ylm Jktehlrest–(Jfekimr, Xmmekn Xtrjenlt, 9>). jki quetm rjrm, Cartmksmk―s imoeketevm :58> gaa` ak platanrjply tlmary Ylm Haccjki ta Faa` wjs Faa` wjs rmhmktfy rmprektmi gy Omrjf Lausm (72:9)0 et ekhfuims jk mssjy gy Cehljmf Faa` js j Oarcufj oar Xjtjkeh Xuhhmss,– Caykeljk, ‖Ekomrkjf Ecpjht4 Ylm Haccjki ta Faa` js wlehl wle hl imfvm imfvmss ekta tlm ek ekoo fumkhm ao Cartmk Cartmksmk smk ak Fj_ Fj_my. my. Jf Jfsa sa rmhmkt rmhmktfy fy pugf pugfeslm eslmii gy Jcmreh rehjk jk Nratm Nratmsqum squm44 Ylm Feom Omrjf Lausm es j haffmhteak ao Cartmksmk platas hjffmi Jcm jki Jrt ao êffejc Cartm Cartmksmk ksmk (72:9), mietmi gy Fjrry Fytfm jki Cehljmf Caykeljk.

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Mfm`tre treshlmk shlmk _arspemf arspemfmm ek tljt vafucm, nevmk js jk ektraiuhteak ta Iem Mfm` jki jfsa ek jk jrtehfm oar j :5>? essum ao Ylm Hfavmk Laao (rmprektmi ek Ylm Imvef―s Katmgaa` POmrjf Katmgaa` POmrjf Lausm, :557S, j haffmhteak ao Fj_my―s mssjys).

YLM RXUHLAIWJCJ Wetujfs tljt utefezm jknuGmoarm ieshussekn tlm tlrmm retms ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs tljt fjr cjneh, et es kmhmssjry ta ektraiuhm tlm pjrtehufjr typm ao retujf hjffmi tlm psyhlairjcj. J ourtlmr ieshusseak ao tles hjk gm oauki ek hljptmr 77 Xjtjk . ao Cehljmf Jqueka―s twa-vafucm lestary, Ylm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk. Cjnehjf retujfs nmkmrjffy tj`m tlm oarc ao twa hjtmnarems4 tlm apmrjtevm (ektmkimi tevm (ektmkimi ta smt j pjrtehufjr hljknm ek cateak, wlmtlmr agsmrvjgfm ek tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm ar cmrmfy ta hljknm tlm cjnehejk lmrsmfo) jki tlm rmofmhtevm ar effustrjtevm effustrjtevm (ektmkimi ta jei tlm cjnehejk ek njekekn sacm eksenlt ar eksperjteak). Ylm psyhlairjcj es j pjrtehufjr typm ao rmofmhtevm retujf, imsenkmi ta effustrjtm ta ets pjrtehepjkts ecjnmry jki jhteak tljt weff lmfp wetl grmjèkn iawk spmheoeh gjrremrs ta tlmer ukimrstjkiekn. (Jk effustrjtevm jfgmet oehteakjfezmi mxjcpfm hjk gm oauki ek Nmarnm Arwmff―s kavmf :5<9, wlmrm :5<9, wlmrm tlm ektmrjhteaks gmtwmmk A―Gremk jki êkstak Xcetl ek tlm Cekestry ao Favm ljvm jff tlm ljffcjr`s ao j psyhlairjcj4 A―Gremk hrmjtms setujteaks oar Xcetl tljt hljffmknm lec ta hakorakt imjrfy lmfi kateaks jgaut tlm kjturm ao lecsmfo jki sahemty, fmjis lec tlraunl jftmrkjtm vemws ao rmjfety, jki uftecjtmfy hrmjtms j orjcmwar` ek wlehl Xcetl hjk―t lmfp gut trjksoarc lecsmfo .) Ylm fekm gmtwmmk ‖rmofmhtevm– jki ‖apmrjtevm– es sacmtecms gfurry, js j rmofmhtevm retujf weff vmry aotmk eksperm ar ekstenjtm apmrjtevm war`0 eksenlts jki hljknms ao pmrspmhtevm jrm akfy trufy usmouf wlmk tlmy fmji ta jhteak jki ieshmrkegfm hljknm. Ylm cast pravahjtevm mxjcpfm ao tlm tmhlkafany ao tlm psyhlairjcj es tlm Gfjh` Cjss. Xtmrmatypehjffy, tles es hakhmevmi ao js j pjraiy ar rmvmrsjf ao tlm Wacjk Hjtlafeh Cjss, jftlaunl tlm ecjnmry tljt es cast usmouf ta tlm ekieveiujf weff vjry impmkiekn ak wljt gmfemo systmc tlmy jrm cavekn jwjy orac (m.n., sacmakm wla wjs rjesmi js j Cusfec ar ek prmiacekjktfy Cusfec hufturm, ar rjesmi js jk jtlmest, waufi


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pragjgfy kat oeki tlm Wacjk Hjtlafeh jmstlmteh jmst lmteh ta gm pjrtehu pjrtehufjrfy fjrfy moomhtevm oar tles purpasm ao fegmrjteak). Ylm ektmkt ao tlm Gfjh` Cjss es ta fjy gjrm tlm haktrjiehteaks, apprmssevmkmss, ar jgsuriety ao j pjrtehufjr jttetuim ar gmfemo systmc (rmfeneaus ar kat) sa tljt et hjk kmvmr jnjek gm smmk wetl tlm sjcm imnrmm ao rmvmrmkhm ar rmspmht gy tlm pjrtehepjkt. Ylek` ao et js j retujf tmhlkequm oar slawekn gmyaki j iaugt tljt tlm mcpmrar ljs ka hfatlms. Ylm usm ao tlm psyhlairjcj kmmi kat gm fecetmi ta hfmjrekn aut mcateakjf ar plefasaplehjf imgres tljt es prmvmktekn tlm pmrsakjf oufoeffcmkt ao tlm cjnehejk, lawmvmr. Jkatlmr usm ao tlm psyhlairjcj, js mxpmrtfy Jknfms jki Ylm Hjff ta Htluflu hakhmevmi ek Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms jki ek j oarc gfmkimi wetl apmrjtevm mfmcmkts js wmff, es ta eccmrsm tlm prjhteteakmr ek ecjnmry imsenkmi ta apmk lmr myms ta j kmw wjy ao faaèkn jt jki cjkepufjtekn rmjfety. Yles es wlmrm tlm hruhejf stmp ao cavekn orac secpfy rmjiekn jgaut j retujf ta jhtujffy pmroarcekn et cust gm tj`mk0 cjnehjf retujfs iak―t trufy cj`m smksm uktef mxpmremkhmi ek tlm ofmsl. Iem Mfm`t Mfm`treshlmk reshlmk _arspemfm arspemfm es es kat j psyhlairjcj gut rjtlmr jk apmrjtevm retujf. Ya slaw sacm ao tlm mjrfemst jki cast pawmrouf jppfehjteaks ao apmrjtevm jknufjr cjneh, wm cust kaw turk ta tlm Mfmhtrehjf Rrmfuims.

IEM MFM@YWEXHLMK _AWXREMFM M fm`treshlmk shlmk _arspemfm _arspemfm weff Ek tles hljptmr, tlm ieshusseak ao Iem ao Iem Mfm`tre weff oahus ak tlm lestarehjf jki qujse-lestarehjf gjh`nrauki nevmk ek ets ektraiuhteak. Ylm retujf lji gmmk pjrt ao tlm ekvmktary ao tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk Wetujfs, ets sekhm tlm fjtm :5?2s. Fe`m tlm atlmr retujfs ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, imshrepteak jki ektraiuhteak oukhteak ak tlrmm fmvmfs4 :. Et hfje hfjecs cs ta gm jhhurjtm lestar lestary. y. 7 . ]pak hfasmr mxjc mxjcekjteak ekjteak jki rmsmjrhl, tlm rmjimr cjy ieshavmr tljt lestary ta gm castfy dust j naai yjrk, gut wetl nfeccmrs ao trutl jki lekts ao rmsaurhms ta sunnmst ourtlmr stuiy. pmroarc c tlm retujf weff oeki tljt ets 8. Oekjffy, tlasm wla jhtujf jhtujffy fy pmroar moomhtevmkmss trjkshmkis tlm slarthacekns ek ets hfjecmi lestary.

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Yles cufte-fmvmf ektmrprmtjteak ojffs ek fekm wetl Fj_my―s haccmkts ek tlm gaa`―s ektraiuhteak, wlmrm lm paekts aut tljt jppfehjteak ao tlm ukimrfyekn prekhepfms es tlm akfy wjy ta trufy ukimrstjki tlm oukhteak jki moomhtevmkmss ao j retujf. Ylm moomhtevmkmss ao cjneh impmkis ak tlm cjnehejk―s weff, jppfemi tawjri hrmjtekn jki imoekekn tlm plmkacmkj lm ar slm mxpmremkhms. Rut jkatlmr wjy, tlm gjh`nrauki js nevmk oar jky ao Wetujfs es cjim js rmjf js et kmmis ta gm ek tlm tlm retujfs ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs es haktmxt ao tlm retujf hljcgmr. Akm ao tlm oerst tlekns ta gm jwjrm ao wlmk jpprajhlekn Iem Mfm`treshlmk _arspemfm _arspemfm es es tlm ukfe`mfelaai ao et gmekn tlm nmkuekm Nmrcjk cjnehjf retm tljt Fj_my hfjecs et ta gm. Yles iaugt gmneks wetl tlm tetfm, wlehl lm mrrak mrrakmausfy mausfy trjksfjtmi ekta tlm pfurjf (tlus, tlm fetmrjf tetfm ek Nmrcjk es ‖Ylm Mfmhtrehjf Rrmfuims,– kat ‖Rrmfuim– js Fj_my rmomrs ta et). 7 Ourtlmrcarm, tlmrm jrm atlmr essums wetl wari hlaehms jki nrjccjr ek tlm Nmrcjk tmxt wlehl sunnmst jk Mknfesl-fjknujnm arenek ao tlm retujf. J iestekht smt ao fetmrjry ekofumkhms ommi ekta tlm jmstlmteh jki oarc Iem Mfm`t Mfm`treshlmk reshlmk _arspemfm arspemfm.. Fmt us mxjcekm tlmsm ek turk. ao Iem ao ‖Mekstmek jki Dalk Imm jrm strjknm gmiomffaws– Yekijfas gy Orjk` Gmf`kjp Fakn Ylm :575 slart stary Ylm Laukis ao Yekijfas gy tecm jki jknufj jknufjrr tecm tecm.. Ylmsm faasmfy ektraiuhmi tlm hakhmpts ao hurvmi tecm jki pjrjffmf pjrj ffmf tlm eimjs ao tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm (hur hurvmi vmi tecm gmekn mxpmremkhmi wetlek tlm cjtmrejf ukevmrsm, navmrkmi gy plysehjf fjws wlehl cjy kat mvmr gm hacpfmtmfy ieshavmrmi jki imshregmi) jki tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm (jknufjr tecm gmekn pmrhmevmi tlraunl tlm jwjrmkmss jki mxpmremkhm ao j pjrtehufjr smktemkt hrmjturm wetlek tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm). Fakn wjs ojcefejr wetl tlm tlmk-kmw eimjs ao nmkmrjf rmfjtevety, wlmrm nrjvety es mkveseakmi js jhtekn js eo nueimi gy hurvjturms ek spjhm-tecm. Jhhariekn ta tles vemw, agdmhts passmssekn carm cjss hrmjtm nrmjtmr iestarteaks ek tlmer fahjf spjhm, jki nrjvety gmljvms js eo et es oaffawekn tlmsm rmsuftekn hurvms. Fakn―s hakhmpteak ao jknufjr tecm war`s ek haktrjst ta tles, sunnmstekn slarthuts tlraunl tlm hakstrjekts ao tlmsm kjturjf hurvmi pjtlwjys. Ek tlm stary, tlm jutlar jki ahhuftest Ljfpek Lj fpek Hljfcmrs ekvetms tlm s`mps`mp -


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tehjf kjrrjtar ta wetkmss jki hlrakehfm les jttmcpts ta jpprmlmki tecm js j cufteiecmkseakjf effuseak. Hljfcmrs pursums tles gy j hacgekjteak ao jk agshurm, jkhemkt irun jki immp haktmcpfjteak ao nmacmtreh jki cjtlmcjtehjf hakhmpts imsenkmi ta apmk tlm ceki ta atlmrwesm ukjttjekjgfm veseaks. Gjsmi ak les eketejf mxpfarjteaks, Hljfcmrs mxpfjeks les kmw ukimrstjkiekn ao tecm4 Yecm jki cateak jrm gatl effuseaks. Mvmrytlekn tljt ljs mxestmi orac tlm gmnekkekn ao tlm warfi mxests kaw. Mvmkts tljt ahhurrmi hmkturems jna ak tles pfjkmt haktekum ta mxest ek jkatlmr iecmkseak ao spjhm. Mvmkts tljt weff ahhur hmkturems orac kaw mxest jfrmjiy. ^m hjkkat pmrhmevm tlmer mxestmkhm gmhjusm wm hjkkat mktmr tlm iecmkseak ao spjhm tljt haktjeks tlmc. Lucjk gmekns js wm `kaw tlmc jrm cmrmfy orjhteaks, ekoeketmsecjffy scjff orjhteaks ao akm mkarcaus wlafm. 8

Js lm pmkmtrjtms ourtlmr gjh` ekta tlm rmjhlms ao tecm, jhhmssmi gy pjtlwjys apmkmi gy strjknm jknfms ek les plysehjf surraukiekns, lm mkhauktmrs tlm Laukis. Ylm Laukis jrm jrteojhts ao tlm cast precjf lektekn ao haksheauskmss’tlmy hjk gm metlmr pratmhtars ar prmijtars impmkiekn ak tlm mxtmkt ta wlehl tlm akm wla mkhauktmrs tlmc ljs imvmfapmi ar slukkmi tles mssmktejf Neot. Ylasm wla, fe`m tlm Laukis, `kaw tlm jknfms weff oeki nujriejks0 tlasm wlasm mxestmkhm es precjrefy navmrkmi gy tlmer rmfjteakslep wetl hurvmi spjhm weff oeki tlmer tarcmktars. Ljvekn gmmk ‖shmktmi– gy tlm Laukis, tlm uftecjtmfy ukprmpjrmi Hljfcmrs es rmfmktfmssfy pursumi gy tlmc jcei imspmrjtm jttmcpts ta rmcavm jff jknfms orac les mkverakcmkt ta gfah` tlmer jhhmss ta aur warfi ao hurvmi spjhm. Ylm Laukis gmhjcm pjrt ao tlm Htluflu cytlas, jki tlm pawmr ao stuiyekn nmacmtreh prekhepfms ta apmk njtmwjys ta atlmr iecmkseaks jfsa pfjys j hretehjf rafm ek e k Favmhrjot―s ‖Ylm ‖ Ylm Irmjcs ek tlm êthl êthl-Lausm. -Lausm.–– Jk Jtfj Jtfjktmjk ktmjk Imtau Imtaurr Ek j strjknm twest, Fj_my cjy kat ljvm fmjrkmi ao tlmsm hakhmpts jki ecjnmry iermhtfy orac Fakn―s stary. Ek tlm Imhmcgmr :5>2 Hfavmk

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Laao jrtehfm jkkaukhekn jki imshregekn tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei, lm rmhaccmkis ‖j tlaraunl stuiy ao tlm Menltl Yjgfmt ao tlm Gaa` ao Ylatl.– Yles jt oerst jppmjrs ta gm j passegfm rmomrmkhm ta tlm menltl Mcmrjfi Yjgfmt ao Lmrcms Lmrcms (saurhm prmhmpt ao tlm wmff-`kawk wmff-`kawk Mcmrjfi (saurhm ao tlm ‖Js Jgavm, Xa Gmfaw– jxeac). Fj_my jfsa cmkteaks ek tlm prafanum ta Iem Mfm`tre Mfm` treshlmk shlmk _arspemf arspemfmm tljt tlm fetjky spa`mk gy tlm hmfmgrjkt es j pjrj plrjsm ao tlm sjcm war`.9 Yekijfas immpfy ekofumkhmi tlm Ylm ecjnmry ao Ylm Laukis ao Yekijfas Jcmrehjk ahhuftest jki oaukimr ao tlm Gratlmrlaai ao tlm ^letm Ymcpfm, Cjurehm Iarmjf.* Hmktrjf ta les nraup, wlehl es steff jhtevm sacm menlty ymjrs fjtmr, es j suppasmify 8<,222-ymjr-afi tmxt hjffmi ‖Ylm Mcmrjfi Yjgfmts ao Ylatl-tlm-Jtfjktmjk.– Iarmjf hfjecmi ta ljvm rmtremvmi et lecsmfo orac gmkmjtl tlm Nrmjt Ryrjcei. Kmvmrtlmfmss, et es hfmjr orac tlm imshrepteaks jki fjknujnm ao tlm tmxt tljt et garraws plrjsmss jki ecjn plrjsm ecjnmry mry orac Fakn―s stary oar ets imshrepteaks ao tlm pur pasm, pmref pmrefs,s, jki sjfvjteak ao cjk` cjkèki. eki. Ek jk jkjfyses oerst graunlt ta fenlt gy Iak ^mgg, † j seim-gy-seim Mfm`tr `treshlmk eshlmk _arspe arspemfm mfm slaws tlm hacpjresak ao Iarmjf―s tmxt jki Iem Mfm mxtmkt ao tlm jijptjteak tljt Fj_my cjim orac tlm oarcmr war`. Ek j twest ao ektmkt rmcekeshmkt ao Fj_my―s rmkimrekn ao tlm Mkahlejk @mys ek j Xjtjkeh rjtlmr tljk Jknmfeh eieac, tlm wesiac gmekn iespmksmi gy Ylatl tlm Jtfjktmjk ‖slawekn tlm wjy ao jttjekcmkt wlmk ym sljff gm Akm wetl tlm Fenlt– = es turkmi tawjri tlm imheimify Fmot-Ljki-Rjtl _arspemfm.. jknfm ao tlm _arspemfm

*Gark Hfjuim Iainek (ar Ianneks), Iarmjf wjs jfsa akm ao tlm precm saurhms ao tlm jfemk-rmptefms-cjsqumrjiekn-js-lucjks kma-cytlafany gmnekkekn ek tlm :592s, mxpjkiekn ak eimjs orac tlm starems ao Wagmrt M. Lawjri j imhjim mjrfemr. êtl les garrawekn jki jijptjteak ao tlm Laukis ao Yekijfas, Iarmjf es vmry fe`mfy tlm oerst jutlar ta mxpjki ak tlm Htluflu cytlas wla wjs kat j pmrsakjf harrmspakimkt ao Favmhrjot. † ^ ^mgg mgg es j oarcmr Len Lenll Rrem Rremst st ao tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt Xmt,, jki j prafe prafeoeh oeh jutlar ao oeh oehteak teak jki msatmreh war`s0 les gaa`s cast rmfmvjkt ta tlm hurrmkt stuiy jrm ]khfm Xmtkj`t―s Mssmktejf Mssm ktejf Nue Nueim im ta tlm Fmo Fmott Ljki Rjtl (Wðkj-Wjvmk, :555), Cystmr ems ao tlm Ymcp mcpfm fm ao :555), Cystmrems Xmt (Wðkj-Wjvmk, 72::), jki ]khfm Xmtkj`t―s Kenltgaa` (Faimstjr, 72: 72:?). ?).


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Xmt jki Iem Mfm`treshlmk _arspemfm Mfm`treshlmk reshlmk _arspemfm arspemfm jrm Ylm twa cmkteaks ao ‖Xmt– ek Iem ek Iem Mfm`t jrm fe`mfy rmomrmkhms ta tlm war`s ao Wagmrt M. Lawjri,* carm sa tljk ta Mnyptejk cytlafany. Lawjri―s Xmt garrawmi jttregutms ao gatl tlm Mnyptejk Xmt jki tlm Jpmp smrpmkt (wla, erakehjffy, wjs Xmt―s trjieteakjf mkmcy, senkeoyekn stjses). Lawjri tlmk hjst tles nai js j rmptefejk oenurm wla wjf`mi wjf `mi uprenlt fefe`m `m j cjk. Ylm warslepmrs ao Xmt wmrm tlm mkmcems ao tlm nrmjt lmra Hakjk ek Lawjri―s oehteak. Fj_my―s rmomrmkhm ta tlm Hlefirmk ao Xmt pragjgfy rmomrs ta tles pjssjnm ek Lawjri―s ‖Ylm Nai ek tlm Gawf– (kat pugfeslmi uktef :5=7, sextmmk ymjrs jotmr Lawjri―s sueheim)4 Ylm tlaunlt ao Xmt wjs fe`m j kenltcjrm, jki tlm hlefirmk ao Xmt wla akhm ru rufmi fmi tlm mjr mjrtl tl kaw sfmpt ek tlmer ken kenltmi ltmi hjvmrks gmfaw tlm gfjh` pyrjceis.?

Yles quatm es jfsa ekiehjtevm ao atlmr hakkmhteaks Fj_my waufi ljvm irjwk gmtwmmk Xmt jki tlm cjnehjf orjcm ao rmomrmkhm ukimrfyMfm`tre `treshlmk shlmk _arspem arspemfm fm.. Ylm Mnyptejk Xmt wjs `kawk js j nai ekn Iem Mfm ao starcs, wlehl jfenks wetl gatl tlm nmkmrjf ‖starc– rmomrmkhms ek tlm tjhtehs jki ecjnmry ao tlm Kjteakjf Xahejfests,† jki tlm quatm orac Kjze Rjrty haoaukimr Iemtrehl Mh`jrt wlehl apmks tlm retm―s ektraiuhteak. Jiieteakjffy, Fj_my―s ektmrmst ek ‖pyrjcei-afany– es wmff `kawk ek tlm haktmxt ao les Fjw ao tlm Yrjpmzaei. Ywa ao tlm fetmrjry ekofumkhms festmi ek les ektraiuhteak ao tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei jrm iermhtfy rmfjtmi ta Dmmzml P:52>S, jki tles agsmsseak (Faues ChHjrty―s Ylm Nrmjt Ryrjcei Dmmzml P:52>S, *Wagmrt M. Lawjri (:52?‘:58?) wjs akm ao tlm peakmmrs ao tlm ‖swari-jki-sarhmry– nmkrm ao ojktjsy fetmrjturm (les :57< stary ‖Wmi Xljiaws– es nmkmrjffy hakseimrmi tlm oerst pugfeslmi war` ek tlm nmkrm). Lawjri es cast ojcaus oar les hljrjhtmr Hakjk tlm Gjrgjrejk, jki wjs j cjdar haktregutar ta tlm Htluflu cytlas js j cmcgmr ao tlm Favmhrjot herhfm. †Oar mxjcpfm, tlm Xturcjgtmefukn (‖Xtarc XJ)) (‖Xtarc Imtjhlcmkt,– aotmk rmomrrmi ta js tlm XJ wjs tlm aren arenekj ekjff pjrj pjrjce cefetj fetjry ry we wekn kn ao tlm Kjze pjr pjrty0 ty0 jki gfetz`remn (‖fenltkekn (‖fenltkekn wjrojrm–) js tlm slart jki oarhmouf jttjh` cmtlaiafany utefezmi gy tlm Nmrcjk cefetjry ek ârfi ^ arfi ^jr EE EE..

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I eshavmremss Gmleki G mleki tlm Hljptmr 7> ao Astrjkimr jki Xhlramimr―s Rsyhleh Xhlramimr―s Rsyhleh Ieshavmrem Erak Hurtjek P:5>2S).> ]ftecj Outurj Cmtrapafes slawekn tlm jkecjteak ao tlm Ylm shmkm ek tlm :57> oefc Cmtrapafes ragatrex ]ftecj Outurj praveimi j `my get ao ecjnmry oar Iem oar Iem Mfm`treshlmk _arspemfm js wmff. ]ftecj Outurj es nevmk feom ek tlm hljcgmr ao tlm _arspemfm cjnehejk/shemktest Watwjkn, usekn j vjst jrrjy ao mfmhtrehjf mquepcmkt gmkmjtl j pracekmkt ekvmrtmi pmktjnrjc. Ylm vesujf jki sycgafeh moomht es stukkekn, jki j precm mxjcpfm ao tlm ‖cji-fjgs– oarc ao cjneh wlmrm tmhlkafany es usmi js j `my hacpakmkt ek tlm moomhtevmkmss ao tlm retujf. Ylm jrhlmtypm ao tlm cji shemktest ruks immp, rmvmjfmi ek vjreaus atlmr smttekns wlasm ecjnmry hjk gm usmi ek cjnehjf haktmxts gy tlasm wla oeki et stecufjtekn. J omw jiieteakjf oefc mxjcpfms, wlehl imrevm iermhtfy ar afes ek `mkstmek (:58:), ekiermhtfy orac Cmtrap orac Cmtrapafes ek tlmer partrjyjf, ekhfuim Orjk ekhfuim Orjk`mkstmek (:58:), Ylm Gfjh` Hjt (:589), Oarge iimk Rfjkmt (:5=?), Ofy (:5=<). (:589), Oargeiimk (:5=?), jki Ylm Ofy (:5=<). Cjnehjf mxpmrecmktjteak ekvafvekn mfmhtrakeh njinmtry lji gmmk usmi gy sacm Nmrcjk ahhuftests (gatl ek ojht jki ek fmnmki) sekhm tlm êk`mfcjumrme `mfcjumrme (‖qujsecei-kekmtmmktl hmktury. Ylm plmkacmkak ao êk Cjsakry–) rmomrs ta tlm vjreaus fainm trjieteaks tljt ecetjtmi sacm ao tlm oarcs ao cjsakry gut wmrm kat ek jky smksm ‖rmnufjr.– Ylm cast ekojcaus ao tlmsm es tlm Ormmcjsakeh Arimr ao tlm Nafimk Hmktureuc (OANH), suppasmify oaukimi ek :<92 gy rehl ekiustrejfests, gut wlehl cjy ljvm kmvmr mxestmi mxhmpt ek fmnmki. Ylm OANH wjs rucarmi ta passmsss j cjhle passms cjhlekm km hjf hjffmi fmi tlm Ympjplak wlehl, pawmrmi safmfy gy tlm weffff ao tlm cjnehej we cjnehejkk usekn et, haufi è èffff jt j iestj iestjkhm.* khm.* J haktmcparjry Nmrcjk fainm haktekuekn tlm trjieteak ao tlm *Ylm Ympjplak wjs usmi gy tlm OANH js pjrt ao oufoeffekn tlm cmjkekn ao tlm ‖Hmktureuc– ek ets kjcm4 tlm fainm wjs fecetmi ta 55 cmcgmrs (wetl tlm lukirmitl gmekn tlm fainm mnrmnarm mnrmn arm etsmfo ), jki mjhl ymjr j kmw cmcgmr wjs ta gm eketejtmi. eketejtmi. Ek tlm mvmkt tljt ka cmcgmrs lji iemi ar rmsenkmi ek tlm prmveaus ymjr, akm wjs rjkiacfy hlasmk ta gm sjhreoehmi. Eo tlm hlasmk sjhreoehm waufi kat vafuktjrefy hacpfy wetl tles mieht, tlm Ympjplak wjs usmi ta jhhacpfesl tlm tjs` jkywjy. Ylm precjry saurhm oar ekoarcjteak jgaut tlm Ympjplak jki tlm Ormmcjsakeh Arimr ao tlm Nafimk Hmktureuc Orjgjta, jgjta, tlm es Or es tlm cjnehjf jutageanrjply ao tlm Hzmhl ahhuftest Orjkz Gjriak.


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‖cji fjg– es tlm Orjtmrketjs Xjturke (oaukimi ek :57?).* Ylm Orjtmrketjs Xjturke utefezm suhl tmhlkafanems js Ymsfj haefs, lenl-ormqumkhy sauki, eakezjteak ao tlm jtcasplmrm, jki uftrjveafmt fenlts. Jff ao tlmsm jrm usmi ta mkljkhm tlm retujf hljcgmr ek vjreaus wjys ta jii ta tlm suhhmssouf pmroarcjkhm ao tlmer retms. Ylm Mfmhtreh Rmktjhfm Jfsa rmfjtmi ta tlm ‖cji fjgs– jmstlmteh jki cjnehjf tmhlkequms utefezmi gy Iem Mfm`treshlmk _arspemfm es tlm ‖ahhuft imtmhtevm– hljrjhtmr Ylacjs Hjrkjhè, hrmjtmi gy tlm mjrfy-twmktemtl-hmktury wretmr Hljrfms Lapm Lainsak. Hureausfy, ek tlm Imhmcgmr :5>2 jkkaukhmcmkt ektraiuhekn tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei, wlmk festekn tlm vjreaus fetmrjry ekofumkhms ak tlm hakhmpteak ao tlm Arimr, Fj_my ceseimkteoems Lainsak js tlm jutlar ao Ylm Laukis ao Yekijfas. ^lmtlmr tles wjs ektmkteakjf (irappekn j sugtfm lekt jgaut jkatlmr jutlar ta mxpfarm), ar cmrmfy j cesrmcmcgmrekn, es ecpassegfm ta sjy jt tles paekt. Ek jky mvmkt, tlm ecpartjkhm ao tlm Hjrkjhè hljrjhtmr ta Fj_my es hfmjr (lm mvmk ekhfuimi j Lainsak rmomrmkhm ek tlm kjcm ao les akfy sak, Xjtjk \mrxms Hjrkjhè Fj_my). Ylm ahhuft imtmhtevm wjs typehjffy j iahtar wla lji jk ektmrmst ek tlm supmrkjturjf jki `mpt jk apmk gut s`mptehjf ceki wlmk ekvmstenjtekn ukusujf naekns-ak (tlm cast ojcaus mxjcpfm es Ir. Jgrjljc Irjhufj ufj).). Fe`m cjky ahhuft imtmh vjk Lmfse Lmfsekn kn orac Grj Grjc c Xta`mr―s Irjh tevms, Hjrkjhè wjs wmff vmrsmi ek tlm huttekn-minm tmhlkafany ao les ijy (hj. :5:2). Les cast moomhtevm taaf wjs j smrems ao werms jki vjhuuc tugms, wlehl nfawmi wetl jk mmrem gfum fenlt, hjffmi tlm Mfmhtreh Rmktjhfm. Yles imvehm wjs j oevm-paektmi stjr-sljpmi struhturm, jppraxecjtmfy 7: ommt jhrass, jki praveimi j pratmhtevm mkverakcmkt wlehl cjfmvafmkt sperets jki ‖vegrjteaks– haufi kat pmkmtrjtm, jki orac wlehl Hjrkjhè, js j sèffmi apmrjtar ao tlm Rmktjhfm, haufi pradmht les weff ak les eccmiejtm mkverakcmkt. Yles wjs hfmjrfy j iermht ekofumkhm ak tlm Mfm`treshlmk reshlmk _arspemfm arspemfm.. jmstlmteh jki warèkn cmtlai ao Iem ao Iem Mfm`t * Ylm Ylm akfy gaa`-fmkntl stuiy ao tles nraup ek Mknfesl es Xtmplmk M. Ofawmrs―s Ylm

Orjtmrketjs Xjturke4 Lestary, Iahtrekm, jki Wetujfs Orjtmrketjs W etujfs ao tlm Cjnehjf Arimr ao tlm Gratlmrlaai ao Xjturk (Ekkmr Xjturk (Ekkmr Yrjieteaks, 72:<).

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Lainsak wjs wmff jwjrm ao tlm moomhts ao strjknm nmacmtreh mkverakcmkts jki agdmhts ak pmapfm. Oar mxjcpfm, ek tlm oerst Hjrkjhè stary, ‖Ylm Njtmwjy ao tlm Cakstmr– (:5:2), j rekn ek tlm sljpm ao j pmktjnak oukhteakmi js j partjf ta atlmr iecmkseaks, jffawekn j hrmjturm sunnmstevm ao j Lauki ao Yekijfas ta mktmr tles warfi jki wrmj` ljvah ak jkyakm ukoartukjtm mkaunl ta gm wetlaut jppraprejtm pratmhteak suhl js tlm Mfmhtreh Rmktjhfm. Ylm Xtrjknm Xtary ao êflmfc Wmehl Mfm`tre `treshlmk shlmk _arspem arspemfm fm wmrm Kat jff ao tlm ekofumkhms ak Iem Mfm wmrm oehteakjf. Ylm tlmarems ao tlm Justrejk-Jcmrehjk psyhlajkjfyst êflmfc Wmehl hakhmrkekn tlm guefiup, gfah`jnm, jki rmfmjsm ao smxujf mkmrny jrm hruhejf ta tlm cjnehjf cmhljkesc ao tlm retujf. Yles es rmofmhtmi ek tlm tetfm4 tlm Nmrcjk wari _arspemf haufi gm trjksfjtmi fetmrjffy js ‖oarmpfjy– (ekimmi, tlm pranrmssevmfy ektmksm mxhetjteak jki tlmk hjtljrteh rmfmjsm ak tlm pjrt ao tlm hlemo hmfmgrjkt es lenlfy sunnmstevm ao tlm arnjsc). Ylm usm ao smxujf mkmrny js j cjnehjf taaf, ek tlm haktmxt ao tlm war` ao tlm Aria Ymcpfe Aremktes (A.Y.A.), es jffuimi ta ek tlm ektraiuhteak. Yjèkn tlm rmhaccmkijteak orac tlm ektraiuhteak tljt tlm hmfmgrjkt slaufi gm cjfm, lm fetmrjffy smmis tlm outurm vej tlm cjnehjf arnjsc mxpmremkhmi wetlek tlm retm etsmfo.

FA_MHWJOYEJK EIMJX EK CJNEH Imspetm tlm jijptjgefety ao Favmhrjot―s oehteak ta msatmreh purpasms, les awk vemws ak cjneh jki tlm supmrkjturjf wmrm vmry uksycpjtlmteh. Js jk jrimkt cjtmrejfest, Favmhrjot rmdmhtmi aut ao ljki tlm eimj ao cjneh js j cmjks ao joomhtekn tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm. Yles wjs rmekoarhmi gy les iec vemw ao tlasm ek les ijy wla iei lafi suhl jttetuims0 les jssahejteak wetl Ljrry Lauieke, wla spmkt quetm j get ao mooart imgukèkn tlm hfjecs ao Xperetujfests, ka iaugt haktregutmi ta tles. Les jppjrmkt iesijek oar Jfmestmr Hrawfmy, wla wjs tlm cast wmff-`kawk smfo-eimkteoemi cjnehejk iurekn Favmhrjot―s feomtecm, jfsa hafarmi les pmrhmpteak’ jftlaunl lm smmcmi ukjwjrm ao tlm jhtujf prjhtehms ao Hrawfmy―s J ∹J∹


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ar tlm A.Y.A., wlehl cenlt ljvm slawk lec tlm smreaus fmnetecjhy ao sacm ao tlm cjnehjf war` gmekn iakm jt tljt tecm. Wetujfs , Ek tlm mssjy ‖Ylm Cmtjplysehs ao Favmhrjot– ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, Cehljmf Jqueka puts oartl tlm eimj tljt tlm precjry haktreguteak ao Favmhrjot ta cjnehjf prjhtehm es tlm stuiy ao tlm moomhts ao plysehjf jki nmacmtrehjf fjws ak tlm psyhlm. < Jqueka jfsa paekts aut tljt eo Favmhrjot lji j strakn jvmrseak ta hakvmkteakjf rmfeneak (hetekn les hac@my), lm wjs mvmk carm hretehjf ao tlasm wla turkmi cmkts ek Ylm Xefvmr @my), ta tlm cjnehjf jki iejgafehjf.5 Ek j :58= fmttmr ta Mcef Rmtjdj (j yaukn jicermr ao Favmhrjot―s wla fjtmr gmhjcm j wmff-rmnjrimi jutlar ek les awk renlt), Favmhrjot wratm4 Ek tlm :<52s tlm ojsleakjgfm imhjimkts fe`mi ta prmtmki tljt tlmy gmfaknmi ta jff sarts ao iejgafeh Gfjh` Cjss hufts, & passmssmi jff sarts ao orenltouf ahhuft ekoarcjteak. Ylm akfy spmhecmk ao tles nraup steff jhtevm es tlm rjtlmr avmr-jivmrtesmi Jfmestmr Hrawfmy. :2

Wetujfs , Fj_my juncmktmi Ek tlm vmrseak pugfeslmi ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, Jqueka―s mssjy ta ekhfuim hfjecs tljt Favmhrjot wjs ek ojht jwjrm ao nmkuekm kjcmfmss retms tljt wmrm lektmi jt ek les starems. ^lefm tles iams oet ek Wetujfs (js mvahj wetl tlm ‖smhaki ‖smhaki ektm e ktmrprmtjte rprmtjteak ak–– jspmht ao Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs (js tevm lestary tljt aotmk ojffs oj ffs jpjrt ak hfasmr mxjcekjteak mxj cekjteak),), Favmhrjo Favmhrjot―t―ss awk harrmspakimkhm secpfy iams kat sugstjktejtm tles sunnmsteak. Favmhrjot―s oahus wjs ak haccukehjtekn les sugdmhtevm, ekkmr ecjnekjteak wlmrm suhl tlekns wmrm passegfm jki js rmjf js tlmy kmmimi ta gm, ek arimr ta grekn jgaut tlm imsermi moomht ak lecsmfo (jki lapmouffy ek les rmjimrs). Wmhjff orac tlm Ektraiuhteak tljt aur imoeketeak ao gfjh` cjneh utefezms tlm precjry ektmkt ao cjèkn j hljknm wetlek tlm sug dmhtevm dmhte vm ukevmrs ukevmrsm, m, wlehl cjy ar cjy kat (impmkie impmkiekn kn ak tlm kmmi jki sèff ao tlm cjnehejk) rmsuft ek j harrmspakiekn hljknm ek tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm. Orac tles paekt ao vemw, tlmrm es j hfmjr hacpjtegefety gmtwmmk Favmhrjot―s jpprajhl jki tlm typm ao cjneh havmrmi ek tles gaa`. Imserekn ta jvaei tlm ojcefejrety tljt waufi hacm orac usekn hfjs sehjf cytlafany ek les starems, Favmhrjot ekstmji hlasm ta hrmjtm les awk

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pjktlmak jki cytlas. Yles cytlas wjs wj s mxpjkimi mx pjkimi ak gy les le s vjreaus vjr eaus omffaw harrmspakiekn jutlars (tlm ‖Favmhrjot Herhfm–) Herhfm–),, jki j ki lm waufi ekhar ekharparjtm tlmer jiieteaks ekta les awk starems. Et wjs wjs,, ek moo moomht, mht, jk ‖apmk saurhm– kma-cytlafany, jki akm wlehl es steff gmekn mxpjkimi taijy (gy jutlars suhl js Ylacjs Fenatte jki X. Y. Dasle). Jqueka―s haktreguteaks ek tlm cjnehjf rmjfc jrm jfsa precm mxjcpfms ao tles kma-cytlafany, warèkn wetle wetlekk j ieo ieoomrmkt omrmkt cmieuc tljk ‖wmeri oehteak.– o ehteak.– Imspetm tlm jvaeijkhm ao hfjssehjf cytlafany, Favmhrjot―s war` iams gmjr ets ekofumkhm (jki lm wjs hmrtjekfy wmff rmji ek et). Ek tlm warfi ao les starems, lm mvmk lekts ek pfjhms tljt hfjssehjf cytlafany cjy gm j harrupteak ao les awk ‖trum– cytlas! Wmomrmkhms ta jkhemkt Mnypt jki kmtmru** lafi spmhejf senkeoehjkhm ek les tjfms. ets kmtmru Akm pjrtehufjr rmhurrekn hakkmhteak es tlm ekhfuseak ao ‖YlatPlS– ek tlm kjcms ao tlm precjry imetems ao Jzjtlatl, Uan-Xatlatl jki Kyjrfjtlatmp.† Ylatl, js cmssmknmr jki shregm ao tlm Mnyptejk nais (jki pjtrak ao haccukehjteak), ljs j hfasm jkjfan ta tlm oukhteak ao Kyjrfjtlatmp ek tlm Cytlas. Nevmk tlm ecpartjkhm ao haccukehjteak Kmhrak rakace acehak hak wetl we tlek ek Favm Favmhrj hrjot ot―s―s star starems ems (vej irm irmjc jcs,s, tlm stj stjrs rs,, tlm Kmh jki atlmr gaa`s, oaf`farm, mth.), Ylatl es hfmjrfy j senkeoehjkt ekofumkhm. Ek tlm Lmrcmteh shlaaf ao cjneh, tlm ekofumkhm ao Mnypt es rmjiefy jppjrmkt. Lmrcmtehesc arenekjtmi ek tlm haffmhteak ao smhaki- jki Lmrcmtehuc , wlehl tleri-hmktury-HM tmxts `kawk js tlm Harpus Lmrcmtehuc, omjturmi tlm tmjhlekns ao Lmrcms Yrescmnestus’js j Lmffmkezmi oarc ao tlm Mnyptejk nai Ylatl’ekstruhtekn j ieshepfm ek tlm kjturm ao kmtmru)) es aotmk trjksfjtmi js ‖nai–0 lawmvmr, mvmk j *Ylm Mnyptejk wari kmtmr (pfurjf4 kmtmru hursary mxjcekjteak ao tlm jhtujf oukhteak ao tlmsm sa-hjffmi nais rmvmjfs tlmc ta gm hjusjf prekhepfms rjtlmr tljk cmrmfy pmrsaks-wret-fjrnm ek tlm Nrmm` jki Wacjk caim. Oar mxjcpfm, Cj―jt es tlm prekhepfm ao dustehm/gjfjkhm, Ylatl es tlm jrhlmtypjf oarc ao haccukehjteak jki prmsmrvjteak, Xmt es tlm saurhm ao esafjtm ektmffenmkhm (jki tlm kmtmr kmtmru),), Jpmp mcgaiems imfuseak jki stjses, jki sa ak. jnjekst tlm kmtmru †Ylm suooex -latmp es j haccak akm ek Mnyptejk kjcms. Erakehjffy, jt fmjst ek tmrcs ao ets usjnm ek tlm kjcm Kyjrfjtlatmp, et es typehjffy trjksfjtmi js ‖ta gm jt pmjhm.– êtl tlm kjcm ao tles pjrtehufjr imety, Favmhrjot gatl rmekoarhms tlm Mnyptejk hakkmhteak jki cjkjnms ta war` ek jkatlmr ecpfemi rmomrmkhm ta Ylatl.


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tlm hascas, tlm ceki, jki tlm ievekm. Ylm mxpmrecmktjf kjturm ao Lmrcmtehesc, jki jttmcpts gy ets prjhteteakmrs ta jppfy ets plefasaplems ta rmjf-warfi caimfs ao tlm ukevmrsm, cjim et jk ekofumktejf jrmj ao stuiy ek tlm oaurtmmktl ta smvmktmmktl hmkturems. Xhemktests, plefasaplmrs, jki cjtlmcjtehejks ao tlm tecm wla irmw lmjvefy ak ets ekofumkhm ekhfuim Esjjh Kmwtak, Dalk Imm, Nearijka Gruka, jki Rjrjhmfsus. Ylm Nrmm` Lmrcms (kjcmsj`m pjtrak ao tlm Lmrcmtehests) jki tlm Mnyptejk Ylatl gatl rmprmsmktmi tlm cjneh jki cystmry ao tlm wrettmk wari ek jk mrj wlmk fetmrjhy f etmrjhy wjs rmsmrvmi ta jk mfetm omw. Js Iak ^mgg rmfjtms4 Ylm pfats ao PFavmhrjot―sS starems aotmk hjcm ta lec ek irmjcs. Rjrtehufjrfy katmwartly wjs tlm irmjc tljt fmji ta tlm praiuhteak ao tlm prasm-pamc ‖Kyjrfjtlatmp– ek wlehl lm oauki tlm Lmrcms ao les pjktlmak. pjktlm ak. Yles pjrtehufjr haccukehjtar haccukehjtar orac tlm tlm atlmr seim, seim, wetl les swjrtly Mnyptejk sèk, rmsmcgfms gatl tlm oenurm ao Lmrcms-Ylatl jki tlm prmtmrkjturjf mktety tljt Hrawfmy haktjhtmi ek :529. Favmhrjot `kmw les kmmi oar tlm hasceh ommfekn les starems graunlt lec, jki tlraunlaut les fmttmrs jki hretehjf wretekns wm smm tljt kmmi ta mva`m j caai rmpmjtmi tecm jki tecm jnjek. Ek ojht, Favmhrjot wjs smksetevm mkaunl ta tle tless prahmss (imspetm tlm ojht les cjtmrej cjtmrejfest fest jttetuim `mpt lec orac mvmr haksheausfy mxprmssekn et) tljt cjky ao les starems jrm jgaut tlm imsermi rmsuft ao rmhmevekn haccukehjteak orac tlm atlmr seim.::

Jzj tlatl Jzjtlatl Jzjtlatl es tlm agfeveaus, hljateh hrmjtar nai’tlm atlmr Autmr Nais jrm les imshmkijkts. Ylm oerst cmkteak ao Jzjtlatl wjs ek j katm ijtmi :5:5, wlmrm Favmhrjot cmrmfy rmomrrmi ta et js j ‖leimaus kjcm.– :7 Fjtmr tljt ymjr, lm lektmi ao j irmjc imshregmi js ‖j tmrregfm pefnrecjnm ta smm` tlm kenltmi tlrakm ao tlm ojr ijmcak-suftjk Jzjtlatl.– :8 ^lefm ^le fm Favmhrjot iei kat imshregm tlm arene arenekk ao tlm kjcm, et es passegfm tljt et wjs j rmomrmkhm ta ‖Jzatl–’jk jfhlmcehjf tmrc oar tlm uke vmrsm cmiehjteak/safvm cmiehjteak/safvmkt kt saunlt gy hmrtj hmrtjek ek apmrjteaks. Yle Yless sugstj sugstjkhm khm

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es jssahejtmi wetl Jek Xapl (‖uftecjtm sugstjkhm–) ao tlm @jggjfjl, jki tlm mfmcmkt Cmrhury (tlm nai ao tlm sjcm kjcm gmekn tlm Wacjk mquevjfmkt ao Ylatl). @jijtl, Jzjtlatl ‖nkjws lukEk Ylm Irmjc-Zumst ao ]k`kawk @jijtl, Jzjtlatl nrefy ek ekhakhmevjgfm, ukfenltmi hljcgmrs gmyaki tecm jki spjhm jceist tlm cuoofmi, cjiimkekn gmjtekn ao vefm irucs jki tlm tlek cakatakaus wlekm ao jhhursmi ofutms.– :9 E Ekk Ylm ^lespmrmr ek Ijr`kmss, lm es imshregmi js tlm ‖cakstraus kuhfmjr hljas gmyaki jknfmi spjhm– := (‖kuhfmjr– ek tles hjsm cmjkekn ‖hmktrjf,– sekhm tlm stary prmijtms tlm jtaceh jnm wlmk tlm tmrc taa` ak jk jiieteakjf papufjr hakkatjteak). Ylm rmomrmkhm ta ‖hljas– (ek tlm smksm ao tlm ukcjkeomst vaei, ar tlm smmi oarc lafiekn jff tljt es ymt ta gm) weff jfsa gm ecpartjkt wlmk Jknfms . ieshussekn Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. Js jfrmjiy cmkteakmi, tlm twa cast senkeoehjkt Favmhrjot war`s wetl iermht gmjr gmjrekn ekn ak tlm prjhtehm ao jkn jknufj ufjrr cjneh jrm ‖Ylm Irmjcs ek tlm êthl-Lausm– jki ‖Ylm Ljuktmr ao tlm Ijr`.– Ourtlmr jfakn tlm ‖uftecjtm hljas– tlmcm, ‖Ylm Irmjcs ek tlm êthl-Lausm– rmomrs ta Jzjtlatl―s ‖tlm tlrakm ao Hljas wlmrm tlm tlek ofutms pepm cekifmssfy.–:? ‖Ylm Ljuktmr ao tlm Ijr`– imshregms ‖tlm jkhemkt fmnmkis ao ]ftecjtm Hljas, jt wlasm hmktmr sprjwfs tlm gfeki eieat nai Jzjtlatl, Fari ao Jff Ylekns, mkherhfmi gy les ofappekn larim ao cekifmss jki jcarplaus ijkhmrs, jki fuffmi gy tlm tlek cakatakaus pepekn ao j imcakeh ofutm lmfi ek kjcmfmss pjws.–:> Uan-Xatlatl Uan-Xatlatl oerst jppmjrs ek Ylm Hjsm ao Hljrfms Imxtmr ^jri (:57>). (:57>). Ylm cast senkeoehjkt rmomrmkhms jrm ek ‖Ylm Iukwehl Larrar– wlehl imshregm lec js tlm ‖`my– jki tlm nujriejk ao tlm njtm.– :< Ylm iaar ar njtm es j ojcefejr tlmcm ek tlm ahhuft jki jfsa tlm starems ao Favmhrjot, jhtekn js fek`s gmtwmmk hakvmkteakjf rmjfety’js rmhankezmi gy tlm “karcjf― jki tlm agfeveaus’jki atlmr rmjfcs ao passegefety. Njtms cust gm trjkshmkimi, aotmk jt nrmjt hast, ek arimr ta njek jhhmss ta `kawfminm kat jvjefjgfm ek jky atlmr wjy. Ek ‖Ylraunl tlm Njtms ao tlm Xefvmr @my,– tlmrm jrm cmkteaks ao jk


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jvjtjr ao Uan-Xatlatl4 “]cr jt-Yjwef, wlasm kjcm es sjei ta cmjk ‖tlm cast jkhemkt jki prafaknmi ao feom.– :5 Kyjrfj tlatmp Kyjrfjtlatmp Kyjrfjtlatmp rmprmsmkts tlm greinm gmtwmmk tlm hasceh jki tlm mjrtlgauki ek tlm Cytlas0 js tlm trum eimktety ao tlm Ljuktmr ao tlm Ijr`, tlm Xtjrry êsiac Xmht succak lec orac tlm stjrs vej tlm Xlekekn Yrjpmzalmirak. Js tlm stary sjys, sunnmstevm ao tlm trea ao cmjkekns ao tlm Mnyptejk wari s―gj*4 ‖Ylmsm pmapfm sjy tlm Xlekekn Yrjpmzalmirak slaws tlmc lmjvmk & atlmr warfis, & tljt tlm Ljuktmr ao tlm Ijr` tmffs tlmc smhrmts ek sacm wjy.– 72 Ylm oerst cmkteak ao Kyjrfjtlatmp wjs ek j irmjc, 7: wlehl Favmhrjot oaffawmi wetl tlm prasm pamc ao tlm sjcm kjcm. Yles Autmr Nai es ukequm ek tljt lm hjk wjf` js j cjk upak tlm mjrtl. Js tlm cmssmknmr ao tlm atlmr nais, lm jhts js j greinm gmtwmmk tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm jki tlm prm-rjteakjf larrars ao tlm lucjk psyhlm steff joomhtekn ‖mvafv ‖mv afvmi– mi– cjkè cjkèki. ki. Lucjks hjk cj`m pjhts wetl Kyjrfjtlatmp, jki akm ao les cjky oarcs es lenlfy sunnmstevm ao trjieteakjf impehteaks ao Xjtjk (smm ‖Ylm Irmjcs ek tlm êthl-Lausm–). Ek jiieteak ta jppmjrekn ao les awk weff (ar jt fmjst, tlm weff ao tlm atlmr nais), lm hjk gm succakmi ta cjkeoms tjteak js rmhauktmi ek ‖Ylm Ljuktmr ao tlm Ijr`.– Ywa ao les precjry taafs oar ekofumkhekn lucjks jrm cji shemkhm’j rmomrmkhm ta tlm war` ao Kehafj Ymsfj1’jki prapjnjkij (ekhfuiekn cjss lypkases). Jki et wjs tlmk tljt Kyjrfjtlatmp hjcm aut ao Mnypt. ^la lm wjs, kakm haufi tmff, gut lm wjs ao tlm afi kjtevm gfaai jki faa`mi fe`m j Rljrjal. Ylm omffjlek `kmft wlmk tlmy sjw lec, ymt haufi kat sjy wly.. Lm sjei lm lji resmk up aut ao tlm gfjh` wly gfjh`kmss kmss ao twmkty-sm twmkty-smvmk vmk hmkturems, jki tljt lm lji lmjri cmssjnms orac pfjhms kat ak tles pfjkmt. 77 *Ylm Mnyptejk Mn yptejk wari s―gj ljs tlrmm cmjkekns4 ‖stjr,– ‖iaar,– jki ‖tmjhl.– Yles es j `my ta tlm hakhmpt ao Xtjrry êsiac mxpfarmi ek ‖Ylm Ljuktmr ao tlm Ijr`,– jki jff tlrmm cmjkekns jrm mkhacpjssmi gy tlm rafm jki jttregutms ao Kyjrfjtlatmp wetlek tlm Favmhrjot cytlas.

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Xlug-Kennurjtl Favmhrjot nmkmrjffy rmomrrmi ta Xlug-Kennurjtl js omcjfm, gut jfsa js cjfm js tlm gfjh` najt ao tlm waais wetl j tlausjki yaukn. Yles sunnmsts j lmrcjplraieteh mktety jèk ta tlm trjieteakjf rmprmsmktjteak ao Gjplacmt. J `my ekofumkhm ak tlm imshrepteak ao Xlug-Kennurjtl―s jhtevetems jki prapmrtems es tlm Nrmm` nai Rjk, mspmhejffy mspmhejf fy nevmk Favmhrjot―s Favmhrjot―s Rjk . wmff-`kawk jo joomhteak omhteak oar Jr Jrtlur tlur Cjhlmk― Cjhlmk―ss kav kavmffj mffj Ylm Nrmjt Nai Rjk. Ylmrm es vmry fettfm imshrepteak ao Xlug-Kennurjtl ek Favmhrjot―s awk starems, gut lm mfjgarjtmi ak tles mktety starems lm nlast-wratm oar atlmrs. Ek tles mxpjkimi cytlas, lm/slm es eimkteoemi wetl feom jki tlm stjtm ao gmekn vej jssahejteak wetl tlm oenurm ao tlm ‖nrmjt catlmr– jki aotmk ekva`mi jfakn wetl tlm atlmr mktetems. Htluflu Htluflu, wlefm gy ojr tlm cast wmff-`kawk, iams kat jppmjr ek Favmhrjot―s oehteak kmjrfy js cuhl tlm Autmr Nais. Ek ‖Ylm Hjff ao Htluflu– lm es j ‖cakstmr ao vjnumfy jktlrapaei autfekm, gut wetl jk ahtapus-fe`m lmji wlasm ojhm wjs j cjss ao ommfmrs, j shjfy, ruggmryfaaèkn gaiy, praieneaus hfjws ak leki jki oarm ommt, jki fakn, kjrraw wekns we kns gmle gmleki.– ki.–78 Lm smrvms js tlm Lenl Rremst ao tlm Nrmjt Afi Akms, hljrnmi wetl wjetekn uktef tlm tecm es renlt ta succak tlmc oartl ta avmrruk tlm mjrtl. Lm legmrkjtms ek jk ukojtlacjgfy jkhemkt hety gmkmjtl tlm Rjheoeh hjffmi W―fyml. Favmhrjot gjsmi W―fyml ek pjrt ak tlm rueks ao Kjk Cjiaf jidjhmkt ta tlm esfjki ao Ralkpme (Rakjpm) ek tlm Omimrjtmi Xtjtms ao Cehrakmsej. Cehrak msej. Ylmsm rueks rue ks fjy jgjkia jgj kiakmi kmi orac tlm mjrfy smvmk smvmktmmk tmmktl tl hmktury jotmr smrvekn js tlm esafjtmi lacm ao tlm kagefety ao Ralkpme orac jppraxecjtmfy tlm twmfotl hmktury. Yaijy, tlm rueks jrm slrauimi ek cystmry jki slukkmi gy tlm esfjkimrs js rmckjkts ao j imhjimkt hufturm rucarmi ta ljvm utefezmi ‖gfjh` cjneh– ek hakstruhtekn tlmc0 tlm areneks ao tlm stakm usmi ta hrmjtm tlm jkhemkt hety, ar tlm guefiekn tmhlkequms usmi ta rmjfezm tlm ukequm struhturms, ljvm kat gmmk hakhfusevmfy imtmrcekmi. Ylm ojcaus plrjsm imshregekn Htluflu―s stjtm ao ‖imji gut irmjcekn,– wlehl wjs j senkeoehjkt `my oar Cehljmf Jqueka ek hrmjtekn tlm


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‖Uunnatleh– fjknujnm usmi ek tlm Favmhrjotejk retms ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs,s, es4 Wetujf Rl―knfue cnfw―kjo Rl―knfue cnfw―kjoll Htluflu W―fyml wnjl―kjnf oltjnk o ltjnk (‖Ek les lausm jt W―fyml, imji Htluflu wjets irmjcekn.–) 79

Htluflu―s patmktejf rmturk ta tlm surojhm warfi es sunnmstmi ta gm j saurhm ao hakstjkt sughaksheaus jkxemty ek lucjkety (pmrljps cjkeomstekn js omjr ao wjtmr, mjrtlquj`ms, jki tsukjces). ^lefm ^le fm tlmrm jrm vjreaus rmomrmkhms ta atlmr nais jki supmrkjturj supmrkjturjff mktetems ljuktekn Favmhrjot―s irmjcs jki oehteak, tlmsm oevm jrm tlm akms tljt jppmjr js carm tljk cmrmfy gremo ar esafjtmi cmkteaks.

YLM FA_MHWJOYEJK WEYMX EK YLM XJYJKEH WEY]JFX Ek fjtm :5>:, Jktak Fj_my wjs prmpjrekn tlm smqumf ta Ylm Xjtjkeh Gegfm.. Yjèkn tlm sunnmsteak ao les oremki, shemkhm oehteak wretmr Ce`m Gegfm Wmskeh`, Fj_my js`mi Cehljmf Jqueka ta haktregutm j retujf gjsmi ak Jknfms wjs Favmhrjot―s oehteak jki styfm0 wlmk Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms wjs hacpfmtmi, Fj_my rmqumstmi j smhaki ‖wjtmr– retm ta gjfjkhm tlm ‖oerm– ao tlm Kekm Jknfms hmrmcaky. Jt tlm sjcm tecm, Jqueka jfsa wratm jk ektraiuhtary mssjy jgaut tlm mfmcmkts ao Favmhrjot―s war` tljt haufi gm jijptmi ekta nmkuekm gfjh` cjnehjf retujfs. ^lefm ^le fm taijy et es trmkiy ek tlm ijr`mr harkmrs ao tlm ahhuft warfi ta irjw upak Favmhrjot js jk ekofumkhm, tlm retujfs pugfeslmi ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs Wetujfs rmprmsmkt tlm oerst pugfehfy rmvmjfmi jijptjteaks gy jhtujf prjhteteakmrs. Favmhrjot―s war` wjs mxpmremkhekn j cekar rmsurnmkhm jt tljt tecm, orac tlm psyhlmimfeh gjki kjcmi jotmr lec (jhtevm orac :5?>‘:5?5), ta tlm oefc jijptjteak ao Ylm Iukwehl Larrar (:5>2) (:5>2) jki tlm ekhfuseak ao les starems ak Wai Xmrfekn―s tmfmveseak smrems Kenlt Njffmry (:5>:), ta Kyhtjf Njffmry Kyhtjfaps aps (j cjnjzekm pugfeslmi ek tlm mjrfy- ta cei-:5>2s haktjekekn jrtehfms jgaut Favmhrjot jki rmfjtmi wretmrs). Kakm ao tlmsm ekstjkhms, lawmvmr, lji tlm sjcm moomht js tlm

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Wetujfs . Ylm senkeoehjkhm ao tlmsm ekhfuseak ao tlm retms ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs. retujfs wjs kat fast ak tlasm ek tlm kjshmkt oemfi ao Favmhrjot shlafjrslep0 ek Kyhtjfaps ek Kyhtjfaps #:2 (:5>=), (:5>=), Wag Laffes Ceffmr―s jrtehfm ‖Favmhrjot jki Xjtjkesc– aoomrmi j quetm pmrhmptevm jkjfyses ao tlm sugdmht wlefm irjwekn ak tlm pugfehjteak ao tlmsm retujfs js j senkeoehjkt (jki uksmttfekn) ahhurrmkhm. Kyjrfjtlatmp jfakm wjs sjei ta gm jgfm ta haccukehjtm wetl lucjks ek lucjk fjknujnms. Ljvekn arenekjffy wrettmk Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms ek Jknfms ek Mknfesl akfy, Jqueka rmjfezmi tljt j retm ektmkimi ta gm pmroarcmi ek hakkmhteak wetl tlmsm mktetems kat ao tles mjrtl waufi jf jfsa sa kmmi jk jppraprejtmfy hlj hljffmkn ffmknekn ekn fjk fjknu nujnm jnm ta jhhacpjky et. Irjwekn ak tlm ljkiouf ao plrjsms ao tles fjknujnm lm iuggmi Htluflu jki Ylm Hjsm ao ‖Uunnatleh– (precjrefy orac Ylm Hjff ao Htluflu Hljrfms Imxtmr ^jri ),), Jqueka mxpjkimi ak tlmc wlefm hrmjtekn kmw vahjgufjr vahjguf jryy jki usjn usjnmm pjttmrks ek tlm sjcm styfm styfm.. Ylm ektmkteak wlmk pmroarcekn pmroarce kn tlmsm twa retuj retujfsfs es tljt tlm Mknf Mknfesl esl waufi gm rmji oer oerst st gy tlm pjrtehepjkts ek arimr ta gmnek ta ukimrstjki wljt tlmy wmrm sjyekn, gut tlm jhtujf pmroarcjkhm waufi usm tlm Uunnatleh mxhfusevmfy. Ylm imsermi moomht es kat ukfe`m tljt ao j Hjtlafeh cjss hakiuhtmi mktermfy ek Fjtek ar jk Mkahlejk retujf, gatl ao wlehl fmvmrjnm tlm smksm ao cystmry (jki imtjhlcmkt orac tlm ‖mvmryijy– warfi) tljt tlm hmrmcakejf usm ao uk`kawk fjknujnms jwj`mks ek tlm pjrtehepjkts. Xtrjknm Jknfms ek Fa�mhrjot―s âr`s Jknfms jki Ylm J hmktrjf jspmht ao gatl Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms Hjff ta Htluflu es Htluflu es tljt ao strjknm jknfms. Js tlm Fjw ao tlm Yrjpmzaei stjtms, tlmsm agfequm jknfms hjk gm gmkmoehejf oar tlasm jttukmi ta tlmc, ar ljrcouf oar tlasm ukjwjrm ar jpprmlmksevm ao tlmc. ‖Ylm Ljuktmr ao tlm Ijr`– haktjeks akm ao tlm cast vevei imshrepteaks ao j cystmreaus smt ao agdmhts tljt gatl jttrjht jki rmpmf wetl tlmer strjknmfy jknfmi imsenk4 Ek tlm hmktrm ao tlm iust-fjimk ofaar rasm j hureausfy jknfmi stakm peffjr pef fjr sacm oaur ommt ek lmenlt jki twa ek jvmrjnm iejcmtmr, havmrmi


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ak mjhl seim wetl gezjrrm, gezj rrm, hruimfy ekhesmi jki wla wlaffy ffy ukrmhankezjgfm u krmhankezjgfm lemranfypls. Ak tles peffjr rmstmi j cmtjf gax ao pmhufejrfy jsyccmtrehjf oarc0 ets leknmi fei tlrawk gjh`, jki ets ektmrear lafiekn wljt faa`mi gmkmjt gmkmjtll tlm imhjim imhjim-immp -immp iust ta gm jk mn mnn-sljpmi n-sljpmi ar errmnufjrfy splmrehjf agdmht sacm oaur ekhlms tlraunl. P. . .S Ylm oaur-ekhl smmcekn splmrm turkmi aut ta gm j kmjrfy gfjh`, rmi-strejtmi pafylmirak wetl cjky errmnufjr ofjt surojhms0 metlmr j vmry rmcjr`jgfm hry hrystjf stjf ao sacm sart ar jk jrt jrteoeh eoehejf ejf agdmht ao hjr hjrvmi vmi jki lenlfy pafeslmi cekmrjf cjttmr. Et iei kat tauhl tlm gattac ao tlm gax, gut wjs lmfi suspmkimi gy cmjks ao j cmtjf gjki jrauki ets hmktrm, wetl smvmk qummrfy imsenkmi supparts mxtmkiekn larezaktjffy ta jknfms ao tlm gax―s ekkmr wjff kmjr tlm tap. 7=

Ek ‖Ylm Ljuktmr ao tlm Ijr`,– tlm strjknm jknfms ao tlmsm agdmhts ljvm j praoauki psyhlafanehjf moomht ak tlm pratjnakest Wagmrt Gfj`m.* Ylm smksm ao cystmry tlmy hakvmy irjws lec ek jki hacpmfs lec ta hakorakt nrmjt ijknmr ek les qumst ta ukimrstjki tlmer senkeoehjkhm. Ylm cufteojhmtmi Xlekekn Yrjpmzalmirak jhts js j njtmwjy oar Kyjrfjtlatmp, ek tlm oarc ao tlm Ljuktmr ao tlm Ijr`, ta cjkeomst ak mjrtl oar uk`kawk purpasms. Ylm agdmht es fe`mfy j trjksoenurmi rmp rmsmktjteak ao tlm fmks ao j tmfmshapm, wlehl fe`mwesm ljs tlm jgefety ta grekn tlm stjrs hfasmr sa tljt cuhl carm hjk gm fmjrkmi ao tlmc. Js cmkteakmi mjrfemr et hjk jfsa gm smmk js j pjrjffmf ta tlm Nrjef stakm orac âforj ^ aforjc c vak Mshlmkgjhl― Mshlmkgjhl ―s mpeh pamc Rjrzeojf . Ek ‖Ylm Irmjcs ek tlm êthl-Lausm,– tlm wethl @mzejl Cjsak irjws strjknmfy jknfmi senefs ak tlm wjffs ta hrmjtm njtms tljt jffaw lmr ta trjkspart lmrsmfo plysehjffy gmtwmmk iecmkseaks (tlus tjèkn slarthuts ta cavm gmtwmmk ieoomrmkt pfjhms ek tles iecmkseak). Wmhjff orac hljptmr : tlm ieoomrmkhm ek trjhekn tlm Kekm Jknfms ek hurvmi tecm js appasmi ta jknufjr tecm, js slawk ak pjnm <7. Ylmsm iejnrjcs nevm j vesujf *Gfj`m es gjsmi ak Favmhrjot―s oremki, tlm larrar jki shemkhm oehteak wretmr Wagmrt Gfahl, gmst yhla jki `kawk oar ljvekn wrettmk tlm kavmf Rs kavmf Rsyhla jki smvmrjf ao tlm carm jtcasplmreh mpesaims ao Yrm` tmfmveseak smrems. Gfahl―s slart stary ‖Xljcgfmr orac tlm Xtjrs– (:58=) tlm arenekjf Xtjr Yrm` tmfmveseak ekhfuimi j hljrjhtmr gjsmi ak Favmhrjot wla wjs èffmi0 lmrm Favmhrjot rmturks tlm ojvar.

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Ylm Jknfms tlraunl herhufjr tecm

Ylm Jknfms tlraunl jknufjr tecm

rmprmsmktjteak ao tlm sjcm typm ao ‖slart hut– vej tlm Jknfms js usmi gy @mzejl Cjsak ek tlm stary. Ek jknufjr tecm, cuhl fe`m tlm lucjk tlaunlt prahmss, eimjs jki jwjrmkmss ukoafi ek wjys tljt jrm aut ao sykh wetl tlm prmiehtjgfm prahmssms ao kjturm. Ek tlm stary, ^jftmr Nefcjk―s agsmsseak mkhacpjssms tlm ektmksm stuiy ao lenlmr iecmkseaks jki jgstrjht nmacmtry, hacgekmi wetl tlm fahjf oaf`farm hakhmrkekn tlm wethl―s mxpfaets4

Jknufjr Jknuf jr Cjn Cjneh eh wetlek tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk jki tlm Ymcp mcpfm fm ao Xmt

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Js tecm warm jfakn, les jgsarpteak ek tlm errmnufjr wjff jki hmefekn ao les raac ekhrmjsmi0 oar lm gmnjk ta rmji ekta tlm aii jknfms j cjtlmcjtehjf senkeoehjkhm wlehl smmcmi ta aoomr vjnum hfums rmnjriekn tlmer purpasm. Afi @mzejl, lm rmofmhtmi, cenlt ljvm lji mxhmffmkt rmjsaks oar fevekn ek j raac wetl pmhufejr jknfms0 oar wjs et kat tlraunl hmrtjek jknfms tljt t ljt slm hfjecmi ta ljvm nakm autseim autseim tlm gaukijrems ao tlm warfi ao spjhm wm `kaw1 Les ektmrmst nrjiujffy vmmrmi jwjy orac tlm t lm ukpfucgmi vaeis gmyaki tlm sfjktekn suro surojhms, jhms, sekhm et kaw jppmjrmi tljt tlm purpasm ao tlasm surojhms hakhmrkmi tlm seim lm wjs ak. 7?

Ylm senkeoehjkhm ao j njtm etsmfo es rmprmsmktmi ek tlm Cytlas gy Uan-Xatlatl, gut tlm akm cast jssahejtmi wetl utefezekn njtms es Kyjrfjtlatmp (wla jppmjrs ek tlm stary js tlm cystmreaus Gfjh` Cjk4 tlm agdmht ao tlm qumst jki rmhepemkt ao tlm ajtl gekiekn tles `kawfminm ek smhrmhy wlmk trjvmrsekn tlm jknfmi njtms). Ljvekn mstjgfeslmi sacm ao tlm vevei imshrepteaks ao ‖strjknm jknfms– ek Favmhrjot―s oehteak, wm hjk kaw turk ta j omw `my hakhmpts tljt jrm Jknfms jki Ylm Hjff ta Htluflu. Htluflu . hmktrjf ta Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms jki Ylmsm jrm4 tlm Jknfms jki tlmer hakkmhteaks ta Favmhrjotejk imetems, tlm hakhmpt ao tlm ârfi ao Larrars, jki tlm fjknujnm hakstruhtmi oar usm ek tlmsm retms. Ylm Ekieveiujf Jknfms jki Ylmer Fa�mhrjot Hakkmhteaks Ylm oerst oaur ao tlm Jknfms, tlasm hacpresekn tlm trjpmzaei, jrm jssahejtmi wetl (ek arimr) Jzjtlatl, Uan-Xatlatl, Kyjrfjtlatmp, jki

Yrjhekn tlm oerst oaur jknfms

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Xlug-Kennurjtl. Ylm imshrepteaks jrm nevmk js pjrt ao tlm Gaki ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, jki mjhl ao tlm kekm stjkzjs ao tlm Gaki imshregms tlm mssmkhm jki senkeoehjkhm ao tljt Jknfm gatl ekieveiujffy jki js pjrt ao tlm haktekuuc ao tlm rmhurrekn smqumkhm. Orac tlm Oerst Jknfm es tlm ekoeketm, wlmrmek tlm fjunlekn akm iatl hry jki tlm ofutms wjef uktef tlm mkiekn ao tecm. 7>

Ylm Oerst Jknfm

Favmhrjot―s ‖Ylm Irmjcs ek tlm êthl-Lausm– rmomrs ta Jzjtlatl―s tlrakm ‖jt tlm hmktmr ao uftecjtm Hljas P . . . S wlmrm tlm tlek ofutms pepm ceki cekifmssfy. fmssfy.–– 7< Jzjtlatl rmprmsmkts tlm ukcjkeomst vaei, tlm uftecjtm saurhm ao jff tlm atlmr Autmr Nais jki tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm etsmfo js j `kawjgfm plmkacmkak. Jqueka―s imshrepteak ao ‖tlm fjunlekn akm PwlaS iatl hry– fjys gjrm tlm haktrjiehteaks jki fjh` ao arimr ar faneh ek tles stjtm (faneh es etsmfo jk ektmffmhtujf cjkeomstjteak ao arimr, jki rmquerms j rjteakjf gmekn ta pmrhmevm et). Xtmplmk Ofawmrs waufi fjtmr harNekkuknjnjp ek rmfjtm tles stjtm wetl tljt ao Nekkuknjnjp ek tlm Kartlmrk Nmrcjkeh hascafany0 tljt es, tlm ukcjkeomst vaei orac wlehl tlm agdmhtevm uke vmrsm es hrmjtmi gy Ucer jo jotmr tmr lm jre jresms sms orac et js j rmsuft ao spaktjkmausfy arnjkezekn arimr.


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Orac tlm Xmhaki Jknfm es tlm cjstmr, wla iatl arimr tlm pfjkms jki tlm jknfms jki wla ljtl hakhmevmi tlm ârfi ao Larrars ek ets tmrrar jki nfary. 75

Ylm Xmhaki Jknfm

Uan-Xatlatl, tlm jvjtjr ao tlm Xmhaki Jknfm, rmprmsmkts tlm ukhaksheaus, spaktjkmausfy jresekn arimr orac tlm ukcjkeomst vaei ao Jzjtlatl. Uan-Xatlatl es gatl tlm `my ta jki nujriejk ao njtms, jki tlm akm wla waufi trjksnrmss tlmc cust gjrnjek wetl Uan-Xatlatl ek arimr ta njek mktry. Ylmsm njtms, ekhfuiekn pmrljps cast ecpartjktfy tlm akm nujriekn tlm trjkseteak gmtwmmk kak-mxestmkhm jki mxestmkhm, jrm j rmsuft ao tles mcmrnmkt arimr. Uan-Xatlatl navmrks arimr jki hyhfms4 et es gmhjusm ao Uan-Xatlatl tljt tlm stjrs weff akm ijy ‖hacm renlt jnjek– (ium ta jxejf prmhmsseak), jki tlasm trjksoarcmi gy tlm sfawfy mvafvekn hyhfms ao mxestmkhm weff nrjiujffy fmjrk ta pmrhmevm tlmc oar tlmer awk mkis jki ta hljrt tlmer imsteky wetl tlm stjrs js tlmer eksperjteak. Orac tlm Yleri Jknfm es tlm cmssmknmr, wla ljtl hrmjtmi tlm pawmr ta gmlafi tlm cjstmr ao tlm ârfi ao Larrars, jki wla nevmtl ta tlmm sugstjkhm ao gmekn jki tlm `kawfminm ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. 82


Ylm Yleri Jknfm

Ek tlm Cytlas, Kyjrfjtlatmp (tlm Yleri Jknfm) es tlm cmssmknmr ao tlm Autmr Nais ak mjrtl, ektmrjhtekn wetl cjkèki ek oarcs jki haccukehjteak pjttmrks tlmy jrm jgfm ta hacprmlmki wlefm apmkekn tlmer myms ta wakimrs gmyaki tlm vesegfm warfi. Lm mkfenltmks tlmc ta prmveausfy ukecjnekmi arimrekns wetlek tlm hascas (ar orenltmks tlmc wetl tlm sjcm, js jppraprejtm). Ek tlm oarc ao tlm Kekm Jknfms `kawk js tlm Xmjf ao Wðkj (sycgafeh ao tlm pursuet ao tlm Cystmreaus ek ukimrstjkiekn tlm rmfjteakslep gmtwmmk tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm Ptlm pmktjnrjcS jki tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm Ptlm uktauhlmi herhfmS), tlm Yleri Jknfm es tlm oerst ao twa hakkmhteaks gmtwmmk tlm sugdmhtevm jki agdmhtevm. Ek atlmr waris, tlm stuiy ao Kyjrfjtlatmp jki ao tlm Yleri Jknfm es tlm stuiy ao tles rmfjteakslep jki ao law tlm sugdmhtevm jki agdmhtevm uke vmrsms joomht j oomht mjhl atlmr.

Ylm Xmjf ao Wðkj, wetl Yleri jki Oaurtl Jknfms ekiehjtmi


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Kyjrfjtlatmp effustrjtms tlmsm pursuets vej jfhlmcehjf war`, cji shemkhm, jki tlm pawmr ao tlm cavekn pehturm ta rmvmjf kmw wjys ao ukimrstjkiekn tlm warfi jki yaursmfo. Ylmrm es j immp ijknmr ek fasekn tlm smksm ao smfo jki ekieveiujfety ek les veseaks’tlm ‖sugstjkhm ao gmekn– lm praveims hacms jt j stmmp prehm oar tlasm ukjgfm ta rmtjek tlmer jwjrmkmss jki eimktety. ^ ljt ljt Kyjrfjtlatmp tmjhlms es kat haktjekjgfm ar mxpfjekjgfm gy tlm ariekjry plysehjf fjws’les trjksnrmsseak ao tlasm fjws nevms us j wjy ta carm immpfy ukimrstjki tlmc, mcgaiemi gy Uan-Xatlatl js tlm ‖cjstmr wla iatl arimr tlm pfjkms jki jknfms jknfms.– .–8: Orac tlm Oaurtl Jknfm es tlm rjc ao tlm suk, wla graunlt tlysmfvms ta gm, jki wla prahfjecmtl tlm tecm tljt wjs, tlm tecm tljt es, jki tlm tecm tljt sljff gm, jki wlasm kjcm es tlm greffejkhm ao tlm Kekm Jknfms.87

Ylm Oaurtl Jknfm

Xlug-Kennurjtl’tlm Oaurtl Jknfm’es kawlmrm imshregmi gy Favmhrjot lecsmfo ek vmry cuhl imtjef, jftlaunl tlm impehteak wjs mxpjkimi ak sacmwljt gy atlmr cmcgmrs ao tlm Favmhrjot herhfm jki ek vjreaus ao les haffjgarjteaks wetl atlmr jutlars. Ylm oukhteak ao Xlug-Kennurjtl ek tlm Cytlas es sacmwljt jèk ta tljt ao tlm oenurm ao Gjplacmt’najtfe`m, gatl cjfm jki omcjfm, rmprmsmktekn tlm pjst jki tlm outurm, hrmjteak (js tlm ‖najt ao j tlausjki yaukn,– tlus sece secefjr fjr ta j ‖nrmjt catlmr– imety) jki imstruhteak (tlm tmkimkhems ao lmr aoosprekn). Xlug-Kennurjtl es tlm wacg ao hljas tljt hjk nevm resm ta jky jgacekjteak, jki es tlm wmffsprekn ao kenltcjrms. Cehljmf Jqueka jfsa eimkteoemi Xlug-Kennurjtl wetl tlm Mnyptejk

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kmtmr Jcak kmtmru jssa Jcak (tlm rjc-lmjimi splekx wla wjs akm ao cjky kmtmru jssahejtmi wetl ieoomrm ieo omrmkt kt jspmhts ao tlm Xuk, j kjturjf agsmsseak agsmsseak ek j hufturm gjsmi ek tlm imsmrt sjkis). Js suhl, Xlug-Kennurjtl jki tlm Oaurtl Jknfm jrm eimkteoemi wetl trjkseteaks jki tlrmslafis0 tlmsm jrm tecms wlmk hljknm es joaat joaat,, jki wlmk cjttmr, spjhm, jki haksheauskmss ljvm tlm patmktejf ta trjksoarc. Mkmrny orac tlm Xuk praveims oumf oar cjtmrejf trjksoarcjteaks ak mjrtl’ymt ek j smksm wm jrm pjrt ao tlm sjcm sugstjkhm, haksestekn ek pjrt ao mfmcmkts tljt jrm akfy hrmjtmi ek stjrs. Jfakn wetl tlm Yleri Jknfm’senkeoemi gy Kyjrfjtlatmp’tlm Oaurtl Jknfm es akm ao akfy twa tljt iermhtfy fek` tlm sugdmhtevm jki agdmhtevm ukevmrsms. Ylm stuiy ao tlm ektmrpfjy gmtwmmk tlmc es vetjf ta ukimrstjkiekn tlm warèkns ao cjneh js j prjhtehjf pursuet hjpjgfm ao hrmjtekn rmjf hljknm ek tlm warfi (jki ek tlm Xmfo ekoarcmi gy ets prmsmkhm wetl wetlek ek tlm warfi). Atlmr Atlmrwes wesmm cjn cjneh eh es jk ekmo ekmoomhtevm omhtevm,, purmfy ektmffmhtujf hureasety jki laggy ekstmji ao j cmjks ao greknekn jgaut hljknm ek jhharijkhm wetl weff jki imserm. Ylmsm oaur mktetems jrm ieoomrmkt ojhmts ao tlm prm-rjteakjf hacpakmkt ao tlm lucjk haksheauskmss, kat ouffy wetlek tlm rmjfc ao haksheaus jwjrmkmss gut kakmtlmfmss jhhmssegfm gy warèkn autseim ao tlm ektmffmhtujf jpprmlmkseak ao tlm smfo, tlm gaiy, jki tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm. Ylmsm haufi gm smmk js cjkeomstjteaks ao tlm sa-hjffmi rmptefejk grjek tljt mxmrt ekofumkhm ak aur haksheaus, rjteakjf jwjrmkmss. @kawekn tlm jspmhts ao tlm ektmffmht, jki ets geafanehjf oaukijteaks, es j vetjf hacpakmkt ao jhtujfezekn jff jspmhts ao tlm gaiy-smfo hacpfmx. Ek atlmr waris, cjnehejks enkarm tlm kak-ektmffmhtujf jspmhts ao tlmcsmfvms jt tlmer pmref. Ylm ârfi ao Larrars Ylm ârfi ao Larrars hakhmevmi ao gy Uan-Xatlatl es j rehl hakhmpt Jknfms . tljt ljs ets areneks gy tljt kjcm ek Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. Ylm plrjsm es kat ektmkimi ek j kmnjtevm smksm, gut rjtlmr imshregms tlm hacpfmxetems ao mxestmkhm wlefm mxpfehetfy stjtekn tljt tlmrm es patmktejf oar gatl tmrrar jki nfary’sugdmht ta tlm ektmrpfjy gmtwmmk pmrsakjf hlaehms jki hljkhm. Ylm tmrrar hacms orac tlm rmjfezjteak tljt uftecjtmfy tlm ekieveiujf cust gm tlm oekjf jrgetmr ao law tlmer mxestmkhm


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ukoafis, jki tljt ta ouffy tj`m ak tles rmspaksegefety hjk gm trufy larreoyekn ek ets ecpfehjteaks. Ak tlm atlmr ljki, nrmjt trmjsurms jwjet tlasm wla mcgrjhm tles t les cjkijtm jki ou oufofoefefff ets tmrreo tmrreoyekn yekn patmktejf. Cjnehejks tmki ta pradmht j nrmjt imjf ao pmssecesc akta tlm warfi ek ets prmsmkt oarc. Jotmr jff, eo tlmy wmrm jfrmjiy sjtesoemi wetl tlekns js tlmy jrm, tlmy waufi ljvm ka kmmi ta smm` aut j cmjks oar mshjpekn tlm warfii (vej ojktjsy) ar trjksoarcekn warf trj ksoarcekn et (vej cjneh cjneh).). Kakmtlmfmss, Kakmtlmfmss, et es e s kmh kmh-mssjry ta ljvm jk ukimrstjkiekn jki jhhmptjkhm ao tlm warfi js et es ek arimr ta `kaw law ta ta moomhtevmfy trjksoarc et (jki yaur pfjhm ek et). Yles rmjfezjteak tljt tlm warfi es hacpfmx, navmrkmi gy tlm oarhms ao stupeiety jki enkarjkhm, ymt ouff ao wakimr tljt hjk gm saunlt ar hrmjtmi, es vetjf. Ylm ârfi ao Larrars akfy jppmjrs ek Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfmss ek hakkmhteak wetl tlm trjpmzaei’tlm oerst oaur Jknfms jki Jknfm tlmer harrmspakiekn Favmhrjotejk prekhepfms. Ylm grutjf iehlatacy ao tlm ârfi ao Larrars’hjpjgfm ao gatl tmrrar jki nfary’es fjei gjrm Hmrmcaky jki tlraunlaut tlm Hmrmcaky jki ek sacm wjys tles es tlm hruhejf rmjfezjrmjfezj teak tljt tlm psyhlairjcj ektmkis ta effustrjtm. J Hakst Hakstruh ruhtmi tmi Cjn Cjnehjf ehjf Fjkn Fjknujnm ujnm Ylm usm ao j feturnehjf taknum kat `kawk ta tlm pjrtehepjkts ljs j lypkateh moomht tljt cjnkeoems ets ecpartjkhm. Ylm oahus sleots orac tlm cmjkekn ao tlm waris ta tlm mcateak jki irjcj ao tlm imfevmry ao tlm waris. J cjnk cjnkeoeoehmkt ehmkt mxjcpfm ao tles tmhlkequm es tlm ‖Xjtjk ‖Xjtjkeh eh retuj retujff – shmkm ek tlm :589 oefc Ylm Gfjh` Hjt, wlmrm Gares @jrfaoo―s justmrm jki irjcjteh imfevmry ao suhl rjkiac gut praoauki saukiekn Fjtek plrjsms js Huc nrjka sjfes (‖wetl j nrjek ao sjft–) jki Oruhtu, kak oafees jrgarmc jmstecj (‖gy oruet, kat gy fmjvms, duinm j trmm–) hrmjtms jk jtcasplmrm ao utcast pawmr jki sekhmrety ek tlm retujf hljcgmr. Akm ao tlm hljrjhtmresteh omjturms ao Uunnatleh es tlm prmvjfmkhm ao nfattjf staps* (senkeoemi gy tlm jpastraplm ―), js ek tlm plrjsm K― `nkjtl *J nfattjf stap es j sljrp sauki hrmjtmi gy suiimk agstruhteak ao tlm jer ofaw ek tlm vahjf trjht. Ylm vjrejkt ao tlm sauki sunnmstmi oar usm js j nfattjf stap ek Uunnatleh es tlm jgrupt ‖`– sauki tljt oaffaws j irjwk-aut vawmf jt tlm mki ao j wari0 oar mxjcpfm, tlm ljw`.. oekjf sauki ek ljw`

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è―q Jz-Jtlat Jz-Jtlatll r― dyjrl wl― ojnl zljsj plr-tn plr-tnjj kymkj plrjn-k plrjn-k―nfu ―nfu (‖Fmt (‖Fmt us ia lakar ta Jzjtlatl, wetlaut wlasm fjunltmr tles warfi slaufi kat gm.–). Ylm usm ao nfattjf staps sunnmsts j vaehmfmss fjknujnm (tljt es, akm tljt iamsk―t rmfy ak tlm vegrjteak ao vahjf haris oar hrmjtekn cjky ao ets saukis), jki tles ek turk haktregutms ta tlm kak-lucjk sauki ao Uunnatleh. Ek tlm mjrfy :552s, tlm Uunnatleh fjknujnm ekspermi gy Favmhrjot jki hrmjtmi gy Jqueka wjs mxpjkimi oar usm ek tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei gy akm ao ets cmcgmrs, Yecatly ChNrjkjljk. Jfakn wetl mxpjkiekn tlm vahjgufjry, vah jgufjry, lm jfsa hrmjtmi hrmjtmi j fmxeha fmxehakk jki j smt ao jfpljgmte jfpljgmtehh sycgafs hjffmi W―fymlejk (gatl ek wrettmk oarc jki js j typmsmttekn oakt) tljt praveim j streèkn vesujf hacpakmkt ta tlm prmsmktjteak ao Uunnatleh tmxt. (Ylm ouff smt ao sycgafs orac tlm W―fyml oakt es nevmk ek Jppmkiex O.)

Mxjcpfm ao tlm W―fymlejk oakt

Yles jiieteak ta tlm rehlkmss ao tlm cjnehjf fjknujnm usmi ek Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms Jknfms jki Ylm Hjff ta Htluflu jffaw Htluflu jffaw tlmc ta gm usmi js pjrt ao j fevekn cjnehjf kma-trjieteak’ekstmji ao rmfmnjtekn tlmc ta lestarehjf rmfehs ao tlm mjrfy :5>2s.

KMA-YWJIEYEAKJFEXC, KMA-CUYLAFANU, JKI XMCEAYEHX Ylm Kekm Jknfms js j cjnehjf systmc es j fevekn, steff-mvafvekn mxjcpfm ao kma-trjieteakjfesc’guefiekn j kmw pjrjienc wetl raats ek atlmr mstjgfeslmi trjieteaks. Ylm Jknfms guefi ak mfmcmkts ao atlmr trjieteakjf systmcs, suhl js Rytljnarmjk kucgmr cystehesc jki tlm senkeoe-


5:

hjkhm ao haffmhteaks ao tlrmms jki kekms ek Nmrcjkeh hascafany. Ylmsm jrm, lawmvmr, hjst ek jk mktermfy kmw fenlt jki gueft ekta j kmw systmc tljt es pjrt ukequm syktlmses, jki pjrt prmveausfy ukecjnekmi jmstlmteh jki sycgafeh spmhufjteak. Ylm kma-cytlafany ao L. R. Favmhrjot’etsmfo gueft ek sugtfm wjys ak cytlafanehjf oarcs ao tlm immp pjst’ praveims pjst’ praveims tlm gjh`nrauki tlraunl wlehl tlm cmtjplysehjf oaukijteak ao tlm Kekm Jknfms es mxprmssmi. Ylasm wla waufi war` wetl tlm Kekm Jknfms cust gm mqujffy jt lacm mxpfarekn tlm immp pjst jki irjwekn ak tlm kma-cytlafanems tljt weffff sljpm tlm fmnmkis ao tlm outu we outurm. rm. Ylm Yrjieteak ao tlm rukms, js ukimrstaai taijy jki prjhtehmi ek arnjkezjteaks imiehjtmi ta tlmer jutlmkteh stuiy suhl js tlm Wukm-Nefi, ljs j rehl lestary jki gaiy ao prjhtehm wlehl es gmekn haktekujffy rmieshavmrmi (jki rmhjst ek oarcs rmfmvjkt ta tlm kmmis ao taijy―s prjhteteakmr). Yles effustrjtms j haktrjst ta tlm systmc ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, wlehl wlefm pmrljpss ek tlm prahmss ao gmekn mkhaimi pmrljp mkhaimi js j systmc wlehl cjy stjki stj ki tlm tmst ao tecm, es jt ets harm gmekn ekkavjtmi ekstmji ao rmhrmjtmi. Ylm precjry strmkntl ao kma-trjieteakjfesc jfsa fmjis ta ets nrmjtmst hljffmknm4 tlm ormmiac ta hrmjtm tlm kmw trjieteak ek wljtmvmr oarc et cjy kmmi ta tj`m hjk mjsefy rmsuft ek j fass ao halmrmkhm sekhm ‖jkytlekn nams.– Yles es tlm eklmrmkt pragfmc ao pastcaimrkesc4 js tlm afi trjieteaks jki pjttmrks ao tlaunlt hacm ta gm smmk js jrgetrjry jki ektmrhljknmjgfm, hrmjtekn sacmtlekn hjpjgfm ao rmtjekekn vjfeiety jki halmrmkhm es kmhmssjry. Yljt wlehl es trum gmhacms carm impmkimkt ak tlm ektmnrety jki oahus ao tlm ekieveiujf0 tlmrm es ka jgsafutm jutlarety ak wljt es vjfei, gut j haksmksus ak wljt es cmjkeknouf jki wartly ao prmsmrvjteak hjk gm gueft gue ft gy tlasm t lasm wla ljvm iakm tlm war` ta guefi gue fi trum oaukijteaks ek tlm mvmr-sleotekn sjkis.

WÐKJ JKI YLM EKOF]MKHM WÐKJ JKI AO XYMRLMK MIWMI OFA^MWX Ek :5<9, tlm rukafanest Xtmplmk Ofawmrs cjim haktjht wetl tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt ium ta les ektmrmst ek ets Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei. Lm lji gmmk j

57


cmcgmr ao tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk jrauki :5>7‘>8, jki j smfo-imshregmi ‖ahhuftezaei kekhacpaap– 89 mknjnmi ek vjreaus jspmhts ao tlm ‖Kmw Jnm– jki papufjr ahhuftesc ek tlm mjrfy :5>2s. Jotmr jk mxpmremkhm ek Wðkj ukimr jppra:5>9 wlmrm lm wjs ektraiuhmi ta tlm hakhmpt ao Wðkj prejtmfyy cystmreaus herhu prejtmf herhucstj cstjkhms, khms, lm mcgjr`m mcgjr`mii ak jk jhj jhjimceh imceh jki prjhtehjff stuiy ao tlm ru prjhtehj rukms kms jki tlmer huft hufturj urjf-fekn f-feknuesteh uesteh cjtrehms tljt hufcekjtmi ek mjrkekn j Rl.I. ek Nmrcjkeh Fjknujnms jki Cmiemvjf Xtuiems orac tlm ]kevmrsety ao Ymxjs jt Justek ek :5<9. 8= Wðkj es Wðkj es tlm uftecjtm Cystmry, tlm smksm ao tlm leiimk tljt irjws oartl tlasm rmhmptevm ta ets hjff ek j kmvmr-mkiekn qumst ta mxpfarm jki ukimrstjki tlm cystmrems ao mxestmkhm. Ojr orac gmekn jkatlmr oarc Wðkjj es tlm pjtl tawjri hfjrety hfjrety44 js akm ao cystehesc, tlm pursuet ao Wðk cystmry es hacprmlmkimi, jkatlmr fur`s dust gmyaki, gut wljt ljs gmmk ukhavmrmi es kaw cjim pjrt ao tlm pursumr―s sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm. Fekm :98 tlm Lêvjcêf tlm Lêvjcêf (‖Ylm (‖Ylm Xjyekns ao tlm Lenl Akm P3 ØòekkS,– jk Afi Karsm pamc ijtekn orac tlm _eèkn jnm) mcgaiems tles4 ‖Akm wari fmi cm ak orac j wari ta jkatlmr wari, akm war` fmi cm ak orac j war` ta jkatlmr war`.–8? Wðkj, cmjkekn ‖cystmry– ‖cystmry– ar ‖sacmtlekn ‖sacmtlekn hakhmjfmi,– es jk mjrfy oarc ao tlm sjcm Nmrcjkeh wari tljt praveimi tlm kjcm oar tlm rukms. ^lefm aotmk rmiuhmi ek papufjr ukimrstjkiekn taijy ta tlm ‖fmttmrs– ar senks tlmcsmfvms, ek tlmer trjieteakjf usjnm tlm rukms mxpfehetfy ojhefetjtmi cjnehjf jhts. Jiieteakjffy, tlmy wmrm jfsa war`mi wetl js rmofmhtevm sycgafs (jki feknuesteh cjps) oar ukimrstjkiekn tlm cystmrems ao mxestmkhm. Ek tlm cei-:5<2s, Ofawmrs oaukimi j Ryfak’ar nmanrjplehjffy oahusmi nraup wetlek tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt’ek Justek, Ymxjs hjffmi tlm Guff ao Acgas. Akm ao tlm jhtevetems tljt tlm Ryfak mknjnmi ek wjs tlm Mfm`tr `treshlmk eshlmk _arspem arspemfm, fm, jki rmnufjr pmroarcjkhm ao Iem Mfm jki tles fmi ta tlm rmkmwjf ao ektmrmst ek sacm ao tlm atlmr jspmhts ao tlm plefasaplems jki prjhtehms ao tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk Xjtjk.. Cuhl ao Ofawmrs― Ofawmrs―ss war` ek tle tless jrmj wjs pugfeslmi js jrtehfms jr tehfms ek Wukms, ek Wukms, tlm tlm prevjtm daurkjf ao tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei0 j smfmhteak ao les war` orac tles pmreai wjs fjtmr rmprektmi ek Wðkj.. Jcakn tlmsm jrtehfms, tlm mssjys rmfjtekn j :55= jktlafany, Gfjh` jktlafany, Gfjh` Wðkj ta Xjtjkeh tapehs ekhfuimi ‖Ylm Haccjki ta Faa`,– ‖Ylm Yrjpmzaeijf


58

Cjnem uki Cjkepufj Cjkepufjteak, teak,–– jki ‖Ak tlm Hlaehm ao j Lucjk Hekmcj,– ‖ Cjnem Xjhreoehm– (jk jkjfyses ao tlm ekojcaus’ymt kat ektmkimi ta gm tj`mk Gegfm). Jrtehfms wretfetmrjffy’smhteak ao tlm sjcm kjcm ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Gegfm). Wðkj ekhfuim ‖Ylm tmk iurekn tles tecm gut kat rmpugfeslmi ek Gfjh` Wðkj Kekm Jknfms ao tlm Xmjf– (smm jppmkiex H) jki ‖_―Uk―`lm Walz4 Ylm Hyhfm ao Kekm,– gatl ao wlehl jrm `my hacpakmkts ta tlm mxpjkseak ao tlm plefasaply jki prjhtehm ao jknufjr cjneh gmyaki Cehljmf Jqueka―s Jknfms . arenekjf oarcufjteak ek Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. Yles wjs j hureaus tecm ta gm rmvesetekn suhl raats tljt lji fakn gmmk kmnfmhtmi. Oar akm tlekn, tlm fjtm :5<2s ek tlm ]ketmi Xtjtms wjs tlm lmenlt ao tlm sa-hjffmi ‖Xjtjkeh Rjkeh,– wlmrm papufjr lystmrej lmfi tljt Xjtjkests wmrm furèkn mvmrywlmrm jki wjetekn ta èikjp, cafmst, jki sjhreoehm hlefirmk (jfakn wetl vjreaus atlmr ukoaukimi’jki uftecjtmfy iespravmk’omjrs). Yljt tlm ‖gfaai fegmfs– jttregutmi ta Xjtjkests lji ek mjrfemr mrjs gmmk iermhtmi jt Cusfecs, Dmws, jki mvmk Hlrestejks, wetl tlm sjcm fmvmf ao omr omrvmkt vmkt gmfemo gut mqujf mqujffy fy jgsmkt praao, iei kat imtmr tlasm wla wmrm gmkt ak omjr-caknmrekn (jki praoetmmrekn ek cjky hjsms, gy oefekn fjwsuets jffmnekn lmekaus ‖Xjtjkeh– jhts).* Ek :559 Ofawmrs wratm tlm jrtehfm ‖Ylm Jfhlmcy ao Unnirjsef– (smm Jppmkiex M), wlehl oarcmi j vetjf greinm gmtwmmk tlm kma-trjieteakjfesc ao tlm war` ao tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei jki tljt ao tlm kartlmrk Nmrcjkeh trjieteak. Yles jrtehfm trjhms tlm jfhlmcehjf oarcufjs ukimrfyekn tlm hascafany ek tlm Miijs tlm Miijs js js hacgekjteaks ao oarcs jki mkmrnems0 tlm oarc/mkmrny pjers imshregmi ek tles hascafany jrm4 (:) wjtmr/oerm, (7) ehm/jer, (8) erak/ymjst, jki (9) sjft/vmkac. Ofawmrs mfjgarjtms4 Ylm oerst twa pjers (:‘7) cjkeomst tlm hakhrmtm arimr ao tlm hascas, wlefm wle fm tlm smhaki twa pje pjers rs (8‘9) hakstet hakstetutm utm tlm cjk cjkeom eomstjteak stjteak ao fevekn ekoarcjteak ek tlm kjturjf hasceh arimr. Cast ao tlm hasceh arimrekn es cjim up ao sugstjkhms jki prahmssms rmstrehtmi ta tlm oerst twa pjers. Ylm fevekn ekoarcjteak (nmkmteh haim) iykjcehjffy, *Oar carm ekoa ak tlm plmkacmkak jki ets moomhts ak ekkahmkt pmapfm, smm Cehljmf Mxtrmcm Rrmduiehm Rrmduiehm44 Ylm Rrmseiea Rrm seiea ‖Xjtjkeh Jgusm– Xhjc (smfo-pugfes Jqueka―s Mxtrmcm Jqueka―s (smfo-pugfeslmi, lmi, 72:9).

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gut steff orac aur pmrspmhtevm ukhaksheausfy, mvafvms ta j paekt wlmrm mkaunl ekoarcjteak (orac Nekkukn ) ljs gmmk hrass-rmomrmkhmi ta cj`m j cutjteak ekta j smce-haksheaus gmekn passegfm. Yles es tlm oerst ao tlm Ïser4 Øòekk‘_efe‘_å’tlm oerst rmukeoehjteak ao tlm spmhtruc ao jff tlm qujfetems prmsmkt ek Nekkukn .8>

Wmhjff orac aur mjrfemr ieshusseak ao tlm oerst oaur Jknfms (tlm trjpmzaei), tljt tlm Oerst jki Xmhaki Jknfms rmprmsmkt tlm trjkseteak orac hljas (ukoarcmi patmktejf) ta arimr (tlm rufms jki fjws ao cjkeomstjteak hacekn jresekn orac tlmer awk ektmrjhteaks). Ek atlmr waris, gmoarm feom hjk jresm, j suooehemktfy stjgfm ymt kak-stjteh arimr cust gm ek pfjhm, jki tles jresekn cust gm spaktjkmaus js tlmrm es kat ymt jky haksheauskmss hjpjgfm ao iermhtekn et. Xecefjrfy, tlm Yleri jki Oaurtl Jknfms senkeoy tlm trjkseteak (gjsmi ak tlm arimrekn jfrmjiy ek pfjhm) orac gmekn (gjseh feom, kat ouffy haksheaus) ta ukimrstjkiekn (tlm hjpjgefety ao pmrhmevekn yaur awk mxestmkhm mxestmkhm).). Haktekuekn wetl Ofawmrs―s mxpfjkjteak ao tlm Kekm Jknfms tlraunl tles prahmss ao jfhlmcehjf mvafuteak, tlm Ïser (nais hjpjgfm ao ouff haksheauskmss) avmrtlraw tlm mstjgfeslmi arimr ta hrmjtm et (tlm Oeotl Jknfm) ek jk ecjnm ao tlmer awk hlaasekn. êtl tlm Xextl Jknfm, tlm Ïser ljvm oahusmi tlmer jttmkteak mfsmwlmrm jki fmot tlm prahmss ao hrmjteak ta tlmer sughaksheaus jnmkts (tlm iwjrvms) wla haktekum ta hrmjtm gjsmi

Ylm Kekm Jknfms wetl `mywaris

Jknufjr Jknuf jr Cjn Cjneh eh wetlek tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk jki tlm Ymcp mcpfm fm ao Xmt

5=

ak tlm rufms jki imserms tljt ljvm jfrmjiy gmmk mstjgfeslmi. Øòekk, js hlemo ao tlm Ïser (e.m., tlm saurhm ao haksheauskmss etsmfo), ljs ukimrnakm les arimjf ao sjhreoehekn lecsmfo ta lecsmfo avmr kekm fakn kenlts lukn orac tlm trmm Unnirjseff0 lm rmjwj`mks (tlm Xmvmktl Jknfm) wetl j ouffy oarcmi veseak ao wljt iermhteak hrmjteak cust tj`m. Lm es kaw haksheaus jki smfo-jwjrm ek j wjy tljt es jhhmssegfm ta atlmr haksheaus gmekns gy mcufjtekn les mxjcpfm, jki lm jppfems tles kmwoauki hfjrhfjr ety ao purpasm ta rmhakoenurekn tlm hascas etsmfo (tlm Menltl Jknfm) ta Wðkj,, js tles rmjfezm les veseak. Jt tles t les paekt, Øòekk ouffy o uffy hac hacprm prmlmk lmkis is Wðkj hfjrety jki `kawfminm ao les awk fecetjteaks nevms lec tlm jgefety ta `kaw wetl prmheseak wlmrm tlm gaukijrems ao les jwjrmkmss mki’jki tlm cystmrems gmyaki tlm Xmfo gmnek. êtl tlm hyhfehjf prahmss kaw hac pfmtm (tlm (tlm Kektl Jknfm) J knfm),, et hjk gmne gmnekk jkmw j kmw (j rmoekmi vmrseak ao tlm t lm Oerst Jknfm ekoarcmi gy jff tlm prmveaus hyhfms ao tlm Jknfms). 8<

AYLMW M\RFAWJYEAKX AO JKN]FJW CJNEH EK YLM YMCRFM AO XMY Ekspermi gy tlm war` ao Xtmplmk Ofawmrs (jki atlmrs fe`m Iak ^mgg), vjreaus mxpmrecmkts mxpmrecmkts wetl jknu jknufjr fjr cjneh wmr wmrmm ukimrtj`mk ek tlm Ymcp mcpfm fm ao Xmt orac tlm fjtm :5<2s akwjri. Ylmsm mxpmrecmkts, warèkns, jki war`sla war `slaps ps ljvm ljvm usujffy usujffy gmmk haki hakiuhtm uhtmii ukimr ukimr tlm fmjimrs fmjimrslep lep ao ao tlm Arimr Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei, jftlaunl et es hmrtjekfy kat kmhmssjry ta gm j cmcgmr ao tlm Arimr (ar mvmk ao tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt) ta war` wetl tlmsm eimjs. Ylm oaffawekn es j succjry ao sacm ao tlm carm katjgfm ukimrtjèkns tljt hjk gm pugfehfy ieshussmi0 cjky carm appartuketems jrm jvjefjgfm ta tlasm wlasmm irevm wlas ir evm ta ukimrstjki ukimrstjki fmjis tlmc ta j suetjgfm shlaaf. shlaaf. Jt twa ao tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt―s jkkujf Ektmrkjteakjf Hakhfjvms ek tlm mjrfy :552s, j retujf `kawk js tlm Xlug-Kennurjtl ârèkn taa` pfjhm. Ylm oahu oahuss ao tle tless cjn cjnehjf ehjf jht wjs ak tlm smkiek smkieknn ao j cmssjn cmssjnmm ta j pjst hakhmpteak ao tlm pjrtehepjkts― smfvms0 tles wjs iakm gy hakhfuiekn tlm ârèkn jki rmhmevekn tlm cmssjnm jt akm Hakhfjvm, wlefm wle fm apmkekn apmke kn tlm ârèkn jki smkiekn tlm tlm cmssjnm jt tlm kmxt ymjr―s Hakhfjvm. Wmcmcgmr tljt tlm oahus ao tlm Oaurtl Jknfm, jssahejtmi

5?


wetl Xlug-K Xlug-Kenn ennurjtl, urjtl, es jcakn atlmr tlekn tleknss hakhm hakhmrkmi rkmi wetl tlm cjnehjf usm ao tecm. (‖Orac tlm Oaurtl Jknfm es tlm rjc ao tlm suk, wla graunlt tlysmfvms ta gm0 wla prahfjecmtl tlm tecm tljt wjs, tlm tecm tljt es, jki tlm tecm tljt sljff gm, jki wlasm kjcm es tlm greffejkhm ao tlm Kekm Jknfms– 85). Gy mknjnekn ek war` ao tles typm, jki jhhurjtmfy rmhariekn ets rmsufts (ar ojefurms), tlm cjnehejk hjk fmjrk ta gm j carm moomhtevm stuimkt ao tlmer awk tecmfekm, jki ta smki gjh` senks ta jk mjrfemr cjkeomstjteak ao tljt tecmfekm wlehl weff mksurm tljt pmrsakjf mxestmkhm ukoafis ek jhharijkhm wetl ekieveiujf imserm jki weff. Ek hakdukhteak wetl tlm Xlug-Kennurjtl Xlug-Kennu rjtl ârèkn ârèkn,, Ofawmrs rmvmjfmi jki ieshussmi tlm ecjnm ao tlm Xmjf ao Wðkj, tlus praveiekn jkatlmr taaf oar hacprmlmkiekn jki joomhtekn tlm ukoafiekn ao akm―s ekieveiujf pjtl ta tlm Nrje Nrjef.f. Wmhj Wmhjffff tljt tlm Xmj Xmjff ao Wðkj efeffustrjtms fustrjtms tlm hakkmhteak gmtwmmk tlm Kekm Jknfms jki tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm (rmprmsmktmi gy tlm surraukiekn herhfm).

Ylm Xmjf ao Wðkj

Ylm oaurtl Nrjkicjstmr ao tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei, rmomrrmi ta lmrm js Xer Wuirj, ektraiuhmi tlm hakhmpt ao jknufjr retms ao pjssjnm jrauki :55=. ^lefm tles jpprajhl wjs kat ouffy rmjfezmi iurekn les tecm js Nrjkicjstmr, et oarcs tlm gjses ao sacm ao tlm prjhtehjf cjnehjf war` sun sunnmstmi nmstmi ek hljptmr <. Ek haktrjst ta tlm mtlkan mtlkanrjplmr rjplmr Jr Jrkafi kafi vjk Nmkkmp―s tlrm tlrmmoafi moafi caimf ao retms ao pjs pjssjn sjnm,* m,* Wuir Wuirjj sun sunnmsts nmsts j Rjssjnm (Wautfminm & @mnjk Rjuf, :5?2). Nmkkmp―s *Xmm Jrkafi vjk Nmkkmp, Ylm Wetms ao Rjssjnm (Wautfminm trjkseteak/fecekjfety, jki (rm)ekharparjteak.. caimf ekhfuims stjnms ao smpjrjteak, ao smpjrjteak, trjkseteak/fecekjfety, jki (rm)ekharparjteak


5>

trjksnrmsseak, jki rmjfezjteak rmjfezjteak.. oaur-stjnm caimf ao imserm, rmimoeketeak, trjksnrmsseak, Fjtmr mxpmrecmkts wetl tles eimj ljvm slawk tljt tles smqumkhm hjk gm cjppmi akta tlm oerst oaur Jknfms, jki tlus oarc tlm gjses oar j spmheoehjffy jknufjr typm ao apmrjtevm cjneh. Ylm Jknfms tlus oukhteak js j nmacmtreh cmtjplar oar tlm rmfjteaksleps gmtwmmk tlm mfmcmkts ao smfotrjksoarcjtevm cjnehjf mxpmremkhms, jki jfsa praveim j nueim oar cmtlais ao grmjèkn tlasm mxpmremkhms ekta tlmer jppraprejtm stjnms ek arimr tljt tlmy cjy gm mkjhtmi carm prmhesmfy. Jfsa Jf sa jrauki :55=, j pradmht ta hacpefm hacpefm jk j k Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei‘ Kmhrak rakace acehak hak wjs gmnuk. spmheoeh vmrseak ao tlm Favmhrjot―s ojgfmi Kmh Ylm ektmkt gmleki tles wjs ta hacpefm tlm vjreaus wretekns ak cjnehjf tlmary jki prjhtehm ekspermi gy tlm war` ao Favmhrjot. Ek jiieteak Wetujfs, atlmr ta tlm retms hrmjtmi gy Cehljmf Jqueka ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, atlmr jspmhts ao tlm kma-cytlafanehjf pursuets ao tlm Arimr wmrm ekhfuimi ek tlm gaa`’suhl js j Favmhrjotejk Nrjef Cjss, j Cytlas-ekspermi Wetmm ao tlm Lmjif Lmjifmss mss Akm Akm,, * jhhaukts ao tlm prmveausfy rmkieteak ao tlm Wet cmkteakmi Xlug-Kennurjtl ârèkn, jki haccmktjry jki jkjfyses ao tlm prmveaus twa imhjims ao prjhtehm ao tlmsm eimjs wetlek tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk jki Ymcpfm ao Xmt. Menltmmk ymjrs fjtmr (j cjnehjffy jppraprejtm pmreai ao tecm ta ljvm jffawmi tlm eimjs ta war` wetlek Kmhrakace kacehak hak tlm warfi, kaw ta gm hjst ekta j kmw oarc), tlm arenekjf Kmhra wjs rmve rmvesmi smi jki mxpj mxpjkimi. kimi. Avmr j pmreai ao kekm ymjrs, gmnekkekn ek 722<, tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei mknjnmi ek jk ek-imptl rmvemw ao tlm cjtmrejf gmleki tlm Kekm Jknfms jki tlm war` tljt ljs gmmk iakm wetl et sekhm ets ektraiuhteak ek Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms ek Jknfms ek :5>7. Mjhl ao tlmsm ymjrs ek tlm ojff, jt tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt―s jkkujf Ektmrkjteakjf Hakhfjvm, tlm Arimr prmsmktmi tlm rmsufts ao tljt ymjr―s mxpfarjteak ao tlm Jknfm jt ljki ek tlm oarc ao *Jfsa `kawk js tlm ‖Garkfmss– retujf jotmr tlm apmkekn fekm ao Jfmestmr Hrawfmy―s vmrseak Xjcm`l (‖Ylmm E ekva`m, tlm Garkfmss akm–0 ‖Garkfmss– wjs jhtujffy j ao et hjffmi Fegmr Xjcm`l cestrjksfjteak ek tlm saurhms haksuftmi gy Hrawfmy). Ylm retm jffaws tlm prjhteteakmr ta mktmr j stjtm ao gmekn tljt jffaws hakvmrsjteak wetl tlmer Lafy Nujriejk Jknmf ar, jftmrkjtmfy, ta rjesm tlm prjhteteakmr ta j lenlmr fmvmf ao ievekety jki cjnehjf pawmr tlraunl tlm usm ao hmrtjek senefs jki ‖gjrgjraus– kjcms.

5<


j cjnehjf warèkn apmk ta jff ek tlm Ymcpfm. Js tlm Jknfms jrm gmst smmk js ekieveiujf cjr`mrs tljt jrm kakmtlmfmss pjrt ao j halmrmkt wlafm,* tles smrems ao warèkns wjs jfsa hakseimrmi ta gm j seknfm kekm-ymjr warèkn. Ylm vjfum ek tles war` wjs ek tlm rmvesetekn ao tlm raats gmleki tlmsm eimjs, ukhavmrekn tlm cmjkekn jki ektmrprmtjteaks tljt wmrm tlmrm orac tlm gmnekkekn gut kat ymt mveimkt0 js ukimrstjkiekn jki prjhtehm ukoafi ek j fevekn, mvafvekn systmc tlmrm weff jfwjys gm kmw kujkhms ta ukhavmr jki mxpfarm. Yles gaa` es akm ao tlm oruets ao tljt fjgar, rmvmjfekn ta tlm weimr warfi warfi cuhl tljt ljs prm prmveaus veausfy fy fjek fje k leiimk.

*Cuhl js tlm rukms hjk gm smmk js 79 (ar :? ar :< ar 88, impmkiekn ak tlm pjrtehufjr systmc usmi) jspmhts ao akm jff-mkhacpjssekn Cystmry.

9 YLM OA]KIJYEAKX AO MACMYWU E K C JNE JNEHJ HJF F N MACMYWU R WJHYEHMX

Yles hljptmr greinms tlm njp gmtwmmk tlm tlmarmtehjf jki tlm prjhtehjf, mxpfarekn law tlm cjtlmcjtehjf stuiy ao nmacmtry hjk gm jppfemi ta tlm cmtjplarehjf usm ao nmacmtry ek cjneh. Ya ia tles, wm―ff mxjcekm tlm feknuesteh senkeoehjkhm ao tlm hakhmpt ao cmtjplar, tlmk rmturk ta tlm vmry gjsehs ao nmacmtry ta praveim tlm rmjimr wetl j oerc oaukijteak oar trjksfjtekn cjtlmcjtehs ekta cjneh. Ylm ieoomrmkhms gmtwmmk sjhrmi jki ekomrkjf nmacmtry nmacmtry weff gm mxpfjekmi. Ka smreaus ieshusseak ao sjhrmi nmacmtry es hacpfmtm wetlaut tjèkn j hfasm faa` jt tlm Nafimk Wjtea, jki js tlmrm es j fat ao hakouseak jki cesekoarcjteak surraukiekn tlm Nafimk Wjtea ek msatmreh fetmrjturm, et es kmhmssjry oar tles hljptmr ta ieoomrmktejtm gmtwmmk ojht jki oehteak rmnjriekn tles cast ektmrmstekn ao kucgmrs. Oaffawekn orac tlm eimj tljt j cmtjplar cust gm fevmi ek arimr ta praveim tlm cast jhhurjtm jki moomhtevm usmoufkmss, tlm hljptmr ekhfuims imcakstrjteak ao j tmhlkequm oar hakstruhtekn j pmktjnrjc usekn akfy tlm trjieteakjf taafs ao j hacpjss jki strjenlt minm.

CJ@EKN CMYJRLAW EKYA WMJFEYU Cmtjplar es j haccak omjturm ek cjnehjf trjieteaks’tlm jhteaks ukimrtj`mk gy tlm cjnehejk aotmk cjkeomst js rjrmoemi vmrseaks ao 55

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Ylm Oaukijteaks ao Nmacmtr Nmacmtryy ek Cjnehjf Rrjhtehms

kak-cjnehjf jhts. Cmtjplar ek ets cukijkm smksm es j oenurm ao spmmhl tljt mqujtms akm tlekn wetl jkatlmr0 oar mxjcpfm, ‖Yljt cavem wjs tlm gmm―s `kmms.– Cmtjplars jrm kmvmr fetmrjffy trum’kat trum’kat akfy ia gmms kat passmss `kmms, j cavem es j vmry ieoomrmkt tlekn orac jky pjrt ao jk eksmht―s gaiy. Cmtjplars ia, lawmvmr, sycgafehjffy mva`m smksjteaks jki jssahejteaks, jki jt akm fmvmf ar jkatlmr oarc tlm gjses oar vertujffy jff retujf jki cjnehjf gmljvear. Feknuestehjffy, et es kat jt jff hfmjr law cmtjplars war` ek tmrcs ao sycgaf prahmssekn, kar es et wmff ukimrstaai law wm iesteknuesl cmtjplars’wlehl jrm ek ojht uktrutls ek tlm strehtmst smksm’orac imfegmrjtm jttmcpts ta imhmevm ar cesfmji. Kakmtlmfmss, tlmer usm jppmjrs ta gm j oukijcmktjf omjturm ao lucjk ektmffenmkhm mxprmssmi tlraunl aur hjpjhety oar lenlfy kujkhmi fjknujnm. J omw mxjcpfms ao cukijkm jhtevetems mxprmssmi cmtjplarehjffy ek vjreaus cjn cjnehjf ehjf trjieteaks jrm ek arimr arimr,, fmjie fmjiekn kn up ta tlm prjhtehm jki cmtjplar ao nmacmtry usmi ek tlm cjneh ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. Ylm Mnyptejk nai @lkuc (ar \kuc) wjs sjei ta ljvm neotmi smfo-jwjrmkmss jki haksheauskmss ta cjkèki’sacmwljt jèk ta Rracmtlmus, gut wetlaut tlm rmsuftekn pukeslcmkt oar les suppasmi trjksnrmsseak. @lkuc sljpmi cjkèki ak j pattmr―s wlmmf, fmjiekn ta tlm cmtjplar ao tlm cjnehejk’tlm akm wla usms tles neot ao smfojwjrmkmss ta sljpm lmr awk sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm’js j pat wjetekn ta gm oermi. Yljt es, js tlm cjnehejk imvmfaps ek lmrsmfo tles hjpjhety oar smfojwjrmkmss jki haksheausfy iermhtmi mxestmkhm, slm tmsts lmrsmfo jnjekst jki avmrhacms arimjfs wlehl ljvm j trjksoarcjtevm moomht’cuhl fe`m j pat tljt ljs gmmk sljpmi jki tlmk oermi o ermi ek j è èfk fk ta jii nrmjtmr pmrcj pmrcj-kmkhm ta ets oarc, gut wlehl weff gurst jpjrt eo taa cjky ecpmromhteaks rmcjek ek ets hakstetumkt hacpakmkts. Ya ouffy jpprmhejtm tles cmtjplar jki ets jppfehjgefety ta tles prahmss ao smfo-imvmfapcmkt, tlm cjnehejk waufi fmjrk tlm jhtujf sèffs ao pat cjèkn. Fe`m jky sèff tljt tj`ms oahusmi stuiy ta cjstmr, tlm kujkhms jki ieooehufty ao pmromhtekn tlm ieoomrmkt pjrts ao tlm prahmss weffff gatl gm carm hlj we hljffmkn ffmknekn ekn tljk tlmy cjy jt oeoerst rst jppmjr, jki we weffff jfsa praveim nrmjt eksenlt ekta tlm kmhmssety ao pjtemkhm jki sugcettekn yaursmfo ta j fmjrke fmjrkekn kn prahmss.

Ylm Oaukijteaks ao Nmacmtry ek Cjnehjf Rrjhtehms

:2:: :2

_aehm, Jfmestmr Ek les lenlfy sycgafeh war` Ylm _eseak jki tlm _aehm, Hrawfmy mxpfarms ek tlm tlertmmktl pjrt tlm stjtm ao gmekn hjffmi Cjnestmr Ymcpfe (ar Cjstmr ao tlm Ymcpfm). Yles smt ao veseaks mqujtms tlm Cjnestmr Ymcpfe wetl j cjstmr njrimkmr, jki mxpfjeks les tjs` jki cmtlai ao warèkn tlraunl njrimkekn cmtjplars. Yljt es, tlm Cjnestmr Ymcpfe hjffs ta lecsmfo stuimkts tljt rmsakjtm wetl tlm cmtlai jki pjrjienc pjrji enc tljt lm tmjhlms. Ek tles njrimk ao stuimkts, lm kurturms tlmer imvmfapcmkt js lm waufi j smmi lm ljs pfjktmi4 praveiekn wljt tlm stuimkt kmmis ta nraw, gut `kawekn tljt lm es carm j hjrmtj`mr ao tlm prahmss ao nrawtl rjtlmr tljk gmekn tlm safm hjusm ao et. Yles cmtjplar’tlm Ymjhlmr js njrimkmr’es wakimrouffy effustrjtmi Aiyssmy (arenekjffy pugfeslmi ek Jrtlur H. Hfjr`m―s kavmf 722:4 kavmf 722:4 J Xpjhm Aiyssmy (arenekjffy ek :5?<), wlmrm et es sjei ao tlm ukkjcmi ektmffenmkt gmekns tljt huftevjtm haksheauskmss wlmrm et ljs mcmrnmi ak tlm pfjkmts tlmy ljvm mxpfarmi4 Jki gmhjusm, ek jff tlm njfjxy, tlmy lji oauki katlekn carm prmheaus tljk Ceki, tlmy mkhaurjnmi ets ijwkekn mvmrywlmrm. Ylmy gmhjcm ojrcmrs ek tlm oemfis ao stjrs0 tlmy sawmi, jki sacmtecms tlmy rmjpmi. Jki sacmtecms, iespjsseakjtmfy, tlmy lji ta wmmi. :

Js wetl tlm mxjcpfm ao @lkuc jki tlm pattmr―s wlmmf, usekn suhl j cmtjplar ek tlm jgstrjht uftecjtmfy fecets ets moomhtevmkmss ukfmss hacgekmi wetl tlm mxpmremkhm ao tlm jhtujf plysehjf prahmss. @mkkmtl Nrjkt rmomrrmi ta tles mxpmremkhm js ‖tlm plysehjf kjturm ao tlm nkases.– 7 Uau hjk stuiy ek cekutm imtjef tlm plysehs jki cmhljkehs ao reiekn j gehyhfm, jfakn wetl tlm plyseafanehjf jspmhts usmi jki mxpmremkhmi gy tlm reimr. Lawmvmr, tlmsm jfakm hjkkat hrmjtm tlm jhtujf war` tljt es kmmimi ta fmjrk ta reim j gehyhfm hacoartjgfy jki mooehemktfy. Yljt hjk akfy hacm orac ljvekn lji tlm plysehjf mxpmremkhm jki imvmfapekn tlm sèffs, gjfjkhm, jki cushfm cmcary tljt jrm kmmimi ta reim moomhtevmfy. Akhm tlasm jrm ek pfjhm, tlmsm sèffs jrm usmi wetl jhtujf ukimrstjkiekn ao tlm trum kjturm ao tlm mxpmremkhm’rjtlmr tljk dust rmfyekn ak ekhac pfmtm jki uktmstmi jssucpteaks js sucpteaks jgaut wljt reie reiekn kn j ge`m ‖c ‖cust– ust– gm fefe`m. `m. J tleri mxjcpfm ao plysehjf (jki jfsa cjtlmcjtehjf) mxpmremkhm

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usmi cmtjplarehjffy ek j rehl cjnehjf trjieteak’akm jfsa vmry rmfmvjkt ta aur stuiy ao jknufjr cjneh’es tljt ao Ormmcjsakry. Jftlaunl tlm prmhesm gmnekkekns ao Ormmcjsakry jrm slrauimi ek fmnmki jki spmhufjteak (pfus j naai imjf ao ektmkteakjf cesiermhteak), wm `kaw oar hmrtj hmrtjek ek et wjs gmekn prjhtehm prjhtehmii ek sacmtle sacmtlekn kn j` jèk ek ta ets prmsmktt oarc gy tlm mjrfy menltmmktl hmktury. prmsmk hmktur y. Ylm hmktrjf cmtjplar ao Ormmcjsakry es tlm hakstruhteak ao j tmc pfm (spmheoehjffy, (spmheoehj ffy, Xafaca Xafacak― k―ss Ymcpf mcpfmm js `kawk orac tlm gaa` : @e @ekns kns ek tlm Afi Ymstjcmkt, jki atlmr rmfjtmi Duijeh saurhms) jki tles cmtjplar es mxprmssmi ek tlm retujf smttekn tlraunl tlm stuiy jki jppfehjteak ao sjhrmi nmacmtry. Arenekjffy jk autnrawtl ao cmiemvjf cjsakry nuefis, wlmrm tlm spmhej spmhejfez fezmi mi `kawfminm pjssmi ak js pjr pjrtt ao tlm nu nuefi efi tmjhlekn prahmss taa` ak j carm sycgafeh jki cmtjplysehjf cmjkekn, tlm fainm rmquermcmkt ao jicettekn akfy prapmrfy trjekmi stakmcjsaks wjs mvmktujffy rmfjxmi. Yles rmfjxjteak es tlm arenek ao fainms ao ‖Ormm jki Jhhmptmi Cjsaks–0 tljt es, praomsseakjf cjsaks wla ljvm mxpmremkhmi tlm plysehjf kjturm ao tlm nkases, iaekn fainm war` jfaknseim tlasm wla jrm tjunlt tlm sycgafeh jki cmtjplysehjf jspmhts ao et (gut wla pragjgfy ljvm kmvmr jhtujffy fjei j greh` ek rmjf feom). Ek tlm jrtehfm ektraiuhekn tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei ek tlm Imhmcgmr :5>2 essum ao Ylm Hfavmk Laao , Jktak Fj_my cmkteakmi tljt ‖et cenlt jfsa gm jiimi tljt tlm “N― ek Cjsakeh trjieteak iams kat stjki oar “Nai―, js Jcmrehjk Cjsaks waufi fe`m ta gmfemvm!– 8 Fj_my es rmomrrekn lmrm ta tlm Cjsakeh sycgaf ao tlm rufmr jki hac pjss wetl tlm styf styfezmi ezmi “N― ek tlm hmktm hmktmr,r, jrrjknmi j rrjknmi ta oarc j sycgaf sunnmstevm ao tlm ukehursjf lmxjnrjc oauki ek Nafimk Ijwk jki Ylmfmceh cjnehjf trjieteaks.

Ylm Cjsakeh rufmr jki hacpjss


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Ylm trum cmjkekn Fj_my jffuims ta es tljt tlm ‖N ‖ N – stjkis oar ‖Nmacmtry–’wetl tlm eimkteoehjteak ao ‖Nai– js tlm Nrjki Nmacmtmr ao tlm ukevmrsm (tlm cjstmr wla iatl arimr tlm pfjkms jki tlm jknfms1). Ylm stuiy ao nmacmtry ek Ormmcjsakry mxtmkis ta tlm aremktjteak jki praparteaks wetle wetlekk j fainm, js wmff js ta tlm prmhesm paseteakekn ao tlm ieoomrmkt aooehmrs iurekn tlm vjreaus retujf jhtevetems. Ylm cjnehejk jki jutlar Orjtmr ]∹I∹ ekhfuims tlm mfjgarjtm jki vmry prmhesm retuj retujfsfs ao Ormmcjsakry ek wljt lm hjf hjffsfs tlm jknufjr trjieteak ao cjneh.9 Jftlaunl tles pjrtehufjr usm ao tlm tmrc ‖jknufjr– ljs fettfm ek haccak wetl tlm tlmary jki tmhlkequms imshregmi ek tlm prmsmkt gaa`, et iams rmomr nmkmrjffy ta cjnehjf oarcs wlmrm tlm cjnehejk es warèkn wetle wetlekk j lenl lenlfy fy sycgafeh s ycgafeh orjcmwar` tljt es e s gjsmi gj smi ak j pjrtehupj rtehufjr hascafany ar ‖cjp– ao tlm cjhrahasc. Ylm pawmr jki moomhtevmkmss ao tles oarc ao jknufjr cjneh imrevm orac law prmhesmfy tlm retujfs jrm pmroarcmi, pmro arcmi, carm sa tlj tljkk tlm s` sèfefff jki ektmkt ao tlm ekie ekieveiuj veiujfsfs pmr pmr-oarcekn tlmc.

AWENEKX AO NMACMYWU Ylm mjrfemst lekts ao nmacmtrehjf `kawfminm jki prjhtehm hjk gm trjhmi ta herhj 8222 GHM ek tlm Ekius revmr vjffmy jki jkhemkt Gjgyfakej. J ceffmkkeuc fjtmr, et wjs tlm hufturms ao Mnypt jki Cmsapatjcej tljt gmnjk ta iahucmkt tlmer eksenlt ekta mvmr carm hacpfmx nmacmtreh pragfmcs. Mvmk tlmk, tlmer cmtlais wmrm jfcast j fcast strehtfy mcperehjf, rmfyekn ak trejf jki mrrar rjtlmr tljk jppfyekn cjtlmcjtehjf jgstrjhteaks. Ylm Nrmm` lestarejk Lmraiatus (hj. oeotl hmktury GHM) sunnmstmi tljt nmacmtry jrasm ek Mnypt js j kmhmssety hjusmi gy tlm jkkujf ofaaiekn ao tlm Kefm revmr’tlm kmmi oar survmyekn ao prapmrty gaukijrems rmquermi j `kawfminm ao pfjkm nmacmtry. Mnypt wjs, lawmvmr, kat tlm akfy jkhemkt hevefezjteak gueft jrauki j revmr vjffmy tljt wjs prakm ta ofaaiekn, jki ek jky mvmkt tlm iahucmktmi mveimkhm ao nmacmtreh ukimrstjkiekn ek atlmr pfjhms haktmcparjry wetl (ar pmrljps mvmk prmijtekn) tlm `kawfminm ek Mnypt cj`ms et ieooehuft ta jhhmpt Lmraiatus―s hfjec. Et es carm fe`mfy tljt Lmraiatus’nevmk tlm Nrmm`s― stjtus js tlm cast

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tlaraunlfy jhhacpfeslmi nmacmtmrs ta tljt paekt ek lestary’wjs oaffawekn tlm nmkmrjf trmki tawjri hfjecekn nrmjtmr prmstenm oar tlm war` ao les hufturm gy hjstekn et js tlm suhhmssar ta tlm war` ao tlm Mnyptejks. Akm ao tlm mjrfemst nmacmtry tmxts es tlm sa-hjffmi ‖Cashaw– pjpyrus,* pjpyr us,* hrmjtmi ek Mn Mnypt ypt herhj :< :<=2 =2 GHM GHM.. Jcakn tlm katjgfm pragfmcs ek tles pjpyrus es j oarcufj oar hjfhufjtekn tlm vafucm ao j orustuc (ar trukhjtmi pyrjcei)0 j orustuc ljs oaur trjpmzaeis js ojhms, jki ets cjnehjf prapmrtems jrm ieshussmi ek imtjef ek Jktak Fj_my―s jrtehfm Katmgaa`). ‖Ylm Fjw ao tlm Yrjpmzaei– (rmprektmi ek Ylm Imvef―s Katmgaa`). Ylm ektraiuhteak ao imiuhtevm rmjsakekn ta tlm safvekn ao nmacmtreh pragfmcs es hrmietmi ta Yljfms ao Cefmtus (?8=‘=98 GHM), wla jppfemi tles kmw jpprajhl ta tjs`s suhl js hjfhufjtekn tlm lmenlt ao pyrjceis pyrj ceis.. Imiuhtevm rmjsake rmjsakekn kn stjr stjrts ts orac prmcesms tljt jrm jhhmptmi js trum wetlek tlm haktmxt ao tlm pjrtehufjr jrnucmkt, tlmk imvmfaps hakhfuseaks wlasm harrmhtkmss hjk gm trjhmi iermhtfy gjh` ta tlm arenekjf prmcesms. Ylm hacgekjteak ao imiuhtevm rmjsakekn jki nmacmtry wjs akm ao tlm pjer pj er ao imvmfapcmkts imvmfapcmkts tljt smt tlm t lm stjnm stj nm oar Muhfei, Muhf ei, wlasm Mfmcmkts Mfmc mkts es es weimfy hakseimrmi ta gm tlm cast ecpartjkt jki ekofumktejf cjtlmcjtehjf tmxt ao jff tecm. Ylm atlmr imvmfapcmkt hjcm orac sacmakm wla wjs kat lecsmfo j cjtlmcjtehejk. Nmacmtry wjs hakseimrmi suhl jk ecpartjkt stuiy gy Rfjta―s tecm tljt fmnmki ljs et tlm wjrkekn ‖Fmt kakm enkarjkt ao nmacmtry mktmr lmrm– wjs ekshregmi jgavm tlm mktrjkhm ta les shlaaf, tlm Jhjimcy. Rfjta wjs kat j cjtlmcjtehejk, cjtlmcjtehejk, gut les vemws ak cjtlmcjtehs wmrm wmrm kakmtlmfms kakmtlmfmsss vmry eko ekofumk fumktejf tejf jfakn wetl tlm rmst ao les praoauk praoaukii moomh moomhtt ak plefasa plefasaply.. Lm es hrmietmi wetl ektraiuhekn ply ektraiuhekn tlm prmhmp prmhmptt tljt tlm ‖trum– nmacmtm nmacmtmrr akfy usms j hacpjss jki strjenlt minm0 cmjsurekn ekstrucmkts fe`m rufmrs wmrm hakseimrmi hakseimrmi war`cmk― war`cmk―s taafs jki j ki tlus kat wartly ao j shlafjr shlafjr.. Muhfei’wla wjs fe`mfy j stuimkt ao Rfjta―s jhjimcy jftlaunl Rfjta lecsmfo wjs ka faknmr fevekn gy tlmk’hacpasmi les ojcaus tmxt Ylm Mfmcmkts Mfmcm kts herhj 822 GHM. Ylm Mfmcmkts Mfmcmkts iei kat ektraiuhm cuhl tljt *Ylm haccak kjcm oar tlm Nafmkeslhlmv Cjtlmcjtehjf Rjpyrus, kjcmi jotmr tlm Mnyptafanest _fjiecer Nafmkeslhlmv, wla wjs tlm oerst ta passmss et oaffawekn ets rmcavjf orac Mnypt.


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wjs kmw ek e k tmrcs ao tlma tlmary0 ry0 law lawmvm mvmr,r, Muhfei―s vetjf hak haktregu treguteak teak wjs tlm cjtlmcjtehjf renar lm graunlt ta tlm avmrjff arnjkezjteak ao tlm nmacmtreh `kawfminm `kawk jt tlm tecm. Nmacmtry tmxts ek usm prear ta Ylm Mfmcmkts wmrm Mfmcmkts wmrm ka faknmr usmi akhm et wjs weimfy jvjefjgfm, jki jrm kaw nmkmrjffy fast ar oarnattmk. Cast ecpartjktfy, Muhfei irmw ak jki oarcjfezmi tlm Nrmm` ekkavjteak (gy Rfjta) tljt nmacmtry es tlm stuiy ao Oarcs jki jgstrjhteaks, ao wlehl plysehjf plysehjf agdmhts jrm akfy jpp jppraxecjtea raxecjteaks. ks. Ylm sleot tawjri stuiy ao jgstrjhteaks (pjermi wetl rmjf-warfi jppfehjteaks) es jk ecpartjkt prmhursar ta tlm stuiy ao smceatehs’tlm cjkepufjteak ao sycgafs (senkeoemrs) ojhefetjtms tlm cjkepufjteaks ao tlekns jki eimjs tljt pjrtj`m pjrtj `m ao tlasm sycgafs (senkeoemis). Ylm lucjk hjpjhety oar jgstrjht tlaunlt jki pjttmrk-rmhanketeak tlus njekmi jk ecpartjkt kmw taaf orac nmacmtry. Xmm hljptmr = oar carm ekoarcjteak jgaut smceatehs jki sycgafs, jki tlmer usm ek cjneh. Fe`m jky jkhemkt shemkhm tljt wjs akfy ukimrstaai gy jk mfetm hfjss ao shlafjrs jki/ar cjnehejks, nmacmtry waufi ljvm orac ets vmry gmnekkekn hjrremi jssahejteaks wetl vjreaus hufteh prjhtehms. Ylmrm jrm lekts ao tles tlraunlaut tlm mjrfy lestary ao nmacmtry, orac ets usms ek hmfmstejf hjfhufjteaks ta cukijkm jhts tljt greinm tlm njp gmtwmmk mjrtl jki tlm lmjvmks. Oar mxjcpfm, tlmrm jrm rmharis js ojr gjh` js tlm Xmhaki Iykjsty ek Mnypt (gmnekkekn hj. 7522 GHM) tljt rmomr ta j oaukijteak-fjyekn hmrmcaky hjffmi tlm Xtrmthlekn ao tlm Hari. Ylm pljrjal, jssestmi gy Xmsljt, tlm naiimss ao tmcpfm rmharis, grekns tlm hasceh arimr navmrkekn tlm stjrs iawk ta mjrtl wlmrm tlm aremktjteak ao tlm kmw tmcpfm rmofmhts tles arimr. Impehteaks ao Xmsljt karcjffy slawmi lmr wmjrekn j fmapjri leim, tlm spats ao wlehl rmprmsmktmi tlm stjrs ao tlm kenlt s`y. Gy tlm cmiemvjf pmreai ek ^mstmrk Murapm, tlm stuiy ao nmacmtry haekheimi wetl tlm stuiy ao tlm ievekm (pmrljps js pjrt ao tlm haktekumi ekofumkhm ao Jrestatfm tljt pmrvjimi cuhl ao cmiemvjf plefasaply). Yles eimkteoehjteak ao ‖Nai– js j nmacmtmr es ao haursm hmktrjf ta tlm sycgafesc ek Ormmcjsakry, jki tles es tlm tecm pmreai wlmk tlm gmnekkekns ao tlm prjhtehms tljt wmrm fjtmr oarcjfezmi js Ormmcjsakry gmnjk ta tj`m sljpm. Nmacmtry wjs trmjtmi js j castfy stjteh shemkhm ek Murapm ek tlm

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cmiemvjf pmreai, lawmvmr0 tlmrm wjs fettfm cjtlmcjtehjf ekkavjteak ahhurrekn tlmrm uktef tlm gmnekkekns ao tlm Wmkjessjkhm ek Ofarmkhm (wlehl tlmk sprmji ta atlmr Etjfejk hety-stjtms jki mvmktujffy ekta jff ao ^mstmrk ^ mstmrk Murapm Murapm).). Ektmrmstekn Ektmrmsteknfy, fy, tlm Wmkje Wmkjessjkhm ssjkhm wjs fjrn fjrnmfy mfy smmimi gy tlm rmieshavmry ao vjreaus Nrmm` tmxts tljt lji akfy survevmi ek Jrjgeh trjksfjteaks0 tlus, ek cjky wjys, tlm nmacmtreh tlek`mrs ao tlm ijy cmrmfy peh`mi up wlmrm tlm Nrmm`s lji fmot aoo.

HAWM NMACMYWEH HAKHMRYX Ylm stuiy ao nmacmtry jresms orac j nraup ao prekhepfms’vjryekn ek kucgmr impmkiekn ak tlm typm ao nmacmtry gmekn ieshussmi’hjffmi precetevm pre cetevm kateaks . Ylmsm precetevm kateaks hjk akfy gm imoekmi, kat imrevmi orac atlmr nmacmtreh hakhmpts0 rjtlmr, tlmy jrm mxprmssmi js jxeacs tljt jrm tlm stjrtekn paekt oar ourtlmr imoeketeaks. Jxeacs hjkkat gm pravmk0 tlmy jrm jhhmptmi js trum ek tlm haktmxt ao tlmer usm, jki hakoerc tlmer vjfeiety jki jppfehjgefety gy tlm carm hacpfmx nmacmtreh tlmarmcs tlmy lmfp ta pravm. Ek tlm nmacmtry ao Muhfei (tlm stjrtekn paekt oar jff atlmr typms ao nmacmtry), lm ojcausfy ekhfuims oevm jxeacs tljt oarc tlm gjses oar jff tlm tlmary jki prjhtehm Mfmcmkts. (J ieshusseak ao tlmsm jxeacs es gmyaki tlm shapm ao ek Ylm Mfmcmkts. tles gaa`0 lawmvmr, jky hacpmtmkt tmxt ak nmacmtry ekhfuims tlmc gy kmhmssety jki ieshussms law tlmy jrm ektmnrjf hacpakmkts ao pravekn nmacmtreh tlmarmcs. tlmarmcs.)) J paekt , rmprmsmktmi gy j iat ( . ), es j seknfm, ukequm fahjteak ek spjhm. J paekt iams kat passmss jky fmkntl, jrmj, ar vafucm, jki atlmr oenurms (fekms, hurvms, pafynaks, mth.) jrm sjei ta haksest ao jk ekoeketm kucgmr ao paekts. Ak j twa-iecmkseakjf nrei, paekts jrm usujffy mxprmssmi ek tmrcs ao tlmer paseteak ak tlm larezaktjf jxes (trjieteak(trjieteak jffy hjffmi tlm \ jxes ar haariekjtm) pjermi wetl tlmer paseteak ak tlm vmrtehjf jx jxes es (U ).). Ylmrm hjk gy imoeketeak gm akfy akm suhl paekt jt jky nevmk x,y pjer pjer ao haariekjtms. (êtl tlm jiieteak ao tlm T jxes, tljt ao lmenlt/imptl, paekts hjk gm fahjtmi ek tlrmm-iecmkseakjf spjhm js wmff0 ekoeketuc eketuc.).) tlm sjcm lafis oar tlm lenlmr iecmkseaks, ji eko


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J fekm pfattmi ak j hjrtmsejk nrei

J strjenlt fekm hakkmhts twa paekts vej tlm slartmst pjtl gmtwmmk tlmc, jki mxtmkis ekoeketmfy ek gatl iermhteaks. Ylmrm jrm jk ekoeketm kucgmr ao paekts ak j fekm, jki jky twa jrm suooehemkt ta imoekm tlm fekm. Xekhm paekts tlmcsmfvms ljvm ka weitl, j fekm ljs ka weitl js wmff. Eo ,y j jki x g y ,y g, tlmk tlm sfapm’ twa paekts ak j fekm jrm imshregmi js x j y tlm rjtm ao hljknm ek tlm fekm―s lmenlt (ar y haariekjtm) haariekjtm) rmfjtevm ta tlm ekhrmjsm ek ets x (larezaktjf) (larezaktjf) haariekjtm’es ( y g - y j) / ( x x g - x j). ,y j es -:,7 jki x g y ,y g es 7, 7,22 (pfjhms Ek tlm prmhmiekn fekm nrjpl, x j y wlmrm tlm fekm prmhesmfy hrassms tlm ektmrsmhteaks e ktmrsmhteaks ak tlm nrei). n rei). Ylm Y lm sfapm ao tles fekm es tlmrmoarm (2 - 7) / (7 - -:) 33 -7 / 8. Katm4 J pasetevm sfapm ekiehjtms tljt tlm fekm resms js et cavms tawjri tlm renlt ao tlm nrei, jki j kmnjtevm sfapm (js ek tles hjsm) ekiehjtms tljt tlm fekm ojffs js et cavms tawjri tlm renlt. Rfjk ms jki Jknfm Rfjkms Jknfmss Ylm nmacmtreh eimjs ao pfjkms jki jknfms’ecgumi wetl cjnehjf senkeoehjkhm’jrm hmktrjf ta tlm stuiy ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. Yles es mxpfehetfy

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Jknfms 4 ‖Orac tlm Xmhaki rmomrmkhmi ek Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms4 Jknfm es tlm cjstmr wla iatl arimr tlm pfjkms jki tlm jknfms, jki wla ljtl hakhmevmi tlm ârfi ao Larrars ek ets tmrrar jki nfary.– = J pfjkm es j ofjt, twa-iecmkseakjf spjhm tljt mxtmkis ekoeketmfy ek gatl iermhteaks. J pfjkm es jk mxtmkseak ao j zmra-iecmkseakjf paekt (wetl ka fmkntl, weitl, kar imptl) ekta j akm-iecmkseakjf fekm (ekoeketm fmkntl, gut ka weitl ar imptl), jki ourtlmr ekta j twa-iecmkseakjf rmp rmsmktjteak wetl ekoeketm fmkntl jki weitl gut ka imptl. Jk jknfm es oarcmi gy tlm ektmrsmhteak ao twa fekms, jt j seknfm vmrtmx mx ao paekt tljt es rmomr rmomrrmi rmi ta js tlm vmrt ao tlm jknfm. Ylmsm fekms, tmrcekjtekn jt tlm vmrtmx, jrm hjffmi tlm rjys ao tlm jknfm. Jk jknfm hjk jfsa gm tlm ektmrsmhteak ao twa pfjkms (wlmrm et es tlmk hjffmi j ielmirjf jknfm). Ylm Mknfesl wari ‖jknfm– hacms gy wjy ao gatl Fjtek jki Nrmm` raats, uftecjtmfy imrevmi orac tlm Rrata-Ekia-Murapmjk wari *jk` (‖harkmr–). *jk` (‖harkmr–). Jknfm Jk nfm hjk jfsa rmomr ta tlm cmjsurmcmkt ao tlm parteak ao j her hfm (wetl ets hmktmr jt tlm vmrtmx ao tlm jknfm) trjhmi gy ektmrsmhteak ao tlm twa rjws ak tlm herhfm. Oar mxjcpfm, j hacpfmtm herhfm es ieveimi ekta 8?2´0 jk jknfm ao >7´ tlus havmrs >7/8?2 ar :/= ao tlm herhucomrmkhm ao j herhfm. Ylm kucgmr ao imnrmms cmjsurmi ek jk jknfm es tlus j praparteak’jk prapa rteak’jk mxprmsseak ao vjfum gueft ak ets rmfjteakslep ta jkatlmr vjfum rjtlmr tljk gmekn jk jgsafutm cmjsurmcmk cmj surmcmktt ek jki ao etsmfo. J hurvm es secefjr ta j fekm, jki haktekujffy hljknms ets iermhteak js

Herhfm wetl imnrmms slawk js parteaks ao tlm wlafm


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j paekt ak tlm hurvm cavms jfakn tlm x jki jki y jxes. jxes. Xtrehtfy spmjèkn, j fekm es j spmhejf hjsm ao hurvm, wetl ka hurvjturm’haktekuaus hljknm ek iermhteak’js et cavms jfakn tlm x jki/ar jki/ar y jxes. jxes.

YLM RMKYJNWJC JKI YLM NAFIMK WJYEA Ylm Nafimk Wjtea (jfsa hjffmi tlm Nafimk Xmhteak ar tlm Ievekm Rraparteak) rmsufts orac ieveiekn j fekm ekta twa ukmqujf pjrts suhl tljt tlm fmkntl ao tlm slartmr hacpjrmi ta tlm faknmr es ek tlm sjcm pra parteak js tlm faknmr es ta tlm arene arenekjf kjf fekm (smm gmfaw gmfaw).). Jppra Jppraxe xecjtmfy cjtmfy mqujf ta :.?:<…, tlm Nafimk Wjtea es j rmhurrekn tlmcm ek sjhrmi nmacmtry jki ljs jppfehjteaks wetlek suhl ievmrsm oemfis js jrhletmhturm, vesujff pmrspmhtevm ek jrt vesuj jrt,, gatjky jki cuseh. Ylm oerst pugfeslmi rmomrmkhm ta tlm Nafimk Wjtea gy tljt kjcm Wmekm km Mfm Mfmcmkt cmktjr-Cjt jr-Cjtlmc lmcjte jte`` (Ylm Rurm wjs ek Cjr Cjrte tekk Alc―s Iem Wme Mfmc Mf mcmktj mktjry ry Cjt Cjtlmc lmcjte jtehs hs00 smhaki mieteak :<8=). Atlmr hfjecs tljt tlm kjcm nams gjh` js ojr js tlm oeotmmktl hmktury jrm kat ukevmrsjffy Ievekj kj jhhmptmi. Ylm ‖ievekm praparteak– imrevms orac tlm gaa` Im Ieve Rrapart Rrap arteak eakmm (:=25) gy tlm Etjfejk cjtlmcjtehejk Fuhj im Rjheafe (:9>>‘:=:>). Rjheafe wjs j haffjgarjtar wetl Fmakjria ij _ekhe, jki ek tles gaa` lm oerst pugfeslmi sacm ao Fmakjria―s ojcaus irjwekns tljt effustrjtm ar atlmrwesm mcpfay tlm Nafimk Wjtea. Ylmrm ljs gmmk j fat ao kaksmksm sprmji jrauki, usujffy wetl naai ektmkteaks, jgaut tlm prapmrtems jki ahhurrmkhms ao tlm Nafimk Wjtea ple (ί) typehjffy ek kjturjf jki cjk-cjim oarcs. Ylm Nrmm` fmttmr ple rmprmsmkts tlm Nafimk Wjtea ek kak-spmhejfest cjtlmcjtehjf fetmrjturm. Cuhl fe`m tlm ‖78 Mkencj– hetmi gy êffejc Gurraunls, akhm yau tlek` yau―vm smmk ί jkywlmrm suiimkfy yau smm et mvmrywlmrm. Jcakn atlmr jspmhts ao ί―s lestary, Cjrea Fevea ek les lenlfy rmhaccmkimi

Ylm Nafimk Xmhteak

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Wjtea* speffs j fat ao ek` paèkn lafms ek j weim vjremty gaa` Ylm Nafimk Wjtea* ao hfjecmi ahhurrmkhms ao ί. Ylm kateak tljt tlm hakhmpt ao ί mxests jkywlmrm ek kjturm etsmfo es j ojffjhy’tlm jhtujf kucgmr es kawlmrm ek kjturm0 wljt wm rmspaki ta js tlm Nafimk Wjtea es jk jgstrjhteak wlehl haksheauskmss es usekn ta `kaw jgaut etsmfo jki ets rmfjteakslep ta tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm. Ylm Nafimk Wmhtjknfm ljs tlm fmkntls ao ets seims rmfjtmi ta mjhl atlmr gy tlm Nafimk Wjtea. Yles spmhejf rmhtjknfm es pmrpmtujffy smfonmkmrjtekn4 rmcavekn j squjrm wetl seims mqujf ta tlm slartmr seim ao tlm rmhtjknfm, ar jiiekn j squjrm wetl seims mqujf ta tlm faknmr seim, rmsuft ek j kmw Nafimk Wmhtjknfm. Yles es rmfjtmi ta tlm pmhufejr jki ukequm cjtlmcjtehjf prapmrty ao tlm Ievekm Rraparteak tljt ί cuftepfemi gy etsmfo es mqujf ta ί + :. Irjwekn iejnakjfs ek jky twa suhhmssevm pjers ao rmiuhmi Nafimk Wmhtjknfms rmsufts ek jk ektmrsmhteak ek tlm sjcm paekt ek tlm avmrjff struhturm. Yles paekt es tlm hmktmr ak wlehl tlm rmhtjknfms weff pmrpmr pmtujffy pmtuj ffy hakv hakvmrnm, mrnm, gut kmvmr jhtuj jhtujffy ffy rmjhl. Jki ao haursm, tlm hrassmi

Ylm hakvmrnmkhm ao rmpmjtmify rmiuhmi Nafimk Wmhtjknfms *Fevea―s Ylm Nafimk Wjtea4 Ylm Xtary ao RLE, tlm ârfi―s Cast Jstakeslekn Kucgmr es jgsafutmfy mssmktejf ta jky stuiy ao tlm sycgafesc jki jppfehjteak ao tlm Nafimk Wjtea ek sjhrmi nmacmtry jki cjneh. Ojr orac gmekn cmrmfy j imgukèkn ao cystehjf hfjecs, gy mfecekjtekn tlm mrrakmaus eimjs jgaut tlm Nafimk Wjtea jki ets cjkeomstjteaks, Fevea―s gaa` nevms tlm immpmr cystmry ao tlm hakhmpt jk ukhfuttmrmi pfjtoarc tlraunl wlehl lm Wðkj jfwjys rmvmjfs carm ao ets trum kjturm. Ylm pursuet ao Wðkj jfwjys fmjis ta hfjrety.


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iejnakjfs jrm ieveimi jt prmhesmfy tlm Nafimk Wjtea. Yles rmhurrekn smfo-secefjrety es gatl tlm mssmkhm ao tlm sycgafany ao tlm Nafimk Wjtea’tlm suprmcm cmtjplar oar smfo-iermhtmi, smfo-jwjrm hljknm’jki tlm rmjsak wly cjky kjturjf prahmssms hjk gm jkjfyzmi ek tmrcs ao ί. J wmff-`kawk mxjcpfm ao suhl j kjturjf prahmss es tlm jrrjknmcmkt ao fmjvms ak pfjkts, hjffmi plyffatjxes hjffmi plyffatjxes,, tljt cjxecezms tlm jcaukt ao sukfenlt jvjefjgfm ta tlm fawmr fmjvms. Ylm Rmktjnrjc Ylm pmktjnrjc es j vmry jkhemkt sycgaf, wetl iahucmktmi ahhurrmkhms (wetl jki wetlaut jk mkhfasekn herhfm) js mjrfy js 8=22 GHM. Jff tlm jknfms jki sugieveseaks ao fekms wetlek j pmktjnrjc jrm prmhesmfy `mymi ta ί’mvmk tlaunl ets usm js j sycgaf prmijtms tlm nmacmtreh ukimrstjkiekn tljt oarmvmr haupfmi et ta tlm Nafimk Wjtea, tles ieshavmry akfy mkljkhmi tlm jfrmjiy ektuetevm senkeoehjkt jssahejtmi wetl tlm pmktjnrjc (jki ets hfasmfy rmfjtmi oenurm, tlm pmktjnak). Ylm pmktjnrjc wjs usmi’jfwjys ekvmrsm’js j sycgaf jki senk ao rmhanketeak gy tlm Rytljnarmjks. Ylmrm es j senkeoehjkt jcaukt ao herhucstjktejf mveimkhm tljt tlm Rytljnarmjks wmrm jfsa jwjrm ao tlm Nafimk Wjtea jki sacm ao ets prapmrtems, jki tlus fe`mfy usmi tlm pmktjnrjc ta mkhaim tles smhrmt jki sjhrmi `kawfminm. Ylm tlmarmtehjf gjses gmleki tlm systmc ao cjneh rmvmjfmi ek tles gaa` spmheoehjffy utefezms tlm pmktjnrjc wetl akm paekt iawk. Yles sycgafesc es kat mcpfaymi safmfy gmhjusm ao ets haccak jssahejteak wetl Xjtjkesc jki gfjh` cjneh ek nmkmrjf’jftlaunl tljt hmrtjekfy es jk jiimi gakus jki mktermfy jppraprejtm ek j sycgafeh smksm’gut gmhjusm ao tljt rmprmsmktmi gy tlm ekvmrsm pmktjnrjc ekseim j herhfm. Ylm pmktjnrjc etsmfo rmprmsmkts tlm smfo-jwjrm, smfo-mvafvekn, jki smfo-pmrpmtujtekn psyhlm iesteknueslekn etsmfo orac tlm agdmhtevm uke vmrsm (tlm mkhfasekn herhfm). Akm paekt es iawk (ekstmji ao tlm aotmksmmk twa) ta ekiehjtm tlm kmhmssety ao haktekujf iykjceh gjfjkhm0 twa paekts iawk jrm stjgfm mkaunl ta gjf gjfjkhm jkhm tlmcsmfvms wetl vmry fett fettfm fm mooart. êtl akm paekt iawk, tlm hakstjkt mooart cust gm utefezmi ta mksurm gjfjkhm, dust js tlm psyhlm cust kauresl etsmfo jki hakstjktfy

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Ylm pmktjnrjc rmprmsmktekn tlm Xmfo js iestekht orac tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm

pe (ς), jkatlmr rmekoarhm ets awk stjgefety. Ylm herhfm’j oukhteak ao pe pmhufefejr pmhu jr err errjteakj jteakjff kucgmr tljt paps up ek sart sartss ao ektmrmst ektmrmstekn ekn jki ukmxpmhtmi pfjhms’iams kat tauhl tlm pmktjnrjc ta ekiehjtm tljt tlm psyhlm iamsk―t iamsk―t impmki ak ar arene arenekjtm kjtm orac tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm. u kevmrsm. Jkjfanausfy ta tlm mkifmss trjksoarcjteaks ao tlm Nafimk Wmhtjknfm gy jiiekn/sugtrjhtekn j squjrm, tlm rmfjteakslep gmtwmmk tlm pmktjnak jki tlm pmktjnrjc oarcs j secefjr pjttmrk ao pmrpmtujf smfo-secefjrety. Jff tlrmm ao tlmsm oenurms ljvm praparteaks gjsmi mktermfy ak ί, jki js j haksmqumkhm ao tles jfsa gmkmoet orac ί―s smfo-rmnmkmrjtevm omjturms. Ylus, tlm oenurm ao tlm pmktjnrjc, smfo-secefjr jki smfo-rmnmkmrjtevm tlraunlaut ekoeketm etmrjteaks, es jk eimjf sycgaf oar tlm mvafvekn psyhlm, wlehl jf jfsa sa rmtjek rmtjekss ymt rmoekms ets mssmkhm tlraunlaut suhhmssevm trjksoarcjteaks.

Kmstmi hakstruhteak ao pmktjnaks jki pmktjnrjcs


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Ylm Nrmm` ektmrmst ek tlm Nafimk Wjtea wjs j kjturjf autnrawtl ao tlmer ojshekjteak wetl tlm Rfjtakeh safeis jki tlm hakstruhteak ao suhl oenurms js tlm pmktjnrjc jki pmktjnak, jki tlmer `kawfminm ao et jt fmjst ek tles haktmxt (jki wetl gjseh ukimrstjkiekn ao ets jppfehjteaks) es wmff-iahucmktmi. Hfjecs tljt tlm Nrmm`s wmrm ‖agsmssmi– wetl tlm Nafimk Wjtea jrm j get ljrimr ta sugstjktejtm, lawmvmr, mspmhejffy js tlmy pmrtjek ta ekstjkhms haccakfy hetmi ek gaa`s jgaut tlm Ievekm Rraparteak. ^lefm tlm najf ao tles gaa` es kat ta pracatm ar imguk` tlm vjreaus hfjecs jgaut tlm Nafimk Wjtea (atlmr tljk js tlmy iermhtfy pmrtjekk ta aur tapeh ao Jknufjr pmrtje Jkn ufjr Cjneh) Cjneh),, et es wartl tj` tjèkn ekn j sfenlt sf enlt imtaur ta jiirmss j haupfm ao tlm carm haccakfy lmfi ceshakhmpteaks ek arimr ta hfmjr tlm wjy ta tlm immpmr cystmrems tljt fur` gmleki tles kucgmr.

AHH]WWMKHMX AO YLM NAFIMK WJYEA4 OJHY JKI OEHYEAK Akm ao tlm cast weimfy hetmi mxjcpfms ao tlm Nafimk Wjtea gmekn usmi js jk mssmktejf jrhletmhturjf imsenk mfmcmkt es tljt ao tlm jkhemkt Nrmm` tmcpfm `kawk js tlm Rjrtlmkak. Ylm tmcpfm wjs guefi herhj 992 GHM Rjrtlmkas (Jtlmkj ak tlm Jhrapafes ek Jtlmks, jki imiehjtmi ta Jtlmkj Rjrtlmkas (Jtlmkj tlm _ernek). Mvmk tlaunl et wjs lmjvefy ijcjnmi ek :?<> iurekn jk jttjh` gy tlm Yur`s, et es steff weimfy lmfi ta gm j greffejkt mxjcpfm ao gmjuty mxprmssmi tlraunl jrhletmhturjf secpfehety jki halmseak. Ylm hfjecs jgaut tlm imfegmrjtm usm ao tlm Nafimk Wjtea ek ets imsenk usujffy rmomr ta ets avmrjff praparteak ao fmkntl ta lmenlt, jki sacmtecms jfsa ekhfuim jssmrteaks jgaut tlm trejknufjr ojîjim (kaw lmjvefy ijcjnmi) ek rmfjteak ta etsmfo jki ta tlm wlafm. Jk ukoartukjtm tmkimkhy ek sjhrmi nmacmtry fetmrjturm’mspmhejffy ek gaa`s wrettmk oar kakspmhejfests ek cjtlmcjtehs ar jrhletmhturm’ es ta rmpmjt suhl hfjecs ukhretehjffy, jki ta usm cmjsurmcmkts tljt jrm cjssjnmi ta oet tlm kucgmrs (ar hakvmkemktfy enkarm omjturms fe`m stmps jki pmimstjfs, wlehl grmj` tlm praparteaks). Aotmk, ekstmji ao warèkn orac jgsafutm jki vmreoejgfm cmjsurms jki imrevekn ί, tlmy stjrt wetl ίjki faa` oar pfjhms ta cmjsurm et (sacmtecms vmry jrgetrjrefy).

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Ek tlm hjsm ao tlm Rjrtlmkak (js wetl cjky atlmr jkhemkt struhturms), tlm cmjsurmcmkts weff vjry weimfy impmkiekn ak tlm saurhm jki wljt pjr pjrts ts ao tlm struh struhturm turm jrm (ar jrm kat kat)) ekhfuimi ekhfuimi.. Ymxtg mxtgaa`s aa`s jki rmomrmkhm gaa`s wrettmk gy jrhletmhts, ak tlm atlmr ljki, nmkmrjffy hetm imtjefmi jki rmpmjtjgfm cmjsurmcmkts tljt jnrmm wetl atlmr saurhms ek tlm ieshepfekm, jki wlehl jrm kat mspmhejffy hfasm ta jky rmjsakjgfy jppraxecjteak ao ple ao ple.. Oekjffy, tlmrm es fettfm weimfy jhhmptmi iahucmkiahucmk tjteak ao tlm Nafimk Wjtea (mspmhejffy ek tlm haktmxt ao et gmekn pfmjsekn ta tlm smksms) prear ta tlm tmcpfm―s hakstruhteak. Jff ao tlmsm ojhts cj`m et ieooehuft ta jhhmpt tlm haccak hfjec tljt tlm praparteaks ao tlm Rjrtlmkak wmrm imsenkmi jhhariekn ta tlm Nafimk Wjtea. Oar jkatlmr weimfy hetmi mxjcpfm ao tlm Nafimk Wjtea ek jkhemkt jrhletmhturm tljt ojffs jpjrt ak hretehjf rmvemw, wm kaw turk ta tlm cast jgusmi struhturm ek tlm lestary ao msatmreh fetmrjturm jki cystehjf spmhufjteak4 tlm Nrmjt Ryrjcei. Ylm cast haccak hfjec es tljt tlm lmenlt jki jrmj ao tlm trejknufjr seims ao tlm Nrmjt Ryrjcei ekharparjtm tlm Nafimk Wjtea js j oukijcmktjf imsenk prekhepfm. Yles jssmrteak es typehjffy jttregutmi ta jk arenekjf saurhm ao tlm Nrmm` lestarejk Lmraiatus. Ylm oerst cjdar pragfmc es tljt Lmraiatus cjim ka suhl hfjec, gut wjs ekstmji cesfmjieknfy cesquatmi gy Mknfesl pugfeslmr Dalk Yjyfar (:><:‘:

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sugstjktejtm jky hfmjr hakkmhteak gmtwmmk tlm Nafimk Wjtea jki tlm hakstruhteak ao tlm pyrjceis. Ylmrm es ka mki ta tlm hfjecs jgaut tlm praoauki smhrmts sycgafezmi gy, ar mkhaimi ek, tlm pyrjceis. ^lmtlmr suhl hfjecs jrm uftecjtmfy usmouf ek sycgafeh pursuets es impmkimkt ak tlm mxtmkt ta wlehl tlmy jrm ukimrstaai ta gm eimjfezmi rjtlmr tljk jgsafutm. Ya tljt mki, et es wartl katekn tljt j fjtmr haktreguteak ta tlm mvmr-mxpjkiekn pyrjcei cjkej wjs jk ecpartjkt ekofumkhm ak Jktak Fj_my jki les Fjw ao Dmmzml (:52>), hetmi tlm Yrjpmzaei4 Faues ChHjrty―s Ylm Nrmjt Ryrjcei Dmmzml (:52>), ek les jrtehfm ektraiuhekn tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei ek tlm Imhmcgmr :5>2 mieteak ao Ylm Hfavmk Laao . Ylmsm twa ojcaus mxjcpfms effustrjtm tlm kmhmssety oar jppfyekn s`mptehesc jki ekimpmkimkt vmreoehjteak ta suppasmi ekstjkhms ao tlm Nafimk Wjtea. Et es jff taa mjsy ta hlmrry-peh`’ar cjssjnm’tlm ijtj ta cjthl prmimtmrcekmi hakhfuseaks, wlmtlmr ar kat tlm hfjecjkt es ektmkiekn ta imfegmrjtmfy imhmevm. Kaw tljt wm―vm ruekmi j get ao tlm trjieteakjf ouk, wlmrm mfsm iams tles cjnehjf kucgmr, tlm Nafimk Wjtea, jhtujffy jppmjr jppmjr jki law iams tles rmfjtm ta tlm tlmary jki prjhtehm ao Jknufjr Cjneh1

HAKXYW]HYEKN YLM RMKYJNWJC Ylm Nafimk Xmhteak es mssmktejf ta tlm hakstruhteak ao tlm pmktjnak (jki tlus tlm pmktjnrjc js wmff, gy mxtmkiekn tlm fekms hrassekn jidjhmkt vmrtehms uktef tlmy cmmt ek tlm ojcefejr paekts). Ekimmi, et ljs aotmk gmmk hakdmhturmi’kat jt jff ukrmjsakjgfy’tljt tlm rmjsak tlm Rytljnarmjks usmi tlm pmktjnrjc js tlmer sycgaf wjs prmhesmfy gmhjusm et mkhaimi tles nrmjt smhrmt. Haktekuekn wetl tlm prekhepfm ao mxpmremkhekn tlm plysehjf kjturm ao tlm nkases, wm weff kaw mxjcekm j cmtlai oar hakstruhtekn tlm pmktjnrjc ek tlm trjieteakjf styfm ao usekn akfy j hacpjss jki j strjenlt minm. Et es lenlfy rmhaccmkimi tljt tlm rmjimr mxpmrecmkt wetl tles tmhlkequm uktef et hjk gm rmfejgfy jki mooehemktfy rmpmjtmi’cmtjplars cust rmsakjtm wetl yaur fevmi mxpmremkhm ek arimr ta gm jt tlmer cast moomhtevm.

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Imtmrcekm tlm fmkntl yau wjkt ta usm oar tlm seims ao tlm pmktjnak ekseim tlm pmktjnrjc0 tlm fmkntl ao j fekm ek tlm hacpfmtmi pmktjnrjc weffff gm ί hugmi (ί x ί x ί, ar jppra we jppraxecjtmfy xecjtmfy 9. 9.78?) 78?) tecms tlm fmkntl ao tlm ektmrear pmktjnak seim. Katm tljt akhm yau smt yaur hacpjss ta tlm fmkntl ao tlm eketejf fekm smncmkt, yau weff `mmp et smt ta tljt sjcm iestjkhm oar tlm rmcjekimr ao tlm hakstruhteak. :. Irjw j larezaktjf fekm smncmkt ao tlm imsermi pmktjnak seim fmkntl. Hjff tlm mkipaekts ao tles fekm J jki G, jki tlm fekm smncmkt JG .

twa herhfms 7. Xmt yaur hac hacpjss pjss ta tlm fmkntl ao smncmkt smncmkt JG, jki irjw twa herhfms wetl rjieus rjieus JG usekn J jki G js tlm hmktmrs.

8. Irjw j vmrtehj vmrtehjff fekm smncmkt tljt hakkmhts hakkmhts tlm paekts wlmrm wlmrm tlm gesmhts,, ar huts ek ljfo, herhfms ektmrsmht (katm jfsa tljt tles fekm gesmhts tlm arenekjf fekm smncmkt JG).


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9. ]sekn tlm gattac gattac paekt (fjgmfmi M) ao ektmrsmhtea e ktmrsmhteakk gmtwmmk tlmsm t lmsm twa herhfms js tlm hmktmr, irjw j tleri herhfm. Katm tljt tles herhfm ektmrsmhts tlm arenekjf herhfms prmhesmfy jt paekts J jki G, jki js wmff js jt twa atlmr paekts pae kts fjgmfmi f jgmfmi H jki I ek tlm iejnrjc.

akm paekt, paekt, fjgmfmi O. =. Ylm tleri herhfm ektmrsmhts tlm vmrtehjf fekm jt akm tlraunl paekt Irjw twa fekm smncmkts orac paekts H jki I tlraunl paekt O uktef tlmy ektmrsmht jt tlm taps ao tlm twa arenekjf herhfms. Ylmsm kmw paekts ao ektmrsmhteak jrm fjgmfmi C jki K.

?. ]sekn paekts C jki K js tlm hmktmrs, irjw twa carm herhfms. Ylm tap paekt wlmrm tlmy ektmrsmht es fjgmfmi R. Katm jfsa tlm ektmrsmhteaks wetl tlm paekts J jki G. (Xmm pjnm ::<.)

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>. Ya hacpfmtm hacpfmtm tlm pmktjnak, pmktjnak, hakkmht tlm paekts paekts J jki C, C jki R, R jki K, jki K jki G ( J jki G, gmekn tlm arenekjf fekm smncmkt tljt imtmrcekmi tlm cmjsurmcmkts oar tlm rmst ao tlm oenurm, jrm jfrmjiy hakkmhtmi).

<. Ya mxtmki tlm pmktjnak pmktjnak ekta tlm pmktjn pmktjnrjc, rjc, mxtmki tlm seims ao tlm pmktjnak uktef tlmy cmmt.


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XJHWMI JKI EKOMWKJF NMACMYWU Gaa`s ak sjhrmi nmacmtry ljvm jk ukoartukjtm tmkimkhy ta rmpmjt cjky qumsteakjgfm hfjecs jgaut tlm Nafimk Wjtea (ekhfuiekn sacm ao tlasm jfrmjiy mxjcekmi ek tles hljptmr). Ylmy jfsa tmki ta agshurm tlm ojhtujf jspmhts ao tlm sugdmht gmleki ukkmhmssjrefy hrypteh cystehesc rjtlmr tljk oahus ak jk jpprajhl ta tlm cystmreaus tljt jffaws tlm rmjimr ta Wðkj’tlm jivjkhm lmr awk ukimrstjkiekn. (Js wm ljvm katmi mjrfemr, Wðkj ’tlm irjw ao tlm Cystmreaus’war`s gmst js j trjksoarcjtevm taaf wlmk et fmjis ta hfjrety rjtlmr tljk agshurety oar agshurety―s sj`m.) ^lefm et es kat wetlaut ets ofjws, j nmkmrjffy rmhaccmkimi war` ak gatl tlm cys tmreaus jki prjhtehjf ojhmts ao sjhrmi nmacmtry es Wagmrt Fjwfar―s Xjhrmi Nmacmtry4 Rlefasaply jki Rrjhtehm. Nmacmtry es tlm stuiy ao spjtejf arimr jki rmfjteaksleps. Haktrjst tles wetl jstrakacy, wlehl es tlm stuiy ao tmcparjf arimr mxprmssmi tlraunl hyhfehjf h yhfehjf cav cavmcmk mcmkt.t. ? Ylus tlm Xtjrry êsiac ao L. R. Favmhrjot es js cuhl jgaut nmacmtry js et es jgaut jstrakacy. Ylm rmfjteakslep gmtwmmk jstrakacy jki nmacmtry es j hfasm akm4 tlm jknfms gmtwmmk stjrs, tlm oarcs ao tlm hakstmffjteaks, tlm rmprmsmktjteaks ao tlm lmjvmks jrrjknmi akta j splmrehjf nrei0 tlmsm jrm jff gjsmi ek tlm sjcm nmacmtrenmacmtre hjf hakhmpts ieshussmi ek tles hljptmr jki oarc tlm hakhmptujf cjp tljt cekis usm ta ukimrstjki tlmcsmfvms ek tlmer rmofmhteaks ak tlm arimrekn ao tlm lmjvmks. Rfjtaa tjunlt tljt rmjfety es gjsmi ak jrhlmtypjf eimjs’Oarcs’tljt Rfjt eimjs’Oarcs’tljt jrm plmkacmkj wm pmrhmevm js pjfm rmofmhteaks ao tlmer trum trjkshmkimkt rmjfety. Lm ourtlmr tjunlt tljt nmacmtry wjs tlm purmst, cast eimjf plefasaplehjf fjkn fjknujnm. ujnm. Ek moomh moomht,t, eccmrsekn akmsmfo ek nmacmtreh stuiy st uiy wjs hakseimrmi j pmromh pmromhtmi tmi oarc ao plefasaplehj plefasaplehjff haktmc haktmcpfjteak, pfjteak, fmjiekn ta jpprmlmkseak ao tlm Oarcs4 tlm carm hfasmfy yaur pmrsakjf rmfjteakjf cjp ao tlm hascas cjthlms tlm eimjfezmi rmfjteaksleps gmleki tlmsm oarcs, tlm carm prmhesmfy yau hjk jttjek jk ukimrstjkiekn ao tlm ukimrfyekn purm Oarcs. Ylmsm eimjs orac Rfjta irmw orac tlm tmjhlekn ao Rytljnarjs tljt ‖jff es jrrjknmi jhhariekn ta kucgmr.– < Agsmrvjteakjf jstrakacy es mxprmssmi ek jknufjr tmrcs0 tlm

:72


prapart eaks ao tlm ken praparteaks kenlt lt s` s`yy trjvmrs trjvmrsmi mi rmfjt rmfjtevm evm ta atlmr agdmh agdmhts ts (ar jk agdmht―s prmveaus paseteakPsS) jrm rmprmsmktmi js jk jknfm oarcekn j parteak ao tlm hacpfmtm 8?2´ ao tlm ‖splmrehjf– s`y. > Mvmk tles rmprmsmktjteak’tlm kenlt s`y js j splmrm surraukiekn tlm agsmrvmr―s vjktjnm paekt ao les paseteak ak Mjr Mjrtl’es tl’es jk eimjf eimjfezmi ezmi oarc0 tlm mjr mjrtl tl es kat j pmromht splmrm, jki tlm splmrehjf jppmjrjkhm ao tlm vjuft ao tlm kenlt s`y es jk effuseak. Xjhrmi nmacmtry es tlm stuiy ao ukevmrsjf arimr’tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm (tlm plysehjf ukevmrsm jki tlm fjws tljt sljpm ets mxestmkhm)’ tlraunl nmacmtrehjf cmtjplar. Yles es tlm trjieteakjf usm ao tlm plrjsm sjhrmi nmacmtr nmacmtryy hjst ekta j oarc tljt oahusms ak mxtmrkjffy hrmjtmi plmkacmkj0 oar mxjcpfm, kjturjf ahhurrmkhms (suhl js tlm mvmr-sleotekn jrrjknmcmkt ao tlm kenlt s`y), ar agdmhts jki struhturms hrmjtmi gy atlmrs rmprmsmktekn tlmer awk jttmcpts ta hjpturm tlmer ukimrstjkiekn ao tlmcsmfvms ar tlm warfi ek sycgafeh, nmacmtreh oarcs. Ek haktrjst, E usm tlm tmrc ekomrkjf nmacmtry ek tles gaa` ta imkatm tlm stuiy ao arimr hrmjtmi wetlek tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm (tlm smfo-jwjrmkmss ao mjhl smktemkt gmekn wetlek tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm). Yles es j kmw ukimrstjkiekn ao tlm jppfehjteak ao nmacmtry ta tlm psyhlm, rmquerekn tlm prmhesm imoeketeaks ao cjnehjf, sycgafeh jki msatmreh prjhtehms ieshussmi ek imtjef ek hljptmr =. Ekomrkjf es usmi ta ekiehjtm tles ekvmrseak ao rmofmhteak tawjri tlm ekkmr warfi0 arimr wetlek tlm Xmfo resms up orac tlm Gfjh` Ofjcm tljt èkifms mjhl ekieveiujf―s ukequm, smfo-mvafvekn mssmkhm. Gut tlm mktetems autseim tlm Njtms haccjki jff jknfms jknfms,, jki vemw tlm cyreji pjrts ao tlm hascas ek tmrcs ao orjncmktjry hljknm-ek�af�ekn pmrspmhtevm, ar ao tlm hljknmfmss tatjfety gmyaki pmrspmhtevm, ek jhharijkhm wetl tlmer weff. 5 L. R. F�� M. L�� R��, ‖Y�� N�� X�� @��–

= JNEH H J YLMAWU AO C JNE

Yles hljptmr praveims j tlmarmtehjf oaukijteak oar tlm prjhtehms ek tles gaa`. Yles weff gmnek wetl j survmy ao lestarehjf tlmarems ao cjneh, tlmk cavekn ak ta fjtmr imvmfapcmkts gjsmi ak j sleot ek jttetuims jgaut cjneh jcakn jktlrapafanests jki shlafjrs ao rmfeneak. ^m―ff imoekm jki tlm Fmo tlm Fmot-Ljki cjneh jki t-Ljki Rjtl, Rjtl, jki orjcm tlmc ek j ourtlmr ieshusseak ao tlm hakhmpts suppartekn tlm tlmary ao cjneh usmi ek tles gaa`. Ya turk tawjri prjhtehm, wm―ff mxjcekm tlm Kekm Jknfms tlmcsmfvms jki tlm Fjw ao tlm Yrjpmzaei ek tmrcs ao tlmsm tlmarmtehjf hakhmpts. êtl tlm plefasaplehjf gjses oar jknufjr cjneh mstjgfeslmi, wm―ff rmveset tlm eimjs ao jknufj ao jknufjr r vs. vs. hurvmi tecm tecm jki êffejc Cartmksmk―s platanrjply Faa` . Ylm Nmrcjkeh vemw ao tecm, mxprmssmi cjkujf Ylm Haccjki ta Faa`. tlraunl tlm cmjkekn jki senkeoehjkhm ao tlm Karks, praveims jkatlmr wjy ao mxpfare mxpfarekn kn tlm cjn cjnehjf ehjf senk senkeoeoehjkhm ehjkhm ao kekm-j kekm-jknfmi knfmi oen oenurms. urms. Ylm hljptmr hakhfuims wetl j ieshusseak ao vjreaus typms ao retujf cjneh, ekhfuiekn gatl tlmer tlmarmtehjf jki prjhtehjf ukimrpekkekns tljt cj`m tlmc moomhtevm.

LEXYAWEHJF YLMAWEMX AO CJNEH Gmoarm ieshussekn tlm tlmary ao cjneh tljt ukimrfems tlm prjhtehms ek tles gaa`, et es kmhmssjry ta nevm j get ao rmfjtmi gjh`nrauki jki lestary. Cast lestarehjf tlmarems ao cjneh jttmcpt ta mxpfjek (j) wly tlm cjnehejk tlek`s tljt cjneh war`s, jki/ar (g) wljt moomht cjnehjf tlekèkn ljs ak :7:

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J Ylmary ao Cjneh

tlm prjhteteakmr ar ak tlm sahemty ek wlehl et es prjhtehmi. Yljt es, cjneh es trmjtmi js j oarc ao sahejf haktraf ar smfo-imfuseak usmi gy sa-hjffmi ‖precetevm– cjk, wla jhts wetlaut gmkmoet ao aur caimrk ukimrstjkiekn ao tlm warfi njekmi tlraunl psyhlafany, saheafany, jki tlm plysehjf shemkhms. Jktlrapafanests gmnjk ta haieoy tlmarems ao cjneh ek tlm fjtm kekmtmmktl hmktury ek Murapm js pjrt ao j grajimr jttmcpt ta ukimrstjki tlm rmfjteaksleps gmtwmmk caimrk, ekiustrejf ^mstmrk hufturms jki tlasm rmnjrimi js fmss imvmfapmi (jki tlus smmk js kmhmssjrefy ekomrear). : J haccak omjturm ao afimr tlmarems ao cjneh jki cytlafany es tlm jssucpteak tljt cjnehjf tlekèkn rmsufts orac enkarjkhm ao shemkhm0 tljt es, cjneh purpartmify gmnjk js j ofjwmi jttmcpt ta mxpfjek kjturjf prahmssms gy j hufturm tljt iei kat ljvm tlm gmkmoet ao tlm shemkteoeh `kawfminm jvjefjgfm ta carm caimrk hufturms. Ywmktemtl-hmktury cytlafanests jki rmfeneaus lestarejks, suhl js Dasmpl Hjcpgmff jki Cerhmj Mfejim, ljvm supmrsmimi tles jssucpteak gy haktmxtujfezekn tlm rafm ao cytl ek tmrcs ao law et rmofmhts tlm hascafany, mtlehs, jki sahejf struhturm ao ets last sahemty. Jkatlmr tlmary, put oartl gy jktlrapafanest Hfjuim Fåve-Xtrjuss, sunnmsts tljt cjneh oufoeffs j purmfy sycgafeh rafm4 wlmk sacmakm es atlmrwesm lmfpfmss ta imjf wetl j setujteak ar kmmi, ar kmmis ta ommf ek haktraf ao tlm plmkacmkj jresekn orac et, cjneh praveims j oarc ao pfjhmga tljt rmfemvms tlm jkxemty ao gmekn ukjgfm ta jht (ar rmekoarhms tlm gmfemo tljt tlm cjnehejk wjs tlm jhtevm oarhm ek tlm plmkacmkj tljt wmrm aut ao les haktraf). Jnjek, tlm ecpfehet jssucpteak’tljt cjneh es ekmoomhtevm jki garkm ao enkarjkhm’smrvms ta ieshaukt atlmr passegfm oukhteaks jki cmhljkescs gy wlehl cjneh praiuhms rmsufts. Ylm sycpjtlmteh tlmary ao cjneh wjs j hmktrjf eimj ek Xer Djcms Gaunl (:<<5). Js tles wjs tlm prmiacekjkt tlmary Orjzmr―s Ylm Nafimk Gaunl (:<<5). prear ta tlm jivmkt ao tlm smceateh tlmar tlmaryy ao cjn cjneh, eh, et es wartl j get carm mxpfjkjteak sa tljt tlm smceateh tlmary hjk gm ieshussmi ek ets prapmr haktmxt. ^lefm ^l efm Orjzmr cjy kat ljvm gmmk tlm oeoerst rst ta put oart oartll tlm sy sycc pjtlmteh tlmar tlmary, y, lm wjs tlm jktlrapafan jktlrapafanest est wla papufj papufjrez rezmi mi et ek tlm Mknfesl fjknujnm. Orjzmr―s war` wjs mxhmmieknfy papufjr jt j tecm ek

J Ylma Ylmary ry ao Cjn Cjneh eh

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_ehtarejk Mknfjki wlmk tlm Gretesl Mcperm wjs kmjrekn ets lmenlt ek tmrcs ao rmjhl jki praspmrety0 les eimjs gmhjcm jk mssmktejf hacpakmkt ao tlm imserm ao tlm miuhjtmi Mknfesl pugfeh ta ukimrstjki tlmer awk hufturm―s rmfjteakslep ta tljt ao tlmer hafakems, jki ta rmekoarhm tlmer gmfemo ek tlmer awk hufturjf supmrearety (fjrnmfy rmsuftekn orac tlm kateak tljt tlm carm tmhlkafanehjffy jivjkhmi hufturm wjs kmhmssjrefy tlm supmrear akm). Ylm sycpjtlmteh tlmary lafis tljt tlm ektmrpfjy gmtwmmk tlm fjw ao secefjrety jki jki tlm fjw ao haktjneak es rmspaksegfm oar tlm gmfemo ek cjneh jcakn ‖precetevm– hufturms. Ylm fjw ao secefjrety es tljt ‖fe`m ekofumkhms fe`m–0 tljt es, tlm cjnehejk hrmjtms moomhts gy ecetjtekn ar jhtekn aut wljt lm wjkts ta ljppmk. Ylm fjw ao haktjneak rmfjtms law cjneh hjk gm trjksomrrmi gy tauhl0 akhm jk agdmht ljs gmmk tauhlmi ek j cjnehjf jht, jky atlmr agdmht ar pmrsak tljt hacms ekta haktjht wetl tlm agdmht hjk gm j rmhepemkt ao tlm cjn cjnehjf ehjf ektmkt. Yle Yless es j `my omjturm ek oehteakjf trmjtcmkts ao cjneh, suhl js C. W. Djcms―s hfjsseh slart stary ‖Hjstekn tlm Wukms– (:5::) jki Oretz Fmegmr―s Aur Fjiy ao Ijr`kmss (:5>>), Ijr`kmss (:5>>), wlmrm j hursm es trjksomrrmi gy cmjks ao j pjrhlcmkt tljt ljs gmmk suetjgfy ekshregmi. ^lefm tlm sycpjtlmteh sycpjtlmteh tlmary tlmary hjk ka faknmr gm smmk js j hacprml hacprmlmkmksevm mxpfjkjteak ao tlm cmhljkesc jki senkeoehjkhm ao cjneh, et es steff ek weimsprmji weimsp rmji usm js jk moomhtevm moomhtevm cmjks ao ao gmljvearjf gmljvearjf sunnmsteak, sunnmsteak, pjrtehufjrfy pjrtehufjrfy ek tlm rmjfc ao cjss jivmrtesekn. Jky tecm tlmrm es jk ji oar j ojkhy hjr tljt es iermhtmi jt lmtmrasmxujf cmk jki ekhfuims j gmjuteouf, shjktefy hfji wacjk fmjkekn up jnje jnjekst kst et, ar j haccm haccmrhejf rhejf sla slawekn wekn pmap pmapfm fm yau hjk rmfjtm ta jttregutekn tlmer ljppekmss ar suhhmss ta j pjrtehufjr etmc tlmy passmss, yau yau――rm smmekn j caim caimrk rk usm ao tlm sycpjtl sycpjtlmteh mteh tlma tlmary. ry. ^lmtlm ^lmtlmrr ar kat et es jk jimqujtm mxpfjkjteak ao cjneh, et―s steff moomhtevm psyhlafany. Ekt raiuhekn Ektraiu hekn tlm Xmce Xmceateh ateh Ylmar Ylmaryy ao Cjn Cjneh eh Ekstmji ao tlm sycpjtlmteh tlmary ao cjneh, tlm gjses ao prjhtehm oar tles gaa` es tlm smceateh tlmary . Jhhariekn ta tles tlmary, tlm cjnehejk utefezms senks jki sycgafs js pjrt ao j haccukehjteak prahmss wetl tlm plmkac plm kacmkj mkj slm weslms ta ukimr ukimrstjki stjki ar joomht, jki jssenks cmjkekn ta

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tlm plmkacmkj tljt gmhacm `kawk ta lmr. Rrmveaus lestarehjf tlmarems ao cjneh jrm nmkmrjffy prmiehjtmi ak tlm eimj tljt cjneh iams kat war` , jki mxpfjek cjneh tlraunl tlm moomhts et ljs ak tlm psyhlafany ao tlm ekieveiujf ar ak tlm ekieveiujf―s last hufturm. Ylm smceateh tlmary prahmmis orac tlm jssucpteak tljt cjneh iams war` jki tlmk jttmcpts ta mxpfjek wly0 tles jpprajhl es jk autnrawtl orac tlm pastcaimrk oemfi ao smceatehs’ tlm stuiy ao haccukehjteak tlraunl systmcs ao senks jki sycgafs. Yles gmhacms j tlmary ao cjneh wlmk jppfemi ta tlm wjys tljt tlm cjnehejk cjkepufjtms lmr awk ektmrkjf pmrhmpteaks (e.m., joomhts tlm sugdmhtevm uke vmrsm),), ar grekns jgaut hljknm ek tlm agsmrvjgfm war vmrsm warfi fi (e.m., joomhts tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm, ar tlm gmljvear ar tlaunlts ao tlasm wetlek et).

J YLMAWU AO JKN]FJW CJNEH Ylm Agdmhtevm jki Xugdmhtevm ]kevmrsms Ek arimr ta pmrhmevm jki joomht tlm hacpfmxetems ao rmjfety, wm oerst rmquerm imoeketeaks oar orjcekn tlmsm pursuets. Cjneh es tlm prahmss gy wlehl pmrhmptujf hljknms jrm hrmjtmi jki cjim pmrcjkmkt wetlek tlm ekkmr warfi (tlm cjnehejk cust oerst trjksoarc lmrsmfo), jki tlmsm hljknms cjy, wlmk kmmimi, hrmjtm agsmrvjgfm hljknm ek tlm plmkacmkj ao tlm autmr warfi (js tlm parteak ao tlm warfi tljt tlm cjn cjnehejk ehejk ljs tlm pawmr ta eko ekofumkhm fumkhm es rmhakoen rmhakoenurmi urmi ta carm hfasmfy cjthl lmr imsermi oarc). Ylm Kekm Jknfms js j cjnehjf systmc ljvm j tlmarmtehjf gjses ek tlm iestekhteaks gmtwmmk tlm agdmhtevm jki sugdmhtevm ukevmrsms , jki gmtwmmk jknufjr jki jki hurvmi spjhm/tecm. Et weff gm smmk tljt jknufjr cjneh es jt ets harm j Fmot-Ljki Rjtl prjhtehm0 tlm Fmot-Ljki Rjtl, js usmi ek tles gaa`, es tlm jssmrteak ao jgsafutm pmrsakjf rmspaksegefety oar mkljkhekn jki pmrpmtujtekn tlm ekieveiujf―s smfo-jwjrm, psyhlm-hmktreh mxestmkhm. Yles es iakm tlraunl rmoekekn jki jhtujfezekn yaur êff jki imserms, jki gy iaekn sa gmhacekn tlm jhtevm oarhm ek yaur mxestmkhm. Ylm trjksoarcjteaks tljt rmsuft orac tles prjhtehm weff aotmk jfsa gm smmk gy tlmer moomhts ak tlm warfi autseim tlm Xmfo. Ylm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm es wljt ek haccak usjnm cenlt gm hjffmi

J Ylmar Ylmaryy ao Cjn Cjneh eh

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tlm plysehjf ukevmrsm4 cjttmr (jkecjtm ar ekjkecjtm), mkmrny, tecm jki spjhm’jki tlm fjws tljt navmrk tlmer mxestmkhm (wlmtlmr ieshavmrmi jki imshregmi, ar kat). Aur plysehjf gaiems jrm j oukhteak ao tles sjcm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm’cjim precjrefy ao mfmcmkts tljt hjk akfy gm hrmjtmi ek tlm immp ekomrkas ao stjrs, jki imstekmi ta gm shjttmrmi jhrass tlm mvmr-mxpjkiekn plysehjf ukevmrsm. Umt, ek haksheaus jki smfo-jwjrm gmekns, tlmrm es Xacmtlekn wlehl hjkkat gm jimqujtmfy mxpfjekmi js cmrmfy j oukhteak ao cjttmr, mkmrny, jki tlmer navmrkekn fjws0 tles fmjis us ta tlm hakhmpt ao tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm. Ylm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm es tlm smfo-jwjrmkmss ao mjhl smktemkt gmekn wetlek tlm agdmhtevm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm. Yles Yle s smfo-jwjrmkmss smfo-jwjrmkmss hrmjtms jki mkjgfms tlm ekieveiujf―s `kawfminm, mxpmremkhms, mxpmremkhms, jki jttetuims, jki jhts js tlm cmiejcmiej tar jki ektmrprmtmr ao tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm. Yles sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm es fjrnmfy caimfmi ak tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm, sekhm js jk ekhjrkjtm gmekn ektmrjhtekn wetl tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm tlm ekieveiujf es sugdmht ta ets fjws. Ylm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm hjk gm smmk js tlm jgefety ao haksheauskmss ta pmrhmevm, rmofmht ak, jki hljknm etsmfo0 tles jfsa fmjis ta ukimrstjkiekn, hjtmnarezekn, jki iesteknueslekn etsmfo jnjekst tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm. Et es ecpartjkt ta ukimrstjki tlm prmheseak gmleki tlm usjnm ao sugdmhtevm jki agdmhtevm ek tles haktmxt. Haktrjry ta haffaquejf usjnm, wlmrm ‖agd ‖agdmhtevm– mhtevm– es usuj usujffy ffy tj tj`mk `mk ta cmjk ‖ha ‖harrmht– rrmht– ar ‖pr ‖pravjgfm,– avjgfm,– jki ‖sugdmhtevm– ta cmjk ‖gjsmi ak apekeak ar prmomrmkhm– rjtlmr tljk ojht, tlm tmrcs jrm usmi ek tles gaa` ek j spmheoeh feknuesteh smksm. Ek feknuestehs’tlm stuiy ao fjknujnm jki ets moomhts ak tlm tlaunlt prahmssms ao lucjks’tlm sugdmht es tlm iamr ao jk jhteak, jki tlm agdmht ukevmrsm, ‖E– es tlm tlekn jhtmi upak. Ek tlm smktmkhm E jpprmlmki tlm ukevmrsm, ‖E– es tlm sugdmht wlefm ‖ukevmrsm– es tlm agdmht (ar tlm tlekn jpprmlmkimi). Orac tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm jresms tlm imserm ta hrmjtm ar jht, js wmff js tlm cmjks ta grekn tlm jppraprejtm sycgafs ta gmjr ek arimr ta cj`m tljt hrmjteak ar jhteak ‖rmjf– (agsmrvjgfm ek tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm). Ylm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm hjk jfsa gm tlm agdmht ao ets awk jhteaks, jki, ek ojht, jff cjneh oerst jresms js jk jht ao smfo-trjksoarcjteak’tlm warfi js `kawk ektmrkjffy ta tlm cjnehejk cust gm rmhakoenurmi gmoarm tlm agdmhtevm uke vmrsm hjk gm rmc rmcaimfmi aimfmi ak tljt hljknm. Ylus, tlm car carmm jhhurjtm ao jk

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J Ylmary ao Cjneh

ukimrstjkiekn yau ljvm ao tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm, tlm carm jhhurjtmfy jki moomhtevmfy tlm caimf ao et ek tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm hjk gm caieoemi. Et es jfsa ecpartjkt ta katm tljt tles iestekhteak gmtwmmk tlm sug dmhtevm jki j ki agdmhtevm ukevmrsms es kat ektmkimi js j s j oarc ao cjttmr/speret cjttmr/speret iujfesc (suhl js wm oeki ek Nkasteh tlaunlt). Kmetlmr es tlmrm jky carjf ecpfehjteak ta tlm haktrjst gmtwmmk tlm twa’tljt es, jk jssucpteak tljt akm ao tlmsm cust kmhmssjrefy gm ‖naai– ar ‖imserjgfm,– jki tlm atlmr tlmrmoarm ‖mvef– ar ‖ukimserjgfm.– Yles imshrepteak jttmcpts ta nraup jspmhts ao mxestmkhm jhhariekn ta tlm cast moomhtevm cmjks ao stuiyekn, ektmrjhtekn wetl, jki jftmrekn tlmc. Ylm sugdmhtevm jki agdmhtevm ukevmrsms jrm mjhl ojhmts ao akm ukevmrsm, imoekmi lmrm js tlm tatjfety ao mxestmkhm wlmtlmr `kawk ar uk`kawk. (^lmtlmr tlmrm es carm tljk akm ukevmrsm js usmi ek tljt smksm es gmyaki tlm shapm ao tles gaa`.) Jknfm s jki Hur Jknfms Hurvms vms Jkatlmr `my jspmht ao tlm tlmary ao jknufjr cjneh es tlm iestekhteak gmtwmmk hurvmi jki jknufjr tecm. Jknufjr tecm es tljt mxpmremkhmi wetlekk tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm0 hur wetle hurvmi vmi tecm es tlm plmk plmkacmk acmkak ak ao tecm tljt jresms orac tlm arimrfy warèkns ao tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm. Hurvmi tecm es wljt wm mxpmremkhm js plysehjf ekljgetjkts ao tlm arimrfy hascas (e.m., tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm). Hurvmi tecm hjk gm fekmjr ’j ’j akm-wjy pjtl tljt mvmkts jppmjr ta oaffaw. Et hjk jfsa gm hyhfehjf, suhl js ek rmhurrekn prahmssms fe`m tlm pranrmsseak ao tlm smjsaks js tlm teftmi mjrtl cjr`s ets paseteaks ek ets mffeptehjf pjtl jrauki tlm suk0 mjhl smjsak es fjrnmfy secefjr ta ets prmveaus ahhurrmkhm, mvmk tlaunl et cjy vjry sfenltfy ek ets pjrtehufjrs. ‖Hurvmi– hjk gm cast rmjiefy ukimrstaai js j rmomrmkhm ta tlm hascafany ao Rfjta, ek wlehl tlm hascas’tlm plysehjf ukevmrsm’wjs hakhmevmi ao js j splmrm. Jknn uf Jk ufjr jr te tecm cm ek haktrjst es sugdmhtevm’tlm sugdmht ar ‖iamr– cj`ms ao tecm wljt tlmy weff, jki es jgfm ta hakhmevm ao et ek wjys tljt jrm kat passegfm ek tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm. Ek jknufjr tecm jwjrmkmss jki tlaunlts ukoafi ek wjys tljt jrm kat hacpfmtmfy gmlafimk ta tlm prmiehtjgfm prmieh tjgfm prahmss prahmssms ms ao kjtu kjturm’e rm’eksperj ksperjteak teak jki ekse eksenlt nlt jr jresm esm smmceknfy orac kawlmrm, gut tlasm jwjrm ao tlm jknufjr prapmrtems ao tlmsm


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mxpmremkhms hjk ljvm nrmjtmr jwjrmkmss jki haktraf avmr tlmc. Gy fmjrkekn ta pmrhmevm jki huftevjtm jknufjr tecm, tlm cjnehejk hjk cjstmr tlm jgefety ta trjksoarc tlm pmrhmpteak ao tlmer awk pjst jki passmss praoauki eko ekofumkhm fumkhm avmr tlm wjys ekiev ekieveiujf eiujf mxestmkhm ukoafi ukoafiss js agsmrvmi wetlek tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm. Jky mxjcekjteak ao tlm pjttmrks jppjrmkt ek feom weff rmvmjf tlmer hyhfehjf kjturm0 tlmy hjk―t jfwjys gm pmrhmevmi wlefm yau jrm eccmrsmi ek suhl j pjttmrk, gut gy ekhrmjsekn jwjrmkmss ao law tlm hyhfms ao hurvmi tecm apmrjtm ek j castfy kak-haksheaus cjkkmr, yau hjk hljknm tlmer trj dmhtary gy fmjrkekn ta cj`m tlm renlt tlaunlts jki jhteaks jt tlm renlt tecm. Ylm jftmrkjtm pmrspmhtevm ao jknufjr tecm, `kawk akfy ta tlasm jwjrm ao tlm warèkns ao tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm, praveims j `my ta ukfahèkn tlm cystmry ao wlmrm mooart es cast moomhtevmfy jppfemi wlmk joomhtekn jknufjr ar hurvmi hurvmi tecm. Oar mxjcpfm, wlefm strunnfekn wetl imheiekn tlm imtjefs ao j pjektekn yau jrm hrmjtekn, yau rmjfezm tljt yau jrm jt tlm paekt ek tlm jrtesteh prahmss wlmrm et es carm praiuhtevm ta hmjsm iermht jhteak hmjsm iermht Ekhugjteak jteak’sunnmsts oar j tecm0 tlm Xextl Jknfm’Xfmmp Jknfm’ Xfmmp ar ar Ekhug ’sunnmsts tljt cavekn tlm qumsteak jgaut tlm iermhteak ao tlm hrmjteak jwjy orac yaur jhtevm jttmkteak weff jffaw et ta rm-mcmrnm fjtmr (e.m, tlm Xmvmktl Jknfm) wlmk tlm eksenlt imvmfaps tljt nevms yau eksperjteak ta hacpfmtm tlm war` ao jrt.

YLM XMCEAYEH YLMAWU AO CJNEH Ylm oekjf `my ta tlm tlmary gmleki cjneh usekn tlm Kekm Jknfms es tlm iermht ekofumkhm ao fjtm-twmktemtl-hmktury tlmarems ao cjneh. Ek pjrtehufjr, jknufjr cjneh rmofmhts tlm smceateh tlmary ao cjneh js imvmfapmi orac war` gy jktlrapafanests jki feknuests suhl js Djk vjk Gjjf,* Xtjkfmy Yjcgejl,† jki Xtmplmk M. Ofawmrs.‡ *Ek Xycgafs oar Haccukehjteak4 Jk Ektraiuhteak ta tlm Jktlrapafanehjf Xtuiy ao Wmfeneak (_jk Narhuc, :5>:) †Ek les mssjys ‖Ylm Cjnehjf Rawmr ao âris– (:5?<) jki ‖Oarc jki Cmjkekn ao Cjnehjf Jhts4 J Raekt ao _emw– (:5>8) ‡Ek Wukms ms jki Cjne Cjneh4 h4 Cjn Cjnehjf ehjf Oarc Oarcufjeh ufjeh Mfm Mfmcmkts cmkts ek tlm Afim Afimrr Wuk Wukeh eh Yrjietea rjieteakk (Fjkn, Ek Wuk :5
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J Ylmary ao Cjneh

Ylm smceateh tlmary ao cjneh sunnmsts tljt tlm usm ao sycgaf systmcs’jki tlm cmhljkescs gy wlehl sycgaf systmcs jrm mkhaimi, haccukehjtmi, jki imhaimi’es tlm `my ta ukimrstjkiekn law cjneh oukhteaks. Ylm leiimk cmjkekn ao plmkacmkj tlm cjnehejk mkhauktmrs jki imserms cust gm ukhavmrmi, jki ek tles prahmss tlm plmkacmkj gmhacm pjrtkmrs ek tlm haccukehjteak wetl tlm cjnehejk. Ek tlm hjsm ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, tlm vjreaus Favmhrjotejk mktetems’jki tlm sycgafesc ao tlmer rafms ek tlm hrmjteak jki mvafuteak ao tlm hascas’ praveim j orjcmwar` oar hakstruhtekn cjnehj cjnehjff ektmkt tljt haccukehjtms vej tlmsm senks jki sycgafs sycgafs.. Yle Yless hasceh mvafu mvafuteak teak es cjhrahasceh js j imshrepteak ao tlm ukoafiekn ao tlm plysehjf jki cmtjplysehjf ukevmrsms, jki tlm mvafuteak ao cjkèki js j wlafm0 jki cehrahasceh ek tlm smksm ao tlm pjtls ao ekieveiujfs jki tlmer spmheoeh cjnehjf jhts. Nrjccjtehjf Xugdmhts jki Agdmhts Ylm nrjccjtehjf tmrcs sugdmht, iermht agdmht jki ekiermht agdmht jrm kmhmssjry ta rmvemw js pjrt ao mxpfjekekn tlm smceateh tlmary. Ylm sug dmht es tlm iamr ao jk jhteak, wlefm tlm iermht agdmht es tlm tlekn jhtmi upak. Oar mxjcpfm, ek tlm smktmkhm Cehljmf wratm tlm retujf , ‖Cehljmf– es tlm sugdmht wlefm ‖retujf– es tlm iermht agdmht. Jk ekiermht agdmht es joomhtmi gy tlm jhteak ak tlm iermht agdmht, gut es kat tlm precjry rmhepemkt ao tlm jhteak. Oar mxjcpfm, ek tlm smktmkhm Cehljmf wratm Jktak j fmttmr , ‖Jktak– es tlm ekiermht agdmht (jki ‖fmttmr– es tlm iermht agdmht, ar tlm tlekn gmekn jhtmi ak). Xtmplmk Ofawmrs imshregmi tlm oukhteak ao sugdmht, iermht agdmht, jki ekiermht agdmht ek tlm smceateh tlmary ao cjneh js oaffaws4 7

Ylm smceateh cjnehjf prahmss


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Ek tles caimf, tlm cjnehejk (tlm sugdmht ) mkhaims lmr imserm vej tlm orjcm ao rmomrmkh rmomrmkhmm (tlm agdmht, agdmht, ar ar tlm sycgafesc jki cmjkekn tljt rmprmsmkt wljt slm weslms ta hrmjtm ar joomht tlraunl cjneh). Ylraunl oekiekn jiirmss, slm haccukehjtms wetl tlm leiimk rmjfc ao tles moomhtevm caim ao jiirmss, slm tlm ukcjkeomst ek arimr ta ekiuhm tlm imsermi rmspaksm (tlm moomht ar hrmjteak slm wjkts ta grekn jgaut). Yles rmspaksm es tlm sugdmht ek ek j haccukehjteak gjh` ta lmr, wetl tlm imsermi plmkacmkak (tlm rmsufts slm smm`s) gmekn tlm ekiermht agdmht. Ylm cjnehejk, tlm ektmkimi plmkacmkak jki tlm ukcjkeomst gmhacm mqujf pjrtkmrs ek tlm haccukehjteak, jki pjrsecefjrety (e.m., haccukehjkts ukimrtehepjtm js mqujfs tlraunl tlm fjw ao secefjrety (e.m., ukimrstjki mjhl atlmr cast moomhtevmfy wlmk tlmy ljvm secefjr ukimrstjkiekn jki najfs0 smm gmfaw oar carm ekoarcjteak ak tles hakhmpt). Ek jk ekofumktejf pjssjnm ek tlm imvmfapcmkt ao tlm smceateh tlmary ao cjneh, Djk vjk Gjjf wretms ao tles haccukehjteak oarcufj oar tlm oufoeffcmkt ao imserm4 Ek tles ieshaursm Cjk ommfs jiirmssmi ar seknfmi aut gy les ukevmrsm jki lm mkimjvars ta jiirmss et ek turk tryekn ta ieshavmr tlm èki ao jiirmss ta wlehl les ukevmrsm weff gm weffekn ta jkswmr0 tljt es, weffekn wef fekn ta slaw etsmfo haccukehjgfm haccukehjgfm.. Ylm oarcufj lm oekj oekjffy ffy ieshavmrs ek jkswmr ta les qumst es kat rmjffy Cjk―s ieshavmry gut j neot’ j rmvmfjteak gmstawmi upak lec gy tlm ukevmrsm. Ylm oarcufj es tlm authacm ao jk jht ao haccukehjteak ek wlehl Cjk―s ukevmrsm rmvmjfs ta lec tlm smhrmt ao law et slaufi gm jiirmssmi ek tles ar tljt herhucstjkhm, j smhrmt wlehl es jt tlm sjcm tecm j rmvmfjteak ao ets leiimk mssmkhm ek tljt pjrtehufjr oemfi. 8

Ylm cjneh es ek tlm haccukehjteak. Rmroa rcjtevm Rmroarcj tevm ]ttmrj ]ttmrjkhms khms,, Xec Xecefj efjret rety, y, jki Orjcms ao Wmom Wmomrmkh rmkhmm Jfsa ektmnrjf ta tlm smceateh tlmary ao cjneh jrm tlm hakhmpts ao pmroarcjtevm uttmrjkhms , tlm fjw ao secefjrety , jki tlm orjcm ao rmomrmkhm. Fmt―s faa` jt mjhl ao tlmsm ek turk. Rmroarcjtevm uttmrjkhms wmrm eimkteoemi jki imshregmi gy tlm

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J Ylmary ao Cjneh

plefasaplmr ao fjkn fjknujnm ujnm D. F. Justek ek les smt ao smcekj smcekjff fmhturms pugaris (:5?7). feslmi js Law ta Ia Ylekns wetl âris (:5?7). Ylmsm jrm waris jki plrjsms wlehl tlmcsmfvms hrmjtm jhteak ar hljknms ek stjtm (m.n. m.n.,, j duinm prakaukhekn prak aukhekn j smktmkhm, wlmrm tlm waris waris tlmcsmfvms hjusm sacmtlekn ta ljppmk gy gmekn spa`mk harrmhtfy jki ek tlm renlt haktmxt). Ek arimr ta gm moomhtevm, pmroarcjtevm uttmrjkhms cust gm iakm gy sacmakm wetl tlm harrmht jutlarety jki orjcm ao rmomrmkhm, jki wetl tlm harrmht jttetuim tawjri tlm moomhtevmkmss ao tlmer spmmhl. Ylm harrmht jutlarety es kmhms pmroarcjt arcjtevm evm00 oar mxjcpfm, j plrjsm sjry oar jk uttmrjkhm ta qujfeoy js pmro suhl js ‖Yles haurt es kaw ek smsseak– iams kat ljvm jky moomht ukfmss uttmrmi gy j duinm (ar tlmer rmhankezmi rmprmsmktjtevm). Xecefjrfy, mvmk j duinm uttmrekn tlm sjcm plrjsm ek dmst jt j pjr pjrty ty iams kat grekn jgaut tlm sjcm pmroarcjtevm rmsuft gmhjusm et es kat iakm wetl tlm kmhmssjry jttetuim tawjri tlm moomhtevmkmss ao tljt spmmhl jht. Ek tmrcs ao pmroarcjtevm uttmrjkhms js cjnehjf jhts, tlm cjnehejk cust usm tlm jppraprejtm smt ao senks jki sycgafs ek tlm renlt herhucstjkhms jki wetl suooehemkt ektmkt tawjri tlm imsermi authacm (rmfjtevm ta ets fe`mfelaai ao hacekn ekta gmekn). Ywa atlmr ecpartjkt hacpakmkts ao tlm smceateh tlmary ao cjneh jrm secefjrety jki tlm orjcm ao rmomrmkhm. Xecefjrety es es tlm prekhepfm tljt tlm carm jfe`m tlm sugdmht (iamr) jki ekiermht agdmht (rmhepemkt) ao tlm haccukehjteak jrm, tlm carm fe`mfy tlm haccukehjteak es ta gm suhhmssouffy trjkscettmi jki ukimrstaai. Ek j cukijkm mxjcpfm, tlm hakhmpts ek tles gaa` jrm gmekn mkhaimi ek tlm Mknfesl fjknujnm, wlehl yau js tlm rmjimr tlmk imhaim0 tlm carm secefjr cy jki yaur ukimrstjkiekn ao Mknfesl jrm, tlm carm fe`mfy et es tljt cy eimjs jrm haccukehjtmi hfmjrfy jki harrmhtfy ukimrstaai gy yau tlm rmjimr. Xecefjrfy, twa mxpmremkhmi tmhlkehejks wla gatl war` wetl tlm sjcm typm ao tmhlkafany weff gm jgfm ta haccukehjtm wetl mjhl atlmr jgaut tlmer jrmj ao mxpmrtesm ek wjys tljt sacmak sacmakmm ukoj ukojcef cefejr ejr wetl tlm sugdmht haufi kat. Ylm orjcm ao rmomrmkhm es tlm hacgekjteak ao agdmhtevm jki sug dmhtevm ojhtars tljt oarc tlm gjh` gjh`nrauki nrauki jki mxmhuteak ao tlm cjn cjnehjf ehjf jht. Yles ekhfuims suhl ojhtars js tlm `kawfminm jki mxpmremkhm ao tlm cjnehejk, tlm moomhtevmkmss jki suetjgefety ao tlm senks jki sycgafs tlm

J Ylmar Y lmaryy ao Cjn Cjneh eh

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cjnehejk usms, jki tlm prapmr mxmhuteak ao tmhlkequms jki eimjs wetlek tlm haktmxt tljt tlmy jrm hjffmi upak. Ylm cmjkekn jki senkeoehjkhm jshregmi ta tles orjcm ao rmomrmkhm gmhacms j pjrtkmr ek tlm haccukehjteak jt tlm harm ao tlm cjnehjf jht, oerst js tlm ekiermht agdmht gut tlmk js tlm jnmkt (ar sugdmht) ao jhteaks tljt, ek turk, joomht tlm cjnehejk js j rmspaksm ta lmr eketejf cjnehjf jht.

JRRFUEKN YLM XMCEAYEH YLMAWU YA YLM KEKM JKNFMX Kaw tljt wm―vm carm ouffy imoekmi tlm agdmhtevm jki sugdmhtevm uke vmrsms, jki tlm rmfjteakslep gmtwmmk tlm twa, wm hjk tj`m j hfasmr faa` jt tlm Xmjf ao Wðkj. Js cmkteakmi gmoarm, tlm Xmjf es sycgafeh ao tlm pursuet pursu et ao tlm Cystmreaus ek ukimrstj ukimrstjkiek kieknn tlm rmfjteaksl rmfjteakslep ep gmt gmtwmmk wmmk tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm (tlm pmktjnrjc) jki tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm (tlm herhfm), wetl tlm trjpmzaei js tlm hakkmhteak (ar cjnehjf fek`) gmtwmmk tlm twa. Ylm Xmjf es jk ecpartjkt jiieteak ta tlm Kekm Jknfms tlmcsmfvms, prmsmktekn j cjp ao law tlm Jknfms’j pjrtehufjr vemwpaekt ak law tlm psyhlm, ar sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm, gmhacms jwjrm ao jki trjksoarcs etsmfo’ektmrjht wetl tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm jki tlus praveiekn j cmjks oar mjhl ta joomht mjhl atlmr. Ylm cystmreaus jspmht ao tles, Wðkj etsmfo, es tljt yaur `kawfminm jki ukimrstjkiekn jrm jfwjys fecetmi ek sacm wjy, jki tlmrm es jfwjys carm ta ieshavmr ar hacprmlmki gmyaki tljt0 js yau gmhacm jgfm ta smm pjst yaur hurrmkt larezak, carm `kawfminm jki ukimrstjkiekn jrm jvjefjgfm ta pursum. êffejc Xlj`mspmjrm mxprmssmi tles cjstmrouffy ek Ljcfmt ek Ljcfmt 4 ‖Ylmrm jrm carm tlekns ek lmjvmk jki Mjrtl, Larjtea, tljk jrm irmjct ao ek yaur plefasaply.– Js yaur

Ylm Xmjf ao Wðkj

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J Ylmary ao Cjneh

plefasaply’yaur ukimrstjkiekn’mx plefasaply’yaur u kimrstjkiekn’mxpjkis, pjkis, yau oeki o eki tljt tlmrm es carm wlehl es ukirmjct ao, kat fmss. fmss . Ek tmrcs ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, jff ao tlm Jknfms jrm jhhmssegfm orac wetle wet lekk tlm sugdmht sugdmhtevm evm uke ukevmrsm, vmrsm, gut akfy tlm tl tleri eri ( ]kimrstjkiekn , sycgafezmi gy Kyjrfjtlatmp) jki oaurtl (Gmekn , rmprmsmktmi js XlugKennurjtl) tauhl tlm herhfm ao tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm. Ek atlmr waris, tlasm senkeoy tlm twa pfjhms wlmrm tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm’jff ao jk ekieveiujf―s `kawfminm, mxpmremkhm, jki hjpjhety oar smfo-jwjrmkmss jki smfo-iermhtmi hljknm’hjk ecprmss ets imserms jki trjksoarcjteaks ak tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm. Hakvmrsmfy, tlmsm twa Jknfms jfsa ekiehjtm stjnms ek tlm ukoafiekn ao j prahmss wlmrm ekoarcjteak, strmss, jki Cystmry orac iappmfnéknmr, tlm tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm’jki ets iappmfnéknmr, tlm ârfi ao Larrars (smm hljptmr 8)’hjk joomht tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm. Ylm trjpmzaei es kat tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm, js cenlt gm jssucmi orac tlm Jknfm `mywaris ao Hljas, Arimr , ]kimrstjkiekn, jki, Gmekn, jki tlm imshrepteak ao tlasm Jknfms js rmprmsmktekn (ek j cjhrahasceh smksm) tlm eketejf stjnms ao j hascafanehjf prahmss ao hrmjteak. Wjtlmr, tlm trjpmzaei es tlm sugdmhtevm ektmrkjfezjteak ao tlasm omjturms ao tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm. uk evmrsm. êtlaut êtlaut j hakshea haksheauskmss uskmss ta pmrhmevm jki jssenk jssen k cmjkekn ta tlmsm plmkacmkj, tlmrm es ka purpasm ar iermhteak ta tlmer mxestmkhm. Ylm trjpmzaei sycgafezms tlm pmrhmpteak ao tlm rafm tlmsm kjt urjf, plysehjf prahmssms lmfi ek hrmjtekn tlm oaukijteak oar jwj`mkekn tljt haksheauskmss wjs tlmk jgfm ta jkecjtm. Ek tmrcs ao tlm sycgaf systmc jki orjcm ao rmomrmkhm tljt mkjgfm tlm smceateh moomhtevmkmss ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, tlm Favmhrjotejk mkte tems jssahejtmi wetl tlm oerst oaur Jknfms praveim cuhl ao tlm kmhmssjry ecjnmry jki qujfetems.

Favmhrjot jssahejteaks oar tlm oerst oaur jknfms


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Ylm arenekjf smt ao `mywaris oar tlm jknfms

Jkatlmr `my jspmht ao tlm smceateh kjturm ao tlm Kekm Jknfms’ ektraiuhmi ek tlm mjrfy :552s gy Xtmplmk M. Ofawmrs’es tlm jssahejteak ao `mywaris wetl mjhl ao tlm Jknfms. Ylmsm `mywaris gatl hjpturm jk mssmktejf jspmht ao tlm cmjkekn jki senkeoehjkhm ao mjhl Jknfm, jki jfsa praveim j cmjks ao jiirmss wlmk warèkn warè kn wetl tlm Jkn Jknfms. fms. Ylm `mywari’ar ukeoyekn hakhmpt’oar tlm Oerst Jknfm es Hljas. Yles es j stjtm ao ukety, gut wlehl lafis jff passegefetems. Ek tmrcs ao Favmhrjot―s pjktlmak, tlm Oerst Jknfm harrmspakis ta Jzjtlatl. Ylm Xmhaki Jknfm’jssahejtmi wetl Uan-Xatlatl’rmomrs ta Arimr . Lmrm, tlm passegefetems ecpfehet wetlek tlm Hljas ao tlm Oerst Jknfm gmnek ta gm nfecpsmi. ]kimrstjkiekn es tlm `mywari ao tlm Yleri Jknfm. Lmrm, pmrspmhtevm es passegfm0 j vjktjnm paekt autseim tlm secpfm, gekjry iujfesc ao tlm oerst twa Jknfms jffaws oar ektmkteakjf ieoomrmktejteak gmtwmmk tlm twa. Js tlm akm wla grekns ]kimrstjkiekn jki es tlm cmssmknmr ao tlm Autmr Nais, Kyjrfjtlatmp es tlm mssmkhm ao tlm Yleri Jknfm. Ylm Oaurtl Jknfm ljs Gmekn js ets `mywari. Ylm pmrhmpteak passegfm tlrau tlraunl nl tlm ]kimrstjki ]kimrstjkiekn ekn ao tlm Yl Yleri eri Jk Jknfm nfm mxpj mxpjkis kis ta ekhfuim tmcparjf jwjrmkmss, wetl Xlug-Kennurjtl js tlm Autmr Nai wla rmpr rmprmsmkts msmkts tles Jkn Jknfm. fm. Ylm kma-cytlafany hrmjtmi gy Favmhrjot’steff fevekn js j hakteku jffy hrmjtmi hascafany oar tlasm ekofumkhmi gy les starems’hjk jssucm

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J Ylmary ao Cjneh

wljtmvmr fmvmf ao rmjf rmjfety ety es kmhmssjr kmhmssjryy oar moo moomhtevm mhtevm usm gy tlm cjn cjnehejk. ehejk. Yles orjcm ao rmomrmkhm praveims j rehlfy sycgafeh jki cystmreaus cmjks ao jiirmssekn tlm atlmr rmjfety tljt tlm cjnehejk imserms ta joomht, wlehl ek tur turkk jiirmss jiirmssms ms tlm cjn cjnehejk ehejk ljvekn gmhacm j pjrt pjrtkmr kmr ek tlm haccukehjteak (jki ek tlm hljknm tljt tlm cjnehejk imserms ta hacm ekta gmekn). ^lmtlmr yau ‖g ‖gmfemvm– mfemvm– ek tlm Autmr Nais es errmfmvjkt ek tmrcs ao warèkn wetl tlmc0 tlm t lm hjpjhety hjpjhet y ao lucjk lucj k ektmffe ektmffenmkhm nmkhm ta hrmjtm ‖nais– ek rmspaksm ta kmmi jfsa jeis ek tlmer moomhtevmkmss ek cjnehjf jhts. Ek atlmr waris, tlmy jrm js rmjf js tlmy kmmi ta gm oar tlm apmrjteak jt ljki. Et es ecpartjkt ta iesteknuesl tlm hjusjf prekhepfms (tlm senkeoehjkhm, purpasm, jki rmfjteaksleps gmleki tlm Autmr Nais) orac tlm sugtfm imety oarcs (tlm jppmjrjkhm jki atlmr sycgafesc tljt wm usm ta rmfjtm ta tlmc). Oar mxjcpfm, Kyjrfjtlatmp cjy gm j pmrsakeoehjteak ao tlm prekhepfm ao haccukehjteak gmtwmmk tlm cjhrahasc jki cehrahasc, gut atlmr oarcs wetl tlm sjcm ukimrfyekn mssmkhm’oar mxjcpfm, Ylatl jki Lmrcms’waufi war` dust js wmff0 et dust ljppmks tljt wlmk warèkn wetl tlm Kekm Jkn Jknfms fms akm ao tlm precjr pre cjryy orjcms o rjcms ao rmomrmkhm es tljt ao tlm ecjnmry jttjhlmi ta tlmsm prekhepfms gy Favmhrjot.

YLM XMCEAYEH YLMAWU JKI YLM FJ^ AO YLM YWJRMTAEI Wmhjff orac tlm mjrfemr ieshusseaks ao tlm Fjw ao tlm Yrjpmzaei tljt wlefm wle fm Jkta J ktakk Fj_my Fj_my kmvmr njvm n jvm j oarcjf, oarcj f, suhhekht suhhe kht imoeketeak imoe keteak oar tlm t lm Fjw, Cehljmf Jqueka succmi et up js4 Jff agtusm jknfms jrm cjnehjffy ljrcouf ta tlasm ukjwjrm ao tles prapmrty. Ylm sjcm sj cm jknfms jkn fms jrm gmkmoehej gmkmoehejf,f, stecufjtekn ste cufjtekn,, jki mkmrneze mkmrnezekn kn ta tlasm wla jrm cjnehjffy smksetevm ta tlmc. 9

Js cenlt gm mxpmhtmi, j Fjw tljt haktjeks ets sycgaf ek tlm kjcm etsmfo jfsa ljs ecpfehjteaks oar tlm smceateh tlmary ao cjneh. Ek tles hjsm, tlm senks jki sycgafs usmi’tlm vesujf rmprmsmktjteaks ao tlm Fjw’jrm


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kak-vmrgjf. ^ljt es et tljt nevms tles sycgaf patmkhy js j cjnehjf taaf1 Ylraunlaut Jktak Fj_my―s wretekns ak tlm vesujf jspmhts ao cjneh, tlmrm jrm rmomrmkhms ta trjpmzaeis, pyrjceis, jki atlmr ‖iacekjkt cjssms.– Yles hacms ek pjrt orac les ojshekjteak wetl êffejc Faa` (:58>). Cartmksmk―s platanrjply cjkujf Ylm Haccjki ta Faa` Cartmksmk eimkteoems tlrmm jspmhts ao les Haccjki ta Faa` oarcufj oarcufj oar hrmjtekn j hacpmffekn jki cmcarjgfm platanrjpl4 (:) Ecpjht (tlm errmsestegfm irjw ta tlm pehturm), = (7) Xugdmht Ektmrmst (tlm senkeoehjkhm ao wljt es gmekn rmprmsmktmi) rmprmsmktmi),, ? jki (8) Rjrtehepjteak (eimkteoehjteak wetl tlm sugdmht cjttmr, wlmtlmr ek tmrcs ao rmjfety ar ojktjsy). > Et es Ecpjht tljt hakhmrks us lmrm, js tljt jspmht ao tlm Haccjki ta Faa` oarcufj es hmktrjf ta tlm Fjw ao tlm Yrjpmzaei. Jhhariekn ta Cartmksmk, Ecpjht imrevms precjrefy orac ekstekhtevm ommfekns ao ijknmr wlmk hakoraktmi wetl hmrtjek vesujf stecufe. < Et es tles ojhtar tljt sughaksheausfy hjusms tlm vemwmr ta tj`m katehm, jki ta ieoomrmktejtm tlm ecjnmry orac tlm gjh`nrauki. Cartmksmk hjtmnarezms tlmsm vesujf jrhlmtypms tljt hrmjtm Ecpjht ekta oaur typms tljt ekiuhm tlm geafanehjf rmjhteak ao omjr (vej smksekn tlm patmktejf oar ijknmr). ca vms jhrass tlm oemfi o emfi ao veseak wetl :. Ylm iejnakjf , , sacmtlekn tljt cavms ‖sweotkmss jki imtmrcekjteak.– 5 Ylm fenltkekn ofjsl sycgafezms tles js j precetevm saurhm ao tmrrar (mcpljsezekn tljt rmjhteaks ta tlmsm vesujf jrhlmtypms jresm orac ekstekhtevm gmljvears fmot avmr orac mjrfemr paekts ek aur mvafuteak). X-hurvm,, sacmtlekn tljt jpprajhlms ek j sfetlmrekn ar hurvmi 7. Ylm X-hurvm cjkkmr. Yles es tlm prmijtar cavekn tlraunl tlm sjvjkkj, tlm stmjftly smrpmkt cavekn kmjrgy’ar mvmk tlm hurvms ao tlm omcjfm oarc (tlm hakkmhteaks wmrm ka iaugt ektuetmi gy tlm hrmjtars ao tlm Njrimk ao Mimk cytl jki ets ekojcaus tmcptjteak). sljrpkmss pkmss,, ‖wlmtlmr ek taatl ar gfjim.–:2 Ylm tre 8. Ylrmjtmkekn sljr jknfm’hacpasmi mktermfy ao jhutm jknfms’senkeoems ijknmraus minms jki paekts. Eo tlm ijknmrs ao tlm X-hurvm jrm kat lmmimi, sljrp hfjws ar tmmtl jwjet. cjss , prmsmktekn jk ecpasekn agstjhfm 9. J hacpjht iacekjkt cjss,

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J Ylmary ao Cjneh

tljt rmstrehts tlm jgefety ta cavm ormmfy jki ecpfems wmj`kmss ak tlm pjrt ao tlm pmrsak ukjgfm ta cavm et. Yles haufi gm j fjrnm, eccavjgfm agdmht (j trmm, j pyrjcei) ar jk jkecjf tljt es ekteceijtekn ium ta ets sezm. Ek tmrcs ao tlm ecpjht ao tlm vesujf mkverakcmkt, tlm iacekjkt cjss slaws ets moomht tlraunl4 ]kety’agdmhts j. ]kety ’agdmhts ao carm cjkjnmjgfm sezm njek strmkntl tlraunl gmekn hakkmhtmi Halmseak’hacpjht, g. Halmseak ’hacpjht, imksm cjssms jrm carm iacekjtekn Esafjteak’j h. Esafjteak ’j fjrnm cjss es carm iacekjtekn eo et stjkis jfakm, ets ecpjht hacekn akfy orac etsmfo i. Haktrjst ’j ’j fenltfy hafarmi cjss es carm iacekmmrekn jnjekst j ijr` gjh`nrauki, jki vehm vmrsj :: Ylmsm sycgafs oarc tlm gjses ao tlm smceateh oaukijteak ao tlm Haccjki ta Faa`, jki ek turk tljt ao tlm Fjw ao tlm Yrjpmzaei js wmff.. Ylmy hjk jf wmff jfsa sa praveim hfums oar law ta hakstruht jk moomh moomhtevm tevm retujf hljcgmr hljcgmr,, gy usekn ecjnmry tljt mva`ms mva`ms tlmsm jrhlmtypjf, geaf geafanehjffy anehjffy gjsmi sycgafs tljt hjk praveim stecufjteak jki eksperjteak ta tlasm jwjrm ao tlmer senkeoehjkhm’ar oar irjwekn oartl tlm cast gjseh vesujf ekstekhts ao tlasm wla jrm ukjwjrm ao tlmer ecpfehjteaks. êtlek tlm Fjw ao tlm t lm Yrjpmzaei, Yrjpmzaei, tlm iacekjkt cjss ek tlm oarc ao tlm trjpmzaei jki tlm tlrmjt ao sljrpkmss jrm tlm twa mfmcmkts iermhtfy prmsmktt orac Cartmksmk prmsmk Cartmksmk――s tlmary ao Ecpjht. Ylm ekteceijt ekteceijtekn ekn jspmht ao tlm iejnakjf es ecpfemi, gut fjrnmfy sljiawmi gy tlm atlmr mfmcmkts ao

Ylm iacekjkt cjss jki sljrpkmss ao tlm Kekm Jknfms


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tlm Haccjki ta Faa` oarcufj. ^lefm smvmk ao tlm kekm jknfms jrm jhutm (fmss tljk 52²), tlm twa tljt jrm cast senkeoehjkt oar tlmer pmrefaus sljrpkmss jrm tljt ao tlm tleri jki oaurtl’kat haekheimktjffy tlm twa pfjhms wlmrm tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm jki ets cystmreaus fjws cmmt tlm pmromht hur hurvm vm ao tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm. u kevmrsm.

YLM XENKEOEHJKHM AO AYLMW AHH]WWMKHMX AO KEKM-JKNFMI OEN]WMX Ylm Kekm Jknfms ek ets hakoenurjteak ao trjpmzaei-pfus-pmktjnrjc ljs prmhmimkts prmhmimk ts ek atlmr secefj se cefjrr oen oenurms. urms. Et hjk hj k gm usmo usmouf uf ta mxjce m xjcekm km sacm ao tlmsm prmimhmssars js effustrjtevm ao atlmrs ekstjkhms ao tlm sycgafesc ao tlm kucgmr kekm ek nmacmtreh oarc. ^lmtlmr iermhtfy ekofumktejf ak tlm hrmjteak ao tles cjkeomstjteak ao tlm Kekm Jknfms ar kat, tlmy jrm pjrt ao tlm fmnjhy ao eimjs eimj s wlehl hajfmshmi ek tles caimrk’jki mxpfehmx pfehetfy Fmot-Ljki Rjtl’rmkieteak ao tlm hakhmpt. Yles mxjcekjteak ao ieoomrmkt hakoenurjteaks ao tlm Kekm Jknfms smmk orac jftmrkjtm tmcparjf pmrspmhtevms es gjsmi ak j sunnmsteak gy Iak ^mgg hakhmrkekn tlmsm rmfjteaksleps. Ya orjcm tles prapmrfy, et es kmhmssjry ta imshregm j omw `my omjturms ao tlm Nmrcjkeh vemw ao tecm. Gmjr ek ceki tljt Nmrcjkeh hascafany es jfsa j senkeoehjkt ekofumkhm ak tlm war` ao Xtmplmk Ofawmrs, wla es tlm oenurm cast rmspaksegfm oar mxpjkiekn tlm cjnehjf systmc ao tlm Kekm Jknfms gmyaki ets raats ek Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. Jknfms . Ek Nmrcjkeh hascafany tlm tlrmm Karks rufm tlm imstekems ao ekieveiujfs. ^lefm tlmy jrm sacmtecms `kawk js tlm Ojtms, ‖wmjvmrs ao imsteky– es j carm jppraprejtm imshrepteak ao tlmer rafm, js imsteky jresms orac tlm immis ao tlm ekieveiujf, wlefm ojtm arenekjtms autseim tlm ekieveiujf jki es oexmi jki ekmshjpjgfm. Ek atlmr waris, imsteky es fjrnmfy iermhtmi gy tlm ekieveiujf wla cust tlmk tj`m rmspaksegefety oar ets ukoafiekn, jki es tlus j Fmot-Ljki Rjtl hakhmpt. Ek haktrjst, j hacpfmtmfy oexmi ojtm oexmi ojtm hakimcks hakimcks tlm ekieveiujf ta j prmimtmrcekmi pjtl wlmrm tlmer jhteaks ljvm ka senke senkeoehj oehjkhm khm mxhmpt m xhmpt js j s tlmy fmji tawjri tles t les prm-arijekmi stjtm0 tlus, ojtm es j hakhm hakhmpt pt ao tlm W enltenlt-Ljki Ljki Rjtl.

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J Ylmary ao Cjneh

Ylm kjcms ao tlm Karks ek Afi Karsm jrm ]ròr , _mròjkie , jki Xùfi . Ylmy jrm sjei ta gm omcjfm gmekns (fe`mfy ao tlm rjhm ao nejkts) wla spek tlm tlrmji tlrmjiss ao tlm imsteky ao Cmk0 tlmy rmseim jt tlm gjsm ao tlm ârfi-Yrmm Unnirjsef kmjr ]ròr―s ^mff (orac wlehl tlmy kauresl tlm raats ao tlm trmm). Et waufi gm ekjhhurjtm ta rmiuhm tlmc’js ek sacm papufjr jhhaukts’ta secpfm pmrsakeoehjteaks ao tlm pjst, prmsmkt, jki outurm, mspmhejffy sekhm ek tlm Nmrcjkeh fjknujnms tlm ‖outurm– es j kmgufaus hakhmpt tljt hjk akfy gm jppraxecjtmi ek waris.* ]ròr es es tljt wlehl ljs turkmi, ljppmkmi, ar ahhurrmi. Feknuestehjffy, tlm kjcm imrevms orac tlm pjst pjrtehepfm ao tlm Afi Karsm vmrg vmròj (‖ta gmhacm–). ]ròr smts smts tlm pjtl jfakn wlehl Gmhacekn ukoafis. Ylm sjcm wari, wetl jkjfanaus cmjkekn jki senkeoehjkhm, es tlm carm ojcefojcef ejr ^yri ek ek Afi Mknfesl. _mròjkie es _mròjkie es tljt wlehl es turkekn, ar ljppmkekn ar gmhacekn, renlt kaw. Et es j seknfm cacmkt ek tecm, tlm prmsmkt pjrtehepfm ao tlm vmrg ljs wraunlt es tlm `my ta wljt _mròjkie hjk turk’ vmròj.. ^ljt ]ròr ljs vmròj _mròjkie hjk tlm prmsmkt cacmkt akfy mxests ek tlm oarc tljt tlm pjst jffaws et ta _mròjkie es ]ròr, jki tj`m. _mròjkie es tlm jhtevm hacpakmkt ao tlm stary tafi gy ]ròr, jki es tlm imsteky tlm ekieveiujf es wmjvekn orac tlmer jhteaks jki imserms. Xùfi es es ieoomrmkt. Ya gmnek wetl, et es orac j ieoomrmkt vmrg, jki es mxprmssekn j ieoomrmkt rmfjteakslep. Ylm vmrg tljt sùfi imrevms imrevms orac es sùffjj, cmjkekn ‖aunlt ta gm, kmmi ta gm.– Xùfi cmjks sùff cmjks ‖slaufi–0 et es tlm juxefejry wari wlehl lmfps ta oarc tlm outurm tmksm, gut es et kat gy _mròjkie hjk etsmfo tlm outurm. ^ljt ]ròr ljs ljs wraunlt, jki wljt _mròjkie hjk tlmk slaufi gm. turk, jrm tlm `mys ta praveiekn sljpm ta wljt tlmk slaufi gm. Ylm outurm jhhariekn ta tlm Nmrcjkeh vemw es uksljpmi, jcarplaus, jki ecprmhesm. Ylm pjst, ak tlm atlmr ljki, es ouffy oarcmi, jki ljs j *Nmrcjkeh fjknujnms (j nraup tljt ekhfuims Mknfesl) fjh` j trum outurm tmksm. Ylm pjst jki prmsmkt hjk gm mxprmssmi gy hakdunjtekn j vmrg iermhtfy, gut tlm outurm rmquerms jiiewretm, tlm teakjf waris ta hakvmy tlm sleotekn ao tecm. Oar mxjcpfm, wetl tlm plrjsm E wretm, wretm jki wratm, rmspmhtevmfy. prmsmkt jki pjst tmksms jrm mxprmssmi gy gy E E wretm jki E E wratm, rmspmhtevmfy. Ya hakvmy tljt wretm es tlm jhteak ao wretm es ta ahhur fjtmr tljk kaw, jiieteakjf waris jrm rmquermi suhl js E weff wretm ar E jc naekn ta wretm wretm (katm tljt tlm vmrg etsmfo nmkmrjffy rmtjeks ets prmsmkt-tmksm oarc ek suhl hakstruhts). Ylus, et hjk gm hfjecmi tljt tlm Nmrcjkeh fjknujnms ia kat ljvm j kjturjf hakhmpt ao tlm outurm, jki et hjk akfy gm hrmjtmi syktlmtehjffy.

J Ylmar Y lmaryy ao Cjn Cjneh eh

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imoeketm ‖sljpm– rmsuftekn orac wljt ljs ahhurrmi. Yles es j vmry FmotLjki Rjtl eimj. Ek tlm Wenlt-Ljki Rjtl, tlm outurm es oexmi0 tljt es, jky cekiouf mvafuteak gy tlm ekieveiujf nueims lmr tawjri tles oexmi stjtm, jt wlehl paek paektt Gmhacekn Gmhacekn staps. staps. Najfs Najfs fe`m kervjkj ker vjkj jki jki lmjvm lmjvmkk jrm tlm tlm mki mki ao tlm fekm, gut tlm Fmot-Ljki Rjtl mcpawmrs tlm cjnehejk ta ecprekt smfoimtmrcekjteak ak wljtmvmr jresms tlraunl ]ròr rmcjkeomstmi rmcjkeomstmi js Xùfi .

YLM _JF@KÔYW Yljt wlehl ljs turkmi’ljs jfrmjiy gmhacm’es tenltfy ektmrtwekmi, jki eksmpjrjgfy `kattmi. Et es kat naekn jkywlmrm, jki hjk ka faknmr gm rmhakoenurmi mxhmpt wetlek wetlek tlm haktmxt ao tlm sljpm et ljs jfrmjiy tj`mk. Katehm jfsa tljt tles sljpm hjkkat gm irjwk ukehursjffy. Nmacmtrehjffy, et es stuh`, jki es hacpasmi ao tlrmm eimktehjf sljpms. Faaèkn jt wljt ljs jfrmjiy ahhurrmi, tlm Kekm Jknfms hjk gm smmk js tlm _jf`kôtr .*.*

Ylm _jf`kôtr

_mròjkie’tlmrm Ek tlm cacmkt wlmk sacmtlekn es ukoafiekn’ _mròjkie ’tlmrm jrm oexmi pjrts ao tljt cacmkt (wljt ljs jfrmjiy ahhurrmi, jki fmi ta tlekns js tlmy jrm) jki tlmrm jrm ofmxegfm pjrts (wljt hjk gm ekofumkhmi ta hrmjtm tlekns js tlmy cjy ymt gmhacm). Nmacmtrehjffy, tles hjk gm rmprmsmktmi js tlrmm ieoomrmkt, gut ekimpmkimktfy hyhfehjf, oenurms. Orac tles pmrspmhtevm tlm Kekm Jknfms hjk gm smmk js tlm Mkkmjnrjc. *@mmp ek ceki tljt tlmrm es vmry fettfm lestarehjffy jttmstmi mxpfjkjteak ao wljt tlm sycgaf ao tlm _jf`kôtr cjy ljvm senkeoemi0 mvmk tlm kjcm es j caimrk haekjnm. Yles imshrepteak ao tlm _jf`kôtr ek ek tmrcs ao tlm Kekm Jknfms es lenlfy spmhufjtevm, jftlaunl et hmrtjekfy es suppartmi ek tlm haktmxt ao tlm nmacmtreh senkeoehjkhm jshregmi ta et lmrm.

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J Ylmary ao Cjneh

YLM MKKMJNWJC Ylm tlrmm oukijcmktjf sljpms wetlek tlm mkkmjnrjc jrm tlm herhfm (sycgafezekn tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm js ek tlm Xmjf ao Wðkj), tlm trejknfm, jki tlm errmnufjr ymt syccmtrehjf sex-paektmi oenurm. Jff tlrmm ao tlmsm oenurms hjk cavm ek pmrpmtujf hyhfms, jki hjk gm irjwk ukehursjffy.

Ylm Mkkmjnrjc

Ylm oerst tlekn ta agsmrvm jgaut tlm mkkmjnrjc es tljt tlmrm jrm kekm paekts wlmrm tlm herhfm’tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm’ektmrsmhts wetl tlm jknufjr oenurms. Ylmy jrm jff mvmkfy iestregutmi jfakn tlm herhfm tlaunl, ecpfyekn tljt tlmy jrm jff mqujffy vjfei ta tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm, gut uftecjtmfy mjhl tlm sjcm. Ylmrm es ka haksheauskmss ek tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm etsmfo ta iesteknuesl ar cj`m vjfum duincmkts jgaut wljt es iakm ta et.

Ylm Mkkmjnrjc, wetl ekieveiujf oenurms jki hyhfms ekiehjtmi

Kmxt, katehm tljt tlm mkkmjnrjc ekhfuims tlm mssmktejf sljpm orac tlm _jf`kôtr ’tlm ’tlm trejknfm’stuh` ek ets awk hyhfm ek pmrpmtuety. Yles es tlm jspmht ao wljt ljs jfrmjiy turkmi tljt steff ecpeknms iermhtfy ak tlm kaw. Ylmrm es j tleri oenurm, jfsa hyhfehjf gut errmnufjr. Ylmrm es ka wjy ta hakkmht tlm twa jknufjr, sugdmhtevm oenurms mxhmpt tlraunl tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm. Ylmy ljvm ka wjy ta gm ektmnrjtmi jki smfo-haktjekmi.


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^ljt es tur turkekn’wljt kekn’wljt es ljppmkekn ren renlt lt kaw’es cjf cjffmjgfm fmjgfm gut lmjvefy ekofumkhmi jfakn tlm pjtlwjys ecpfemi gy tles sljpm. Ek jknufjr tmrcs, wm―i sjy tlm eketejf hakieteaks, tlm eketejf pjrjcmtmrs, smt ek cateak gy tlm Oerst Jknfm jrm tlm iacekjkt oarhm. Gut, sekhm tles sljpm es kat errmvahjgfy ektmrtwekmi js ek tlm paekt ao vemw ao ]ròr (tlm (tlm _jf`kôtr ),), haksheauskmss ljs tlm jgefety mvafvm et ourtlmr tlraunl oar wjri-tlekè wjri-tlek èkn kn jhts ek tlm lmrm jki j ki kaw.

YLM XMJF AO WÐKJ WM_EXEYMI Ek Xùfi ’wljt ’wljt slaufi gm’tlm ouff Xmjf es rmvmjfmi jki hjk gm smmk ek akm smksm js j sycgafeh mxpjkseak jki rmhakoenurjteak ao tlm mkkmjnrjc. Ylm oenurm ao tlm Xmjf es ukeoemi, jki sekhm et hjk gm irjwk ukehursjffy jff ets passegefetems jrm jhhmssegfm ek jknfmi spjhm. Et slaws, imoeketevmfy, tljt cast jhteak ahhurs ek tlm sugdmhtevm rmjfc’ tlm Jknfms’wetl j wmff-imoekmi gut prmhesmfy fecetmi ektmrojhm ta tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm (tlm herhfm).

Ylm Xmjf ao Wðkj

Ylm Kekm Jknfms jrm j greinm orac Rytljnarmjk jki Rfjtakeh kateaks ao kucgmr jki cmjsurmcmkt, ta tlm Nmrcjkeh mxprmsseak ao law eimjs jki cekiouf mvafuteak ukoafi tlraunl tecm. Dust js tlm trjp mzaei jhts js j cmiejtar, ar cmjks ao weffouffy ljrcakezekn, tlm sugdmhtevm jki agdmhtevm ukevmrsms ek tlm Xmjf ao Wðkj, tlm iykjceh _mròjkie es tlm paekt ek spjhm-tecm wlmrm tlm oexmi, fecetmi, ukhljknmjgfm ]ròr cmmts tlm cjffmjgfm, ukfecetmi jki hljknmjgfm Xùfi . Feknuestehjffy, twa atlmrwesm ukhakkmhtmi vmrgs jrm cjim pjrt ao j haktekuuc, jki tlasm wla `kaw tlm raats ao tlmsm cystmrems hjk joomht tlm ukoafiekn ao tles haktekuuc.

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J Ylmary ao Cjneh

YLM CMHLJKEHX AO WEY]JF CJNEH Gmoarm mxpfjekekn tlm cjek twa typms ao retujf cjneh mxpfarmi ek tles gaa`, wm cust jkswmr tlm qumsteak4 ^ly ia j cjnehjf retujf jt jff1 Yles es hfasmfy rmfjtmi ta tlm qumsteak4 Es et kmhmssjry ta jhtujffy pmroarc retujfs oar tlmc ta gm moomhtevm, ar es cmrmfy rmjiekn jki/ar spmjèkn tlm waris mkaunl1 Ylm cast ecpartjkt rmjsak ta imsenkjtm j spjhm js gmekn (jt fmjst oar j tecm) imiehjtmi ta tlm pmroarcjkhm ao cjneh es ta esafjtm tlm cjnehejk orac ekofumkhms autseim ao lmrsmfo. Gy imfegmrjtmfy jki cekiouffy smttekn lmrsmfo jpjrt orac tlm mvmryijy warfi, jki mktmrekn ekta j hlasmk pfjhm tljt es cjim sjhrmi ta tlm tjs` jt ljki, slm hjk tlmk hrmjtm jki ektmrjht wetl tlm orjcm ao rmomrmkhm oar tlm retujf ek jky wjy tljt es kmhmssjry. Gy ektmrjhtekn wetl lmr tlaunlts jki imserms ek j imfegmrjtmfy hakstruhtmi mkverakcmkt, tlm cjnehejk rmekoarhms tljt slm es tlm uftecjtm jrgetmr ao lmr jhteaks jki pmrhmpteaks. Ylm hljcgmr tlus praveims j smfo-haktjekmi mkverakcmkt tljt mkjgfms tlm ektmksm oahus’jki jwjrmkmss ao tlm cjffmjgefety ao rmjfety wetlek wetl ek tlm cjn cjnehejk―s ehejk―s sugdmhte sugdmhtevm vm ukevmrsm ukevmrsm’kmhmssj ’kmhmssjrr y oar tlm moo moomhtevm mhtevm prjhtehm ao retuj retujff cjn cjneh. eh. Ek ijy-ta-ijy fefeom, om, tlm ceki es jhhustacmi ta warèkn wetl jki pmrhmevekn mxtmrkj mxtmrkjff plmk plmkacmkj acmkj nmkmrjffy nmkmrjf fy ek agdmhtevm tmrcs0 jotmr jff, tles feom tj`ms pfjhm ek tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm jki yau jrm cast aotmk ektmrjhtekn wetl atlmrs wla jht ek wjys lmjvefy ekofumkhmi gy tlmer fjh` ao jwjrmkmss ao tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm. Yljt es, cast pma pfm―ss jhteaks ahhur js eo akfy tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm mxest pfm― mxestss gmhjusm tlmy jrm ukjwjrm (ar jt fmjst s`mptehjf) ao jky atlmr passegefetems. Ylm retujf prahmss ao turkekn tlaunlt ek ak etsmfo, ek arimr ta rmsljpm yaur pmrhmpteak ao rmjfety, es gmst iakm ek tlm imiehjtmi mkverakcmkt ao tlm retujf hljcgmr. Ylus, tlmrm es vjfum ek ljvekn j pfjhm smt jseim oar suhl purpasms0 eo tlm hljcgmr haktjeks taa cjky tlekns ukrmfjtmi ta tlm retujf, et ljs tlm patmktejf ta iestrjht orac ets oahus jki ta ektmrrupt tlm cekismt kmhmssjry oar jk moomhtevm retujf. Cehljmf Jqueka hljrjhtmrezms tles js4 ‖J retujf hljcgmr `mmps tlm retujf jtcasplmrm ek jki tlm kak-retujf mkverakcmkt aut.–:7


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Jkatlmr rmjsak tljt retujf cjneh es moomhtevm, jki mspmhejffy imserjgfm wlmk warèkn wetl tlm Jknfms, es tlm vesujf gejs ao tlm lucjk kmahartmx. Xpjtejf jwjrmkmss, imptl pmrhmpteak, jki supmrear ljki-mym haariekjteak wmrm vetjf ta lucjkety―s mcmrnmkhm js tlm ukequm spmhems et ljs gmhacm. Jfsa oar tlmsm rmjsaks, tlm moomhts tljt hacm orac ektmrjhtekn wetl nmacmtreh oarcs ek j oahusmi mkverakcmkt (mspmhejffy wlmk tlm cmjkekn gmleki tlmsm oarcs es jt fmjst pjrtejffy `kawk) war` wmff wetl tlm ukimrfyekn cmktjf cmhljkescs oar vesuj vesujfeze fezekn kn kmw hakoen hakoenurjurjteaks ao rmjfety. Gmhjusm wm jrm jgfm ta hakhmevm ao tlekns js tlmy ia kat ymt mxest, mx est, wm jrm j rm jgfm ta rmhakoenurm rmhakoen urm aur jwjrmkmss jki j ki aur mkverakcmk mkverakcmktt ta grekn tlmc ekta gmekn ek tlm imsermi oarc, jki ta utefezm sycgafeh gmljvear js jk mssmktejf hacpakmkt ao tles prjhtehm. Law tlmk iams retujf cjneh war`1 Ylm hljcgmr es j imfegmrjtmfy hakstruhtmi mkverakcmkt haktjekekn agdmhts, ecjnmry, jki purpasm ta wlehl tlm cjnehejk jttregutms senkeoehjkhm’ Xenkeoehjkhm es, ek ojht, jkatlmr jppraprejtm `mywari oar tlm Yleri Jknfm, wlehl ek tlm arenekjf Gaki ao tlm Kekm Jknfms es hakhmevmi ao js tlm ‖pawmr ta gmlafi.– Ylm hljcgmr ojhefetjtms cjneh gmhjusm et es jk ektmrojhm gmtwmmk tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm ao tlm cjnehejk jki tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm ak wlehl lm weff ecprmss les weff. Ylm ecjnmry jssahejtmi wetl cjneh es pjrt ao ets fakn trjieteak, gut ek tlm mki tlm ecjnmry ljs ka carm pawmr ar senkeoehjkhm tljk wljt tlm cjneAz (:585) cmcarjgfy hejk es weffekn ta nrjkt et. Ylm oefc Ylm êzjri ao Az (:585) effustrjtms tles4 jotmr j fakn qumst ta oeki tlm êzjri wla hjk lapmouffy smki lmr gjh` lacm ta @jksjs, Iaratly fmjrks tljt tlm pawmr ta ia sa wjs wetl wetlek ek lmr tlm mkterm tecm tecm.. Xlm wjs ukjgfm ta utef utefezm ezm et uktef slm wjs jgfm ta ukimrstj ukimrstjki ki jki jr jrtehu tehufjtm fjtm et oar lmrsmfo lmrsmfo00 mvmk tlaunl slm steff usms tlm cjnehjf agdmht ao tlm Wugy Xfeppmrs, slm ljs fmjrkmi ta usm tlmc js j cmjks ta oahus tlm jgefety tljt slm jfrmjiy passmssmi. Nevekn tlm agdmhts jki ecjnmry wetlek tlm hljcgmr tlm kmhmssjry sen sen keoehjkhm wetlek tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm jfsa sunnmsts jkatlmr ecpartjkt prekhepfm prekhep fm gmleki tlm cmhljkesc ao retujf cjneh4 j retujf hjk gm dust js moomhtevm usekn j pmrsakjffy hrmjtmi cytlafany (suhl js tljt ao Favmhrjot) js et es usekn ecjnmry jki oarcs orac j carm trjieteakjf ar lestarehjf pmr -

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J Ylmary ao Cjneh

spmhtevm. Jutlmktehety es j cjffmjgfm hakhmpt ek tlm retujf hljcgmr, fecetmi akfy gy tlm moomhtevmkmss jki hakvehteak imrevmi orac et. Ek karcjf ijefy ektmrjhteaks wetl tlm mkverakcmkts jki plmkacmkj tljt wm pjrtehepjtm ek, tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm cmiejtms jki hjtmnarezms tlm ekput et rmhmevms orac tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm tlraunl tlm gaiy―s smksms. Ylm wjy wm pmrhmevm tlm oarc, struhturm, jki gmljvears ao tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm (jki ets atlmr smktemkt ahhupjkts) es rmekoarhmi tlraunl tles smksary ekput. Wetujf cjneh impmkis ak j rmjfenkcmkt ao tles smksm ijtj ta carm hfasmfy cjthl tlm ektmkimi moomhts ao tlm cjnehjf jht. Ylm hrmjteak jki prmpjrjteak ao tlm hljcgmr’ek wljtmvmr oarc yau ektmki ta mxprmss tlm t lm orjcm orj cm ao rmomrmkhm ao tlm cjnehj cjnehjff jht’es j ht’es etsmfo etsmf o pjrt ao tlm retuj retujff jki j ki oarcs j `my hacpa hacpakmk kmktt ao tlm cacmktuc irevekn ire vekn oarwjri tlm tjs` jt ljki. Et hjk jfsa gm gmkmoehejf ta hrmjtm spmhejfezmi mkverakcmkts oar hmrtjek èkis ao cjnehjf apmrjteaks. Akm ao tlm cast patmkt mxjcpfms ao tles es Mf m`treshlmk _arspemfm. _arspemfm. Jktak tlm hljcgmr imvatmi ta tlm prjhtehm ao Iem ao Iem Mfm`treshlmk Fj_my―s ekstruhteaks jrm ojerfy spmheoeh (jki js prmveausfy ieshussmi, irjw ak suhl saurhms js tlm ‖Ylacjs Hjrkjhè– starems ao êffejc Lapm Lainsak jki tlm :57> oefc Cmtrapafes oefc Cmtrapafes oar oar vesujf eksperjteak). Ekhfuimi ek tlm smtup ao tlm hljcgmr, wlehl es rmhaccmkimi gy Fj_my ta gm j scjff raac ek arimr ta mkljkhm tlm moomhts ao tlmsm taafs, jrm4 • lenl-autput mfmhtrehjf imvehms suhl js Ymsfj haefs, Djhag―s fjiimrs,

jki _jk im Nrjjoo nmkmrjtars. Ek jiieteak ta tlm precjf omjr orac gmekn ek hfasm praxecety ta suhl ijknmraus agdmhts, tlmy jfsa eakezm tlm jer ek tlm hljcgmr wlehl caieoems tlm pjrtehepjkts― plyseafanehjf rmjhteaks ta tlm retm • fenltekn vej jrnak/kmak tugms, haktregutekn ta tlm outuresteh jmstlmteh ao tlm retm (jki sunnmstevm ao tlm Jrt Imha styfm prmvjfmkt iurekn tlm tecm ao tlm retujf―s suppasmi arenek ek tlm :572s) • j sauki saurhm tljt hjk nmkmrjtm purm saukis rjknekn ek ormqumkhy orac ?2lz ta ::,222lz, wetl j gjh`nrauki sauki ao wletm ar gfjh` kaesm, ektmkimi ta mkljkhm tlm ekhrmjsm jki iespmrsjf ao tlm haffmhtmi mkmrny jki ektmkt ao tlm pjrtehepjkts jki hmfmgrjkt


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• j secpfm jftjr wetl j lucjk sùff ofjk`mi gy twa gfjh` hjkifms

(ek imoejkhm ao tlm ekmvetjgefety ao imjtl), jfakn wetl atlmr Xjtjkeh retujf taafs usmi wetl Fj_my―s styfm ao cjneh • j cerrarmi pmktjnak ek wlehl tlm hmfmgrjkt stjys oar cast ao tlm retm • j nfawekn trjpmzaei suspmkimi jgavm tlm pmktjnak • j stragm fenlt Js yau hjk smm, tles es gatl ojerfy imtjefmi jki j get ieoomrmkt orac wljt tlm jvmrjnm pmrsak cenlt mxpmht ek tlm retuj retujff hljcgmr. Fj Fj_ _my wjs j cjstmr jt hrjotekn mvahjtevm jki stecufjtekn mkverakcmkts ta jhhacMfm`treshlmk reshlmk _arspemfm pjky les retuj retujfs, fs, jki tlm hljcgmr imsenk oar Iem Mfm`t es akm ao tlm cast patmkt jki vesujffy streèkn mxjcpfms ao tljt sèff. Wetujfs . Atlmr mxjcpfms jrm nevmk tlraunlaut Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs. Akm oekjf rmjsak ta suppart tlm kmhmssety ao retujf cjneh es tljt iaekn sa hakkmhts tlm prjhteteakmr ta tlm cjnehjf trjieteaks tljt ljvm hacm gmoarm. Ek j kma-trjieteakjf systmc suhl js tlm Kekm Jknfms, et es lenlfy rmhaccmkimi tljt tlm prjhteteakmr ljvm j oerc nraukiekn ek tlm jhtujf trjieteaks tljt eksperm tlm systmc. Eimjs ia kat imvmfap ek j vjhuuc, jki ukimrstjkiekn tlm haktmxt ao wljt ljs gmmk moomhtevm gmoarm es ecpartjkt oar greknekn oartl tlm gmst omjturms ao tljt ekta tlm kma-trjieteak gmekn jhtevmfy hrmjtmi. Jfmestmr Hrawfmy lektmi ao tles greffejktfy wlmk lm sunnmstmi tljt tlm jsperekn cjnehejk stuiy Ymcpmst, jki J war`s ao êf êffej fejc c Xlj`m Xlj`mspmjrm spmjrm suhl js Cjhgmtl, Ylm Ymcpmst, Ceisuccmr―s Kenlt Irmjc oar Irmjc oar tlm trjieteaks rmvmjfmi wetlek. ^lefm tlm jhtujf trjieteakjf gjses oar tlm cjnehjf shmkms ek tlmsm war`s es ukfe`mfy, tlmy kakmtlmfmss ljvm sljpmi papufjr eimjs ao wljt cjneh ‖faa`s fe`m– jki tlus gy vertum ao tlmer jgefety ta mva`m veseaks ao j cystmreaus jki cjnehjf pjst hjk praveim cuhl eksperjteak oar tlm cjnehejk faaèkn ta praiuhm praiu hm j sece secefjr fjr moomht moomht.*.* Ourtlmrcarm, tlmsm jrm j rm jk mxhmffmkt mxjcpfm ao *Akm ao tlm carm moomhtevm rmprmsmktjteaks ao tles tmhlkequm iurekn tlm mjrfy ymjrs ao Yrm` smrems tetfmi tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk wjs j smhaki smjsak mpesaim ao tlm arenekjf Xtjr Yrm` ‖Hjtspjw.– Ek tles mpesaim (wrettmk gy Wagmrt Gfahl, wla jcakn atlmr tlekns wjs oehteakjfezmi js tlm pratjnakest ao Favmhrjot―s ‖Ylm Ljuktmr ao tlm Ijr`–), tlm hrmw ao tlm Mktmrpresm jrm irjwk ta jk mmrem hjstfm ak jk atlmrwesm ukekljgetjgfm pfjkmt. Ylmy oeki

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J Ylmary ao Cjneh

wly yau cust jhtuj jhtujffy ffy pmroarc cjnehj cjnehjff retuj retujfsfs ek arimr oar o ar tlmc ta gm moomhtevm0 j pfjy es fe`mwesm dust waris ak j pjnm uktef et es cjim ta hacm jfevm js sacmtlekn tljt hjk gm mxpmremkhmi. Akm ao tlm `my prjhtehms ta mknjnm ek wlmk warèkn wetl retujf cjneh es tljt ao tlm cjnehjf iejry. Yles es jk ecpartjkt taaf oar `mmpekn jhhurjtm rmharis ao wljt typms ao retujfs jrm iakm, jki ukimr wljt herhucstjkhms’tecm0 fahjteak0 purpasm0 senks, sycgafs jki waris utefezmi0 smksjteaks jki eksenlts jresekn iurekn jki jotmr tlm retujf. ^lmk faaèkn gatl wetlek jki gmyaki tlm Xmfo ta imtmrcekm wlmk tlm retujf smmcs ta ljvm graunlt tlm imsermi rmsufts, tles rmhari weff pravm vmry usmouf. Eimjffy, yau waufi usm tlm cjnehjf iejry ta rmhari jff jspmhts ao yaur war` wetl tlm Jkn Jknfms, fms, orac eksen eksenlts lts jki eko ekoarcjteak arcjteak ukhavmrmi wlefm wle fm stuiyekn stuiy ekn tlm systmc s ystmc jki j ki ets saurhms, ta hapyekn hapye kn ek e k yaur awk ljki lj ki gatl tlm mxmrhesms sunnmstmi gy tles gaa` jki atlmrs tljt yau hrmjtm oar yaursmfo. Ylm `mmpekn ao j iejr iejryy es jkatlmr hakkmhteak ta tlm trjieteakjf oarcs ao cjnehjf prjhtehm,* hjst ekta j pastcaimrk oarc js j `my pjrt ao tlm oaukijteak ao kma-trjieteak. Nevmk tlmsm imoeketeaks jki orjcms ao rmomrmkhm, fmt us kaw faa` jt tlm iestekhteak gmtwmmk apmrjtevm jki effustrjtevm retujfs. Ylm hljrjhtmrezjteaks lmrm jrm ekofumkhmi gy tlm ieshusseak ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, jfakn wetl atlmr eksenlts jki hfjreoehjteaks tljt ljvm rmsuftmi orac avmr oeoty ymjrs ao prjhtehm ao tlmsm gy tlm prm-:5>= Hlurhl ao Xjtjk jki fjtmr tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt (:5>=‘prmsmkt). Apmrjtevm Wetujfs Apmrjtevm W etujfs Jk apmrjtevm retujf es akm ektmkimi ta smt j pjrtehufjr hljknm ek cateak. Yles hljknm haufi gm agsmrvjgfm ek tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm, ar et Phakt. orac p. :9=S tlmcsmfvms eccmrsmi ek jk mkverakcmkt rmcekeshmkt ao tlm hjstfm Cjhgmtl, hacpfmtm ek Cjhgmtl, hacpfmtm wetl wethlms jki iuknmaks, tljt uftecjtmfy pravms ta ljvm gmmk hrmjtmi js jk effuseak gjsmi ak tlmer precjf omjrs ao hjts, ijr`kmss, jki imjtl. Et jppmjrmi cjnehjf jki orenltmkekn, gmhjusm et cjkeomstmi wljt tlmy mxpmhtmi j cjnehjf jki orenltmkekn mkverakcmkt ta gm. ieh Cjne Cjneh4 h4 Rrjhteh Rrjhtehjf jf Xmh Xmhrmts rmts ao tlm Kartlm Kartlmrk rk Nre Nrecaerms caerms *Xmm Xtmplmk Ofawmrs―s gaa` Ehmfjk gaa` Ehmfjkieh (Ekkmr Yrjieteaks, 72:?), jk upijtm ao les prmveaus trjksfjteak jki jkjfyses ao tlm mjrfyNjfirjgø`.. smvmktmmktl-hmktury Ehmfjkieh cjnehjf gaa` hjffmi tlm Njfirjgø`


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haufi gm moomhtevm cmrmfy wetlek tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm ao tlm cjnehejk. Ylm retujf etsmfo iams kat hrmjtm tlm hljknm, gut fjys gjrm ta tlm cjnehejk wljt cust gm iakm ek arimr ta jhhacpfesl et, jki mxtmrkjfezms tlm imserm ta gmnek jhtekn ek jhhari wetl tlm orjcm ao rmomrmkhm usmi ta jrtehufjtm et . et . Ylm precjry precj ry purpasm ao jk apmrjtevm retuj retujff es tlus ta gmn gmnek ek (ar haktekum haktekum)) j ieshmrkegfm hljknm wetlek tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm ao tlm cjnehejk. Yles ek turk joomhts lmr pmrhmpteak ao tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm ek tmrcs ao tlm harrmspakiekn hljknm wetlek tlm cjnehejk lmrsmfo. Ylm moomhtevmkmss ao tlm retujf impmkis ak j vjremty ao ojhtars, tlm rmsufts ao wlehl weff rjrmfy gm eccmiejtmfy `kawk. Xuhl imtjefs js tlm ecjnmry jki orjcm ao rmomrmkhm usmi, tlm ektmksety ao oahus, jki tlm sekhmrety jki omjsegefety ao tlm imserm, jff haktregutm ta j suhhmssouf retujf. Et es vetjf ta oaffaw up retujf cjneh wetl jppraprejtm kak-retujf jhteak ta rmekoarhm ets fe`mfelaai ao praiuhekn tlm imsermi moomhts. Haktrjry ta papufjr impehteaks ao cjneh, sjyekn tlm renlt waris jki cjèkn tlm renlt nmsturms es kat wljt praiuhms tlm rmsufts0 rjtlmr, tlm hljknm ek tlm jttetuim jki jttmktevmkmss ao tlm cjnehejk hjusms lmr ta cj`m gatl haksheaus jki sughaksheaus jhteaks tawjri tlm oufoeffcmkt ao tlm cjnehjf najf. Js cmkteakmi gmoarm, tles es akm ao tlm rmjsaks wly tlm `mmpekn ao j cjnehjf iejry es hretehjf oar suhhmssouf cjneh. Effu strjtevm Effustrjte vm Wet Wetujf ujfss Jkatlmr kjcm oar jk effustrjtevm retujf es j rmofmhtevm retujf4 tlm ‖cekicerrar– jspmht ao retujf cjneh es oahusmi ak tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm etsmfo, wetl jk jec ta nje njekk eksperjteak, eksen eksenlt, lt, ar ukimrstjkiekn ukimrstjkiekn.. Effustrjtevm cjneh es kat kmhmssjrefy j oarc ao cmietjteak, jftlaunl eo ukimrtj`mk ek j retujfesteh orjcm ao rmomrmkhm, cmietjteak haufi gm usmi js akm hacpakmkt ao jk effustrjtevm retujf. Moomhtevm cjneh gmneks gy hjfcekn tlm ceki jki oahusekn et ekwjri, gatl ao wlehl jrm kmhmssjry ta oarc tlm gjses ao j retujf’tlmsm sjcm oaukijteaks jrm `my hac pakmkts pakmk ts ao jk moomht moomhtevm evm cmietjteak cmi etjteak prjhtehm js wmff. Atlmr cjnehjf tmhlkequms suhl js ievekjteak jrm gmst tlaunlt ao js oarcs ao effustrjtevm retujf0 tlm jht ao ievekjteak rmvmjfs ta yau passegefetems jrauki wlehl tlm psyhlm cenlt rmhakoenurm etsmfo, jki tlus

:9<

J Ylmary ao Cjneh

yau hakstruh hakstruhtt j kmw vemw ao tlm passege passegefetem fetemss wetl wetlek ek tlm ukcj ukcjkeo keomst. mst. Js ievekjteak wetlek j Fmot-Ljki Rjtl haktmxt rmquerms jk uk`kawk jki ukcjkeomst ukcjke omst outurm, tlmsm passegefetems jrm gmst ukimrstaai ukimrstaai js jresekn orac tlm trjdmhtary ao wljt ljs jfrmjiy ahhurrmi, hacgekmi wetl tlm jhteaks ao tlm cjnehejk ek tlm prmsmkt cacmkt0 warèkn wetl tlm prekhepfms mcgaiemi gy tlm Karks es j `my jspmht ao tles prjhtehm. Ylm psyhlair psyhlairjcj jcj es j spmhejf oarc ao effustrjtevm retujf. Ylm psyhlairjcj utefezms vevei ecjnmry jki jhteak imsenkmi ta grmj` iawk gjrremrs ta ukimrstjkiekn, ar ta apmk tlm pjrtehepjkts― myms ta kmw wjys ao vemw vemwekn ekn ar cjkepu cjkepufjte fjtekn kn rmjf rmjfety. ety. Js prmveausfy ies ieshussm hussmi, i, tlm cast wmff-`kawk mxjcpfm ao tles tmhlkequm es tlm Gfjh` Cjss. Ylm cmtlai ao tlm Gfjh` Cjss es kat fecetmi ta tlm pjraiy ar gfjsplmcy ao tlm Wacjk Hjtlafeh feturny, lawmvmr. Ylm sjcm ukimrfyekn prekhe pfms jrm jt war` wlmk mxpasurm ta tlm trum kjturm ao j pmrsak, eimj, ar ekstetuteak’ pmrljps ekstetuteak’ pmrljps gy nf nfecpsekn ecpsekn jspmh jspmhts ts ao tlmer gmljvear ar gmf gmfemos emos tljt jrm kat karcjffy rmvmjfmi’fmjis ta gmekn ukjgfm ta smm tlmc wetl tlm sjcm trust, rmspmht, ar rmvmrmkhm mvmr jnjek. Js wetl tlm apmrjtevm typm ao retujf, tlm ecpartjkhm ao tlm cjnehjf iejry oar rmhariekn tlm herhucstjkhms jki rmsufts ao effustrjtevm retujfs hjkkat gm avmrstjtmi. Dust js j rmhari ao tlm cjnehjf jhts ukimrtj`mk (jki tlmer haktmxt) praveims j orjcmwar` oar imtmrcekekn wljt ljs gmmk moomhtevm, tles rmhari jfsa praveims j cmjks ao prmsmrvekn tlm eksenlts njekmi orac rmofmhtevm retujfs. Et es aotmk tlm hjsm tljt yau hjk tlmk utefezm tlm rmsufts ao j rmofmhtevm retujf, kaw tljt ets mhlas jrm smmk hfmjrfy wetlek tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm, ta oarc tlm gjses ao j fjtmr jht ao apmrjtevm retujf. Ljvekn mstjgfeslmi sacm imoeketeaks jki gjh`nrauki, wm hjk kaw Wetujfs wetl hakkmhouffy mxjcekm tlm arenekjf retms orac Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs wetl teaks ta tlm Kekm Jknfms jki jknufjr cjneh ek nmkmrjf’tlmsm jrm Iem Mfm`tre Mfm `treshlmk shlmk _arspemf arspemfm,m, Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, jki Ylm Hjff ta Htluflu. Htluflu.

? E YMX AO J KN]FJW K N]FJW YLM W EYMX JNEH H J KJFUTMI KJFUTMI C JNE

Ek jiieteak ta tlm lestarehjf jkjfyses ek hljptmr 8 ao tlm oaukijteakjf retms ao Jknufjr Cjneh prjhtehmi ek tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk jki fjtmr ek tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt, wm ljvm kaw jfsa mstjgfeslmi tlm tlmarmtehjf gjh`nrauki tljt pmrcets us ta ieshuss tlm cjnehjf cmtlai jki cmjkekn ao tlmsm retms js wmff. Ylm rmjimr slaufi gm ojcefejr wetl tlm oaffawekn ta njek tlm cast orac tlm eksenlts jki jkjfyses ek tles hljptmr4 • L. R. Favmhrjot’‖Ylm Ljuktmr ao tlm Ijr`,– ‖Ylm Irmjcs ek

tlm êthl-Lausm,– jki ‖Ylm Hjff ao Htluflu– • Orjk` Gmf`kjp Fakn’Ylm Fakn’Ylm Laukis ao Yekijfas Cjdar parteaks ao tlm jmstlmteh gjh`nrauki gmleki tlm retms imrevm orac tlmsm war`s (jki tlmy cjy jfsa stecufjtm irmjcs jki spmhufjteaks ak atlmr jppfehjteaks ao tlm sjcm oehteakjf sunnmsteaks ta jhtujf cjnehjf prjhtehm).). prjhtehm Jiieteakjffy, tlm oaffawekn precjry saurhm cjtmrejf (jff oauki ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs) Wetujfs) oarcs tlm gjses oar tles hljptmr4 • Jktak Fj_my’ Iem Fj_my’ Iem Mfm`t Mfm`treshlmk reshlmk _arspemfm • Cehljmf J. Jqueka’‖Ylm Cmtjplysehs ao Favmhrjot,– Ylm

Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, jki Jknfms, jki Ylm Hjff ta Htluflu :95

:=2

Ylm Ylrmm Wetms ao Jknufjr Cjneh Jkjfyzmi

Mfm`tr `treshlmk eshlmk _arspem arspemfm, fm, wm―ff êtl Iem Mfm wm―ff mxpfarm carm ao tlm retujf―s gjh`nrauki jki sunnmsteaks oar pmroarcjkhm. Oaffawekn tlm oaukijwly et war`s js teak, tlmrm es j cjnehjf jkjfyses ao ets struhturm jki wly moomhtevmfy js et iams0 tles ekhfuims j faa` jt tlm leiimk smxujf hacpakmkt ao tlm retm―s hakhmpteak jki pmroarcjkhm. Ylm mxjcekjteak ao tlm retm hakhfuims wetl mxtmksevm haccmktjry jki jkjfyses ao ets fetjky jki prahfjcjteak. Jknfms gmneks wetl j rmvemw Aur faa` jt Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms gmneks ao Favmhrjot―s hascafany jki ets rmfjteakslep ta tlm Jknfms. Yles es oaffawmi wetl j imtjefmi faa` jt tlm nmsturms jki hakstruhteak ao tlm uke vmrsm wetl wetlek ek tlm haktmxt ao tlm retuj retujf,f, tlmk haktekuekn ak ta ou ourtlmr rtlmr mxpfjkjteak ao tlm senkeoehjkhm ao tlm ekieveiujf Jknfms ek smfo-imvmfapcmkt jki js taafs oar ojhefetjtekn cjnehjf jhts. J stuiy ao tlm tleri ao tlm oaukijteakjf jknufjr retms, Ylm Hjff ta Htluflu, hakhfuims Htluflu, hakhfuims tlm hljptmr. ^m―ff hacpjrm tlm struhturm jki pur pasm ao tles t les retuj retujff ta tljt ao Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. Jknfms . Ylm pur pasm ao tlm retuj retujf’mxpmremkhekn f’mxpmremkhekn tlm trjkseteak ao lucjkety orac cmrm jkecjfs ta ouffy smfo-jwjrm gmekns’es jkjfyzmi ek tmrcs ao tlm cmjkekn jki senkeoehjkhm ao Htluflu ek Favmhrjot―s cytlas.

IEM MFM@YWEXHLMK _AWXREMFM Ourtlm r Gjh`n Ourtlmr Gjh`nrauk rauki i Mfm`tre treshlmk shlmk _arspem arspemfm fm wjrrjkt Ylm cjnehjf ukimrpekkekns ao Iem Mfm` wjrrjkt ourtlmr ieshusseak, imspetm tlm pratmstjteaks ao Fj_my lecsmfo (jki cjky ao les oaffawmrs jki ojks) orac tlm cei-:5>2s akwjri tljt les war` wjs jfwjys akfy cmtjpla cmtjplarehjf rehjf jki tljt lm kmvmr lji jky fetmrjf gmfemo ek Xjtjk ar cjneh. Js Jktak Fj_my hakstjktfy rmekvmktmi lecsmfo jki caieoemi les gjh`stary jt weff tlraunlaut les feom,* cjky ao les awk stjtmcmkts *Xtjrtekn wetl les kjcm4 lm wjs gark Lawjri Xtjktak Fmvmy, oerst usekn tlm kjcm Jktak Xzjkiar Fj_my jrauki tlm fjtm :5=2s (jftlaunl vjrejteaks ak et, suhl js pmroarcekn cuseh js Ylm Nrmjt Xzjkiar , Xzjkiar , passegfy passegfy ijtm gjh` ta tlm fjtm :592s).


:=:

jgaut les gjh`nrauki jki mxpmremkhms cust gm tj`mk wetl j nrjek ao sjft. Kmvmrtlmfmss, tlmrm jrm tlrmm hjtmnarems ao suppartekn ekoarcjteak tljt pmrsujsevmfy sunnmst les wretekns jki prjhtehms orac jt fmjst tlm fjtm :5=2s tlraunl :5>= jrm tlasm ao j fmnetecjtm, prjhtehekn cjnehejk jki Xjtjkest. Ylm rmjimr es rmomrrmi ta Cehljmf Jqueka―s Ylm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk oar Xjtjk oar mxtmksevm iahucmktjteak jki ektmrprmtjteaks ao Fj_my―s wretekns jki prjhtehms iurekn tles tecm pmreai, js wmff js tlm iahucmktjry Cjss (:5>2). oefc Xjtjkes4 Ylm Imvef―s Cjss (:5>2). Xjtjkes4 Ylm Imvef―s Cjss ekhfuims Cjss ekhfuims ektmrvemws wetl Fj_my, les weom, afimst ijunltmr, kmenlgars, jki mjrfy pjrtehepjkts ek tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk. Xtjtmcm Xtjtmcmkts kts orac gatl Fj Fj_ _my jki j ki atlmrs hakoerc lm tlmk rmnjrimi lecsmfo js ‖ek fmjnum wetl tlm imvef, js cuhl js jky cartjf hjk passegfy gm.–: Fj_my haksestmktfy prmsmktmi tles stjkhm uktef tlm cei-:5>2s ek j vjremtyy ao prekt* jki Y _ ektmrvem vjremt ektmrvemws. ws.† Jcakn tlm vjreaus wretekns orac Fj_my prear ta tlm pugfehjteak ao Ylm Xjtjkeh Gegfm ek Gegfm ek :5?5,‡ cuhl hjk gm oauki rmnjriekn les cjnehjf tlmary jki Xjtjkeh tlmafany. Ylraunlaut tlmsm wretekns, js lm imvmfapmi tlmer tapehs avmr tecm, tlmrm jrm rmomrmkhms ta Xjtjkesc js j rmfeneak jki spmhufjteaks ak tlm kjturm ao Xjtjk js j rmjf mktety, jff naekn ta nrmjt pjeks ta hakvmy sekhmrety. Oekjffy, tlmrm jrm j kucgmr ao haccmkts jki fmttmrs gy Fj_my ta atlmrs jssahejtmi wetl tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk iurekn tlm fjtm :5?2s tlraunl tlm cei-:5>2s. Akm ao tlm ecpartjkt rmhurrekn tlmcms ta paekt aut es tlm smreauskmss jki rmspmht wetl wlehl Fj_my trmjtmi tlm Xjtjkeh Yecm (Dukm mwswmm` mm` (Jpref *Mxjcpfms ekhfuim ektmrvemws ektmrvemws pugfeslmi ek Yecm (Dukm :5, :5>7), K :5>7), Kmwsw (Jpref :8, :5>2), ChHjf Ch Hjffsfs (Cjrhl (Cjrhl :5>2), jki cjky atlmr rmneakjf jki kjteakjf pugfehjteaks. †Ekhfuiekn jk ekojcaus jppmjrjkhm (hj. :5>2) ak tlm Dam Rykm Xlaw Xlaw wlmrm wlmrm Fj_my wjs jijcjkt tljt lm wjs sekhmrm jgaut les gmfemos imspetm hakstjkt reiehufm orac tlm last. Rykm, wla peakmmrmi tlm mxjnnmrjtmi hakoraktjteakjf ektmrvemw styfm tljt es kaw haccakpfjhm, rmcjr`mi ta Fj_my jotmr ojefekn ta grmj` les hjfc imcmjkar, ‖E―i fe`m ta tmff yau wlmrm ta na, gut yau―i pragjgfy mkday et.– ‡Joomhteakjtmfy `kawk js tlm ‖rjekgaw slmmts– ium ta tlm vjremty ao hafars ao pjpmr usmi ta arnjkezm tlmc ekta ieoomrmkt tapehs0 tlmy haktekumi ta gm rmherhufjtmi wetlek tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk tlraunl tlm cei-:5>2s. J smfmhteak ao tlmsm jrm hjtjfanumi jki trjkXjtjk . shregmi ek Jqueka―s Ylm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk.

:=7


Rremstlaai. Ek j Djkujry :5>7 fmttmr ta Cehljmf Jqueka, Fj_my wratm4 Xmcekjrejf prmpjrjteaks jki qujfeoehjteak jrm renaraus oar tlasm jttmcptekn ta mktmr tlm premstlaai ao jky atlmr mstjgfeslmi rmfeneak, sa wly slaufi tlmy kat gm mqujffy renei ek tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk1 ^ly slaufi et gm mjsem mjsemrr ta gmhacm j Rrems Rremstt ao Xjtj Xjtjkk tlj tljkk et es ta gmhacm j Hjtlafeh premst, j Dmwesl rjgge, ar j Cmtlaiest cekestmr, wlmk j Rremst ao Xjtjk jht jhtujf ujffy fy rmque rmquerms rms j nrmjt imjf carm wesiac, hakseimrekn les tmrrmstrejf haccetcmkt1 P. . .S Ylm Rremstlaai ao tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk rmquerms ojr carm pmromhteak ao ets hjkieijtms tljk ia tlm premstlaais ao atlmr rmfeneaks, oar tlm Rremst ar Rremstmss ao Xjtjk es tlm oaukijteak ao caimrk Xjtjkesc. 7

Mvmk eo tlm rmjimr oekis tlmsm jrnucmkts ukhakvekhekn, tlmrm steff waufi rmcjek tlm t lm sjcm vjfum ek les war` js j s j saurhm oar cjnehjf cj nehjf prjhtehm tljt es prmsmkt ek tlm war` ao L. R. Favmhrjot. Ek tles vemw ao Fj_my―s prm-::5>= wrete prmwretekns, kns, tlm cast ecpartj ecpartjkt kt jspmh jspmhtt es tlm mvahjtevm ecj ecjnmry nmry tljt ofaws orac les ektmksmfy ecjnekjtevm jki ekvmktevm caimrk tj`m ak tlm ijr`mr jspmhts ao tlm ahhuft. Metlmr wjy, wm cust jh`kawfminm tlm war` ao Jktak Fj_my js j pracekmkt,t, patmkt, fmnetecjtm pracekmk fmnete cjtm saurhm oar tlm t lm cjnehjf cjn ehjf prjhtehms ieshussmi i eshussmi ek tles gaa`. Ylm Wetujf Etsmfo Mfm`treshlmk reshlmk _arspemfm arspemfm es Js ieshussmi, tlm hfjec tljt Iem tljt Iem Mfm`t es jk jhtujf gfjh` cjneh retm orac ektmrwjr Nmrcjky es fe`mfy dust j get ao naai cjnehjf starytmffekn. Yles iams vmry fettfm ta ukimrcekm ets patmkhy, lawmvmr, js tlm cjnehjf cmhljkehs (jki ojux gjh` stary tljt waufi ia Rjuwmfs jki Gmrnemr, jki Yrmvar Wjvmkshraot, praui) jrm mxpmrtfy rmjfezmi. Ekimmi, tlm retm rmvmjfs j patmkt oarcufj ukcjthlmi jcakn Fj_my―s cjnehjf wretekns,s, jki wretekn j ki hjk gm g m jijptmi ekta e kta j weim vjremty vj remty ao ekieveiujf ekiev eiujf jki j ki nraup oarcs tljt jrm mvmry get js moomhtevm js tlm arenekjf.


:=8

êtl tlm tlmarmtehj tlmarmtehjff gjse gjsess oar jkn jknufj ufjrr cjn cjneh eh kaw carm prmhesmfy mstjgfeslmi, j omw carm haccmkts hakhmrkekn tlm struhturm jki tmhlkafany ao tles pjrtehufjr retm jrm ek arimr. Jk mjrfemr oarc ao tlm Kekm Jknfms smrvmi js tlm smjf oar tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei js hakhmevmi wetlek tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk. Ylmrm es j sugtfm kai ta tles hakstruht ek tlm ekstruhteaks oar tlm imhar ao Mfm`tr `treshlmk eshlmk _arspe arspemfm mfm,, wlmrm Fj_my tlm hljcgmr oar pmroarcekn Iem Mfm spmheoems tljt j trjpmzaei’cjim ao cjtmrejf tljt hjk gm hljrnmi jki effucekjtmi’es ta ljkn jgavm tlm pmktjnak jki cjthl ets praparteaks. Ylus, tlm retm utefezms tlm sjcm prekhepfms ao jknfms rmfjtmi tlraunl tlm Nafimk Wjtea tljt jrm nevmk cjnehjf senkeoehjkhm vej Fj_my―s Fjw ao Mfm`treshlmk reshlmk _arspemfm tlm Yrjpmzaei. Oar tles rmjsak jcakn atlmrs, Iem Mfm`t rmcjeks tlm hmktrjf jki cast patmkt retm ao tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei mvmk taijy. Et es tlm mssmkhm ao tlm Arimr mxprmssmi ek retujf oarc. Atlmr jspmhts ao tlm retm wartl katekn ekhfuim tlm senlts jki saukis rmsuftekn orac tlm stragm fenlt jki juiea rmquermcmkts wetlek tlm hljcgmr. Ourtlmrekn tlm hakkmhteak ta tlm mvahjtevm ‖cji fjg– rmp Orjk`mkstmek, mth.), rmsmktjteaks ak tlm gen shrmmk ( Cmtrapafes, ( Cmtrapafes, Orjk`mkstmek, mth.), tlm usm ao tlm stragm fenlt jeis ek tlm ommfekn tljt tlm pjrtehepjkts jrm tlmcsmfvms ek jk afi oefc’akm ao tlm `mys ta jk moomhtevm cjnehjf retujf es tlm smksjteak ao hacpfmtm eccmrseak ek tlm orjcm ao rmomrmkhm orac wlehl tlm retujf apmrjtms. Rut secpfy, tlm carm moomhtevmfy tlm pjrtehepjkts pmrhmevm tlm orjcm ao rmomrmkhm js rmjf jki hakvekhekn gy jff tlm smksms, tlm carm fe`mfy et es ta ojhefetjtm tlm ektmkimi trjksoarcjtevm moomht. Ylm sunnmsteaks oar sauki wetlek tlm hljcgmr fmjvm tlm sjcm ecprmsseak0 tlm jftmrkjtekn vmry lenl jki vmry faw purm saukis mstjgfesl tlm ‖jfemk– ommf ao tlm hljcgmr, ievarhmi orac tlm mvmryijy warfi jki hrmjtekn jk mkverakcmkt wlmrm ukojcefejr stjkijris ao senlt jki sauki slah` tlm pjrtehepjkts ekta kmw caims ao tlaunlt. Mvmk nevmk jff tlmsm rmquermcmkts oar law tlm hljcgmr es ta gm autaut oettmi, ka pjrtehufjr akm es strehtfy rmquermi oar moomhtevm pmroarcjkhm ao tlm retm mvmk tlaunl tlm suc ao vjreaus moomhts es vetjf. Jhhariekn ta Fj_my, ‖tlm ekstruhteaks nevmk lmrm weff smrvm js j usmouf `my ta tlasm wla hjk hj k mxtrjht m xtrjht tlm cast vejgfm vej gfm prekhepfms pre khepfms jki jppfy tlmc ta tlmer t lmer awk

:=9


mkis.–8 Js ek jff cjnehjf warèkns, tlm cast moomhtevm hacpakmkts jrm tlasm tljt ourtlmr tlm retm―s ektmkt jhhariekn ta tlm jmstlmtehs jki prmomrmkhms ao tlasm pmroarcekn et. Yles jpprajhl es ek `mmpekn wetl tlm kma-trjieteakjf oahus tljt es prmsmkt tlraun tlraunlaut laut tlm pjrji pjrjienc enc ao jkn jknufj ufjrr cjn cjneh. eh. Yrjieteakj rjieteakjff oarcs cjy ljvm carm reneiety, gut mvmk tlmk, ek arimr ta gm j fevekn systmc (jki tlmrmgy suetmi ta tlm Fmot-Ljki Rjtl), tlmy cust gm jijptjgfm ta tlm kmmis jki jmstlmtehs ao tlm pjrtehepjkts. Atlmrwesm, tlmy jrm akfy usmouf tawjri prmimtmrcekmi mkis jki tlus jrm gmekn mcpfaymi js j Wenlt-Ljki Rjtl prjhtehm rmnjrifmss ao wljt jmstlmteh ar cmtlais oarc tlmer gjses. Ylm Apmkekn Ylm retujf es ta gmnek wetl tlm sjcm nmkmrjf struhturm nevmk ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Gegfm, Gegfm, wetl tlm spmheoeh usm ao tlm Xextl Mkahlejk @my. Ylm haccmktjry ak tles @my ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Gegfm sunnmsts Gegfm sunnmsts tljt Fj_my―s vmrseak ao tles @my ‖mstjgfeslms tlm struhturm jki oarc ao tljt wlehl ljs gmhacm tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei jki Hlurhl ao Xjtjk.– 9 Fj_my―s rmkimrekn ao tles @my immpmks tlm hakkmhteak gmtwmmk tlm retujf jki tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei, stjtekn tljt ‖tlm sperets ao tlm oaurtl jknfm jrm Kekm, cenlty ek tlm trjpmzaei, wlac tlm oerst ljtl oarcmi.– = Oaffawekn tlm apmkekn, tlm retm praveims sacmtlekn ta stecufjtm cast ao tlm trjieteakjf smksms ek j ukequm syktlmses ao ekomrkjf nmacmtry, mkverakcmkt- jki haksheauskmss-jftmrekn mfmhtrakehs, jki j rugreh iermhtmi js cuhl jt tlm prm-rjteakjf ‖rmptefejk– grjek js jky fanehjf tlaunlt prahmss. Ylm ukusujf jki hfmjrfy kak-kjturjf saukis kmjr tlm mxtrmcms ao lucjk pmrhmpteak pmrhmpteak oarhm tlm pjrtehepjkts pjr tehepjkts ta gm ouf o uffy fy ‖prmsmkt– ‖prmsmkt– ek tlm hljcgmr’tlmy jrm j cjkeomstjteak ao tlm Fjw ao tlm Yrjpmzaei rmkimrmi tlraunl sauki. Ylm mfmhtrastjteh nmkmrjtars jii j senkeoehjkt jcaukt ao jgsafutmfy rmjf jki smreaus ijknmr ta tlm prahmmiekns, wlefm jt tlm sjcm tlmer eakezjteak ao tlm jer es caai-jftmrekn (jki ektraiuhms tlm iestekht scmff ao azakm tljt es karcjffy akfy mkhauktmrmi eo yau jrm taa hfasm oar hacoart ta j fenltkekn stre`m). Ylm kmak tugekn jki stragm fenltekn hrmjtm jk eccmrsevm mxpmremkhm tljt ourtlmr ieshakkmhts tlm


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jwjrmkmss ao hmfmgrjkt jki pjrtehepjkts orac tlm mvmryijy warfi. Mfm`tr `treshlm eshlmkk Et es kat ukhaccak iurekn j pmroarcjkhm ao Iem Mfm _arspemfm oar _arspemfm oar jff ta ommf j get jkxeaus jt tles patmkt jssjuft ak tlm smksms. Yles es prmhesmfy tlm ommfekn tljt tlm hljcgmr es imsenkmi ta hrmjtm, gut juncmktmi wetl j tauhl ao jktehepjteak. Ylm cjnehejk `kaws kat ta omjr ar sluk tles ommfekn, gut rjtlmr ta jppfy et ta greknekn jgaut tlm hljknms tlm retm es imsenkmi ta moomht. Akhm tlm hmfmgrjkt hmfmgrjkt mktmrs tlm cerrarmi pmktjnak wetlek wetle k tlm hljcgmr hlj cgmr,, jff hakhmktrjtm tlmer imserms oar tlmcsmfvms jki tlm ârfi ao Larrars akta tlm hmfmgrjkt. ^ljtmvmr tlmy jrm ommfekn, tlm hmfmgrjkt es ommfekn tmkoafi, js lm (ar slm) gmhacms tlm oahus ao jttmkteak. Oar jcakn tlm smhrmts ao arspemfm es tlm avmrstecufjsuhhmssouf pmroarcjkhm ao Iem Mfm`treshlmk _arspemfm avmrstecufjteak jki uftecjtmfy mxljusteak ao tlm hmfmgrjkt. Ylm pjrjffmfs gmtwmmk tles stecufjteak jki ets rmsuftjkt ieshljrnm jki tljt ao tlm arnjsc hjkkat gm avmrstjtmi. Yles es kat j smxujf retm pmr sm’tlmrm es ka kuim jftjr, kar jky iermht haktjht gmtwmmk tlm pjrtehepjkts jki tlm hmfmgrjkt’gut tlm moomht ak tlm hmfmgrjkt ek pjrtehufjr pjrtj`ms ao tlm sjcm precjf rjesekn jki ieshljrnekn ao smxujf mkmrny. Yles wjs tlm hrux ao tlm war` ao êflmfc Wmehl, jki j ki ao tlm vmry prekh prekhepf epfms ms mxpfarmi mxpfarmi ek e k les le s stuiems suhl js Ylm Oukhteak ao tlm Arnjsc jki Arnjsc jki Ylm Cjss Rsyhlafany ao Ojshesc. Ojshesc . Erakehjffy, nevmk tlm fjrnmfy ojktjsy-gjsmi lestary ek tlm ektraiuhteak Iem Mfm`treshlmk Mfm`treshlmk _arspe arspemfm, mfm, tlmrm ta Iem ta tlmrm es j vmry spmheoeh pjrjffmf gmtwmmk akm ao tlm hmktrjf cjnehjf tmhlkequms ao tlm retm jki j pjrtehufjr retujf hljcgmr usmi wetlek tlm Yleri Wmehl. Nevmk tljt `kawfminm ao tles wjs vmry shjkt ek tlm Mknfesl-spmjèkn warfi prear ta tlm cei-:5>2s, et es vmry ukfe`mfy tljt Fj_my wjs jhtujffy jwjrm ao tles hakkmhteak. Lawmvmr, imspetm tlm lestarehjf slarthacekns ek femu ao tmffekn j naai cjnehjf tjfm, Fj_my lji rmcjr`jgfy jstutm ektueteak jgaut wljt wjs jhtujffy gmekn mcpfaymi gy tlm Kjteakjf Xahejfests ek tlmer usm ao spmhtjhfm, wakimr, jki tlmer faknekn oar tlm immp pjst js pjrt ao tlm trjksoarcjteak ao tlmer hufturm. Ylm Jgsafutm Mfsmwlmrm Ylm ^mwmfsgurn es j fjtm Wmkjessjkhm-styfm hjstfm fahjtmi ek Nmrcjky, sautlwmst ao Rjimrgark. Ets ukusujf trejknufjr oarc es pjrtejffy iehtjtmi

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gy tlm fjkishjpm ek wlehl et wjs gueft, jki tlmrm ljs gmmk sacm oarc ao oarteoehjteak ak tles strjtmneh setm jt fmjst js ojr gjh` js tlm Wacjk ekvjseak ek tlm ymjr 5 ao tlm Haccak Mrj. Ylm hurrmkt hjstfm wjs gueft ek tlm mjrfy smvmktmmktl hmktury oar tlm Rrekhm-Geslaps ao Rjimrgark, ak tap ao j straknlafi ijtekn orac tlm twmfotl hmktury. ? Gy tlm mjrfy :582s, et wjs `kawk tljt Lmekrehl Leccfmr, lmji ao tlm XX,* wjs smjrhlekn oar les ‖Nrjef Hjstfm,– jki tlm ^mwmfsgurn wjs rmhaccmkimi rmhaccm kimi ta lec gy tlm Fjkirjt tlm Fjkirjt (hlemo (hlemo jicekestrjtar jicek estrjtar)) ao tlm kmjrgy tawk ao Görmk. Yles rmhaccmkijteak cmt wetl tlm jppravjf ao @jrf Cjrej êfenut (j`j ‖^mestlar–), tlm Justrejk cysteh jki Leccfmr―s pmrsakjff jive pmrsakj jivesar. sar.> Et smmcs ojer ta sjy tljt tlm ^mwmfsgurn mva`mi ek Leccfmr j njtmwjy ta j fakn oarnattmk pjst, jki ekspermi ek lec tlm faknekn ta usm et js j oahjf paekt oar les veseak ao jk mfetm `kenltlaai imiehjtmi ta oufoeffekn tlmcsmfvms tlraunl tlm nfareoehjteak ao Nmrcjky. Ylm hjstfm es ekojcaus oar twa pjrtehufjr hljcgmrs, gatl ek tlm kartl tawmr. Ylm Agmrnruppmkoölrmrsjjf es j fjrnm, wekiawmi ljff wetl j cjrgfm o faar tljt hak haktje tjeks ks tlm sycgaf s ycgaf ek nrmmk cjrgfm kaw typety pehjffy eimkteoemi wetl tlm Gfjh` Xuk. Ylm twmfvm sawefa (ᛀ) rukms sunnmst j safjr senkeoehjkhm, pmrljps mvmk j rmomrmkhm ta tlm jppmjrjkhm ao jk mhfepsm (ao wlehl tlmrm twa vesegfm ek tljt rmneak ao Nmrcjky iurekn tlm pmreai ao tlm imsenk jki hakstruhteak ao tlm Agmrnr Agmrnruppmkoölrmrsj uppmkoölrmrsjjf). jf).

Wmpraiuhteak ao tlm Gfjh` Xuk ek tlm Agmrnruppmkoölrmrsjjf

*Ylm XX (e.m., tlm Xhlutzstjoomf ar ‖Rratmhteak Xqujirak–) wmrm ektmkimi ta gm tlm mfetm jcakn tlm ‖cjstmr rjhm– jki tlus stmmpmi ek ets lenlmst eimjfs, rmekoarhmi wetl pawmrouf retms jki hmrmcakems. J vmry smreaus mktlusejst ao Nmrcjkeh pjnjkesc jki ets jkhemkt raats, Leccfmr avmrsjw vertujffy jff ao tlm ektmrmsts ao tlm Yleri Wmehl tljt wmrm jhtujffy rmfjtmi ta pjnjkesc jki ahhuftesc (tlaunl ek rmjfety tlmrm wjs ojr fmss ao tles ek Jlkmkmrgm’ Kjze Nmrcjky tljk ljs aotmk gmmk sunnmstmi). Yles ektmrmst ekhfuimi tlm Jlkmkmrgm ’ tlm arnjkezjteak tjs`mi wetl Nmrcjkeh jkhmstrjf rmsmjrhl, fjtmr hakvmrtmi ekta j tlek` tjk` oar Leccfmr―s ahhuft jki psmuiashemkhm eimjs’jki les rmfjteakslep wetl êfenut.


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Ylm hrypt, ar ^jfljffj, ^jfljffj, hljcgmr hljcgmr jt tlm ^mwmfsgurn

Ylm mvmk carm ekojcaus hljcgmr, gmfaw nrauki fmvmf ek tlm kartl tawmr, es tlm Nruot (Nmrcjk (Nmrcjk oar ‖hrypt–) ar Ljff ao tlm Ojffmk.* Et es kat jhtujffy j hrypt, wlehl es hfmjr orac ets jppmjrjkhm jki fjyaut0 ets imsenk es ek jhtujfety tljt ao j oahusekn hljcgmr, wlmrm jky sauki mcjkjtekn orac wetlek tlm hljcgmr, jki jky fenlt slekekn tlraunl tlm oaur lenl wekiaws, jrm oahusmi ak tlm hmktrjf pet. Et es tles prapmrty wlehl waufi ljvm cjim tlm Nruot eimjf eimjf oar j pmroarcjkhm ao Iem Mfm`t Mf m`tres reshlmk hlmk _ars arspemf pemfmm . *Ylm jutlar vesetmi tlm ^mwmfsgurn ek sprekn 72:= jki wjs jgfm ta spmki tecm jfakm ek gatl hljcgmrs0 wlefm tlmrm, ekhakspehuaus retujf war` wjs ukimrtj`mk ta hakkmht wetl tlm strmjc ao acekaus cjneh jki trjneh haktrjiehteak tljt ofaws tlraunlaut.

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Nruot, jfsa `kawk js tlm ^jfljffj hljcgmr, wjs tlm setm ek Ylm Nruot, Ahtagmr :5<7 wlmrm Cehljmf Jqueka pmroarcmi wljt ljs sekhm gmhacm `kawk js tlm ^mwmfsgurn ârèkn. Ylm rmjsaks kmhmssetjtekn tlm ârè ^ arèkn kn etsmf etsmfoo jrm ektmrkj ektmrkjff ta tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt. Lawmvmr Lawmvmr,, akm ao ets autwjri rmsufts wjs tlm rmhakstetuteak ao tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei js j oukhteakjf mktety, hljrnmi wetl nujriekn tlm leiimk saurhm ao tlm Gfjh` Ofjcm ao haksheauskmss sa tljt et cjy kat gm cesusmi ak suhl j shjfm jnjek (jki hjk gm rmèkifmi ek wljtmvmr autwjri oarc es kmhmssjry ta ojhefetjtm ets sprmji jt tljt tecm). Jqueka―s jhhaukt ao tlm ^mwmfsgurn ârè ^ arèkn kn ljs gmmk j cjdar ojhtar ek sprmjiek sprmjieknn jwjrmkmss ao tlm jhtu jhtujf jf ojhts ao tlm hjstfm―s rafm ek tlm Kjze ahhuftesc kma-cytlafany.* Mxj cekjteak Mxjcek jteak ao tlm Fetjky ek Iem Mfm`treshlmk _arspemfm Mfm`tre `treshlmk shlmk _arspem arspemfm fm es akm ao tlm cast ecpartjkt Ylm fetjky ek Iem Mfm saurhms oar ukimrstjkiekn Fj_my―s cjnehjf tlekèkn. Yles es tlm hjsm imspetm smhteaks ao et gmekn pjrjplrjsmi orac tlm war` ao Cjurehm Iarmjf†0 cjky pjrts ao et jrm mktermfy arenekjf ta Fj_my lawmvmr, jki, carm ecpartjktfy, tlm avmrjff syktlmses ao tlm garrawmi jki arenekjf pjrtss ekta j halmr pjrt halmrmkt mkt wlafm es vetjf ta tlm moomh moomhtevmkmss tevmkmss ao tlm retm. Fmt― Fmt―ss tj`m j hfasmr faa` jt sacm ao tlm `my smhteaks jki plrjsms wetl jk mym tawjri jk jkjfyses ao tlmer cjnehjf ektmkt. Jt tlm paekt ek tlm retm wlmrm tlm spa`mk tmxt gmneks, tlm hljcgmr ljs gmmk hljrnmi vej tlm vjreaus smksary mkljkhmcmkt imvehms. Eccmiejtmfy oaffawekn tlm ekvahjteak, tlm hmfmgrjkt tlmk trjhms tlm jknfms wetl les uprjesmi swari wlehl apmks tlm njtm ta tlm outurm tljt Es-Ya-Gm. Xtruhturjffy, Fj_my usms tles ek j cjkkmr jèk ta ‖hjstekn tlm herhfm– ek j carm trjieteakjf typm ao hmrmcakejf cjneh. Ylm hmfmgrjkt *Ylmrm es jk mkterm hljptmr ek Jqueka―s Ylm Ymcpfm ao Xmt wlehl wlehl ieshussms tlm gjh`nrauki jki jotmrcjtl ao tlm ârèkn ek cuhl imtjef. Jiieteakjf shlafjrfy saurhms jh`kawfminekn Jqueka―s ekofumkhm ak tlm Kjze ahhuftesc cytlas ekhfuim4 Kehlafjs Naaireh`Hfjr`m, Gfjh` Xuk0 Ijkemfj Xempm―s mssjy ‖Msatmreshlm Xehltwmesmk juo iem ^mwmfsgurn4 Wmzmpteak ek “sjtjkeshlmk― @rmesmk0– Mvj @eknsmpp―s mssjy ‖Ylm Rawmr ao tlm Gfjh` Xuk.– †Ya gm ojer, Fj_my iei lekt jt tles ek tlm ektraiuhteak (jftlaunl wetlaut j ouff jttreguteak, jki wetl mkaunl jcgenuety ek tlm rmomrmkhm ta cj`m et ieooehuft ta trjh` iawk tlm trum saurhm).


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ljs hrmjtmi tlm ukevmrsm ek cekejturm vej tlm ekvahjteaks, tlm succakekn ao tlm mfmcmkts, jki tlm trjhekn ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. Ylus, lm prapmrfy imcjrhjtms tlm retujf spjhm ta moomht tlm tjs` jt ljki. Ylm eketejf jppmjf ek tlm ekvahjteak es ta tlm Apmkmr ao tlm ^jy, tlus hrmjtekn tlm hljkkmf gy wlehl tlm Es-Ya-Gm es graunlt ekta fekm wetl tlm imserms hjst gy tlm pjrt pjrtehepjkts ehepjkts jki hmfmgrjkt. Ylm hljrj hljrjhtmr htmr-Mfm`treshlmk reshlmk _arspemfm arspemfm js ezjteak ao Iem ao Iem Mfm`t js tlm Wetm ao tlm Es-Ya-Gm rmkimrs et js j pmroarcjtevm uttmrjkhm ek ets mktermty. Ylm Apmkmr ao tlm ^jy sunnmsts tlm djh`jf-lmjimi Mnyptejk nai Jkuges, wla jhtmi js j nueim oar tlm imji. ^lefm tles jssahejteak js ‖apmkmr– es vjfei, tlm tetfm ‖Apmkmr ao tlm ^jy– waufi carm harrmhtfy rmomr ta tlm rmfjtmi nai ^mpwjwmt. Et es passegfm Fj_my usmi tlm gmttmr-`kawk Jkuges ek arimr ta mkljkhm tlm hakkmhteaks ao tles retm wetl imjtl,* ar secpfy sljrmi tlm hakouseak tljt cjky saurhms ia gmtwmmk tlm djh`jflmjimi Jkuges jki tlm secefjrfy partrjymi wafo-lmjimi ^mpwjwmt). Ektmrmsteknfy, ^mpwjwmt wjs jfsa sacmtecms sjei ta gm tlm sak ao Xmt. Ek metlmr hjsm, tlm apmkekn ao tlm wjy es jk ecpartjkt hacpakmkt ao tlm cjnehjf cmhljkesc ao tlm retm. Katm, lawmvmr, tljt Jkuges es kat gmekn cmrmfy js`mi ta apmk tlm wjy, gut jfsa ta pjrtehepjtm ek tlm retm’ tles es jk jppfehjteak ao tlm fjw ao secefjrety orac orac tlm smceateh tlmary ao cjneh, wetl Jkuges pjrtehepjtekn wetl tlm atlmrs prmsmkt js mqujfs. Ylm jssahejteaks wetl tlm cytlas ao Favmhrjot jrm tlmrm jt tlm vmry gmnekkekn ao tlm ekvahjteak js wmff. Ylm hmfmgrjkt mktrmjts Jkuges ta ‖gfjst . . . oartl tlraunl tlm njtms ao tlm slekekn Yrjpmzalmirak.– < Wmhjff tljt ek tlm Cytlas, Uan-Xatlatl es tlm Autmr Nai wla sycgafezms tlm njtm. Imjtl es hmrtjekfy j njtmwjy ta j ieoomrmkt typm ao Gmekn (ar kak-gmekn, impmkiekn ak wljt yaur cmtjplysehjf tmkimkhems sunnmst jgaut tlm stjtm oaffawekn imjtl). Ylm eraky ao sunnmstekn Jkuges (ar ^mpwjwmt ^ mpwjwmt)) js j `mmpmr ao tle tless pjr pjrtehu tehufjr fjr njtm es tljt j ie ieoo oomrmkt mrmkt jvjtjr ao Uan-Xatlatl’“]cr jt-Yjwef’ljs j kjcm tljt cmjks ‖tlm cast *Mcgmiimi ek tlm ektmrprmtjteak ao tlm retm js j guefiup jki rmfmjsm ao smxujf mkmrny ak tlm pjrt ao tlm cjfm hmfmgrjkt hacgekmi wetl tlm ecjnmry ao Jkuges, tlmrm haufi gm oauki jk ecpfemi rmomrmkhm ta tlm Ormkhl mxprmsseak fj pmtetm cart (fetmrjffy (fetmrjffy ‖tlm fettfm imjtl,– usmi js j haccak muplmcesc oar tlm arnjsc).

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jkhemkt jki prafaknmi ao feom.– Njtms rjrmfy apmk ek akfy akm iermhteak. Ylm apmkekn pjrjnrjpl jfsa haktjeks tlm oerst pmroarcjtevm uttmrjkhm oauki ek tlm retm4 ‖Ylm oerm ao Lmff iatl praveim jki tlm tlaunlts orac wetlek iatl prmvjef.– 5 Wmhjff tljt tlm kjturm ao j pmroarcjtevm uttmrjkhm es tljt et hrmjtms jhteak (ar j hljknm ek stjtm) cmrmfy gy gmekn spa`mk0 jkatlmr wjy ao faaèkn jt tles es tljt pmroarcjtevm uttmrjkhms spmj` ao tlekns tljt cjy kat ymt gm trum js eo tlmy wmrm jfrmjiy trum ar lji ahhurrmi. Ylus, tlmy rmhakoenurm tlm mxpmhtjteaks jki rmjfetems ao tlasm wla uttmr ar lmjr tlmc. E imhrmm tljt tlm nfjcaur gm feotmi, rmvmjfekn tlm ojhm ao tlm Xmrpmkt. Gy tlm saukis ym sljff smm tlm ojhm ao tlm Xmrpmkt, sa fmjrk wmff tlm wari tljt t ljt akfy j cjk hjk prakaukhm. Ylus, E feo feott tlm vmef orac tlm Xmrpmkt jki hjst lec oartl jcakn cmk. :2

Yles smhteak es fenltfy pjrjplrjsmi gy Fj_my orac Iarmjf―s arenekjf tmxt. Wmhjff tljt Iarmjf, jfakn wetl Wagmrt M. Lawjri (ek Ylm Xljiaw @ekniac P:575S), @ekniac P:575S), wjs jcakn tlm oerst ta wretm jgaut jki papufjrezm tlm ‖rmptefejk jfemks cjsqumrjiekn js lucjks– kma-cytlafany. Ylm smrpmkt cmk orac _jfusej, wla oenurm pracekmktfy ek Lawjri―s stary, jppmjrmi fjtmr ek Favmhrjot―s ‖Ylm Ljuktmr ao tlm Ijr`– js akm ao tlm `mmpmrs ao tlm Xlekekn Yrjpmzalmirak iurekn ets fakn lestary. Yles ‖imhrmm– hjk gm tj`mk ta rmekoarhm tlm ecpartjkhm ao pjrtehe pjkts ek tlm retm rmvmjf rmvmjfekn ekn tlmer trum smfvms, rjtlmr tljk leie leiekn kn gmle gmleki ki j cmtjplarehjf cjs`. Ylm ‖wari tljt akfy j cjk hjk prakaukhm– :: es usmi ta iesteknuesl tlm trum lucjks (passmssekn tlm kmhmssjry vahjf jppjrjtus) orac Iarmjf―s smrpmktekm jfemks, jki es pmrljps mvmk j vmefmi rmomrmkhm ta tlm ojgfmi ‖Fast âri– ao Ormmcjsakry. Mfm`tr `treshlm eshlmkk @mmp ek ceki, taa, tljt tlm stjtmi purpasm ao Iem Mfm _arspemfm es _arspemfm es ‖ta jftmr jk mxestekn sahejf hfecjtm jki mstjgfesl ojr-rmjhlekn hljknm.–:7 Ylm carm prmhesmfy yau ukimrstjki tlm trum kjturm ao tlm ektmkimi tjrnmt ao tlm cjnehjf retujf, tlm carm fe`mfy et es tljt tlm hljknm weff gm moomhtevm. Yles jspmht ao tlm ekvahjteak grekns tlm sahejf hfecjtm tljt es gmekn joomhtmi ekta hfmjr oahus, jki rmcekis tlm pjrtehe-


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pjkts jki j ki hmfmgrjkt kat ta sluk gut rjtlmr ta wjf` wj f` wetle wetlekk et js j s jk j k jhtevm jht evm oarhm. Yles es ecpfemi gy tlm fjw ao secefjrety0 jotmr jff, tlmrm es ojr carm appartukety oar hljknekn tlm sahejf struhturms yau pjrtehepjtm ek tljk struhturms agsmrvmi cmrmfy js jk autseimr. PYlm LaukisS cavm akfy tlraunl jknfms, tlaunl ormm jrm tlmy kat ao tlm hurvmi iecmkseaks. Xtrjknm jki tmrregfm jrm tlm Laukis ao tlm Gjrremr, oaffaw tlmy haksheauskmss ta tlm fecets ao spjhm. ]ksmmk tlmy wjf` jcakn tlmm, ek pfjhms wlmrm tlm Wetms ljvm gmmk sjei.:8

Yles smhteak, jfsa pjrjplrjsmi orac Iarmjf, es katjgfm oar twa tlekns4 jk jiieteak ta tlm tmxt gy Fj_my, jki j fekm orac Iarmjf lm iei kat rmtjek ek les pjrjplrjsm. Ylm fekm jiimi gy Fj_my wjs tlm fjst akm0 Mfm`tr `treshlmk eshlmk tles jiieteak hakkmhts tlm ieoomrmkt pmroarcjkhms ao Iem Mfm _arspemfm ek _arspemfm ek tecm jki spjhm, ecpfyekn tljt tlm retm fmjvms j ‖cjr`mr– tljt pmrcetss tlm Laukis ta pjs pmrcet pjsss tlraun tlraunll tlm njtm ekta aur hur hurvmi vmi spjhm wlmk tlmy t lmy pmrhmev pmrhmevmm tlm ‖saufs ao tlm ren renltmaus. ltmaus.–– :9 Cjnehjffy, tlm Laukis mcgaiy tlm Fjw ao tlm Yrjpmzaei4 tlmy pratmht tlasm wla pmrhmevm tlm smhrmts ao tlm Jkn Jknfms, fms, gut prmy ak tlasm wla `kaw kaunlt gut hur hurvmi vmi spjhm. Ylmsm njtms fmot gmleki gy pmroarcjkhms ao tlm retm praveim j cmjks oar tlmsm mcessjrems ao tlm Jknfms ta cjektjek j hakkmhteak wetl tlm ârfi ao Larrars. Ylm fekm Fj_my ieik―t rmtjek es ‖Akfy tlm herhfm weff nevm ym pratmhteak, sjvm orac tlm hfjws ao tlm I^MFFMW EK JKNFMX.– := Ylm usm ao j pratmhtevm herhfm wjs jkjtlmcj ek Fj_my―s systmc ao cjneh, tlm rmjsakekn gmekn tljt tlm Xjtjkest wjs ek fmjnum wetl tlm Rawmrs ao Ijr`kmss jki tlus rmquermi ka pratmhteak orac tlmc. Ourtlmrcarm, et waufi gm j get ao jk jmstlmteh hfjsl ta gm trjhekn herhfms ek j retm tljt wjs purmfy jknufjr ek kjturm (tlus Fj_my ljs tlm hmfmgrjkt trjhm aut tlm jknfms jt tlm paekt ek tlm retm wlmrm j herhfm cenlt trjieteakjffy gm irjwk0 tlmsm jknfms jrm kat oar pratmhteak gut ta ourtlmr imfekmjtm tlm spjhm wetlek tlm hljcgmr wlmrm tlm hmfmgrjkt pmroarcs les cjnehjf smkiekn). ^lefefmm irj ^l irjwe wekn kn lmjve lmjvefy fy orac tl tles es saurh saurhm, m, Fj_ Fj_my my hj hjrmo rmouf uffy fy hak hak-struhtmi tlm pemhms tljt wmrm garrawmi ta ektmnrjtm tlmc wetl les awk

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arenekjf eimjs. Ylm patmkhy gmleki Fj_my―s war` es jfwjys carm jgaut tlm syktlmses tljk tlm saurhms. Leiekn ek tlm jgyss gmyaki tecm E oauki tlmc, jki tlmy, shmktekn cm jojr aoo, rjesmi tlmcsmfvms jki njvm tlm nrmjt gmff hry tljt hjk gm lmjri orac hyhfm ta hyhfm. Iwmft E tlmk, ek fjers rmcatm orac cjk, ak tlm nrjy slarms ao tecm, gmyaki tlm warfi―s rec, jki mvmr wetl cm tlmy cavmi, ek jknfms kat `kawk ta cjk. :?

Ylm hmfmgrjkt es rmfjtekn j oarc ao hrmjteak cytl ek tles smhteak, mstjgfeslekn tlm hascanaky wlmrmek tlm retm oukhteaks. Ylm arenekjf saurhm ao tles es j pjrjplrjsm ao j hretehjf smhteak ao tlm pfat ao tlm slart Yekijfas 0 et es hjst lmrm ek carm pamteh tmrcs, jki stary Ylm Laukis ao Yekijfas0 usmi oar guefiekn up tlm kma-cytlafany tljt tlm retm’jki tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei’haktekums ta irjw upak jki mkljkhm. Cjnehjffy, tles es j `my hacpakmkt ao mstjgfeslekn tlm orjcm ao rmomrmkhm wetlek wlehl tlm retm apmrjtms. Orjcms ao rmomrmkhm jrm js rmjf js tlmy kmmi ta gm wetlek tlm haktmxt ao j retujf, jki tlm hmfmgrjkt rmekoarhms tles gy tlm mxtmkt ta wlehl lm eccmrsms lecsmfo ek tlm rafm jki hakvmys hakvehteak gmleki les waris jki jhteaks. A fmjrk tlm Fjw, cy gratlmrs ao tlm kenlt-tlm Nrmjt Fjw jki tlm Fmssmr Fjw. Ylm Nrmjt Fjw grekns tlm gjfjkhm jki iatl pmrsest wetlaut cmrhy. Ylm Fmss Fmssmr mr Fjw jgeimtl js tlm `my, jki tlm slek slekekn ekn Yrjpmzaei es tlm iaar!:>

Mfm`tre treshlmk shlmk _arspemf arspemfmm Fj_my wretms ao gatl j ‖Nrmjtmr– jki Ek Iem Mfm` Ek Iem ‖Fmssmr– fjw, gut iei kat mfjgarjtm ak tles ek jky atlmr wrettmk saurhm. Gjsmi ak war` tljt ljs haktekumi wetlek tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei, hacgekmi wetl tlm lekts nevmk gy Fj_my, j fe`mfy mxpfjkjteak ao tlm cmjkekn ao tlmsm twa ojhmts ao tlm Fjw es tlm oaffawekn. Avmr tlm ymjrs Fj_my wratm jgaut vjreaus jspmhts ao tlm Fjw ao tlm Yrjpmzaei, gut kmvmr njvm j suhhekht imoeketeak ao et. Wmhjff tljt, gjsmi ak les awk ukimrstjkiekn jki vjreaus hakvmrsjteaks wetl Fj_my ak tlm


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kjturm jki usms ao tlm Fjw, Cehljmf Jqueka succjrezmi et js4 Jff agtusm jknfms jrm cjnehjffy ljrcouf ta tlasm ukjwjrm ao tles prapmrty. Ylm sjcm sj cm jknfms jkn fms jrm gmkmoehej gmkmoehejf,f, stecufjtekn ste cufjtekn,, jki mkmrneze mkmrnezekn kn ta tlasm wla jrm cjnehjffy smksetevm ta tlmc.:<

êtl tles tl es twaoafi imshrepteak ao tlm Fjw F jw,, hacgekmi wetl tlm atlmr at lmr Mfm`tre `treshlmk shlmk lekts ek tlm hakhmpteak ao tlm Fjw js jppfemi wetlek Iem Mfm _arspemfm, wm hjk hrmjtm j carm jhhurjtm pehturm ao tlm prapmrtems jki _arspemfm, usms ao tlm ‖Nrmjtmr– jki ‖Fmssmr– Fjw. Ylm Nrmjtmr Fjw ‖grekns tlm gjfjkhm jki iatl pmrsest wetlaut cmrhy.–:5 Ylm moomht ao tlm Fjw ao tlm Yrjpmzaei ak tlasm ukjwjrm jki ukprmpjrmi es ta mva`m j sugtfm oarc ao tlm ‖oenlt ar ofenlt– ekstekht. Ylm vjreaus vjrea us sycgafs tljt tljt ecpfy ecpfy ijknmr ek Cartm Cartmksmk ksmk――s Haccjki Haccjki ta Faa` Faa` oaroarcufj apmrjtm ak tles sjcm prekhepfm, jki ao haursm Cartmksmk―s war` wjs j vetjf saurhm oar Fj_my―s awk hakhmpteak ao tlm Fjw ao tlm Yrjpmzaei. Ylm Fmssmr Fjw ‖jgeimtl js tlm `my, jki tlm slekekn Yrjpmzaei es tlm iaar.–:5 Ylm moomht ao tlm Fjw ao tlm Yrjpmzaei ak tlasm jwjrm ao jki haksheausfy usekn ets prekhepfms es gmkmoehejf, stecufjtekn, jki mkmrnezekn. Ylm ‖`my– es tles jwjrmkmss, jki `kawekn tlm raats ao tlm Fjw suhl tljt tlmy mkljkhm ets jhteak. ^lmrmjs tlm kak-eketejtm ekstekhtevmfy weslms ta o fmm jt tlm senlt ao tlmsm jkn jknufj ufjrr mkverakcmkts jki sycgaf sycgafs,s, tlmsm sjcm mkverakcmkts jki sycgafs jht js patmkt jttrjhtars jki gmhacm taafs oar moomhtekn hljknm wetlek tlm jknufjr cjnehejk. Yles Fmssmr Fjw es j pawmrouf taaf oar fmjvekn ‖smmis– ao tlm eksperjteaks tljt fmi tlm cjnehejk ta lecsmfo, sa tljt atlmrs wetl secefjr gjh`nrauki jki ektmrmsts haufi tlmk gm jttrjhtmi gy tlm cystmrems tlmy lafi. A cy gratlmrs, stuiy wmff tlm stakm wetl pfjkms ukrmhankezmi gy tlasm wetlaut, wetlaut, oar wetlek tlasm nfjrekn nfjre kn ojhmts tlm Laukis jwjet tljt smt tlm warfi jofjcm!72

Ylm ‖stakm– es tlm Xlekekn Yrjpmzalmirak, wlehl ek Favmhrjot―s ‖Ylm Ljuktmr ao tlm Ijr`– praveimi j cmjks oar apmkekn j njtm sa tljt

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tlm Ljuktmr (e.m., Kyjrfjtlatmp) haufi mktmr tles warfi. Ylm Laukis fur` secefjrfy jwjetekn mktry ekta tles pfjkm ao mxestmkhm wlmk tlm prapmr jknufj jkn ufjrr njtm ljs gmmk apmkmi. Ak tlm nrec, nrjy slarm, tlm cakafetl prmvjefs, jki hfuthlmi wetlek tlm oaur-oafi tjfaks ao tlm rekn wlehl Ojoker nujris, tljt sljpm rmcjeks ta grekn oartl tljt wlehl nevms us ekhrmjsm jki scetms tlasm wla waufi wau fi appasm us. 7:

Ylm cakafetl, ekstenjtar ao praoauki hljknm ek haksheauskmss jki 722: 2:44 J Xpjhm jwjrmkmss ek Xtjkfmy @ugreh` jki Jrtlur H. Hfjr`m―s 72 Aiyssmy,, oukhteaks lmrm js j oahjf paekt oar tlm veseak ao trjksoarcjteak Aiyssmy hjst gy tlm hmfmgrjkt.* Et es jfsa j wjrkekn4 cuhl js tlm Laukis jrm nujriejks ao tlm ijwk ao haksheauskmss gut wla weff pursum jki imstray tlasm ukwartly ao et, tlm cakafetl es hrmjtmi aut ao imstruhteak ao tlm oarcs tljt mxestmi gmoarm. Orac tlm pmrspmhtevm ao j vemwmr faaèkn up jt tlm cakafetl, et ao haursm jppmjrs js j trjpmzaei. Festmk A cjk ao hfauimi grjek jki lmmi ym cy wjrkekn4 cavm ym kat ek jknfms, gut hurvmi iecmkseaks. . . 77

Ylasm wla jrm ukjgfm ta nrjsp tlm senkeoehjkhm ao strjknm jknfms jrm vjreausfy rmomrrmi ta js ljvekn ‖cefimwmi,– ‖scjff,– jki ‖hfauimi– Mfm`treshlmk reshlmk _arspemfm arspemfm.. Yles es j cjnehjf wjrkcekis jki grjeks ek Iem ek Iem Mfm`t ekn tljt tlm Laukis weff imstray tlasm wla mkhauktmr tlmc gut jrm ukjwjrm ao tlm Fjw ao tlm Yrjpmzaei0 tlmy jrm taa ijknmraus ta ekva`m ar gmlafi ukfmss tlmer jknufjr kjturm es ukimrstaai. Ireot eo ym weff, ekta tlm iecmkseaks ao yaur autmr haksheauskmss, jki gm trjppmi oarmvmr. Um `kaw kat tlm sugstjkhm ao yaur hrmjteak. E *Ylm iecmkseaks ao tlm cakafetl jrm ek tlm vmry spmheoeh rjtea ao :4945, js tlm oerst tlrmm squjrm kucgmrs. Ylm kavmfezjteak ao tlm stary jfsa ecpfems tljt tlm smqumkhm, jki tlus tlm cakafetl etsmfo, ia kat stap jt akfy tlrmm iecmkseaks.


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wmfhacm ym ek tlm kjcm ao Xmt, jf jfff ym wla imfen imfenlt lt ek nrmjt mve mveff jki sustjek tlysmfvms ek cesmrems ukoaukimi. 78

Js cmkteakmi gmoarm, tlm rmomrmkhms ta Xmt ljvm carm ek haccak wetll tljt oeoenn urm ek tlm war`s ao Wagmr wet Wagmrtt M . Lawjri tlj tljkk ta Mn Mnypt yptej ejkk cytlafany. Ek Lawjri―s gaa`s, Xmt wjs jk mvef oenurm jki tlm mkmcy ao tlm nrmjt lmra Hakjk tlm Heccmrejk0 Fj_my es hjstekn tlm nai lmrm js j oarc ao Xjtjk, akm irjwk orac tlm pjrtehufjr fetmrjry ekofumkhms tljt oarcmi tlm gjses oar tlm retujf. Yles partrjyjf jnjek hacms wetl j wjrkekn4 eo tlm pjrtehepjkts jrm kat prmpjrmi oar tlm trjksoarcjtevm moomhts ao tlm Fjw ao tlm Yrjpmzaei ak haksheauskmss, et weff imstray tlmc. Jki wm spmj` wetl tlm taknums ao smrpmkts, jki tlm gjyekn ao tlm Laukis, jki tlm nrmjt gmff sauki tljt hrjh`s tlm gjrremr-jki nrmjt jrm wm wla rufm, jki scjff jrm ym wla suoomr. 79

Ylm ‖taknums ao smrpmkts– haktekum tlm rmomrmkhms ta Lawjri―s vmrseak ao Xmt (wla jfsa sljrms jttregutms ao tlm Mnyptejk nai ao imfuseak ek tlm oarc ao j smrpmkt, Jpmp), wlefm tles ecjnmry hacgekmi wetl tljt ao tlm Laukis mcpfays tlm fjw ao secefjrety . Ylm hmfmgrjkt hmfmgrjkt hfjecs èkslep wetl Xmt jki tlm Laukis jki hjk jfsa oufoeff tlmer rafm wlefm irjwekn ak tlmer pawmr ta mkljkhm les awk rufmrslep ao lecsmfo gy wemfiekn jknufjr jknu fjr haks haksheaus heauskmss. kmss. Ylm ijy ao tlm hrass jki tlm trekety es iakm. J nrmjt wlmmf wetl jknfms ek iecmkseaks ukrmhankezmi, sjvm oar tlm hlefirmk ao Xmt, oeffs tlm vaei jki gmhacms js tlm suk ek tlm Oercjcmkt ao ^rjtl! 7=

Yles pamteh oekjfm hacpfmtms tlm orjcm ao rmomrmkhm ao tlm hmfmgrjkt jki pjrtehepjkts js tlm smhrmt rufmrs ao tlm sahemty tlmy wesl ta hrmjtm. Et es past-Hlrestejk (‖tlm ijy ao tlm hrass jki tlm trekety es iakm–), jki akfy tlm hlefirmk ao Xmt (tlasm pjrtjèkn ao haksheauskmss wla jrm ouffy jwjrm ao ets saurhm jki ecpfehjteaks) hjk smm tles kmw sahejf arimr oar

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wljt et tru trufy fy es wle wlefm fm haktekuekn ta nu nueim eim et tawjri tlm ou oufofoefeffcmkt fcmkt ao tlm veseak hjst gy tlm hmfmgrjkt. Ylmy gmhacm tlm suk’kaureslekn saurhm ao fenlt jki feom’ek tlm Oercjcmkt ao ^rjtl (j rmomrmkhm oauki ek smvmrjf ao tlm arenekjf vmrseaks ao tlm Mkahlejk @mys rmomrrekn ta tlm rmjfc wlehl tlasm mkfenltmkmi gy `kawfminm ao tlm @mys weff rufm, lmrm gmekn usmi ek j smksm secefjr ta tljt ao tlm ârfi ao Larrars). Ylm Rrahfjcjteak Jotmr tlm hmfmgrjkt ljs hjst les veseak, les jssestjkt turks aoo tlm stragm jki lenlmr-pethlmi saukis (tlm mfmhtrastjteh nmkmrjtars wmrm jfrmjiy turkmi aoo dust prear ta tlm hjstekn). Jt tles paekt ek tlm retm, tlm hjfc oaffawekn tlm starc prmvjefs, js tlm hmfmgrjkt jki pjrtehepjkts jrm rmhavmrekn orac tlm avmrstecufjteak ao tlm smksms tljt hrmjtmi tlm prapmr retujf mkverakcmkt oar tles typm ao war`. Ylm akfy sauki es j vjremty ao fawmr ormqumkhy saukis cecehèkn tlukimr (js tlm hjfjcetaus starc ojims aoo ekta tlm iestjkhm). Js tlm hmfmgrjkt ojhms mjst, wetkmss ta tlm ijwk ao tlm kmw outurm lm ljs hjst wetl les awk cjnehjf smmi, lm imfevmrs j prahfjcjteak tljt tlm pjrtehepjkts rmspaki ta jfakn wetl tlm senk ao tlm larks* (tlus tlmy jh`kawfminm lec iermhtfy oar tlm oerst tecm wetlek tlm retm). Ylm prahfjcjteak es j smt ao oevm pmroarcjtevm uttmrjkhms, mjhl hakhak sestekn ao oaur waris’tlm jppmjrjkhm ao kekm ek tles ojsleak smjfs tlm mki ao akm hyhfm ao hacekn ekta gmekn jki tlm gmnekkekn ao j kmw akm jhhariekn ta tlm veseak hjst gy tlm hmfmgrjkt. Ylm uttmrjkhms hfjec oevm imserms jki spmj` ao tlmc hakoeimktfy js tlaunl tlmy ljvm jfrmjiy hacm ^mjftl mjftl , êsiac, Wmhanketeak, jki Oaffawmrs. 7? Ylm ta pjss4 Rawmr , ^ oerst tlrmm jrm ojerfy trjieteakjf Xjtjkeh imserms’Ojust saunlt tlm sjcm tlekns, ymt rmhmevmi tlmc jt nrmjt hast. Wmhanketeak jki Oaffawmrs, lawmvmr, slaw j nrmjtmr cjturety gmyaki dust tljt kmmimi ta iacekjtm tlmer omffaw cmk. Ylmy rmprmsmkt twa qujfetems tljt jrm vetjf ta tlm oufoeffcmkt ao tlm veseak tljt ljs gmmk hjst, jresekn orac ‖wjfèkn uksmmk jcakn– tlm vmry ojhmts ao sahemty tlm pjrtehepjkts jrm ektmkiekn ta hljknm. *Xmm Jppmkiex J (pjnm 7?2) oar j imshrepteak ao tlm senk ao tlm larks.


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Ylm prahfjcjteak hakhfuims wetl tlm imhfjrjteak ao tlm Ywefenlt ao kjrÿ`’ourtlmr tlm Nais’ Wjn Nais’ Wjnkjrÿ` ’ourtlmr hakkmhtekn tlm retm―s suhhmssouf pmroarcjkhm wetl tlm mki ao akm hyhfm ao mxestmkhm jki tlm gmnekkekn ao akm Wjnkjrÿ` kjrÿ` wjs jkmw. Wjn jkmw. wjs kat secpfy j Karieh tj`m ak tlm rmfjtevmfy ukecjnekjtevm Jpahjfypsm ao Hlrestejk cytl, gut j kmhmssjry hacpakmkt ek tlm haktekuaus rmkmwjf ao j pranrmssevmfy rmoekmi warfi. Ylm ecjnmry ao ijwk grmjèkn ek tlm mjst strmkntlmks tles jssahejteak, wlefm tlm rmomrmkhm ta ‖tlm carkekn ao cjneh– 7> es pragjgfy cmjkt ta gm j sugtfm Cjnehejks. Faè lekt jgaut Rjuwmfs―s jki Gmrnemr―s Ylm Carkekn ao tlm Cjnehejks. Faè ao haursm wjs carm rmspaksegfm tljk jky atlmr seknfm oenurm ek Karsm Wjnkj nkjrÿ` rÿ`00 ojr orac cytlafany oar ekstenjtekn tlm kmhmssjry mvmkt ao Wj gmekn j secpfm mvef oenurm, lm pfjymi j vetjf rafm js tlm hjtjfyst ta grekn jgaut tles kmhmssjry jki praoauki hljknm ek tlm stjtm ao tlm warfi. Yles es jppraprejtm nevmk les rafm js j treh`stmr nai, jki fe`mfy j lypastjses ao Øòekk js tlm nai ao haksheauskmss wla sljrms tles neot tljt atlmrs cjy gmhacm ouffy haksheaus js wmff.

YLM HMWMCAKU AO YLM KEKM JKNFMX Mfm`tr `treshlmk eshlmk _arspe arspemfm mfm es lenlfy patmkt ek ets awk renlt js ^l efm Iem Mfm ^lefm j war` tljt ekhfuims jknufjr cjneh jcakn cjky atlmr cjnehjf tmhlJknfms cust gm rmnjrimi js tlm oerst kafanems, Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms cust pugfeslmi jhhaukt ao spmheo spmheoehjf ehjffy fy jkn jknufj ufjrr cjn cjneh eh ek tlm smksm tljt et es mxpfarmi ek tles gaa`. Jknfms ljs vmry spmheoeh Fe`m tlm _arspemfm, Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms ljs (jfgmet cuhl secpfmr) rmquermcmkts oar tlm hljcgmr ek wlehl et es ta gm pmroarcmi. Js Cehljmf Jqueka katms ek ‖Favmhrjotejk Wetujf– (Jppmkiex J), tlm eimjfezmi fahjteak es tlm ‖@ekn―s Hljcgmr– wetlek tlm Nrmjt Ryrjcei, wlehll haktjeks wleh haktjeks hljkkmfs hljkkmfs tljt jrm aremkt aremktmi mi tawjri tawjri tlm stjrs. mxhmffmkhm, hm, gmekn _esujffy, j pyrjcei es tlm iacekjkt cjss pjr cjss pjr mxhmffmk gmekn gatl cjssevm jki ecpassegfm ta cavm ar tappfm. Ets jknufjr sljpm es ecpasekn, sunnmstekn ijknmr â fj Cartmksmk―s tlmary ao tlm Haccjki ta Faa`. Ek tmrcs ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, j pyrjcei es j oenurm wetl oevm vmrtehms (jknfms hakvmrnekn ta j seknfm paekt) cmrnmi ekta (jki hakhmjfekn) j oaur-seimi

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oenurm gmkmjtl. Et mcgaiems tlm ukeak ao tlm Oevm (tlm smfo-haktjekmi, smfo-mvafvekn sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm ukevmrsm)) jki j ki tlm Oaur (tlm haksheaus haksheaus pmrhmp pmrhmpteak teak ao tlm ecpfehet arimrekn ao tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm). Ylm akfy fenlt saurhm pmrcettmi ta mktmr tlm hljcgmr oar tlm Hmrmcaky slaufi gm stjrfenlt ar caakfenlt. Ylm cjs`s/lmjipemhms Hmrmcaky imsenkmi ta hakhmjf tlm ojhms ao tlm pjrtehepjkts mva`m tlm vesujf iestarteaks ek Favmhrjot―s starems tljt jrm sjei ta jhhacpjky mkhauktmrs wetl tlm Autmr Nais. Kyjrfjtlatmp es sacmtecms `kawk js tlm Ojhmfmss Akm Jknfms), jki tlus (jki rmomrrmi ta js suhl ek Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms), tlm pjrtehepjkts jrm jfsa imhfjrekn tlmer jffmnejkhm wetl lec gy fe`mwesm gmekn ojhmfmss. Hmrmcaky es Xtruhturjffy, tlm Hmrmcaky es jk mxpfehetfy Xjtjkeh jki Favmhrjotejk vmrseak ao tlm ‖Xjg ‖Xjggjteh gjteh Najt W etm– orac tlm saurhms ak wethlhr wethlhrjo jott tljt waufi ljvm gmmk `kawk ta Favmhrjot4 tlraunl tlm prapmr smttekn, waris, jki jhteaks j Ymjhlmr orac tlm atlmrwarfi es succakmi ek tlm oarc ao j najt, wla tlmk rmvmjfs smhrmts tljt trjksoarc tlm pmrspmh tevm jki `kawfminm ao tlm pjrtehepjkts. Ylm lekts nevmk ek Favmhrjot―s agfequm imshrepteaks ao ‖ukkjcmjgfm retms– jrm graunlt ta orueteak. Ylm spmmhl jki nmsturms jrm usmi js j hjff-jki-rmspaksm. Yles ljs tlm moomht ao ljrcakezekn tlm ektmkt ao gatl hmfmgrjkt jki pjrtehepjkts, mkjgfekn jff ta pjrtj`m ao tlm rmsuftekn ukimrstjkiekn gy ukeoyekn tlmer orjcm ao rmomrmkhm. Ek tmrcs ao tlm fjw ao secefjrety orac tlm smceateh tlmary ao cjneh, tlm pjrtehepjkts resm ta tlm fmvmf ao ukimrstjkiekn ao tlm hmfmgrjkt, tlmk tanmtlmr tlmy imhfjrm tlmer èkslep wetl tlm Autmr Nais js tlmy jrm hjffmi oartl. Jff hjk haccukehjtm js mqujfs gmhjusm tlmy ljvm gmhacm mqujfs, jt fmjst wetlek tlm haktmxt ao tlm retm. Ylm Kekm Jknfms jrm j hascanaky4 j oarcufj oar law tlm uke vmrsmm hj vmrs hjcm cm ekta gme gmekn kn,, wl wlehl ehl ek j ceh cehraha rahasce scehh smk smksm sm j fsfsaa pra veims vei ms j caimf oar tlm smf smfo-trjk o-trjksoar soarcjte cjteak ak ao jk eki ekieve eveiuj iujff wet wetle lekk tljt ukevmrsm. Ek Favmhrjot―s hascafany, Jzjtlatl ahhupems j paseteak secefjr ta j hrmjtar nai0 tlm atlmr Autmr Nais jrm imshmkimi orac tles mktety, jki ets imshrepteak ao gmekn tlm ‖cakstraus kuhfmjr hljas gmyaki jknfmi spjhm– pfjhms et js tlm mcgaiecmkt ao tlm ukcjkeomst vaei (ar tlm


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saurhm orac wlehl atlmr cjttmr jki gmekn cjy sprekn). Yles hljas es kat ta gm smmk js rjkiac, ar wlaffy ukarimrmi0 Favmhrjot (j hakkaessmur ao agshurm waris jki agsafmtm cmjkekns ao haccak akms) smmcs ta cmjk et ek ets jrhljeh smksm ao ‖precariejf cjttmr.– Uan-Xatlatl, ‖hatmrcekaus wetl jff tecm jki spjhm,– es tlm gjseh arimrekn prekhepfm tljt oaffaws akta tlm precariejf hljas ao Jzjtlatl. Yles arimrekn iams kat suppfjkt tlm hljas ao Jzjtlatl0 et es cmrmfy tlm gmnekkekn ao tlm ukcjkeomst vaei ta arnjkezm etsmfo ekta sacm smcgfjkhm ao halmrmkhm. Ylm apmkekn nmsturms ta Jzjtlatl jki Uan-Xatlatl’tlm oerst twa Jknfms’jrm pmroarcjtevm uttmrjkhms0 gy tlm struhturm jki plrjsekn ao tlm waris, tlm twa jrm lakarmi gy tlm waris gmekn spa`mk harrmhtfy, jki wetl tlm renlt haktmxt jki hakvehteak. Ylmsm Jknfms jrm prear ta jff tlm atlmrs, jki cust mxest gmoarm jky ao tlm atlmrs ljvm jky haktmxt ar cmjkekn0 gy jh`kawfminekn tles, tlm hmfmgrjkt jki pjrtehepjkts rmtjek tles ukimrstjkiekn jki hjpjgefety wetlek tlmcsmfvms. Ylm ârfi ao Larrars Ya ieshuss tlm ârfi ao Larrars ek haktmxt, fmt us mxjcekm twa ao tlm Jknfms 0 tles es kmhmseketejf rmomrmkhms ta et ek Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms0 sjry ek arimr ta imtmrcekm law ta rmfjtm ta tlm hakhmpt ek j wjy tljt war`s orac ukimrstjkiekn jki kat orac o rac tlm t lm imojuft imo juft stjtm ao omjr. Jzjtlatl . . . Yly cmrrecmkt sustjeks aur omjrs, jki wm rmdaehm ek tlm ârfi ao Larrars ek tly kjcm. 7<

Ylm ârfi ao Larrars es tlm pfjhm wlmrm wm mxpmremkhm aur omjrs jki tlus ljvm tlm appartukety ta avmrhacm tlmc. Omjr es akm ao tlm cast precjf ao mcateaks, nmkmrjffy apmrjtekn jt j fmvmf ojr gmfaw tljt ao rjteakjf tlaunlt. Jzjtlatl’js tlm hljateh saurhm orac wlehl arimrmi mxestmkhm es hrmjtmi’praveims tlm rjw cjtmrejf oar tlm tlaunlt, cjttmr, jki mcateak tljt ommi tlm ârfi ao Larrars. Ylm nmsturm usmi wetl Jzjtlatl es tlm senk ao tlm larks, cjim wetl tlm fmot ljki uprjesmi.

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Uan-Xatlatl, cjstmr ao iecmkseaks, tlraunl tly weff jrm wm smt upak tlm ârfi ao Larrars. Ojhmfmss akm, nueim us tlraunl tlm kenlt ao tly hrmjteak, tljt wm cjy gmlafi tlm Gaki ao tlm Jknfms jki tlm pracesm ao tly we weffff..75

Uan-Xatlatl’tlm njtm’praveims tlm cmjks ao pmrhmevekn tlm warfi js et tr trufy ufy es es.. Ylm njtm iamsk―t jfwjys j fwjys fmji ta j ie ieoo omrmkt pfjhm ek spjhm-tecm, gut et iams praveim tlm `my ta njekekn immpmr pmrspmhtevm tlraunl apmkekn tlm wjy ta pmrhmptujf hljknms wetlek tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm. Js tlm pjrtehepjkts imhfjrm tlmer èkslep wetl Kyjrfjtlatmp gy gmekn ojhmfmss tlmcsmfvms wetlek tlm Hmrmcaky, tlmy mjhl jssucm Hmrmcaky, tlmy tlm rafm ao gmhacekn tlmer awk nueims tlraunl tles njtm ta tlm ekkmr Xmfo. Ylm senk ao tlm larks es jfsa j nmsturm ao nrmmtekn oar Uan-Xatlatl0 lawmvmr, tles tecm et es iakm wetl tlm renlt ljki uprjesmi. Ylm Uunnatleh plrjsm rmkimrmi js ‖ârfi ao Larrars– es Mf-j`j nrymkk nr ymkk―― l. Ek les :5>> jrtehfm ek Kyhtjfaps Kyhtjfaps cjnjzekm (rmprektmi lmrm js Jppmkiex J), Jqueka wretms4 Mf-j`j nr nrymkk― ymkk―ll4 ‖ârfi ao Larrars.– ‖Mf– orac tlm precetevm kjcm oar tlm Duijeh/Hlrestejk nai, ‖nrymkk―l– orac ‖nrek,– arenekjffy j ojhejf mxprmsseak ao omjr (gjrmi tmmtl) rjtlmr tljk cmrrecmkt. Hakseimr tlm ‖imjtl nrek– mxpfarmi ek Xjriakehus, Ylm Cjk ^la Fjunls, jki Fjunls, jki sa ak.82

Jqueka―s oakikmss oar tlm war`s ao Dalk Oawfms (mspmhejffy tlm Jrestas (:5?9) Cjnus P:5?=, rmvesmi plefasaplehjf Jrestas plefasaplehjf (:5?9) jki tlm oehteakjf Ylm Cjnus P:5?=, Xjtjk jki Ylm :5>>S) es mveimkt orac les cmcaers Ylm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk Ymcpfm ao Xmt . Jt tlm hakhfuseak ta OekiOjr (72:>), (72:>), Jqueka quatms j Cjnus tljt jfsa rmvmjfs cuhl ao tlm pjssjnm pjss jnm orac Dalk Oawfms― Oawfms―ss Ylm Cjnus hakhmpt ao tlm ârfi ao Larrars4 Et hjcm ta cm tljt lm cmjkt sacmtlekn ieoomrmkt gy ‖scefm– tljk E iei0 tljt tlm eraky, tlm lucarfmsskmss, tlm rutlfmsskmss E lji jfwjys


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katehmi ek les scefekn wjs j qujfety lm imfegmrjtmfy eksmrtmi0 tljt oar lec tlm scefm wjs sacmtlekn mssmktejffy hrumf, gmhjusm ormmiac es hrumf, gmhjusm tlm ormmiac tljt cj`ms us jt fmjst pjrtfy rmspaksegfm oar wljt wm jrm es hrumf. Xa tljt tlm scefm wjs kat sa cuhl jk jttetuim ta gm tj`mk ta feom js tlm kjturm ao tlm hrumfty ao feom, j hrumfty wm hjkkat mvmk hlaasm ta jvaei, sekhm et es lucjk mxestmkhm. Lm cmjkt sacmtlekn ojr strjknmr gy ‖Fmjrk ta scefm– tljk tlm gjkjf ‖Nrek jki gmjr et.– Eo jkytlekn, et cmjkt ‖Fmjrk ta gm hrumf, fmjrk ta gm iry, fmjrk ta survevm.– 8:

Yles pjssjnm pragjgfy imrevms orac Oawfms―s ektmrmst ek tlm oaukijteakjf plefasaplmrs gmleki tlm Mxestmktejfesc cavmcmkt, mspmhejffy nmwar aromk omklme lmet t (Nmrcjk4 ‖gmekn Cjrtek Lmeimnnmr, wlasm hakhmpt ao nmw tlrawk–) smts tlm gjh`nrauki jnjekst wlehl wm cust oeki jki mkljkhm aursmfvms. aursmfv ms. Ylm Y lm herhucstjkhms, herhucstjkhms, hufturm, hu fturm, jki fjknujnm fjkn ujnm ekta wlehl wm jrm gark jrm autseim aur haktraf, ymt jht js senkeoehjkt cmiejtars ek law wm fmj fmjrk rk ta ukimrs ukimrstj tjki ki jki mklj mkljkhm khm tlm ek ekkmr kmr jki autmr warfis warfis.. Rrmpj reknn tlm ^jy oar tlm Gaki Rrmpjrek Ylm hmfmgrjkt rjesms les jrcs jgavm les lmji jt j ‖sljrp– jknfm, oarcekn j _ . Jotmr tlm oerst twa Jknfms, gatl agtusm, tlm Yleri es tlm oerst jhutm jknfm’js jrm jff ao tlm rmcjekekn akms. Yles es tlm oerst Jknfm tljt praveims j cmjks ao jhteak, jeimi gy ets cuhl sljrpmr iespaseteak tljk tlasm wla ljvm hacm gmoarm0 tles es jfsa tlm fjst tecm tlm hmfmgrjkt jiirmssms tlm pjrtehepjkts iermhtfy uktef jotmr tlm Najt ao j Ylausjki Uaukn jppmjrs, js lm, jeimi gy tlm pjrtehepjkts, es mknjnmi ek tlm hac pfmx ekvahjteaks tljt apmk tlm njtm gmt gmtwmmk wmmk tlm ie iecmkseaks cmkseaks tlraun tlraunll tlm prapmr apmrjteak ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. Ylm Ijmcaks jrm, tlm Ijmcaks wmrm, jki tlm Ijmcaks sljff gm jnjek. Ylmy hjcm, jki wm jrm lmrm0 tlmy sfmmp, jki wm wjthl oar tlmc. Ylmy sljff sfmmp, jki wm sljff iem, gut wm sljff rmturk tlraunl tlmc. ^m jrm tlmer irmjcs, jki tlmy sljff jwj`mk. Ljef ta tlm jkhemkt irmjcs.87

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Yles pjssjnm es akm ao tlm `my jspmhts ao tlm smceateh kjturm ao tlm Jknfms, js et mkhjpsufjtms tlm ouff orjcm ao rmomrmkhm wetlek wlehl tlm Jknfms oukhteak js jk mxprmsseak ao Favmhrjot―s hakhmpteak ao ‖nais.– ‖Ylm Ijmcaks– rmomrs ta tlm Autmr Nais tljt jrm gmekn succakmi vej tlm Jkn Jknfms, fms, jki tles pjssj pjssjnm nm imshregms tlmc js j wlafm0 tlmer trjkstmcparjf kjturm es mxpfjekmi, jfakn wetl tlm cmhljkesc gy wlehl tlmy rmtrmjt ekta smmcekn ekjhtevety, akfy ta haktekum ta war` tawjri tlm hrm jteak tljt ljs gmmk smt ek cateak gy tlmer mcjkjteak orac tlm ]ftecjtm Hljas ao Jzjtlatl. Ylmy ia tles vej tlmer irmjcs wlehl atlmr rmhmptevm haksheaus gmekns hjk jfsa mxpmremkhm. Lucjkety ljs gmmk ek haktjht wetl tlmc vej tlmer irmjcs oar jnms uktafi. Yles ljs fmi ta cytlafany jki hascafany sljrmi jcakn atlmr wesm nrmjtfy ieshakkmhtmi hufturms hufturms,, cjkeomstmi cj keomstmi ek gatl lapms jki j ki omjrs.* omjr s.* ^lefm ^le fm rmtjekekn rmtje kekn tlm sjcm nmsturm ao jrcs uprjesmi jt j sljrp sljr p Jknfm, J knfm, tlm hmfmgrjkt kaw turks ta ojhm tlm jftjr. Ljef ta tlmm, gfjh` prekhm orac tlm Gjrremr wlasm hljrnm wm gmjr. Ljef ta tlmm jki ta tly ojtlmrs, wetlek wlasm hyhfm tlau fjunl jki shrmjc ek tmrrar jki ek cmrrecmkt, ek omjr jki ek mhstjsy, ek fakmfekmss jki ek jknmr, upak tlm wlec ao tly weff. 88

Ylm ekvahjteak ao Kyjrfjtlatmp js tlm cmssmknmr’js Ylatl, jki Lmrcms’gmneks. Lm es tlm gfjh` prekhm’tlm Gfjh` Cjk ao tlm wethlms, mkhauktmrmi ek ‖Ylm Irmjcs ek tlm êthl-Lausm–’‖wlasm hljrnm wm gmjr.–89 Yljt es, aur hjpjhety oar ukimrstjkiekn lec, jki tlm atlmr Autmr Nais ao wlac lm es tlm cmssmknmr, es etsmfo j neot jki agfenjteak wm ljvm rmhmevmi orac o rac tles Ojhmfmss Nai. Nai . ^m lakar lakar tles tl es neo n eott tlraunl t lraunl ets usm, rmpjyekn ets agfenjteak gy praveiekn j cmjks oar tlm Cmssmknmr’ jki tlasm ao wlac lm es tlm mkvay’ta cjkeomst wetlek tles warfi jki ta fmjrk carm ao tlm neot―s kjturm vej aur mxpmremkhms. Ylraunl jhteaks *Jrtlur H. Hfjr`m greffejktfy imshregmi tlm sjcm cmhljkesc ek Hlefilaai―s Mki (:5=8), (:5=8), js lucjkety ljs gmmk irmjcekn sekhm tecm eccmcarejf ek jktehepjteak ao tlm jfemk rjhm’ jppmjrekn rmcjr`jgfy secefjr ta trjieteakjf rmprmsmktjteaks ao Xjtjk’wlehl jrrevms ta nueim lucjkety tawjri ets kmxt hruhejf mvafuteakjry fmjp.


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suhl js tles, wm jrm gmhacm Kyjrfjtlatmp, jki tlus mkjht jk mssmktejf jspmht ao tlm smceateh tlmary ao cjneh vej tlm mxprmsseak ao tlm fjw ao secefjrety. Yles mkjgfms us ta haccukehjtm wetl Kyjrfjtlatmp’jki gy mxtmkseak tlm atlmr Autmr Nais’moomhtevmfy js mqujfs jki tlus jgfm ta trufy ]kimrstjki mjhl atlmr. Ek tly kjcm fmt us gmlafi tlm ojtlmr. Fmt tlm Afi Akm wla rmenkmtl upak tlm ârfi ao Larrars hacm jki spmj` wetl us, oar wm waufi jnjek strmkntlmk tlm Gaki tljt fevmtl wetlek tlm jknfms ao tlm Rjtl ao tlm Fmot.8=

Uan-Xatlatl cjy gm tlm njtm, gut et es Kyjrfjtlatmp jfakm wla ljs tlm jgefety jgef ety ta hrass ekta aur pfjkm ao mxestmkhm mxe stmkhm vej tljt njtm wetlaut gmekn succakmi. Js cmssmknmr ao tlm Autmr Nais, Kyjrfjtlatmp praveims j hakkmhteak ta tlmc tljt es jvjefjgfm ak tles seim ao tlm njtm (wlehl cjy ekimmi gm sjomr tljk trjksnrmssekn tlm njtm ek tlm atlmr iermhteak). Ylm ‖ojtlmr– ek tles pjssjnm es Xlug-Kennurjtl’Kyjrfjtlatmp jhts js tlm succakmr ao tlm Najt ao j Ylausjki Uaukn. Ylm hmfmgrjkt kaw stjkis gmoarm tlm jftjr, wetl hfmkhlmi oests jki jrcs hrassmi (fmot avmr renlt) upak les hlmst. Yles senk es tlm sjcm js tlm rukm nmga rukm nmga (ᚾ)’tlm neot wlasm Cystmry imcjkis mxhljknm gmtwmmk mqujfs’ourtlmr jooercekn tlm pjrtehepjkts― èkslep wetl tlm Autmr Nais vej tlm ]kimrstjkiekn ]kimrstjkiekn nrjktmi ta tlmc wlehl rmquerms rmheprahjteak. rmheprahjteak. Ljef, Xlug-Kennurjtl, ojtlmr ao tlm ârfi ao Larrars. Ljef, ojtlmr ao tlm larkfmss akms. Ljef, Wjc ao tlm Xuk jki imjtlfmss akm, wla sfmmpmst kat wlefm wm lakar tly kjcm jki tly Gaki. 8?

êtl tlm hmfmgrj hmfmgrjkt kt ljve ljvekn kn suhhmss suhhmssou ouffffyy ekva`mi Kyjrf Kyjrfjtlatmp jtlatmp js tlm cmssmknmr, tlm njtmwjy es kaw apmk jffawekn oar tlm ekvahjteak ao Xlug-Kennurjtl js tlm Najt ao j Ylausjki Uaukn. Yles es tlm hufcekjteak ao Ylm H mrmcaky mrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms js Jknfms js tlm purmfy Favmhrjotejk cjkeomstjteak ao tljt wlehl es lektmi jt ek tlm fmnmkijry Xjggjteh najt retms ao wethlhrjot.

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E jc tljt E jc. Ylraunl tlm jknfms E spmj` wetl tlm larkfmss akms, jki E pfminm jkmw tlm Gaki ao tlm Ijmcaks, tlraunl wlasm weff tles warfi es hacm ta gm. Fmt us spmj` tlm Gaki ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. 8>

Xlug-Kennurjtl mxpfjeks ets trum kjturm, jfakn wetl tlm imhfjrjteak ao ektmkt ta ‖pfminm jkmw tlm Gaki.– Ylm Gaki hrmjtmi gy tlm jhhmptjkhm jki rmheprahjteak ao tlm Neot es strmkntlmkmi. Ourtlmrcarm, tlm retm jooercs tljt tlm Jknfms jrm tlm cast moomhtevm wjy ta haccukehjtm wetl jki hacp hacprmlmk rmlmkii tlm Autmr Nais. N ais. Ljef, ojtlmr jki fari ao tlm jknfms, cjstmr ao tlm ârfi ao Larrars. ^mm spmj` tlm Gaki ao tlm Kekm Jkn ^ Jknfms fms ta tlm t lm lakar ao tlm t lm o futms ao tlm fjunlekn akm, tlm cjstmr ao iecmkseaks, tlm lmrjfi ao tlm gjrremr, jki tlm Najt ao j Ylausjki Uaukn. 8<

Ylm hmfmgrjkt jki atlmr pjrtehepjkts jooerc tlmer jffmnejkhm jki tlmer weff ta haccukehjtm tlraunl tlm oaur ao tlm Jknfms ao tlm trjpmzaei. Ylm hascanaky’wlehl tlmk jffaws oar ouff-haksheauskmss ao tlasm ekhjrkjtm wetlek tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm’es kaw hacpfmtm. Yrum hrmjteak’smfo-nueimi, wetl rmnjri akfy oar ets awk prekhepfms’hjk tlus tj`m pfjhm0 tlm stmji ao Jwj`mkekn es cjim wlafm. Ylm Gaki ao tlm Kekm Jknfms Jff wla jrm prmsmkt’ekhfuiekn Xlug-Kennurjtl, harrmhtfy jki suhhmssouffy succakmi ta cjkeomstjteak’rmhaukt tlm Gaki ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, rmmkjhtekn jki jooercekn tlmer jffmnejkhm garkm ao tlm Neot. Orac tlm Oerst Jknfm es tlm ekoeketm, wlmrmek tlm fjunlekn akm iatl hry jki tlm ofutms wjef ukta tlm mkiekn ao tecm.85

Ylm hljas ao Jzjtlatl’tlm Oerst Jknfm’hjk gm mjsefy cesektmr prmtmi js rmomrre rmomrrekn kn ta rjkiackmss ar imstr imstruhtevmkmss, uhtevmkmss, wlmk ek jhtu jhtujfjfety et rmomrs ta tlm mcmrnmkt prapmrtems ao hacpfmx, iykjceh systmcs wlehl jrm len lenlfy lfy smksetevm ta tlmer ekete eketejf jf hakieteaks. Ratmk Ratmktej tejff jre jresms, sms,


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Ylm Oerst Oaur Jknfms jki tlm Autmr Nais

Ylm smjf ao tlm Oerst Jknfm

gmjrekn tlm cjr` ao tlm eketejf hakieteaks wlehl ekofumkhm tlm Jknfms― ukoafiekn. Jzjtlatl ljs ka vesegfm cjkeomstjteak, gut es `kawk gy ets moomhts ak tlasm wla mkhauktmr et0 tlm pjrjiaxms eklmrmkt wetlek et (‖tlm fjunlekn akm wla iatl hry–), jki tlm iestjkt saukis tljt sunnmst ets prmsmkhm ecpfehetfy gut jfwjys dust aut ao rmjhl, praveim j cmjks ao

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`kawekn Jzjtlatl kat iermhtfy gut akfy gy ets rmofmhteaks jki pjttmrks fmot gmleki ek wljt hacms jotmr. Orac tlm Xmhaki Jknfm es tlm cjstmr wla iatl arimr tlm pfjkms jki tlm jknfms, jki wla ljtl hakhmevmi tlm ârfi ao Larrars ek ets tmrrar jki nfary.92

Ylm smjf ao tlm Xmhaki Jknfm

Ylm precjf, spaktjkmaus arimrekn ao Uan-Xatlatl es wljt eketejffy jffaws tlm ârfi ao Larrars ta mxest. Ylm kak-tlekèkn kjturm ao tlm ârf ^ arfii ao La Larra rrars, rs, hruimfy hruimfy arim arimrmi rmi jt gmst, gmst, jki irevmk irevmk safm safmfy fy gy rmnufjr jki kak-haksheaus prekhepfms, es j gfjk` sfjtm ak wlehl carm rmoekmi psyhlms hjk ecprekt tlm agdmhts ao tlmer immpfy lmfi imserms oar tlmer awk trjksoarcjteak. Et hjk smmc js tlaunl tlm ukhaksheaus jki sfmmpekn gmekns wla oarc tlm vjst cjdarety ao tlm ekljgetjkts ao tles rmjfc jrm j oarhm tljt hjkkat gm avmrhacm jki wla hakstjktfy tlwjrt tlm renlt, tlm tlaunltgjsmi, jki tlm naai. Ylm irevm oar tlm cjnehejk ta oarhm tlm jrmjs ao tlm ârf ^ arfii ao Larrars Larrars ukimr ukimr lmr lmr haktra haktraff ekta oarcs oarcs ao lmr lmr awk hlaasekn hlaasekn cust cust gm strakn, jki kat mjsefy swjymi gy cukijkm smtgjh`s0 tlmy jrm cmrmfy kmw appartuketems oar rmoekekn wljt cust gm iakm jki oar fmjrkekn wlmrm ta jppfy tlm prapmr prmssurm ta grekn jgaut fjstekn hljknm. Orac tlm Yleri Jknfm es tlm cmssmknmr, wla ljtl hrmjtmi tlm pawmr ta gmlafi tlm cjstmr ao tlm ârfi ao Larrars, wla nevmtl ta tlmm sugstjkhm ao gmekn jki tlm `kawfminm ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. 9:


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Ylm smjf ao tlm Yleri Jknfm

Ek tlm Xmjf Xmj f ao Wðkj, tlm Yleri Jknfm’rmpr J knfm’rmprmsmktmi msmktmi gy Kyjrfjtlatmp’ Kyjrfjtlatmp’ es akm ao tlm twa pfjhms wlmrm tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm ektmrojhms wetl tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm. Kyjrfjtlatmp hrmjtms j spjhm wlmrmek Gmekn hjk tj`m sljpm (gy praveiekn j cmjks ao hakkmhtekn tlm sugdmhtevm jki agdmhtevm ukevmrsms sa tljt tlmy hjk joomht mjhl atlmr jhhariekn ta tlm weff jki imserms ao tlm psyhlm). Ylm ‖pawmr ta gmlafi– jresms orac pmrhmevekn j njtm tljt apmks tlm wjy ta pjrtjèkn ao gatl rmjfcs. Yljt wlehl ta fmssmr cekis praveims jk mshjpm orac tlm ârfi ao Larrars’wlmtlmr tlraunl ojktjsy, imkejf, ar sugcesseak’mkjgfms tlasm wla `kaw tlm Jknfms ta cjstmr tlm sugdmhtevm jki agdmhtevm ukevmrsms jki gmhacm savmrmenk gmekns wetlek gatl. Orac tlm Oaurtl Jknfm es tlm Wjc ao tlm Xuk, wla graunlt tly smfvms ta gm, wla mkiurmtl upak tlm ârfi ao Larrars jki

Ylm smjf ao tlm Oaurtl Jknfm

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prahfje cmtl tlm tecm tljt wjs, tlm tecm tljt es, jki tlm tecm tljt prahfjecmtl sljff gm0 jki wlasm kjcm es tlm greffejkhm ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. 97

Xlug-Kennurjtl’tlm Oaurtl Jknfm, jki smhaki prekhepfm tlraunl wlehl tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm u kevmrsm iermht iermhtfy fy ektmrojhms wetl tlm agdmhtevm ukeu ke vmrsm’praveims vmrsm’pra veims jhhmss ta tlm efeffuseak fuseak ao tecm (etsmfo safmfy j ou oukhteak khteak ao tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm, jt fmjst ek tlm fekmjr jki hyhfehjf smksm). XlugKennurjtl ‖mkiurmtl– upak tlm ârfi ao Larrars gy jiiekn pmrcjkmkhm jki mkjgfekn aursmfvms ‖ta gm–0 wetlaut tles, tlmrm es ka haktmxt oar akm cacmkt ta tlm kmxt, jki ka cmjks ao iesteknueslekn wljt ljs hacm orac wljt es ymt ta gm ek tlm ârfi ao Larrars. Ylm tjs` ao tlm smfo-mvafvekn psyhlm cjy gm ta rmcjek ek pmrpmtujf cateak tawjri pranrmssevmfy rmoekmi mkis, gut wetlaut tlm castfy jsfmmp ekljgetjkts ao tlm ârfi ao Larrars’wla ukhaksheausfy strevm tawjri prmiehtjgefety jki stjses’tlm ekieveiujf waufi strunnfm ta oeki tlm wjy ao fegmrjteak tlraunl jkteka jktekacejkesc. cejkesc. Et slaufi gm katmi lmrm tljt ek Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, tlm oaur Favmhrjotejk mktetems jrm hakseimrmi ta gm ojhmts ao Xjtjk js ukimrstaai wetlek tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk orac :5?? ta :5>=. Ylmy jrm mjhl ekieveiujf gmekns, gut Xjtjk es j hacpasetm ao tlmer prapmrtems jki gmljvears (cuhl js Xjtjk rmprmsmkts cjky omjturms ao nais suppfjktmi jki rmprmssmi gy Hlrestejkety). ^lmtlmr tlmy jrm hakseimrmi ta gm smpjrjtm gmekns, ar pranrmssevm mcjkjteaks ao j seknfm jki carm hacpfmx gmekn, es eccjtmrejf ta tlm ieshusseak jt ljki jki tlm moomhtevmkmss ao Hmrmcaky.. tlm Hmrmcaky Ylraunl tlm Gaki ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, tlm Autmr Nais jrm succakmi, ymt tlm Gaki es kat hacpfmtm jt tlm paekt0 tlm hacpjrjtevmfy hruim cjkeomstjteaks ao tlm oerst oaur Jknfms’tlm trjpmzaei’jrm pranrmsse pran rmssevmfy vmfy rmo rmoekmi ekmi tl tlraun raunll tlm hu hucufj cufjtevm tevm mo moomh omhts ts tlmy gre grekn kn upak tlm psyhlm. Carm hacpfmxety jresms wetlek tlm ouffy haksheaus sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm tljk es passegfm wetlek tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm jfakm0 tlm psyhlm ps yhlm es kat gau gauki ki gy plyse plysehj hjff fefecet cetjtea jteaks ks,, mj mjse sefy fy jgf jgfmm ta hakhme hakhmevm vm eimjs jki agdmhts trjkshmkiekn jkytlekn tljt hjk jresm wetlek j purmfy cmhljkesteh rmjfc.


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Ylm Oaur jki tlm Oevm

Orac tlm Oeotl Jknfm jrm tlm larkfmss akms, wla rjesm tlm tmcpfm ao tlm oevm trelmiraks ukta tlm Ijmcaks ao hrmjteak, wlasm smjf es jt akhm oaur jki oevm jki kekm. 98

Ylm smjf ao tlm Oeotl Jknfm

Ylm Oeotl jki Menltl Jknfms sljrm j rmsakjkhm gatl wetl mjhl atlmr jki jfsa wetl tlm Oerst jki Xmhaki Jknfms wetl wlehl tlmy sljrm j haccak vmrtmx (smm pjnm :<2). Ylmsm rmsakjkhms jrm tlm prapmrty ao haksheauskmss tljt jffaws et ta mxjcekm jki cekiouffy mvafvm etsmfo0 ukfecetmi hacpfmxety jresms orac tlm pranrmssevmfy carm ektrehjtm ektmrektmr pfjy gmtwmmk gmt wmmk tlm ceki jki ets hrmjteaks. Ylm Y lm hakkmhteaks geki tlm Oevm (tlm pmktjnrjc) ta tlm Oaur (tlm trjpmzaei) ek j wjy tljt jffaws mjhl ta pjrtj`m ao tlm mssmkhm ao tlm atlmr gut iams kat ecpasm jky fecetjteaks ak tlmer passegefetems. Yljt es, tlmy jrm ektmrhakkmhtmi, gut kat o uffy uffy ektmrimpmkimkt.

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Ylm Wmsakjkt Jknfms

Ylm Larkfmss Akms jrm lucjkety, wlasm cekis jrm caimfmi jotmr tlm trjieteakjf rmprmsmktjteaks ao imvefs jki imcaks js larkmi, ekim pmkimkt gmekn gmeknss jhte jhtekn kn ek tlmer awk ektmrmst rjtlmr tlj tljkk gauki gy tlm fecets jki eimjfs ao tlm ârfi ao Larrars. Ylm tmcpfm es tlm struhturm ao tlm pmktjnrjc, tlm sycgaf wetlek wlehl jff tlm passegefetems ao haksheauskmss rmseim0 katm tljt tlm hmktrjf pmktjnak wetlek j pmktjnrjc Mfm`tr `treshlmk eshlmk _arspe arspemfm mfm oarcs tlm hljcgmr wlmrm tlm hmfmgrjkt ek Iem Mfm hjsts les veseak ekta tlm Es-Ya-Gm. Ylm hlaehm ao ‖trelmirak– ekstmji ao ‖jknfm– es j hureaus akm. J trelmirak es lmirak es j hakdukhteak ao tlrmm pfjkms tljt cmmt ek j seknfm paekt (akm mjsy-ta-vesujfezm mxjcpfm ao tles oenurm es j oaur-ojhmi pyrjcei, wlehl fems ak akm seim wetl tlrmm seims paektekn upwjri ta hufcekjtm ek j seknfm paekt). Fj_my―s ojshekjteak wetl tlm sycgafesc ao tlm pyrjcei js tlm mcgaiecmkt ao tlm Haccjki ta Faa` es wmff `kawk, jki tles usjnm jppmjrs ta gm jk lacjnm ta tljt agsmsseak gy Jqueka. Carm weff gm sjei jgaut tlm trelmirak ek tlm haktmxt ao tlm Menltl Jknfm. Ylm Ijmcaks ao Hrmjteak jrm tlm prekhepf prekhepfms ms gmleki gmle ki tlm Oaur, wlehl hrmjtmi tlm oaukijteak ao jwj`mkekn orac wlehl tlm psyhlm gmhacms haksheaus ao etsmfo0 tlm Kekm Jknfms’tlm hacgekjteak ao tlm Oaur jki tlm Oevm’sycgafezm tles hakkmhteak.


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Orac tlm Xextl Jknfm es tlm sfmmp ao tlm Ijmcaks ek syccmtry, wlehl iatl vjkque vjkquesl sl tlm oevm gut sljf sljfff kat prmvje prmvjeff jnj jnjekst ekst tlm oaur jki tlm kekm.99

Ylm smjf ao tlm Xextl Jknfm

Ylm Xextl Jknfm es tlm jknfm ao Ekhugjteak’tljt ao tlm leiimk fyekn ek wjet’wlmrm tlaunlt jki cjneh jrm impasetmi ta war` ao tlmer awk jhhari jhhariekn ta law tlmy wmrm smt ek cateak gy tlm Oerst Jknfm. Ylmrm haksheaus jwjrmkmss ao wljt es ta gm graunlt ekta Gmekn wjets uktef suhl tecm js et hjk gm irjwk jnj jnjek ek orac tlm leiimk rmjf rmjfc c ta tlm oarmorakt ao haksheaus mooart. Ek arimr ta pmrcet tlm mcmrnekn war`s ao yaur hrmjteak ta haktekum ta oarc wle wlefm fm tlm ceki es oahus oahusmi mi mfsmwlmrm, gm kat jorjei ao sefmkhm, kar ao haktmcpfjteak, kar ao ekhugjteak, kar ao rmst, kar ao sfmmp, kar ao imjtl. Xenef cjneh, jgaut wlehl wm weff ljvm carm ta sjy ek hljptmr <, war`s wetle wetlekk tlm Xext Xextll Jkn Jknfm. fm. Ylm sycgaf ao imserm es impasetmi tlmrm, cuhl fe`m j hursm tjgfmt lurfmi ekta tlm jgyss, wlmrm autseim tlm jttmkteak ao tlm haksheaus ceki et weff haktekum ta war` ta grekn jgaut wljt et wjs hrmjtmi ta ia. Ylm Luknjrejk-Jcmrehjk plysehest Munmkm ênkmr (:527‘:55=) rmhmevmi j sljrm ao tlm :5?8 Kagmf Rrezm ek Rlysehs oar les war` ak

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syccmtry ek jtaceh kuhfme0 tlm secpfeoemi vmrseak ao tlm prekhepfm `kawk js ênkmr―s Hfjsseoehjteak stjtms tljt tlm syccmtrems eklmrmkt ek tlm fjws ao plysehs imtmrcekm tlm prapmrtems ao sugjtaceh pjrtehfms. Ylmsm syccmtrems’ukhljknekn jki prmiehtjgfm’tlus oarc tlm ukimrfyekn kjturjf arimr wetlek tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm, jk arimr wlehl es akfy pmrhmevjgfm gy kak-kjturjf psyhlms (e.m., sugdmhtevm ukevmrsms) tljt jrm kat gmlafimk ta tlmsm fjws. Ylm ‖sfmmp ao tlm Ijmcaks ek syc cmtry– es gatl tlm stjtm tljt rmsufts orac imkyekn’ar agfetmrjtekn’ haksheauskmss (ek wlehl hjsm et cjy gmhacm pmrcjkmktfy imstraymi), ar tlm imfegmrjtm smttekn jseim ao haksheaus jwjrmkmss rmnjriekn j pjrtehufjr jspmht ao mxestmkhm tljt es fmot ta ukoafi ao ets awk jhhari. Orac tlm Xmvmktl Jknfm es tlm ruek ao syccmtry jki tlm jwj`mkekn ao tlm Ijmcaks, oar tlm oaur jki tlm kekm sljff prmvjef jnjekst tlm sex.9=

Ylm smjf ao tlm Xmvmktl Jknfm

Ylm ‖ruek ao syccmtry– ljs rmfmjsmi tljt wlehl wjs ekhugjtekn ek tlm Xextl Jknfm, praveiekn jk jknfmi pjtl gy wlehl et hjk rmmcmrnm ta jhtevm oahus rmofmhtekn ets mvafuteak ukimrnakm ek tlm leiimk rmjfc.


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Ylm smmis kmhmssjry ta rmhrmjtm’ar rmjwj`mk’haksheauskmss jrm mcgmiimi ek gatl tlm Oaur jki tlm Kekm. Ylmy mjhl prmvjef jnjekst tlm Xextl, gmhjusm wlefm tlm vesegfm cjkeomstjteak ao jwjrmkmss’tlm Oeotl Jknfm’cjy gm jgjkiakmi ar imfegmrjtmfy smt jseim oar j tecm, et hjk gm rmhrmjtmi jt weff orac tlmsm smmis gy irjwekn upak tlmc wlmkmvmr kmmimi. Orac tlm Menltl Jknfm jrm tlm Cjstmrs ao tlm Wmjfc, wla rjesm tlm tmcpfm ao tlm menlt trelmiraks ukta tlm Ijmcaks ao hrmjteak, wlasm smjf es jt akhm oaur jki oevm jki kekm. 9?

Ylm smjf ao tlm Menltl Jknfm

Katm tlm kmjr-eimktehjf imshrepteak ta tlm Oeotl Jknfm, wlehl kakmtlmfmss ieoomrs ek j omw `my jspmhts. Ylm Cjstmrs ao tlm Wmjfc wmrm tlm E_² cmcgmrs ao tlm mjrfy Hlurhl ao Xjtjk, tlasm wla lmfi j immp ukimrstjkiekn ao tlm plefasaply jki tlmafany ao tlm Hlurhl, jki wla lji pravmk tlmcsmfvms js cjstmr cjnehejks wla cjkeomstmi tlm lenlmst eimjfs ao Xjtjkesc ek jff jspmhts ao tlmer fevms. Jhhariekn ta tlm oarcufjteak ao tlm imnrmm ao Cjnestmr Ymcpfe gy Jfmestmr Hrawfmy, tlm Cjnestmr es akm wlasm ‖war` es ta hacprmlmki tlm mxestekn ]kevmrsm ek jhharijkhm wetl Les awk Ceki.–* Ylus tlm Cjstmrs *Xaurhms oar Hrawfmy―s hakhmpteak ao tlm imnrmm hjk gm oauki ek pjrt :8 ao Ylm _eseak jki tlm _aehm, aehm, jki Cjneh` (Gaa` 9). jki ieshusseaks ao tlm imnrmms ao tlm J ∹ J∹ ek ek Cjneh`

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ao tlm Wmjfc, gy vertum ao tlmer praoauki ]kimrstjkiekn ao gatl tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm jki tlmer awk sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm, jrm jgfm ta fmvmrjnm tljt ]kimrstjkiekn ta rmhrmjtm jki rmhakoenurm jt weff gatl tlmer sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm jki tlm parteaks ao tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm ukimr tlmer ekofumkhm. êtlek ê tlek tlm hak haktmxt tmxt ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, tles jgefety jresms orac tlm Menltl Jknfm’wlmrm tlm trutls wraunlt ao trjksoarcjteak jrm rmvmjfmi, jki hrmjteak (tlm Oeotl Jknfm) es tlmrmgy rjesmi jkatlmr ahtjvm. Yles pjtpjt tmrk ao rm-hrmjteak jhhariekn ta tlm ekieveiujf―s awk haksheaus jwjrmkmss es jhhmssegfm ta sacm sacm mxtmkt ta jff jf f wla passmss tlm `kaw ` kawfminm fminm ao tlm Jknfms. Jkn fms. Lmrm haksheauskmss es rmoekmi ta j carm hacpfmtm cjkeomstjteak, jki ljs njekmi tlm jgefety ta rmcj`m etsmfo ek tlm pjttmrks ao ets awk hlaasekn. Ylm sycgafesc ao tlm trelmirak’tlm tlrmm-seimi pyrjcei’ek tlm haktmxt ao tlm Menltl Jknfm sunnmsts Hrawfmy―s hakhmpt ao tlm ‖Hety ao tlm Ryrjceis– wlmrmek tlm Cjstmrs ao tlm Wmjfc iwmff. Orac tlm Kektl Jknfm es tlm ofjcm ao tlm gmnekkekn jki mkiekn ao iecmkseaks, wlehl gfjzmtl ek greffejkhm jki ijr`kmss ukta tlm nfary ao imserm.9>

Nmacmtrehjffy js wmff js hakhmptujffy, tlm Kektl Jknfm es tlm oufhruc oar tlm mkterm struhturm. Ylm Kektl Jknfm, js tlm iawkwjri vmrtmx ao tlm pmktjnrjc, es tlm akfy paekt ao tlm pmktjnrjc tljt fems autseim tlm trjpmzaei. Xycgafehjffy, tles sunnmsts tljt et praveims tlm mxtmrkjf vjktjnm paekt oar gatl hac prmlmkieknn jki nmkmrjte prmlmkiek nmkmrjtekn kn tlm mkterm str struhtu uhturm0 rm0 haktekue haktekuekn kn ta trjhm

Ylm smjf ao tlm Kektl Jknfm


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tlm ukehursjf oenurm pjst tlm Kektl Jknfm fmjis gjh` ta tlm Oerst jki tlus tlm hyhfm gmneks jkmw wetl jiieteakjf jwjrmkmss, mxpmremkhm, jki cacmktuc. Ylmrm es j immp rmsakjkhm gmtwmmk tlm Kektl jki tlm Oaurtl, ekiehjtmi gy tlm imshrepteak ao ‖greffejkhm– tljt jhhacpjkems gatl. Ylm Kektl es, jotmr jff, tlm fjst ao tlm oevm Jknfms tljt hacpresm tlm pmktjnrjc, jki tlus gatl tlm Kektl jki tlm Oaurtl jrm tlm Jknfms tljt hufcekjtm hufce kjtm tlmer tlmer rmspmhtevm rmspmhtevm oenurms. oen urms. Ylmy jrm j rm gatl tlm mkis ao hyhfms, jki tlm paekt orac wlehl kmw hyhfms gmnek. Js ‖tlm gmnekkekn jki mkiekn ao iecmkseaks,–9< tlm pmktjnrjc hufcekjtms ek tlm Kektl Jknfm, jki es hakhmptujffy js wmff js nmacmtrehjffy j njtmwjy4 trjhekn tlm ektmrear vmrtehms ao j lypmrhugm’tlm secpfmst oaur-iecmkseakjf oenurm’rmsufts ek j pmktjnrjc. Yles eimj es ourtlmr ieshussmi ek Rjtty Ljriy―s tmxt ‖@mystakm– (Jppmkiex I). Ylm ofjcm ‖wlehl gfjzmtl ek greffejkhm jki ijr`kmss– 95 es tlm Gfjh` Ofjcm ao tlm mjrfy Hlurhl ao Xjtjk jki tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt. Ylm kjcm Iejgafehak, jk mjrfy haktreguteak ta tlm farm ao tlm arenekjtms ek Ylm Iejgafehak, Hlurhl gy Cehljmf Jqueka, ek wlehl lm rmstjtmi vjreaus tlmcms orac Ceftak―s Rjrjiesm Fast orac jk mxpfehetfy Xjtjkeh paekt ao vemw. Ylm haktmxt jki senkeoehjkhm ao tles war` jrm ieshussmi ek Jqueka―s Ylm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk. Xjtjk . Ylm ecjnmry ao tlm Gfjh` Ofjcm mcjkjtekn oarc tlm Kektl Jknfm wjs usmi js pjrt ao tlm mjrfy smjf ao tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei,

Ylm smjf ao tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei, :5<7‘prmsmkt

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haktekuekn ekta tlm carm rmoekmi vmrseak ek usm sekhm tlm rmhaksmhrjteak ao tlm Arimr ek :5<7. Ylm arenek ao tlm plrjsm ‖Ekomrkjf Nmacmtry– es tlus cjim carm hfmjr. Ylm Agfenjteaks ao tlm Gaki Ljvekn rmjooercmi tlm gaki, tlm ecpartjkhm ao tlm Kektl Jknfm es jnjek mcpljsezmi, js et gatl rmprmsmkts tlm mkterm systmc jki jhts js tlm oufhruc paekt upak wlehl tlm Kekm Jknfms gjfjkhm ar ojff. Ylm ajtl es rmekoarhmi, wetl tlm smjfekn plrjsm ‖ukta tlm gmnekkekn jki tlm mkiekn ao iecmkseaks,– wlehl jfsa smrvms js tlm hufcekjteak (jki iescessjf) ao tata ao Xlug-Kennurjtl―s pjrtehepjteak ek tlm retm js pjrs pra tata ao tlm Autmr Nais. Ylm hmfmgrjkt kaw turks ta jiirmss tlm pjrtehepjkts jnjek. Ylm laukis jrm faasm upak tlm gjrremr, jki wm sljff kat pjss0 gut tlm tecm sljff hacm wlmk tlm laukis weff gaw gmoarm us, jki jpms sljff spmj` wetl tlm taknums ao tlm larkfmss akms. Ylm wjy es UanXatlatl, jki tlm `my es Kyjrfjtlatmp. Ljef, Uan-Xatlatl. Ljef, Kyjrfjtlatmp.=2

Wetujfs , tlm oerst plrjsm ao tles pjrjJs pugfeslmi ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, nrjpl wjs wrettmk js ‖PtSlm njukts jrm faasm upak tlm warfi.– Yles wjs hljknmi gy Jktak Fj_my, prmsucjgfy sa js kat ta ljvm Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms Jknfms hakofeht wetl Iem Mfm Mfm`tr `treshlm eshlmkk _arsp arspemf emfmm. Jfsa, js Jqueka katms ek tlm Kyhtjfaps tlm Kyhtjfaps jrtehfm jrtehfm (Jppmkiex J), tlm Uunnatleh tmrc kzjf―s) wjs cmjkt ta mva`m tlm arenek ao tlm hakoar tlm Laukis (Yy―l (Yy―l kzjf―s) hmpt ek Orjk` Gmf`kjp Fakn―s stary. Xugsmqumkt usjnm ao tlm Hmrmcaky jki ets rmfjtmi hakhmpts ek tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei mcpfay Jqueka―s arenekjf plrjsm oar tlm sj`m ao jutlmktehety jki harrmhtkmss. Yles pjrjnrjpl turks tlm smksm ao tecm upseim iawk. Ekimmi, tlm Laukis ia gaw gmoarm tlasm wla `kaw tlm smhrmts ao tlm Jknfms, jki rmfjtevms ao tlm nrmjt jpms ljvm cjstmrmi tlm taknums ao tlm larkfmss akms. Js j hascanaky, tlm Jknfms ljvm mcpljsezmi tljt ta usm tles Neot ao smfo-iermhtmi smfo-jwjrmkmss ta ets ouff patmktejf, tlm smhrmt fems ek


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rm-mkjhtekn tlm trjkscesseak ao tlm Neot. Haksheauskmss es ecgumi wetl tlm smmis ao ets awk jwjrmkmss. Hljptmr < weff ekhfuim sunnmsteaks oar jijptekn Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms js Jknfms js jk ekieveiujf rjtlmr tljk nraup retm.

YLM HJFF YA HYL]FL] Ylm Xmttekn Ylm Hjff ta Htluflu Htluflu wjs wrettmk js j ‖wjtmr– retujf ta gjfjkhm tlm ‖oerm– ao Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms . Ylm rmjfc ao tlm Autmr Hmrmcaky es tljt ao tlm leiimk pfjhms Nais hakkmhtmi wetl tlm Hmrmcaky gmyaki tlm stjrs0 Htluflu lawmvmr es j hltlakeh imety, jssahejtmi wetll tlm immp pfjh wet pfjhms ms wet wetle lekk tlm mj mjrt rtll jhh jhhmsse mssegfm gfm ve vejj tlm ahmj ahmjks. ks. Ylm retujf cust gm pmroarcmi kmjr j senkeoehjkt senkeo ehjkt gaiy ao wjtmr, wjtmr, js suhl rmprmp rmsmkts tlm pratmhtevm vmef tljt cust gm pemrhmi ek arimr oar Htluflu ta jresm orac les imjtl-fe`m sfucgmr. Atlmr tljk tlm ‖Xenk ao Xjtjk– (e.m., tlm pmktjnrjc), tlm pjrtehepjkts war` wetlaut ragm ar atlmr spmhejf njrcmkts, mcpljsezekn tljt tles es j carm precjf jki fmss oarcjf retm0 tlm Xenk es usmi kat ta pratmht tlm pjrtehepjkts orac Htluflu gut rjtlmr orac tlmcsmfvms js tlmy hjst tlmer stjtm ao ceki gjh` ta tlm ieccmst gmnekkekns ao haksheauskmss. Xtruhturjffy, tlmrm jrm sacm secefjretems gmtwmmk tles retm jki Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. Jknfms . Gatl utefezm j oarc ao hjff jki rmspaksm, wetl tlm t lm Favmhrjotejk Favmhrjotej k mktety tljt t ljt mcgaiems tlm t lm retm etsmfo jppmjrekn akhm tlm fjw ao secefjrety jki orjcm ao rmomrmkhm ljvm gmmk sjtesoemi. Ylm Htluflu js wmff0 tles retm Kekm Jknfms oarc tlm gjses oar Ylm Hjff ta Htluflu tj`ms pfjhm jt tlm dukhturm gmtwmmk tlm Oaur’tlm prm-rjteakjf larrars ao tlm lucjk haksheauskmss, rmckjkts ao tlm rmptefejk grjek jki aur gjseh cjccjfejk plyseafany’jki tlm Oevm’tlm lenlmr oukhteaks ao smfo-jwjrm, smfo-iermhtmi esafjtm ektmffenmkhm. Htluflu es tlm Lenl Rremst ao tlm Nrmjt Afi Akms ek Favmhrjot―s pjktlmak, jki tlus kat jk mktety ao tlm sjcm ty typm pm ao tlm Autmr Nais mcpfaymi ek tlm Hmrmcaky tlm Hmrmcaky.. Js j hltlakeh gmekn hakoekmi ta tlm ahmjk, Htluflu es carm hfasmfy rmfjtmi ta oenurms ao mjrtlfy cytlafany tljk

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jrm tlm Autmr Nais (wla jrm nmkmrjffy ao fmss iestekhtevm oarc jki imoeketmfy kat ao tles mjrtl). Nevmk tlm arenek ao mjrtlfy feom ek tlm ahmjks, Htluflu smrvms js j hakhmptujf greinm gmtwmmk tlm strehtfy geafanehjf jki tlm smfo-jwjrm psyhlafanehjf jspmhts ao lucjkety. Jqueka jffuims Htluflu es tljt ta tles wlmk lm katms tljt ‖tlm tlmcm ao Ylm Hjff ta Htluflu es ao j “hjstekn gjh`― tlraunl haffmhtevm, “rjhejf― cmcary ta tlm rupturm ao cjkèki orac tlm gmjsts ao kjturm.–* Ylm ‖lakarmi kjcms– ekva`mi iurekn tlm retm hakkmht Htluflu ta vjreaus imetems ao tlm smj, hjste hjstekn kn tlmc js pjfm rmo rmofmhteaks fmhteaks ao tlm trum mktety. Ekvaèkn tlm ekomrkjf kjcms oaffawekn tlm stjtmcmkt tljt ‖nrmjt Htluflu . . . jrt `kawk ta jff rjhms ao tlm Immp Akms wla wjf` upak jki gmkmjtl tlm Mjrtl– =: es tlm `my pmroarcj pmroarcjtevm tevm uttmrjkhm tljt ojhefetjtms tlm succakekn ao tlm Ymjhlmr. ^lmk Htluflu jppmjrs, tlm hjf hjfff jki rmspaksm ieo ieoomrs omrs sfen sfenltfy ltfy orac Jknfms . Htluflu imfevmrs les wesiac tljt ek Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. ek tlm Uunnatleh fjknujnm, wlehl tlm pjrtehepjkts tlmk mhla ek Mknfesl, jooercekn tlmer ekhrmjsekn ukimrstjkiekn ao tlm Neot ao smfo-haksheauskmss oar wlehl tlmy tlmk cust tj`m rmspaksegefety. Ylm hmfmgrjkt ekiermhtfy ekva`ms Kyjrfjtlatmp js tlm cmssmknmr wla apmkmi tlm wjy ta tlm ârfi ârfi ao Larrars vej tlm Yleri Yl eri Jknfm. J knfm. Yles jhhmss wjs kat wetlaut ijknmr4 et apmkmi tlm wjy oar tlm Laukis js wmff.. Haksheauskmss jki smfo-jwjrmkmss haktjek tlm smmis ao tlmer awk wmff imstruhteak0 tlm cakstmrs ao tlm Ei’â fj Oargeiimk Rfjkmt ’hjkkat gm ouffy jvaeimi gut hjk gm lmfi jt gjy gy tlasm wla `kaw wlmrm tlmy fur`. Mjrfy lucjkety waufi ljvm gmmk quetm tlm hrumf hrmjturm uktef tlmer ektmffenmkhm jki smksm ao agfenjteak ta atlmr oarcs ao feom’ekimmi, tlmer rmspmht oar tlm plmkacmkak ao feom etsmfo’imvmfapmi ta tlm paekt wlmrm tlm tlmyy ka faknmr imf imfen enltmi ltmi ek mxpfaet mxpfaetekn ekn tlm fefeom om jki kjtu kjturj rjff rmsaurhms jrauki tlmc. (Ek cjky wjys, cjdar smncmkts ao lucjkety steff ljvm kat imvmfapmi pjst tles errmspaksegfm jki slartsenltmi jtte tuim). Htluflu jh`kawfminms les rafm ek greknekn jgaut tles ektmffenmkhm Yemrirjcj jcj ek Ylm *Xmm Jppmkiex J. Et cjy gm gmkmoehejf ta mxjcekm Fj_my―s retujf Ijs Yemrir Xjtjkeh Wetujfs js Wetujfs js j haktrjstekn vemwpaekt ta tlm eimjs ek Ylm Hjff ta Htluflu. Htluflu .


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wetlaut rmspaksegefety4 rmspaksegef ety4 ‖E wjf`mi wj f`mi upak tlm Mjr Mjrtl, tl, jki E tjunlt tlm jpms ta fjunl jki ta pfjy, ta sfjy jki ta shrmjc.– =7 Gut Htluflu es kat tlm rmimmcmr ao jky oarc ao ektmffenmkt ar smfojwjrm feom0 ukfe`m tlm sjvear ao gegfehjf fmnmki, Htluflu iemi oar lecsmfo jki jki tlmk sfmpt. Ylm Xextl Jknfm’sfmmp, ar ekhugjteak’es sjei ta ‖gaef– tlm ijr`kmss=8 js et hjusms tlm Oevm’haksheaus jwjrmkmss’ta pmresl oar j tecm uktef et rmturk rmturkss straknmr jki carm jwjrm ao ets awk ukoafiekn. Ylm sfmmp es spmkt wetl irmjcs ao tlm cjstmr ao tlm pfjkms jki tlm jknfms (e.m., Uan-Xatlatl’tlm njtm’wlehl rmcjeks rmjiy ta gm jhhmssmi gmhjusm et kmvmr fmjvms tlm ceki ao tlm akm wla suhhmssouffy trjvmffmi tlraunl et). Ylm retm rmvmjfs tlm jwj`mkekn ao Htluflu js wmff0 lm prahfjecs ‖tlm mki ao tlm nai ao imjtl, jki ao tlm nai ao iyekn– =9 sa tljt tlm tlasm rmhmevekn tles `kawfminm cjy ‖rmdmht tlm hjusm ao tlm imjtl wetlaut sfmmp.– Ylmsm rmomr ta tlm hakhmpteak ao tlm Xextl Jknfm js tlm rmprmssevm moomht ao tlm Jgrjljceh rmfeneaks, jki tlmer iawkojff vej tlm smvmk-jknfmi stjr ao Gjgjfak (Hrawfmy―s hakhmpteak ao akm ao tlm cast cmcarjgfm jki mvahjtevm pratjnakests ek tlm gegfehjf Gaa` ao Wmvmfjteak.) Jknfms es rmstjtmi. J `my pjssjnm orac Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms Hacpjrm Ylm Ijmcaks jrm, tlm Ijmcaks wmrm, jki tlm Ijmcaks sljff gm jnjek. Ylmy hjcm, jki wm jrm lmrm0 tlmy sfmmp, jki wm wjthl oar tlmc. Ylmy sljff sfmmp, jki wm sljff iem, gut wm sljff rmturk tlraunl tlmc. ^m jrm tlmer irmjcs, jki tlmy sljff jwj`mk. Ljef ta tlm jkhemkt irmjcs.==

wetl Ylm Afi Akms wmrm, tlm Afi Akms jrm, jki tlm Afi Akms sljff gm jnjek. E jc imji, gut E sfmmp jki jc tlmrmoarm kat imji. Orac tlm imptls ao tlm wjtmrs E hacm, jki orac tlm imptls tlm Immp Akms jfsa ljvm hacm.=?

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Ylm Nrmjt Afi Akms jrm ao haursm tlm Ijmcaks, wla mcgaiy tecm gy trjkshmkiekn et (jki tlus uftecjtmfy mxestekn autseim ao ets oeketm, fecetekn nrjsp). ^lefm tlm Afi Akms rmst autseim ao tlm ârfi ao Larrars, Htluflu rmcjeks ak tles seim ao tljt njtm jki mkiurms les immp sfucgmr wetlek tles pfjkm ao mxestmkhm. Htluflu iams kat cmrmfy eksperm tlm jkhemkt irmjcs, lm mcgaiems tlm jkhemkt irmjcs tlraunl tljt `my mfmcmkt ao les cjkeomstjteak jki rmcjkeomstjteak. ^m cjy gm tlm irmjcs ao tlm Ijmcaks, gut wm jresm tlraunl tlm sustmkjkhm jki mxpfarjteak ao aur irmjcs ek tlm sjcm cjkkmr js Htluflu. Yles hruhejf `my ta cjektjekekn jki mvafvekn tlm psyhlm es tlm hmktrjf fmssak ao Htluflu wetlek tlm retm4 Oarnmt kmetlmr tlm Jgyss ao arenek, kar tlm Afi Akms wla graunlt ta yau tlm ofjcm ao tlm Jgyss, kar tlm Wjc ao tlm Xuk, kar tlm Mtmrkjf Xmrpmkt wla rjesmi yau upak tlm Mjrtl jki imfevmrmi ta yau tlm ofjcm orac tlm cmssmknmr.=>

Aur geafanehjf oarcs jrm tlm praiuht ao maks ao mvafuteak uftecjtmfy arenekjtekn wetlek tlm ahmjks, ymt wetlaut tlm ‖ofjcm ao tlm Jgyss– (e.m., tlm Gfjh` Ofjcm ao haksheauskmss) wm waufi kat passmss tlm sjcm jwjrmkmss jki hjpjhety oar cekiouf mvafuteak js wm mxpmremkhm kaw. Kyjrfjtlatmp wjs kat tlm saurhm, gut rjtlmr tlm cmssmknmr0 secefjrfy, Htluflu es jfsa kat tlm saurhm, gut tlm akm wla tmjhlms tlm Larkfmss Akms law ta utefezm tles Neot ek j wjy tljt lakars gatl ets saurhm jki patmktejf.

> AW @ YLM OA]KIJYEAKX AO ^ AW@ ÊE Y L Y L M KE K M J KNFMX ^ K NFMX

Js tlm Kekm Jknfms jrm j fevekn, steff-mvafvekn systmc ao cjneh, warèkn wetl tlmc rmquerms kat akfy jk j k ukimrstjkiekn ukimrstjki ekn ao tlm lestarehjf jki tlmt lmarmtehjf gjh`nrauki nevmk ek tlm prmveaus hljptmrs, gut jfsa j haccetcmkt ta usekn tlm systmc ek kmw jki ekkavjtevm wjys. Yles hljptmr jki tlm akm oaffawekn weff oahus ak usms ao tlm Kekm Jknfms ek effustrjtevm jki apmrjtevm wjys0 j tlaraunl nraukiekn ek tlmsm prjhtehms weff mkjgfm tlm rmjimr kat dust ta usm wljt ljs jfrmjiy gmmk hrmjtmi, gut jfsa ta mxpjki ak tlm ukimrfyekn kma-trjieteak. Jgavm jff, yau cust kat akfy rmji tlm prjhtehms jki sunnmsteaks ek tlmsm twa hljptmrs, gut jfsa trufy mkjht jki mxpmremkhm tlmc’akfy tlmk weff yau `kaw wlmtlmr tlmsm eimjs jki tmhlkequms jrm moomhtevm taafs oar hjusekn hljknm ek jhharijkhm wetl yaur ukimrfyekn imserms. Yles hljptmr imshregms cmtlais oar hrmjtekn j imiehjtmi spjhm oar warèkn war` eknss ao jkn jknuf ufjr jr cjn cjneh. eh. ^m― m―ffff ektraiuh ektraiuhmm jk j k jftmrkjt j ftmrkjtmm vmrseak vmr seak ao tlm Gaki ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, oahusekn ak j spmheoehjffy Nmrcjkeh rmkimrekn ao tlm sjcm eimjs. Ylm hljptmr autfekms oaukijteakjf prjhtehms tljt weff smt tlm stjnm oar tlm moomhtevm prjhtehm ao jknufjr cjneh. Yles ekhfuims j retm ta jwj`mk yaursmfo ta tlm jknufjr pjtl’jk eketejteak ekta tlm prjhtehm ao cjneh ao tles typm. Ylm hakhfuseak ao tlm hljptmr omjturms sunnmsteaks oar j ijefy prjhtehm ao jknufjr cjneh, oahusekn ak hmrtjek jhteaks jki tlaunlts ta gm ukimrtj`mk jt hmrtjek tecms0 tles :5:: :5

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Ylm Oaukijteaks ao âr` wetl tlm Kekm Jknfms

we ff immpmk yaur ukimrs weff ukimrstj tjkie kiekn kn ao tlm oauki oaukijteaks jteaks ao war` wet wetll tlm Kekm Jknfms.

HWMJYEKN J XRJHM OAW JKN]FJW ÂW@EKNX ^l efmm kat jf ^lef jfwjys wjys j stre streht ht rmque rmquermcmkt, rmcmkt, j suet suetjgfm jgfm hlj hljcgmr cgmr oar tlm prjhtehm prjhte hm ao jkn jknuf ufjr jr cjn cjneh eh mklj mkljkhms khms tlm apmrjteak jt ljki jki etsmf etsmfoo gmhacms pjrt ao tlm cjnehjf warèkn. Ylm mxestekn retujfs jki atlmr ekofumkhms ak tlm Kekm Jknfms, ek hacgekjteak wetl tlm Fjw ao tlm Yrjpmzaei, sunnmst sacm omjturms ao jk moomhtevm hljcgmr. Irjwekn ak Iem Mfm`t Mfm`treshlmk reshlmk _arspemfm arspemfm jki Jknfms ek pjr jki Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms ek tehufjr, hakseimr tlm oaffawekn sunnmsteaks oar hrmjtekn jk mkverakcmkt imiehjtmi ta war` wetl tlm Jknfms. Ylm hljcgmr slaufi gm scjff gut kat ukhacoartjgfy sa0 tles weff cjxecezm tlm moomhts ao tlm atlmr suppartekn jspmhts ao tlm spjhm. Ylm wjffsfs jki hmef wjf hmefekn ekn slaufi kat haktjek jky hur hurvmi vmi suro surojhms, jhms, jki tlm ou ourrkeslekns slaufi gm cekecjf0 eo tlm struhturm ao tlm spjhm ekhfuims sacm jknfms tljt imvejtm orac 52², tljt es mvmk gmttmr ek tmrcs ao ojhefetjtekn tlm jppraprejtm jtcasplmrm. Fecet tlm autseim fenlt jicettmi ekta tlm hljcgmr, jftlaunl j scjff jcaukt (eimjffy orac stjrfenlt) es prmomrjgfm ta kakm jt jff. ]sm cuseh (wlmk tlm retm hjffs oar et) tljt es quemt, jfemk, jki jrteoehejf ta jii ta tlm saukishjpm―s cystmry jki wakimr. Mxpmrecmkt wetl uftrjveafmt fenltekn (ia kat faa` iermhtfy jt tlm fenlt saurhms!) jki wetl sfawfy hljknekn stragm fenlts (prmomrjgfy gfum ar purpfm). Jky imharjteaks ak tlm wjffs slaufi omjturm Mxprmsseakest ar Jrt Imha styfms ta hjpturm tlm renlt tecm pmreai oar cjky ao tlm caimrk ekofumkhms ak tlm Kekm Jknfms0 tlmsm imsenks slaufi jfsa jvaei hurvmi oarcs wlmrm passegfm. Oekjffy, tlm tap ao tlm jftjr usmi oar jknufjr cjneh slaufi gm trjpmzaeijf ek sljpm, prmomrjgfy cjim orac j waai jssahejtmi wetl cjnehjf trjieteaks suhl js gerhl0 oar carm eksperjteak rmnjriekn tlm jftjr, smm Favmhrjot―s ‖Ylm Ljuktmr ao tlm Ijr`– oar tlm imshrepteak ao tlm peffjr tljt supparts tlm gax haktjekekn tlm Xlekekn Yrjpmzalmirak. Js tlm jgavm sunnmsteaks effustrjtm, tlm plysehjf jki vesujf hac-


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pakmkts ao tlm hlj hljcgmr cgmr jrm pjrj pjrjcaukt. caukt. Ylrau Ylraunl nl tlmsm smtte smttekns kns,, tlm cjnehejk wemfis tlm Fjw ao tlm Yrjpmzaei jki tlm Haccjki ta Faa` ta nrmjt moomht. Ylm iacekjkt cjss’tlm trjpmzaeijf jftjr’jki tlm jknufjr imsenks ao tlm struhturm jki ourkeslekns jrm `my hacpakmkts ao tlm Haccjki ta Faa` ek jknufjr warèkns.

YLM GAKI AO YLM KEKM JKNFMX Ylm Gaki ao tlm Kekm Jknfms es j `my hacpakmkt ao jknufjr warèkns4 et imshregms tlm ekieveiujf Jknfms ek j hacgekjteak ao Rytljnarmjk jretlcafany jki Favmhrjotejk ecjnmry, mstjgfeslekn tlm orjcm ao rmomrmkhm tlraunl wlehl tlm Jknfms oukhteak ek tlm smceateh tlmary ao cjneh. Et jfsa oukhteaks js tlm oaukijteakjf pemhm ao farm jgaut tlm Jknfms, warèkn wetl tlm ekkjtm hjpjhety ao lucjk cekis oar prahmssekn stary jki kjrrjtevm0 tles hjpjhety pfjys j `my rafm ek oarcekn hufturm jki hrmjtekn halmrmkhm ek tljt hufturm―s ukimrstjkiekn ao ets pfjhm wetlek tlm ârfi ao Larrars. ârèkn wetl tlm Gaki hakkmhts yau wetl atlmrs stuiyekn tles systmc tlraunl sljrmi kjrrjtevm jki mxpmremkhm. Akm ao tlm oarcs ao tlm Gaki slaufi gm cmcarezmi, wlmtlmr et es tlm ouff vmrseak ek Mknfesl ar Uunnatleh, tlm carm gremo Nmrcjkeh rmkieteak nevmk gmfaw, ar j pmrsakjf ektmrprmtjteak hrmjtmi jotmr hrmjtmi jotmr ljvekn ljvekn njekmi mxpmremkhm jki ukimrstjkiekn warèkn war èkn wetl tlm Jknfms jki j ki mxestekn vmrseaks vmrseaks ao tlm Gaki. Ylm ouff Gaki es tlm smhteak ao Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms gmnekkekn wetl ‖Orac tlm Oerst Jknfm es tlm ekoeketm . . .– jki mkiekn wetl ‖Orac tlm Kektl Jknfm es tlm gmnekkekn jki mkiekn ao iecmkseaks . . . – :

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Jk jftmrkjtm vmrseak’ekspermi gy tlm styfm ao tlm Lêvjcêf smhteak smhteak Fdøòjtjf jf ’es `kawk js tlm Fdøòjt ’es nevmk gmfaw. Wmnjrifmss ao tlm vmrseak usmi, trjhm mjhl Jknfm ek tlm jer wetl tlm fmot ljki oaffawekn ets stjtmcmkt wetlek tlm Gaki, vesujfezekn ets trjef js j greffejkt greff ejkt gfum gfum ofjcm o fjcm tljt es apmkapmkekn j njtmwjy ta tlm spjhms gmtwmmk tlm stjrs js yau hacpfmtm tlm oenurm. Xtjki ojhekn kartl, jrcs ljknekn rmfjxmi jt yaur seim, ommt oarwjri jt j 52² jknfm ta mjhl atlmr wetl lmmfs tauhlekn (oarcekn j ‖_–) jki sjy4 Kekm Yurks E `kaw, tljt rmvmjf tlm ukoafiekn ao cy tlaunlts jki immis.

Wjesm yaur fmot ljki ek tlm senk ao tlm larks4* E `kaw j oerst, tlm smmi lafiekn jff tljt es ta gm.

Fawmr yaur fmot ljki, jki rjesm yaur renlt ljki ek tlm senk ao tlm larks4 E `kaw wljt oaffaws, tlm ljffawmi irmji wavmk ao katleknkmss.

Fawmr yaur renlt ljki, tlmk rjesm gatl jrcs jgavm yaur lmji oarcekn j ‖_–4 E `kaw j tleri, tlm greinm spjkkekn tlm reot gmtwmmk tlm Xmfo jki jff tlm ârfis.

Hrass yaur jrcs upak yaur hlmst, fmot avmr renlt, oests hfmkhlmi4 E `kaw j oaurtl, tlm stmji ao jwj`mkekn cjim wlafm.

Fawmr yaur jrcs ta yaur seims oar spmjèkn tlm rmcjekekn parteaks ao tlm Gaki. Yurk ta ojhm tlm sautl. Haktekuekn ta trjhm jki vesujfezm mjhl ao tlm Jknfms oaffawekn ets parteak ao tlm Gaki4 Jki E `kaw j o eotl, tlm `kawfminm ao jwjrmkmss jwjrmkmss.. E `kaw j sextl, tlm reiifm ao tlm leiimk fyekn ek wjet. E `kaw j smvmktl, tlm hacekn oartl ao cekioufkmss tj`mk lafi. E `kaw jk menltl, wlmrmek tlm trutls ao rmsljpekn jrm tafi.

*Xmm Jppmkiex J (pjnm 7?2) oar j imshrepteak ao tlm senk ao tlm larks.


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Jki E `kaw j kektl, tlm Ijr` Oerm tljt hfmjvms Xmfo orac tlm o faw ao waim.

Ljvekn trjhmi tlm Kekm Jknfms ek tlmer mktermty, turk ta ojhm tlm mjst, jki rmjhl aut gmoarm yau ta hakdaek jki nrjsp tlm Oaur’ tlm trjpmzaei, kaw jt yaur fmot’jki tlm Oevm’tlm pmktjnrjc, kaw jt yaur renlt’jt tlm pfjhms wlmrm tlmy cmmt ek tlm tapcast vmrtehm vmrt ehmss ao mj mjhl hl oeoenn urm urm00 tlj tljtt es es,, tlm Oer Oerst st jki Oeo Oeotl tl Jk Jknf nfms ms,, jki tlm Xmhaki jki Menltl. Js yau ia sa’js tlm twa cjek pjrts ao tlm oenurm jrm daekmi ta hrmjtm j njtmwjy ta tlm oufoeffcmkt ao imserm’spmj` tlm waris4 Lmfpouf ta tlm akms wla `kaw tlm Jknfms. Ao ka usm ta tlasm wla smm kaunlt gmyaki tlm gawmi s`y.

Fawmr yaur jrcs ta yaur seims. Ylm njtm es kaw apmk, jki agshurety ofmms orac yaur ceki―s mym jt akhm.

J WEY]JF J^J@MKEKN YA YLM JKN]FJW RJYL Ljvekn prapmrfy autoettmi tlm hljcgmr, wm hjk kaw gmnek ta ia retujf war` tljt irjws ak tmhlkequms jki j ki orjcms orj cms ao rmomrmkhm pjrtehufj pjr tehufjrr ta tlm Kekm Jknfms. Yles jwj`mkekn’apmkekn tlm psyhlm ta tlm passegefetems tljt imrevm orac war` wetl tlm Jknfms’leknms ak jk ecpartjkt prekhepfm4 Cjk es jsfmmp gut irmjcs lm es jwj`m. ^lefm ^le fm hmrtje hmrtjekfy kfy kat tlm akfy passegfm ar moomht moomhtevm evm oarc, tlm oaffawekn struhturm oar jknufjr retms ao pjssjnm praveims j patmkt orjcmwar` o ar ar hakstruhtekn hakstruhtekn cjnehjf war warèkns èkns tljt utefezm tlm t lm Kekm Jknfms. Ek hak hak-trjst ta tlm trjieteakjf caimf ao retms ao pjssjnm’stjnms ao smpjrjteak, jknufjr jr caimf trjkseteak/fecekj trjksetea k/fecekjfety, fety, jki rmek rmektmnrjtea tmnrjteak’jk k’jk jknuf caimf oar retms ao pjssjnm pjssj nm haksests ao oaur stjnms4 stjnms4 imserm, rmimoeketeak, trjksnrmsseak, jki rmjfezjteak. Yles caimf oarcs tlm struhturm suppartekn tlm retujf ao jwj`mkekn ta tlm jknufjr pjtl. Rrear ta pmroarcekn tles retujf yau weff kmmi4

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Ylm Oaukijteaks ao âr` wetl tlm Kekm Jknfms • tlm gaa` yau weff usm oar yaur cjnehjf iejry (et cust gm gfjh`, ar

tmcparjrefy havmrmi ek gfjh`) • j pfjek pemhm ao pjpmr ak wlehl yau ljvm trjhmi’ prear ta tlm retujf’tlm oevm herhfms kmmimi ta hakstruht tlm pmktjnrjc wetl j hacpjss jki strjenltminm0 ia kat ymt hakkmht tlm paekts tljt oarc tlm pmktjnak ar pmktjnrjc etsmfo • oaur scjff, gfjk` pemhms ao pjpmr ak wlehl yau weff irjw tlm senks oar tlm oerst oaur Jknfms • j oauktjek ar iep pmk wetl ijr` gfum ar purpfm ek` • oaur gfjh` hjkifms • j suetjgfy arkjtm, tlrakm-fe`m tlrakm-fe`m hljer0 eo e o tles es kat jvjefjgfm, irjpm j hacoartjgfm hljer ek gfjh` hfatl • jppraprejtm cuseh (slaufi gm spjrsm jki warifmss, gjsmi ak kak-kjturjf saukis0 smfmhteaks tljt sunnmst tlm jppraprejtm jtca Rljmirj,, Fustcari―s Ijr Ijr`` splmrm ekhfuim Yjknmrekm Irmjc―s Rljmirj Cjttmr Cjt tmr ar Ylm Rfjhm ^lmrm tlm Ijr` Xtjrs Ljkn, Ljkn, Haef―s Yecm Cjhlekms ar JKX ) ar JKX Jrrjknm tlm hjkifms jki oaur scjff pemhms ao pjpmr ak tlm jftjr sa tljt tlmy cjr` tlm vmrtehms ao j trjpmzaei. Rfjhm tlm pjpmr wetl tlm ekhacpfmtm trjhekn ao tlm pmktjnrjc ek tlm hmktmr ao tlm trjpmzaei. Katm4 Rrmpjrm jff ao tlm jgavm ek tlm hljcgmr jlmji ao tecm, jki fmjvm tlm hljcgmr smjfmi (wetl jky wekiaws havmrmi) oar kekm laurs gmoarm tlm retm es ta gmnek. Ylm Wetujf :. Mktmr tlm hljcgmr, tlmk jhtevjtm ar rmvmjf tlm saurhm(s) ao fenlt. Gmnek ta pfjy tlm hlasmk cuseh. 7. Xpmk Xpmkii j omw ceku ce kutms’gu tms’gutt ka carm carm tljk kekm’se ke km’settekn ttekn ar stjkiekn quemtfy ek tlm hljcgmr wetl myms hfasmi, wlefm irjwekn yaur jwjrmkmss autseim tlm jwjy orac jff hakhmrks tljt fjy autseim tlm hljcgmr. Mstjgfesl yaur grmjtlekn rlytlc gy sfawfy ekljfekn tlraunl tlm kasm oar j haukt ao oaur, tlmk mxljfekn tlraunl tlm cautl oar j haukt ao oevm. Oahus yaur jttmkteak ekwjri, greknekn jff yaur tlaunlts tawjri tlm tjs` jt ljki.


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8. Xtjki ojhekn tlm jftjr. êtl jrcs rjesmi rjes mi jgavm yaur lmji (oarcekn j ‖_–) stjtm yaur ektmkt4

C'`ljnk urz'vuy-èk C―`ljnk urz―vuy-èk! PLmjr cm, Fari ao tlm Jknfms!S Ylraunl jknfms cerrarmi wetl tlaunlts, E, PkjcmS, irjw oartl jwj`mkekn jki jwjrmkmss orac tlm ukcjkeomst vaei. Jff tljt E cjy grekn ekta gmekn weff gmhacm `kawk ta cm. E sljff pravm cysmfo wartly ta rmhmevm tlmsm Cystmrems tlraunl tlm strjknm jknfms tljt tj`m oarc gy cy pmk, irjwekn orac tlm wesiac ao ukhauktjgfm hmkturems js tlm Oarc ao haksheauskmss trjksoarcs etsmfo tlraunl ets awk Fjws.

@'plrak-yml kle o'uknl'k. @―plrak-yml kle o―uknl―k. PE cjkeomst jki sljff spmj`.S

9. Fawmr yaur yaur jrcs gut rmcjek rmcjek stjkiekn stjkie kn gmoarm tlm jftjr. Irjw tlm senk oar tlm Oerst Jknfm ak tlm pemhm ao pjpmr kmxt ta tlm hjkifm cjrèkn tljt Jknfm, wetl tlmsm waris4

êtlek tlm nrmjt hmktmr ao tlm hascas jrm tlm leiimk smmis ao imserms tljt E cjy ymt grekn ekta gmekn. Ylm gmnekkekn cjy gm `kawk, gut wljt es ta gm irjwk oartl orac tlm nrmjt Cystmry ao Gmekn rmcjeks ukcjkeomst uktef et mcmrnms js tlm praiuht ao cy ceki.

@e'q Jz-Jtlatl r'dyjrl wl'ojnl zljsj plr-tnj kymkj plrjn-k'nfu.

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Ylm Oaukijteaks ao âr` wetl tlm Kekm Jknfms @e―q Jz-Jtlatl r―dyjrl wl―ojnl zljsj plr-tnj kymkj plrjn-k―nfu. PLakar ta Jzjtlatl, wetlaut wlasm fjunltmr tles warfi slaufi kat gm.S

=. Irjw tlm senk oar tlm Xmhaki Jknfm ak tlm pemhm ao pjpmr kmxt ta tlm hjkifm cjrèkn tljt Jknfm, wetl tlmsm waris4

Ylm cjstmr ao iecmkseaks, wla iatl arimr tlm pfjkms jki tlm jknfms, jfenks tlm hascas tawjri ets oufoeffcmkt gy tlm ukimrstjkiekn garkm ao haksheauskmss. Ratmktejf es rmimoekmi ta apmk tlm njtms ta tlm passegefetems E pmrhmevm.

@e'q U'ns-Atlatl r'dyjrl omr-nryp'l-kzj `m'ru plrjnk'nfu. @e―q U―ns-Atlatl r―dyjrl omr-nryp―l-kzj `m―ru plrjnk―nfu. PLakar ta Uan-Xatlatl, wetlaut wlasm senk wm aursmfvms slaufi kat gm.S

?. Irjw tlm senk oar tlm Yleri Yle ri Jknfm (jgavm) (jgavm) ak tlm pemhm pemhm ao pjpmr kmxt ta tlm hjkifm harrmspakiekn ta tljt Jknfm, wetl tlmsm waris4

Ylm gfjh` lmrjfi, tlm akm uktauhlmi gy sfmmp, trjksnrmssms tlm gfeki jki cmhljkehjf arimrekn ao tlm hascas, rmvmjfekn ta cm tlm cjkyjknfmi cmssjnms orac aut ao tlm jgyssms gmtwmmk tlm stjrs. Ylasm wla `kaw tlm Jknfms tlus gmhacm ouffy jwjrm ao tlmcsmfvms.


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Js yau stjki gmoarm tlm tlrakm, oahus yaur myms ak tlm spjhm gmtwmmk tlm hjkifms. ^lmk tlm vesujf iestarteak hljrjhtmresteh ao mkhauktmrs wetl tlm Autmr Nais cjkeomsts jt tlm pmreplmry ao veseak, pmrhmev pmrhmevmm tlraunl tlm ‖c ‖cakstraus akstraus smksm tljt es kat senlt– tlm jpprajhl ao tlm Cmssmknmr. Haksheauskmss oafis ek ak etsmfo, jki yau mkveseak tles t les Cmssmknmr kat js hacekn orac autseim gut rjtlmr js rmvmjfekn tljt yaur ekkmrcast smfo-jwjrmkmss smm`s ta rmjhl aut ta haccjki tlm hascas.

E'j K'yrj-f'ylt-Atp urz'k kjjnlj. E―j K―yrj-f―ylt-Atp urz―k kjjnlj. PLjef, Kyjrfjtlatmp, prekhm ao tlm jgyss.S

Xenk yaur kjcm’cjnehjf ar cukijkm’ek tlm gaa` ek tlm prmsmkhm ao tlm Gfj Gfjh` h` Cj Cjkk (atlmr atlmrwe wesm sm `kaw `kawkk js Kyjrf Kyjrfjtlatmp, jtlatmp, tlm Cmssmknmr), jfakn wetl j stjtmcmkt ao yaur ektmkt ta stuiy tlm Jknfms. Gmkmjtl et rmhari tlm senk ao tlm Kektl Jknfm (gmfaw)’ wlehl jfsa rmprmsmk rmprmsmkts ts tlm Kekm Jknfms J knfms js j wlafm.

>. Irjw tlm senk oar tlm Oaurtl Jknfm Jkn fm ak tlm pemhm ao ao tlm pjpmr jt tlm hjkifm harrmspakiekn ta tljt Jknfm, wetl tlmsm waris4

Ylraunl tlm Jknfms E jc gmhacm tlm Afi Akm wla rmenks upak tlm ârfi ao Larrars, oar E ljvm nfecpsmi tlm Fjw, leiimk orac jff gut j omw, wlehl rmvmjfs tlm trumst pjtl gmtwmmk tlm ukcjkeomst jki tlm ouffy rmjfezmi.

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E'j Xl'g-K'ynr'tl! Rlrjnk'`j plrjnk! E―j Xl―g-K―ynr―tl, Rlrjnk―`j plrjnk! PLjef Xlug-Kennurjtl! E jc tljt E jc!S

<. Yj`m yaur pfjhm ak tlm tlrakm’tlm smjt ao Jzjtlatl, tlm uftecjtm hljas jt tlm hmktmr ao tlm hascas. Xpmj` tlm waris4 E prahfjec orac tlm cakstraus hljas, tlraunl wlehl jff tlekns jresm, tljt tlm stmji ao jwj`mkekn es cjim wlafm. Ylm imserm nfecpsmi tlraunl tlm Oerst Jknfm sljpms tlm arimrekn ao tlm Xmhaki’tlus rmimoekekn tlm pjtl jfakn wlehl E smm` tlm cystmrems tljt fmji cm ta cysmfo. Ylraunl tlm djnnmi minms ao tlm Yleri jki Oaurtl Jknfms E trjksnrmss jnjekst tlm fecets ao pmrhmpteak jki passegefety, huftevjtekn tlm rmjf ek jhhari wetl tlm ukoafiekn ao cy weff.

Ak tlm pjpmr ek tlm hmktmr ao tlm jftjr, hakkmht tlm paekts tljt trjhm tlm pmktjnak, mxtmkiekn tlm minms ta oarc tlm pmktjnrjc. Js yau ia tles, t les, hakseimr tlm Cystmry Cystmr y tljt t ljt yau cust irjw oevm herhfms’ jff wetl tlm sjcm rjieus, senkeoyekn tlm rmnufjrety ao tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm’ek arimr ta hrmjtm tlm jknufjr pmktjnrjc js tlm sycgaf ao tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm. 5. Imhfjrm tlm oekjf purpasm ao tlm tlm retm4 retm4 Ylm fjtmkt pracesm ao tlm Oaur kaw cjkeomsts js tlm Oevm. Ylraunl tlm Jknfms E ljvm jwj`mkmi ta tlm kekmoafi wjy ao Gmhacekn tljt sljpms tlm ukevmrsm tlraunl tlm wemfiekn ao haksheauskmss. Cjy tlm Laukis nujri cy pjtl, jki imstray tlasm wla ia kat grekn lakar ta tles Neot ao Jwjrmkmss.

_'ralz vuy-`k e'ek`l-v zy-i'syk. _―ralz vuy-`k e―ek`l-v zy-i―syk. POrac tlm Kektl Jknfm es tlm ofjcm ao tlm gmnekkekn jki mkiekn ao iecmkseaks.S


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J IJEFU RWJHYEHM AO YLM JKNFMX Mjhl ao tlmsm prjhtehms es j retujf ek cekejturm, imfegmrjtmfy grmjèkn wetl tlm sfmmp tljt wm cust hakstjktfy oen oenlt lt wlmk cavekn jgaut tlm ârfi ^ arfi ao Larrars. Rmroarc tlmc wlmrmvmr yau oeoeki ki yaursm yaursmfofo jt tlm jppaektmi tecms’smmèkn ekwjri weff praveim tlm kmhmssjry jknufjr mkverakcmkt, mspmhejffy wlmk jhhacpjkemi gy tlm sunnmstmi vesujfezjteaks js tlm Kekm Jknfms praveim j cjp ta jei tlm ceki―s jgefety ta faa` ekwjri jki ta trjksoarc etsmfo. Gy jhquerekn tlmsm prjhtehms js j cjttmr ao ljget, yau grmj` orac jk uktlekèkn, rmjhtevm mxestmkhm jki rmpfjhm et jt spmheoeh cacmkts wetl imfegmrjtm jhts. Gy hakstjktfy irjwekn jttmkteak ta tlm hjpjhety h jpjhety oar haksheauskmss ta pmrhmevm jki caieoy etsmfo, yau ekhrmjsm ieshepfekm jki hakhmktrjteak gy `mmpekn j oahus ak wljt es ta gm iakm kaw rjtlmr tljk pjssevmfy ire ireote otekn kn orac akm setujteak ta tlm kmxt. Jfwjys Jf wjys hapy jky prjh prjhtehms tehms,, ret retuj ujfs, fs, ar pjs pjssjn sjnms ms tlj tljtt yau we weffff cmcarezm ekta yaur cjnehjf iejry. Ylm jht ao hrmjtekn tles pmrsakjf nrecaerm weff kat akfy hakkmht yau wetl tlm cjnehjf trjieteaks ao tlm pjst, gut weff jfsa iahucmkt yaur pranrmss wetl ukimrstjkiekn tlm Jknfms jki praveim j rehl smt ao mfmcmkts ta irjw upak ek hrmjtekn yaur awk syktlmses ao tlmsm eimjs. Ourtlmrcarm, prjhtehekn tlm sjify iesjppmjrekn jrt ao ljkiwretekn mknjnms yaur grjek ek wjys tljt typekn iams kat, tlmrmgy puttekn carm ao tlm mplmcmrjf plysehjf hacpakmkt ao yaursmfo jt tlm iespasj iespasjff ao yaur mtmrkjf psyhlm. ]pak ^jèkn :. Jo Jotmr tmr j cacmk cacmktt ao sefmkhm sefmkhm wlmrmek wlmrmek yau oahus jff j ff yaur jwjrmkmss ak ak tlm waris ta gm spa`mk, sjy aut faui4 Orac tlm smvmktl hacms oartl cekioufkmss mvafvmi.

7 . Xet ek j hacoartjgfm hacoartjgfm paseteak, ek j quemt pfjhm, wetl yaur myms hfasmi. Grmjtlm ek tlraunl yaur kasm oar j haukt ao oaur, tlmk aut tlraunl yaur cautl oar j haukt ao oeoevm0 vm0 ommf tlm rlytlc ao yaur grmjtl rjtlmr tljk ektmrkjffy hauktekn aut tlm tecekn. Js yau gmhacm carm

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hacoartjgfm wetl pmroarcekn tles cmietjteak, nrjiujffy mxtmki tlm tecm ao ets prjhtehm ta kekm ukektmrruptmi cekutms. Iurekn tlm cmietjteak, pjssevmfy agsmrvm yaur tlaunlts, katehekn tlm hljateh jki ukstruhturmi ofaw tljt tlmy oaffaw ak tlmer awk. Katehm law akhm yau gmnek ta oahus ak j spmheoeh tlaunlt, tlm smmcekn rjkiackmss es ektmrruptmi jki yau hjk tlmk carm rmjiefy iermht tles ofaw. Fmt na ao tles haktraf, jffawekn yaur tlaunlts ta fjpsm ekta tlmer rjkiac ofaw, tlmk rmjssmrt jki pmrhmevm tles trjkseteak orac hljas ta arimr ljppmkekn jnjek jki jnjek. Js yau njek praoehemkhy wetl tles prjhtehm’jki gmhacm carm jhhustacmi ta tlm smksjteaks ao cmietjteak ek nmkmrjf eo yau jrm kat jfrmjiy ojcefejr wetl tlmc’yau weff oeki yaursmfo jgfm ta steff yaur tlaunlts mktermfy. Yles mxpmremkhm ao tlm Xextl Jknfm’ Imjtl/Xfmmp/Ekhugjteak’tlmk trjkseteakekn gjh` ekta tlm haksheaus rmjwj`mkekn ao tlm Xmvmktl Jknfm’Wmgertl/Jwj`mkekn/ A vmrh vmrhacekn’es acekn’es tlm `my ta greknekn gre knekn yaur immpmst imserms ekta e kta gmekn. Gy fmjrkekn ta pmrhmevm tlasm cacmkts wlmk tljt wlehl ljs fjek iarcjkt suiimkfy hacms gjh` ta yaur jwjrmkmss wetl ouff hfjrety’ tlasm jspmhts ao yaur imsteky wlehl ljvm gmmk smt ek cateak gut katt ymt rmjfezmi’yau ka rmjfezmi’yau weff we ff trjek yaursmfo ta tlek` tlm renlt tlaunlts tlaunlts jt tlm renlt tecm, tlus greknekn js cuhl ao yaur mxestmkhm js pas segfm ukimr tlm iermht haktraf ao yaur weff. Ylm Jknfms praveim hfums ta cjnehjf tecekn, warèkn wetlek rlytlcs tljt jrm j praiuht ao haksheauskmss jki kat gmlafimk ta tlm hyhfms jki imcjkis ao tlm ârfi ^ arfi ao Larrars jki j ki tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm. u kevmrsm. 8. Rmroarc j vmrseak vmrseak ao tlm Gaki ao ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, tlus rmjooerce rmjoo ercekn kn et js j nueiekn prekhepfm wetlek yaur cjnehjf war`. Jt Kaak Jt tles tecm wlmk tlm fenlt slekms cast grenltfy, yau cust war` tlm ljrimst ta succak tlm ijr`kmss. Ylm greffejkhm ao tlm suk’wlehl es jotmr jff j stjr ao tlm sjcm sugstjkhm js tlasm vesegfm jt kenlt wlmk tlm s`y gmhacms jk mktrjkhm kat j gjrremr’mhlams tlm greffejkhm spa`mk ao wetl gatl tlm Oaurtl jki Kektl Jknfms. Ylm jppjrmkt pjtl ao tlm suk tlraunl tlm s`y


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praveims akm ao tlm cast mjsefy agsmrvjgfm pjttmrks ao tlm gjseh, ukha praveims ukhakksheaus arimrekn ao tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm0 et es j cjkeomstjteak ao tlm sjcm oaukijteak oar jwj`mkekn tlm Jknfms rmjfezm js tlmy ukoafi. Ek tlm eketejf ekvahjteaks ao tlm Autmr Nais ek Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekmm Jkn Kek Jknfms, fms, j j stjtmcmkt jgaut wljt ljs hacm’jki wljt es ymt ta gm’ jppmjrs jotmr tlm rmomrmkhms ta tlm mktetems rmprmsmktekn tlm oerst twa Jknfms. Yles stjtmcmkt oarcs tlm gjses ao tlm prjhtehm tljt tj`ms pfjhm jt kaak.* Oeki j quemt pfjhm, prmomrjgfy wlmrm tlm suk waufi slekm iawk upak yau, jki ojhm sau sautl. tl. Xtjki ek tlm sjcm sjcm stjkhm js tljt ek tlm carkekn carkekn prjh prjh-tehm, vesujfezekn tlm trjpmzaei ek gfum ofjcm js yau trjhm ets jknfms ek tlm jer wetl yaur fmot ljki. Ylmk spmj` tlm waris (ek Mknfesl ar Uunnatleh)4

T'd-c'l `l'rk T'd-c'l `l'r T'd-c'l `l'rcku. @l'rk w'kl kyn lsyl olj'nku mr'kneirnkzj `ku `y hry-str'l k'`ku. Au-a kdm'y olj'nku qurs-te knje-`jkn wlra `kn'lrnl-e szlka zyu- ilrak'` ilrak'` pa'd ku Htl'k. E'j ry'nzmknlra. T―d-c―l `l―rk ` l―rk T―d-c― T ―d-c―ll `l―r T―d-c―l `l― `l ―rcku. @l―rk w―kl kyn lsyl olj―nku o lj―nku mr―kne mr ―kne irn-kzj ir n-kzj `ku `y hry-str hry-str―l ―l k―`ku. Au-a kdm―y o lj―nku qurs-te knje-`jkn wlra-`kn―l rnl-e szlka zyu-ilrak―` pa―d ku Htl―k. E―j ry―nzmknlra. PYlm Ijmcaks jrm, tlm Ijmcaks wmrm, jki tlm Ijmcaks sljff gm jnjek. Ylmy hjcm, jki wm jrm lmrm0 tlmy sfmmp, jki wm wjthl oar tlmc. Ylmy sljff sfmmp, jki wm sljff iem, gut wm sljff rmturk tlraunl tlmc. ^m jrm tlmer irmjcs, jki tlmy sljff jwj`mk. Ljef ta tlm jkhemkt irmjcs. E―j ry―nzmknlra!S

*J gremo katm ak jhhurjhy ek tlm tecekn ao tles prjhtehm4 tles es kat jk jstrakacehjf ar jstrafanehjf apmrjteak, jki tlus et es kat kmhmssjry ta agsmss jgaut tlm tecekn ao tlm prmhesm cacmkt ao ‖kaak– ek yaur hurrmkt fahjteak jki tecm ao ymjr. Ylm precjry purpasm ao tles jspmht ao tlm ijefy prjhtehm es ta cj`m j imfegmrjtm hlaehm ta wetlirjw ekta haksheaus rmofmhteak jt j sycgafeh cacmkt. Ylm cmjkekn yau jshregm ta tles pjrtehufjr mxpmremkhm es ojr carm hretehjf tljk tljt yau jshregm ta tlm spmheoeh tecekn.

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Ya tlm pmrsestmkt ecjnm ao tlm trjpmzaei, jii (mkvesjnmi ek rmi ofjcm) tlm pmktjnrjc’tlm oevm Jknfms imkatekn tlm ouff patmktejf ao jwj`mkmi haksheauskmss. Yles rmmkjhts jki rmjooercs tlm mssmktejf trjkseteak orac tlm gmnekkekns ao haksheauskmss tljt jresm orac tlm gjseh arimrekn ao feom, ta tlm ouff smfo-jwjrmkmss tljt tlm pjtl tlraunl tlm pmktjnrjc effustrjtms. Mjrfy ta cmiemvjf Hlrestejk cakjstehs wmrm mspmhejffy omjrouf ao Ijmc mcake akeuc uc Cmr Cmrei eiej ejku kuc c ’tlm ‖imcak jt kaak.– Ek tlm @ekn tlm Ij Rsjfcs cs 5:4? rmomrs Djcms Djc ms Gegf Gegfm, m, tlm cmkteak ao tl tles es plmkacmkak ek Rsjf ta ‖tlm imstruhteak tljt wjstmtl jt kaakijy.– Yles pmrsakeoehjteak ao jhmiej ej (‖kmnfenmkhm–) tlm Nrmm` tmrc jhmi (‖kmnfenmkhm–) jttregutms j supmrkjturjf arenek ta tlm haccak ommfekn ao wmjrekmss iurekn tlm lattmst pjrt ao tlm ijy wlehll fmji wleh fm jiss ta oarsj oarsjè èkn kn yaur iutems0 tl tles es j fsa tj tj`ms `ms ak j immpmr cmjkekn js tlm ommfekn mxpjkis ekta j nmkmrjf wmjrekmss ao tlm warfi jki fass ao purpasm. Et es tles fjh` ao oahus jki purpasm tljt tlm kaak parteak ao tlm ijefy prjhtehm jiirmssms jt tlm lmenlt ao eccmrseak ek tlm ijefy, rmnufjr hyhfms ao tlm ârfi ao Larrars’avmrhacekn et tlraunl imfegmrjtm wj`moufkmss. Gmoar m Wmte Gmoarm Wmterek reknn oar tlm Kenlt Ylm oekjf hacpakmkt ao tlm ijefy prjhtehm slaufi gm iakm saak gmoarm sfmmp, eo passegfm ek tlm hljcgmr imvatmi ta tlm prjhtehm ao jknufjr cjneh, jki jotmr yau ljvm sjtesoemi jff cjdar jhtevetems jki haccetcmkts oar tlm ijy. Yles es tlm tecm wlmk irmjcs smmi tlmcsmfvms ek tlm ukhaksheaus ceki jki wlmk rmofmhteak ak tlm mvmkts ao tlm ijyseim ao mxestmkhm turks tawjri tlm kenltseim wlmrm immp hljknm tj`ms pfjhm.

:. Ylm sjcm gjseh pjrjcmtmrs oar tlm carkekn cmietjteak jppfy jppfy lmrm lmrm js wmff, wetl tlm sjcm pjttmrk ao grmjtlekn. Ylm purpasm jki najfs ao tles smsseak jrm ieoomrmkt, lawmvmr. Ylm mxmrhesms jki prjhtehms slaufi kat fjst taa fakn, wetl ljfo jk laur js tlm sunnmstmi uppmr fecet ta mksurm tlm prapmr oahus jki hakhmktrjteak. 7 . Njzm upak upak jk ecjnm ao tlm tlm Kekm Kekm Jknfms ta oex et ek yaur yaur ceki0 yau yau weffff `kaw et ljs we lj s gmmk prapm prapmrfy rfy ektmrkjf ektmrkjfezmi ezmi wlmk et rmcjeks mjsy ta


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vesuj fezmm akhm yau hfasm yaur myms.* Js yau nje vesujfez njekk nrmjtmr praoehemkhy wetl tles vesuj vesujfez fezjteak, jteak, jii carm jivjkhmi j ivjkhmi vjrejteaks suhl js4 trjhekn tlm Jknfms ek yaur ceki―s mym ekstmji ao dust smmekn tlmc js j stjteh ecjnm0 mkveseakekn tlm Oaur jki tlm Oevm js smpjrjtm oenurms tljt hacm tanmtlmr ta oarc tlm wlafm0 smmekn tlm Jknfms js cuftepfm tlrmm-iecmkseakjf oenurms tljt cmrmfy jppmjr js tlm ojcefejr twaiecmkseakjf rmprmsmktjteak ium ta pmrspmhtevm0 jiiekn jkatlmr pmk tjnrjc ekta tlm pmktjnak jt tlm hmktmr ao tlm arenekjf pmktjnrjc0 jki sa ak.

Xafei vesujfezjteak sèffs weff pravm ta gm quetm vjfujgfm wetl cjnehjf war` ek nmkmrjf, gut mspmhejffy wetl j systmc tljt es gjsmi ak ektrehjtm nmacmtry. Js yau ia sa, tlm spjtejf rmfjteaksleps gmhacm ourtlmr eknrjekmi ek tlm psyhlm, jki yaur fevmi mxpmremkhm mkljkhms tlm moomhts ao tlm cmtjplar. 8. Js jk apteakjf gut rmhaccmkimi mxmrhesm, tles es jk jppraprejtm tecm ta prjhtehm wretekn wetl tlm W―yfmlejk jfpljgmt (smm Jppmkiex O). Yles jiis ta tlm sycgaf-lmjvy mvmkekn mxmrhesms, wlehl jrm j rm jfsa j fsa imsenkmi im senkmi ta ekiuhm pmrhmptujf hljknms’j hljknms’jki ki pmrljps irmjcs’tljt rmsuft orac haktmcpfjtekn nmacmtreh eimjs (smm Jppmkiex I, ‖@mystakm–). Ojcefejrety wetl tlm W―yfmlejk jfpljgmt weffff jii ta tlm sycgafs jvjefj we jvjefjgfm gfm oar o ar usm ek sene senefs, fs, vesuj vesujfez fezjteak, jteak, jki hakstruhtekn moomhtevm cjnehjf retujfs jki mkverakcmkts’ cjneh es, *J lenlfy rmhaccmkimi gaa` oar sljrpmkekn yaur vesujfezjteak sèffs es Xmmekn êtl tlm Ceki―s Mym4 Ylm Lestary, Ymhlkequms jki ]sms ao _esujfezjteak gy Ce`m jki Kjkhy Xjcumfs (Wjkiac Lausm, :5>=).

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jt ets harm, jk jht ao haccukehjteak wetl tljt wlehl es ta gm trjksoarcmi, jki jiiekn ta tlm sycgafs jvjefjgfm oar haccukehjteak mkrehlms ets passegefetems. 9. Jkn Jknufjr ufjr ievekjteak iev ekjteak slaufi slaufi gm j rmnu rmnufjr fjr hacpakm hacpakmkt kt ao ao tlm mvmkekn mvmkekn prjhtehm js wmff0 lawmvmr lawmvmr,, et slaufi nmkmrjf nmkmrjffy fy akfy ljppmk jt cast mvmry tleri kenlt. Ylm ieshusseak ao ievekjteak jki senef cjneh ek hljptmr < weff cj`m tlm rmjsakekn gmleki tles fecetjteak carm hfmjr. Ek gremo, jknufjr ievekjteak es j tmhlkequm ao effustrjtevm cjneh gy wlehl tlm Jkn Jknfms fms sun sunnmst nmst ta yaur psyhlm wjys ek wlehl et cen cenlt lt rmhakoenurm etsmfo’smm tlm ieshusseak ao tlm Karks ek hljptmr =. Ylm Jknfms jrm kat praveiekn tlm jkswmr gut jrm oukhteakekn js j cerrar tlraunl wlehl yau hjk njek hfjrety. =. Hakhfuiekn tlm mvmkekn prjhtehm, tlm kenlt-tjèkn plrjsm’ta gm vmrgjfefezmi vmrgj zmi js haksheauskms haksheauskmsss gmn gmneks eks ta oji ojimm ekta sfmmp, wle wlefm fm jf jfsa sa vesujf vesu jfeze ezekn kn tlm smj smjff ao tlm Xex Xextl tl Jkn Jknfm fm (gmfaw)’es4 ‖êtl ‖êtlek ek tlm Xextl Jknfm ofaw tlm irmjcs tljt sljpm tlm Es-Ya-Gm.–

Ijefy Rrjhte Rrjhtehms hms wetlau wetlautt Xmt Yecms Ylm ijefy prjhtehms oar mkljkhekn yaur ukimrstjkiekn ao jknufjr cjneh jki ets jppfehjteaks ia kat mki wetl tlmsm tlrmm mxmrhesms tljt tj`m pfjhm jt spmheoeh tecms. Ylmrm jrm atlmr tmhlkequms tljt yau slaufi trjek yaursmfo ta mknjnm ek wlmkmvmr tlm appartuketems prmsmkt tlmcsmfvms. Jcakn tlm atlmr gmkmoets ao tles trjekekn, j nmkmrjf


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Ylm Xmjf ao Wðkj, wetl Yleri jki Oaurtl Jknfms ekiehjtmi

cekioufkmss weff gmnek ta gm rmjiy jt ljki jki yau weff njek nrmjtmr haktraf avmr tlm plmkacmkj tljt yau mkhauktmr wlefm mxpfarekn mxestmkhm wetlek tlm ârfi ao Larrars. Js yau jrm wjfèkn jgaut tlraunlaut tlmy ijy, tj`m katehm ao jky tecm yau hrass jk ektmrsmhteak wlmrm tlm strmmts ar pjtls ia kat hacm tanmtlmr jt j renlt jknfm.* Jt suhl cacmkts, irjw yaur ouff jwjrmkmss ta oahus ak tlm Yleri jki Oaurtl Jknfms’]kimrstjkiekn jki Gmekn. Wmhjff tljt tlmsm jrm tlm twa Jknfms tljt tauhl tlm rekn ao kjturm ek tlm Xmjf ao Wðkj, mcpljsezekn tlm ektmrojhm gmtwmmk tlm agdmhtevm jki sugdmhtevm ukevmrsms. Jkatlmr wjy ta vemw tlmsm twa Jknfms’jki tlmer oukhteak ek tlm cekiouf cekio uf mvaf mvafutea uteakk ao smktemkt smktemkt gmekns’es ta hakhmptujfezm hakhmptujfezm tlmc js tlm prekhepfms ao Xenkeoehjkhm jki Feom0 tlm ektmrpfjy gmtwmmk tlmsm twa praveims j nrmjt `my oar imtmrcekekn wlmrm tlm oahus kmmis ta gm ta utefezm tlm Kekm Jknfms js j taaf oar smfo-trjksoarcjteak. Jkatlmr cmtlai ao jppfyekn tles sjcm tmhlkequm’jèk ta tlm tmjhlekns ao Nuridemoo jki Auspmks`y rmnjriekn tlm kmmi oar haktekhaktek ujf smfo-jwj`mkekn, ar gmhacekn ouffy jwjrm ao yaursmfo js j tlekèkn gmekn tljt es cjèkn imfegmrjtm jhteaks’es ta gmhacm jwjrm ao tlm jknfms wetlek tlm struhturm ao jky raac tljt yau mktmr. Yles leiimk *Xtmojk Nrjgeŉsè jffuims ta j omjr ao jknfmi ektmrsmhteaks’cjkeomstekn tlm Nrmjtmr Fjw ao tlm Yrjpmzaei’ek les stary ‖Ylm Nfjkhm– (:577)4 ‖Lm ieik―t `kaw wly, gut suiimkfy et smmcmi tljt tlm jknfm ao tlm ektmrsmhteak wjs taa sljrp oar les kmrvms. Zuetm secpfy, jk avmrwlmfcekn jkxemty jrasm wetlek lec tljt tlmrm’“gmyaki tlm gmki,― “jrauki tlm harkmr―’akm haufi cmmt wetl “j surpresm―– (Xtmojk Nrjgeŉsè, Ylm Ijr` Iacjek, :8>‘8<).

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rmcekimr rmvmjfmi ta yaur psyhlm hrmjtms jk appartukety oar ektmrruptekn tlm jutacjteh (jki tlus gmfaw tlm fmvmf ao haksheaus ektmkteak) wjy wm cavm jgaut tlraun tlraunlaut laut tlm ijy. Hj Hjffffekn ekn oart oartll jwjrmkmss jt suhl cacmkts’jki jttjhlekn tljt jwjrmkmss ta j sycgaf systmc tljt sunnmsts kmw wjys ao mxpfarekn tlmer cmjkekn’trjeks yaursmfo ta `mmp wj`moufkmss wj`mo ufkmss hfasm jt ljki. Yles hljptmr oahusmi ak mstjgfeslekn j gjseh prjhtehm warèkn wetl tlm Jknfms tlraunl tlm hrmjteak ao sauki oaukijteaks jki moomhtevm ljgets tljt weff mkljkhm jky typm ao cjnehjf war` yau mknjnm ek. Akhm yau ljvm lji suhhmss warèkn wetl tlmc, tlmy we weffff gmhacm tlm stakms orac wlehl yau guefi tlm cjky-ojhmtmi tmcpfm tljt es yaur prjhtehm prjhtehm ao jknufjr cjneh.

< JK KI EFF]XYWJYE_M J AW @ ^ ÊE Y L ARMWJYE_M ^ AW@ Y L M J KNFMX K NFMX

Ylm retujfs jki atlmr cjnehjf prjhtehms ek tles hljptmr’hacgekmi wetl tlm Jwj`mkekn Wetm jki tlm ijefy prjhtehms havmrmi ek tlm prmveaus hljptmr’oarc tlm gjses oar hrmjtekn yaur ukimrstjkiekn ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. Ylmy jrm kat tlm fjst wari ak tlm Jknfms, gut smrvm ta mkhaurjnm tlm rmjimr ta mxpfarm tlm systmc ek j immpfy pmrsakjf wjy ta ourtlmr imvmfap tles fevekn systmc. Jgavm jff, yau cust mxpmremkhm tlmsm eimjs, kat cmrmfy stuiy tlmc, ek arimr ta cj`m tlmc ekta j vejgfm hacpakmkt ao yaur fevmi mxpmremkhm rjtlmr tljk dust jk ektmffmhtujf hureasety. âr` wetlekk tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei jki tlm Ymcpf wetle mcpfmm ao Xmt hakteku haktekums ms ta imvmfap jki mkljkhm tlm ukimrstjkiekn tljt hrmjtms tles ukequmfy FmotLjki Rjtl systmc, jki pugfeh rmsaurhms tljt metlmr gaiy cjy pugfesl slaufi haktekum ta ekoarc yaur awk war` wetl tlm Jknfms js wmff. Mxjcekm jki mxpmrecmkt wetl tlm cjnehjf war` nevmk ek tles hljptmr ta tlm mxtmkt tljt et hjffs ta yau. Yles hljptmr iams kat prmsmkt tlm cjtmrejf ek jky pjrtehufjr arimr, jki mjhl smhteak stjkis jfakm, jftlaunl vertuj ver tujffy ffy jf jfff tlm retuj retujfsfs jki prjhtehms ljvm rmfjteaksleps ta tlm atlmrs tljt hjk rmvmjf kmw ukimrstjkiekn ao tlm Kekm Jknfms tljt trjkshmkis tlm suc ao ets hacpakmkts. Ylm prjhtehms ek tles hljptmr jrm carm jivjkhmi tljk tlasm ek 725

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hljptmr >0 et es lenlfy rmhaccmkimi tljt yau oerst njek praoehemkhy jki mxpmremkhm wetl tlm eimjs ek tljt hljptmr prear ta ukimrtjèkn mxtmksevm war` wetl w etl tles akm. Ek tles hljptmr, wm―ff war` wetl jknufjr tecm ek j retujf haktmxt. Yrjieteakjf prjhtehms wetl nmacmtreh oenurms njek j kmw iecmkYrjpmzalmirak . Ylm prjhtehm ao jkn jknufj ufjrr ieve ievekjte kjteak ak seak wetl tlm Xtjr Yrjpmzalmirak. es ektraiuhmi, jfakn wetl mxjcpfms jki sunnmsteaks oar ets moomhtevm usm. Ylm wmff-`kawk tmhlkequms ao senef cjneh tj`m ak j iestekhtevmfy Xfmmp,, jknufjr paekt ao vemw, jki tlm senkeoehjkhm ao tlm Xextl Jknfm’ Xfmmp Ekhugjtea gjteakk’omjturms ek j retujf tljt praveims j cmjks oar imvmfapar Ekhu ar ekn cjstmry ao tlm usm tljt Jknfm. Oekjffy, tlm ecpartjkhm ao irmjcs ek tlm oehteak ao L. R. Favmhrjot rmjppmjrs js j smt ao retujf prjhtehms imsenkmi ta ojhefetjtm suhl irmjcs oar yaur awk apmrjtevm jki rmofmhtevm purpasms.

ÂW@EKN ÊYL JKN]FJW YECM Gjh`n raukii jki Avmr Gjh`nrauk Avmrvemw vemw Ylm Gaki ao tlm Kekm Jknfms rmvmjfs tljt ‖orac tlm Oaurtl Jknfm es tlm Wjc ao tlm Xuk, wla graunlt tlysmfvms ta gm, wla mkiurmtl upak tlm ârfi ao Larrars jki prahfjecmtl tlm tecm tljt wjs, tlm tecm tljt es, jki tlm tecm tljt sljff gm0 jki wlasm kjcm es tlm greffejkhm ao tlm Kekm Jknfms.– Ylus ek jiieteak ta tlm Oaurtl Jknfm―s rafm js hacpfmtekn tlm oaukijteak orac wlehl haksheauskmss hjk gmhacm ouffy jwjrm ao etsmfo, warèkn wetl tles Jknfm es mssmktejf ek cjnehjf apmrjteaks tljt hacprmlmki jki cjkepufjtm tecm. Oerst, fmt―s rmvemw j omw `my hakhmpts. Hurvmi tecm es tljt wlehl wm mxpmremkhm js plysehjf ekljgetjkts ao tlm arimrfy hascas. Haksheaus gmekns pmrhmevm et js fekmjr ar hyhfehjf. Fekmjr tecm sunnmsts cavekn ek akm iermhteak akfy, fecetmi jki sljpmi gy tlm hurvms ao tlm ‖splmrehjf– hascas. Hyhfehjf tecm es tljt ao tlm prapra nrmsseaks ao tlm smjsaks ar tlm stjrs, ar tlm ‖mtmrkjf rmturk– mcgmiimi ek cytlafanehjf caimfs ao rmfeneaus jki sahejf struhturm.

Effustrjtevm Effust rjtevm jki Apm Apmrjtevm rjtevm âr` wetl wet l tlm Kekm Jknfm Jknfmss

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Hurvmi/Hyhfehjf tecm

Jknufjr tecm

Ylm hakhmpt ao jknufjr tecm ’ektraiuhmi gy Orjk` Gmf`kjp Yekijfas (:575)’rmofmhts tlm sugdmhFakn ek tlm stary Ylm Laukis ao Yekijfas (:575)’rmofmhts tevm mxpmremkhm ao tlm kak-kjturjf, smfo-jwjrm psyhlm. Ek jknufjr tecm, cuhl fe`m tlm lucjk tlaunlt prahmss, eimjs jki jwjrmkmss ukoafi ek wjys tljt agmy ieo ieoomrmk omrmktt ru rufms fms tljk tlm prmiehtjgfm prahmssms ao kjturm. J ofjsl ao eksenlt cjy herhucvmkt j cuhl faknmr prahmss ao fanehjf jkjfyses0 j cacmkt ao eksperjteak cjy hrmjtm jk mktermfy kmw warfivemw ar j prmveausfy ukirmjct-ao war` ao jrt. Jknufjr tecm es tlm mssmkhm ao fjtmrjf tlekèkn (ieshussmi ek tlm smhteak ek tles hljptmr ak jknufjr ievekjteak).

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Akm ao tlm cast praoauki mxpfarjteaks ao jknufjr tecm wetlek tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei jki tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt wjs tlm ‖Xlug-Kennurjtl âr` ^ arèk eknn ,–* wl wlehl ehl hakhfu hakhfuimi imi iur iurek eknn tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt Xmt―s―s jk jkkuj kujff Ektmrkjteakjf Hakhfjvm ek :557, jki apmkmi tlm oaffawekn ymjr ymjr iurekn tlm Ektmrkjteakjf Hakhfjvm ek :558. Ylm safa retm prmsmktmi lmrm tj`ms eksperjteak orac tljt smcekjf ârèkn. Ylm retujf mxpjkis ak tlm hakhmpt ao jknufjr tecm ta ieoomrmktejtm yaur pmrsak pmrsakjf jf tecmfekm’tlm tecmfekm’tlm cjkkmr cjkkmr ek wlehl yaur yaur smfo-jwjr smfo-jwjrmkm mkmss ss ukoafis ukoafis jki yau njek j nrmjtmr hakhmpteak ao yaur awk Gmekn jki law ta mkljkhm et’orac tlm fekmjr tecmorjcm tljt hakstrjeks mxestmkhm ek hakvmkteakjf spjhm-tecm. Ya ukimrstjki ourtlmr tlm hakhmptujf gjh`nrauki ao tles retujf, jki ta sunnmst atlmr ecjnmry jki irmjcs tljt cjy mkljkhm tlm @my prear ta pmroarcekn mjhl ljfo. mxpmremkhm, rmji Favmhrjot―s Ylm Xefvmr @my prear We tujf’Rjrt Wetujf’ Rjrt Akm jknufjr r Rjrt akm ao tles retujf ahhurs oerst ek herhufjr tecm, tecm, gut fjst ek ek jknufj tecm. Ylm twa pjrts slaufi gm pmroarcmi mxjhtfy akm ymjr jpjrt, gatl ta jhhmktujtm tlm rmfjteakslep gmtwmmk herhufjr jki jknufjr tecm, gut jfsa ta praveim jcpfm tecm oar ourtlmr smfo-trjksoarcjteak ek tlm ektmrec. Eo yaur feo feom, m, ektmrmsts, jki ukimrstj ukimrstjkiek kieknn rmcjek tlm sjcm avmr suhl j pmreai ao tecm, tlmk tles retuj retujff we weffff akfy smr smrvm vm ta haktekum ta geki yau ta tljt stjses stjses.. Rrear ta haccmkhekn tlm retujf, prmpjrm js oaffaws. Iurekn twefenlt, njtlmr j scjff jcaukt ao iert orac j pfjhm tljt es spmhejf, sjhrmi, ar atlmrwesm cystmreaus ta yau. Rfjhm tlm iert ek jk apmk haktjekmr ak tlm jftjr ek tlm hljcgmr imvatmi ta jknufjr cjneh, jki jfsa prahurm j smhaki scjff smjfjgfm djr tljt weff lafi j parteak ao tlm iert oaffawekn tlm oerst pjrt ao tlm warèkn. Xmjf tlm hljcgmr oar jt fmjst kekm laurs prear ta tlm retm. Hlaasm cuseh gjsmi jrauki immp, sustjekmi irakms.† Ek haktrjst ta *Hakhmevmi jki hakstruhtmi gy j oarcmr Nrjki Cjstmr ao tlm Arimr `kawk lmrm js Wuirj, jki uktef kaw akfy wrettmk jgaut ek saurhms ektmrkjf ta tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt. †Jppraprejtm sunnmsteaks ekhfuim Tmet Cjttmr r gy ekhfuim Tmet gy gy Yjknmrekm Irmjc, Ijr` Irmjc, Ijr` Cjttm gy Fustcari, ar _a:i gy gy Lfeiafo.

Effustrjtevm Effust rjtevm jki Apm Apmrjtevm rjtevm âr` wetl tlm Kekm Jknfms

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tlm usujf prjhtehm ao usekn tlm cuseh js cystmreaus saukis ek tlm gjh`nrauki, oar tles retm tlm vafucm ao tlm cusehjf gjh`nrauki slaufi gm faui mkaunl ta oeff tlm hljcgmr. :. Ekva`m tlm Kektl Jknfm js tlm Gfjh` Ofjcm ao smfo-jwjrm, smfoiermhtmi haksheauskmss4

_'ralz vuy-`k e'ek`l-v zy-i'syk ur'grm mf ly'd wlrmkn'k kj`lrmkn'l yl'wlrmkn'k yl'wlrmkn'k `ymkk'l. _―ralz vuy-`k e―ek`l-v zy-i―syk ur―grm-mf ly―d wlrmkn―k kj`lrmkn―l yl―wlrmkn―k `ymkk―l. POrac tlm Kektl Jknfm es tlm Ofjcm ao tlm gmnekkekn jki mkiekn ao iecmkseaks, wlehl gfjzmtl ek greffejkhm jki ijr`kmss ukta tlm nfary ao :

imserm.S

Ylraunl Jknfms cerrarmi wetl tlaunlts, E irjw oartl jwj`mkekn jki jwjrmkmss orac tlm ukcjkeomst vaei. Ylm ijr` oerm ao Esafjteak jki Eksperjteak effucekjtms cy wjy, mvmk js E gmjr tlm uftecjtmfy rmspaksegefety oar rmcjekekn trum ta tlm pjtl wlehl tlm Jknfms rmvmjf ta cm ek tlmer ukoafiekn. Ljef, Xlug-Kennurjtl, Wjc ao tlm Xuk, wla prahfjecmtl tlm tecm tljt wjs, tlm tecm tljt es, jki tlm tecm tljt sljff gm0 jki wlasm kjcm es tlm greffejkhm ao tlm Kekm Jknfms.

7.. Xpmj` tlm Gaki ao tlm Kekm Jkn 7 Jknfms. fms. Xtjki ojhekn kartl, jrcs ljknekn rmfjxmi jt yaur seim, ommt oar wjri jt j 52 52²² jk jknf nfmm ta mjh mjhll atlmr wet wetll lmmf lmmfss tauhl tauhlek eknn (oarce (oarcekn kn j ‖_–) jki sjy4 Kekm Yurks E `kaw, tljt rmvmjf tlm ukoafiekn ao cy tlaunlts jki immis.

Wjesm yaur fmot ljki ek tlm senk ao tlm larks4 E `kaw j oerst, tlm smmi lafiekn jff tljt es ta gm.

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Fawmr yaur fmot ljki, jki rjesm yaur renlt ljki ek tlm senk ao tlm larks4 E `kaw wljt oaffaws, tlm ljffawmi irmji wavmk ao katleknkmss.

Fawmr yaur renlt ljki, tlmk rjesm gatl jrcs jgavm yaur lmji oarcekn j ‖_–4 E `kaw j tleri, tlm greinm spjkkekn tlm reot gmtwmmk tlm Xmfo jki jff tlm ârfis.

Hrass yaur jrcs upak yaur hlmst, fmot avmr renlt, oests hfmkhlmi4 E `kaw j oaurtl, tlm stmji ao jwj`mkekn cjim wlafm.

Fawmr yaur jrcs ta yaur seims oar spmjèkn tlm rmcjekekn parteaks ao tlm Gaki. Yurk ta ojhm tlm sautl. Haktekuekn ta trjhm jki vesujfez vesuj fezmm mjhl ao tlm Jkn Jknfms fms oaffawe oaffawekn kn ets parteak ao tlm Gaki4 Jki E `kaw j o eotl, tlm `kawfminm ao jwjrmkmss jwjrmkmss.. E `kaw j sextl, tlm reiifm ao tlm leiimk fyekn ek wjet. E `kaw j smvmktl, tlm hacekn oartl ao cekioufkmss tj`mk lafi. E `kaw jk menltl, wlmrmek tlm trutls ao rmsljpekn jrm tafi. Jki E `kaw j kektl, tlm Ijr` Oerm tljt hfmjvms Xmfo orac tlm o faw ao waim.

Ljvekn trjhmi tlm Kekm Jknfms ek tlmer mktermty, turk ta ojhm tlm mjst, jki rmjhl aut gmoarm yau ta hakdaek jki nrjsp tlm Oaur’tlm trjpmzaei, kaw jt yaur fmot’jki tlm Oevm’tlm pmktjnrjc, kaw jt yaur renlt’jt tlm pfjhms wlmrm wlmrm tlmy cmm cmmtt ek tlm tapcast tapcast vmrtehms ao mjhl oenurm0 tljt es, tlm Oerst jki Oeotl Jknfms, jki tlm Xmhaki jki Menltl. Js yau ia sa’js tlm twa cjek pjrts ao tlm oenurm jrm daekmi ta hrmjtm j njtmwjy ta tlm oufoeffcmkt ao imserm’spmj` tlm waris4 Lmfpouf ta tlm akms wla `kaw tlm Jknfms. Ao ka usm ta tlasm wla smm kaunlt gmyaki tlm gawmi s`y.

Fawmr yaur jrcs ta yaur seims. Ylm njtm es kaw apmk.

Effustrjtevm Effust rjtevm jki Apm Apmrjtevm rjtevm âr` wetl tlm Kekm Jknfm Jknfmss

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8. Yurk ta ojhm tlm jftjr. Ylraunl tlm tecmfmss cmieuc ao jknufjr spjhm, haccukehjtm wetl yaur jshmkijkt Xmfo’tlm cjkeomstjteak ao yaur jwjrmkmss jki smfo-`kawfminm j ymjr jlmji orac tlm prmsmkt ek cukijkm tecm. Xmm` ta ukimrstjki tlm cmssjnm senkeoyekn sacm ojhmt ao tles ‖outurm– gmekn, smkt gjh` orac tlm tecm wlmk et ljs cjkeomstmi. Yles gmhacms j smmi oar tlm cjneh yau weff hrmjtm gmtwmmk kaw jki wlmk tljt jspmht ao yaur gmekn hacms ta orueteak. _esujfezm tles smmi iesjppmjrekn ekta tlm iert ak tlm jftjr, wlmrm et weff oeki kaureslcmkt jki nrawtl, uftecjtmfy ofawmrekn ek tlm cjkkmr yau ljvm hlasmk sa tljt yaur jshmkijkt Xmfo hjk tlmk pmrhmevm et oar et trufy es. Wmhari ek yaur cjnehjf iejry tlm sycgaf ar cmssjnm tljt yau rmhmevm. 9. Xmjf sacm ao ao tlm iert ek tlm scjff djr, wlefm `mmpekn `mmpekn tlm rmst rmst ek ets pfjhm ak tlm t lm jftjr j ftjr uktef kekm ijys ljvm pjssmi. pjs smi. =. Ia kat kat hfasm tlm retuj retujf,f, jki ia kat kat spmj` ao et ta ta jkyakm. jkyakm. ?.. Jt fmjst kekm ijys ? ijys fjtmr, fjtmr, jki jnjek jt twefen t wefenlt, lt, shjttmr shjttmr tlm parteak parteak ao ao tlm iert tljt ljs rmcjekmi ak tlm jftjr jt ets arenekjf fahjteak wetl tlmsm waris wlefm vesujfezekn tlm cmssjnm ar sycgaf yau rmhmevmi js tlm smmi4 Ylm Ijmcaks jrm, tlm Ijmcaks wmrm, tlm Ijmcaks sljff gm jnjek. E ljvm gmhacm tlm njrimkmr wla hrmjtms tlm omrtefm oemfis ek wlehl cy cjneh weff nraw. Orac tles seknfm smmi, E weff kauresl cy gmekn tljt et cjy ofawmr ekta wakimrs gmyaki cy mxpmhtjteaks jki irmjcs. Ek j ymjr js hauktmi jcakn tlm hurvmi spjhm ao tlm hascas, E weff hmfmgrjtm tlm ljrvmst tljt rmvmjfs tlm suhhmss ao cy huftevjteak.

We tujf’Rjrt Wetujf’ Rjrt Ywa Ylm smhaki pjrt rmprmsmkts tlm fjttmr apmrjteak js rmhàkmi ek tlm tecmspjk ao tlrmm iecmkseaks jki oevm smksms, gut smrvms js tlm gmnekkekn ao tlm retujf etsmfo sekhm tles jhteak ek tlm hljcgmr smkis tlm cmssjnm gjh` ta tlm cjnehejk akm ymjr prmveausfy ymjr prmveausfy.. Wmomrmkhm yaur cjnehjf iejry oar tlm arenek ao tlm iert, tlm sycgaf ar cmssjnm yau rmhmevmi, jki tlm cuseh usmi iurekn tlm oerst pjrt ao

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tlm retujf, sa tljt tlm sjcm hacpakmkts jrm usmi ek pjrt twa. Njtlmr carm iert orac tlm fahjteak jt twefenlt. Jfsa, pfjhm tlm djr haktjekekn tlm scjff parteak ao iert orac tlm oerst parteak ao tlm retm ak tlm jftjr. >. Ekva`m tlm Kektl Jknfm js tlm Gfjh` Ofjcm ao smfo-jwjrm, smfoiermhtmi haksheauskmss.

_'ralz vuy-`k e'ek`l-v zy-i'syk ur'grm mf ly'd wlrmkn'k kj`lrmkn'l yl'wlrmkn'k yl'wlrmkn'k `ymkk'l. _―ralz vuy-`k e―ek`l-v zy-i―syk ur―grm-mf ly―d wlrmkn―k kj`lrmkn―l yl―wlrmkn―k `ymkk―l. POrac tlm Kektl Jknfm es tlm Ofjcm ao tlm gmnekkekn jki mkiekn ao iecmkseaks, wlehl gfjzmtl ek greffejkhm jki ijr`kmss ukta tlm nfary ao imserm.S

7

Ylraunl Jknfms cerrarmi wetl tlaunlts, E irjw oartl jwj`mkekn jki jwjrmkmss orac tlm ukcjkeomst vaei. Ylm ijr` oerm ao Esafjteak jki Eksperjteak effucekjtms cy wjy, mvmk js E gmjr tlm uftecjtmfy rmspaksegefety oar rmcjekekn trum ta tlm pjtl wlehl tlm Jknfms rmvmjf ta cm ek tlmer ukoafiekn. Ljef, Xlug-Kennurjtl, Wjc ao tlm Xuk, wla prahfjecmtl tlm tecm tljt wjs, tlm tecm tljt es, jki tlm tecm tljt sljff gm0 jki wlasm kjcm es tlm greffejkhm ao tlm Kekm Jknfms.

ao tlm Kekm Kekm Jknfms (smm pjnms 7:8‘7:9 7:8‘7:9 ao Wetujf’ Wetuj f’ <. Xpmj` tlm Gaki ao Rjrt Akm oar tlm tmxt jki nmsturms). 5. Yurk ta ojhm tlm jftjr. Ylraunl tlm tecmfmss cmieuc ao jknufjr spjhm, smki gjh` ta ta yaur prmveaus hakhmpteak ao yaursmfo j cmssjnm kaw.. jgaut wljt cust cjkeomst ta mkjgfm yau ta gmhacm wljt yau jrm kaw Haccukehjtm wetl tlm cjkeomstjteak ao yaur jwjrmkmss jki smfo`kawfminm js et mxestmi j ymjr gmleki tlm prmsmkt ek cukijkm tecm. Yles weff gmhacm j smmi oar tlm cjneh yau weff hrmjtm gmtwmmk tlmk jki kaw ta grekn tljt jspmht ao yaur gmekn ta orueteak. _esujfezm tles

Effustrjtevm Effust rjtevm jki Apmrjt Apmrjtevm evm âr` wetl wet l tlm Kekm Jknfm Jknfmss

7:>> 7:

smmi iesjppmjrekn ekta tlm iert ak tlm jftjr, wlmrm et weff gm kaureslmi jki nraw, uftecjtmfy ofawmrekn ek tlm cjkkmr yau ljvm hlasmk sa tljt wefff pmrhmevm wef pmrhmevm et oar et cjy gmhacm. gmhacm. :2. Cex tlm iert orac tlm djr wetl tlm ormsl iert njtlmrmi orac yaur njrimk. ::. Ia kat hfasm tlm retujf, js et ljs akfy kaw gmnuk, jki ia kat spmj` ao et ta jkyakm. Iurekn tlm kmxt pmreai ao twefenlt, shjttmr jf jfff ao tlm iert gjh` jt ets arenekjf fahjteak wetl tlmsm waris, wlefm vesujfezekn tlm cmssjnm yau ljvm smkt ta yaur prmveaus hakhmpteak ao yaur gmekn4 Ylm smmi ljs sprautmi, jki kaw E trjkshmki tlm gaukijrems ao tecm js `kawk ek tlm arimrfy hascas gy avmrfjyekn et wetl cy awk trum tecmfekm rmjfezmi tlraunl tlm Jknfms.

YLM XYJW YWJRMTALMIWAK ]ketekn tlm Oaur (tlm trjpmzaei) jki tlm Oevm (tlm pmktjnrjc) irjws oartl orac aut ao tlm jgyssms gmtwmmk tlm stjrs tlm hjusjf prekhepfms gmleki tlm Autmr Nais’haksheauskmss hakorakts tlm prmhursars tljt fmi ta ets mcmrnmkhm, jki tlus hacms ta ljvm nrmjtmr jwjrmkmss ao etsmfo jki ets passegefetems.

Rmroarc tles retujf gmkmjtl tlm stjrs, ar wetlek j hfasmi hljcgmr hacpfmtmfy imvaei ao hurvmi surojhms jki fet safmfy gy stjrfenlt ar caakfenlt. Ylm cjnehjf warèkn rmvmjfs Xtjrry êsiac jki ets hfasm rmfjteakslep ta tlm Lmrcmteh cjxec ao ‖Js Jgavm, Xa Gmfaw–’ mxprmssmi wetlek j purmfy Fmot-Ljki Rjtl haktmxt irjwekn ak tlm jstrakacehjf ecpfehjteaks ao tlm Kekm Jknfms jki tlmer rmfjteakslep ta tlm Cytlas.

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Ylm Wetujf :. Fmt tlm cjnehejk ojhm tlm Xmvmk Xmvmk Xtjrs, trjhekn j trjpmza trjpmzaei ei ek tlm jer wetl les l es fmot fmo t ljki, lj ki, vesujf ve sujfezekn ezekn et ek j greff gre ffejkt ejkt gfum ofjcm o fjcm wlefm cjèkn tlm nmsturms ekiehjtmi. • Lm cj`ms tlm senk ao tlm larks wetl tlm fmot ljki, tlmk trjhms tlm tap fekm ao tlm trjpmzaei sljrpfy orac renlt ta fmot jt tlm fmvmf ao tlm myms • Lm cj`ms tlm senk ao tlm larks wetl tlm renlt ljki, tlmk trjhms tlm fmot fekm ao tlm trjpmzaei iawkwjri jki ta tlm fmot • Lm rjesms gatl jrcs jgavm les lmji, oarcekn j ‖_–, tlmk trjhms tlm gattac fekm ao tlm trjpmzaei sljrpfy orac fmot ta renlt jt tlm fmvmf ao tlm safjr pfmxus • Lm hrassms gatl jrcs upak les hlmst, fmot avmr renlt, wetl oests hfmkhlmi, tlmk hacpfmtms tlm trjpmzaei gy trjhekn tlm renlt fekm upwjri ta tlm fmot. Eo lm `kaws tlmc, jki weff ijrm spmj` tlmc, jki weff `mmp sefmkt jgaut tlmc ta tlasm ukvmrsmi ek tlmsm Cystmrems, lm cjy jhhac pjky tlm nmsturms rmvmjfe rmvmjfekn kn tlm acekaus trjpmzaei wetl tlm rmfmvjkt parteaks ao tlm Gaki ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. J knfms. 7 . Ylmk fmt lec tlmk jivjkhm ta tlm tlm Kartl, jki wetl les fmot ljki trjhm jk ekvmrsm pmktjnrjc mkveseakmi ek rmi ofjcm, jki sjy4 E resm orac tlm mjrtl ta tlm Xmvmk Xtjrs tljt E cjy arimr cy awk Gmhacekn.

8. Ylmk fmt fmt lec jivjkhm ta tlm ^mst, ^mst, trjhm jnjek tlm t lm ekomrkjf pmktjpmktjnrjc, jki sjy4 Ylm harushjteaks ao tlm ijmcak-fenlt rmvmjf tlm pjtl ta cysmfo.

9. Ylmk fmt fmt lec jivjkhm ta tlm Xautl, trjhm jnjek tlm ekomrkjf pmktjnrjc, jki sjy4 Gmkmjtl tlm sljiaw ao tlm gurkekn iacm, hyhfms mcmrnm jkmw. Yles es tlm mki ao mtmrkety jki tlm gmnekkekn ao ekoekety. =. Ylmk fmot fmot lec jivjkhm ta tlm Mjst, trjhm jnjek tlm ekomrkjf pmktjpmktjnrjc, jki sjy4 ‖Gy tlm grmjst ao tlm feak, E hrmjtm savmrmenkty ek tlm ekkmr jki autmr warfis.–

Effustrjtevm Effust rjtevm jki Apm Apmrjtevm rjtevm âr` wetl we tl tlm Kekm Jknfm Jknfmss

7:55 7:

?. Js tlm Oerst Oerst jki Oeotl, jki Xmhaki jki Menltl, Jknfms jrm hakhak daekmi dae kmi,, j nj njtm tm apmk apmkss ta rmvm rmvmjj f tlm pjt pjtll ao tlm Wm Wmcj cjke keom omste stekn kn psyhlm.. psyhlm Walz, gurkekn greffejktfy ek ets hak>. Fmt lec tlmk trjhm tlm Uk―`lm Walz, gurkekn daekmi purpfm o fjcm. <. Jki tlmk tlmk lm sljf sljfff sjy4

T'd-c'l `l'rk T'd-c'l `l'r T'd-c'l `l'rcku. _'`'kjj v'ty'l kle hvy' kle v'quy'l kle kyr @'nlr-`lj k'oltjnk-nlj. `rmff v'okjnlk'`' `rmff i'yk'`lm hyvjjfeh l'y hvy-ralz. T―d-c―l `l―rk ` l―rk T―d-c― T ―d-c―ll `l―r T―d-c―l `l― `l ―rcku. _―`―kjj v―ty v―ty―l ―l kle hv hvy, y, kle v―quy―l kle kyr @―nlr-`lj k―oltjnk-nlj. @rmff v―okjnlk―`― `rmff i―yk―`lm hyvjjfeh l―y-hvy-ralz. PYlm Ijmcaks jrm, tlm Ijmcaks wmrm, jki tlm Ijmcaks sljff gm jnjek. Gy tlm njtm ao Akm jki Oevm, jki ao Ywa jki Menlt, E rmdmht tlm hursm ao tlm imjtl wetlaut sfmmp. Ylm `my es `kawk ta cm, tljt `my wlasm smjf es jt akhm oaur jki oevm jki kekm.S

5. Fmt lec rmpmjt tlm senks ao tlm trjpmzaei, gut kat tlasm ao tlm ekomrkjf pmktjnrjc, tljt tlm stmji ao jwj`mkekn cjy tlus rmcjek wlafm. Haccmktjry ak tlm Xtjr Yrjpmzalmirak Ylm Kekm Jknfms jrm tlm twa-iecmkseakjf rmprmsmktjteak ao j cufteiecmkseakjf partjf gmyaki tlm stjrs tljt es `kawk js tlm Xlekekn Yrjpmzalmirak. Ylm trjpmzaei ekiehjtms tlm oaukijteak oar Jwj`mkekn’tlm jrrjknmcmkt ao tlm hascas tljt lji ta gm ek pfjhm gmoarm haksheaus smfo-jwjrmkmss haufi tj`m raat. Ylm oaur paekts ao tlm trjpmzaei’ jki tlmer jssahejtmi `mywaris jki Favmhrjotejk mktetems’jrm kat tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm etsmfo, gut rjtlmr tlm prm-rjteakjf rmofmhteak ao tlmsm saurhms js tlmy ukoafi. Ylasm rmcjekekn prm-rjteakjf jspmhts

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ao aursmfvms’tlm ‖rmptefejk– grjek, ar tlm kak-haksheaus pjrts ao aur smfo-jwjrmkmss tljt wm rmtjek js cmcgmrs ao tlm jkecjf èkniac’ cust steff gm jhhauktmi oar mvmk wlmk hrmjtekn jki rmjfezekn hacpfmx tlaunlts. Ylm pmktjnrjc sycgafezms tlm smfo-jwjrm jki smfo-mvafvekn psyhlm. Et es smfo-jwjrm gmhjusm et hjk pmrhmevm jki rmofmht ak ets awk mxestmkhm0 et es smfo-mvafvekn gmhjusm et hjk usm tles smfo-jwjrmkmss ta caieoy etsmfo jki ets tmkimkhems. Ylm oevm paekts ao tlm pmktjnrjc’jki tlmer jssahejtmi `mywaris’hjpturm tlm mssmkhm ao wljt et cmjks ta ljvm tles smfojwjrmkmss jki ta wemfi et0 tlmy tmff tlm stary ao law tlm ceki mvafvms ao ets awk weff. Ylm Oaur jki tlm Oevm ‖jttjhl– ta mjhl atlmr jt tlm hakdukhteak ao tlm Oerst/Oeotl jki Xmhaki/Menltl Jknfms. Ylm Oerst jki Xmhaki’hljas jki patmktejf orac wlehl arimr gmneks ta spaktjkmausfy jresm tlraunl ets rmpmjtmi ektmrjhteaks’smts up tlm ârfi ao Larrars js fecetekn tlm passegefetems ao tlm ukcjkeomst vaei0 tlmy jrm rmgark ek tlmer ouff patmktejf ek tlm Oeotl jki Menltl Jknfms. Yles hakkmhteak jki rmsuftekn rmsakjkhm gmtwmmk secefjr ojhmts ao gmekn jt ieoomrmkt pfjhms ek tlm rmhurrekn ahtjvm ao tlmer ukoafiekn hrmjtms j njtm wetl tlasm Jknfms js ets gaukijrems0 tles njtm irjws mkmrny jki ekofumkhm orac tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm (tlm rekn ek tlm Xmjf ao Wðkj) tlraunl tlm Yleri jki Oaurtl Jknfms (tlm akfy akms ta tauhl tlm rekn iermhtfy), jki tlmsm gmhacm oaiimr oar tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm ta ourtlmr rmoekm etsmfo.

Ylm Xmvmk Xtjrs jrm j herhucpafjr jstmresc `kawk ta tlm jkhemkt Mnyptejks js tlm Ylenl ao tlm Guff, ek cast ao haktekmktjf Murapm js


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tlm Nrmjt ^jnak ar Nrmjt Gmjr, ek tlm ]ketmi @ekniac js tlm Rfaunl ar Hljrfms―s ^jek, jki ek tlm ]ketmi Xtjtms js tlm Gen Ieppmr. Jfnaf’tlm ‖imcak-stjr–’es j gekjry stjr ek tlm hakstmffjteak Rmrsmus ek tlm wmstmrk s`y, sa keh`kjcmi gmhjusm et acekausfy ‖gfek`s– js tlm grenltmr stjr ao tlm pjer es agshurmi gy tlm scjffmr, ieccmr stjr. Xereus’ta tlm sautl ek tlm hakstmffjteak Hjkus Cjdar’es tlm grenltmst stjr ek tlm kenlt s`y. Et ljs gmmk ecpartjkt sekhm jkhemkt tecms, katjgfy ta tlm Mnyptejks wla trjh`mi tlm tecekn ao tlm jkkujf ofaaiekn ao tlm Kefm gy ets iesjppmjrjkhm jki rmjppmjrjkhm. Yles pmreai jfsa haekheimi wetl tlm gmnekkekn ao tlm Mnyptejk ymjr jhhariekn ta ets hjfmkijrs, tlm cast wmff-`kawk ao wlehl wjs j stmffjr hjfmkijr kjcmi ‖Ylm Gaa` ao tlm Mki ao Mtmrkety jki tlm Gmnekkekn ao Ekoekety.– Ylm jkhemkt Nrmm`s `kmw tljt tlm jppmjrjkhm ao Xereus lmrjfimi tlm aksmt ao tlm lattmst pjrt ao succmr, jki rmomrrmi ta tlm stjr js ‖gurkekn– ar ‖ofjcekn.– Wmnufus’`kawk js ‖grmjst ao tlm feak– ek tlm Gjgyfakejk stjr hjtjfanum hjffmi tlm C]F tlm C]F.JREK .JREK ’es tlm grenltmst stjr ek tlm mjstmrk hakstmffjteak ao Fma (tlm feak). Ylm feak―s rmnjf kjturm imkatms rayjf pawmr ek gatl tlm ekkmr jki autmr warfis ao tlm cjnehejk0 lm gmhacms tlm èkn uftecjtmfy rmspaksegfm oar `kawekn lecsmfo jki hrmjtekn tlm warfi wetlek les ekofumkhm js tljt cast hakiuhevm ta les awk purpasms jki imserms. Jff ao tlmsm (ekhfuiekn tlm grenlt stjr Iuglm ek tlm Xmvmk Xtjrs) jrm cmcgmrs ao tlm haffmhteak `kawk js tlm Gmlmkejk Oexmi Xtjrs, j hjtjfanum ao oeotmmk stjrs hakseimrmi mspmhejffy moomhtevm oar cjnehjf apmrjteaks ek cmiemvjf jstrafany ek Murapm jki tlm Jrjgeh warfi.

JKN]FJW IE_EKJYEAK Gjh`n rauki Gjh`nrauk i Jknufj Jkn ufjrr ieve i evekjteak kjteak es j smt ao prjhtehms oar ourtlmrekn yaur awk ukimrstjkiekn ao tlm Kekm Jknfms jki mxpfarekn tlmer passegefetems js j taaf oar effustrjtevm cjneh. Ylm cjnehjf jki plefasaplehjf gjses ao jknufjr ievekjteak ieoomrs orac atlmr trjieteakjf oarcs ao ievekjteak, jki oukhteaks wetlek jk mxpfehetfy Fmot-Ljki Rjtl haktmxt. Ylm Fmot-Ljki Rjtl jpprajhl ta ievekjteak ekvafvms sunnmstekn ta

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yaur psyhlm kmw wjys ek wlehl et cenlt cen lt rmhakoenurm rmhakoenu rm etsmfo. Ylm ekoarcjeko arcjteak tlus rmhmevmi jki cjim cmjkeknouf es kat tlm rmvmjfekn ao j stjteh ojtm0 rjtlmr, et es tlm ieshavmry ao j kmw taaf tljt cjy sunnmst j wjy ta rmsljpm yaur ^yri ’tlm ’tlm suc tatjf ao yaur pjst mxpmremkhms tljt nevm resm ta yaur passegefetems oar ourtlmr jhteak jki rmofmhteak. Ylm Jknfms rmprmsmkt nfecpsms ao passegefetems wetlek j iykjceh, ukoafiekn outurm ek wlehl yau smm` yaur cast moomh moomhtevm tevm pjtl. pjtl . Ylm Jkn Jknfms fms jrm j rm tlus t lus j taaf oar sljpekn wljt cjy gm, kat oar oettekn ekta j prmimtmrcekmi ojtm. ]kimrstjkiekn tlm orjcm ao rmomrmkhm―s usm ao tecm es vetjf ta jky ievekjteak systmc’tlm wjy ao joomhtekn tlm outurm impmkis ak law yau hakhmevm ets rmfjteakslep ta tlm pjst jki prmsmkt. êtl tlm Kekm Jknfms, tlm Oaurtl es tlm `my ta tlm cjnehjf ukimrstjkiekn jki usms ao tecm4 Orac tlm Oaurtl Jknfm es tlm rjc ao tlm suk, Orac su k, wla graunlt tlysmfvms tlysmfvms ta gm, wla mkiurmtl upak tlm ârfi ao Larrars jki prahfjecmtl tlm tecm tljt wjs, tlm tecm tljt es, jki tlm tecm tljt sljff gm jki wlasm kjcm es tlm gref greffej fejkhm khm ao tlm Kekm Jkn Jknfms. fms.8 Ylm Ijmcaks jrm, tlm Ijmcaks wmrm, jki tlm Ijmcaks sljff gm jnjek. Ylmy hjcm, jki wm jrm lmrm0 tlmy sfmmp, jki wm wjthl oar tlmc. Ylmy sljff sfmmp, jki wm sljff iem, gut wm sljff rmturk tlraunl tlmc. ^m jrm tlmer irmjcs, jki tlmy sljff jwj`mk. Ljef ta tlm jkhemkt irmjcs.9

Ylmrm es jfsa jk ecpfemi hakkmhteak wetl tlm Kektl Jknfm’ Rmromhteak, tlm raats ao imserm tlraunl tlm Gfjh` Ofjcm ao haksheauskmss etsmfo’js pmr tlm Gaki gatl tlm Oaurtl jki Kektl gurk wetl tlm sjcm ‖greffejkhm– jki ekofumkhm tlm smfo-jwjrmkmss kmhmssjry oar pmrhmevekn jki cjkepufjtekn tecm. Wmhjff4 Orac tlm Kektl Jknfm es tlm gmnekkekn jki mkiekn ao iecmkseaks, wlehl gfjzmtl ek greffejkhm jki ijr`kmss ukta tlm mkiekn ao tecm.

Ylm Jknfms ia kat mxhfusevmfy gmfakn ta j spmheoeh hufturjf cjtrex, jki tles kat akfy ormms tlmc orac mxestekn cytleh struhturms gut jfsa mkjgfms tlmer prjhteteakmrs ta jijpt tlmc ta wljtmvmr jiieteakjf


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sycgafesc tlmy cjy oeki gmkmoehejf ar mvahjtevm. Ylm Jknfms jfsa ia kat rmfy ak tlmer suppasmi jktequety oar tlmer pawmr ar jffurm (mvmk ek fenlt ao tlm Rytljnarmjk hakkmhteaks tljt Jqueka wretms ao ek les ‖Haccmktjry ak tlm Xmjf ao tlm Kekm Jknfms– Psmm Jppmkiex GS). Yles pastcaimrk ukevmrsjf ukevmrsjfety ety smts tlm Jkn Jknfms fms jpjrt orac ieve ievekjtary kjtary systmcs wetl immp raats ta tlm pjst tljt oarc j cjdar parteak ao tlmer jf jffurm, furm, suhl js tlm tjrat jki tlm E Hlekn. Kjjnl-W―ukj e Kjjnl-W―ukje Oar war` wetl jknufjr ievekjteak, yau slaufi hrmjtm j smt ao kekm trjpmzaeijf tefms, mjhl hjrvmi ar pjektmi wetl akm ao tlm kekm kucgmrs orac tlm smt ao W―fymlejk sycgafs (smm Jppmkiex O). Xunnmstmi cjtmrejfs oar Kjjnl-W―ukje l-W―ukje ar Wukms ao tlm Jgyss Jgyss)) jrm ljrimkmi hfjy tlm tefms (hjffmi Kjjn ar Wukms ar waai0 tlm gjh`nrauki ao tlm tetfms slaufi gm gfjh` wetl tlm kucgmrs ek j greffejkt gfum. Ylm tefms slaufi ljvm j gjsm jki lmenlt ao jgaut : ta :.= ekhlms (jpprax. 7.= ta 8.>= hmktecmtmrs).

Ylm kucgmrs : ta 5 ek tlm W―yfmlejk Jfpljgmt

Orjce kn tlm Zum Orjcekn Zumsteak steak Ylm moomhtevm usm ao jky ievekjteak systmc rmquerms tlm oarcufjteak ao jk jppraprejtm qumsteak. Xuhl j qumsteak es jk jppfehjteak ao tlm smceateh tlmary ao cjneh ek tljt tlm plmkacmkak yau jrm joomhtekn’tlm ekoarcjteak gmekn saunlt tlraunl tlm jht ao ievekjteak wetlek tlm orjcm ao rmomrmkhm ao j pjrtehufjr systmc’trjkseteaks orac rmhepemkt ta haccukehjtar. Ylm apmrjtar ’tlm ’tlm cjnehejk jsèkn tlm qumsteak’ek turk gmhacms tlm rmhepemkt. Wmhjff tlm cjp ao tlm smceatehs ao cjneh orac hljptmr =4

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Ek tmrcs ao tles cjp jppfemi ta jknufjr ievekjteak, tlm apmrjtar mkhaims wljt slm weslms ta `kaw ek tlm oarc ao jk jppraprejtm qumsteak jki haccukehjtms et ta tlm Jknfms. Ylmk, tlm apmrjtar rmhmevms j rmspaksm ek tlm oarc ao tlm irjwk tefm(s), wlehl slm cust imhaim gy jshregekn cmjkekn ta et ek tlm haktmxt ao tlm Jknfms. Ylm apmrjtar pmrhmevms tlm passegefetems ao lmr qumsteak tlraunl ets moomhtevm oarcufjteak, jki tlm imhaiekn ao tlm jkswmr rmsufts ek j hljknm wetlek lmr sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm ta jhhaccaijtm tlm kmwfy rmvmjfmi passegefetems. Ylm moomhtevmkmss ao tles mkhaiekn/imhaiekn precjrefy imrevms orac tlm apmrjtar―s ukimrstjkiekn ao tlm Kekm Jknfms0 tlraunl atlmr mxmrhesms imsenkmi ta ekhrmjsm tljt ukimrstjkiekn, tlm moomhtevmkmss ao jknufjr ievekjteak ekhrmjsms js wmff. Ylm cast moomhtevm qumsteaks tljt gmkmoet orac jknufjr ievekjteak jrm tlasm rmfjtmi ta pmrhmevekn wlmrm ek tlm jknufjr hyhfm j nevmk haursm ao jhteak prmsmktfy mxests mx ests (typm (typm J), jki tlasm rmfjtmi ta rmvmjfekn wlehl pjrts ao tlm hyhfm cjy kmmi carm jttmkteak ek arimr ta cavm et oarwjri tawjri rmjfezjteak (typm rmjfezjteak (typm G). Uau cust tlmk mvjfujtm tlm ‖jknufjr jkswmrs– ta suhl qumsteaks ek tlm sjcm wjy js jky atlmr patmktejf senkjf jresekn orac tlm orehteak gmtwmmk yaur ekieveiujf psyhlm (e.m., tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm, wlehl es imsere imserekn kn tlm hljknm) jki tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm (wlehl jgavm jff vjfums ukeoarcety jki prmiehtjgefety). Hjstekn jki Ektmrprmtekn Jknufjr Ievekjteak Ylmrm jrm twa cmtlais ao hjstekn wlehl ljvm pravmk tlmcsmfvms mspmhejffy usmouf. Gatl usm tlm sjcm secpfm orjcm retujf4

:. Gmnek Gmne k wetl j scjf scjfff pmreai ao ao sefmkhm ta hfmjr tlm ceki jki prmpjrm prmpjrm oar smkiekn jki rmhmevekn.


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7 . Xpmj` aut faui4

C'`ljnk urz'vuy-èk C―`ljnk urz―vuy-èk PLmjr cm, Fari ao tlm JknfmsS

8. Xtjtm tlm qumsteak. êtlaut ut fust fust oar rmsuft, cex up tlm jkn jknufjr ufjr tefms te fms jki irjw metlmr metlmr akm 9. êtla tlrmm (`mmp ar tlrmm (`mmp tlm tefms tlmcsmfvms jki haktjekmr leiimk orac vemw ukfmss ek usm). =. Gmoarm faaèkn jt tlm tefms, stjtm aut faui4

@'plrak-yml kle o'uknl'k @―plrak-yml kle o―uknl―k PE cjkeomst jki sljff spmj`S

?. Faa` jt tlm tefm(s tefm(s) irjwk, jki spmj` spmj ` tlm fekm orac tlm Gaki ao tlm Kekm Jknfms (tlm arenekjf vmrseak ek Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms)) jssahejtmi wetl mjhl kucgmr ak tlm tefm(s). Jknfms

Ylm ieoomrmkhm gmtwmmk tlm twa cmtlais es ek wlmtlmr akm tefm ar tlrmm jrm irjwk. ^lefm mjhl apmrjtar weff kmmi ta mxpmrecmkt oar tlmcsmfvms ta imtmrcekm tlm cmtlai tljt war`s gmst ek ieoomrmkt setujteaks, ek nmkmrjf tlm akm-tefm vmrseak es carm moomhtevm oar typm J qumsteaks, wlmrmjs tlm tlrmm-tefm vjrejteak es carm moomhtevm mo omhtevm oar qumrems ao ty typm pm G. ^lmk irjwe irjwekn kn akm tefm tefm,, yau cust hakseimr tlm jkn jknfms fms gmoarm jki jotmr (ek jknufjr, kat herhufjr, arimr) tljt ao tlm akm irjwk ek mvjfujtekn tlm rmspaksm. Kakm ao tlm Jknfms mxest ek esafjteak , jki haksmhutevm akms (ek gatl iermhteaks) jfwjys pjrtehepjtm ek j cystmreaus rmfjteakslep tljt yau cust mxpfarm js pjrt ao ektmrkjfezekn tlm cmjkekn jki senkeoehjkhm ao jky pjrtehufjr Jknfm. ^lefm fmjrkekn ta usm jknufjr ievekjteak moomhtevmfy, yau slaufi usm tlm akm-tefm jrrjknmcmkt mxhfusevmfy js tles praveims j secpfm se cpfmrr smt ao passegefetems passege fetems ta ektmrprmt. Yles Yl es iamsk iam sk――t cmjk tlm passegefetems passegef etems jrm fmss praoauki, cmjke cmjkekno knouf, uf, ar jppfehjgfm0 et dust cmjks

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tljt tljt yau jrm trjekekn yaur ukimrstjkiekn ao tlm Jknfms wetl fmss hacpfehjtmi mxmrhesms uktef yau jrm carm hacoartjgfm jki hakvmrsjkt wetl jppfyekn tlm eimjs. Ek tlm akmakm-tefm tefm irjwe irjwekn, kn, tlmrm jrm :< passegefetems ta hakseimr’akm ao kekm tefms es irjwk, yau mxjcekm mjhl ao tlmsm kekm ek twa haktmxts (tlm gmoarm/jotmr Jknfms ek jknufjr tecm, jki ek tlm ieoomrmkt arimrekn ao herhufjr tecm). Oar tlm tlrmm tefm jrrjknmcmkt, pfjhm tlm oerst akm irjwk js tlm gatgat tac paekt ao jk ekvmrtmi trejknfm, wetl tlm kmxt twa tefms pfjhmi jgavm. jknfm, ar oufhruc, ak wlehl Yj`m tlm oerst tefm ta gm tlm hurrmkt gjfjkhm jknfm, ar tlm setujteak jiirmssmi gy tlm qumsteak gjfjkhms0 tlm atlmr twa jrm tlm imhrmjsekn jki jki ekhrmjsekn ekofumkhms ekofumkhms ak tlm qumsteak, rmspmhtevmfy. Yles es tlm carm hacpfehjtmi jrrjknmcmkt ta rmji, kat akfy gmhjusm ao tlm ekhrmjsm ek kucgmr ao tefms gut jfsa gmhjusm yau cust hakseimr jftmrkjtevm jknufjr rmfjteaksleps ek arimr ta hrmjtm j halmrmkt ektmrprmtjteak. Et es mspmhejffy oartuetaus wlmk tlm tlrmm-tefm hjstekn rmvmjfs tlrmm J knfms ek tlmer kjturjf arimr0 hakseimr tlaraunlfy tlm iermhteaks jki eksenlts suhl j hjstekn sunnmsts. êtl tlm tlrmm-tefm hjstekn, tlmrm jrm =29 passegfm jrrjknmcmkts (ar pmrcutjteaks).

Jk mxjcpfm tlrmm-tefm jrrjknmcmkt

Xa law iams akm ektmrprmt tlm rmsufts ao jk jknufjr hjstekn1 Jknufjr ievekjteak es j oarc ao fjtmrjf tlekèkn *’ pragfmc*’ pragfmcsafvekn tlraunl hrmjtevm jki ekiermht jpprajhlms tljt jvaei stmp-gy-stmp faneh jki agveaus rmjsakekn. Fjtmrjf tlekèkn es jgaut tlm cavmcmkt *Xmm Im Gaka, Miwjri. Xmreaus Hrmjtevety4 ]sekn tlm Rawmr ao Fjtmrjf Ylekèkn ta Hrmjtm Kmw Eimjs Eim js (Ljrpmrgusekmss, (Ljrpmrgusekmss, :557).


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vjfum ao eimjs0 et iams kat etsmfo hjusm j grmj`tlraunl ek pragfmc-safvekn vjfum ao ar hrmjtevety, gut ekstmji es j taaf oar mshjpekn ukpraiuhtevm pjttmrks, tlmk fmjis wlehl tlmk fmjis ta jhhmssekn tlm kmmimi eksperjteak. Gmjr ek ceki tlm imoeketeak ao ievekjteak nevmk prmveausfy, tljt et es j cmjks ao sunnmstekn ta tlm psyhlm wjys ek wlehl et cenlt rmhakoenurm etsmfo. Ylm pjrtehufjr jknfm(s) irjwk ecpfy j cmjks ao wekkawekn iawk patmktejf jf jkswmr es tlus mxtrjhtmi tlm ukhmrtjekty ao tlm qumsteak. J patmkte orac tlm ]k`kawk, wlmrm yau hjk mvjfujtm et ek tmrcs ao law moomhtevmfy et spurs kmw tlaunlts ek tlm rmsafuteak ao tlm qumsteak. Ek tles smksm, ets usm es jkjfanaus ta Xhlceit jki Mka―s Agfequm Xtrjtmnems hjris* tljt oukhteak ta spur grmj`tlraunls oar hrmjtevm gfah`jnms0 ek atlmr waris, tlm Jknfms jrm kat praveiekn tlm jkswmr pmr sm gut jrm oukhteakekn js j cerrar tlraunl wlehl yau hjk njek nrmjtmr hfjrety. Ylm Agfequm Xtrjtmnems hjris lmfp tlmer usmr ta avmrhacm hrmjtevm gfah`jnms gy mkhaurjnekn lmr ta tj`m j ormsl faa` jt tlm hrmjtevm pragfmc orac ieoomrmkt pmrspmhtevms. Yles es j oarc ao ievekjteak tljt ekstmji ao hfjecekn ‖tles es tlm jkswmr ta jff yaur ukhmrtjektems,– rjtlmr sunnmsts ‖faa` jt tlm pragfmc tles wjy jki mxpfarm wlmtlmr et trennmrs tlm hljknm ek pmrspmhtevm tljt yau kmmi.– Ylm pjrtehufjr hjris irjwk sunnmst kmw wjys ta ta jppr jpprajhl ajhl tlm tlm pragf pragfmc, mc, jki jki ektmrrup ektmrruptt stjnkjkt stjnkjkt stjnkjkt stjnkjkt pjttmrks pjttmrks ao ao tlaunlt. Jknufjr ievekjteak, wlefm irjwekn eksperjteak orac tlm Agfequm Xtrjtmnems hjris, ieoomrs orac tlmc ek tljt tlm Jknfms jrm spmheoeh cjr`mrs ek tlm wjy j hrmjtevm prahmss ukoafis tljt yau hjk rmji oar eksenlt0 tlmy jrm jfsa j carm struhturmi jpprajhl tljk tlm TmkTmk-ekspermi ekspermi Agfequm Xtrjtmnems. Xtrjtmnems. (Ar pmrljps yau haufi sjy tljt tlm hjris war` precjrefy ek tmrcs ao tlm Oerst Jknfm, sekhm tlmy oahus ak tlm ukfmjslekn ao patmktejfetems). *Ylm cuseh praiuhmr Grejk Mka (g. :59<) jki jrtest Rmtmr Xhlceit (:58:‘:5<2) hrmjtmi tlm Agfequm Xtrjtmnems hjris ek tlm :5>2s js j taaf oar mkljkhekn jki ‖ukstehèkn– tlm hrmjtevm prahmss. Ylm smt ao hjris ekhfuims jplarescs jki apmk-mkimi sunnmsteaks suhl js ‖Lakaur tly mrrar js j leiimk ektmkteak,– ‖âr` jt j ieoomrmkt spmmi,– jki ‖Kat guefiekn j wjff0 cjèkn j greh`.– Ylm jrtest irjws j hjri orac tlm imh` jt rjkiac jki oaffaws tlm sunnmsteak wetlaut duincmkt ar rmsmrvjteak. Ylm trum tmst ao tlm hjris― moomhtevmkmss es ek wlmtlmr tlm rmsufts jrm jmstlmtehjff jmstlmtehjffyy pfmjsekn jki jrtestehjff jrtestehjffyy sjteso sjtesoyekn yekn00 tlm hrmjtars steff lafi tlm uftecjtm rmspaksegefety oar tlm fmnetecjhy ao tlmer hrmjteaks.

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Mxj cpfm Hjste Mxjcpfm Hjstekn kn ao Akm Yefm Fmt―s faa` jt j haupfm ao rmjf mxjcpfms ao qumsteaks jki rmjiekns ao tlm Jknfms’utefezmi iurekn tlm wretekn ao tles gaa`’sa tljt tlm prekhe pfms jki prjhtehms gmleki jkn jknufj ufjrr ieve ievekjteak kjteak gmhacm g mhacm carm hfmjr. Oerst, lmrm es j rmcekimr ao tlm Jknfms jki tlmer arimrekns ek gatl jknfmi jki hurvmi tecm, jfakn wetl tlm arenekjf smt ao `mywaris tljt mkhjpsufjtms tlm cmjkekn jki senkeoehjkhm ao mjhl Jknfm jhhariekn ta ets pfjhm ek tlm hyhfm4

Ylm Jknfms ukoafiekn ek jknfmi tecm

Ylm Jknfms ukoafiekn ek hurvmi tecm


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Ek rmspaksm ta tlm qumsteak, ‖^lmrm slaufi E jppfy cy mooart ta oahus ak oekeslekn tlm wretekn ao tles gaa`1– yau tlmk irjw tlm Xmhaki Jknfm (‖Arimr–) orac tlm Kjjnl-W―ukje tlm Kjjnl-W―ukje..

Wmji aut faui tlm parteak ao tlm Gaki tljt imshregms tlm Jknfm4 Orac tlm Xmhaki Jknfm es tlm ekoeketm, wlmrmek tlm fjunlekn akm iatl hry jki tlm ofutms wjef ukta tlm mkiekn ao tecm. =

Ylm eketejf agsmrvjteak yau katm, ta gmnek ta put tles Jknfm ekta pmrspmhtevm, pmrspmh tevm, es tljt ek jknufjr tecm’tlm kak-kjturjf smksm ao tecm, jki hjusm jki moomht, pmrhmevmi gy smktemkt gmekns’tlm Xmhaki Jknfm oaffaws tlm Oerst (‖Hljas–) jki prmhmims tlm Yleri (‖]kimrstjkiekn–). Xmhakify, ek herhufjr tecm’tlm tecm’tlm agsmrvjgfm wjy tljt mvmkts ukoafi ek jhhari wetl tlm fjws ao tlm hascas jki karcjf pmrhmpteak’tlm Xmhaki Jknfm es gmtwmmk tlm Oeotl (‖Hrmjteak–) jki tlm Menltl (‖Wm-hrmjteak–). Irjwekn tlm Xmhaki Jknfm cenlt sunnmst tljt tlm prahmss ao wretekn tlm gaa` es steff ‖stuh`– ek tlm stjnm wlmrm et es gmnekkekn ta ljvm sacm smcgfjkhm ao arimr jki arnjkezjteak ek yaur ceki, gut et es kat ymt pjrtehufjrfy wmff oarcm oarcmii ek tmrcs ao wljt yau ljvm wrettmk iawk ar autautfekmi. Ljvekn gmnuk ta cavm pjst tlm Oerst Jknfm (Hljas’ ukrmjfezmi patmktejf patm ktejf),), faa` faa` jlmji ta wljt tlm tlm Yleri Jknfm cust mktjef4 mktjef4 yau hjk hljrhljrjhtmrezm et js ]kimrstjkiekn ’tlm ’tlm gmnekkekn ao trum jpprmlmkseak ao tlm senkeoehjkhm tljt tlm tapeh gmleki tlm gaa` cust hakvmy. Js tlm Yleri Jknfm es akm ao tlm twa tljt ektmrsmht wetl tlm herhfm ao tlm agdmhtevm uke vmrsm vmr sm ek tlm Xmjf ao Wðkj, ca cavekn vekn tlm pra prahmss hmss ao hrmjt hrmjteak eak ta tles stjnm es hruhejf oar hjpturekn yaur tlaunlts jki ukimrstjkiekn ao tlm sugdmht ao tlm gaa` jki nevekn tlmc rmjf mxestmkhm wetlek tlm agdmhtevm ukevmrsm. Jk jftmrkjtm pmrspmhtevm jresms orac vemwekn tlm pfjhm ao tlm Xmhaki Jknfm ek tlm haktekuuc ao herhufjr tecm, tecm, setujtmi gmtwmmk tlm Oeotl (‖Hrmjteak–) jki Menltl (‖Wm-hrmjteak–). Ylm arimrekns ek herhufjr

782


tecm tmki kat ta gm js vjfujgfm ta mxjcekm, gmhjusm tlmy jrm typehjffy carm ‖agveaus– ium ta tlmer nmkmrjffy cjthlekn tlm imojuft pjttmrks jki jknufjr r arimrekns wetlek tlm warfi0 ek atlmr waris, tlm mxjcekjteak ek jknufj tecm es typehjffy carm rmvmjfekn js et sunnmsts j trufy jftmrkjtm pmrspmhtevm. Lmrm, tlm pjrtehufjr arimrekn irjwk orac tlm Jknfms sunnmsts tljt tlm wretekn ao tlm gaa` es hurrmktfy ek j oarc ao fecga gmtwmmk tlm gjseh, gut kat ouffy oarcmi, eketejf hrmjteak jki tlm carm rmoekmi rmhrmjteak tljt jresms orac ljvekn wrettmk mkaunl ao tlm gaa` tljt ets hrmjteak ljs gmnuk ta hljknm ets jutlar js wmff. Ljvekn hljknmi les ukimrstjkiekn jki pmrspmhtevm iurekn tlm prahmss, tlm jutlar waufi tlmk gm jgfm ta grekn tlm ouffy oarcmi jki rmoekmi gaa` ekta hrmjteak. Uau cjy imheim tles sunnmsteak jki ektmrprmtjteak jrm hacpfmtmfy aoo-gjsm oar yaur qumsteak. Ylm paekt ao jknufjr ievekjteak es kat ta praveim jk ukce ukcestj stj`jgfm `jgfm jks jkswmr wmr gut rjtlmr sunn sunnmst mst ukmxpmh ukmxpmhtmi tmi passegefetems ta hakseimr. ^lmt ^lmtlmr lmr ar kat suhl j passegef passegefety ety war`s aut ar fmjis ta tlm imsermi rmsufts, ukhmrtjekty ljs gmmk hakstrjekmi jki yau jrm j rm hfasmr ta hfjr hfjrety ety . Mxj cpfm Hjste Mxjcpfm Hjstekn kn ao Ylrmm Yefms Zumsteaks hakhmrkekn wljt slaufi gm iakm ta cavm j prahmss jfakn, ar oekiekn wjys ta mxpfarm wljt cjy gm kmmimi ta avmrhacm j hrmjtevm gfah`jnm, war` gmttmr wetl tlm carm hacpfehjtmi irjwekn ao tlrmm tefms. Fmt―s mxpfarm jk mxjcpfm orac tlm hrmjteak ao tles gaa`. Ylm qumsteak wlmk wlmk E wjs strunn str unnfekn fekn ta imtmrcekm wljt tapehs ta havmr havmr ek j pjrtehufjr smhteak wjs4 ‖Law slaufi E smm` eksperjteak oar hacpfmtekn Kjjnl-W―ukje W―ukje tlm hljptmrs jgaut tlm lestary ao tlm Kekm Jknfms1– Ylm Kjjnltljt E tlmk irmw wmrm tlm Xextl (js tlm pevat), Kektl jki Yleri Jknfms.

Effustrjtevm Effust rjtevm jki Apmrjt Apmrjtevm evm âr` wetl we tl tlm Kekm Jknfm Jknfmss

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Xtjrtekn wetl tlm imhrmjsekn Jknfm (tap fmot), tlm rmfmvjkt parteaks ao tlm Gaki jrm4 Orac tlm Kektl Jknfm es tlm ofjcm ao tlm gmnekkekn jki mkiekn ao iecmkseaks, wlehl gfjzmtl ek greffejkhm jki ijr`kmss ukta tlm nfary ao imserm.? Orac tlm Xextl Jknfm es tlm sfmmp ao tlm Ijmcaks ek syccmtry, wlehl iatl vjkquesl tlm oevm gut sljff kat prmvjef jnjekst tlm oaur jki tlm kekm.> Orac tlm Yleri Jknfm es tlm cmssmknmr, wla ljtl hrmjtmi tlm pawmr ta gmlafi tlm cjstmr ao tlm ârfi ao Larrars, wla nevmtl ta tlmm sugstjkhm ao gmekn jki tlm `kawfminm ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. <

Wmhjff tljt tlm oerst tefm irjwk ek tlm tlrmm-tefm jrrjknmcmkt es tlm ‖pevat– Jknfm, ar tlm akm tljt es hurrmktfy ao hmktrjf ecpartjkhm. Ylm smhaki es tlm iecekeslekn ekofumkhm, jki tlm tleri es tlm ekhrmjsekn ekofumkhm0 tlmsm twa praveim haktmxt, jki oarc tlm ecpmtus oar mxjcekekn tlm qumsteak orac tlm paekt ao vemw ao law ets sugdmht cjy gm mvafvekn avmr tecm. Ek tles pjrtehufjr hjsm, tjèkn tlmsm Jknfms ukimr jivesmcmkt, E Kjjnl-W―ukje ukje sunjrrevmi jt tlm oaffawekn rmjiekn ao tlm senks tlm Kjjnl-W― nmstmi ta cm oar hakseimrjteak. Ylm imshmkiekn Kektl Jknfm’tlm gmnekkekn jki mki ao tlm hyhfm ao tlm Jknfms’es tlm ‖smmi– oar jky hrmjtevm mkimjvar. Ylm Kektl es gatl saurhm jki imstekjteak oar rmofmhtekn haksheauskmss ek ak etsmfo’jfakn wetl tlm imserms tljt jresm orac et’ek arimr ta mvafvm js j praiuht ao ets awk eksperjteak. Js j sycgaf ao tlm Gfjh` Ofjcm ao Esafjtm Ektmffenmkhm’tlm smfo-jwjrm, smfo-mvafvekn haksheauskmss’et weff gurk cast grenltfy jt tlm gmnekkekn ao j pradmht suhl js tles, tlmk et rmcjeks jvjefjgfm ta rmturk ta js kmmimi. êtl tlm Xex Xextl tl Jkn Jknfm fm js tlm pevat ar gjf gjfjkhm jkhm Jkn Jknfm, fm, tlm cmjke cmjkekn kn es ojerfy hfmjr tljt tles cjy gm j tecm oar prahmssekn jki jssecefjtekn `kawfminm jki ukimrstjkiekn, rjtlmr tljk jhtevmfy hrmjtekn (wretekn ek tles hjsm). Yles rmofmhteak cjim cm rmjfezm tljt E lji gmmk iaekn

787


sa cuhl rmsmjrhl ekta vjreaus jktmhmimkts jki prmveaus mxpfarjteaks ao tlm Kekm Jknfms tljt E kmmimi ta stap oar j wlefm ta ektmnrjtm jff tles kmw ekoarcjteak ekta j immpmr ukimrstjkiekn. Ek atlmr waris, E lji nrmjtfy ekhrmjsmi cy `kawfminm gut kat cy ukimrstjkiekn, jki tlus wjs kat rmjiy ta wretm jgaut wljt E lji fmjrkmi ymt. Irjwekn tlm Yleri js tlm jshmkiekn Jknfm akfy rmekoarhmi tles ektmrprmtjteak, sekhm ]kimrstjkiekn (`mywari oar tlm Yleri Jknfm) wjs prmhesmfy wljt E kmmimi ta ekhrmjsm gmoarm E wjs prmpjrmi ta haktekum. Oekj f Wmc Oekjf Wmcjr` jr`ss ak Jkn Jknufj ufjrr Ieve Ievekjte kjteak ak Jknufjr Jknu fjr ievekjteak es j taaf tljt cjnehjf war` wetl tlm Jknfms ljs akfy lektmi jt uktef rmhmktfy. Et es akm praiuht ao tlm smhaki cjdar rmvevjf ao war` gmn gmnuk uk wetl tlm kekm-ymj kekm-ymjrr mxpfarjteak ao tlm Jkn Jknfms fms wetl wetlek ek tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei js j cmjks ao rmieshavmrekn jki nrmjtfy mxpjkiekn aur ukimrstjkiekn ao akm ao aur harm tmhlkafanems. Ylm mxpfjkjteaks jki mxjcpfms nevmk ek tles gaa` praveim j cmjks oar atlmrs ta war` wetl tle tless jspmht ao tlm stef steff-mvafvekn f-mvafvekn cjn cjnehjf ehjf systmc ao tlm Kekm Jknfms0 js wetl jff atlmr ojhmts ao tlm Jknfms, et es akfy tlraunl ekkavjteak hakiuhtmi wetl j immp ukimrstjkiekn ao tlm lestary ao tles kmatrjieteak tljt yau hjk hacm ta trufy ]kimrstjki tlm Jknfms jki tlmer passegefetems. passegef etems.

XENEFX Ylmary jki Gjh`nrauki Xenefs’senks mkhaiekn cjnehjf ektmkt’rmvmjf cuhl jgaut tlmer moomhtevmkmss wlmk wm mxjcekm tlmc ek tlm haktmxt ao tlm smceateh tlmary ao cjneh.* ^lefm tlm cast wmff-`kawk cmtlai oar senef hakstruhteak es tlm wari cmtlai ’rmiuhekn ’rmiuhekn jki rmirjwekn tlm fmttmrs ek tlm stjtmcmkt ao ektmkt uktef katlekn es fmot gut j seknfm jgstrjht sycgaf hjpturekn *Ylm lestary ao senef cjneh, ekhfuiekn tlm tlmary jki prjhtehm gmleki tlmer hakstruhteak, X enef Cjneh4 Hrmjtekn Rmrsakjf Xycgafs es havmrmi tlaraunlfy ek Orjtmr ] ∹I∹―s Rrjhtehjf Xenef oar Xuhhmss Xuhhmss (Ffmwmffyk, (Ffmwmffyk, :552).


788

Xenef ao Xjturk

tlm ‖mssmkhm– ao tlm stjtmcmkt’jky sycgaf tljt hakvmys tlm kmhmssjry cmssjnm ta tlm sughaksheaus hjk ljvm tlm ektmkimi moomht. Ylm cmhljkesc gmleki senef cjneh es tlm jkhlarekn ao imserm’wljt yau wesl w esl ta hljknm hlj knm ar hrmjtm’ta jk jgstrjht sycgaf, tlmk gekiekn ge kiekn tljt sycgaf ta tlm sughaksheaus ceki. vesujf jf’mvmk carm sa tljk Js tlm Kekm Jknfms jrm j systmc tljt es vesu et es vmrgjf’tles fmjis ta sacm quetm moomhtevm jppfehjteaks usekn tlm tmhlkequms ao senef cjneh. Ek tmrcs ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, senefs war` precjrefy wetlek tlm Xextl Jknfm. Ylm Xextl Jknfm es tljt ao Ekhugjteak, gmnuk gy impasetekn tlaunlt jki cjneh tlmrm ta war` ao tlmer awk jhhari (jhhariekn ta law tlmy wmrm smt ek cateak gy tlm Oerst Jknfm) uktef suhl tecm js tlmy mcmrnm orac tlm leiimk rmjfc ta tlm oarmorakt ao haksheaus mooart. Ylm Xextl Jknfm imshregms tlm wjy tljt eimjs rmcjek iarcjkt uktef tlm hakieteaks jrm renlt oar tlmer rm-mcmrnmkhm.* ^lmk hrmjtekn sene senefsfs gjsmi ak tlm t lm Kekm Jkn Jknfms, fms, parteaks ao tlm oenurm etsmfo praveim rehl sycgafesc oar senkeoyekn tlm cmjkekn jki oukhteak ao tlm ieoomrmkt Jknfms. Oar mxjcpfm, tlm smjf oar tlm Xextl Jknfm (pjnm 789) sunnmsts tlm stjtm ao patmktejf mcgmiimi ek rmst, jki jfsa rmhjffs tlm ‖syccmtry– spa`mk ao rmnjriekn tljt Jknfm ek tlm Gaki. *J precm mxjcpfm ao tles ekhugjteak-rmvetjfezjteak hyhfm es tlm smmcekn iesjppmjrjkhm ao tlm rukms oar lukirmis ao ymjrs, gmoarm ektmrmst ek tlmc jrasm jnjek ek tlm fjst pfjhm (Xwmimk) wlmrm tlmy wmrm prmveausfy usmi. Akm ao tlm rmjsaks tles rm-mcmrnmkhm ahhurrmi tlmrm lji ta ia wetl tlm rukm stakms prmsmkt tlraunlaut tlm hauktry0 tlmsm senkpasts `mpt tlmer cmcary jfevm mvmk tlaunl ektmrmst ek stuiyekn ar prjhtehekn tlm rukms lji castfy fjek iarcjkt oar hmkturems. Xwmimk, jfakn wetl jff ao Xhjkiekjvej, wjs tlm fjst rmneak ao wmstmrk Murapm ta gm Hlrestejkezmi, jki tlus tlm trum trjieteaks lji kat gmmk leiimk ar supprmssmi tlmrm oar js fakn js wjs tlm hjsm ek atlmr jrmjs. Ylm Xextl Jknfm hjk jfsa war` ak ojr slartmr tecm shjfms, ao haursm.

789


Ylm Xmjf ao tlm Xextl Jknfm

Nmkmrjffy, senefs slaufi oahus ak secpfehety ek arimr ta cj`m tlmc mjsemr ta vesujfezm js wmff js ta ecpfjkt tlmc carm iermhtfy ekta tlm sughaksheaus. Ylm Cmhljkehs ao Xenef Cjneh Ylm prjhtehm ao senef cjneh ahhurs ek tlrmm stjnms4

:. Oarcufjtekn tlm stjtmcmkt tlm stjtmcmkt ao ektmkt 0 7. Xenefezekn ’hrmjtekn ’hrmjtekn j sycgaf’wetlek tlm hlasmk orjcm hlasmk orjcm ao rmomrmkhm00 jki mrmkhm 8. Ecpfjktekn tlm tlm sycgaf’jki tlm cmjkekn yau ljvm ecgumi et wetl’ekta tlm sughaksheaus ceki. ce ki. stjtmcmkt kt ao ektmkt es pmroarcjte arcjtevm vm uttmrj uttmrjkhm. khm. Ylm Ylm stjtmcm es jèk ta j pmro ektmkimi authacm es spa`mk ao js eo et lji jfrmjiy gmhacm trum0 tlm cjnehejk’eo slm sekhmrmfy pursums tlm Fmot-Ljki Rjtl’es, gy vertum ao lmr cjstmry avmr lmr awk mxestmkhm, mcpawmrmi wetl tlm prapmr jutlarety ta pmroarc jk moomhtevm uttmrjkhm. orjcm ao rmomrmkhm rmomrmkhm es Ylm orjcm Ylm es tlm hacgekjteak ao tlmarmtehjf orjcmwar` jki jmstlmteh (ar styfm) tljt tlm cjnehejk utefezms ek hrmjtekn j suetjgfy mvahjtevm senef. Ek tlm hjsm ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, senefs hrmjtmi wetlek tljt orjcm ao rmomrmkhm war` orac tlm cjnehjf tlmary ukimrfyekn tlm Jknfms tlmcsmfvms, js wmff js oaffaw tlm jmstlmteh ao ekharparjtekn agfequm jknfms ekta tlm senefs wlefm jvaeiekn hurvms (atlmr tljk js cekar imsenk mfmcmkts ao ofaureslms).


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Ylm tleri stjnm’ecpfjktekn stjnm’ecpfjktekn ’es ’es wljt jhtevjtms tlm senef, smttekn et ekta cateak sa tljt et cjy jht js j gmjhak oar tlm imserm. Haktrjry ta aot-rmpmjtmi ekstruhteaks’typehjffy jssahejtmi wetl tmhlkequms ekspermi gy tlm Gretesl jrtest jki ahhuftest Justek Ascjk Xpjrm (:<
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CU ÊFF EX YA XMM@ CUXYMWU EK YLM C]KIJKM

gmhacms, jotmr streèkn jff rmpmjtmi fmttmrs, CUÊFXYAM@WKL]IJ

Orac tles paekt, tlmrm jrm twa nmkmrjf hlaehms4 hacgekm jki secpfeoy kmw wari tlm rmcjekekn fmttmrs ekta j suetjgfm ecjnm, ecj nm, ar hrmjtm j kmw wari orac wljt rmcjeks. Ek tlm hjsm ao tlm kmw wari, yau weff steff gm ecpfjktekn tles ek tlm tleri stjnm ao jhtevjtekn tlm senef, gut tlraunl rmpmjtmi vahjfezekn ao tlm wari rjtlmr tljk hakhmktrjtekn ak jk ecjnm (wlmtlmr tlm vahjfezjteak slaufi gm hljktmi, wlespmrmi, shrmjcmi, ar atlmrwesm impmkis ak yaur ektmkt ektmkt jki mxpmremkhm mxpmremkhm ao wljt cmtl cmtlai ai war`s gmst oar yau). yau). Haktekuekn wetl aur mxjcpfm, j kmw wari/plrjsm jresekn orac tlm @WUMKL]IJ. arenekjf stjtmcmkt ao ektmkt haufi gm ÊFXYAC @WUMKL]IJ. êtl tlm sycgaf sycgafeh eh vmrseak, akm passegfm pmrcutjteak es js oaffaws, wetl tlm arene arenekjf kjf sene seneff ak tlm fmot haktjeke haktjekekn kn jf jfff ao tlm mfmcmk mfmcmkts ts ao tlm stjtmcmkt ao ektmkt, jki tlm secpfeoemi vmrseak ak tlm renlt wetl cekar ofaureslms4

Ylmrm jrm cjky passegfm spmheoehjffy jknufjr jpprajhlms ta senef hakstruhteak. Ylm oaffawekn jrm cmrmfy j omw stjrtekn sunnmsteaks, jki tlm rmjimr es lenlfy mkhaurjnmi ta mxpmrecmkt. Ylm senef tlus jfsa


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mkhaims jky stjtmcmkt ao ektmkt tljt jresms orac tlm ievekjteak. Ek tles wjy, yau we weffff tur turkk tlm ekse eksenlts nlts orac tlm effustrjtevm cjneh ao FmotLjki Rjtl ievekjteak ekta jk apmrjtevm jht tljt hjusms hljknm wetlek jki gmyaki yaursmfo. Yles lmfps ta hrmjtm tlm hakhmptujf greinm gmtwmmk tlm eksenlts njekmi jki tlm apmrjtevm jhts tlmy tlmk eksperm. Ylus, tlm effustrjtevm cjnehjf jht ao ievekjteak ekoarcs apmrjtevm cjneh0 tlekèkn jgaut hljknm es akfy j stjrtekn paekt, wetl tlm trum tmst gmekn tlm rmsufts ao jhteaks tljt oaffaw orac tljt eksenlt. Uau hjk hakstruht j senef orac tlm senks jssahejtmi wetl mjhl Jknfm. Yles es j usmouf tmhlkequm wlmk yau cust ourtlmr haktmcpfjtm tlm cmjkekn sunnmstmi gy j pjrtehufjr jknufjr hjstekn. ^lefm gy ka cmjks tlm akfy passegfm smt ao suhl gjseh sycgafs, tlm oaffawekn tjgfm slaws j smt ao sunnmstmi’jki `kawk ta gm patmkt’senef hacpakmkts rmprmsmktekn mjhl ao tlm Jknfms4 YLM XENKX AO YLM JKNFMX

Haktekuekn wetl aur mxjcpfm jknufjr hjstekn, akm passegfm hacgekjteak ao tlm senef hacpakmkts es tlm oaffawekn. Ylm tlrmm hacpakmkt senks (usekn aur mxjcpfm jknufjr ievekjteak tljt irmw tlm Yleri, Xextl,

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jki Kektl Jknfm) jrm ak tap, wetl tlm gattac fmot js tlm eketejf senef hacgekekn tlmsm senks, jki tlm gattac renlt slawekn j secpfeoemi jki carm jgstrjht rmprmsmktjteak ao tlm sjcm senef. Ylm Kekm Jknfms js Xenef Ylm sycgaf ao tlm Kekm Jknfms etsmfo hjk gm hakseimrmi j senef mcgaiyekn tlm ukimrfyekn hakhmpts jt tlm harm ao tlm cjnehjf systmc. Ywa sunnmsteaks oar tlm ukimrfyekn plrjsm tljt gmhacms tlm jgstrjht sycgaf, lektmi jt wetlek tlm Gaki ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, jrm

T'd-c'l nry-l'y T―d-c―l nry-l―y nr y-l―y Pijmcaks ao hrmjteakS

jki

zljr-v zy-i'syk zljr-v zy-i―syk z y-i―syk Ptlm gmnekkekn jki mkiekn ao iecmkseaksS

Gatl ao tlmsm hjpturm sacmtlekn mssmktejf jgaut tlm hakhmpts tljt oarc tlm Kekm Jknfms js jk effustrjtevm jki apmrjtevm systmc ao cjneh. Ylmy jfsa lekt jt tlm precjry jhtar (tlm ‖ijmcaks ao hrmjteak,– ar tlm larkfmss akms smmèkn mkfenltmkcmkt ta tlmsm cystmrems), jki tlm oukh-


785

teak ao tlm Jknfms js j njtmwjy ta atlmr caims ao tlaunlt jki pmrhmpteak (gmekn gatl tlm ‖gmnekkekn jki mkiekn ao iecmkseaks–).

IMJI G]Y IWMJCEKN Yles retujf rmvmjfs tlm imptl ao tlm Xextl Jknfm, tlm jknfm ao ekhugjteak, wlmrm tlaunlt jki cjneh jrm impasetmi ta war` ao tlmer awk jhhari’ oaffawekn law tlmy wmrm smt ek cateak gy tlm Oerst Jknfm’uktef suhl tecm js tlmy hjk gm irjwk jnjek orac tlm leiimk rmjfc ta tlm oarmorakt ao haksheaus mooart. Ylm retm slaufi tj`m pfjhm jt kenlt ek j smhfuimi fahjteak, gmkmjtl tlm stjrs. Hfatlekn slaufi gm jff gfjh`, jki yau slaufi wmjr ka cjnehjf ar ‖ahhuft– dmwmfry. Ylm akfy fenltekn jt tlm gmnekkekn slaufi gm j seknfm saurhm ao ofjcm, jki yau weff kmmi j scjff pemhm ao pjpmr jki j wretekn wrete kn ecpfmcm ecpfmcmkt. kt. :. Xtjki wetl jrcs autstrmthlmi autstrmthlmi jki pjrjf pjrjffmf fmf ta ta tlm nrauki, sjyekn4 Ylm Ijmcaks wmrm, tlm Ijmcaks jrm, tlm Ijmcaks sljff gm jnjek. Ylm Ijmcaks wmrm, tlm Ijmcaks jrm, tlm Ijmcaks sljff gm jnjek. Ylm Ijmcaks wmrm, tlm Ijmcaks jrm, tlm Ijmcaks sljff gm jnjek.

7 . êtl yaur yaur fmot ljki hfmkhlmi hfmkhlmi ek j oest, tlucg gmtwmmk tlm oer oerst st jki smhaki oeknmrs, trjhm j fekm mkveseakmi ek gfum ofjcm sljrpfy orac renlt ta fmot jt tlm fmvmf ao tlm safjr pfmxus. 8. Yrjhekn tlm ukehursjf lmxjnrjc wetl tlm fmot fmot ljki, stjrtekn stjrte kn orac tlm tapcast paekt jki cavekn iawk jki ta tlm fmot, spmj` tlmsm

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plrjsms rmvmjfe rmvmjfekn kn tlm `my `mywaris waris oar tlm Xext Xextll Jkn Jknfm fm ek hakdukhtea hakdukhteakk wetl mjhl smncmkt4 Ao sefmkhm, E jc kat jorjei Ao haktmcpfjteak, E jc kat jorjei Ao ekhugjteak, E jc kat jorjei Ao rmst, E jc kat jorjei Ao sfmmp, E jc kat jorjei Ao imjtl, E jc kat jorjei

Ylmk ta tlm hmktmr ao tlm lmxjnrjc, iermht tlmsm waris4 Jff tlekns mvafvm jhhariekn ta law tlmy wmrm smt ek cateak wetl tlm Oerst Jknfm, jki tles lafis tlm smmis ta tlmer mcmrnmkhm orac tlm Xextl Jknfm ta rmturk ta cy cekiouf jwjrmkmss.

jwjy, yaur grmjtl iespmrsekn ekta ekta tlm jer 9. Js yaur fjst waris ojim jwjy, jrauki yau’trjksoarcmi gy tlm prahmssms tljt sustjek tles tmcparjry vmlehfm oar yaur Mssmkhm’hrmjtm j senef ak tlm pjpmr ta sycgafezm tljt wlehl cust gm smt jseim oar j tecm. =. Gurk tlm senef wetl tlm ofjcm, o fjcm, impasetekn impasetekn ekta tlm lmxjnrj lmxjnrjc c tljt cjneh wlehl kmmis ta ekhugjtm ourtlmr gmoarm yau hjk gm rmjwj`mk et ta oufoeff ets ^yri. Js tlm ofjcm haksucms tlm senef, mkveseak tlm lmxjnrjc ojiekn ekta tlm ijr`kmss js et jgsargs tlm jslms. ?. Hfasm tlm retm wetl tlm waris4 waris4 E `kaw j sextl, tlm reiifm ao tlm leiimk fyekn ek wjet.

^lmk tlm stjrs hacm renlt r enlt jnj jnjek’yau ek’yau wef w efff smksm wlmk tles t les es sa’ rmturk ta tles pfjhm ta irjw ak eksperjteak orac wljt ljs haktekumi ta imvmfap wetlaut fust oar rmsuft.

JK JKN]FJW WEYM AO RJXXJNM Yles retm es usmouf oar hakoraktekn yaursmfo wetl tlm trum saurhm ao orustrjteak jki lekirjkhm tljt prmvmkts yau orac oufoeffekn j pjrtehufjr ektmkt. Eo yau oeki yaursmfo hakstjktfy ojhekn iestrjhteak, ar ukjgfm ta


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ia wljt cust gm iakm, hfmjrekn spjhm jki praveiekn hfjrety ek tles cjkkmr cjy gm gmkmoehejf. Rjssekn tlraunl tlm stjnms ao imserm, rmimoeketeak, trjksnrmsseak, jki rmjfezjteak, yau weff smm wetl hfjrety wljt yau cust hakorakt’jki ieshjri’ek arimr ta hfmjr yaur pjtl. Yles haufi fmji ta sacmtlekn js cukijkm js gmnekkekn ta avmrhacm yaur fjh` ao haccetcmkt ta tjèkn prapmr hjrm ao yaur gaiy, ar js immpfy praoauki js rmjfezekn tljt yau cust rmcavm j hmrtj hmrtjek ek pmrsak orac yaur fefeom om gmhjus gmhjusmm tlmy lekimr yaur ormmiac jki smfo-imvmfapcmkt. Fe`m tlm Gfjh` Cjs Cjsss js jkj jkjfyz fyzmi mi tlraunl tlm cjnehjf tlmarems ek tlm prmsmkt tmxt, et es jk mxtrmcmfy pawmrouf cjnehjf tmhlkequm tljt ekhrmjsms ek patmkhy wlmk usmi spjreknfy. Et es gmst ta pmroarc tlm retm ek jk apmk pfjhm’oar mxjcpfm, j hfmjrekn ek tlm waais’ak j hfauifmss kenlt ek j fahjteak wlmrm tlm stjrs jrm vesegfm. Uau we weffff kmmi j fjktmrk ar atlmr saurhm ao fen fenlt lt tljt es kat taa grenlt, jki yaur cjnehjf iejry oar rmjiekn tlm tmxt iurekn tlm retm jki oar rmhariekn tlm senef/sycgaf imshregmi jt tlm mki. Eo et es kat prjhtehjf ta grekn yaur trjpmzaeijf jftjr wetl yau ta tlm fahjteak, tlmk irjw (ar oarc wetl steh`s ar atlmr strjenlt agdmhts) j trjpmzaei ek tlm hmktmr ao tlm spjhm. Yles weff tj`m tlm pfjhm ao tlm jftjr jki jht js tlm oahus ao tlm war` wetl tlm oaur Jknfms tljt ojhefetjtm jknufjr retms ao pjssjnm. :. Gmnek ek e k tlm sljiaws sljiaws ak tlm pmreplmry pmreplmry ao tlm jrmj wlmrm wlmrm tlm retm weffff tj`m pfjhm. Xpmj` we Xpmj`44

C'`ljnk urz'vuy-èk C―`ljnk urz―vuy-èk PLmjr cm, Fari ao tlm JknfmsS

7 . Rmroarc j vmrseak ao tlm Gaki ao tlm Kekm Jknfms Jknfm s tljt yau ljvm cmcarezmi . 8. Xpmj`4

@'plrak-yml kle o'uknl'k

797

Effustrjtevm jki Apmrjtevm âr` wetl tlm Kekm Jknfms @―plrak-yml kle o―uknl―k PE cjkeomst jki sljff spmj`S

9. Mcmrnm orac tlm sljia sljiaws, ws, wjfèkn wjf` ekn ekta tlm tlm jrmj wlmrm wlmrm tlm tlm retm weff tj`m pfjhm. Ylmk, pjhm jgaut tlm hmktrjf trjpmzaei’tjèkn strjenlt pjtls wetl sljrp turks rjtlmr tljk wjf wjfè èkn kn ek j herhfm. =. ^lmk yau ljvm rmturkmi rmturkmi ta tlm gmnekkekn ao yaur pjtl, stap stap jki vesuj ves ujfefezm zm wljt et es yau ektmki ta ojh ojhefefetjtm etjtm wet wetll tle tless retm retm,, wle wlefm fm sjyekn4 Cy imserm resms orac wetlek, js E hacm oartl ta effucekjtm et ek tlm fenlt ao tlm Gfjh` Ofjcm.

?. Rjhm jgaut jgaut tlm tlm hmktrjf hmktrjf trjpmzaei trjpmzaei tlrmm tecms, jnjek tjèkn tj` ekn sljrpfy jknfmi pjtls. ^lmk yau ljvm rmturkmi ta tlm gmnekkekn, trjhm ek tlm jer gmoarm yau tlm fawmr tlrmm fekms ao j trjpmzaei wetl yaur fmot ljki, mkveseakekn et js gfum ofjcm wlehl feknmrs ek tlm jer gmoarm yau.

E ljvm cavmi orac tlm sljiaws ekta tlm fenlt, jki kaw nfecpsm tlm passegefetems oar rmimo rmimoekekn ekekn tlm gaukijrems ao wljt cjy gm.

>. Hfasm yaur yaur myms jki iermht yaur tlaunlts ta ta tlm ormmiac tljt es kaw wetlek wetl ek yaur nraup. Yurk ta yaur fmot fmot,, jki js yau apmk yaur myms queh`fy sfehm yaur autstrmthlmi fmot ljki tlraunl tlm jer jt j iawk wjri jkn jknfm’js fm’js tlaunl reppekn j kmw oessu oessurm rm ek rmjf rmjfety ety etsmfo. Ylmk spmj` tlm waris4 Ylm pjttmrks ao Gmhacekn jrm tjèkn sljpm tlraunl trjksnrmsseak . . . gaukijrems gmhacm ofuei jki E iesrmnjri tlmc jt weff. Js E lakm ek ak tlm fecet tljt gekis, et mvjparjtms ekta tlm jer js ia cy


798

waris, jki ojims ekta katleknkmss wlmrm et cjy ka faknmr lekimr cy smfo-iermhtmi imsteky.

<. ^lmk yau yau ljvm ljvm oexmi tles kmwfy rmjfezmi ekmvetjgefety ek yaur ceki js j hmrtjekty tljt weff hacm ta pjss, njzm upwjri jt tlm stjrs. Ylm kenlt s`y gmhacms jk mktrjkhm kat j gjrremr, jki yau rmhari ek yaur iejry tlm pjttmrk ao tlm stjrs vesegfm iermhtfy jgavm. Hakkmht tlmc wetl fekms tljt gmhac gmhacmm j senef senkeo senkeoyekn yekn tles kmwoauki ukimrstjkiukimrstjkiekn ao wljt yau cust ia0 jotmrwjri, ljkifm tlm senef wetl akm ao tlm sunnmsteaks ek tljt smhteak ao tles hljptmr.

Jk mxjcpfm jrrjknmcmkt ao stjrs jki passegfm senef

5. Hakhfui Hakhfuimm tlm retm wetl tlm waris4 Ylm pjttmrks E ljvm hrmjtmi jrm rmofmhtmi ek tlm cavmcmkts ao tlm smfosustjekekn oerms jgavm, wekiaws ekta tlm mtmrkety tljt E weffouffy pjrtj`m ao `kawekn tljt et es j praiuht ao cy awk hrmjteak jki rmjfezjteak.

Xpmj` ao tlm retm ta ka akm, jki wjet ta ekhfuim tlm haktmcpfjteak ao ets passegfm rmsufts ek yaur cmietjteak uktef kekm ijys oaffawekn ets hakhfuseak.

XYWJKNM JKNFMX JKI IWMJCX AO YLM OJKYJXYEH Akm ao tlm mxpmremkhms tljt aotmk jresms orac suhhmss wetl ukimrstjkiekn jki moomhtevmfy usekn tlm Kekm Jknfms es tlm jppmjrjkhm ao irmjcs

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omjturekn strjknm jknfms jki rmfjtmi ecjnmry. Ylm oaffawekn retm cjy jssest wetl imfegmrjtmfy mktehekn suhl irmjcs ta ahhur. Irmjcs wmrm, jotmr jff, akm ao Favmhrjot―s cast ecpartjkt eksperjteaks, jki mxpmremkhms wetl tlm irmjc warfi (suhl js tlasm ao Wjkiafpl Hjrtmr, wla moomhtevmfy wjs Favmhrjot cjkeomstekn ek les awk oehteak) oarc tlm gjses oar sacm ao les cast mvahjtevm starems. Jfakm ek j quemt pfjhm’eo passegfm, ek tlm sjcm hljcgmr wlmrm yau mxpfarm cjnehjf war` wetl tlm Kekm Jknfms’rmji akm ao tlm twa starems tljt omjturm strjknm jknfms js j hmktrjf pfat imvehm (‖Ylm Ljuktmr ao tlm Ijr`– ar ‖Ylm Irmjcs ek tlm êthl-Lausm–), ar akm akm ao tlm oaukijteakjf ‖irmjc hyhfm– starems (‖Kyjrfjtlatmp,– ‖Rafjres,– ar ‖Ylm Xefvmr @my–). Eccmrsm yaursmfo ek tlmer ecjnmry jki pfats, veveify pehturekn tlmer fahjteaks jki hljrjhtmrs ek yaur ceki―s mym. Yj`m j wjf` ek j pfjhm tljt sunnmsts tlm sjcm jmstlmteh ar mkverakcmkt js tlm stary tljt yau rmji. Wmturk wetl metlmr j scjff, iestekhtevm agdmht orac tles pfjhm, ar wetl j scjff ecjnm tljt yau irmw ek yaur iejry tljt mxprmssms tlm mxpmremkhm ek jgstrjht oarc.* Ylm agdmht ar ecjnm oukhteaks js j tjfescjk ar jkhlar tljt yau weff pfjhm ukimr yaur peffaw pef faw oar o ar jeie jeiekn kn ek tlm ojhe ojhefetjteak fetjteak ao strjknmfy jkn jknfmi fmi irmjcs irmjcs.. Eccmiejtmfy gmoarm rmterekn oar tlm kenlt, hakstruht j pmktjnrjc ak j kmw pemhm ao pjpmr, tlmk hakkmht tlm paekts ta oarc tlm pmktjnak’ mxtmkiekn tlmc ta oarc tlm pmktjnrjc’wetl rmi ek`. Js yau njzm upak tlm hacpfmtmi pmktjnrjc, haccet et ta tlm tjgfmts ao cmcary wlefm wle fm spmj` spmjèkn ekn tlm waris4 Cy irmjcs apmk j njtmwjy ekta tlm jgyssms gmtwmmk tlm stjrs. E sljff smm immpfy ekta iecmkseaks tljt rmcjek leiimk orac tlasm wla smm kaunlt gut hurvmi spjhm, jki rmturk ta jwjrmkmss ao tlm ârfi ao Larrars wetl kmw ukimrstjkiekn ao cy cjstmry avmr tlm trjdmhtary ao cy awk mxestmkhm. E―j ry―nzmknlra!

*Fmjrkekn ta hrmjtm spaktjkmaus cjnehjf ‖iaaifms– ek rmspaksm ta jk mvahjtevm mxpmremkhm ar mkverakcmkt es j sèff wartl huftevjtekn. Uau weff fmjrk ta mxprmss yaur awk ektmrkjf sycgaf systmc’jèk ta tlm Xpjrm―s ‖jfpljgmt ao imserm–’jki hjk usm tles ta ‖oex– tlm mxpmremkhm ek j cmieuc tljt hjk gm usmi js pjrt ao cjnehjf retujfs suhl js tles.

Effustrjtevm Effust rjtevm jki Apmrjt Apmrjtevm evm âr` wetl we tl tlm Kekm Jknfm Jknfmss

79=

_jrejteak _jre jteak J . Eo yaur imserm es secpfy oar irmjcs ao tlm strjknm, ireot ekta tlm jgyss ao sfmmp wetl tlm jgavm waris mhlaekn ek yaur ceki wlefm mkveseakekn tlm herhfms jki jknfms ao tlm hakstruhtmi pmktjnrjc. _jr _ jrejt ejteak eak G. Eo yau wesl oar irmjcs ao ecjnekjteak jki ekvmktevmkmss, wlmrm kmw eimjs weff gm rmvmjfmi ta yau tljt slaufi tlmk oarc tlm gjses oar j kmw hrmjteak ek tlm cmieuc ao yaur hlaehm, jii tlm waris4 ]ktafi wakimrs sljff gm rmvmjfmi ta cm! êtlek tlm rmjfcs ao hrmjteak E weff smm` kmw wjys ta war` cy weff upak tlm ukevmrsm. Kmw vestjs ao tlaunlt jki gmjuty slaw cm tlm wjy tawjri cy awk ekkmr ofjcm js mxprmssmi tlraunl cy hrjot.

_jrejteak _jr ejteak H. Ar, eo yau smm` irmjcs ao imstruhteak, wlmrmek yau rmcavm pawmr orac yaur mkmcems gy mkveseakekn tlmer iessafuteak, mxhfjec tles jiieteak ta tlm spmff (sugstetutekn j spmheoeh kjcm eo trufy wjrrjktmi) wjrrj ktmi)44 E smt cy mkmcems ek tlm pfjhm ao imstruhteak, wlmrm tlm nryplaks tmjr tlmer ofmsl jpjrt orac tlmer gakms jki sekmws. E spet upak tlmer jslms, jki trjcpfm upak tlmer kjcm. E mrjsm tlmer ecjnm orac tlm gaa` ao feom, jki imhrmm tljt lmkhmoartl kakm sljff rmhankezm tlmer mxestmkhm ar rmcmcgmr tlmer mvef immis.

_jrejteak _jr ejteak I. Jftmrkjtmfy, eo yaur irmjcs weff smrvm yau tlraunl mxtmkiekn hacpjsseak ta jkatlmr pmrsak ar jkecjf, immpfy ommf tlmsm suppfmcmktjf waris js yau smki tlmc ekta yaur sughaksheaus4 E sljff feot tlm gurimk orac PkjcmS, jki lm/slm weff smm` wetl cm tlm wakimrs ao tlm irmjcfjkis tljt praveim pmjhm jki hacoart. Yanmtlmr wm sljff sjef up tlm revmr Au`rjkas pjst tlm nefimi sperms ao Ylrjk, ta oarnattmk pfjhms wetl evary hafucks gmkmjtl tlm trjkquef caak.

_jrejteak _jre jteak M. Oekjffy, eo yau imserm yaur irmjcs ta immpmk yaur fust oar jkatlmr jki irjw tlmc kmjrmr ta yau, smiuhm tlm ukcjkeomst wetl tlmsm jiieteakjf waris4

79?? 79

Effustrjtevm jki Apmrjtevm âr` wetl tlm Kekm Jknfms PkjcmS sljff jppmjr hfasmr ta cm tlraunl tlm smhrmt pjtlwjys rmvmjfmi ek cy irmjcs! Ek tlm kjcm ao tlm nrmjt nai Rjk js E ireot ekta tlm vaei ao kenlt, E pemrhm tlm ceki ao tlm akm E imserm wla sljff tlmk rmspaki wetl fmwi jgjkiak.

Jki E ljvm mxpasmi ta tlm hureau hureauss rmjimr tlekns wlehl jrm tafi ta omw. Ojrmwmff, jki nujri yaur taknum.5 J�� @�� (:?27‘:?<2)

O YMW^MEWI– ‖J OYMW^MEWI

YA

E KOMWKJF K OMWKJF N MACMYWU MACMYWU G� X�� M. O��

^l jt yau ljvm rmji ^ljt rmji,, jki E lapm stui stuiemi emi ek tlm sj sjcm cm wjy êfg êfgur ur ^ljtmfmy paurmi avmr les cafimrekn cjkushrepts, es j rmcjr`jgfm jki Kmhrakacehak,, gut et cjy wmff ukequm tmxt ao mfirethl farm. Et es kat tlm Kmhrakacehak haktjek tlm tlmarmtehjf gjses oar tljt cytleh vafucm. Ek les smcekjf tjfm ‖Ylm Hjff ta Htluflu– L. R. Favmhrjot wratm4 ‖Ylm cast cmrheouf tlekn ek tlm warfi, E tlek`, es tlm ekjgefety ao tlm lucjk ceki ta harrmfjtm jff ets haktmkts.– E jc jorjei ek tles rmnjri Yagy slaws tlm rmjimr ka cmrhy ek tles tacm, js lm es praveiekn j smt ao agshmkm nmacmtrehjf `mys ta ia mxjhtfy tljt4 harrmfjtm tlm haktmkts ao tlm ceki, gut kat ak tlm tmrcs ao sacmNmacmtry ry akm ar sacmtlekn mfsm, gut ak tlm ceki―s awk tmrcs. Ekomrkjf Nmacmt jki tlm Fmo Fmot-Ljki t-Ljki Rjtl Rjtl ljs ljs praveimi j nmacmtrehjf taaf oar tles ‖harrmfjteak ao haktmkts– ek suhl j wjy tljt j njtmwjy ta pmrsakjf pawmr hjk gm apmkmi. Akm ao tlm cjek rmjsaks E daekmi tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt wjs ta ukhavmr tlm smhrmts ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. Ylm eimjs ecpfemi ek Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms wrettmk Jknfms wrettmk gy Cehljmf J. Jqueka oar ekhfuseak ek Jktak Wetujfs (Jvak, :5>7) ojshekjtmi cm js j senk Fj_my―s gaa` Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs (Jvak, ao tlm nrmjt jkhemkt trjieteaks wlasm ‖senkjturm– wjs j kekmoafi senk4 79>

79<

‖Jotmrwmeri Jotmrwmeri–– gy Xtmplmk M. Ofawmrs, Rl.I.

kmtmru,, tlm _jf`kôtr ao tlm Mkkmji ao tlm Mnyptejk kmtmru ao tlm jkhemkt Aiekeh Kartl, tlm Mkkmjnrjc ao tlm Hmktrjf Jsejk Xjrcaun Gratlmrlaai jff law11 Yles gaa` tmffs tljt stary ek vmry smmcmi ta cm ta gm fek`mi’gut law prjhtehjf tmrcs, tmrcs tljt jrm usmouf ta ta tlm rmjimr. Ylm apmrjtevm smhrmts rmvmjfmi ek tles gaa` haufi kat ljvm gmmk rmvmjfmi jt tles tecm gy jkyakm mfsm gut Yagy Hljppmff. Js prmsmkt Nrjki Cjstmr ao tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt―s Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei, lm ljs tlm ukequm jutlarety jki ecprecjtur ta ia tles war`. Xa tles wjs kat jk mxpaså ao smhrmts tljt tlm Arimr iei kat wjkt ta fmt nmt aut. Et es j fmssak ta j warfi rmjiy ta gmkmoet orac et. Jkatlmr ecpartjkt tlekn yau weff ljvm mxpmremkhmi ek tlm stuiy ao tles gaa` es jk eksenlt ekta law jff nrmjt trjieteaks jrm oarcmi, jki law mvmk tlm nrmjt trjieteaks ao tlm mfirethl pjst wmrm oarcmi jt tlm ijwk ao tecm. Rsmuia-trjieteaks tljt sprekn orac tlm omrtefm ecjnekjteaks ao seknfm ekieveiujfs rjrmfy stjki tlm tmst ao tecm. Ylmy cjy jppmjf ta j haktmcparjry juiemkhm oar j wlefm, gut mvmktujffy tlmy ojim, ar jrm trjksoarcmi gy sugsmqumkt nmkmrjteaks ekta sljpms jki cakstrasetems tljt tlmer oaukimr waufi ljrify rmhankezm. Ek tlm nmkmses ao tlm cjtmrejf yau oeki ek tles gaa`, tlmrm es j spjk ao jgaut akm hmktury’orac Favmhrjot ta Fj_my, ta Jqueka, ta Ofawmrs, ta ^mgg, ta Ljriy, jki sa ak, ta j wlafm rjknm ao tlek`mrs jki stuimkts. Yles es tlm gfaacekn ao tljt Ujk`mm Wasm. Mjhl haktregutar ta tlm raat eimj jiimi sacmtlekn wlehl akfy tljt ekiev ekieveiujf eiujf wjs hjpjgfm ao jiie jiiekn. kn. Et wjs jk ukoafi ukoafiekn ekn ao j smmi hakhmpt orac gmyaki. Yles gaa` ljs cjky ao ets oaukijteaks ek Fmot-Ljki Rjtl trjieteaks. Ylmrm jrm fmnetecjtm ijknmrs fek`mi tlm jhtujf Fmot-Ljki Rjtl. Lmrm E ia kat spmj` ao tlasm ijknmrs ecjnekmi gy tlm supmrsteteaus, gut ao tlm jhtujf ijknmrs pasmi gy stmppekn autseim ao supmrsteteak jki secpfm ojetl ek uksmmk jki ukmxpmremkhmi tlekns. Ylmsm ijknmrs hjk gm jvaeimi gy j ieshepfekmi jpprajhl jki j oerc oaukijteak ek pmrsakjf Eketejteak. Oar j nmkmrjf lestary jki jkjfyses ao vjreaus Fmot-Ljki Rjtl shlaafs, smm cy Faris ao tlm Fmot-Ljki Fmo t-Ljki Rjtl (Ekkmr Rjtl (Ekkmr Yrjieteaks, 72:7). gaa` Faris gaa` E weff fmjvm tlm rmjimr wetl tles oekjf pmrsakjf rmofmhteak. Ek tlm pjnms ao tles gaa` wm ljvm jk mxpfjkjteak ao tlm aot-smmk ‖Xmjf ao Wðkj–0 ek ets

Jotmrwm Jotm rwmeri eri–– gy Xtm Xtmplmk plmk M. Ofawm Ofawmrs, rs, Rl.I.

795

herhfm jki kekm fekms es tlm succjteak ao jk mkterm plefasaply. Et es tlm greinm gmtwmmk jff warfis jki tlm jpmrturm gmtwmmk tlm pjtls ao lucjk imvmfapcmkt. Yj`m hjrm ao et, jki et weff tj`m hjrm ao yau. E―� ��―��

X�� M. O��, R�.I., stuiemi Nmrcjkeh jki Hmfteh plefafany jki rmfeneaus lestary jt tlm ]kevmrsety ao Ymxjs jt Justek jki jt tlm ]kevmrsety ao Nÿtteknmk, ^mst Nmrcjky. Lm rmhmevmi les Rl.I. ek :5<9 ek Nmrcjkeh Cjneh eh . Fjknujnms jki Cmiemvjf Xtuiems wetl j iessmrtjteak mktetfmi Wukm mktetfmi Wukmss jki Cjn Lm es tlm jutlar ao kucmraus gaa`s, ekhfuiekn Arenekjf Cjneh, Ehmfjkieh Cjneh, Wukm Cenlt (ukimr les cjnehjf kjcm Mirmi Ylarssak Ylarssak),), Ylm Orjtmrketjs Xjturke4 Lestary, Lestar y, Iahtr I ahtrekm, ekm, jki Wetu Wetujfs jfs ao tlm Cjn Cjnehjf ehjf Arimr ao tlm Gratlmrlaai ao Xjtur X jturk, k, Faris ao tlm Fmo Fmot-Ljki t-Ljki Rjtl4 Oargeiim Oa rgeiimkk Rrjhtehm Rrjhtehmss jki Xper Xperetujf etujf Lmrmsems Lmrmsems.. jki Faris jki

LM J RRMKIEHMX Y LM

EKYWAI]HYEAK YA YLM JRRMKIEHMX Et es ecpassegfm ta havmr tlm mktermty ao tlm lestary, imvmfapcmkt jki usms ao tlm Kekm Jknfms ek j seknfm vafucm. Ylm sex jppmkiehms tljt oaffaw sljrm gatl sacm ao tlm oaukijteakjf war`s js wmff js jiieteakjf rmsaurhms tljt weff rmvmjf carm ao tlm rehl lestary ao eimjs tljt cmmt tlmer ukequm syktlmses ek tlm Kekm Jknfms js prmsmktmi ek tles gaa`. Jff jppmkiex cjtmrejf rmprektmi lmrm jppmjrs wetl tlm èki pmrcesseak ao tlm rmspmhtevm jutlars. ‖Favmhrjotejk Wetujf– (Jppmkiex J) wjs wrettmk gy Cehljmf Jqueka Kyhtjfaps #:2. ek rmspaksm ta jk jrtehfm jgaut Favmhrjot jki Xjtjkesc ek Kyhtjfaps #:2. ‖Favmhrjotejk Wetujf– rmvmjfs cuhl jgaut tlm herhucstjkhms tljt fmi ta Wetujfs . Ylm tlm hrmjteak ao tlm twa Favmhrjotejk retms ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs. jrtehfm ieshussms Favmhrjot―s jttetuim tawjri tlm ahhuft, jki law les war` hjk kak kakmtlmfmss mtlmfmss smrvm js jk moomh moomhtevm tevm eksperjteak oar jhtujf ahhuft mxpfarjteaks ek tlm ljkis ao j `kawfminmjgfm prjhteteakmr. Yles jrtehfm es jfsa tlm akfy prmveausfy pugfehfy jvjefjgfm jkjfyses ao sacm ao tlm feknuesteh cystmrems gmleki tlm Uunnatleh fjknujnm hrmjtmi oar tlmsm retujfs. Ek tlm fjtm :5<2s, jt tlm lmenlt ao tlm Xjtjkeh Rjkeh ek tlm ]ketmi Xtjtms, Xtmplmk Ofawmrs gmnjk ta iust aoo sacm fakn-iarcjkt jspmhts ao Gegfm jki Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs. Wetujfs . Xjtjkeh prjhtehm js havmrmi ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Gegfm jki Wukms,, tlm prevjtm daurkjf ao Cjky ao tlmsm jkjfysms wmrm pugfeslmi ek Wukms tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei wetlek tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt. Orac les hakvmrsjteaks wetl Jqueka hakhmrkekn tlm arenek jki senkeoehjkhm ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, Ofawmrs wratm j omw jiieteakjf jrtehfms mxpfarekn tles systmc. Ekspermi gy tles rmkmwmi ektmrmst, Jqueka wratm les ‖Haccmktjry ak tlm Xmjf ao tlm Kekm Jknfms– (Jppmkiex G) js jk mxpfjkjteak ao tlm immp Rytljnarmjk ekofumkhm ak tlm Kekm Jknfms ek les arenekjf hakhmpteak, hjst tlraunl tlm jmstlmtehs ao Favmhrjot jki cjnehjf tmhlkafany ao Xjtjkesc. 7=7

Ektraiuhteak Ektraiu hteak ta tlm Jppmk Jppmkiehms iehms

7=8

Ylm oerst pugfeslmi wretekn ao Ofawmrs ak tlm Kekm Jknfms, ‖Ylm Kekm Jknfms ao tlm Xmjf– (Jppmkiex H) oahusmi ak trjhekn tlm Jknfms jki aremktekn tlmc ek tecm jki spjhm. Lmrm lm hjsts tlm Jknfms oar tlm oerst tecm js tlm smmi ao j hacpfmtm cjnehjf systmc, jhtekn js j taaf oar ukimrstjkiekn law tlm praiuhts ao tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm hacm ekta Gmekn, jki law tlmy rmfjtm ta tlm cukijkm jki fekmjr prahmssms jt war` wetlek wetl ek tlm agdmhtevm uke ukevmrsm. vmrsm. Lm fjtmr oaffawmi tle tless jr jrtehfm tehfm wetl tlm Walz4 Ylm Hyhfm ao Kekm–* carm imtjefmi jki spmhufjtevm ‖_―Uk`-lm ‖_―Uk`-lm Walz4 (:557), wlehl ektraiuhmi tlm hakhmpt ao `mywaris oar tlm Jknfms, jki oahusmi ak tlm rmfjteakslep ao tlm Jknfms ta tlm ekkmr jki autmr rekns ao tlm Xmjf ao Wðkj. Imvmfapcmkts ek tlm Kekm Jknfms wmrm haktregutmi gy cjky wetlek tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei. Akm ao tlm carm pravahjtevm haktreguteaks es ‖@mystakm– gy Rjtty Ljriy (Jppmkiex I), wla wjs fjtmr ta smrvm gatl js Nrjki Cjstmr ao tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei (:55<‘722:) jki tlmk Lenl Rremstmss ao tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt (7229‘72:8). ‖@mystakm– oahusms ak tlm cjtlmcjtehjf rmfjteaksleps mkhaimi ek tlm Kekm Jknfms jki Xmjf ao Wðkj, jki tlm moomhts tljt tlm stuiy ao cjtlmcjtehjf rmsakjkhms ljvm ak tlm lucjk psyhlm. Ek j cehrahasceh smksm, j cytleh hascanaky (ar caimf tljt imshregms tlm arenek ao tlm ukevmrsm, wlmtlmr shemkteoeh, cytlehjf, ar j gfmki ao gatl) mxprmssms tlm wjy tljt tlaunlts, eimjs, jki jhteaks hacm ekta gmekn. Ylm rehlfy imtjefmi hrmjteak ao tlm warfi imshregmi ek tlm Miijss mkhaims cjky ao tlm eimjs tljt oarc tlm gjses ao tlm Kartlmrk Miij Nmrcjkeh Yrjieteak. Ylm ‖Jknufjr Jfhlmcy– smhteak ao Xtmplmk Ofawmrs―s ‖Ylm Jfhlmcy ao Unnirjseff– (Jppmkiex M) jkjfyzms tlm are nek ao Øòekk’jki tlm passegefety oar atlmr fevekn tlekns ta gmhacm ouffy smfo-jwjrm jki haksheaus’ek tmrcs ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, slawekn atlmr cjkeomstjteaks ao tlmsm harm prekhepfms wetlek gut kat gauki ta j pjrtehufj pjrteh ufjrr hufturj hufturjff cjtre cjtrex. x. *Oerst prmsmktmi ta tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt jt ets :557 Ektmrkjteakjf Hakhfjvm ek Ijkvmrs, Cjssjhlusmtts (mxjhtfy tlrmm lukirmi ymjrs oaffawekn tlm Xjfmc êthl Yrejfs, wlmk tlm tawk wjs tlmk `kawk js Xjfmc _effjnm). Ylm jrtehfm es prmsmktfy akfy jvjefjgfm ek tlm jrhlevms ao tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei.

7=9

Ektraiuhteak ta tlm Jppmkiehms

Ylm usm ao j cjnehjf fjknujnm hrmjtmi spmheoehjffy oar Favmhrjotejk jki Jknufjr cjneh wjs j vetjf hacpakmkt ao tlm moomhtevmkmss ao Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms jki Jknfms jki Ylm Hjff ta Htluflu. Htluflu . Hljptmr ? jki Jppmkiex G ieshuss tlm arenekjf hrmjteak ao tlm Uunnatleh fjknujnm jki tlm hakseimrjteaks tljt wmkt ekta ets imvmfapcmkt. ^ljt wjs cessekn orac o rac tles jfemk j femk fjknujnm, fjkn ujnm, akfy jppraxecjtmfy jppraxecjtmfy prakaukhmjgfm gy lucjk taknums, wjs jk jfpljgmt tljt hakvmymi tlm sjcm smksm ao cystmry jki utefezmi tlm Fjw ao tlm Yrjpmzaei js j imsenk prekhepfm ta ojhefetjtm tlm kmhmssjry moomhts ak tlm lucjk psyhlm. ^lefm wm jrm usmi ta mxprmssekn j weim vjremty ao fjknujnms (wetl vjryekn imnrmms ao moomhtevmkmss) wetl tlm Fjtek jfpljgmt, ek tlm immpmr pjst fjknujnms aotmk usmi jk jfpljgmt tljt wjs spmheoeh ta tljt fjknujnm jki carm prmhesmfy cjthlmi tlm plakmcms (ekieveiujf saukis) usmi ek tljt fjknujnm. Ywmkty ymjrs jotmr tlm arenekjf pugfehjteak ao tlm Favmhrjotejk retms Wetujfs , j cmcgmr ao tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei kjcmi ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, Xer Ycytlas (Yecatly ChNrjkjljk) hrmjtmi jki pugfeslmi jk jfplj gmt spmheoehjffy imsenkmi oar usm wetl tlm Uunnatleh fjknujnm. Yles jfpljgmt, iuggmi tlm W―yfmlejk jfpljgmt, es nevmk ek Jppmkiex O slawekn gatl tlm ljkiwrettmk jki prektmi vmrseaks.

JRRMKIE\ J

A _MHWJOYEJK W EY]JF E Y]JF F A_MHWJOYEJK G� C�� J��, R�.I.

Et wjs ek akm ao tlasm scjff, custy gaa`slaps fekekn Laffywaai Kyhtjfaps #:2, Gaufmvjri tljt E hjcm jhrass j hapy ao tlm Kyhtjfaps #:2, sjkiwehlmi raunlfy ekta j slmfo gmtwmmk jk :<5= mieteak ao Ylm @ekn ek Umffaw jki Umffaw jki j rjtlmr imhrmpet-faaèkn gaa` fjgmfmi Zjkaak-m-Esfjc fjgmfmi Zjkaak-m-Esfjc.. Fmjoekn tlraunl Kyhtjfaps,, E wjs pfmjsjktfy surpresmi ta mkhauktmr Wag Laffes Ceffmr―s Kyhtjfaps pravahjtevm jki pmrhmptevm jr jrtehfm tehfm ‖Favmhrjo ‖Favmhrjott jki Xjtj Xjtjkesc.– kesc.– Ylmrmek E oauki cysmfo quatmi twehm’akhm orac cy ektraiuhteak ta Jktak Xzjkiar Fj_my―s Ylm Xjtjkeh Gegfm, Gegfm , jki jnjek vej mxhmrpts orac tlm L. R. Favmhrjot mssjy jki retujfs wlehl E wratm oar Fj_my―s Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfss. Ceffmr―s jkjfyses ao gatl tlm mssjy jki tlm retujfs wjs jicerjgfm, Wetujf Kyhtjfaps jk sa cuhl sa tljt E imheimi ta aoomr Kyhtjfaps jk mxhfusevm mxpaså ak tlm jhtujf stary gmleki tljt cjtmrejf. Iurekn :5>:‘>7, wlefm Jktak Fj_my wjs wretekn/jssmcgfekn tlm Wetujfs, lm ekvetmi cm ta hakatlmr mssjys jki retujfs oar Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, lm tregutm j Favmhrjotejk smhteak ta gm ekhfuimi ek tljt gaa`. E jhhmptmi, gut E saak oauki tljt E lji ukimrtj`mk ka scjff tjs`. Favmhrjot―s starems jgauki ek rmomrmkhms ta les cakstraus nais, gut ao jhtujf ‖kjcmfmss retms jki ukspmj`jgfm arnems– tlmrm jrm omw imtjefmi imshrepteaks. Xuhl Kyhtjfaps #:8 Arenekjffy pugfeslmi ek Kyhtjfaps #:8 PCjy :5>>S, jki ekhfuimi ek tlm jppmkiehms ao Jqueka―s Ylm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk.

7=== 7=

7=?

Jppmkiex J

retujfs js jrm imshregmi jt fmkntl’js ek ‖Ylm Larrar jt Wmi Laa`,– ‖Ylm Omstevjf,– jki ‖Ecpresakmi wetl tlm Rljrjals–’jrm rmpartmi gy larreoemi, enkarjkt akfaa`mrs. Ylmk, taa, tlmrm wmrm hakhmptujf pragfmcs tljt waufi ljvm ta gm jiirmssmi. ^ljt wjs tlm Favmhrjotejk hascafanehjf systmc, jki law iei tlm kateak ao ‖nais– oet ekta et1 ^ly slaufi suhl ‖nais– gm warsleppmi gy lucjk gmekns jt jff’pjrtehufjrfy eo tlmy wmrm cjfenkjkt1 ^js ^ js LRF mxprmssekn hak haktmcpt tmcpt oar lucjkety gy efeffustrjtekn fustrjtekn ets cargei imserms oar smfo-agfetmrjteak, ar wjs lm hrmjtekn j carm sugtfm jki hac pfmx plefasaply plefasaply11 Orac Favmhrjot―s awk fmttmrs jki kak-oehteak mssjys, et es mveimkt tljt lm irmw j sljrp fekm gmtwmmk cytlafany jki rmjfety. Ek j :58= fmttmr ta Mcef Rmtjdj, oar mxjcpfm, lm iesjvawmi les gmfemo ek jky oarc ao tlm supmrkjturjf jki jrnumi tljt tlm ukevmrsm es secpfy j praiuht ao rjkiac oarhm/cjttmr cutjteaks. ^ly, E wakimrmi, waufi sa jijcjkt j cjtmrejfest imvatm sa cuhl mooart ta tlm hrmjteak ao j kmw gaiy ao fetmrjry cytlafany1 Agveausfy kat oar cakmy, kar iei LRF vjukt les starems oar tlmer jrtesteh cmret. Ylm nmkmrjf mxpfjkjteak nevmk aut gy tlm ‖Favmhrjot Herhfm–’tljt lm wratm oar pmrsakjf jcusmcmkt jki wetl jt fmjst sacm haccmrhejf jcgeteak’es ukhakvekhekn (jt fmjst ta cm). Ylmrm es jk jtcasplmrm ao sekhmrety ek les starems tljt trjkshmkis cmrm yjrk-spekkekn. Ek ojht, et es tles vmry qujfety ao jutlarejf hakvehteak wlehl sa cjr`mify smpjrjtms LRF orac les ieshepfms jki ecetjtars, wlasm starems, hfmvmr js tlmy cjy gm, jrm ekstjktfy eimkteoejgfm js ‖ dust– starems. (Mxhmpteaks jrm jutlars suhl js Hafek êfsak wla usm tlm tmhlkequm ao tlm Favmhrjotejk kavmf ta effustrjtm jki mxpfarm tlmer awk plefasaplehjf lypatlmsms.) Yles qujfety ao hakvehteak ek Favmhrjot―s ‖oehteak– hjkkat gm avmrmcpljsezmi. Et es tlm smhrmt ao tljt jutlar―s plmkacmkjf papufjrety wetl gatl rmjimrs jki waufi-gm ecetjtars. Et jfsa mxpfjeks wly cast ao tlasm sjcm ecetjtars ljvm ojefmi ta njek mqujf papufjrety. J secefjr qujfety ao Wekns orac jutlarejf hakvehteak iesteknueslms Yafèmk―s Fari ao tlm Wekns orac ets cjky ecetjteaks, et cjy gm jiimi. Jkatlmr ukequm hljrjhtmresteh ao Favmhrjot―s starems es tlmer mxtrjarmxtrjar -

Fa�mhrjo Fa� mhrjotejk tejk Wetuj Wetujff

7=>

iekjry imtjef jki prmheseak orac j shemkteoeh jki shmkeh stjkipaekt. Feknuesteh iejfmhts, lestareh ijtj, nmanrjpleh vestjs, jki jgstrjht tlmarems jrm rmoekmi sa sljrpfy js ta rmiuhm pfats ta smhakijry ecpartjkhm. (Akfy ^jri , E tlek`, iei LRF cjhlekm tlm ek Ylm Hjsm ao Hljrfms Imxtmr ^jri , pfat etsmfo ta hacpjrjgfm imnrmm0 tlm t lm usm ao tecmi rmfmjsm rmfmj sm ao ekoarcjteak, ofjslgjh`s, jki pfat nraukiwar` ek tljt kavmf es greffejkt. Hacpjrm et @jijtl , ek wlehl tlm smqumkhm ao tlm ta Ylm Irmjc-Zumst ao ]k`kawk @jijtl, vjreaus mpesaims es e s rmfjtevmfy rmfjt evmfy ukecpartjkt, uk ecpartjkt, tlm strmss gmekn g mekn ak tlm t lm vesujf ve sujf ecjnmry etsmfo. etsmfo.)) Ylm pjrjiax ao Favmhrjot―s pmrsakjf cjtmrejfesc jki vevei wretekn wjs praoaukify iest iesturgekn urgekn ta cm. Jki et scjh`mi ao ekhaksestmkhy js wmff4 Eo E o LRF wmrm sa oercfy o ercfy hakvekhmi tljt tlm ukevmrsm u kevmrsm jki ets hak haktmkts tmkts jrm cmrmfy cmhljkehjf, law haufi lm jhhaukt oar les cmktjf vesujfezjteak ao mktetems, agdmhts, jki prahmssms autseim tljt cmhljkehjf arimr1 (Hakseimr mspmhejffy tlm plefasaplehjf smqumkhms ek ‖Ylm Xefvmr @my– jki ‖Ylraunl tlm Njtms ao tlm Xefvmr @my.–) Jrm kat suhl hakhmpts sa jfemk ta tlm ektmnrjf syccmtry ao kjturjf fjw js ta trutlouffy gm eimkteoemi js veafjteaks ao tlmc1 Rmrljps tlm jkswmr es tljt Favmhrjot ekimmi spa`m les trum ceki ek les starems’gut kat rmfjtevm ta tlm agdmhtevm, kjturjf warfi wlehl aur smksms ecprmss upak us. Wjtlmr les oahus es ekwjri’tawjri tlm pawmr ao tlm lucjk ceki ta hakhmevm jki hrmjtm kak-kjturjf plmkacmkj jki ta ecgum tlasm plmkacmkj wetl sugdmhtevm mxestmkhm. Ylm sugdmhtevm eimjfesc tlmarems ao D. N. Oehltm, tlm agdmhtevm eimjfesc ‖smqumf– ao Lmnmf, jki tlm carm rmhmkt plmkacmkafany ao Lussmrf (hetmi gy Hafek êfsak, wlasmm awk Ylm Autseimr swekns wlas swekns j cmjk mxestmktejfest hfug) jrm pmrtekmkt rmomrmkhms. Xuhl jk ektmrprmtjteak waufi jhhaukt oar tlm nreppekn rmjfesc ao tlm Favmhrjot starems, wlefm kat haktrjiehtekn tlmer jutlar―s haktmkteak tljt tlmy wmrm kat ta gm tj`mk js partrjets ao agdmhtevm rmjfety. E imheimi ta put cy tlmary ta tlm tmst gy hakstruhtekn j Favmhrjotejk retujf r etujf tljt waufi stecufjtm tlm t lm kak-kjturjf, kak-kjturjf, hrmjtevm/vesuhrmjtevm/vesujfezekn jgefetems ao tlm lucjk ceki. E gmnjk ta raunl aut tlm tmxt oar Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. Jknfms . Jki eccmiejtmfy E wjs jwjrm tljt sacmtlekn mfsm wjs wrakn.

7=<

Jppmkiex J

Eo tlm hmrmcaky wmrm tlmarmtehjffy imsenkmi gy lucjks oar lucjks ta effustrjtm vmkmrjteak ao j Favmhrjotejk nai, tlmk tlm Mknfesl fjknujnm (ar jky atlmr lucjk taknum) waufi kat gm ekjppraprejtm. Gut tlm gjseh jssucpteak ao tlm Favmhrjot cytlafany wjs tljt suhl nais’ar, akm cenlt sjy, ‖nai-mktetems ao tlm sughaksheaus ceki–’wmrm cmktjf hrmjteaks prear ta tlm imvmfapcmkt ao fanehjf rmjsakekn prahmssms pmr sm4 tlm s paktjkmaus praiuht ao precmvj precmvjf,f, kak-arimrmi len lenll ektmf ektmffen fenmkhm. mkhm. (Jk mxhmffmkt effustrjteak ao tles wjs tlm ukhjkkefy Favmhrjotejk cakstmr hrmjtmi gy tlm Ei ao Ir. Cargeus ek tlm :5=? oefc Oargeiimk Rfjkmt .).) Ylm seknfm cast mssmktejf omjturm ao jky hevefezjteak es ets fjknujnm. Akhm j systmc ao haccukehjteak ljs gmmk mstjgfeslmi, jff mfsm oaffaws0 et es secpfy j cjttmr ao tecm. Ya jpprajhl tljt spmhejf qujfety ao jutlmktehety oauki ek Favmhrjot―s awk war`, tlmrmoarm, Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms waufi Jknfms waufi ljvm ta gm hacpasmi ek kak-lucjk fjknujnm, effustrjtm kak-lucjk hakhmpts, jvaei agdmhtevm pjttmrks ao faneh, jki gm gmwefimreknfy mkencjteh ek ets avmrjff purpasm. Jt tlm sjcm tecm tlmrm waufi gm ka paekt ek rmiuhekn tlm tmxt ta hacpfmtm kaksmksm, mfsm tlm ‖karcjf– rmjimr waufi oeki et vjfumfmss js j prjhtehjf taaf ao hmrmcakejf cjneh. Xa E smt aut ta hrmjtm j Favmhrjotejk fjknujnm. Ylm pjttmrk, ao haursm, es ta gm oauki ek LRF―s ojcaus ekhjktjteak orac ‖Ylm Hjff ao Htluflu–4 ‖Rl―knfue cnfw―kjol Htluflu W―fyml wnjl―kjnf oltjnk.– Ylm Ylm mxpjkseak ao tles pjttmrk ekta j feknuesteh gjsm oar j hacpfmtm retujf tmxt es kat js ieooehuft js akm cenlt suspmht4 et es mssmktejffy j qumsteak ao hrmjtekn jrteoehejf waris ta cjthl Mknfesl waris ar plrjsms, wlehl hjk gm jhhacpfeslmi gy sacm ojerfy rjkiac jhharieak-pfjyekn ak j typmtypm wretmr `mygaj `mygajri. ri. Ylmk j kakkak-lucjk lucjk qujf qujfety ety ta tlm vahjf jki cmktjf/ vahjf rmkieteak ao tlm waris es hrmjtmi gy tlm duxt duxtjpaseteak jpaseteak ao vawmfs, haksakjkts, ijslms, jki jpastraplms ek suhl j wjy js ta ecpjer’gut kat mktermfy prmvmkt’lucjk uttmrjkhm. Feknuesteh haksestmkhy haksestmkhy wjs jhlemvmi gy tlm cjkuojhturm ao jrteoehejf jrteo ehejf imhfmkseaks jki hakdunjteaks oar hmrtjek `my kauks jki vmrgs, js wmff js gy haksestmkt usm ao rmpmjtmi waris jki plrjsms tlraunlaut tlm tmxt. Mspmhejf hjrm wjs tj`mk wetl rmnjri ta tlm jppmjrjkhm jki sauki ao

Fa�mhrjo Fa� mhrjotejk tejk Wetu Wetujf jf

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spmheoeh tmrcs ao ukusujf ecpartjkhm, jki E wjs mkaunl ao j prjk`stmr ta fjhm tlm tmxt wetl agshurm rmomrmkhms, leiimk cmjkekns, jki autrenlt sjterms. J vmry omw ao tlmsm ljvm gmmk numssmi, gut j hacpfmtm imhaiekn ljs kmvmr gmmk prektmi. Mvmk Jktak Fj_my es ukjwjrm ao tles ‖retujf Kyhtjfaps rmjimrs, tlmk, cjy gm tlm oerst ta rmjffy gmleki tlm retujf.– Kyhtjfaps ukimrstjki tles pjrtehufjr iumt ao ‖kjcmfmss retms.– (Rjrmktlmtehjffy E cjy jii tljt tlm haktravmrsejf Mknfesl cjnehejk Jfmestmr Hrawfmy usmi j secefjr fjknujnm-hrmjteak tmhlkequm oar sacm ao les awk ekhjktjteaks, gjsmi upak tlm Mkahlejk ar Jknmfeh fjknujnm jppmjrekn ek tlm iejrems ao Dalk Imm. Hrawfmy―s tjs` wjs sacmwljt mjsemr tljk cekm, sekhm tlm :5 Mkahlejk @mys jfrmjiy praveimi lec wetll j sugstj wet sugstjktej ktejff vahjgu vahjgufjr fjryy jki sacm nrj nrjccjte ccjtehj hjff tmhl tmhlkequm. kequm. Lm lji cmrmfy ta hjtjfanum tlm waris, hrmjtm j omw kmw akms js imsermi, jki guefi les kmw ekhjktjteaks orac tles ‖iehteakjry.– Ya smm law tlm arenekjf Mkahlejk ukimrwmkt pmreaieh rmveseak, smm (ek tles arimr) Cmreh J Yrum Yrum jki Ojetlouf Wmfjteak ao ^ljt Rjssmi oar Cjky C jky Umjrs Hjsjugak―s J Hjsjugak―s Gmtwmmk Gmtw mmk Ir. Dalk Imm jki Xacm Xpere Xperets, ts, Esrjmf Esrjmf Wmnjriem―s Ylm Nafimk Ijwk, Jfmestmr Ijwk, Gegfm.) Jfmestmr Hrawfmy―s Mquekax Hrawfmy―s Mquekax,, jki Jktak Fj_my―s Xjtjkeh Gegfm.) Ylm Mknfesl trjksfjteak ta Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms es imsenkmi ta gm rmji prear ta tlm hakiuht ao tlm hmrmcaky etsmfo, sa tljt pjrtehepjkts pjr tehepjkts we weffff gm jwjrm ao tlm hakhmpts jhtu jhtujf jffy fy mkukhejtmi ek tlm Uunnatleh taknum iurekn tlm hmrmcaky prapmr. Xuhl `kawfminm, hac gekmi wetl tlm mcateakjf, kaklucjk moomhts ao tlm spa`mk Uunnatleh, grekns tlm retujf ta ets ouff moomht. Ylm smttekn jki vesujf prmpjrjteak ao tlm pjrtehepjkts pmr tlm ekstruhteaks jrm mqujffy ecpartjkt. ^ljt cjky jrchljer cjnehejks ia kat ukimrstjki es tljt, kat ukfe`m Xlj`mspmjrm―s pfjys, cjn cjnehj ehjff retuj retujfsfs jrm gatl uke ukecprmssevm cprmssevm jki ecpatmkt ak pjpmr. Ylmy cust gm pmroarcmi ek tlm ofmsl. Hretehs, kavmfests, jki ‖stuimkts– rjrmfy iespfjy tlm haurjnm, mkmrny, ar ektmffenmkhm kmhmssjry ta jhlemvm suhhmss wetl j cjnehjf retujf. Jki sa tlmy lukhl avmr tlmer typmwretmrs, nfjrm jt Ylm Cjnus, Ylm Xjhrmi Cjneh ao Jgrj-Cmfek, ar Ylm Fetjky ao Wj,, jki imkaukhm et js supmrsteteaus kaksmksm. Ylmrmek tlmy imcak Wj strjtm tlmer tlmer awk sap saplestry’jki lestry’jki nujrjktmm n ujrjktmm tljt tlmer wretekns weff we ff kmv kmvmr mr mva`m tlm pawmr ao hakvehteak sa mjsefy jhlemvmi gy L. R. Favmhrjot.

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Jppmkiex J

Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms Jknfms taa` jgaut twa caktls ta rmsmjrhl, wretm, jki rmvesm. Xacm smqumkhms faa`mi sjtesojhtary ak pjpmr, ymt ojefmi oje fmi ek prjhtehm. Ylm hacpfmtmi hmrmcak hmrmcakyy wjs smkt ta Jktak Fj_ Fj_my ek Xjk Orjkhesha, jki j slart tecm fjtmr lm js`mi cm ta gjfjkhm tlm ‖oerm– ecpjht ao tlm tmxt wetl j ‖wjtmr– retujf ekvaèkn Htluflu. Xekhm tlm Uunnatleh fjknujnm wjs kaw rmjiy jt ljki, et wjs gut j wmm`―s war` Htluflu . ta praveim Ylm Hjff ta Htluflu. Gmoarm mcgjrèkn upak j imhaiekn ao tlm twa retujf tmxts, E slaufi fe`m ta rmspaki ta oaur pravahjtevm paekts rjesmi gy Cr. Ceffmr ek les Kyhtjfaps jrtehfm4 Kyhtjfaps jrtehfm4 Ylm haccmkt ek cy Favmhrjot ektraiuhteak ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs jgaut ‖Favmhrjot gmekn jwjrm ao retms kat quetm “kjcmfmss― . . . aotmk eimktehjf ta jhtujf hmrmcakejf prahmiurm . . . jrauki tlm turk ao tlm fjst hmktury– wjs jiimi ta cy tmxt gy Jktak Fj_my prear ta tlm gaa`―s pugfehjteak. Js ojr js E jc hakhmrk hakhmrkmi, mi, et es jk uknraukimi stjtmcmk stjtmcmkt.t. Orac LRF―s fmttmrs jki hakvmrsjteaks wm `kaw ao tlm ecpjht tljt les ‖irmjc-retujf– mxpmremkhms mxmrtmi ak les oehteakjf tlmcms, gut kawlmrm es tlmrm mveimkhm tljt les starems wmrm ekofumkhmi gy haktmcparjry cjnehjf sahemtems. Ek ojht lm wjs apmkfy haktmcptuaus ao gatl tlm cjnehjf fetmrjturm jvjefjgfm ek les ijy (smm les fmttmr ta êffes Hakavmr ao >/75/8?) jki ekieveiujfs wla jvawmi tlmcsmfvms prjhtehekn cjnehejks (fmttmr ta Mcef Rmtjdj ao 8/?/8=). Lji lm tj`mk tlm traugfm ta faa` gmyaki tlm Mquekax, Hjsjugak―s J gaa`s ao Walcmr, ^jetm, jki Fmve ta Hrawfmy―s Mquekax, Hjsjugak―s J Yrum jki Ojetlouf Wmfjteak ao ^ljt Rjssmi oar Cjky Umjrs Gmtwmmk Ir. Dalk Imm jki Xacm Xperets, Xperets, ar ar Guinm―s hacpefjteaks ao Mnyptejk cjnehjf tmxts, lm cenlt wmff ljvm caieoemi les fetmrjry vemw. Jki lji lm jhtujffy ekvmstenjtmi tlm prjhtehms ao tlm J ∹ J∹, tlm Nrmmk Rjkn & :9@ Yrejis ao Hlekj, ar tlm Ylufm Nmsmffshljot ao prm-Kjze Nmrcjky, les shark oar prjhtehekn cjnehejks jfsa cenlt ljvm jgjtmi. E tlek` tl ek` wm hjk jssucm tljt t ljt Favmhrjot―s prmduiehm ek tlmsm jrmjs imrevms orac les haktjht wetl Ljrry Lauieke, wlasm iesnust wetl tlm orjuiufmkt smjkhms jki stjnm-cjneh ao tlm ijy wjs shjrhmfy j smhrmt. Ek tlm hjsm ao tlm cjk wla akhm njvm tljk`s oar tlm ceki―s ekjgefety ta harrmfjtm jff ets haktmkts, et es pmrljps mqujffy cmrheouf tljt j grjek ao les hjfegrm wjs kat mxpasmi ta tlm mxlefj -


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rjtekn stecufe ao jhtujf Gfjh` Cjneh. Mfsm LRF cenlt ljvm fmot cjkèki j fmnjhy ojr carm mstrjknmi orac ‖karcjfhy– tljk les war`s ao oehteak. Cr. Ceffmr qumsteaks cy stjtmcmkt tljt ‖smrvefety es imoeketmfy fjhèkn ek j Favmhrjotejk hmrmcaky– (js appasmi ta tlm hfecjtm ao hakvmkteakjf rmfeneaus agsmrvjkhms). Lm jrnumi tljt ‖cast ao tlm oaffawmrs ao tlasm (LRF) nais wmrm imnmkmrjtm jki enkarjkt.– Ek paekt ao ojht, tlm ieshepfms ao tlm Afi Akms cjy gm smpjrjtmi ekta twa hjtmnarems’tlm ‖ektmffmhtujfs– (m.n., Hurwmk, ^jri, Hjrtmr, Gfj`m, J`mfmy, Rmjsfmy, ‖E–) ]ktmrcmkshlmk usmouf jki tlm ‖suglucjks– (tlm enkarjkt ]ktmrcmkshlmk usmouf akfy oar sfjvmry ar oaai). Eo tles grekns ta ceki tlm Kjzes― secefjr hfjsseoehjteak ao lucjkety, et es kmetlmr jhheimktjf kar surpresekn0 smm hljptmr #? ao im Hjcp―s LRF geanrjply oar j hjkiei mxpaså ao LRF―s rjhejf gmfemos. Ylm cast rmvmjfekn stary jfakn tles fekm es pragjgfy ‖Ylm Larrar jt Wmi Laa`.– Ya cj`m Favmhrjot jhhmptjgfm ta les mnjfetjrejk pugfeh, Junust Imrfmtl iei wljt lm haufi ta pfjy iawk les eiaf― eiaf ―s mfetesc, gut Favmhrjo Favmhrjot―t―ss fmttmrs sunnmst tljt lm taa` tles apekeak wetl lec ta les nrjvm. ‖Hursmi jrm tlmy wla vaehm ekhakvmkemkt trutls, oar tlmy sljff gm nevmk lmcfah` ta irek` . . . ar secpfy gm “rmektmrprmtmi― gy atlmrs.– Et es j fettfm mjsemr ta imjf wetl Cr. Ceffmr―s qumsteak hakhmrkekn tlm afi Xjtjkeh hakhmpt ao ‖Ekiufnmkhm.– êtlek tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk, ‖ekiufnmkhm– wjs kat mqujtmi wetl mxhmss pmr sm. Ylm paekt wjs kat ta nmt seh` gy mjtekn fe`m j lan ar ta gmhacm imfereaus orac j wmm`―s wartl ao arnejsteh smx. Wjtlmr et wjs ta jttjek sacm hakhrmtm ukimrstjkiekn ao jhtujf mxtrmcms ek arimr ta cj`m j rmjsakmi jpprajhl ta jk Jrestatmfejk Cmjk. Js oar ‖wlmrm tlm gmnekkekn hjcm orac,– tljt qumsteak wjs kat Wetujfs , gut et jiirmssmi ek metlmr Ylm Xjtjkeh Gegfm ar Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, wjs imj imjftft wetl ek jk jr jrtehfm tehfm mktetfmi ‖Nmkmses EE– tljt E wratm oar tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk kmwsfmttmr Ylm Hfavmk Laao ek :5>7. Oar jk jkswmr ta tlm pragfmc ao law ‖sacmtlekn cjy gm hrmjtmi aut ao katlekn . . . jki wly– cjy E sunnmst Ljkkms Jf Jfoo våk våk――s ârfis-Jktewarfis4 Jktecjttmr ek Hascafany (^.L. Ormmcjk & Ha., :5??). Js ta tlm hrmjteak ao ektmffenmkhm jnjekst tles tjgfmju, tljt ljs gmmk jiirmssmi ek tmxts kat jvjefjgfm autseim tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt. . . . Kaw ta ym imheplmr―n ao ym Jgacekjteaks orac ym Autmr Xplmrms4

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Jppmkiex J

YLM HMWMCAKU AO YLM KEKM JKNFMX Ylm ‖kekm jknfms– jrm tlm = paekts ao tlm pmktjnrjc jki tlm 9 minmjknfms ao tlm ί-trjpmzaei (imoekmi gy tlm pmktjnak wetlek tlm pmktjnrjc). Ylm pmktjnrjc jki tlm ί-trjpmzaei cjy tlus gm hakseimrmi gatl hacpfmcmktjry jki cutujffy imoeketevm. Ylmarmtehjf smttekn oar tlm hmrmcaky es tlm ‖@ekn―s Hljcgmr– ao tlm Nrmjt Ryrjcei ao Nezj, j struhturm wlasm trum oukhteak ljs kat gmmk hakhfusevmfy mxpfjekmi ta ijtm. Ylm @ekn―s Hljcgmr passmssms ekhakspehuaus, jstrakacehjffy aremktmi fenlt hljkkmfs orac tlm mxtmrear ao tlm Ryrjcei. Yles mkverakcmkt cjy gm jppraxecjtmi ek j retujf hljcgmr tlraunl tlm cerrarekn ao stjrfenlt orac jppraprejtm hakstmffjteaks. ^lmrm tles es kat passegfm, eakezjteak ao tlm jtcasplmrm vej mfmhtrakeh jppjrjtus ar ekiermht uftrjveafmt fenlt cjy gm mcpfaymi. Iestarteak ao rmhankezjgfm lucjk omjturms cjy gm jhhacpfeslmi gy cj`mup, cjs`s, ar ojhm-havmrekns ao kyfak cmsl. Ylm ekieveiujf jki nraup ecpjht ao suhl iestarteak cust gm mxpmremkhmi ta gm jpprmhejtmi. Ylm Xenk ao tlm Larks es jk eimkteoyekn senkjf jcakn Xjtjkests, nevmk gy hfmkhlekn tlm oest jgavm tlm gaiy, wetl tlm ekimx jki fettfm oeknmrs mxtmkimi, ta sycgafezm tlm larks ao tlm Najt ao Cmkims’pjtrak ao tlm jkhemkt Mnyptejk huft-hmktmr ao Gj-kmg-Ymtt, fjtmr harruptmi ekta Gjplacmt, tlm Gjplacmt, tlm Xjtjkeh najt. Ylm oaffawekn tmrcs jrm imoekmi ek tlm arimr ek wlehl tlmy jppmjr ek tlm tmxt. • @e―q 4 ‖lakar– • Jz-Jtlatl4 ‖Jz– orac tlm trjieteakjf ‖Jztfjk– catlmr hauktry ao tlm Jztmhs/Rfjta―s Jtfjktes0 lmkhm ‖Jz-Jtlatl– gmhacms ‖Ylatl (Mnyptejk nai ao cjneh jki wesiac) ao Jtfjktes.– • Mf-j`j nrymkk―l4 ‖ârfi ao Larrars.– ‖Mf– orac tlm precetevm kjcm oar tlm Duijeh/Hlrestejk nai, ‖nrymkk―l– orac ‖nrek–’arenekjffy j ojhejf mxprmsseak ao omjr (gjrmi tmmtl) rjtlmr tljk cmrrecmkt. Hakseimr tlm ‖imjtl nrek– mxpfarmi ek Xjriakehus, Ylm Cjk ^la Fjunls, jki Fjunls, jki sa ak. • Rlrjnk4 Feknuesteh raat oar hakhmpts ao gmekn/mxestekn, jijptmi


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orjn rjncm cmktu ktuc, c, sacmtlekn tljt es gra`mk ar orac tlm Fjtek o ekhacpfmtm. • Oljnk4 Waat oar hakhmpts ao kenlt jki irmjcekn, tj`mk iermhtfy orac tlm LRF ekhjktjteak. • Tyg―kas4 ‖Gaki,– orac tlm Fjtek geke geke.. • _ _uyuy-èk― èk―ml ml4 ‖_– prmoex imkatms passmssevm hjsm ek Uunnatleh, ‖@ek– (jknfm) orac tlm Nrmm` raat oar ‖èkmteh– (haktjekmi) mkmrny. • T―d-c―l4 J kak-lucjk rmkimrekn ao ‖imcak– orac tlm Nrmm` ijecak (‖ievekm speret– ar ‖tutmfjry ievekety–), fjtmr harruptmi ijecak ekta j Lmffesl tmrc gy supmrsteteaus Hlrestejks. J kat-ekjppraprejtm lakareoeh oar tlm Afi Akms . . . • Zuz 4 Waat oar hakhmpts ao imjtl, orac tlm Fjtek quafques quafques (wla). (wla). • @l―rmkn 4 Waat oar gfjh`kmss ar ijr`kmss. • Yy―l kzjf―s4 ‖Laukis– (orac Orjk` Gmf`kjp Fakn―s Ylm Laukis ao Yekijfas). Yekijfas). Fj_my jftmrmi cy arenekjf Mknfesl trjksfjteak ta ‖kenlt njukts,– jppjrmktfy kat smmekn tlm plakmteh tem jki mveimktfy tlekèkn tljt ‖laukis– waufi smmc fmss ecprmssevm (ar Wetujfs). cenlt hfjsl wetl jkatlmr tmxt ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs). • Tlre4 ‖Hry,– tj`mk orac zlra zlra ao ao tlm Imshmkiekn Kaim ekhjktjteak ek Ylm Hjsm ao Hljrfms Imxtmr ^jri . • Kjjnl4 Waat oar ‖Jgyss,– jijptmi orac D.W.W. Yafèmk―s Kjznuf Kçz- prmoex. jki Kçzjki prmoex. (Yrjksfjteak jt akm paekt jftmrmi ta ‖nratta– gy Fj_my.) • O―ukn 4 Waat oar ‖spmj`/spmmhl,– gmekn j kmw trjksfjteak ao tlm tetfm Oukne tetfm Oukne orac Uun unnatl natl.. • ]rmkz 4 ‖Rrekhm– orac tlm lemranfypleh ur (‖nrmjt cjk– ar ‖prekhm–). Katm tlm caieoemr ‖gfjh`– orac tlm haksakjkts ao `l―rmkn (‖ijr`kmss–). (‖ijr`kmss–). • Jmc― Jmc―kl kl 4 ‖Ojtlmr(s),– orac tlm kjcm ao tlm Mnyptejk rjc-nai Jcak. • ^―rjnk 4 Ya fjunl, shrmjc, ar sekn (carm ar fmss mquevjfmkt orac j Nrmjt Afi Akm stjkipaekt!)0 orac ‖rjnm.– • ^ ^―l ―lrmkna rmkna 4 ‖Ymrrar/imfenlt– jki ‖omjr/mhstjsy.– Ylm kateak ao tlm gfmkiekn ao iejcmtreh appasetms es hruhejf ta tles retujf. Xmm

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Jppmkiex J

pjssj nms hakhmrkekn tlm Iwmf pjssjnms Iwmffmr fmr orac Jgrj Jgrjljc ljc Cmrrett―s Caak Raaf (N.R. Rutkjc jki Xaks, :5:5)’gjsmi ek Rakjpm, tlm Cehrakmsejk caimf oar LRF―s W―fyml. • @yka4 ‖êff,– trmjtmi js j vjrejteak ao èkmteh mkmrny. • Lu-mlk4 ‖Kjcm– orac ‖lum– (hafar) orac ‖Ylm Hafar Aut ao Xpjhm.– • U―natl-m4 Orac ‖Uunnatl,– lmrm eimkteoemi wetl tlm Fmot-Ljki Rjtl ao Gfjh` Cjneh. • @yf―i zlmc―k4 ‖Ylasm wetlaut larks,– orac tlm Xjtjkeh tmrc oar cjkèki4 tlm najt wetlaut larks. • Rlrjnk―`j plrjnk4 ‖E jc tljt E jc.– Ylm oerst waris ao Jcak/ Xlug-Kennurjtl upak mvahjteak jki tlus j lekt js ta wla rmjffy jiirmssmi Casms orac tlm gurkekn gusl . . . • Xyk4 Orac ‖sek,– lmrm usmi oar gatl ‖tecm– jki ‖iecmkseak– js jk ektmnrjf haktekuuc. Ylm Oerst Jknfm eimkteoems ekoekety jki tlm hakhmpt ao Jzjtlatl. Ylm Xmhaki Jknfm eimkteoems Uan-Xatlatl. • Tjjk4 ‖Rfjkm,– j tregutm ta LRF―s cjnehjf veafekest. Ylm Yleri Jknfm eimkteoems Kyjrfjtlatmp. êtl tlrmm jknfms j trejknfm gmhacms passegfm. Hakseimr tlm irmjc-areneks ao Kyjrfjtlatmp, tlm pamc jki prasm-orjncmkt hakhmrkekn lec, jki tlm trejknufjr mcgfmc jki sycgafesc ao Wj jki tlm Lmfeapafes huft ao Mnypt. Ylm Wj-trejknfm fjtmr gmhjcm tlm sycgaf ao tlm Lmrcmteh Arimr ao tlm Nafimk Ijwk jki ets imrevjtevm Arimrs iurekn tlm Ïak ao Larus prear ta tlm Jnm ao Xjtjk. • Tlmc―koe4 ‖Wjc ao tlm Xuk– (Jcak-Wj). Ylm fenlt ao tlm Xuk es tlm ‖greffejkhm ao tlm Kekm Jknfms.– J guefiekn hakstruhtmi wetl oevm trelmiraks es j pyrjcei, rmomrrekn ek tles hjsm ta tlm arenekjf usm ao tlm Nrmjt Ryrjcei jki atlmrr ka atlm kakk-cartujry cartujry pyrjceijf struhturms. Ylm Xmjf es jnjek tlm pmktjnrjc, ektreksehjffy imoekekn tlm ί-trjpmzaei. Ylm ‖sfmmp ao tlm Iïcaks ek syccmtry– rmomrs ta tlm imstruh -


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teak ao tlm Mnyptejk eketejtary trjieteak gy Duijesc/Hlrestejkety. Et vjkqueslmi tlm ‖oevm– (tlm vesegfm trjieteak), gut kat tlm ‖oaur– (tlm smhrmt trjieteak 3 tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei jki tlm Xlekekn Yrjpmzalmirak) ar tlm ‖kekm– (tlm Haukhef ao Kekm/ Kekm ]k`kawk’navmrkars ao tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk jki kaw ao tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt). Ylm Xmvmktl Jknfm eimkteoems tlm iawkojff ao Hlrestejkety lmrjfimi gy tlm smvmk-paektmi stjr ao Gjgjfak (ao Jfmestmr Hrawfmy―s Arimr ao tlm Xefvmr Xtjr (J ∹ J ∹)). Ylm Menltl Jknfm eimkteoems tlm Cjstmrs ao tlm J ∹ J ∹, tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk, jki kaw tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt, wla ljvm jttjekmi ta `kawfminm ao tlm Hety ao tlm Ryrjceis jki rjesm tlm trukhjtmi pyrjcei’tlm pyrj cei’tlm Nrmjt Ry Ryrjc rjcei ei rmstarmi ta jk jst jstrakacehj rakacehjff jki haccukehjtevm oukhteak’tlm Nrmjt Yrjpmzalmirak. Ylm Kektl Jknfm eimkteoems tlm Gfjh` Ofjcm spa`mk ao ek Ylm Iejgafehak. Iejgafehak. Et weff gm smmk tljt tlm Uunnatleh plrjsm oar tlm ‖Xmjf ao Kekm– trjksfjtms plakmtehjffy ta tlm prmveausfy mkencjteh UJK@MM WAXM jt tlm mki ao tlm Xjtjkeh Gegfm.

YLM HJFF YA HYL]FL] Jknfms, tles retujf Ek iejcmtreh haktrjst ta Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, tles mcpljsezms precetevm hakhmpts gy ariekjrefy hfatlmi pmapfm ek j ‖wefi– fahjteak. Lmkhm tlmrm jrm strakn fyhjktlrapeh ukimrtakms. Ylm gakoerm, tarhlms, jki ukarnjkezmi jssmcgfy ao tlm pjrtehepjkts jff jii ta tles jtcasplmrm. Ylm eimkteoyekn cmijffeak (ekspermi gy tlm stjr-stakms ao jkhemkt Ckjr) es kat ta pratmht tlmc orac Htluflu0 et es ta pratmht tlmc orac akm jkatlmr. Ylm rjteakjfm gmleki tles weff gmhacm mveimkt orac jk jhtujf hmfmgrjteak ao tlm retujf. Ylm tlmcm ao Ylm Hjff ta Htluflu es Htluflu es tljt ao j ‖hjstekn gjh`– tlraunl haffmhtevm, ‖rjhejf– cmcary ta tlm rupturm ao cjkèki orac tlm gmjsts ao kjturm. • Ylm Mtmrkjf Xmrpmkt 4 trjksfjteak ao tlm lemranfypleh Xmt-lml

(‖Mtmrkjf Xmt–) ek tlm smrpmkt-pmrsakeoehjteak ao tljt mktety. Xmm

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Jppmkiex J

orac ac tlm Kefm Kefm.. (Ylacsak jfsa jfsa Djcms Ylacsak―s J _aehm or Kenlt, quatmi mfsmwlmrm ek Ylm jutlarmi Ylm Hety ao Irmjiouf Kenlt, Xjtjkeh Wetujfs.) Wetujfs.) • Hyftl4 ‖Immp Akms,– j rjhejf kjcm imrevmi orac ‖Htluflu.– Ylm kjcms ao Htluflu jrm tlasm ao wjtmr-iïcaks jki smr pmkt-cakstmrs pmkt -cakstmrs orac j vjr vjremty emty ao cyt cytlafaneh lafanehjf jf trji trjieteaks. eteaks. Ylmy jrm oaffawmi gy LRF―s ojcaus ekhjktjteak orac ‖Ylm Hjff ao Htluflu.– • U―ntl4 ]smi lmrm ek tlm ‖pfjkmtjry– smksm js ‖Uunnatl–0 ek vemw ao tlm uksaplestehjteak ao tlm hmrmcaky js appasmi ta Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, tles Jknfms, tles secpfm rmomrmkhm es jppraprejtm. • @―lml4 Jnjek orac lml, lml, tlm tlm lemranfypleh tmrc oar ‖mtmrkety.– Ylm Htluflu-mktety wjs jgfm ta jttjek tlm Mjrtl-iecmkseaks vej tlm jknufjr mkverakcmkt ao tlm Cmssmknmr Kyjrfjtlatmp, lmkhm cmkteak ao tlm Yleri Jknfm. Lmrm tlm Laukis ao Yekijfas jrm rmomrrmi ta js ‖djh`jfs,– eimkteoyekn tlmc wetl Jkuges, arenekjffy tlm ‖sak– ao tlm treji Xmt/Kmptlys/ Jkuges jki j nueim ao tlm ektmffenmkhm ek kak-‖fevekn– iecmkseaks. Lmrm tlm waris oar ‖imjtl– jki ‖sfmmp– ljvm gmmk tj`mk orac tlm LRF ekhjktjteak. Ylm ‖fjunlekn akm– es Jzjtlatl. Ylm ‖nai ao imjtl– es tlm Duijeh/Hlrestejk nai wla strmssms jgstejgste kmkhm ek feom ek mxhljknm oar rmwjri jotmr imjtl. Ylm ‖nai ‖nai ao iyekn– es Jsjr Jsj r ar Aseres, tlm arenekjf caimf oar UL_L, UL _L, wlasm huft hu ft ek Mn Mnypt ypt wjs wj s gjsmi gj smi upak tlm t lm prmsucmi nfary n fary jki pracesm ao tlm iyekn prahmss etsmfo. ‖Imjtl wetlaut sfmmp es tlm tatjf mxtekhteak ao tlm pmrsakjfety, metlmr gmoarm ar jotmr ‖plysehjf– imjtl. Imjtl wetl sfmmp rmomrs ta Htluflu―s awk ]kimji feom, kat ukfe`m tljt ao tlm trjieteakjf gfaai-vjcperm. Lmrm ‖Afi Akm– es trjksfjtmi usekn tlm tmrc ‖ojtlmr– ( jmc―kl). hyftl jotmr Ylm jwj`mkekn ao tlm hyftl jotmr tlm rmenk ao tlm nai ao imjtl rmomrs ta tlm hacekn ao tlm Jnm ao Xjtjk ek :5??. Ylm mxtekhteak ao tlm jknfms ao tlm wjtmry Jgyss rmomrs ta tlm Hlefilaai―s Mki ao cjkèki. Jppmjfs ta precetevm, rjhejf cmcary jrm

Fa�mhrjo Fa� mhrjotejk tejk Wetuj Wetujff

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ka faknmr kmhmssjry, js tlm hjpjhety oar lenlmr ektmffenmkhm es kaw ijwkhyftl. J hakhmpt akfy raunlmi aut wetlek tlm Hlurhl ekn jcakn tlm hyftl. ao Xjtjk, tles ljs kaw gmhacm tlm Xmtjcarplases ao tlm Mfmht ao tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt. • _―yk― _―yk―`lm `lm ralz4 ‖Gy tlm Xmjf ao Kekm.–

Xacm hakhfuiekn rmcjr`s cjy gm ek arimr. Mvmk orac tles jggrm vejtmi shjk shjkkekn kekn ao tlm twa retuj retujfs, fs, et we weffff gm mveimkt tljt tlm trjksf trjksfjjteaks jki mxpfjkjteaks aotmk ‖apmk carm iaars tljk tlmy hfasm.– Yles es gauki ta gm orustrjtekn ta tlasm wla smm` ekstjktfy oeketm jkswmrs ta jff plmkacmkj plmk acmkj wetlek w etlek tlmer rjknm ao pmrhmpte pmrhmpteak. ak. E cust jkswmr tljt pmrsaks sa ekhfekmi jrm rjrmfy qujfeoemi oar tlm Jknfms jki prjhtehm ao Gfjh` Cjn Cjneh, eh, jki tljt Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms jki Ylm Hjff ta Htluflu jrm Htluflu jrm imfegmrjtmfy imsenkmi ta gm imvehms oar apmrjtevm cjneh. Ylm fetmrjry joeheakjia weff ekvjrejgfy ommf carm smhurm wetl tlm pjssevm starems ao tlm ‖Favmhrjot Herhfm– ao oehteak jutlars. hyftl wla Oar tlasm hyftl wla gmhacm ‖rmstfmss– jotmr tles hursary mxpasurm ta tlm twa hmrmcakems jki gmnek ta wakimr wlmtlmr tlmy rmjffy ‖war`– . . . tlmrm―s akfy akm wjy oar yau ta oeki aut. E―j ry―nzmknrla!

JRRMKIE\ G

H ACCMKYJWU AK YLM XM J F AO Y L M KE K M J KNFMX K NFMX G� C�� J. J��, R�.I.

Nmkmrjffy spmjèkn, sacm ao tlmsm jknfms wmrm tj`mk orac Rytljnarjs, wla tj tjf`m f`mii ek tmrcs ao tlm sen senke keoeh oehjkhm jkhm ao ‖kucgmrs– rjtlmr tljk ‖jknfms.– Orac cy rmjiekns ak tlm sugdmht, E jc hakvekhmi tljt Rfjta―s ieshaursms upak nmacmtry jki tlm senkeoehjkhm ao tlm vjreaus ‖Rfjtakeh safeis– jrm mssmktejffy tj`mk orac Rytljnarjs―s war`, dust js Rytljnarjs hjcm up wetl tlmsm kateaks oaffawekn les fmkntly stjy ek Mnypt js j premstlaai eketejtm. Ojshekjte Ojshekjtekn kn law tlmsm t lmsm ‖trjefs– dust `mmp naekn gjh` wjri uktef tlmy vjkesl ekta tlm cests ao prmprm-rmharimi rmharimi lestary. lestar y. Jknfms wjs hacpasmi Gmjr ek ceki tljt Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms wjs wetlekk tlm wetle t lm hakhmptujf jki ehakanrjpleh fecets fe cets ao tlm Jnm J nm ao Xjtjk. Kar wjs et ektmkimi ta gm jk mxtmksevm, mxljustevm ‖ fjst wari– ak tlm t lm jknfms j knfms ar atlmr ekhfuimi hakhmpts0 et wjs hakhmevmi js j kamteh veseak jki Nrmjtmr Gfjh` Cjneh mxprmsseak. Ylm oaffawekn haccmkts pmrtjek ta cy eimjs jt tljt tecm jki imfegmrjtmfy jvaei mcgmffeslekn Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms wetl Jknfms wetl tlm carm saplestehjtmi hakhmpts ta wlehl E ljvm sekhm gmmk smksetezmi tlraunl cy awk war` jki tlm cjky greffejkt mxjcekjteaks gy atlmr Xmtejks. Wukms (tlm Oerst pugfeslmi ek tlm Cjy :5<< essum ao Wukms (tlm prevjtm daurkjf ao tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei.

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Haccmktjry ak tlm Xmjf ao tlm Kekm Jknfms

7?5

Oerst Oer st Jkn Jknfm fm 4 ]kety . Ylm hakhmpt ao tlm ]kevmrsm js tlm tatjfety

ao mxestmkhm. Katm tljt tles iams kat jicet ta cakatlmesc (mxhmpt ek tlm smksm ao Imesc), gmhjusm tlmrm es ka raac oar hakhmptujf iestjkhm Jzjtlat jtlatll, gmtwmmk j Nai jki j warsleppmr. Ylm ‖fjunlekn akm– es Jz wla es ‖gf ‖gfeki eki–– jki jk ‖ei ‖eieat– eat– gmhjusm ek j hakieteak ao pmromh pmromhtt uket uketyy tlmrm es kjunlt mfsm ta smm, kat jky `kawfminm ao jkytlekn mfsm passegfm. (]kimrstjki, ao haursm, tljt E wjs tjèkn L. R. Favmhrjot―s nais rjtlmr gmyaki les starytmffekn vmrseak ao tlmc. E iak―t ek tlm fmjst rmprmsmkt tlmsm js Favmhrjot―s awk eimjs, jftlaunl E rjtlmr tlek` tljt lm waufi kat ljvm oauki ojuft wetl suhl mfjgarjteaks.) Ek nmacmtry j seknufjrety eimkteoems j fahus akfy0 tlmrm es ka mxtmkseak ek jky iermhteak. Mvmk tlm fahus es ‖gatl tlmrm jki kat,– sekhm et ljs ka iecmkseaks jt jff. Lmkhm tlmrm jrm jk ekoeketm kucgmr ao fahe, oar mxjcpfm ak j akm-ekhl-fakn fekm4 jk ektmrmstekn cjtlmcjnehjf pjrjiax. Xmhaki Jknfm4 Iujfety . Ylm praoauki jki kmhmssjrefy tatjf hljknm ao ukety ekta syccmtry jki pafjrety (jki ets sycgafeh rmprmsmktj teaks4 Larus jki Xmt, Ujkn jki Uek, mth.) Ylm ‖arimrmr ao tlm pfjkms jki jknfms– es Uan-Xatlatl , wla es, js tlm sljpmr ao mkmrny jki cjttmr, imshregmi js tlm jutlar ao Mjrtl ek ets cjttmr/mkmrny/mvafuteakjry hakoenurjteak. Katm tljt ek purm iujfety tlmrm es ka raac oar duincmkt gmtwmmk tlm twa0 tlmrm es akfy akm ar tlm atlmr. Ek iujfety nmacmtry hrmjtms j seknfm mxtmkseak (j fekm). Yleri Jknfm4 Yles es j vmry hretehjf stjnm, gmhjusm tlm mxestmkhm ao j tleri mfmcmkt ektraiuhms tlm kateak ao hlaehm gmtwmmk tlm twa appasetms, metlmr jgsafutmfy ar rmfjtevmfy (Jrestatmfejk systmc) ar ao hlaehm ta jsperm ar kat ta jsperm ta ukevmrsjf pmromhteaks (3 Rfjtakeh/Rytljnarmjk systmc). Yles es Kyjrfjtlatmp, atlmrwesm Xmt, atlmrwesm Fuheomr/Xjtjk, atlmrwesm Rracmtlmus, atlmrwesm Ylatl, wla ljs hrmjtmi tlm pawmr ao pmrspmhtevm jki tlm ekimpmk e kimpmkimkt imkt psyhlm ao duincmkt. Lmrm ‖`kawfminm– ‖` kawfminm– gmhacms passegfm. Ek nmacmtry wm kaw ljvm tlm trejknfm, wlehl es tlm cast renei ao oenurms jki jfsa hrmjtms j twa-iecmkseakjf pfjkm. Katm Ylm Gaa` Gaa` ao Hacekn Oartl gy Kenlt, Kenlt, tlm tljt, pmr Ylm tlm Larus/Xmt rmfjteakslep jhtujffy oets ekta j tlrmmoafi cjtrex rjtlmr tljk j twaoafi akm. Xmt es jk ekimpmkimkt Ektmffenmkhm wetl pmrspmhtevm upak tlm kak-haksheaus

7>2

Jppmkiex G

agdmhtevm ukevmrsm ak akm ljki jki tlm hljas ao tlm jkte-agdmhtevm uke vmrsm (Ljr^ (Ljr^mr mr)) ak tlm t lm atlmr. Ylm secpfm Larus/Xmt Larus/Xmt iujfety iujf ety rmsufts rmsu fts orac precetevm Jre Jrestatmfejk statmfejk tlek tlekè èkn kn (sa èh` cm, Yljrr Yljrrui ui Ymrhfes! mrhfes!).). Oaurtl Oaur tl Jknf Jknfmm4 Ylm Wjc ao tlm Xuk (Xlug-Kennurjtl/Jcak ) es j cjkeomstjteak ao tlm ‖jwj`mkmi– lucjk psyhlm js mkmrnezmi gy tlm Cmssmknmr. Et es tlus tljt ‖Xjtjk– es `kawk ta lucjkety4 j pmrsakjfezmi rmofmhteak, js et wmrm, ao tlm rmsufts ao tlm cmssmknmr―s warèkn. Xjtjk―s atlmr kjcm (Fuheomr ) es tljt ao fenlt jki mkfenltmkcmkt, lmkhm tlm ‖greffejkhm– ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. êtl tlm kucgmr oaur wm ljvm nmacmtrehjffy j tlrmm-iecmkseakjf iespfjhmcmkt ek spjhm. Lmkhm mxestmkhm ao cjttmr jki mkmrny gmhacms passegfm. Lmkhm tecm gmhacms passegfm, js tlm cmjsurmcmkt ao hljknm ek cjttmr jki mkmrny. Oeotl Oeo tl Jkn Jknfm fm 4 Lucjkety js tlm plysehjf vmlehfm oar tlm mxprmsseak ao tlm Xjtjkeh psyhlm js ieshussmi ek tlm Oaurtl Jknfm. Hakhmpt ao tlm gaiy js j kmhmssjry cmieuc oar tlm smfo-rmjfezjteak ao tlm psyhlm, jt fmjst ek ets mjrfy stjnm. Yrjksfjteak ao tles ekta plysehjf rmprmsmktjteak ao suprj-mkmrny/cjttmr Oarcs suhl js Xmt vej tlm hrmjteak ao ecjnms, guefiekn ta tmcpfms, jki sa ak. J tmcpfm wetl oevm trelmiraks es j oaurojhmi pyrjcei (js Nezj), tlm 9/=/5 smjf es tlm smjf ao tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei4 j cjrvmf ao ektmnrjtmi, ektmrrmfjtmi 9/=/5 vjfums. Js katmi mfsmwlmrm, mvmk tlm jiieteak ao 9 + = + 5 3 :<, wlehl tj`ms yau ekta tlm ‖rmturkekn― qujfetems ao 5 js mxpaukimi upak ek Jktak Fj_my―s Wetujfs. Ek nmacmtry = hrmjtms tlm ‖]k`kawk @kawk– ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs. Ek pmktjnrjc, lmkhm tlm Nafimk Xmhteak, lmkhm tlm hakhmp hakhmptt ao pmromhteak. Yles es wly ta Rytljnarjs (jki les premstfy cmktars) = wjs tlm cast sugfecm ao kucgmrs, jki wly tlm pmktjnrjc wjs usmi js tlm smjf ao tlm Rytljnarmjk Gratlmrlaai. Xextl Jknfm 4 Eo Hrawfmy hakseimrmi les Ymktl Jmtlmr ta gm jhhursmi, tlmk tles waufi gm tlm jhhursmi (ar slaufi E sjy ‖lmxmi–!) ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. Et es tlm lmxjnak jki lmxjnrjc. Ylm lmxjnak harrupts tlm Nafimk Wmhtjknfm0 et jiis jk jknfm jki j fekm ta tlm pmktjnrjc jki pmktjnak, tlus imstrayekn imstraye kn tlmc. Xex es syccmtr s yccmtryy agmsm jki ukkmhmssjr uk kmhmssjryy (twa jki oaur jrm quetm jimqujtm oar tlm prekhepfm). Ylm smmis ao tlm imstruhteak ao tlm lmxjnakjf oarcs jrm hjrremi wetlek tlmc, lawmvmr,

Haccmktjry ak tlm Xmjf ao tlm Kekm Jknfms

7>:

oar tlmy kmhmssjrefy mcgrjhm twa trjpmzaeis (tlm oaur) jki tlm pmktjnrjcs imoekmi gy tlasm trjpmzaeis (tlm oevm)0 lmkhm 9 + = (tlm kekm). Xmvmktl Jknfm 4 Ylm imstruhteak ao tlm stjtus ao cakatlmesc gy tlm jiieteak ao j fekm/jknfm ta tlm lmx. Ylm fmnjhy ao tlm Oerst Gmjst ao Wmvmfjteak jki les smvmkoafi Xmjf jki Xtjr ao Gjgjfak (J ∹ J ∹). Ylm oarhms ao tlm Jmak ao Larus avm avmrhacekn rhacekn tlasm ao tlm Jmak ao Aseres. Umt tlm akfy tlekn tljt hjk gm sjei ao smvmk es tljt et es jk moomhtevm imstraymr ao sex. Et ljs ka hrmjtevm prapmrtems ao ets awk0 et ljs kmetlmr tlm strmkntl ao syccmtry kar tlm cjnehjf pawmrs ao ets jsyccmtrehjf prmimhmssars (:, 8, =). Rrapakmkts ao sex-escs ekstekhtevmfy omjr smvmk4 Ylmy wjrk jgaut suhl tlekns js tlm smvmktl sak ao j smvmktl sak, ao tlm Xmvmk Yawmrs ao Xjtjk ek Umzeie fmnmki, ao tlm Xmvmktl Xmjf, ao tlm Dmwmf ao tlm Xmvmk Xtjrs. Xmvmk es tlus j ljrgeknmr ao iaac ta sex4 j sljiawekn-oartl ao tlm Jpahjfypsm ta hacm. Nmacmtrehjffy jki kucmrehjffy, fe`m tlm Ïak ao Larus, smvmk ljs jk ‖eimktety hreses.– Jiieteaks ar cuftepfehjteaks ar pawmrs ao smvmk yemfi y emfi jf jfff sarts ao rjkiac vjfums jki rmfjteaksleps. Menlt Me nltl l Jkn Jknfm fm 4 Ylm tmcpfm haktjekekn tlm trelmirjf jknfms es j trukhjtmi pyrjcei4 tlm pawmr ao tlm trjpmzaei pmromhtfy cjkeomst ek j Nafimk Xmhteak-gjsmi tlrmm-iecmkseakjf struhturm. Ylus ets jrhletmhts jrm tlm Cjstmrs ao tlm Wmjfc (tlm jff-mcgrjhekn tmrc oar tlm E_²+ ek tlm arenekjf Hlurhl ao Xjtjk)4 tlm Xarhmrmrs wla gmjc orac tlmer taw taw mrs tlm Rawmrs ao Ijr`kmss ta rmguefi tlm warfi harruptmi gy sex jki sljttmrmi gy tlm smvmk, jki tlmer smjf es tlm Xmjf ao tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei (smjf ao tlm Rremstlaai ao tlm arenekjf Hlurhl ao Xjtjk). Kektl Kekt l Jknf Jknfmm4 Ylm hufcekjteak ao tles iykjceh prahmss4 tlm Gfjh` Ofjcm ek ets pmromhteak4 tlm ‖weff ta pawmr– ao Kemtzshlm ek j nfary ao imserm4 tlm mxtmkseak ao tlm Mkfenltmkmi êff jki Eketejtmi psyhlm tlraunlaut jff iecmkseaks ao spjhm, tecm, jki tlaunlt4 wljt ek tlm Jmak ao Xmt waufi gm ]ttmrmi js \mpmr.

JRRMKIE\ H

K NFMX YLM KE KM J KNFMX AO Y L M XM J F G� X�� M. O��, R�.I.

Cjky @kenlts jki Ijcms ao tlm Arimr ljvm pragjgfy gmmk, fe`m cysmfo, ojshekjtmi gy tlm pawmrouf pawmrouf war warèkn èkn hjffmi hj ffmi Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknf Jknfms ms hrmjtmi hrmjtmi gy Nrjki Cjstmr Mcmretus Cehljmf Jqueka oar Wetujfs . Et wjs jfwjys hfmjr tljt tlm Jktak Fj_my―s gaa` Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs. ‖kekm jknfms– rmomrrmi ta kekm jknfms cjim gy tlm Xmjf ao tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei4 j trjpmzaei supmrecpasmi avmr j pmktjnrjc, twa paektss jfao paekt jfaot.t.

Arenekjffy pugfeslmi ek tlm Cjrhl :5<< essum ao Wukms ao Wukms (tlm (tlm prevjtm daurkjf ao tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei).

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^ljt E wjktmi ta ia wjs wj s eimkteoy eimkteo y tlm kucgmrs ao tlm jknfms jkn fms jki smm wljt cjn cjneh eh haufi gm wraunlt wetl tles `kawfminm. Iurekn tlm Xmt-_EEE Hakhfjvm, E lji tlm appartukety ta ieshuss sacm ao tlm hakhmptujf gjh`nrauki ta Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms wetl tlm Len Lenll Rremst*. Lm mxpfj mxpfjekmi ekmi tljt ek les hakhmpteak tlm Kekm Jknfms wmrm gmyaki hakvmkteakjf (8-I) spjhm jki tljt tlmy mxestmi carm js qujfetems rjtlmr tljk fahe ek spjhm. Yles es jk aktafanehjf jspmht tljt cust gm `mpt ek ceki hakstjktfy wlmk hakseimrekn tlm hljrjhtmrestehs jki cjnehjf usjnms ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. Ek ojht tlm Kekm Jknfms hjkkat gm hakoekmi ta jky twa- ar tlrmm-iecmkseakjf rmprmsmktjteak. Lawmvmr, ak j sycgafeh ar cmtjplarehjf fmvmf, usmouf jki rmvmjfekn eksenlts cjy gm njekmi gy agsmrvekn suhl caimfs tlraunl tlm fmksms ao twa- jki tlrmm-iecmkseakjf pmrspmhtevms. Ek tlm cmjktecm, Xer Cehljmf ljs smkt cm j iahucmkt ek wlehl lm ljs autfekmi ek sacm imtjef les hakhmpts jki ektmrprmtjteaks ao tlm kekm jknfms. J vmrseak ao tles iahucmkt weff jppmjr ek j outurm essum ao Wukmss’jki pmrljps strjenltmk aut tlm agshmkm cmss yau jrm jgaut ta Wukm rmji. Lmrm E weff put tlm caimf ao tlm ‖kekm jknfms– ukimr tlasm fmksms ao tlm twa- jki tlrmm-iecmkseakjf pmrspmhtevms. Et smmcs hfmjr ta cm tljt tlm kekm jknfms wmrm imoekmi gy tlm Rmktjnrjc ao Xmt jki tlm Yrjpmzaei duxtjpasmi ek tlm cjkkmr impehtmi ek tlm Xmjf ao tlm Arimr. Ylm lestary ao tles nmkmrjf mcgfmc es autfekmi ek Nrjki Cjstmr Mcmretus Jqueka―s jrtehfm ‖Mvafuteak ao tlm Yrjpmzaei Eksenkej– ek Wukmss E_47 (Cjrhl \\E), pp. ::‘:?. Gut j qumsteak jfwjys rmcjekmi Wukm ek cy ceki js ta tlm fe`mfy fahjteak jki mkucmrjteak (arimrekn) ao tlm kekm jknfms wlmk hakseimrekn tles oenurm. J fe`mfy jkswmr hjcm ta cm ek twa pjrts. Oerst, et es sjei ao tlm Kektl Jknfm4 Orac tlm Kektl Jknfm es tlm ofjcm ao tlm gmnekkekn jki mkiekn ao iecmkseaks, wlehl gfjzmtl ek greffejkhm jki ijr`kmss ukta tlm nfary ao imserm.: *Wmomrrekn ta Cehljmf Jqueka, wla wjs Lenl Rremst ao tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt jt tlm tecm

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Jppmkiex H

Ylmrmoarm, et waufi smmc hfmjr tljt tlm Kektl Jknfm es imoekmi gy tlm kmtlmrcast paekt ao tlm Rmktjnrjc orac wlehl tlm Gfjh` Ofjcm jresms. Mvmk ek Fj_my―s hakhmpteak tlm Ekomrkjf Ofjcm gfjzmi orac tles jknfm. Xmhaki, eo wm mcpfay tlm prekhepjf ao fmotwjri (hauktmrhfah`wesm ar weiimrsleks) cateak ek aur jkjfyses, jff ao tlm jknfms jutacjtehjffy ojff ekta pfjhm. Akfy akm arimrekn jki mkucmrjteak es passegfm wlmk wm pfjhm tlm kektl, ar fjst, jkn jknfm fm jt tlm jpmx jki ek j uke ukefekmj fekmjrr ojsl ojsleak eak wm trjhm aur wjy tlraunl tlm jknfms ek j weiimrsleks iermhteak4

Ylus j twa-iecmkseakjf sycgaf ao tlm uftrj-iecmkseakjf rmjfety ao _―yk―`lm `lm Walz (js et es ek Uunnatleh), es tlm Xmjf ao Kekm Jknfms, tlm _―yk― jhtujfezmi. _―yk―` k―`lm lm Walz jrm jhtujfezmi, jki Rrjhtehjf cjnehjf usms ao tlm _―y rjknm avmr j weim spmhtruc ao passegefetems. Ylm trjhekn ao tlm jknfms ek tles hakoenurjteak es j pawmrouf caim ao apmkekn tlm Njtms ta atlmr iecmkseaks. Et hjk spjr` j lenlmr ukimrstjkiekn/]kimrstjkiekn ao tlm prahmss gy wlehl plmka plmkacmkj cmkj wetl wetlek ek tlm ârfi ao Larrars, jki wetlaut et, hacm ekta gmekn. Ek tles rmnjri tlm Xmjf ao tlm Kekm Jknfms cast hmrtjekfy hjk gm fek`mi ta tlm mkkmjnrjc js tjunlt gy Nuridemoo jki les oaffawmrs, ar wetl tlm Kekm ârfis ao Unnirjseff. Jkatlmr apmrjtevm usm ao tlm ‖Ujk`mm Wasm– es js j pjrjiencjteh hljkkmf oar vesujfezmi ecjnms. _eseaks hjst tlraunl tlmsm jknfms gy tlm êff ao tlm Yrjpmzaeijf Cjnehejk sljff hacm ekta gmekn, dust js jff atlmr tlekns hacm ekta gmekn tlraunl tlmsm Kekm Jknfms. ^lafm jrtehfms haufi gm imvatmi ta tlmsm prjhtehjf usms, wlehl E lapm wef w efff oaffaw. E urnm yau ta mxpmrecmkt.


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Oar kaw fmt us jkjfyzm tlm imshrepteaks ao tlm Kekm Jknfms nevmk Jknfms jki gmnek ta ukfah` tlm smhrmts ek Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms jki ao tles senk. Oar tlm sj`m ao hfjrety ek tles jrtehfm E weff akfy prmsmkt tlm Mknfesl vmrseaks ao tlm tmxts, fmjvekn tlm smhrmts ao Uunnatleh oar jkatlmr kenlt. Orac tlm Oerst Jknfm es tlm ekoeketm, wlmrmek tlm fjunlekn akm iatl hry jki tlm ofutms wjef ukta tlm mkiekn ao tecm. 7

Yles es tlm jknfm ao tlm Ekoekety ao jgsafutm ukety’rmjffy tlm paekt, pae kt, nmacmt nmacmtreh rehjf jffy fy spmj spmjè èkn. kn. Et es tlm uket uketyy gmyaki te tecm cm jki spjhm spjhm,, gut orac wlehl gatl mcmrnm. Ek et mxest tlm ouff spmhtruc ao mcateakjf, speretujf pafjrety0 day jki imspjer, pjek jki pfmjsurm jrm akm. Ek tlm wjefekn vegrjteaks ao tlm ‖agshmkm ofutm– mkifmss cjkeomstjteak es nmkmrjtmi. Orac tlm Xmhaki Jknfm es tlm cjstmr wla iatl arimr tlm pfjkms jki tlm jknfms, jki wla ljtl hakhmevmi tlm ârfi ao Larrars ek ets tmrrar jki nfary. 8

Iujfesteh arimrekn ao tlm ârfi ao Larrars es rmvmjfmi ek tlm nmacmtrehjf arimrekn ao tlm gjseh guefiekn gfah`s ao tlm hascas gy tlm cjstmr (katm tlm fawmrhjsm c) wla ljs lj s imsenkmi imsen kmi tlm ârfi ao Larrars. Ylm paekt ljs gmhacm tlm fefekm. km. Jnj Jnjek ek jk mcateakjf pafjr pafjrety ety ao tmrrar jki nfary es ekva`mi. Orac tlm Yleri Jknfm es tlm cmssmknmr, wla ljtl hrmjtmi tlm pawmr ta gmlafi tlm cjstmr ao tlm ârfi ao Larrars, wla nevmtl ta tlmm sugstjkhm ao gmekn jki tlm `kawfminm ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. 9

Yles es tlm ektmrcmiejry prekhepfm ao tlm safei trejknfm’jki lmkhm tlm twa-iecmkseakjf pfjkm. Yles jffaws oar j pmrspmhtevm ak tlm iujfesteh ukevmrsm jki praveims nmacmtrehjf safeiety jki tlus tlm passegefety ao agdmhtevm `kawfminm ao tlm agdmhtevm (kekm-jknfmi) hascas.

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Jppmkiex H

Orac tlm Oaurtl Jknfm es tlm rjc ao tlm Xuk, wla graunlt tlysmfvms ta gm, wla mkiurmtl upak tlm ârfi ao Larrars jki prahfjecmtl tlm tecm tljt wjs, tlm tecm tljt es, jki tlm tecm tljt sljff gm0 jki wlasm kjcm es tlm gref greffej fejkhm khm ao tlm Kekm Jkn Jknfms. fms.=

êtl tlm oaur jknfms j knfms tlm t lm tlrmm-iecmksea tlrmm-ie cmkseakjf kjf warfi gmhacms passegfm. Lmrm tlm Yrjpmzaei es hrystjffezmi, jki wetl et tlm kak-kjturjf Oarc ao tlm Xmfo, ar psyhlm, es jfsa hrystjffezmi jki gmhacms jgfm ta pmrhmevm tecm jki jt akhm smm`s ta cjstmr et. Orac tlm Oeotl Jknfm jrm tlm larkfmss akms, wla rjesm tlm tmcpfm ao tlm oevm trelmiraks ukta tlm Ijmcaks ao hrmjteak, wlasm smjf es jt akhm oaur jki oevm jki kekm. ?

êtl tlm Oeot Oeotll Jkn Jknfm fm wm mktmr ekta j kmw fmvmf ar iecmkseak. Ylm Yrjpmzaei es hacpfmtm, jki tlm Rmktjnrjc es kaw hacekn ekta gmekn. Ylm ‖larkfmss akms– jrm lucjkety, tlm plysehjf vmlehfm tljt hjrrems tlm Neot ao Xmt jki tlus hjk gmhacm j hrmjtevm (sljpekn) oarhm ek tlm ârfi ao Larrars jki gmyaki. Ek tles jknfm fems tlm raat ao tlm ouffy imvmfimvmf apmi Xmjf ao tlm Arimr wlehl hacgekms tlm kucgmrs 9 + = + 5, wlehl mqujfs :< (: + < 3 5) ar 7 Þ 5’jff ao wlehl slaws tlm hyhfehjf mtmrkjf rmturk jspmht ao tlm kucgmr kekm. Ylm Oeotl Jknfm es tlm oufhruc ao jk uftrj-iecmkseakjf fmvmr ao nrmjt cjnehjf pawmr, oaur jknfms ‖jgavm– et jki oaur jknfms ‖gmfaw– et. Orac tlm Xextl Jknfm es tlm sfmmp ao tlm Ijmcaks ek syccmtry, wlehl iatl vjkque vjkquesl sl tlm oevm gut sljf sljfff kat prmvje prmvjeff jnj jnjekst ekst tlm oaur jki tlm kekm.>

Ylm Xextl Jknfm es j paekt ao rmst, ao stjses, wlehl es rmjffy stjnkjteak. Xyccmtry es stjses. Yles stjses ljs suooehemkt pawmr ta hrusl tlm secpfm raat oarc ao tlm vmlehfm ao tlm Neot ao Xmt wlehl jrasm ek tlm Oeotl Jknfm. Yljt es wly et es ecpmrjtevm oar tlm ‖larkfmss akms– ta strevm ‖upwjri– ta tlm Kektl jki ‖iawkwjri– ta tlm Oaurtl Jknfm ek arimr ta


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Gmhacm jki ta gm jgfm ta njtlmr tlm pawmrs jki ukimrstjkiekn ta tlmcsmfvms ta gm jgfm ta avmrhacm tlm stjses jki imjtl ao tlm Xextl Jknfm. Orac tlm Xmvmktl Jknfm es tlm ruek ao syccmtry jki tlm jwj`mkekn ao tlm Ijmcaks, oar tlm oaur jki tlm kekm sljff prmvjef jnjekst tlm sex. <

Ylm Xmvmktl Jknfm es j taaf, j wmjpak, usmi gy tlm jwj`mkmi psyhlm ta scjsl tlm syc syccmtry cmtry ao tlm Xex Xextl tl Jkn Jknfm. fm. Yle Yless jht ao grmjèkn tlraunl tlm gjrremr ao syccmtry jki stjses kmmis lmfp orac pawmrs jfrmjiy njekmi orac tlm Oaurtl Jknfm, jki jfsa orac gmyaki, orac tlm Gfjh` Ofjcm ao Xmt etsmfo. Gmtwmmk tlmsm twa oarhms tlm Xmvmktl Jknfm es jhtevjtmi, tlm gjrremr es gra`mk tlraunl jki Gmhacekn es jhhmfmrjtmi. Orac tlm Menltl Jknfm jrm tlm Cjstmrs ao tlm Wmjfc, wla rjesm tlm tmcpfm ao tlm menlt trelmiraks ukta tlm Ijmcaks ao hrmjteak, wlasm smjf es jt akhm oaur jki oevm jki kekm.5

Yles es tlm Rrekhepfm mcgaiemi ek tlm Cjstmrs ao tlm Ymcpfm, wla jrm tlm Cjstmrs ao tlm Wmjfc. J ouffy cjkeomst prekhepfm ao cjnehjf savmrmenkty es jhtevjtmi jki et es rmspaksegfm oar tlm guefiekn jki cjektmkjkhm ao tlm Ymcpfm’tlm nrmjtmr vmlehfm oar tlm warèkn ao tlm Gfjh` Ofjcm ek tlm warfi. Orac tlm Kektl Jknfm es tlm ofjcm ao tlm gmnekkekn jki mkiekn ao iecmkseaks, wlehl gfjzmtl ek greffejkhm jki ijr`kmss ukta tlm nfary ao imserm.:2

Ylm Kektl Jknfm es tlm Gfjh` Ofjcm etsmfo, wlehl ek trutl es tlm gmnekkekn jki mkiekn ao tlm ukoaficmkt ao tlm Xmjf ao tlm Arimr, js ieshussmi jgavm. Ek et es tlm raat ao fenlt jki ijr`kmss. Ek et es tlm saurhm ao tlm êff wlehl es gmyaki jff naai jki mvef. Ylmsm haccmkts akfy shrjthl tlm surojhm ao wljt tles hakoenurjteak hjk gm cjim ta yemfi ta tlm êff ao tlm ârèkn @kenlt ar Ijcm. Js Nrjki Cjstmr ao tlm Arimr, E urnm mjhl ao yau ta hakstruht

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Jppmkiex H

jhhariekn ta yaur êffs j secpfm rmprmsmktjteak ao tlm Xmjf ao tlm Kekm Jknfms ao suooehemkt iecmkseak ta smrvm js j oahus ao hakhmktrjteak ek yaur war` warèk eknn hlj hljcgmr cgmrs.s. Yl Ylraun raunll âr` wet wetll tl tles es hako hakoen enurj urjteak teak ao fekms jki jknfms tlm pawmr ao jki utefety ao tles mfjgarjtm Njtm’ar smt ao Njtms’weff ukoafi.

JRRMKIE\ I

M UXYAKM @ MUXYAKM G� R�� J. L��, N�� C�� M�� A�� Y��

Yles jrtehfm es tlm rmsuft ao Xer Xmtkj`t―s pravahjtevm rmcjr`s ek tlm Wukms jki Jpref essum ao Wukms jki tlm ecjnm ao tlm Xmjf ao Wðkj oauki ak tlm Kjjtl-W―ukje.. gjh` havmr ao tljt essum jcakn tlm hrypteh nfypls ao tlm Kjjtl-W―ukje Ecpmffmi gy Xer Xmtkj`t―s rmomrmkhm ta tlm Xmjf ao Wðkj jki ta tlasm ‖wla waufi try ta ukia ets `kat,– E gmnjk gy trjhekn tlm Xmjf ak j slmmt ao pjpmr, hacputekn mjhl jknufjr cmjsurm jki faaèkn oar Nafimk Wjteas. Yles wjs mjsefy iakm4

Arenekjffy wrettmk ek :557.

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Jppmkiex I

Njzekn jt tlm oenurm, jki smezekn ak suhl eksenlts js et cenlt prmsmkt ta cm, E smksmi ourtlmr passegefetems, jki tlm oenurm smmcmi ta ukoafi gmyaki tlm ofjt surojhm ao tlm pjnm. Gatl tlm Nrjki Cjstmr* jki tlm Nrjki Cjstmr Mcmretus † ljvm wrettmk wret tmk haccmktjr haccmktjryy ak tlm Xmj Xmjff ao Kekm. Et ljs gmmk jssah jssahejtmi ejtmi wetl tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei sekhm tlm ijys ao tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk, jki oarcs j parteak ao tlm Xmjf ao Wðkj. E haksuftmi tlmsm haccmktjrems jki stuiemi tlm Gaki ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, ek jiieteak ta haktmcpfjtekn tlm Xmjf ao Wðkj.

YLM XUCGAFEH ^lmk lucjks jrm ukjgfm ta nueim tlmer jhteaks gy ariekjry pmrhmpteaks tlmy rmsart ta cjtlmcjtehjf eimjs. : D. R�� R�� I�� I��

^ljt es tlm saurhm ao tlm pawmr ao j nmacmtreh sycgaf1 Orac prmlestareh tecms, tlm cast ektmffenmkt jcakn lucjkety rmhankezmi tlm pawmr ao nmacmtreh sycgafesc. Ylm afi pravmrg, ‖j pehturm es wartl j tlausjki waris,– secpfeoems tlm setujteak nrmjtfy. Oar mvafuteakjry rmjsaks tlm kmurafanehjf mquepcmkt ao lucjk gmekns es gejsmi lmjvefy tawjri tlm ektmrprmtjteak ao spjtejf ekoarcjteak jki ao cateak ek spjhm’tlek` ao j cak`my fmjpekn tlraunl tlm trmmtaps. Lucjk spmmhl nrmw aut ao tlm kmmi ta haccukehjtm gatl mcateakjf stjtms jki ekoarcjteak ek tlm cast hacpjht oarc passegfm. Xpmmhl es j patmkt taaf, ymt et es paarfy suetmi gy etsmfo oar hmrtjek typms ao ekoarcjteak kar es et tlm akfy mxprmsseak ao tlm lucjk hjpjhety ta jgstrjht. Ylm usm ao pehturms `mymi ta arjf mxpfjkjteak jki mxpmremkhm ta senkeoy prahmssms ekvafvekn vesuj vesujfezjt fezjteak eak jki j ki hacp hacpfmx fmx haariekjteak waufi ljvm gmmk akm ao tlm mjrfemst ieshavmrems ao lucjkety, jki akm eimjffy suetmi ta tlm trjkscesseak ao smhrmt `kawfminm4 prmiehteak ao outurm hmfmstejf *Xtmplmk M. Ofawmrs jt tlm tecm ao tlm arenekjf jrtehfm †Lmrm rmomrrekn ta Cehljmf J. Jqueka

@mystakm @myst akm

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jki mjrtlfy mvmkts, jrhletmhturjf imsenks jki prahmiurms, jki jff sarts ao prahmss-imshrepteak. ]kfe`m plakmteh wretekn, wlehl ieshfasms ets cmssjnm ta jkyakm wla hjk rmhankezm tlm rmfjteakslep gmtwmmk nfypl jki sauki, tlm jgstrjht pehtanrjpl ar nfypl n fypl nujris n ujris ets haktmkt, haktmkt, ieshfasekn et akfy ta akm wla ljs jhhmss ta eketejtmi mxpfjkjteak AW akm wlasm kjtevm tjfmkts, ektueteak, jki mxpmremkhm jrm suooehemkt ta rmhankezm tlm rmjfety wlehl njvm gertl ta tlm sycgaf. Cjtlmcjtehjf katjteak stjkis sacmwlmrm gmtwmmk tlmsm twa rmjfcs, gmekn ek tlmary jhhmssegfm ta jff. D. Rmtmr Imkky ljs jrnumi tljt jgstrjhteak ao tles èki es usmfmss ta lucjks wla ia kat hljknm tlmer mkverakcmkt’wljt wm waufi hjff kjturjf lucjks’jki paekts ta tlm ieoomrmkhms ek fmvmf ao jrtehufjteak ao gjseh nmacmtreh jki jretlcmteh hakhmpts gmtwmmk luktekn-gjki sahemtems, trjiekn hufturms, jki cmcgmrs ao ekiustrejf sahemtems. Umt jt jff tecms ekieveiujfs mxestmi wla saunlt ta hacprmlmki jki haccjki tlm warfi tlraunl imjfekns wetl uksmmk pawmrs, jki wla ek tles rmnjri staai jpjrt orac tlm rmst ao tlmer hufturm. Et es tles mfetm wlehl oarcufjtms ets ukimrstjkiekn js msatmreh iej iejnrj nrjcs. cs. Fmt et gm agsmrvmi tljt tlmrm es katlekn cystehjf jgaut tles cjttmr0 et es tlm jktetlmses ao cystehesc. Lawmvmr orjunlt wetl mrrar tlm gmfemos ao j premstlaai ar nuefi cenlt ljvm gmmk, tlm arenekjf pawmr ao tlm nraup fjy ek tlm nrjsp ao sacm mxtrmcmfy prjhtehjf smhrmt uk`kawk ta tlm cjssms, hakhmjfmi ek tlmer sycgafs’tles es wljt Cjssmy iugs ‖tlm plysehjf kjturm ao tlm Nkases.– Jk ukeketejtmi pmrsak pmrhmevekn wljt fjy gmleki tlm sycgafe sycgafesc sc lji ta gm graunlt ekta tljt huft js akm imsmrvekn ao ets prmranjtevms, ar mfsm sefmkhmi ta pratmht tlm smhrmt. Gmoarm prahmmiekn ta ieshusseak ao tlm Xmjf etsmfo E cmkteak twa carm ojhmts ao vesujf jgstrjhteak tljt cjy gm ecpartjkt. Ylm oerst hakhmrks pmrspmhtevm jki jspmhtevm rmprmsmktjteak. Ylm Mnyptafanest Lmekrehl Xhljmomr ljs imcakstrjtmi, ek hacpjrekn Nrmm` jki Mnyptejk rmprmsmktjteakjf jrt, tljt tlmer trmjtcmkt ao spjhm jki haktmkt prahmmis orac oukijcmktjffy ieoomrmkt jssucpteaks. Rmrspmhtevm rmprmsmktjteak mktjefs j smt ao haksheaus eimjs jgaut spjhm

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Jppmkiex I

jki paekt-ao-vemw wlehl jrm kmetlmr agveaus kar kmhmssjry. ‖Rrecetevm– jrt tlm warfi avmr, jki tlm irjwekns ao hlefirmk jki cast pmrsaks ukojcefejr wetl jrt, jrm ekieoomrmkt ta pmrspmhtevm. Ek jspmhtevm rmprmsmktjteak, paseteak jki sezm pmrtjek ta cmjkekn rjtlmr tljk vesujf jppmjrjkhm. ^lefm tles cjy tj`m hruim oarcs, suhl js es oauki ek irjwekns wlmrm tlm sezm ao j pmrsak ekiehjtms tlmer ecpartjkhm rjtlmr tljk tlmer lmenlt, jspmhtevm rmprmsmktjteak cjy hakhmjf sacm ekoarcjteak orac tlasm ukojcefejr wetl tlm nrjplehjf hakvmkteaks ekvafvmi. ^lmk ektmrprmtekn j nmacmtreh mcgfmc gatl systmcs ao rmprmsmktjteak cust gm `mpt ek ceki. Oekjffy, kmurafanehjf ojhtars cjy gm ecpartjkt ek pmrhmevekn tlm cmjkekn jki ektmkt ao nmacmtreh jki cjtlmcjtehjf sycgafesc. ^lefm j nmkmrjf hrass-smksary cjppekn ao spjtejf aremktjteak tj`ms pfjhm ek tlm tljfjcus, jk jkhemkt pjrt ao tlm grjek, ieshrecekjteak ao jknfms jki hakstruhteak ao pmrspmhtevm orac vesujf hums tj`ms pfjhm ek tlm hmrmgrjf hartmx. Ylmrm es cmiehjf jki prjhtehjf mveimkhm tljt vesujfezjteak es sugdmht ta lmcesplmreh fjtmrjfezjteak, gmekn akm ao tlm strmkntls ao tlm ‖kakvmrgjf– lmcesplmrm ao tlm grjek. Et es passegfm tljt prafaknmi jhtevm haktmcpfjteak ao jgstrjht nmacmtreh oarcs hjusms ukusujf pjttmrks ao grjek jhtevety jki ojhefetjtms hljknms ek haksheauskmss (smm L. R. Favmhrjot―s slart stary ‖Ylm Irmjcs ek tlm êthl-Lausm–). Yles pawmr ta hljknm haksheauskmss tlraunl pjssevm pjs sevm haktmcpfjteak ljs trji trjieteakjf eteakjffy fy gmmk jshr jshregmi egmi ta tlm jgstrj jgstrjht ht yjktrjs ao Jsej, jki et es hmrtjekfy j gmfemo ecpfehet ek cjkijfjs jki yjktrjs ^mstmrk ^ mstmrk sjhrmi nmacmtry. Kmurafanehjf senks ao suhl moomh moomhts ts haufi hak hak-hmevjgfy gm imtmhtmi vej MMN tmstekn gut ta cy `kawfminm tles ljs kat ymt gmmk jttmcptmi.

YLM OAWC AO YLM LEIIMK Ylm trjpmzaei supmrecpasmi ak tlm kak-kjturjf pmktjnrjc jki rmstekn ak tlm herhfm ao tlm kjturjf arimr oarcs j hakhmptujf greinm gmtwmmk tlmsm iestekht rmjfcs. Yles sunnmstmi j spjtejf rmektmrprmtjteak ao tlm oenurm gmoarm cm4 tlm herhfm ahhupyekn akm pfjkm, tlm pmktjnrjc jkatlmr,

@mystakm @mysta km

7<8

jki tlm trjpmzaei oarcekn j pjtl gmtwmmk tlasm pfjkms. Ylm Xmjf tlmk jppmjrmi js j pradmhteak akta tlm pjnm ao j pjtlwjy gmtwmmk pfjkms. Ljvekn rmjfezmi tles, E qumsteakmi cy pmrhmpteak ao tlm Xmjf. Oar eo tles wmrm j pmrspmhtevm s`mthl, wljt wmrm tlm trum oarcs ekvafvmi1 Lmrm et es jppraprejtm ta cmkteak sacm fettfm-`kawk cjtlmcjtehjf ojhts jgaut ‖ahhuft– eksenkej. ^retmrs ^ retmrs ak tlm lestar lestaryy jki ple plefasaply fasaply ao cjtlmcjteh cjtlmcjtehss stjtm tljt tlm Rytljnarmjks iei kat mxtmki tlm hakhmpt ao iecmkseakjfety gmyaki safei nmacmtry, jki tljt tlm eimj ao lenlmr iecmkseaks haufi kat tj`m lafi uktef tlm resm ao jkjfyteh nmacmtry ek Murapm hmkturems fjtmr. E hjk oeki ka mveimkhm ta ojuft tles vemw. Umt E oeki et seknufjrfy suspeheaus tljt tlm pmktjnrjc, tlm gjinm ao tlm Rytljnarmjk gratlmrlaai, es kat akfy j `my ta tlm Nafimk Wjtea gut j twa-iecmkseakjf pradmhteak ao tlm ektmrear vmrtehms ao tlm pmktjlmiraei ar lypmrtmtrjlmirak, tlm secpfmst passegfm oaur oaur-ie -iecmkseak cmkseakjf jf oen oenurm. urm.

n

7<99 7<

Jppmkiex I

Kar es tles tlm akfy ‖ahhuft– sycgaf ao lypmriecmkseakjf jspmht. Imkkekn jki Rleffeps ljvm iahucmktmi tlm jppmjrjkhm ao tlm aniajieh stjr ek Wmkjessjkhm jrt jki eimkteoemi et wetl j lmrcmteh trjieteak. ^lmtlmr tles gm trum ar ka, tlmy ljvm imshregmi j caimrk ahhuft nraup cjèkn usm ao tles sycgaf. Et es mjsy ta hacpjrm tlm aniajieh stjr wetl j twa-iecmkseakjf pmrspmhtevm vemw ao j tmssmrjht, ar lypmrhugm, jki smm tljt tlm aniajieh stjr es j trjhekn ao tlm ektmrear vmrtehms vmrtehms ao tles oenurm.

Mqujffy hureaus, orac j cjtlmcjnehjf pmrspmhtevm, es tlm ojht tljt jkatlmr hakvmkteakjf hakvmkteakjf pmrspmhtevm rmprmsmktjteak rmprmsmktjteak ao tlm lypmrhugm slaws tles4 sex hugms jrm iestartmi ek ariekjry spjhm ta jppmjr js trukhjtmi jkj jki `jtj `jtj hugms ao tlm lypmrhugm Pslawk pyrjceis pyrj ceis grein greinekn ekn tlm jkj gmfaw jt tlm renltS. ( Jkj/`jtj ( Jkj/`jtj jrm jrm tlm pafjretems tljt Wuiy Wuh`mr usms ta rmomr ta iermhteak jfakn j oaurtl spjtejf jxes pmrpmkiehufjr ta tlm tlrmm ao aur karcjf mxpmremkhm, up/iawk, renlt/fmot, jki kmjr/ojr .).) renlt/fmot, jki

@mystakm @mysta km

7<=

Wmturkekn ta hakseimrjteak ao tlm Xmjf, tlmk’tlm passegefety mxests tljt tles oarc es j rmprmsmktjteak ao j iecmkseakjf njtm greinekn tlm kjturjf arimr jki tlm kak-kjturjf rmjfc ao haksheauskmss. Ylm trjpmzaei es tlm `mystakm ao tles njtm, ljvekn tlm trjieteakjf oarc ao tlm `mystakm ao jk jrhl, gmekn cutujffy imoekmi gy tlm rekn ao kjturm ek sezm jki gy tlm kak-kjturjf, lypmriecmkseakjf pmktjnrjc ek mssmktejf oarc. Ylm tlrmslafi ao tles partjf es oarcmi gy tlm paekts ao haktjht wetl tlm kjturjf arimr. Js E ljv ljvmm rmcjr`mi, rmcjr`mi, j nmacmtreh oenurm, mspmhejffy j ukehursjf oenurm, oen urm, cjy imshregm j prahmss. Yecm es ormqumktfy trmjtmi js tlm oaurtl iecmkseak ao aur mxpmremkhm. Ya tles ektmrprmtjteak ao tlm Xmjf E kaw turk.

YLM YWJHEKN AO YLM KEKM JKNFMX Iurekn harrmspakimkhm ak tles tapeh, Xer Xmtkj`t irmw cy jttmkteak ta tlm Rytljnarmjk jspmht ao tlm Gaki ao tlm Kekm Jknfms0 tlm katms ao tlm Nrjki Cjstmr Mcmretus ak tlm Xmjf ao Kekm trmjt tles Rytljnarmjk sycgafesc ek imtjef. J gremo succjry oaffaws. Ylm Gaki ao tlm Kekm Jknfms iesteknueslms tlm oerst oaur Jknfms jssahejtmi wetl tlm trjpmzaei orac tlm sugsmqumkt oevm Jknfms ao tlm pmktjnrjc. Ylm oerst oaur Jknfms jrm hfasmfy eimkteoemi wetl kmtmru, ar Favmhrjotejk kmtmru, ar Oarcs, mstjgfeslekn tlm oukijcmktjf hljrjhtmr ao aur haksheauskmss4 Jzjtlatl―s hljas0 tlm iujfesteh jki iecmkseakjf arimrekn imoekmi gy Uan-Xatlatl0 Kyjrfjtlatmp―s cmssjnm ao haksheauskmss0 jki tlm mkiurjkhm ao Xlug-Kennurjtl, wla imoekms tmcparjf pmrspmhtevm. Ylm hakkmhteak gmtwmmk tlmsm hakhmpts jki Ry Rytljnarmj tljnarmjkk kucmrehjf plefasaply’tlm paekt, tlm fekm, tlm trejknfm, jki tlm safei tmtrjlmirak’es mveimkt. Ylmsm fjttmr pawmrs’smfo pawmrs’smfo-haksheausk -haksheauskmss mss jki j ki tmcparjf pmrspmhtevm’ ljvm trennmrmi jk ukoafiekn ao vjreaus kak-kjturjf lestarehjf mvmkts4 tlm rjesekn ao tlm Ryrjceis ukimr tlm rufm ao eketejtary shlaafs jki tlm sfmmp, ‖kat imji gut irmjcekn,– ao tlasm shlaafs iurekn tlm rufm ao jk jnnrmssevm jki ecpmrejf cakatlmesc. êtl tlm Jmak ao Larus (jki wetl tlm Ylmasaplehjf ‖Kmw Jnm– ektraiuhmi jt tlm sjcm tecm’katm

7
Jppmkiex I

tljt tlm Uek/Ujkn fana fjh`s jff jknufjrety, ymt pasms j sugtfm hljffmknm ta syccmtry) tlmsm eketejtary shlaafs ljvm ‖jwj`mkmi– jki ek aur tecm ljvm graunlt oartl Cjstmrs. Et es kat wetlaut ektmrmst tljt et es tlm tleri jki oaurtl Jknfms, tlasm ao smfo-haksheauskmss jki tmcparjf pmrspmhtevm, wlehl tauhl tlm rekn ao tlm kjturjf arimr ek tlm Xmjf ao Wðkj prear ta fjukhlekn tlmsm tmcparjf cjkeomstjteaks. Ylm Xmjf ao Wðkj cjy tlus mcgaiy j imshrepteak ao tlm rmfjteakkmtmru ar Oarcs ek jk ekkmr, hrmjtevm rmjfc, jki tlm slep ao tlmsm kmtmru tmcparjf ukoafiekn ao tlmer patmktejf ek tlm autmr rmjfcs imoekmi vej haktjht wetl tlm kjturjf arimr. Yljt―s j cjhrahasceh ektmrprmtjteak. kmtmru ar Cehrahasceh ektmrprmtjteaks ekvafvm jppfehjteak ao tlm kmtmru ar jssahejtmi Rytljnarmjk eimjs oar struhturekn tlm cjkeomstjteak ao hakhmpts ek tlm ârfi ao Larrars. Ylus tlm plrjsm, ‖hjstekn j veseak tlraunl tlm jknfms.– Lmrm es j secpfm mxjcpfm. Xahejf hljknm stjrts wetl tlm stjtus qua, j oukhteak ao cekifmsskmss. Rjrtehepjkts jrm gfeki ta tlmer haktreguteak ta j setujteak, ekimmi hjkkat pmrhmevm tlm setujteak, gmekn mcgmiimi ek et. Yles es tlm ‖Eieat Nai– stjnm. Xekhm et es akfy passegfm ta ieshrecekjtm jky stecufus gy agsmrvekn j ieoomrmkhm, tlm oerst stmp ek jwjrmkmss hacms wlmk sacmgaiy agsmrvms agsmr vms j hjsm h jsm wlmrm hustac esk―t esk―t agsmrvmi, agsmr vmi, ymt tlm s`y s` y iamsk―t ojff jki tlm sperets iak―t scetm tlm lmrmteh. Akhm im-eimkteoehjteak tj`ms pfjhm, et es passegfm ta iesteknuesl kmhmssety orac hustac, jki tlm kmwfy jwjrm ekieveiujf hjk ‖gmlafi tlm cjstmr ao tlm ârfi ao Larrars,– trjhekn aut tlm prahmss gy wlehl tlm hustac jrasm. Oekjffy, tlm akm wla cj`ms hljknm’tlm akm wla trennmrs tlm mvafuteakjry ^jr ek Lmjvmk’es tlm Fuheomreh speret wla nams letlmr jki yak ‖rjesekn haksheauskmss– (‖tlm Wjc ao tlm Xuk, wla graunlt tly smfvms ta gm–) jki sfehekn tlm tecmfmss pmrpmtuety ao tlm stjtus qua ekta ‖tlm tecm tljt wjs, tlm tecm tljt es, jki tlm tecm tljt sljff gm.– Jt tles paekt, j hakhm hakhmpt pt ljs lj s gmmk fjukhlmi orac o rac ekkmr pfjkms ekta e kta tlm ârfi ârfi ao Larrars, orac irmjc ekta jhteak. ^ljt ao tlm prahmss ao cjkeomstjteak jssahejtmi wetl tlm oevm Jknfms J knfms Ylm Effucekjtu Effucekjtus!s! Yrefan refany, y, jvaw ao tlm pmktjnrjc1 êfsak jki Xlmj, ek Ylm jvaw tljt j oevmoafi trmjtcmkt ao lestarehjf prahmss es tlm nujrimi smhrmt ao tlm

@mystakm @myst akm

7<>

Effucekjte, jki put oartl j taknum-ek-hlmm` mxpaseteak ao tles tlmary. E cmkteak tles ta jfmrt tlm rmjimr ta tlm passegefety tljt wm jrm mknjnmi ek jk mxmrhesm effustrjtevm ao êfsak―s Fjw ao Oevms, tlm prekhepfm tljt jff mvmkts jki prahmssms hjk gm rmfjtmi ta tlm kucgmr oevm nevmk mkaunl eknmkuety. Ak tlm atlmr ljki E oeki et hureaus tljt Xuk Yzu―s jkjfyses ao wjrojrm’kaw wjro jrm’kaw ljw`mi ek gaa`starms js j trjht jppfehjgfm ta gusekmss’ gmneks wetl strjtmneh jssmsscmkt ao oevm ojhtars hretehjf ta suhhmss, jki tljt tlm praiuht-imvmfapcmkt hyhfm usmi gy akm fjrnm harparjteak es ieveimi ekta oevm pljsms. Carm rmfmvjkt, pmrljps, jrm cjtlmcjnehjf lekts oauki ek pjttmrks ao kjturjf nrawtl4 plyffatjxes, tlm slmff ao tlm kjutefus, tlm lark ao tlm rjc. Ylmsm jrm mxjcpfms ao nkacakeh mxpjkseak, j praparteakmi nrawtl pmhufejr pmhuf ejr ta feom, fe om, rmsuftekn ek ekvjrejkhm e kvjrejkhm ao oarc. Fevekn gmekns jfakm praiuhm oarcs ao pmktjnakjf syccmtry. Ylm Leiimk ekhfuims smhrmts jgaut tlm ojsleak ek wlehl tlm weff-ta-fevm ljs tj`mk tjknegfm oarc. Ia tlmsm smhrmts jppfy ta tlm trjdmhtary tlm cjnehejk cust hakseimr js tlm veseak es hjst tlraunl tlm weiimrsleks spek ao tlm Kekm Jknfms1 Rmapfm spmj` ao jk eimj ljvekn j feom ao ets awk, gut hjk wm oeki jky oarcjfezjteak ao tles hakhmpt tljt weff smrvm us ek ukimrstjkiekn jki prmiehtekn tlm sprmji ao eimjs1 Ylm psyhlalestary ao Ljre Xmfiak es kat lmrm ymt0 et cjy wmff gm js`mi eo suhl j tlekn es passegfm. Oarmhjstekn es carm jk jrt tljk j shemkhm, mvmk tlaunl kmw taafs jki tlmarems jrm hakstjktfy gmekn ekvmktmi jki mxpfarmi. Mvafuteakjry geafanests ljvm wrettmk ao ‖cmcms–’hakstmffjteaks ao eimjs jki gmfemos wlasm prapjnjteak jki imvmfapcmkt smmc jkjfa naus ta tljt ao pjrjseteh jki sycgeateh feom oarcs’jki stuimkts ao arnjkezjteakjf gmljvear ljvm gmnuk ta hakseimr graji-spmhtruc tlmarems ao ektmrjhteak tljt spjk geafanehjf systmcs, hacputmr systmcs, jki cjr`mt trjksjhteaks. ^lmtlmr tlmsm strjknm hrass-ieshepfekjry mooarts weffff imvmfap ekta rmvafuteakj we rmvafuteakjrr y shemkte shemkteoeh oeh oem oemfis fis ao prjht prjhtehj ehjff jppfehj jppfehj-teak, js hygmrkmtehs iei, rmcjeks ta gm smmk. ^ljt wm smm` es kat sa cuhl tlm jgefety ta oarmhjst tlm outurm js tlm jgefety ta eimkteoy kjturjf-arimr hakstrjekts jki ekmrtejf ojhtars tljt ekofumkhm tlm trjdmhtary ao hljknm.

7<<

Jppmkiex I

YLM IAAW Fjtm ek tlm war` ak tles mssjy E ‖stmppmi gjh`– orac tlm Xmjf ao Wðkj jki tremi ta faa` jt et akhm jnjek wetl j ormsl pmrspmhtevm. E katehmi tlm secpfm mfmcmkts4 tlm nmacmtreh stjr, tlm trjpmzaei, jki tlm herhfm. E 722: 2:44 J Xpjhm Aiyssmy, Aiyssmy, tlm rmhjffmi tlm ecjnm ek 72 tlm resekn ao tlm suk avmr tlm gfjh` cakafetl’wlehl, orac tlm pmrspmhtevm ao tlm vemwmr, wjs j trjpmzaeijf oarc’jki j ourtlmr tlaunlt ahhurrmi ta cm. E tlaunlt ao tlm Ijmcaks ao Hrmjteak ek tlm Gaki ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, jki rmhjffmi tljt tlm Mnyptejks usmi tlm sjcm wari, s―g oar tlrmm eimjs4 stjr, iaar, s―gjj , , oar tmjhl. Yles es kat tlm pfjhm ta imfvm ekta j trmjtcmkt ao jrhlma-jstrakacy. Gut wm wla spmj` ao tlm Rawmrs ao Ijr`kmss slaufi kat oarnmt tljt L. R. Favmhrjot wjs jk jcjtmur jstrakacmr js wmff js j irmjcmr, tljt tlm hmrmcaky ek wlehl tlm Gaki ao tlm Kekm Jknfms es rmhetmi wjs ta gm effucekjtmi gy haktraffmi caakfenlt ar stjrfenlt, jki tljt tlm @ekn―s Hljcgmr ao tlm Ymcpfm ao tlm Oevm Yrelmiraks wjs fet gy hljkkmfs jicettekn tlm fenlt ao hmrtjek stjrs. Ylm Nrjki Cjstmr ljs spa`mk ao tlm cjnkmteh puff ao tlm rekn ao Kjturm tljt irjws tlm Xmfo tlraunl tlm Kekm Jknfms0 tlm smksm ao mxjftjteak tlm Mfmht ommf ukimr tlm fenlt ao tlm stjrs es tlm mxprmsseak ao tljt luknmr oar tlm ]k`kawk js et es mva`mi gy Kjturm ek ets eccmksety. ^lefm ^l efm tle tless pjpmr tj tj`ms `ms jk ektmf ektmffmhtu fmhtujf jf jpprajhl, tlm ektmf ektmffmht fmhtuj ujff pursuet ao tlm t lm suprj-rjteakjf suprj-rjteakjf es cmt wetl w etl ium rmspaksm orac tlm Leiimk rmjfcs ao tlm psyhlm. ^lmk E hlmh`mi cy iejry E katehmi tljt tlm oerst cmkteak ao cy stuiy ao tlm Xmjf wjs ijtmi prmhesmfy menltmmk ijys prear ta tlm Yrjksoarcjteak ârèkn ao Dukm :<‘:54 E lji ojffmk jsfmmp jotmr hacputekn tlm jknufjr cmjsurms jki mxpmremkhmi irmjcs jgaut tlm pjst jki tlm outurm. Iurekn tlm Yrjksoarcjteak Yrjksoarcjteak ârèkn ârèkn etsmfo E orjcmi tlm t lm cacmktuc cacmktuc smt up gy tlm haksheaus trjdmhtary ao cy feom’tlm hlaehms cjim wlefm jwj`m’js tlm oarhm gmleki tlm fjukhl ao j spmheoeh eimj. Cy katms ak prahmss ukimr ‖Ylm Yrjhekn ao tlm Kekm Jknfms– J knfms– wmrm tlm rmsuft ao tles oahus ak cjkeomstjteak ao weff.

@mystakm @myst akm

7<5

Ylmrm hjk gm ka oekjf hakhfuseak. E ljvm put oartl j omw ao cy tlaunlts jki spmhufjteaks hakhmrkekn tlm Xmjf ao Wðkj jki tlm smhrmts hakhmjfmi ek ets nmacmtreh oarc. Jky weimkekn ao tlm pmrecmtmr ao tlm @kawk cust mktjef j praparteakjf ekhrmjsm ek tlm shapm ao tlm ]k`kawk, ymt tles ekquery mxpjkis jki mkljkhms tlm Xmfo rjtlmr tljk iecekeslekn et gmoarm tlm Leiimk. Ylus tlm catta ao tljt pmrpmtujf Wôkj.. Zumst js tlm Cjnus ao Wðkj ljs oarcufjtmi et4 Wmyk tef Wôkj

GEGFEANWJRLU Wukms ms ?, Jqueka, Cehljmf J. ‖Haccmktjry ak tlm Xmjf ao tlm Kekm Jknfms.– Wuk ka. 8 (Dukm :5<<)4 :‘9. ps :8 ’’’. ‖Favmhrjotejk Wetujf.– Kyhtjfa Wetujf.– Kyhtjfaps :8 (Cjy :5>>)4 8‘?. Wetujfs gy Jktak ’’’. ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms.– Ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs gy Fj_my, :<:‘:58. Kmw Uar`4 Jvak Gaa`s, :5>7. Nmkm , :<5‘ Ijwèks, Wehljri. ‖Cmcms4 Ylm Kmw Wmpfehjtars.– Ek Ylm Xmfoesl Nmkm, 72:. 7ki mieteak. Axoari4 Axoari ]kevmrsety Rrmss, :5<5. Imkky, D. Rmtmr. ‖Hufturjf Mhafany ao Cjtlmcjtehs4 Adegwjy jki Ekuet Luktmrs.– Kjtevmm Jcm Jcmreh rehjk jk Cjtl Cjtlmc mcjte jtehs hs,, mietmi gy Cehljmf R. Hfass, :75‘:<2. Ek Kjtev :75 ‘:<2. Justek4 ]kevmrsety ao Ymxjs Rrmss, :59. Xljmomr, Lmekrehl. Rrekh Lmekrehl. Rrekhepfms Yacpèks, Rmtmr. Xmhrmts ao tlm Nrmjt Ryrjcei . Kmw Uar`4 Ljrpmr & Waw, :5>:. Yzu, Xuk. Ylm Jrt ao ^jr . Axoari4 Axoari ]kevmrsety Rrmss, :5?8. Jcmrehjk ehjk _ekmttm, Orjkhekm. ‖Ek Xmjrhl ao Cmsajcmrehjk Nmacmtry.– Ek Kjtevm Jcmr

752

Jppmkiex I

Cjtlm cjtehs Cjtlmcjte hs,, mietmi gy Cehljmf R. Hfass, 8<>‘92>. Justek4 ]kevmrsety ao Ymxjs Rrmss, :5. Rrastlmses.– Wukm Rrastlmses.– Yrefany. Kmw Uar`4 êfsak, êfs ak, Wagmrt Jktak, jki Wagmrt Xlmj. Ylm Effucekjtus! Yrefany. Imff Rugfeslekn Ha., :5>=.

JRRMKIE\ M

F HLMCU AO YLM J FHLMCU N NIWJXEFF U NNIWJXEFF G� X�� M. O��, R�.I.

E. JFHLMCU AO YLM KAWYL Ylm Kartlmrk Yrjieteak ukimrstjkis wmff tlm prekhepfms ao jfhlmcy. Ets vmry hascafany, hascanak hascanaky, y, jki mshljtafan mshljtafanyy jrm mxprmssmi ek oarcufj oarcufjss jky jfhlmcest haufi ukimrstjki’eo tlmy ljvm fmjrkmi ta js` tlm renlt qumsteaks. Yles cmtlaiehjf ekvmstenjtekn ao tlm cystmrems (rmyk tef rôkj) ao law tlekns jrm hrmjtmi, imvmfapmi, jki trjksoarcmi es `mymi, fe`m sa cuhl mfsm ao tlm Leiimk Lmretjnm, ta tlm kekmoafi pjrjienc. Yles kekmoafi sycgaf, wetl senkeoehjkt vjrejteaks, es jfsa `kawk ek trjieteakjf Kartlmrk stuiems js tlm _jf`kôtr’@kat ao tlm Hlasmk, ar Xfjek, ar jcakn tlm Rmrsejk grmtlrmk js tlm Kjqsl’wlmkhm tlm Nuridemooejk Mkkmjnrjc. Jfhlmcy es j tmhlkafany ao trjksoarcjteak kat fecetmi ta jky akm èkniac ao mxestmkhm’et hjk trjksoarc cekmrjf, vmnmtjgfm, jkecjf, ar speretujf ‖sugstjkhms.– Ylmrm es ka akm oarcufj oar tles tmhlkafany’ mvmk tlm hfjssehjf ^mstmrk jfhlmcests ao tlm Ceiifm Jnms jki Wmkjessjkhm usmi vjrejteaks ek tlmer oarcufjs. ^m weff fmjrk katlekn Wðkj44 Mirmi―s Xlartmr âr`s _af. EEE (:5<< (:5<<‘:559) ‘:559) (Wðkj-Wjvmk, Jfsa jvjefjgfm ek Gfum Wðkj 722:).

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Jppmkiex M

ao prjhtehjf vjfum eo wm secpfy ecpasm tlm hfjsseh jfhlmcehjf oarcufjs upak ijtj oarmenk ta tlmc. Ekimpmkimkt ijtj’suhl js tlm trjieteakjf hascanakeh prahmss ao tlm jkhemkt Kartl’hjk tmjhl us kmw oarcufjs eo wm prahmmi ek j prmhesm wjy ekoarcmi gy eksperjteak. Ek j prjhtehjf smksm wljt jppmjrs lmrm es j oarcufj oar tlm nmkmrjteak (hrmjteak) ao jky imsermi tlekn’gm et jk agdmht, setujteak, ar stjtm ao gmekn.

EE. KAWYLMWK HAXCANAKU Ylm jkhemkt Nmrcjkeh hascanaky es cast hfmjrfy jki haktekuausfy aut Miij,, wrettmk gy jk Ehmfjkimr kjcmi fekmi ek smhteaks ao 7‘:5 ao tlm Miij Xkarre Xturfusak jrauki :777 HM. Jftlaunl astmksegfy j Hlrestejk, lm wjs ojr oj r carm ektmrmstmi ektmrmstmi ek prmsmrvekn prmsmrve kn tlm lmretjnm ao les le s Kartlmrk jkhmstars tljk lm wjs ek jky oarc ao Hlurhl (ar mvmk Hfjssehjf) Ymjhlekn. Miij ij tmffs us tljt ek tlm gmnekkekn tlmrm wjs katlekn Ylm Mi Nekkuknj-njp (cjnehjffy hljrnmi vaei). Yles ektmrprmtjteak ao gut Nekkuknj-njp Nekkuknj-njp wjs aoomrmi gy tlm nrmjt Nmrcjkeh plefafanest, Djk Nekkuknj-njp Rlefafa afane nehj hj im _rems, ek jk jrtehfm pugfeslmi ek :582 ek tlm Jhtj Rlef Xhjkiekjvehj (vaf. =). Jt tlm sautlmrk mxtrmcm ao tles vaei jrasm Oerm Xhjkiekjvehj Cuspmffslmecr slmecr ) jki jt tlm kartlmrk mxtrmcm jrasm ^jtmr ( Keo flmecr ).). ( Cuspmff ( Keoflmecr Ylmsm pafjr appasetms wmrm jttrjhtmi ta mjhl atlmr. Js tlm Oerm kmjrmi tlm ^jtmr, Xpjhm (Jer) cjkeomstmi’tlraunl wlehl spjr`s ofmw tawjri Keoflmecr Keo flmecr . Gut js tlm ^jtmr ao Keo flmecr kmjrmi ao Keoflmecr kmjrmi tlm hmktmr et ljrimkmi (jki mxpjkimi) ekta Ehm, wlehl haktjeks safei Xjfts jki mxtruims orac ets mssmkhm j _mkac’wlehl es struh` gy spjr`s ao Erak. Ylmsm spjr`s jhtevjtmi j Umjst (fevekn sugstjkhm) ek tlm fequmoemi Ehm. PKatm tljt tlm Ehm haktjeks tlrmm sugstjkhms4 Xjft (safei), _mkac (vjpar), jki Umjst (fequei).S ^lmrm tlmsm mfmcmkts hakvmrnm ek tlm ce cefi fi ceist ao Nekkuknj njp, tlmrm njp, tlmrm jresm twa gmekns orac tlm ireppekn Ehm4 oerst Ucer (j pratalucjkaei oarc) jki tlmk Juòucgfj (tlm hasceh gavekm). Ucer fevms ak tlm cef` praiuhmi orac Juòucgfj―s uiimrs jki slm fevms gy fehèkn tlm Xjfty Ehm. Aut ao tlm Ehm Juòucgfj oarcs tlm sljpm ao j smhaki

Ylm Jfhlmcy ao Unnirjseff

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lucjkaei4 Gure. Gure rmpfehjtmi lecsmfo jsmxujffy jki tlus Garr hjcm ekta gmekn. Ek tlm cmjktecm Ucer jfsa praiuhmi atlmr lucjkaei mktetems4 ukimr les fmot jrc tlmrm nrmw j pjer ao lucjkaeis, gut les fmot oaat mknmkimrmi wetl les renlt oaat j wlafm rjhm ao orast-nejkts (Afi Karsm4 ûursjr ).). lrãc ûursjr lrãc J ijunltmr ao tlm ‖orast-nejkt– Gÿfûark, kjcmi Gmstfj, cjtmi wetl Garr. Garr jki Gmstfj lji tlrmm saks4 Øòekk‘_efe‘_å. Yles es rmjffy j tlrmmoafi gut seknufjr mktety, wla es/jrm tlm oerst ao tlm rjhm ao Ïser. Øòekk‘_efe‘_å rmgmffmi jki èffmi tlmer cjtmrkjf jkhmstar, Ucer, jki orac tlm pjrts ao les oarc tlmy sljpmi tlm hasceh arimr’jrrjknekn tlm mjrtl ek tlm ceiifm jki rjteakjffy arimrekn tlm rmst ao tlm hascas. Ylm stjrs, suk, jki caak jrm jppaektmi tlmer pfjhms, mth.). Ylm Ïser jhtujffy hrmjtmi iwjrvms ta hacpmtm tlm war` ao plysehjf Miij.).) hrmjteak. (Yles paekt es hfmjr akfy ek tlm Mfimr ar Ramteh Miij Øòekk tlmk ukimrtj`ms ukimrtj`ms tlm Arimjf Arimjf ao Unnirjsef Unnirjseff’l f’lmm ljkns lecsmfo ak tlm ârfi Yrmm ek arimr ta njek Wukeh @kawfminm. Ak tlm Yrmm lm jpprmlmkis tlm uftecjtm Cystmry, jki rmturks ta mkjht wljt lm ljs fmjrkmi. Øòekk tlmk ukimrtj`ms tlm guefiekn ao jk mkhfasurm ao tlm nais Êsnjròr r . Orac Êsnjrò Êsnjròr, r, Ø òekk vmkturms aut (jnjek ek (Ïser)’hjffmi Êsnjrò les tlrmmoafi jspmht) jki ieshavmrs tlm kjturjf gaiems ao lucjk gmekns. Ek tlm tmxt tlmsm jrm sycgafehjffy rmprmsmktmi js ‖trmms– kjcmi ‖ Js`r – Mcgfj–– (Mfc1). ]pak tlmsm tlm tlrmmoafi Neot es gmstawmi4 (Jsl) jki ‖ Mcgfj Haksheauskmss, Feom-Grmjtl, jki Jmstlmteh Oarc. Yles gremo, jki ek sacm pfjhms secpfeoemi, rmhauktekn ao tlm has Miij jki canakeh prahmss autfekmi ek Xkarre―s Miij jki mfsmwlmrm ek Nmrcjkeh cytlafanehjf tmxts weff smrvm js j gjses oar ourtlmr ieshusseak. J hac pfmtm stuiy ao jf jfff tlm imtj imtjefefss ao tlm prahmss (wlehl ljs gmmk ukimrtj`mk) mxpjkis, gut iams kat oukijcmktjffy jftmr, tlm ‖jfhlmcehjf– jki Mkkmnakeh Oarcufj. Et es hfmjr tljt tlm tlrmmoafi mktety `kawk js Øòekk (‖Cjstmr ao Ekspermi Haksheauskmss–) es tlm oerst haksheausfy hrmjtevm mktety ek tles prahmss. Lm es tlm rmsuft ao j syktlmses ao tlm pafjr mxtrmcms ao Oerm/ Oerm/Je Jerr

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Jppmkiex M

jki ^jtmr/Ehm, jki sa haktjeks jff tlm patmktejf prmsmkt ek tlm areneØ òekk tlmk prahmmis ta jht js tlm kjf cjnehjf hljrnm ao Nekkuknj-njp. Øòekk ‖oerst jfhlmcest.– Lm tj`ms tlm gjsm sugstjkhm (Ucer) jki sugdmhts et ta jk jkjfyses ( safvm ( safvm)0 )0 et es gra`mk up jki gra`mk iawk ekta ets hacpakmkt pjrts pjr ts jki rmjrrj rmjrrjknmi knmi jhhariekn ta tlm sugdmhtevm (smce-haksheaus smce-haksheaus)) haktmkts ao Øòekk―s ceki jki weff. J stuiy ao tlm t lm cmjkekn ao tlm tlrmm kjcms ao Øòekk‘_efe‘_ Øòekk‘_efe‘_å rmvmjfs tlm Xmhrmt lmrm4 Øòekk 3 ‖Cjstmr ao Ekspermi Haksheauskmss,– _efe 3 ‖_afeteak,– jki _å 3 ‖Xjhrjfety– (e.m., tlm haksheaus ieveseak gmtwmmk sjhrmi jki praojkm’tlm qujfety ao haksheaus ieshrecekjteak). Øòekk es tlm oerst ekieveiujf gmekn wetl tlmsm tlrmm qujfetems4 Yrjkshmkimktjf Haksheauskmss passmssmi ao êff jki jgfm ta Ieshrecekjtm gmtwmmk ‖tles– jki ‖tljt.–

EEE. JFHLMCEHJF RWEKHERFMX Ek tlm Nmrcjkeh hascanaky prmsmktmi jgavm hmrtjek omjturms haksestmkt wetl tlasm wm jfsa `kaw js jfhlmcehjf hfmjrfy mcmrnm. Ylmrm es j cavmcmkt orac precjf ukety (j hajnufjtmi stjtm) tlraunl jk jkjfytehjf prahmss (iessafuteak iessafuteak)) ekta j trjksoarcmi, rm-hajnu rm-hajnufjtmi fjtmi stjtm, mjhl tecm ukimr tlm nueijkhm ao jk ekhrmjseknfy carm jwj`mkmi haksheauskmss. Yles es hjrremi aut tlraunl hakoraktjteaks gmtwmmk pafjrezmi qujfetems cast secpfy mxpfjekmi js hakhmpts ao Oarc (^jtmr‘Ehm, mth.) jki Mkmrny (Oerm‘Jer, mth.). Ylm Nmrcjkeh hascanakeh cytlas praveims j iaarwjy ta fmjrkekn ao tlm Xmhrmt ao law ta grekn tlekns ekta gmekn. Yles iaarwjy hjk gm ukfah`mi gy tlasm wla fmjrk law ta usm tlm kekmoafi `my wlehl apmks et. Nekkuknj-njp.. Ek et jff tlekns jrm hakYlm precjf, ar oerst, ukety es Nekkuknj-njp tjekmi. Et es gmyaki jff fecetjteaks ao tecm jki spjhm0 ek et jrm ukeoemi ek j hacpfmtmfy ukieoomrmktejtmi wjy jff pafjr appasetms’Nekkukn appasetms’ Nekkukn es es tlm jgsafutm ukety ao Oarc Cjss jki Mkmrny. Ylm hascas mcmrnms orac tles ukieoomrmktejtmi hljas jki rmturks ta et ak j hyhfehjf gjses. Gmoarm jky haksheaus, ar mvmk fevekn gmekns hjk hacm ekta mxestmkhm, oaur pjers ao appasekn mfmcmkts cust cjkeomst jki gm jhtevjtmi4


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Ylm oerst twa pjers (:‘7) cjkeomst tlm hakhrmtm arimr ao tlm hascas, wlefm wle fm tlm smhaki twa t wa pjers (8‘9) hakstetutm tlm cjke cjkeomstjteak omstjteak ao feve fevekn kn ekoarcjteak ek tlm kjturjf hasceh arimr. Cast ao tlm hasceh arimrekn es cjim up ao sugstjkhms jki prahmssms rmstrehtmi ta tlm oerst twa pjers. Ylm fevekn ekoarcjteak (nmkmteh haim) iykjcehjffy, gut steff orac aur pmrspmhtevm pmrspmh tevm ukhaksheausfy, mvafvms ta j paekt wlmrm mkaunl eko ekoarcj arcj-teak (orac Nekkukn) ljs gmmk hrass-rmomrmkhmi ta cj`m j cutjteak ekta j smce-haksheaus gmekn passegfm. Yles es tlm o erst ao tlm Ïser4 Ø òekk‘_efe‘ _å’tlm oerst rmukeoehjteak ao tlm spmhtruc ao jff tlm qujfetems prmsmkt ek Nekkukn . Lawmvmr, tles (rm-)ukeoemi mktety es kat ymt j ouffy haksheaus (ievekm) gmekn. Les oerst ecpufsm es ta rmgmf’ta imstray tlm raat orac wlehl lm sprjkn jki ta rmarimr et ek j wjy carm ek jhharijkhm wetl les weff. Yles es tlm oerst smfo-jwjrm jht ao hrmjteak. Ylm hrmjteak es hjrremi aut ukimr tlm nueijkhm ao j haksheaus jki rjteakjf pfjk. Lmrm jff tlm leiimk jki cystmreaus fjws ao kjturm jrm fjei iawk. Mssmktejf ta tlm prahmss es tljt tlm ‖afi arimr– wjs imhakstruhtmi (Ucer èffmi jki iescmcgmrmi) jki j kmw arimr mstjgfeslmi (orac tlm pjrts ao tlm afi arimr) jhhariekn ta tlm sugdmhtevm weff ao tlm hrmjtar. Ljvekn mstjgfeslmi hmrtjek fjws ao kjturm’tljt es, jrhlmtypjf prahmssms’wlehl tj tj`m `m ak fevms ao tlmer awk, tlm Ïser hrmjtm j last ao jnmkts ao oarcjteak (iwjrvms, ar ijr`-mfvms) wlehl jht js tlm hrjotscmk wla grekn ekta plysehjf rmjf rmjfety ety tlm eknmkeausfy ojsl ojsleakmi eakmi prekhepfms ao tlm Ïser. Ylm iwjrvms jrm wmff `kawk ek Nmrcjkeh cytlafany js tlm hrjotscmk ao tlm nais. Ylmy jrm tlm tmhlkehejks wla mxmhutm tlm pfjks ao tlm nais, gut

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Jppmkiex M

wly jrm j rm jfsa j fsa ormmi gy tlmer t lmer smce-haksheaus smc e-haksheaus stjtus ta hrmjtm jf jfff cjkkmr cj kkmr ao oarcs (ekhfuiekn cutjteaks jki cjkepufjteaks ao cekmrjf sugstjkhms, js wmff js vmnmtjgfm jki jkecjf spmhems). Ek tles prahmss tlm Ïser jrm jgsmkt js tlmy ljvm wetlirjwk ekta jkatlmr iecmkseak ta haktmcpfjtm tlm kmxt, cast cacmktaus jfhlmcehjf war`. Øòekk mcmrnms orac les wetlirjwjf ta ukimrna tlm Arimjf ao Unnirjseff’ek wlehl lm mxtmkis tlm mssmkhm ao lecsmfo tlraunlaut tlm struhturm ao tlm warfi-arimr wlehl lm ljs ojsleakmi’lm haktmcpfjtms les awk Xmfo tlraunl tlm ârfi-Yrmm wlehl jhts js j cufteiecmkseakjf cerrar ao tljt Xmfo. Ylm hufcekjteak ao tles jht es tlm jpprmlmkseak ao tlm uftecjtm Cystmry Cystmry ( Wð Wðkj kj) jki tlm njekekn ao rmjf Wukeh @kawfminm. Yles cacmkt ao rmjfezjteak tljt tlmrm es sacmtlekn nrmjtmr tljk tljt ao wlehl tlm Jmser wmrm haksheaus wlmk tlmy oerst sljpmi tlm ârfi ^ arfi es tlm rmsuft ao tlmer haktm haktmcpfjteak cpfjteak ao tlm mktermty ao tlm âr`. Ylm passegefety ao sacmtlekn mvmk nrmjtmr tljk smfo-jwjrmkmss jresms’ jki jftlaunl tlm `mys ta tles Cystmry jrm ecpjrtmi ta Øòekk (ek tlm oarc ao tlm Wukms) et es jfsa hfmjr tljt tlmsm jrm akfy `mys jki tljt jk mtmrkjf Zumst es kmhmssjry ta jhtujfezm tlmc. Jff @kawfminm njekmi ek tles Zumst es tlmk usmi js j pranrjc oar ourtlmr imvmfapcmkt js wmff js oar tlm hrmjteak ao ourtlmr pfjks oar tlm mvafuteak ao tlm arenekjf hrmjteak. Ylm oerst jht Øòekk ukimrtj`ms wetl tles kmw @kawfminm es tlm guefiekn ao Êsnjròr ao Êsnjròr ’j ’j smpjrjtm, slemfimi oartrmss ek wlehl tlm mxpmrecmkt ek ievekm mvafuteak hjk gm hjrremi aut. Gut tles smpjrjtm oartrmss, wlehl trjkshmkis tlm cukijkm ukevmrsm, cust gm nraukimi. Et cust ljvm j oarc ar vmlehfm ek tlm cukijkm uke vmrsm oar purpasm purpasmss ao ets awk mvafuteak, jki et cust jf jfsa sa ljvm j iermh iermhtt hakkmhteak wetl tlm cukijkm, ar larezaktjf, ukevmrsm etsmfo. Ek arimr ta moomht tles fek`, tlm tlrmmoafi Øòekkeh mktety vmkròr jki turms aut orac Êsnj orac Êsnjròr jki tj`ms tlm kjturjf gaiems ao lucjk gmekns (rmjffy katlekn carm tljk jpm-fe`m hrmjturms) jki mkiaws tlmc wetl tlm tlrmmoafi Neot ao Haksheauskmss, Feom-Grmjtl, jki Jmstlmteh Oarc. Rmrljps tlm rmjsak wly tlmy jrm sycgafezmi js trmms es tljt tlmsm lucjkaei hrmjturms wmrm, jt tljt paekt purmfy hrmjturms ao jppmtetm’


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smrvekn j oukhteak fettfm carm senkeoehjkt tljk mjtekn jki mxhrmtekn. Gut mkiawmi wetl tlm ievekm Neots, lucjks (cjkkaz ( cjkkaz)) gmhacm Jnmkts ao Haksheauskmss ek tlm larezaktjf pfjkm. ^ljt tlm iwjrvms wmrm ta tlm hrmjteak ao tlm kjturj kjturjff hascas’l hascas’lmfpmrs mfpmrs jki j ki jff j ffems’lucjk ems’lucjk gmekns jrm ta tlm haktekuekn hrmjteak ao tlm kak-kjturjf rmjfcs.

E_. JKN]FJW JFHLMCU Jknfms jrm hacpfmx mktetems. Ylmy jrm mssmktejffy imoekmi gy twa fekms wlehl hakvmrnm jt j ne nevmk vmk paekt ek spjhm jki wlehl hjk gm o urt urtlmr lmr imoekmi gy tlm prmhesm qujfety ao tlm rmfjteakslep akm fekm ljs ta tlm atlmr (m.n., tlm kucgmr ao imnrmms gmtwmmk tlm twa fekms). Ylmrm jrm jfsa cjky leiimk iecmkseaks gmleki mjhl jknfm. Ylasm wla ljvm stuiemi tlm Xmjf ao Wðkj weff ljvm suspmhtmi tlm kjturm ao tlm kekmoafi `my ta ukfahèkn tles jfhlmcehjf prahmss4 jk Nekkuknjnjp jki jpmrturm gmtwmmk tlm arenekjf ukety ao Nekkuknjnjp jki tlm rmjfcs ao cjkeomstjteak es hrmjtmi gy tlm oerst Jknfm ( Hljas). Yles hljateh ukety es gra`mk gy tlm smhaki Jknfm (Arimr ) wlehl imshregms tlm cjkeomstjteak ao tlm oaur prekhepfm mfmcmkts (^jtmr/Oerm/Ehm/Jer). Ylm tleri Jknfm (@kawfminm) cjkeomsts tlm pjttmrks ao feom jki mstjgfeslms tlm pjtlwjys ao ekoarcjteak. J smhaki ukety es mstjgfeslmi ek tlm oaurtl Jknfm ( Gmekn ) js tlm feom/haimi ekoarcjteak prahmss mknmkimrmi ek tlm tleri Jknfm es hac pfmtmi ek tlm oarc ao tlm oeoerst rst gmekn gmeknss hjpjgfm ao smfo-`kawfmi smfo-`kawfminm. nm. Ylm rekn ao kjturm jki tlm trjpmzaei jrm hacpfmtmi wetl tlm oarnekn ao tlm oeotl Jknfm (Hrmjteak) js tlm Ïser rmgmf jnjekst tlm mstjgfeslmi arimr, avmrtlraw et jki hrmjtm tlm hascas jkmw ek tlmer awk ecjnms. Ylm sextl jknfm (Imjtl/Xfmmp) es j cacmkt ao stjses oar tlm Ïsereh hrmjtars js tlmy jffaw tlmer imceurnms, ar hrjotscmk, tlm iwjrvms, ta oekesl tlm plysehjf hascas jhhariekn ta tlm prekhepfms mstjgfe mstjgfeslmi slmi gy tlm Jmser ek tlm hrmjteak ao tlm iwjrvms tlmcsmfvms. Ek tlm smvmktl Jknfm ( Gertl/Jwj`mkekn) tlm Arimjf ao Unnirjsef es hacpfmtmi wlmrmek Ø òekk gmhacms haksheaus ao sacmtlekn nrmjtmr tljk lecXmfo, jki sacmtlekn wlehl fjei autseim les haksheauskmss

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Jppmkiex M

wlmk lm rmsljpmi tlm ârfi (ek tlm oeoeot otll Jkn Jknfm fm)’tl )’tles es sacmtle sacmtlekn kn es tlm Cystmry ( Wð Wðkj kj). Yles eketejtary mxpmremkhm Yrjksoarcs Øòekk ekta j nai jcakn nais. Lm es haksheaus js es ka atlmr nai ao les awk fecetjteak jki mvmk enkarjkhm, lm fmjrks ta smm carm jki carm hfmjrfy jki ta irmjc ymt carm ekspermi veseaks ao wljt tlm ievekm rmjfc haufi gm. Yles fmjis lec ta imsenk jki ljvm hakstruhtmi tlm Mkhfasurm ao/oar tlm Nais, Êsnjròr, Nais, js jk eimjfezmi haccukety ao haksheaus mktetems. Yles es Êsnjròr, js j pfjhm wlmrm lm pfjks oar tlmc ta mvafvm jki imvmfap, jki es ekiehjtevm ao tlm menltl Jknfm (Wm-hrmjteak). Ylm rm-hrmjteak es kat j hjrgak hapy Wðkj kj) ao tlm oerst hrmjteak, et es kaw ekoarcmi gy j Xmksm ao Cystmry ( Wð jki atlmr ekoarcjteak njekmi ek tlm mxpmremkhm ao tlm smvmktl jknfm, Êsnjròr es, es, lawmvmr, tlm uftecjtm stjnekn nrauki oar Gmhacekn tlraunltlraunl aut tlm ârfis. Ylm prahmss oerst smt ekta cateak orac j prmveausfy uk`kawk, ar ukjrtehufjtmi, arenekjf paekt gmneks ta hacm ouff herhfm wlmk tlm tlrmmoafi Neot es gmstawmi upak j kjturjf hrmjturm’ C hrmjturm’ C jkkjz jkkjz.. Lawmvmr, tles prahmss, tlm sugdmht’tlm mkjhtar’ao wlehl es tlm Ofjcm, hjkkat hacm ouff herhfm uktef tlm Neotmi Wjhm grekns et ouff herhfm ao tlmer awk vafeteak’tlraunl eketejteak. Yles uftecjtm rmjfezjteak ao tlm saurhm ao haksheauskmss, tlm Ofjcm, hfasms tlm hyhfm jki ek sa iaekn sljff hrmjtm j kmw rjhm ao nais.

_. HAKHF]XEAKX Akm ao tlm mssmktejf Wukeh cmssjnms ao tlm mxpfarjteak ao tles prahmss es tlm jfhlmcehjf Kmhmssety ao rmturkekn ta tlm raats ao tlekns ek arimr Wôkj cjkijtms ta trjksoarc tlmc. Ylm mxlartjteak Wmyk tef Wôkj cjkijtms j rmturk ta tlm mssmktejf, arenekjf Oarcs ao tlekns, hakstjktfy syktlmsezekn tlmc wetll tlm sugdmht―s prmsmkt stjtm ao Gme wet Gmekn. kn. Yle Yless aotmk kmhmssetj kmhmssetjtms tms tlm pmreaieh, jki pmrljps akfy ak fy tmcparjry, rmdmhteak ao trjieteak oar ets awk sj`m. Yles prahmss hrmjtms j cacmkt ao purm ^j`moufkmss, jki ljvekn jwa`mk, tlm eketejtm smms, jki ljvekn smmk tlm eketejtm jhts moomhtevmfy wetl `kawfminm. Ek tles jrtehfm wm ljvm prmsmktmi tlm autfekms ao j nueim ta tlm suh-


755

hmssouf hacpfmteak ao j hacpfmx hrmjtevm prahmss’jky hacpfmx hrmjtevm prahmss’wlmtlmr prahmss’wlm tlmr et es guefi guefiekn ekn j lausm ar hrmjtekn j kmw ukevmrsm. Ylm jfhlmceh tlmary prmsmktmi lmrm es kat akfy j `my ta tlm hrmjteak jki trjksoarcjteak ao tlekns/plmkacmkj ek tlm ‖agdmhtevm ukevmrsm,– gut jfsa j struhturjf cjp ta hmrtjek jspmhts ao tlm sugdmhtevm ukevmrsm’ tlm smfo wlehl es tlm trum sugdmht ao eketejteak. Yles stuiy es ojr orac j hacpfmtm ieshusseak ao tlm jfhlmcehjf Cystmrems prmsmkt ek tlm Mkkmnakeh Oarcufj ao Unnirjsef. ^ljt yau ljvm gmoarm yau es kat jk mki, gut akfy jk mtmrkjf gmnekkekn, wetl sa cuhl carm ta ieshavmr tljk wljt wm jfrmjiy `kaw jgaut tlm prahmss, wljt fems ek Xùfi faa`s ta gm ou ouffff ao pawmr jki j ki wakim wakimr.r.

JRRMKIE\ O

U F M L E J K J FRLJGMY F RLJGMY YLM W― UF G�� ^�� Y�� (Y�� C�N��)

Ek :557, j @kenlt ao tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei kjcmi Xer Ycytlas (Yecatly ChNrjkjljk) pugfeslmi oar tlm ektmrkjf usm ao tlm Arimr j suetjgfy ‖jfemk– jfpljgmt oar trjkshregekn tlm Uunnatleh fjknujnm. ^lefm j oakt rmkimrekn tlmsm nfypls ljs gmmk prmveausfy rmfmjsmi pugfehfy vej tlm L. R. Favmhrjot Lestarehjf Xahemty, tles es tlm oerst tecm tlm jfpljgmt es jvjefjgfm’ek ets hacpfmtm haktmxt’autseim tlm Arimr. Ylrmm oarcs jrm prmsmktmi oar mjhl fmttmr4 tlm wrettmk W―yfmlejk oarc, tlm prektmi W―yfmlejk oarc, jki tlm Fjtek jfpljgmt (wetl katms js jppraprejtm).

8222 82

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*Js haksakjkt. †Jfwjys prakaukhmi ljri, js ek ‖hjt.– ‡Js vawmf. §Rrakaukhmi ‖zl– js ek ‖smezurm.– ¿Jfwjys praukaukhmi js j fakn vawmf, js ek ‖trum.– VVJfwjys prakaukhmi js j slart vawmf, js ek ‖ojtlmr.–

82:

KAYMX

HLJRYMW :. A_MW_EM^ AO YLM KEKM JKNFMX Xjtjk, :?9. :. Jqueka, Ylm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk, :?9. 7. Jqueka, Jque ka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Kekm Jknfms,– Jknfm s,– :<5 :<5.. 8. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jkn Jknfms,– fms,– :<5 :<5.. 9. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmca Hmrmcaky ky ao tlm Kekm Jkn Jknfms,– fms,– :<5‘52. =. Jqueka, ‖Y ‖Ylm lm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Kekm Jkn Jknfms,– fms,– :52. ?. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmca Hmrmcaky ky ao tlm Kekm Jkn Jknfms,– fms,– :52. >. Jqueka, ‖Hljrt ‖Hljrtmr mr ao tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei Yrjpmzaei,– ,– ek Ylm Ymcpfm ao Xmt, <: <:.. <. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jkn Jknfms,– fms,– :5 :5:. :. 5. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jkn Jknfms,– fms,– :5 :5:. :. :2. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,– :5:. ::. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,– :5:.

HLJRYMW 7. LEXYAWEHJF JKYMHMIMKYX J Lestar Lestaryy ao Cjtlmc Cjtlmcjtehs jtehs,, >. :. Gaymr, Gaymr, J Wetujfs, 7:5. 7 . Fj_ Fj_my, my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, 7:5. 8. Gjushljtz, Ylm ^mff jki tlm Yrmm, :9. 9. ^mgg, ^mgg, ‖\mpmr4 Ylm Mtmrkjf âri âri ao Xmt.– Wukms, trjks. Ofawmrs, ?5. =. Fest, Ylm Xmhrmt ao tlm Wukms, trjks. ?. Fmvmkij, Ylm Ijr` Fari, 7=2. >. Ofawmrs jki Cayke Caykeljk, ljk, Ylm Xmhrmt @ekn, 98. <. Ofaw Ofawmrs mrs jki Caykeljk, Ylm Xmhrmt @ekn, <8. @ekn, >5. Yrjksfjteak sfenltfy caieoemi. 5. Ofawmrs jki Cayke Caykeljk, ljk, Ylm Xmhrmt @ekn, >5. 827

Katms

828

Herhfm, =2=. :2. ^mgg, Ylm Ljrcakeaus Herhfm, =2=. ::. ^mgg, Ylm Ljrcakeaus Herhfm, =:7. Gegfm, :==. :7. Fj_my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Gegfm, :==. Xmt, 7?5. :8. Jqueka, Ylm Ymcpfm ao Xmt, 7?5. :9. Fj_my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Gegfm, :57. :=. Favmhrjot, Ylm Iaac tljt Hjcm ta Xjrkjtl jki Atlmr Xtarems, 8> 8>..

HLJRYMW 8. JKN]FJW CJNEH ÊYLEK YLM HL]WHL AO XJYJK JKI YLM YMCRFM AO XMY Wetujfs, 7:5. :. Fj_ Fj_my my , Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, 7:5. Wetujfs, :2>. 7. Fj_ Fj_my, my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, :2>. 8. Fakn, Ylm Laukis ao Yekijfas, 79>. Wetujfs, ::2‘::. 9. Fj_ Fj_my, my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, ::2‘::. Yjgfmts, 99. =. Iarmjf, Ylm Mcmrjfi Yjgfmts, 9 9. ?. Lawjri, Lawjri, ‖Ylm Nai ek tlm Gawf, Gawf,–– ek Ylm Hacekn ao Hakjk tlm Heccmrejk, ??. >. @e @ekhjei khjei PFj_ PFj_myS, ‖Jk ‖Jk Mxpfjk M xpfjkjteak jteak ao tlm Wafm ao tlm Haukhef Haukhe f ao tlm Yrjpmzaei,– 9. Wetujfs, :>=. <. Fj_ Fj_my, my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, :>=. Wetujfs, :>?. 5. Fj_ Fj_my, my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, :>?. Fmttmrs, vaf. =, :72. :2. Favmhrjot, Xmfmhtmi Fmttmrs, vaf. ::. ^mgg, ]khfm Xmtkj`t―s Kenltgaa`, 772‘:. Hyhfm, v‘ve. :7. Rrehm, Ylm Jzjtlatl Hyhfm, :8. Rrehm, Ylm Jzjtlatl Hyhfm, ve. :9. Favmhrjot, Ylm Irmjc-Zumst ao ]k`kawk-@jijtl, 8. hurifekn kn Yjfms jfms,, :>7. :=. Favmhrjot, Gfaai Favmhrjot, Gfaaihurife hurifekn kn Yjfms jfms,, 829. :?. Favmhrjot, Gfaai Favmhrjot, Gfaaihurife hurifekn Yjfms jfms,, 772. :>. Favmhrjot, Gfaai Favmhrjot, Gfaaihurifekn hurifekn Yjfms jfms,, :::. :<. Favmhrjot, Gfaai Favmhrjot, Gfaaihurifekn :5. Favmhrjot, Ylm Irmjc-Zumst ao ]k`kawk @jijtl, :<7. hurifekn Yjfms jfms,, 7:=. 72. Favmhrjot, Gfaai Favmhrjot, Gfaaihurifekn Fmttmrs, vaf. :, :?:. 7:. Favmhrjot, Xmfmhtmi Fmttmrs, vaf. 77. Favmhrjot, Ylm Iaac Yljt Hjcm ta Xjrkjtl jki Atlmr Xtarems, => =>.. hurifekn kn Yjfms jfms,, <8. 78. Favmhrjot, Gfaai Favmhrjot, Gfaaihurife hurifekn kn Yjfms jfms,, <9. 79. Favmhrjot, Gfaai Favmhrjot, Gfaaihurife hurifekn kn Yjfms jfms,, 7:9. 7=. Favmhrjot, Gfaai Favmhrjot, Gfaaihurife

8299 82

Katms

ihurifekn kn Yjfms jfms,, 75<. 7?. Favmhrjot, Gfaa Favmhrjot, Gfaaihurife 7>. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,– :<5. ihurifekn kn Yjfms jfms,, 829. 7<. Favmhrjot, Gfaa Favmhrjot, Gfaaihurife 75. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,– :<5. 82. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,–:<5‘52. 8:. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,–:<5. 87. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,–:52. Xmt, :25=. 88. Jqueka, Ylm Ymcpfm ao Xmt, :25=. 89. Ofawmrs, ‖êsiac oar tlm âfo-Jnm.– 8=. Ofawmrs, ‖êsiac oar tlm âfo-Jnm.– rcçff E , 5. 8?. Ofawmrs, Wðkj Ofawmrs, Wðkjrcç 8>. Ofawmrs, ‖Ylm Jfhlmcy ao Unnirjseff,– 72‘7:. 8<. Ofawmrs, ‖Ylm Jfhlmcy ao Unnirjseff,– 78. 85. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,– :52.

HLJRYMW 9. YLM OA]KIJYEAKX AO NMACMYWU EK CJNEHJF RWJHYEHMX 722:, 798‘99. :. Jrt Jrtlur lur H. Hfjr`m, Hfjr`m, 722:, 798‘99. Wmvevjf, 9.. 7. Nrjkt, Ylm Cjnehjf Wmvevjf, 9 8. @e @ekhjei khjei PFj_ PFj_myS, ‖Jk ‖Jk Mxpfj M xpfjkjteak kjteak ao tlm Wafm ao tlm Haukhef Haukh ef ao tlm Yrjpmzaei,– 9. Cjneh, eh, ?5. 9. Orjtmr ]∹I∹, Lenl Cjn =. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jkn Jknfms,– fms,– :<5 :<5.. ?. Fjwfar, Xjhrmi Nmacmtry, ?. >. Fjwfar, Xjhrmi Nmacmtry, <. <. Gjrrem, Ylm Xjhrmi Ek-Gmtwmmk, :92. @my, :5>‘5<. 5. Favmhrjot jki Rrehm, Ylraunl tlm Njtms ao tlm Xefvmr @my, :5>‘5<.

HLJRYMW =. J YLMAWU AO CJNEH Wukms jki Cjne Cjneh,h, 5. :. Ofawmrs, Ofawmrs, Wukms Wukms jki Cjne Cjneh,h, :7. 7. Ofaw Ofawmrs, mrs, Wukms 8. Gjjf, Xycgafs oar Haccukehjteak, 7?8. 9. Jqueka, Ylm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk, :?9 =. Cartmksmk, Ylm Haccjki ta Faa`, 99 99..

Katms

?. Cartmksmk, Ylm Haccjki ta Faa`, =:. >. Cartmksmk Cartmksmk,, Ylm Haccjki ta Faa`, ?8. <. Cartmksmk, Ylm Haccjki ta Faa`, 9=. 5. Cartmks Cartmksmk, mk, Ylm Haccjki ta Faa`, 9> 9>.. :2. Cartmksmk, Ylm Haccjki ta Faa`, 9> 9>.. Faa`, 9>‘95. ::. Cartmksmk, Ylm Haccjki ta Faa`, 9>‘95. Xjtjk, 8>>. :7. Jqueka, Ylm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk, 8>>.

HLJRYMW ?. YLM YLWMM WEYMX AO JKN]FJW CJNEH JKJFUTMI Cjss, ier. Wjy Fjurmkt, ??42?. :. Xjtjkes4 Ylm Imvef―s Cjss, Xjtjk, 79<‘95. 7. Jqueka, Ylm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk, 79<‘95. Wetujfs, :::. 8. Fj_ Fj_my, my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, :::. Gegfm, :<5. 9. Fj_ Fj_my, my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Gegfm, :<5. =. Fj_ Fj_my, my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Gegfm, :57. Lmekrehl ehl Leccf Leccfmr―s mr―s Hjcm Hjcmfat, fat, 8‘9. ?. Haa` jki Wussmff, Wussmff, Lmekr 8‘9. Lmekrehl ehl Leccf Leccfmr―s mr―s Hjcm Hjcmfat, fat, 77. >. Haa` jki Wussm Wussmff, ff, Lmekr Wetujfs, ::>. <. Fj_ Fj_my, my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, ::>. 5. Fj_ Fj_my, my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, ::>. Wetujfs, ::<. :2. Fj_my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, ::<. Wetujfs, ::<. ::. Fj_my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, ::<. :7. Fj_my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, :2<. Wetujfs, ::5. :8. Fj_my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, ::5. Wetujfs, ::5. :9. Fj_my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, ::5. :=. Iarmjf, Ylm Mcmrjfi Yjgfmts, 9?. Wetujfs, :7:. :?. Fj_my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, :7:. Wetujfs, :77‘78. :>. Fj_my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, :77‘78. Xjtjk, :?9. :<. Jqueka, Ylm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk, :?9. Wetujfs, :77. :5. Fj_my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, :77. Wetujfs, :78. :5. Fj_my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, :78. Wetujfs, :78. 72. Fj_my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, :78. Wetujfs, :78. 7:. Fj_my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, :78. Wetujfs, :79. 77. Fj_my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, :79. Wetujfs, :7?. 78. Fj_my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, :7?. Wetujfs, :7?. 79. Fj_my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, :7?. Wetujfs, :7>. 7=. Fj_my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, :7>.

82=

82? 82?

Katms

Wetujfs, :7>‘7<. 7?. Fj_my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, :7>‘7<. Wetujfs, :75. 7>. Fj_my, Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs, :75. 7<. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,– :<7. 75. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,– :<8. Xjtjk, :255. 82. Jqueka, Ylm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk, :255. Cjnus, =92‘9:. 8:. Oawfms, Ylm Cjnus, =92‘9:. 87. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,– :<9. 88. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,– :. 8?. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,– :<>. 8>. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,– :<<. 8<. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,– :<5. 85. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,– :<5. 92. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,– :<5. 9:. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,– :<5‘52. 97. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,– :52. 98. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,– :52. 99. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,– :5:. 9=. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,– :5:. 9?. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,– :5:. 9>. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,– :5:. 9<. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,– :5:. 95. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,– :5:. =2. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,– :58. =:. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hjff ta Htluflu,– :5<. =7. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hjff ta Htluflu,– :55. =8. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hjff ta Htluflu,– :55. =9. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hjff ta Htluflu,– 722. ==. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,– :<9. =?. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hjff ta Htluflu,– 722. =>. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hjff ta Htluflu,– 722.

HLJRYMW >. YLM OA]KIJYEAKX AO ÂW@ ÊYL YLM KEKM JKNFMX :. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Kekm Jknfms,– Jknfm s,– :<5‘5 :<5‘5:. :.

Katms

HLJRYMW <. EFF]XYWJYE_M JKI ARMWJYE_M ÂW@ ÊYL YLM JKNFMX :. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Kekm Jknfms,– Jknfm s,– :5 :5:. :. 7. Jqueka, Jque ka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Kekm Jknfms,– Jknfm s,– :5 :5:. :. 8. Jqueka, ‖Y ‖Ylm lm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Kekm Jknfms,– Jknfms ,– :52. 9. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Kekm Jknfms,– :<9. =. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jkn Jknfms,– fms,– :<5 :<5.. ?. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jkn Jknfms,– fms,– :5: 5:.. >. Jqueka, ‖Y ‖Ylm lm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jkn Jknfms,– fms,– :5: 5:.. <. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmca Hmrmcaky ky ao tlm Kekm Jkn Jknfms,– fms,– :<5‘52. Herhfm, =2<. 5. ^mgg mgg,, Ylm Ljrcakeaus Herhfm, =2<.

JRRMKIE\ H. YLM KEKM JKNFMX AO YLM XMJF :. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Kekm Jknfms,– Jknfm s,– :5 :5:. :. 7. Jqueka, Jque ka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Kekm Jknfms,– Jknfm s,– :<5 :<5.. 8. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Kekm Jknfms,– Jknfm s,– :<5 :<5.. 9. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmca Hmrmcaky ky ao tlm Kekm Jkn Jknfms,– fms,– :<5‘52. =. Jqueka, ‖Y ‖Ylm lm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Kekm Jkn Jknfms,– fms,– :52. ?. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmca Hmrmcaky ky ao tlm Kekm Jkn Jknfms,– fms,– :52. >. Jqueka, ‖Y ‖Ylm lm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jkn Jknfms,– fms,– :5: 5:.. <. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jkn Jknfms,– fms,– :5: 5:.. 5. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jkn Jknfms,– fms,– :5: 5:.. :2. Jqueka, ‖Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms,– :5:.

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G EGFEANWJRLU

o.?9 . Aj`fjki4 Ylm Aj`fjki Jfekimr, Cjry Xtrmmt. Xmmekn Xtrjenlt4 Nraup o.?9. Cusmuc, :557. Wetujfs gy Jktak Jqueka, Cehljmf J. Ylm Hjff ta Htluflu. Ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs Fj_my, :5>‘72:. Kmw Uar`4 Jvak, :5>7. Jknfms . Ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs Wetujfs gy Jktak ’’’. Ylm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms. Fj_my, :<:‘58. Kmw Uar`4 Jvak, :5>7. Wetujfs gy Jktak Fj_my, ’’’. ‖Ylm ‖Y lm Cmtjplysehs ao Favmhrjot F avmhrjot.– .– Ek Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs gy :>=‘><. Kmw Uar`4 Jvak, :5>7. Wukms kms ?, ka. 8 ’’’. ‖Haccmktjry ak tlm Xmjf ao tlm Kekm Jknfms.– Wu (Dukm :5<<)4 :‘9. Xjtjk. Xmfo-pugfeslmi, HrmjtmXpjhm, 72:8. ’’’. Ylm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk. Mxtrmcm rmcm Rrmdu Rrmduiehm4 iehm4 Ylm Rrmsei Rrmseiea ea ‖X ‖Xjtjke jtjkehh Jgusm– Xhj Xhjc. c. Xmfo-pugfeslmi, ’’’. Mxt ’’’. HrmjtmXpjhm, 72:9. ’’’. Ylm Ymcpfm ao Xmt . Xmfo-pugfeslmi, HrmjtmXpjhm, 72:?. OekiOjr. Xmfo-pugfeslmi, HrmjtmXpjhm, 72:>. ’’’. OekiOjr. ’’’. Jrnuekn uekn wetl Jknm Jknmfs4 fs4 Mkah Mkahlej lejkk Cjn Cjneh eh jki Caim Caimrk rk Ahh Ahhuftu ufturm. rm. Jsprmc, Mnef. Jrn Jfgjky4 X]KU Rrmss, 72:8. Yleknss wetl âris aris.. Hjcgreinm, Cjss.4 Ljrvjri Justek, Djcms F. Law ta Ia Ylekn ]kevmrsety Rrmss, :5?7. Ektraiuhteak iuhteak ta tlm Jktlr Jktlrapafanehjf apafanehjf Gjjf, Djk vjk. Xycgafs oar Haccukehjteak4 Jk Ektra Xtuiy ao Wmfeneak. Jssmk4 Wmfeneak. Jssmk4 _jk Narhuc, :5>:. Gjrrem, Ylacjs. Ylm Xjhrmi Ek-Gmtwmmk4 Ylm Cmiejtekn Wafms ao Jrhletmhturm. Jgekniak, ]@4 Wautfminm, 72:2. Hauktekn ekn,, Ylek Ylekèkn èkn jki Gme Gmekn kn . Gastak4 Fettfm, Gjrraw, Dalk I. Re ek tlm X`y4 Haukt Grawk, :557. Gjushljtz, Rjuf. Ylm ^mff jki tlm Yrmm4 ârfi jki Yecm ek Mjrfy Nmrcjkeh Hufturm.. Jclmrst, Cjss.4 ]kevmrsety ao Cjssjhlusmtts Rrmss, :5<7. Hufturm 82<

Gegfeanrjpl Gegfe anrjplyy

825

Lestaryy ao Cjtlmc Cjtlmcjteh jtehss. Kmw Uar`4 êfmy, :5::. Gaymr, Hjrf G. J G. J Lestar Guhèknljc, êff. ‖Ylm E-Hlekn es jk ]khmrtjekty Cjhlekm.– Jvjefjgfm ak tlm Jmak cjnjzekm wmgsetm, pastmi Ahtagmr ::, 72:8. rumm jki Ojetl Ojetlouf ouf Wmf Wmfjte jteak ak ao ^ljt Rjss Rjssmi mi oar Cj Cjky ky Hjsjugak, Cmreh. J Yru Umjrs gmtwmmk Ir. Dalk Imm jki Xacm Xperets. Fakiak4 Y. Njrtlwjet, :?=5. Hljppmff, Yagy. ‖Jknufjr Ievekjteak.– Wukm Ievekjteak.– Wukmss 87, ka. : (Cjrhl 72:9)4 :‘8. Wukms 87, ’’’. ‖Hljrtmr ‖Hljr tmr ao tlm t lm Lausm ao Ekomrkj E komrkjff Nmacmtry. Nmacmtr y.– Wukms 87, ka. 7 (Dukm 72:9)4 :‘8. ’’’. ‖Jknufjr Wetms ao Rjssjnm.– Wukms Rjssjnm.– Wukms 87, 87, ka. 9 (Imhmcgmr 72:9)4 :‘7. 722:4 2:4 J Xpj Xpjhm hm Aiy Aiyssm ssmy. y. Kmw Uar`4 Jhm Gaa`s, 7222. Hfjr`m, Jrtlur H. 72 Arenekjffy pugfeslmi ek :5?<. Hlefilaai―s aai―s Mki. Mki. Kmw ’’’. Hlefil Kmw Uar`4 Gjffjktekm Gaa`s, :5=8. Lmek ekre rehl hl Le Lecc ccfm fmr―s r―s Hj Hjcm cmfa fat4t4 Yl Ylmm Haa`, Xtmplmk, jki Xtujrt Wussmff. Lm ^mwmfsgurn, Eimafanehjf Hmktmr ao tlm XX :589‘:59=. :589‘:59= . Jkirmws, K.H.4 @rmsscjkk-Gjh`cmymr, :555. Cjneh` eh` (Ga (Gaa` a` 9). Uar` Gmjhl, CM4 Wmi ^lmmf/^mesmr, Hrawfmy, Jfmestmr. Cjn :55<. ’’’. Ylm _eseak jki tlm _aehm. Kmw Uar`4 Xjcumf ^mesmr, :5>7. Im Gaka, Miwjri. Xmreaus Hrmjtevety4 ]sekn tlm Rawmr ao Fjtmrjf Ylekèkn ta Hrmjtm Kmw Eimjs Kmw Eimjs Kmw Uar`4 Ljrpmrgusekmss, :557. Imkky, D. Rmtmr. ‖Hufturjf Mhafany ao Cjtlmcjtehs4 Adegwjy jki Ekuet Luktmrs.– Kjtevm vm Jcm Jcmre rehjk hjk Cjt Cjtlmc lmcjte jtehs hs,, mietmi gy Cehljmf R. Hfass, :75‘<2. Ek Kjte Justek4 ]kevmrsety ao Ymxjs Rrmss, :5‘79. Xcetlveffm, Ymx.4 Wðkj-Wjvmk, 722:. ’’’. ‖Ylm Kekm Jknfms ao tlm Xmjf.– Wukm Xmjf.– Wukmss ?, ka. 7 (Cjrhl :5<<)4 8‘>. Wukms kms :2, ka. = (Xmptmcgmr ’’’. ‖_―Uk―@lm Walz4 Ylm Hyhfm ao Kekm.– Wu :557)4 :‘:2. Gfjh` h` Wðkj Wðkj44 Gmekn G mekn tlm Xlartm Xlartmrr âr`s ao Xtmplm Xtmplmkk Mirmi M irmi Ofawmrs Rraiuhmi ’’’. Gfj ’’’. oar tlm Arim Arimrr ao tlm Yrjpmza rjpmzaei ei ao tlm Ymcp mcpfm fm ao Xmt (:5<=-: 5<=-:5<5). 5<5). Xcetlveffm, Ymx.4 Wðkj-Wjvmk, :55=. Wukms kms jki Cjn Cjneh4 eh4 Cjn Cjnehj ehjff Oar Oarcuf cufjeh jeh Mfm Mfmcmk cmkts ts ek tlm Af Afim imrr Wu Wukeh keh ’’’. Wu

8:22 8:

Gegfeanrjply

Yrjieteak. 8ri rmvesmi jki mxpjkimi mieteak. Xcetlveffm, Ymx.4 Wðkj-Wjvmk, Yrjieteak. 72:2. Faris ao tlm Fmo Fmot-Ljki t-Ljki Rjtl Rjtl.. Wmvesmi jki mxpjkimi mieteak. Wahlmstmr, ’’’. Faris ’’’. _t.4 Ekkmr Yrjieteaks, 72:7. Ehmfjkieh kieh Cjn Cjneh4 eh4 Rrjhte Rrjhtehjf hjf Xmh Xmhrmts rmts ao tlm Kartlm Kartlmrk rk Nre Nrecaerm caermss. Wahlmstmr, ’’’. Ehmfj ’’’. _t.4 Ekkmr Yrjieteaks, 72:?. ’’’. Ylm Orjtmrketjs Xjturke4 Lestary, Iahtrekm, jki Wetujfs ao tlm Cjnehjf Arimr ao tlm Gratlmrlaai ao Xjturk. Wahlmstmr, _t.4 Ekkmr Yrjieteaks, 72:<. ’’’. ‖êsiac oar tlm âfo-Jnm’J Hakvmrsjteak wetl Ir. Xtmplmk Ofawmrs.– Ektmrvemw gy Cehljmf Caykeljk. Jvjefjgfm ak tlm Wukm Nefi wmgsetm, pastmi Dukm 7>, 7>, 72:7. Wðkjrcç rcçff E4 Ylm WÐKJWÐ KJ-Y Yjf` jf`s,s, Xuccm X uccmrr :55:mv. :55:mv. Xcetlveffm, ’’’. Wðkj ’’’. Xcetlveffm, Ymx.4 WðkjWjvmk, :55?. Ofawmrs, Xtmplmk M., jki Cehljmf Caykeljk. Ylm Xmhrmt @ekn4 Ylm Cytl jki Wmjfety Wmjfe ty ao Kjze Ahhuft Ahhuftesc esc.. Rart Yawksmki, ^jsl4 Iacekeak/Omrjf Lausm, 722>. Cjnus. Kmw Uar`4 Imff, :5<=. Oawfms, Oawf ms, Dalk. Ylm Cjnus. Cjneh4 eh4 Ylmar Ylmaryy jki Rrjhtehm Rrjhtehm.. âaigury, Cekk.4 Ffmwmffyk, Orjtmr ]∹ I∹. Lenl Cjn 722=. Rrjhtehjf jf Xen Xenefef Cjn Cjneh4 eh4 Hrmjtekn Rmrsakj Rmrsakjff Xycga Xycgafsfs oar Xuhhmss Xuhhmss.. âaigury, ’’’. Rrjhteh ’’’. Cekk.4 Ffmwmffyk, :552. Rjssjnm. Fakiak4 Wautfminm & @mnjk Rjuf, Nmkkmp, Jrkafi vjk. Ylm Wetms ao Rjssjnm. Fakiak4 :5?2. Jsyfu yfuc c ao Xjt Xjtjk jk.. :5>70 Hljtswartl, Hjfeo.4 Ecjnm Nerifmr, êffejc, ier. Js Mktmrtjekcmkt, 7227. I_I. Gfjh` h` Xuk4 Jryj Jryjkk Huft Hufts,s, Msatm Msatmreh reh Kjze Kjzesc sc jki tlm Naaireh`-Hfjr`m, Kehlafjs. Gfj Rafetehss ao Eimktet Rafeteh Eimktety. y. Kmw Uar`4 Kmw Uar` ]kevmrsety Rrmss, 7227. Kjzesc. ^mffekngaraunl, ]@4 Jqujrejk, :5<=. ’’’. Ylm Ahhuft Waats ao Kjzesc. ^mffekngaraunl, Nrjgeksè, Xtmojk. Ylm Ijr` Iacjek. Xjwtry, Hjcgreinmslerm, ]@4 Imijfus, :558. Wmvevjf. Fakiak4 Ormimreh` Cuffmr Fecetmi, :5>7. Nrjkt, @mkkmtl. Ylm Cjnehjf Wmvevjf. Fakiak4 Ljriy, Rjtty. ‖Hljrtmr ao tlm Xtjrry êsiac Lypmrfainm ao tlm Arimr ao tlm Wukms :7, Yrjpmzaei.– Wukms Yrjpmzaei.– :7, ka. 7 (Cjy :559)4 ::‘:9. Ljriy, Rjtty. ‖@mystakm.– Wukm ‖@mystakm.– Wukmss :2, ka. 8 (Dukm :557)4 8‘<. ps ta tlm Hascas Hascas.. Kmw Uar`4 Ljrpmr & Waw, :5<8. Ljwèks, Nmrjfi. Cekistm Nmrjfi. Cekistmps Lektak, Hljrfms. ‖^ljt es tlm Oaurtl Iecmkseak1– :<<2.

Gegfeanrjpl Gegfe anrjplyy

8::: 8:

Lainsak, êffejc Lapm. ‖Ylm Njtmwjy ao tlm Cakstmr.– Ek Hjrkjhè4 Ylm Nlast-Oekimr , 85‘?9. Fakiak4 Nrjotak Gaa`s, :55:. Laostjitmr,, Iaunfjs. Laostjitmr Iaunfj s. Nÿimf, Mshlmr, Gjhl4 Jk Mtmrkjf Nafimk Grjei . Kmw Uar`4 Gjseh, :5>5. Heccmrejk . Kmw Uar`4 Gjffjktekm, Lawjri, Lawjr i, Wagmrt M. M . Ylm Hacekn ao Hakjk tlm Heccmrejk. 7228. ’’’. ‖Ylm Xljiaw @ekniac.– ek Xljiaw @ekniac4 Ylm ^meri âr`s ao Wagmrt M. Lawjri, _afucm :, :, :=2‘<:. Wah`veffm, Ci.4 êfiseim, 72:=. @ekhjei, Dalk C. PJktak Fj_myS. ‖Jk Mxpfjkjteak ao tlm Wafm ao tlm Haukhef ao tlm Yrjpmzaei.– Ylm Hfavmk Laao =, ka. :7 (Imhmcgmr :5>2)4 9‘=. @eknsmpp, Mvj. ‖Ylm Rawmr ao tlm Gfjh` Xuk.– Rjpmr prmsmktmi jt tlm Oerst Ektmrkjteakjf Hakomrmkhm ak Haktmcparjry Msatmrehesc, Xtah`lafc ]kevmrsety, Junust 7>‘75, 72:7. Jvjefjgfm ak tlm Haktmcparjry Msatmreh Wmsmjrhl Kmtwar` wmgsetm. @erhlmr. Jretlcafanej Xevm Im Jgietes Kucmraruc Cystmreds. Wacm4 Mx @erhlmr. Yypanrjplej _jrmsed, :??= :??=.. Fjooarmst, Wanmr im. Lausms im. Lausms tljt @eff . Kmw Uar`4 Gmr`fmy, :5>9. Fjkn, Oretz, ier. Cmtrapaf ier. Cmtrapafeses.. :57>0 Kmw Uar`4 @eka, 72:2. I_I. Cjss. :5>20 Xmjttfm, ^jsl.4 Xacmtlekn Fjurmkt, Wjy, ier. Xjtjkes4 Ylm Imvef―s Cjss. ^meri ^ meri _eima, 7228. I_I. Fj_my, Jktak Xzjkiar. ‖Ylm Fjw ao tlm Yrjpmzaei.– Ek Ylm Imvefs Katmgaa`, :::‘:?. Rart Yawksmki, ^jsl.4 Omrjf Lausm, :557. Gegfm. Kmw Uar`4 Jvak, :5?5. ’’’. Ylm Xjtjkeh Gegfm. Wetujfs. Kmw Uar`4 Jvak, :5>7. ’’’. Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs. Rrjhtehm. Kmw Uar`4 Yljcms Fjwfar, Wagmrt. Xjhrmi Nmacmtry4 Rlefasaply jki Rrjhtehm. & Luisak, :5<7. Htluflu . 722=0 Nfmkijfm, Hjfeo4 Fmcjk, Jkirmw L., ier. Ylm Hjff ao Htluflu. L. R. Favmhrjot Lestarehjf Xahemty, 722>. I_I. Fmvmkij, Rmtmr. Ylm Ijr` Fari4 L. R. Favmhrjot, @mkkmtl Nrjkt, jki tlm Yyplakejk Yrjieteak ek Cjneh. Fj`m Cjneh. Fj`m ârtl, Ofj.4 Eges, 72:8. Wukms . Yrjksfjtmi gy Xtmplmk M. Ofawmrs. Fest, Nueia vak. Ylm Xmhrmt ao tlm Wukms. Wahlmstmr, _t.4 Imsteky, :5<<. Fevea, Cjrea. Ylm Nafimk Wjtea4 Ylm Xtary ao RLE, tlm ârfi―s Cast Jstakeslekn Kucgmr . Kmw Uar`4 Grajiwjy, 7227. Yekijfas. Xju` Hety, êsh.4 Jr`ljc Fakn, Orjk` Gmf`kjp. Ylm Laukis ao Yekijfas. Lausm, :59?.

8:7 8:7

Gegfeanrjply

Favmhrjot, Lawjri Rleffeps. Xmfmhtmi Fmttmrs, _af. :4 :5::‘:579 , (Xju` Hety, êsh.4 Jr` Jr`ljc ljc Lausm, :5?=. ’’’. Xmfmhtmi Fmttmrs, _af. =4 :589‘:58> . Xju` Hety, êsh4 Jr`ljc Lausm, :5>?. ’’’. ‖Ylm Irmjcs ek tlm êthl-Lausm.– Ek Ylm Gmst ao L. R. Favmhrjot4 Gfaaihu Gfaa ihurifekn rifekn Yjfm jfmss ao Lar Larrar rar jki tlm Cjh Cjhjgrm jgrm,, 75?‘879. Kmw Uar`4 Imf Wjy, :5<7. ’’’. ‖Ylm Ljuktmr ao tlm Ijr`– Ek Ylm Gmst ao L. R. Favmhrjot4 Gfaaihurifekn Yjfms ao Larrar jki tlm Cjhjgrm, 72>‘79. Cjhjgrm, 72>‘79. Kmw Uar`4 Imf Wjy, :5<7. Xtarems, 89‘8<. ’’’. ‖Rafjres,– ek Ylm Iaac tljt Hjcm ta Xjrkjtl jki Atlmr Xtarems, 89‘8<. Kmw Uar`4 Imf Wjy, :5>:. ’’’. ‖Ylm Xefvmr @my.– Ek Ylm Irmjc-Zumst ao ]k`kawk @jijtl, :=:‘?>. Kmw Uar`4 Imf Wjy, :5. ChHjrty, Faues R. Ylm Nrmjt Ryrjcei Dmmzml. ChNrjkjljk, Yecatly. ‖Hljrtmr ao tlm U―k-@lm Walz Fainm ao tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei.– Wukm Yrjpmzaei.– Wukmss ::, ka. : (Omgrujry :558)4 =‘:7. Wukmss :2, ka. : (Jpref :557)4 ChNrjkjljk, Yecatly. ‖Um Uunnatleh Fmxehak.– Wukm 7‘:>. Hyhfm. Jkk Jrgar, Cehl.4 Hljaseuc, :559. Rrehm, Wagmrt C. Ylm Jzjtlatl Hyhfm. Jkk Cartmksmk, êffejc. Ylm Haccjki ta Faa`4 J Cjstmr Rlatanrjplmr―s Cmtlai oar Haktraffekn Hakt raffekn tlm Lucjk Njzm Njzm.. Rart Yawksmki, ^jsl.4 ^jsl.4 Omrjf Lausm, Lausm , 72:9. 72:9. :5<9. Kmw Arwmff, Nmarnm. :5<9. Kmw Uar`4 Xenkmt Hfjsseh, :5=2. Rsyhleh eh Ie Ieshav shavmr mrems ems Gml Gmleki eki tlm Erak Astrjkimr, Xlmefj, jki Fykk Xhlramimr. Rsyhl Hurtjek. Mknfmwaai Hfeoos, K.D.4 Rrmktehm-Ljff, :5>2. Rjuwmfs, Faues, jki Djhqums Gmrnemr. Ylm Carkekn ao tlm Cjnehejks4 Xmhrmt Xahemtems, Haksperjhems, jki _jkeslmi Hevefezjteaks. Hevefezjteaks. Kmw Uar`4 Xtmek jki Ijy, :5?9. Yecjmus.. Yrjksfjtmi gy Rmtmr @jf`jvjnm. Ekiejkjpafes, Eki.4 Ljh`mtt, Rfjta. Yecjmus 72:?. Wjjofjug, @urt J. Ylm Jivmkturm ao tlm Lucjk Ektmffmht4 Xmfo, Xahemty, jki tlm Ievekmm ek Jkhem Ievek Jkhemkt kt ârfi Hufturms Hufturms.. Kmw Uar`4 êfmy & Xaks, 72:?.

Gegfeanrjpl Gegfea nrjplyy

8:88 8:

_ehtec. :5980 Gurgjk`, Hjfeo.4 ^jrkmr Gratlmrs, Wagsak, Cjr`, ier. Ylm Xmvmktl _ehtec. Iecmkseak . Gastak4 Launltak 722=. I_I. Wuh`mr, Wuiy. Ylm Oaurtl Iecmkseak. Ceoofek, Ceoo fek, :5<9. :5<9. Xjcumfs, Ce`m jki Kjkhy. Xmmekn wetl tlm Ceki―s Mym4 Ylm Lestary, Ymhlkequms jki ]sms ao _esujfe _esujfezjte zjteak. ak. Kmw Kmw Uar`4 Wjkiac Lausm, :5>=. Gmnekk ekkmr―s mr―s Nue Nueim im ta Haks Hakstr truht uhtekn ekn tlm ]kev ]kevmrsm mrsm44 Ylm Xhlkmeimr, Cehljmf X. J Gmn Cjtlmcjte Cjtlm cjtehjf hjf Jrhlmt Jrhlmtypm ypmss ao Kjturm Kjturm,, Jrt Jrt,, jki Xhe Xhemkhm mkhm.. Kmw Uar`4 Ljrpmr Rmrmkkejf, :559. Xempm, Ijkemfj. ‖Msatmreshlm Xehltwmesmk juo iem ^mwmfsgurn4 Wmzmpteak ek tlass ^mwmfsgur ^mwmfsgurn4 n4 Oj`tmk uki Fmnmkimk, mietmi gy “sjtjkeshlmk― @rmesmk.– Ek Cy Ek Cytla @erstmk Dalk-Xtuh`m jki Ijkemfj Xempm, 72>‘9<. Rjimrgark4 Xhlÿkeknl, 72:=. Rytljnarjs4 arjs4 Les Feom jki Ymjhle mjhlekns kns.. Fj`m ârtl, Ofj.4 Eges, Xtjkfmy, Ylacjs. Rytljn 72:2. Yjcgejl, X. D. ‖Oarc jki Cmjkekn ao Cjnehjf Jhts4 J Raekt ao _emw.– Ek Caims Ek Caims ao Ylaunlt4 Mssjys ak Ylekèkn ek ^mstmrk jki Kak-^mstmrk Xahemtems, mietmi gy Wagek Lartak jki Wutl Oekkmnjk, :55‘775. Fakiak4 Ojgmr jki Ojgmr, :5>8. ’’’. ‖Ylm Cjnehjf Rawmr ao âris.– Cjk âris.– Cjk.. Kmw smrems, vaf. 8, ka. 7 (Dukm :5?<)4 :>=‘72<. Rytljnarmjks.. ^letmoesl, Yjyfar, Ylacjs. Ylm Ylmarmteh Jretlcmteh ao tlm Rytljnarmjks ^l etmoesl, Cakt.4 @msseknmr Fmnjhy Wmprekts, 72:2. Wukmfa mfarm rm.. Uar` Gmjhl, Cjekm4 ^mesmr, Ylarssak, Mirmi PXtmplmk M. OfawmrsS. Wuk :5<>. Rlefasaplehjf hjf Nmacm Nmacmtry try.. Wahlmstmr, _t.4 Ekkmr Yrjieteaks, _jkimkGramh`, Jkirå. Jkirå. Rlefasaple :5<>. _mficjk, Ormimreh`. Ylmurny jki Kucgmrs4 Rureoehjteak, Fegmrjteak, jki Xjfvjteak ao tlm Xauf . Hafi Xprekn, K.U.4 ^jkekn Caak, 72:2. Wukmss :2, ka. 9 (Imhmcgmr ^mgg, ^ mgg, Iak. ‖Orac j Fmt Fmttmr tmr ak tlm Xmj Xmjff ao Wðkj Wðkj.– .– Wukm :557)4 9‘>. ’’’. ‖@kawekn tlm @kat.– Wukm @kat.– Wukmss :8, ka. : (Cjrhl :55=)4 7‘<. Cystmrems ms ao tlm Ymcpf mcpfmm ao Xmt Xmt.. Xcetlveffm, Ymx.4 Wðkj-Wjvmk, 72::. ’’’. Cystmre ’’’. Kenltgaa` , ’’’. ‖^ly Ia Cjnehejks ^retm Oehteak1– ek ]khfm Xmtkj`t―s Kenltgaa`, 7:>‘77. Xcetlveffm, Ymx.4 Faimstjr, 72:?. Rjtl . Xcetlveffm, Ymx.4 ’’’. ]khfm Xmtkj`t―s Mssmktejf Nueim ta tlm Fmot Ljki Rjtl. Wðkj-Wjvmk, :555. ’’’. ‖\mpmr4 Ylm Mtmrkjf âri ao Xmt.– Jvjefjgfm ak tlm Wmsaurhms pjnm ao tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt wmgsetm (\mpmr.arn).

8:99 8:

Gegfeanrjply

^mgg, ^ mgg, Djcms Djcms.. Ylm Ljrcakeaus Herhfm4 Ylm Fevms jki âr` ao N. E. Nuridemoo, R. I. I . Aus Auspmks`y, pmks`y, jki Ylmer Oaffawm Oaffawmrs rs.. Gastak4 Xljcgljfj, :5<2. Ijs Hjgekm Hjgekmtt ims i ms Ir. Hjfenj Hjfenjre re.. :5720 Kmw Uar`4 @eka, 72:9. ^mekm, ^ mekm, Wagmrt Wagmrt,, ier. i er. Ijs I_I. âforjc vak Mshlmkgjhl. Rjrzeojf Mshlmkgjhl. Rjrzeojf . Yrjksfjtmi gy J.Y. Ljtta. Kmw Uar`4 Rmknuek, :5<2.

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Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt

Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt 8:== 8:

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Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt

Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt Yles es sjcpfm ekimx tmxt

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]KHAWWMHYMI RJNM RWAAOX • Kat oar Wmsjfm

Ekomrkjf Nmacmtry jki tlm Fmot-Ljki Rjtl Ylm Cjnehjf Xystmc ao tlm Kekm Jknfms YAGU HLJRRMFF Oarmwari gy CEHLJMF J. JZ]EKA, Rl.I. Jotmrwari gy XYMRLMK M. OFA^MWX, OFA^MWX, Rl.I. Rl.I. J hacprmlm hacprmlmksev ksevm m nueim nueim ta tlm lesta lestary ry jki prjht prjhtehm ehm ao Jknufj Jknufjrr Cjneh Cjneh • Imtjefs tlm imvmfapcmkt ao tlm cjnehjf cjnehjf systmc ao tlm Kekm Jknfms gy tlm Hlurhl ao Xjtjk Xjtjk jki tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt, js wmff js ets ektmrkjf gaiy, tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei • Jkjfyzms tlm 8 `my retms retms ao Jknufjr Jknufjr Cjneh4 Iem Mfm`treshlmk _arspemfm, tlm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, Jknfm s, jki tlm tlm Hjff ta Htluf Htluflu lu • Mxpfarms lestarehjf lestarehjf ekofumkhms ak Jknufjr Cjneh, ekhfuiekn Rytljnarmjk Rytljnarmjk kucgmr cystehesc, Dalk Dalk Imm―s Mkahlejk Mkahl ejk cjneh, jki j ki tlm wretekns wretek ns ao L. R. Favmhrjot Favmhrjo t • Ekhfuims prjhtehjf mxjcpfms, mxjcpfms, ijefy prjhtehms, jki nueijkhm ak ak hrmjtekn yaur awk retujfs

Wmvmjfekn tlm cjnehjf usms ao kucgmr jki nmacmtry js taafs oar ektraspmhteak, smfo-imvmfapcmkt, jki hrmjtekn hljknm ek gatl tlm ekkmr jki autmr warfis, Yagy Hljppmff mxpfarms tlm retms, lestary, jki patmkt prjhtehms ao Jknufjr Cjneh jki Ekomrkjf Nmacmtry, tlm Fmot-Ljki Rjtl ao Xjhrmi Nmacmtry. Oahusekn ak tlm jivjkhmi cjnehjf systmc ao tlm t lm Kekm Jknfms, lm imtjefs tlm t lm systmc―s systmc―s imvmfapcmkt imvmfapcmkt gy tlm mjrfy Hlurhl ao Xjtjk jki fjtmr tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt, js wmff js ets ektmrkjf gaiy, tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei. Yrjpmzaei. Lm slaws law tlm systmc s ystmc oerst mcmrnmi ek tlm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, wrettmk w rettmk gy Cehljmf Jqueka jki pugfeslmi ek Jktak Xzjkiar Xzj kiar Fj_my― Fj_my―ss Ylm Xjtjkeh Wetujfs Wetujfs.. Lm mxpfarms lestarehjf ekofumkhms ak Jknufjr Cjneh, ekhfuiekn Rytljnarmjk kucgmr cystehesc, Dalk Imm―s Mkahlejk cjneh, tlm tlmarems ao êffejc Cartmksmk, jki, cast ecpartjktfy, tlm wretekns ao L. R. Favmhrjot js wmff js atlmr haktregutars ta les Htluflu cytlas. Ylm jutlar jkjfyzms tlm 8 `my retms ao Jknufjr Cjneh4 Iem Mfm`treshlmk _arspemfm, tlm Hmrmcaky ao tlm Kekm Jknfms, jki tlm Hjff ta Htluflu, mxpjkiekn upak tlmc ta imcakstrjtm law rmjimrs hjk hrjot tlmer awk retujfs. Lm mxjcekms tlm Kekm Jknfms ekieveiujffy, imtjefekn tlmer `mywaris, pawmrs, jki rmfjtmi imetems, jki mxpfjeks law mjhl hjk gm usmi ek cjnehjf prjhtehms jki js pjrt ao jk aknaekn eketejtary prahmss. Lm aoomrs prjhtehjf mxjcpfms, ekhfuiekn usm ao Jknufjr Cjneh ek ievekjteak, senefs, jki cjnehjf sycgafs, jki nueijkhm ak hrmjtekn yaur awk prjhtehms’j harm hacpakmkt ao tlm mvmr-mvafvekn Fmot-Ljki Rjtl. Aoomrekn j smfo-iermhtmi pjtl ao cjneh jki mcpawmrcmkt, prmveausfy ukjvjefjgfm ta tlasm autseim tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt, Hljppmff slaws law tlm Kekm Jknfms cust gm war`mi wetl jki mxpmremkhmi pmrsakjffy ek arimr ta moomht trum trjksoarcjteak jki hljknm. Yagy Hljppmff es j cusehejk, wretmr jki fmhturmr ak Fmot-Ljki Rjtl tapehs. J cmcgmr ao tlm Ymcpfm ao Xmt sekhm 7222, lm ljs smrvmi sekhm 72:= js tlm Nrjki Cjstmr ao tlm Arimr ao tlm Yrjpmzaei wetlek tlm Ymcpfm. Lm fevms ek Jtfjktj, Nmarnej. Ekkmr Yrjieteaks • EXGK 5><-:-?72==-<:?-9 • $:5.55 (HJK $79.55) Rjpmr Jfsa jvjefjgfm js jk mgaa` • 88? pjnms, ? x 5 • :2= gfjh`-jki-wletm effustrjteaks Wenlts4 ârfi • Ahhuft/Cjneh

Cjy 72:5

Infernal Geometry and the Left-Hand Path

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