A PROJECT REPORT ON “LEGAL VALIDITY OF DNA TEST IN EVIDENCE ACT WITH WITH LIGHT OF CASES”
SESSION 2015-2016
Submitted to-
Submitted b-
Prof. Dr. G.P. Tripathi
Aniket Upadha
Dire!tor Sir
".".A.##.".
$ATS $ATS #a% S!hoo&
Se'e(ter Se'e(t er )I
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AC!NOWLEDGE"ENT
The (*!!e(( and fina& o*t!o'e of thi( pro+e!t re,*ired a &ot of *idan!e and a((i(tan!e fro' 'an peop&e and I a' etre'e& fort*nate to ha/e ot thi( a&& a&on the !o'p&etion of ' pro+e!t %ork. hate/er I had done i( on& d*e to (*!h *idan!e and a((i(tan!e and I %o*&d not foret to thank the'. I re(pe!t and thank Prof. Dr. G.P. Tripathi for i/in 'e an opport*nit to do the pro+e!t %ork in #EGA# )A#IDIT3 O4 DNA TEST IN E)IDENE AT IT #IGT O4 ASES7and pro/idin 'e a&& (*pport and *idan!e %hi!h 'ade 'e to !o'p&ete the pro+e!t on ti'e. I a' etre'e& ratef*& to hi' for pro/idin (*!h a ni!e (*pport and *idan!e.
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DECLARATION
I here8 de!&are that the pro+e!t %ork entit&ed #EGA# )A#IDIT3 O4 DNA TEST IN E)IDENE AT IT #IGT O4 ASES7 (*8'itted to the $ATS #A SOO# i( a re!ord of a %ork done 8 'e *nder the *idan!e of Prof. Dr. G.P. Tripathi 4a!*&t of #a% $ATS UNI)E9SIT3 and thi( pro+e!t %ork ha( not perfor'ed the 8a(i( for the a%ard of an de!ree or dip&o'a and (i'i&ar pro+e!t if an.
Aniket Upadha
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CONTENT
PAGES
1. INT9ODUTION::::::::::::::::.::::::::1 2. #EGA# DE4INITION O4 DNA::::::::::::..::::::.2 ;. AT IS DNA PATE9NIT3 TESTING<..........................................................; =. #EGA#IT3 O4 DNA PATE9NIT3 TESTING::::::::::...::; 5. PATE9NIT3 TEST IN INDIA:::::::::::::::::::.; 6. O DNA 4INGE9P9INTING IS DONE<.......................................................= >. DNA TEST AND TE INDIAN #EGA# S3STE$::::::::.:..:6 ?. SUGGESTIONS:::::::::::::::::::::::...:.@ @. ON#USION::::::::::::::::::::...:...::.10 10. "I"#OG9AP3:::::::::::::::::::::::...11
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#$ INTROD%CTIONThe Indian E/iden!e A'end'entB "i&& 200; ha( 8een propo(ed on the re!o''endation of the 1?5th #a% o''i((ion 9eport. The 8i&& pro/ide( for DNA te(t( in paternit di(p*te(. S!ientifi! e/iden!e fre,*ent& p&a( a ke part in 8oth !i/i& and !ri'ina& tria&( and the (!ientifi! in/e(tiation of e/iden!e &eft at the !ri'e (!ene !an (ee' 'ore per(*a(i/e to a !o*rt than the te(ti'on of ee%itne((e(. Se/era& te!hni,*e( ha/e 8een de/e&oped for thi( p*rpo(e (i'p&e ea'p&e of %hi!h i( finerprint( of an indi/id*a&. One of the ne%e(t for'( of foren(i! e/iden!e i( DNA 4inerprintin %hi!h *(e( 'ateria& fro' %hi!h !hro'o(o'e( are 'ade to identif indi/id*a&( po(iti/e&. The *(e of DNA e/iden!e i( anti!ipated to 8e!o'e a *ni/er(a& p&a!e in the 21(t !ent*r. It i( !on(idered to 8e a 'a+or 8reakthro*h in foren(i! (!ien!e in thi( !ent*r. It ha( 8een (*8+e!ted to the 'o(t !o'prehen(i/e (!ientifi! ea'ination a( no other t%i of foren(i! (!ien!e and ha( !*rrent& e(ta8&i(hed it(e&f a( one of the 8e(t %ith 'o*ntin app&i!ation(. It i( no% a %e&& re!oniCed te!hni,*e %hi!h i( not on& *(ed in n*'ero*( area( of re(ear!h in 'odern 'o&e!*&ar 8io&o and eneti!( 8*t a&(o findin pro(pe!ti/e app&i!ation( in o*r da to da &ife. DNA finerprintin i( 8a(ed on the prin!ip&e that the eneti! 'ake*p of e/er indi/id*a& i( different fro' the other( 8*t i( *ni,*e and idio(n!rati! to an indi/id*a&. DNA finerprintin i( the on& definite po(iti/e and per'anent identifi!ation 'ethod of a per(on a( one( DNA neither !hane( d*rin one( &ifeti'e. DNA te(tin take( ad/antae of the fa!t that %ith the e!eption of identi!a& t%in( the eneti! 'ateria& -DNA- of ea!h per(on i( *ni,*e. DNA e/iden!e &ike finerprint e/iden!e offer( pro(e!*tor( i'portant ne% too&( for the identifi!ation and apprehen(ion of (o'e of the 'o(t /io&ent perpetrator(. At the (a'e ti'e DNA aid( the (ear!h for tr*th 8 eoneratin the inno!ent. DNA finerprint( are *(ef*& in (e/era& app&i!ation( of h*'an hea&th !are re(ear!h a( %e&& a( in the +*(ti!e ((te'. The are *(ed to diano(e inherited di(order( in 8oth prenata& and ne%8orn 8a8ie( in ho(pita&( aro*nd the %or&d. 9e(ear!h prora'( to e(ta8&i(h inherited di(order( on the !hro'o(o'e( depend on the infor'ation !ontained in DNA finerprint(. The are a&(o *(ed to &ink (*(pe!t( to 8io&oi!a& e/iden!e. Another *(e of DNA finerprint( in the !o*rt ((te' i( to e(ta8&i(h paternit in !*(tod and !hi&d (*pport &itiation. Ad/an!e( in te!hno&o are &eadin to no/e& *(e( of DNA finerprintin a&'o(t e/er da.
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&$ LEGAL DEFINITION OF DNADNA te(t or DNA Profi&in a( pop*&ar& kno%n i( a te!hni,*e in %hi!h a (a'p&e of DNA i( r*n thro*h a &a8orator a((a to enerate infor'ation a8o*t it &ookin (pe!ifi!a&& for DNA %hi!h !o*&d identif the (o*r!e of the (a'p&e or 8e *(ed a( a 8a(e of !o'pari(on 8et%een t%o (a'p&e(.
A'on the 'an ne% too&( that (!ien!e ha( pro/ided for the ana&(i( of foren(i! e/iden!e i( the po%erf*& and !ontro/er(ia& ana&(i( of deori8on*!&ei! a!id or DNA the 'ateria& that 'ake( *p the eneti! !ode of 'o(t orani('(. DNA ana&(i( a&(o !a&&ed DNA tpin or DNA profi&in ea'ine( DNA fo*nd in ph(i!a& e/iden!e (*!h a( 8&ood hair and (e'en and deter'ine( %hether it !an 8e 'at!hed to DNA taken fro' (pe!ifi! indi/id*a&(. DNA ana&(i( ha( 8e!o'e a !o''on for' of e/iden!e in !ri'ina& tria&(. It i( a&(o *(ed in !i/i& &itiation parti!*&ar& in !a(e( in/o&/in the deter'ination of Paternit of Identit.
I'te()(eti'* Re+u,t+ o DNA A'.,+i+ i' C(imi'., I'/e+ti*.tio'-
#$ I'0,u+io'- hen the DNA profi&e of a kno%n indi/id*a& A /i!ti' or (*(pe!tB 'at!he( the
DNA profi&e fro' the !ri'e (!ene e/iden!e the indi/id*a& i( in!&*ded7 a( a potentia& (o*r!e of that e/iden!e.
&$ E10,u+io'- hen the DNA profi&e fro' an indi/id*a& A /i!ti' or (*(pe!tB doe( not 'at!h the
DNA profi&e enerated fro' the !ri'e (!ene e/iden!e the referen!ed indi/id*a& i( e!&*ded7 a( the donor of the e/iden!e.
2$ I'0o'0,u+i/e- In!on!&*(i/e re(*&t( indi!ate that DNA te(tin did not prod*!e infor'ation that
%o*&d a&&o% an indi/id*a& to 8e either in!&*ded or e!&*ded a( the (o*r!e of the 8io&oi!a& e/iden!e.
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2$ WHAT IS DNA PATERNITY TESTING3 e a&& ha/e a *ni,*e DNA pattern that i( inherited fro' o*r 8io&oi!a& parent( and i( (i'i&ar to their( in 'o&e!*&ar (tr*!t*re and eneti! !ode. "e!a*(e of thi( (i'i&arit the DNA !an 8e *(ed to te(t and !on!&*(i/e& deter'ine 8io&oi!a& kin(hip. hen the te(tin i( done to deter'ine %ho the father i( it i( kno%n a( DNA Paternit Te(tin. It i( a8o*t @@.@@F !on!&*(i/e. It i( *(*a&& not ne!e((ar to do 'aternit te(tin.DNA Paternit Te(tin i( no% %ide& *(ed for (!ientifi! p*rpo(e( to deter'ine paternit !on!ern( or to (ett&e &ea& di(p*te(.
4$ LEGALITY OF DNA PATERNITY TESTINGDifferent !o*ntrie( aro*nd the %or&d ha/e different r*&e( and re*&ation( reardin DNA Paternit Te(tin. "*t in a 'a+orit of !a(e( it i( not &ea& to !ond*!t a DNA Paternit Te(t %itho*t the prior per'i((ion of the indi/id*a&( !on!erned. DNA Paternit Te(tin done for per(ona& p*rpo(e( at ho'e *(in DNA Te(tin it( !annot 8e *(ed a( e/iden!e in a &ea& !o*rt. 4or &ea& p*rpo(e( a hain of *(tod do!*'entation pro!e(( that fo&&o%( d*e &ea& pro!ed*re( i( re,*ired.
5$ PATERNITY TEST IN INDIAThe %ordin( of Se0tio' ##& o I'di.' E/ide'0e A0t (tart( (tatin H"irth d*rin 'arriae !on!&*(i/e proof of &eiti'a!H. ere the &ea& pre(*'ption i( (i'i&ar to that of the #atin $ai' pater e(t ,*e' '*pti!e de'on(trat 'eanin there8 he i( the father %ho' the 'arriae indi!ate(. 4ro' an!ient ti'e( it i( the pre(*'ption that if the h*(8and %a( %ithin the fo*r (ea( at an ti'e d*rin the prenan! of %ife the pre(*'ption %a( !on!&*(i/e that her !hi&dren %ere &eiti'ate. In India DNA te(tin ot &ea& /a&idit in 1@?@. Parentae identifi!ation dea&( %ith paternit'aternit &eiti'a! of the !hi&d et!. in !hi&d a8andon'ent !a(e( DNA te(t i( ne!e((ar to pro/e !hi&d( 'aternit. Propert di(p*te( inheritan!e 'aintenan!e rape and 'an other i((*e(. DNA i( ne!e((ar to rea!h the fina&it and +*(tne(( of the i((*e. It i( ho%e/er not !&ear %hether DNA te(t !an 8e *(ed in !a(e( o/erned 8 Se0$##& o t6e I'di.' E/ide'0e A0t7 #89&$ 7
A( in The on8&e S*pre'e o*rt in G.ut.m !u'du /$ St.te o We+t :e'*.,# &aid (o'e *ide&ine( reardin per'i((i8i&it of 8&ood te(t( to pro/e paternit-
1. That the o*rt( in India !annot order 8&ood te(t a( a 'atter of !o*r(e. 2. hene/er app&i!ation( are 'ade for (*!h praer( in order to ha/e ro/in in,*ir the praer for the 8&ood te(t !annot 8e entertained. ;. There '*(t 8e a (tron pri'a fa!ie !a(e in that the h*(8and '*(t e(ta8&i(h no a!!e(( in order to di(pe& the pre(*'ption ari(in *nder Se!.112 of E/iden!e A!t. =. The !o*rt '*(t !aref*&& ea'ine a( to %hat %o*&d 8e the !on(e,*en!e( of orderin the 8&ood te(t. 5. No one !an 8e !o'pe&&ed to i/e (a'p&e for ana&(i(.2
;$ HOW DNA FINGERPRINTING IS DONE3
In DNA profi&in pro!e(( fir(t& the DNA i( i(o&ated fro' !e&&( or ti((*e( of the 8od in %hi!h the a'o*nt( of DNA fo*nd at the root of one hair i( (*ffi!ient. After !he'i!a&& etra!tin the inta!t DNA fro' the (a'p&e re(tri!tion enC'e( are *(ed to !*t DNA at (pe!ifi! p&a!e(. The DNA pie!e( are then (orted o*t a!!ordin to (iCe 8 (ie/in te!hni,*e !a&&ed e&e!trophore(i( in an aaro(e e&. The DNA fra'ent( are 8&otted fro' the e& onto a n&on 'e'8rane. Thi( pro!e(( i( kno%n a( So*thern "&ottin. On addition of radioa!ti/e or !o&ored pro8e to the n&on (heet a pattern !a&&ed the DNA finerprint i( prod*!ed. The fina& DNA finerprint i( 8*i&t 8 *(in (e/era& pro8e( 5-15 or 'oreB (i'*&taneo*(&. here the (a'p&e( are inade,*ate and the ,*a&it poor thi( te!hni,*e ha( 8een fo*nd to 8e &e(( (ati(fa!tor. Therefore a ne% te!hno&o %a( de/e&oped to rep&i!ate the inade,*ate (a'p&e 8 (nthe(iCin ne% DNA fro' the ei(tin one to o8tain (*ffi!ient ,*antitie( for ana&(i(. Thi( te!hni,*e i( !a&&ed Po&'era(e hain 9ea!tion P9B and the te(tin P9 i( kno%n a( P9ST9 Short Tande' 9epeatB. It !an prod*!e ,*i!k /a&*a8&e re(*&t( %ith deraded (pe!i'en(.
1 1@@;B ; S =1?.
2 %%%.i+h((i.orpaper(/2>B)er(ion-;02>;015021.pdf.
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In India thi( te!hni,*e i( in it( infan!. entre for DNA finerprintin and Diano(ti!( D4DB Andhra Prade(h 4oren(i! S!ien!e #a8orator AP4S#B entre for e&&*&ar and $o&e!*&ar "io&o $"B 9a+i/ Gandhi entre for "iote!hno&o 9G"B are the 'a+or in(tit*te( %here DNA finerprintin i( done. In a /er i'portant and re!ent +*d'ent de&i/ered 8 the on8&e S*pre'e o*rt of India in the !a(e of S6.(d. /$ D6.(m).,2 %here the !ore ,*e(tion %a( %hether a part to a di/or!e pro!eedin !an 8e !o'pe&&ed to a 'edi!a& ea'ination. In thi( !a(e an order for DNA te(t %a( oppo(ed 8 the 9e(pondent on the ro*nd that (*!h an order /io&ate( hi( riht to pri/a!. The three J*de 8en!h of the on8&e S*pre'e o*rt he&d thatK If for arri/in at the (ati(fa!tion of the !o*rt and to prote!t the riht of a part to the &i( t %ho 'a other%i(e 8e fo*nd to 8e in!apa8&e of prote!tin hi( o%n intere(t the !o*rt pa((e( an appropriate order the ,*e(tion of (*!h a!tion 8ein /io&ati/e of Arti!&e 21 of the on(tit*tion of India %o*&d not ari(e. The !o*rt ha/in reard to Arti!&e 21 of the on(tit*tion of India '*(t a&(o (ee to it that the riht of a per(on to defend hi'(e&f '*(t 8e ade,*ate& prote!ted.7 It f*rther he&d that if re(pondent a/oid( (*!h 'edi!a& ea'ination on the ro*nd that it /io&ate( hi(her riht to pri/a! or for a 'atter riht to per(ona& &i8ert a( en(hrined *nder Arti!&e 21 of the on(tit*tion of India then it 'a in 'o(t of (*!h !a(e( 8e!o'e i'po((i8&e to arri/e at a !on!&*(ion. It %a( a&(o (aid that if de(pite an order pa((ed 8 the o*rt a per(on ref*(e( to (*8'it hi'(e&f to (*!h 'edi!a& ea'ination a (tron !a(e for dra%in an ad/er(e inferen!e %o*&d 8e 'ade o*t. Se!tion 11= of the Indian E/iden!e A!t ena8&e( a o*rt to dra% an ad/er(e inferen!e if the part doe( not prod*!e the re&e/ant e/iden!e( in hi( po%er and po((e((ion. The riht of pri/a! *nder Arti!&e 21 %a( not a8(o&*te and (*!h a dire!tion !o*&d 8e i/en &ookin to the !on!&*(i/ene(( of the DNA Te(t and it( (!ientifi! a!!*ra!. If the app&i!ant ha( a (tron pri'a fa!ie !a(e and there i( (*ffi!ient 'ateria& 8efore the o*rt then it !an order a per(on to *ndero DNA te(t and pa((in of (*!h an order 8 the o*rt %o*&d not 8e in /io&ation of the fiht to per(ona& &i8ert *nder Arti!&e 21 of the Indian on(tit*tion. There i( nothin 8r*ta& or offen(i/e or (ho!kin in takin the 8&ood (a'p&e for DNA te(t *nder the prote!ti/e ee of &a%.
3 200;B = S =@;.
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The !on(tit*tiona& 'andate doe( not (a that no per(on (ha&& 8e depri/ed of hi( per(ona& &i8ert *nder an !ir!*'(tan!e(. On the !ontrar if (*!h depri/ation of riht or per(ona& &i8ert i( in a!!ordan!e %ith the pro!ed*re e(ta8&i(hed 8 &a% the (a'e doe( not /io&ate Arti!&e 21 of the on(tit*tion of India.=
9$ DNA TEST AND THE INDIAN LEGAL SYSTE"The app&i!ation of DNA te(tin ha( 8een *(ed in India for a &on period of ti'e. So'eti'e( it ha( 8een *(ed to re(o&/e !ertain ,*e(tion %hi!h (o'eti'e( 8e!o'e( /er diffi!*&t to re(o&/e (*!h a( a( the !ri'e 8een !o''itted<7 o% and %hen %a( the !ri'e !o''itted<7 ho !o''itted the !ri'e<7. 3o* '*(t 8e a%are of the in!ident( of the 'o/ie( %hen an in(pe!tor find( (o'ethin at the !ri'e (pot i.e. 8&ood hair et!. No% %hat i( the *(e of the(e 'ateria& e/iden!e( in the in/e(tiation< The an(%er i( /er (i'p&e that the(e 'ateria& e/iden!e( he&p the' in deter'inin a( to %ho %a( a!t*a&& pre(ent at the p&a!e %here the in!ident happened. DNA te!hno&o ha( a&(o 8een *(ed in the !i/i& !a(e( to deter'ine the 8io&oi!a& re&ation(hip 8et%een a t%o or (o'eti'e( three indi/id*a&. U(*a&& it ha( 8een *(ed to deter'ine the paternit of a per(on %here a per(on denie( 8ein the 8io&oi!a& parent of a per(on. DNA parentae te(tin 'a he&p a per(on in a8(o&/in hi' fro' the !hare of 8ein the 8io&oi!a& parent of a per(on 8*t it !annot 8e tr*(ted to pro/e a8(o&*te& that a per(on i( the !hi&d( 8io&oi!a& parentL ho%e/er it !an pro/ide a pro8a8i&it.
The ad'i((i8i&it of the DNA e/iden!e 8efore the !o*rt a&%a( depend( on it( a!!*rate and proper !o&&e!tion pre(er/ation and do!*'entation %hi!h !an (ati(f the !o*rt that the e/iden!e %hi!h ha( 8een p*t in front it i( re&ia8&e. There i( no (pe!ifi! &ei(&ation %hi!h i( pre(ent in Indian %hi!h !an pro/ide (pe!ifi! *ide&ine( to the in/e(tiatin aen!ie( and the !o*rt and the pro!ed*re to 8e adopted in the !a(e( in/o&/in DNA a( it( e/iden!e. $oreo/er there i( no (*!h (pe!ifi! pro/i(ion *nder Indian E/iden!e A!t 1?>2 and ode of ri'ina& Pro!ed*re 1@>; to 'anae (!ien!e and te!hno&o i((*e(. D*e to &a!k of ha/in an (*!h pro/i(ion an
4 the&a%i.!o'dna-te(t(-a-&ea&-per(pe!ti/e
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in/e(tiation offi!er ha( to fa!e '*!h tro*8&e in !o&&e!tin e/iden!e( %hi!h in/o&/e( 'odern 'e!hani(' to pro/e the a!!*(ed per(on *i&t.5 Se0tio' 52 o Code o C(imi'., P(o0edu(e #<92 a*thoriCe( a po&i!e offi!er to et the a((i(tan!e
of a 'edi!a& pra!titioner in ood faith for the p*rpo(e of the in/e(tiation. "*t it doe(nt ena8&e a !o'p&ainant to !o&&e!t 8&ood (e'en et! for 8rinin the !ri'ina& !hare( aain(t the a!!*(ed. The a'end'ent of rP 8 the rP A'end'entB A!t 2005 ha( 8ro*ht t%o ne% (e!tion( %hi!h a*thoriCe( the in/e(tiatin offi!er to !o&&e!t DNA (a'p&e fro' the 8od of the a!!*(ed and the /i!ti' %ith the he&p of 'edi!a& pra!titioner. The(e (e!tion( a&&o% ea'ination of per(on a!!*(ed of rape 8 'edi!a& pra!titioner and the 'edi!a& ea'ination of the rape /i!ti' re(pe!ti/e&. "*t the ad'i((i8i&it of the(e e/iden!e( ha( re'ained in a (tate of do*8t a( the opinion of the S*pre'e o*rt and /ario*( ih o*rt( in /ario*( de!i(ion( re'ained !onf&i!tin. J*de( do not den the (!ientifi! a!!*ra! and !on!&*(i/ene(( of DNA te(tin 8*t in (o'e !a(e( the do not ad'it the(e e/iden!e( on the ro*nd of &ea& or on(tit*tiona& Prohi8ition and (o'eti'e( for the p*8&i! po&i!. There i( an *rent need to re-ea'ine the(e (e!tion( and &a%( a( there i( no r*&e pre(ent in the Indian E/iden!e A!t 1?>2 and ode of ri'ina& Pro!ed*re 1@>; to 'anae (!ien!e and te!hno&o i((*e(.
$an de/e&oped !o*ntrie( ha/e 8een for!ed to !hane their &ei(&ation( after the introd*!tion of the DNA te(tin in the &ea& ((te'. There are !ertain pro/i(ion( %hi!h are pre(ent in the Indian E/iden!e A!t 1?>2 (*!h a( +e0tio' ##& %hi!h deter'ine !hi&d( parentae and (tate( that a !hi&d 8orn in a /a&id 'arriae 8et%een a 'other and a 'an %ithin 2?0 da( of the di((o&*tion of the 'arriae and the 'other re'ainin *n'arried (ho%( that the !hi&d 8e&on( to the 'an *n&e(( pro/ed other%i(e 8*t aain no (pe!ifi! pro/i(ion %hi!h %o*&d !o/er 'odern (!ientifi! te!hni,*e(. DNA ana&(i( i( of *t'o(t i'portan!e in deter'inin the paternit of a !hi&d in the !a(e( of !i/i& di(p*te(. Need of thi( e/iden!e i( 'o(t (inifi!ant in the !ri'ina& !a(e( !i/i& !a(e( and in the 'aintenan!e pro!eedin in the !ri'ina& !o*rt( *nder +e0tio' #&5 o t6e C(PC$
The introd*!tion of the DNA Te!hno&o ha( po(ed (erio*( !ha&&ene to (o'e &ea& and f*nda'enta& riht( of an indi/id*a& (*!h a( 9iht to Pri/a! 9iht aain(t (e&f-in!ri'ination. And thi( i( the 'o(t i'portant rea(on %h !o*rt( (o'eti'e( are re&*!tant in a!!eptin the 5 %%%.&a%er(!&*8india.!o' M Arti!&e( M ri'ina& #a%.
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e/iden!e( 8a(ed on DNA Te!hno&o. 9iht to Pri/a! ha( 8een in!&*ded *nder 9iht to #ife and Per(ona& #i8ert or A(ti0,e &# of the Indian on(tit*tion and A(ti0,e &=>2? pro/ide( 9iht aain(t Se&f-In!ri'ination %hi!h prote!t( an a!!*(ed per(on in !ri'ina& !a(e( fro' pro/idin e/iden!e aain(t hi'(e&f or e/iden!e( %hi!h !an 'ake hi' *i&t. "*t it ha( 8een he&d 8 the S*pre'e o*rt on (e/era& o!!a(ion( that 9iht to #ife and Per(ona& #i8ert i( not an a8(o&*te 9iht. In Go/id Si'*6 /$ St.te o ".d6. P(.d6e+; S*pre'e o*rt he&d that a ,
f*nda'enta& riht '*(t 8e (*8+e!t to re(tri!tion on the 8a(i( of !o'pe&&in p*8&i! intere(t. In another !a(e !6.(.@ Si'*6 /$ St.te o %tt.( P(.de+697 S*pre'e o*rt he&d that 9iht to Pri/a! i( not a *aranteed riht *nder o*r on(tit*tion. It i( !&ear fro' /ario*( de!i(ion( %hi!h ha/e 8een de&i/ered 8 the S*pre'e o*rt fro' ti'e to ti'e that the 9iht to #ife and Per(ona& #i8ert %hi!h ha( 8een *aranteed *nder o*r Indian on(tit*tion i( not an a8(o&*te one and it !an 8e (*8+e!t to (o'e re(tri!tion(. And it i( on thi( 8a(i( that the !on(tit*tiona&it of the &a%( affe!tin 9iht to #ife and Per(ona& #i8ert are *phe&d 8 the S*pre'e o*rt %hi!h in!&*de( 'edi!a& ea'ination. And it i( on thi( 8a(i( that /ario*( !o*rt( in the o*ntr ha/e a&&o%ed DNA te!hno&o to 8e *(ed in the in/e(tiation and in prod*!in e/iden!e. To 'ake (*re that 'odern te!hno&oie( !an 8e *(ed effe!ti/e& there i( an *rent need of a (pe!ifi! &ei(&ation %hi!h %o*&d pro/ide the *ide&ine( re*&atin DNA Te(tin in India. The *(e of DNA Te!hno&o i( /er fre,*ent in the !a(e( re&ated to paternit i((*e(. It %a( the De&hi ih o*rt %hi!h (et the pre!edent in 200? for deter'inin paternit in the !a(e of !hi&d 'aintenan!e (*it. In thi( !a(e a 'an fi&ed a (*it !&ai'in that he %a( not the father of the !hi&d for %ho' hi( %ife %a( 'aintenan!e >R./i'd(. /$ So'.m- Na'e( ha/e 8een kept anon'o*( 8 the !o*rt d*e to pri/a! rea(on(B. The (*it %a( di('i((ed 8 the Tria& o*rt 8*t it %a( a&&o%ed 8 the ih o*rt and he&d that The parentae of the !hi&d !an on& 8e deter'ined 8 a DNA te(t. The &ia8i&it to pa 'aintenan!e *nder (e!tion 125 rP !an 8e a/oided 8 the petitioner %ith re(pe!t to thi( !hi&d on& if it i( e(ta8&i(hed that he i( not the 8io&oi!a& (on of the petitioner7. The de!i(ion %a( on the one hand %a( !riti!iCed 8 one ro*p of the (o!iet (tatin that it %o*&d har' the !hi&d in the ,*e(tion p(!ho&oi!a&& %hi&e on the other hand it ha( 8een 6 1@>5 AI9 1;>? 1@>5 S9 ;B @=6.
7 1@6; AI9 12@5 1@6= S9 1B ;;2.
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(*pported 8 other ro*p of the (o!iet (tatin that DNA Te(tin (ho*&d 8e a&&o%ed in the !a(e( in/o&/in !hi&d 'aintenan!e. Ad'i((i8i&it of DNA te!hno&o in !i/i& or !ri'ina& (*it %o*&d re'ain in ,*e(tion and the(e e/iden!e( (ho*&d 8e ea'ined 8 the !o*rt( /er !aref*&&.
The re!ent ref*(a& of the S*pre'e o*rt to di('i(( the De&hi ih o*rt( de!i(ion in the !a(e of
Ro6it S6e@6.( /$ N.(..' Dutt Ti.(i B A'($87 orderin )eteran onre(( #eader N.D. Ti%ari to *ndero the DNA te(t i( /er i'portant fro' the /ie%point of the ad'i((i8i&it of (*!h e/iden!e. In thi( !a(e 9ohit Shekhar ha( !&ai'ed to 8e the 8io&oi!a& (on of N.D. Ti%ari 8*t N.D. Ti%ari i( re&*!tant to *ndero (*!h te(t (tatin that it %o*&d 8e the /io&ation of hi( 9iht to Pri/a! and it %o*&d !a*(e hi' p*8&i! h*'i&iation. "*t S*pre'e o*rt re+e!ted thi( point (tatin %hen the re(*&t of the te(t %o*&d not 8e re/ea&ed to anone and it %o*&d *nder a (ea&ed en/e&ope there i( no point of ettin h*'i&iated. S*pre'e o*rt f*rther (tated that %e %ant o*n 'an to et +*(ti!eL he (ho*&d not &eft %itho*t an re'ed. It %o*&d 8e /er intere(tin to (ee that ho% !o*rt( in India %o*&d a&&o% the ad'i((i8i&it of DNA te!hno&o in the f*t*re.@
8$ S%GGESTIONSSo'e 8road (*e(tion( e'erin o*t of the (t*d !an 8e (*''ariCed a( 8e&o%1B The Go/ern'ent '*(t 'ake ne!e((ar pro/i(ion( a'end'ent( in the r. P. . for the a!!*(ed (*(pe!t to pro/ide their DNA (a'p&e to the in/e(tiatin aen!ie( on the dire!tion of !o'petent !o*rt. 2B The Go/ern'ent (ho*&d take (peed 'ea(*re( to !reate data 8a(e of DNA 8a(ed on ethni! ro*p anthropo&oi!a& and reiona& !on(ideration(. ;B It i( i'portant to !reate a 8a&an!e 8et%een the !on(tit*tiona& riht( of an indi/id*a& and the p*8&i! intere(t and 8rin a!!o*nta8i&it and tran(paren! to the pra!ti!e of DNA !o&&e!tion and te(tin. 8 2012 1B J 16@.
9 %%%.&ea&&india.!o'...ad'i((i8i&it-of-dna-te!hno&o-in-the-indian-&.
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<$ CONCL%SIONThe 'a+or (!ientifi! de/e&op'ent in the area of DNA te(tin te!hno&o and it( fa!t( re/e&ation( ha( (o&/ed 'an intera!tin !ri'e re&ated '(terie( (pe!ia&& in the area( of rape 'a(( ki&&in either 8e!a*(e of nat*ra& or h*'an aen!ie( and in (o&/in !i/i& di(p*te( (pe!ia&& re&ated %ith the paternit if the !hi&d and in findin the identit of an indi/id*a&. It ha( a&(o 8een *(ed in (o&/in the !a(e( of e!hane of 8a8ie( in ho(pita& %ard(. "efore the ad/ent of the DNA te!hno&o the !on/entiona& 'ethod of 8&ood ro*pin( te(t %a( 8ein re(orted to for the p*rpo(e of a(!ertainin the paternit of the !hi&d. No% the 'o(t !o''on app&i!ation of DNA te(tin te!hno&o ha( 8een in the area of parentae te(tin. The ti'e for denia& of ad'ittin DNA e/iden!e i( o/er. e kno% that the pre(ent ((te' ha( identifia8&e f&a%(. #a% ha( to ro% in order to (ati(f the need of the fa(t !hanin (o!iet and keep a8rea(t %ith the (!ientifi! de/e&op'ent( takin p&a!e in the !o*ntr. The !o*rt( are /er !a*tio*( in fo&&o%in for thi( te(t a( the think that 'a o aain(t the 8a(i! prin!ip&e( of the *'an 9iht( a( the order for (*!h te(t 'a interfere %ith the per(ona& &i8ert of that per(on *aranteed *nder Arti!&e 21 of the !on(tit*tion %hi!h '*(t 8e +*(t fair and rea(ona8&e one. So'e po(iti/e (tep( ha/e 8een taken 8 the Go/ern'ent of India after a &on ti'e 8 propo(in to adopt DNA te(t( in 'atter( re&atin to paternit di(p*te( *nder (e!tion 112 of the E/iden!e A!t. The #a% o''i((ion of India in it( 1?5th report ha( re!o''ended Indian E/iden!e A!t A'end'entB "i&& 200; %hi!h 'ake( pro/i(ion for DNA te(t( in paternit di(p*te( 8 the !on(ent of the 'an and in !a(e of !hi&d 8 the per'i((ion of the o*rt. The Par&ia'ent ha( a&read e(ta8&i(hed Ad/i(or o''ittee to &ook into (o'e of the(e a(pe!t(. One hope( thi( i( (orted o*t at the ear&ie(t (o that %e !an pro!eed %ith f*&& (%iftne(( on thi( path in the f*rtheran!e of tr*th. Then on& the rea& 'eanin of Sata'e/ Jaate7 !an 8e rea&& 'anife(ted.
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#=$ :I:LOGRAPHY1. DNA Te(t( in Paternit Di(p*te(L %%%.&a%er(!&*8india.!o' M Arti!&e( M ri'ina& #a%.
2. DNA Te(t(K A #ea& Per(pe!ti/eL the&a%i.!o'dna-te(t(-a-&ea&-per(pe!ti/e.
;.
Ad'i((i8i&it
of
DNA
Te!hno&o
in
the
Indian
#ea&
S(te'L
%%%.&ea&&india.!o'...ad'i((i8i&it-of-dna-te!hno&o-in-the-indian-&.
=.
DNA
Te!hno&o
and
Se!tion
112
of
Indian
E/iden!e
A!t
1?>2L
%%%.&ea&(er/i!eindia.!o'arti!&e(tdna.ht'
.
5. The 9o&e of DNA in ri'ina& In/e(tiation Ad'i((i8i&it in Indian #ea& S(te' and 4*t*re Per(pe!ti/e(L %%%.i+h((i.orpaper(/2>B)er(ion-;02>;015021.pdf.
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