Abu Bakr
After Prophet’s demise, Muslims were in chaos. Umar was emotionally charged & refused to accept tragic
!ealthy leader ' Banu 9hatafan & Asad nitially accepted slam. :ebelled 7efeated by ;halid ibn Al'!alid. %led to )yria. >> soldiers. #eard of 0ulayha’s defeat so retreated. Married Musailama. ;halid killed her forces. Accepted slam after husband’s defeat. Musailamah Al-Kadhab / Battle of Yamama $laimed prophethood in Prophet’s time. $alled arch'liar. Married )a55ah. Army of =>,>>> Bedouin. Muslim army ?@,>>>. ? ;illed by !ahshi ibn #arb. 7efeated by ;halid. om!ilation of "uran Many #uffa6 died. CUmar persuaded Abu Bakr to compile the 8uran. #esitant to do what Prophet did not do. Dayd bin 0habit was appointed.
reality. Abu Bakr calmed people !hoe"er worshipped Muhamad, he was dead but those who worship Allah, and #e’s ali"e & shan’t die. Election $hildhood friend of Prophet. $losest companion of Prophet. %irst man to embrace slam. Prophet’s father'in'law. (ed prayer in Prophet’s illness. As')iddi*. Pilgrimage leader. + ha"e been gi"en authority o"er you & ’m not the best of you. f do well help me & if do wrong set me right- bey me as long as obey Allah & #is messenger. But if disobey Allah & #is messenger, you owe me no obedience./
Al-Aswad Al-Ansi Anas 0ribe 0ri be Black man 1 Aswad. $reate mystery 1 2eiled Prophet. n"aded 3emen & 4a5ran. Prophet dispatched %iru6 Al'7hulaymi. %iru6 won & Aswad was killed. After Prophet’s demise, supporters recollected under
8ais ibn 3aghus. %iru6 dispatched to deal with them. !on & troops surrendered.
Tulayha Al-Asadi
1()
A slave hired by Abu Sufyan’s wife who killed Hamza in Uhud. Embraced slam la!er.
$ollected 8uran from papyrus, stones, pulp lea"es, shoulder blades of animals, leather, wooden boards & hearts of men. $opied into sheets called suhuf. Passed from Abu Bakr to CUmar to #afsa. E#!edition to By$antine Em!ire #eraclius sent army led by brother, 0heodorus. ;halid & E,>>> men marched in ?F days from ra*. !on Battle of A5nadayn. E#!edition to %ersia 2olunteer force of ?F,>>>. ;halid 1 leader. %rom March to May, G@@, won = battles. )ecured pro"incial $apital, #ira. Huly G@@ Al'Anbar was secured. Battle of %ira6 ;halid crushed @ coordinated attacks. Persians, By6antines & Arab $hristians. 7ecember G@@, Persians rule in ra* concluded. Abu Ba&r's (eath %ell ill in August G@=. 4e"er reco"ered. +f was asked by Allah as to whom appointed my successor, will say ha"e appointed the best of your
men./ 7ied last week of August. Buried neIt to Prophet.
Umar ibn Al';hattab
Amir Al'Mu’minin +n this task, seek your assistance. f follow the right path follow me. f de"iate from the right path, correct me so that we are not led astray./ Battle of Marwa G@= Muslims made bridge of boats. Muslim leader 1 Abu Ubaydah 0ha*afi Persian leader 1 :ustam. Persian army =,>>> J elephants. >> Mehran killed by young man from 0aghlib tribe. )outhern ra* under Muslim’s rule. Battle of "adissiya G@G Muslim leader 1 )a’ad ibn Abi !a*as Persian leader 1 3a6dgird $ommander 1 :ustam Muslim 1 @>,>>> Persian 1 G>,>>> )a’ad sent ?= Muslims to negotiate. 3a6dgird ridiculed them mentioning ♦ Arabs’ po"erty
lack of refinement backwardness $ontingent of G,>>> supported Muslims. )a’ad made best use of archers. n @rd & final day, :ustam was captured & killed while ♦ ♦
swimming to safety. )a’ad chased remaining troops to Babal. n L months, $apital, Ma’adin, was captured. Persians lost L@ of army. Muslims lost only ?K. st )a’ad led ? %riday prayer at $hosroes palace. 4o sculptures statues were destroyed. Battle of )ihl Hordan, west of (ake 0iberius. ffers of 5i6ya & surrender sent but futilely. ;halid saw through :oman tactics. :etreated drawing :omans in. Attacked ferociously. %led. :omans suffered high causalities. Battle of Yarmou& #eraclius was mad. !anted to reco"er #oly (and. ;halid regrouped his troops. Both sides in"oked their faith. $hristians with banners & emblems. Muslims reciting 8uran. :omans suffered great loss & defeat. Muslims lost @,>>>. CAmr ibn Al'CAs continued siege on Herusalem. Abu CUbaydah reinforced him. People agreed to surrender but only to $aliph himself. ♦ Umar rode there with sla"e taking turns on camel. ♦ $lose to their arri"al, it was sla"e’s turn. ♦ CUmar refused to sit on camel. ♦
G=L Persian ruler mobili6ed troops. Umar knew so collected army. Muslims outnumbered @?. Persians put spikes & thorns. Muslims front lines were killed. Muslims turned on Persians surrounding them. @>,>>> Persians killed. )all of Ale#andria G@K %ustat go"ernor surrendered. AleIandria ♦ 0housand years old. ♦ !ell'defended. ♦ (arge population. ♦ 4umerous public buildings. ♦ #istoric (ighthouse. Muslims initially failed. CUmar wrote letter to CAmr ibn Al'CAs eIpressing displeasure. (etter read to army. )tormed into city. By +, sfahan & ;horasan. :ay, %ars & )indh captured.
.mar's (eath G== ?> years reign. Abu (u’(u’a stabbed from behind during prayer. )tabbed ?@ other Muslims. N died. CUmar died few days later. Appointed a panel of siI. Anyone of them could be $aliph.
CUthman ibn CAffan
$onsensus chose CUthman. Persia, Armenia & 4orth Africa con*uered. Appointed relati"es as 9o"ernors & Ad"isors. !anted to increase loyalty to himself. People assumed he was unfairly fa"oring his family. $riticisms grew alienating him from hid people. 7ecided to di"ide booty amongst go"ernors not army. Place funds for state purposes. )trong disappro"al. ?K gi"en to cousin, Marwan ibn #akm. )urrounded by bad ad"isors. 0ook ad"antage of his age & weakness. om!ilation of Mushaf Al-.thmany ;new that soldiers from different places read 8uran differently. Appointed Dayd bin 0habit to make one accurate copy. $ompared with Mushaf #afsa. 7ifferent copied were burnt. $ritici6ed despite intention that only real 8uran is read. nrest People erupted. ra* ;ufa
4a’ila, CUthman’s wife, was in5ured. Mu’awiya sent support that arri"ed too late.
Ali bin Abi 0alib Election Proclaimed $aliph. Mu’awiya disagreed & called for a"enging of CUthman’s death. han0es :eplaced go"ernors appointed by CUthman. 7i"ided wealth kept aside. )low response to CUthman’s death due to lack of e"idence. Battle of amel @KA# CAisha, 0alha & Dubayr openly denounced CAli. Ali sent new go"ernor to Makkah. People refused him. People set out to ra* for more supporters. CAli forced to pursue them. Armies met at Basra. Peaceful negotiations interrupted by eItremist. Battle began around CAisha’s $amel. ♦ 4amed Battle of $amel 0alha & Dubayr killed. CAisha escorted back to Madinah. 4ew go"ernor appointed in Basra.
CAli mo"ed head*uarters to ;ufa for more supporters.
Battle of Siffin $onflict between CAli & Mu’awiya grew to climaI. %orces met at )iffin in @NA#. Mu’awiya’s forces seemed to be losing. Mu’awiya ordered soldiers to fiI 8uran to their lances. )ignaling that matter should be decided by consultation of 8uran. CAmr bin Al'CAs 1 Mu’awiya Abu Musa Al'Ash’ari 1 CAli ;hari5ites @>>> O =>>> refused arbitration. (a hukma illa lillah lit. 4o decision eIcept Allah’s. ;hari5ites rode to Al'4ahrawan. CAli followed & killed many. Arbitrators came to P:2A0< decision. Both step down 4ew $aliph elected. PUB($ announcement. Abu Musa abided to his word. CAmr claimed that CAli should step down & Mu’awiya remains $aliph. 4o decision. .Ali's (eath CAbd Ar':ahman ibn Mul5am attacked CAli. CAli died L days later, =>A#. Buried in secret. ;hulfa’ Ar':ashidun era came to an end.
