IESO Question Papers (2007-2009)

IESO Question Papers (2007-2009)

Compiled By Science Olympiad Blog

IESO 2007

Appendix 2: Written & Practical Test Items and Written Test Results  Written Test

1st IESO Written Test

Earth Science 7-15 October 2007 Daegu, Korea " Earth for Life, Universe for future Life"

Thou dawnest beautifully in the horizon of the sky O living Aton who wast the Beginning of life! Akhenaton (1386-1358 B.C.) "Hymn to the Sun"

In nature's infinite book of secrecy A little I can read. William Shakespeare (1564-1616) Antony and Cleopatra, Act I, ii:11

Instructions to candidates:      

Please write your name and nationality in English in the space provided. Please write your answers legibly. Illegible answers will not be graded. Please keep your answers short and to the key points. Please write your answers on the question paper provided in English. There is no separate answer book. You may respond to questions either in English, your native language, or a combination of both. Read the entire question group carefully before starting to answer. Each question has a point value assigned, for example, [15 pts] & (5 pts).  For multiple choice type questions, there will be negative point values for incorrect responses; however, each of such questions will have a lowest point value of zero. Wherever a word limit is set, the Jury will take into consideration only that number of words that the students are asked to provide.  For some questions, you would be asked to provide your answers on charts / diagrams. Please do so carefully.  If you are found indulging in any form of malpractice, your participation would be treated as cancelled.

NAME:

NATIONALITY:

I. Granite has light color because it has white or colorless transparent minerals. [15 pts] 1) Name a colorless transparent mineral in granite. (2 pts)

2) Which of the following is/are possible economic values of granite? Circle one or more than one option. (2 pts) A. petroleum C. fertilizer E. construction materials

B. diamond D. cement

3) When granite is metamorphosed, which rock is produced? (2 pts)

4) Give three physical/chemical factors of metamorphism. (6 pts)

5) Which of the following is/are associated with the formation of granite. Circle one or more than one option. (3 pts) A. faulting C. intrusion of magma E. slow cooling of magma

B. volcanic eruption D. relatively deep in the crust

II. The following diagram shows the variations in the length of day during the Phanerozoic based on data gathered from corals, stromatolites, bivalves and other invertebrates. The dashed line shows the gradual decrease in the number of days in a year with time; this corresponds to 2 milliseconds per century. [15 pts]

1) Suppose the earth's orbit remains constant, what was the length of a day 65 million years ago and 300 million years ago based on the above graph? Calculate in terms of the number of hours per day. Answer to nearest th of hour, i.e. 00.0 (The length of a day is presently 24 hours). (8 pts)

2) What is the driving force that causes a decrease in the number of days per year during this time? (3 pts)

3) How many years from now will a day be 25 hours long? Show your calculations. (4 pts)

III. Answer the following questions based on the Hawaiian islands map. Numbers printed near the names of islands / seamounts represent ages of rocks (in million years before present). [10 pts]

Figure. Hawaiian Islands - Emperor Seamount chain. 1) How did this chain of islands form? Circle one option. (1 pt) A. subduction zone D. meteorite impact

B. mid-ocean ridge E. transform fault

C. hot spot

2) What is the average speed (cm/yr) of plate movement? Show your calculations. (5 pts)

3) With two arrows, draw the direction of plate movement during the last 60 million years on the map. (4 pts)

IV. Following is a surface weather map on 5 May 2007. Answer the following questions based on the map. [15 pts]

1) With shaded pattern, mark two areas where precipitation(rainfall or snowfall) is expected. (8 pts)

2) Circle all correct statement(s) from the following items. (7 pts) A. Wind above the 1 km elevation generally blows in the directions parallel to the pressure contour lines. B. It rains as a warm front is approaching. C. Behind the cold and warm fronts, the northwest and southeast winds will blow, respectively. D. The fronts are expected to move toward the north. E. The speed of the front is nearly the same as the wind speed just behind the cold front.

V. The following schematic figure illustrates the process of precipitation when unsaturated air passes over the mountain. The altitude of location A is 500m, the air temperature at A is 26.2°C, and the level of condensation of the upward moving air is 1200m above sea level. The adiabatic lapse rates of the dry and moist air are 10 °C/km and 6.5 °C/km, respectively. Assume that the air flow, above B in lee (down-wind) side, does not go below 500m. Thick arrows indicate the air flow. [15 pts]

Before the air flow passes over the mountain, the environmental air temperature at each elevation is shown by the green line below.

1) Using the information above, what will be the temperature of air when it reaches 1.2 km altitude? Show your calculations. (5 pts)

2) What will the temperature be when the air reaches the top of the mountain at 2 km altitude? Show your calculations. (5 pts)

3) Draw the line showing temperature variation with altitude, as the air descends the lee-side (downwind side). (5 pts)

VI. On a clear day and night, a person in the northern hemisphere wants to observe celestial objects in the southern sky. Answer the questions using the figure and the data below. [10 pts]

1. Canopus: Right Ascension (R.A.) α = 06h 24m, Declination (Dec.) δ = -52.7°(2000.0) 2. Vernal Equinox: March 21st. Autumn Equinox: September 23rd. 3. The Sun's meridian transit occurs at 12 noon.

1) Mark the Sun's location on March 21st in the above figure. (2 pts)

2) What is the observer's latitude if he/she saw Canopus in 3° highest altitude above the horizon during the whole year, at the time of meridian transit. Show your calculations. (4 pts)

3) If someone wants to observe Canopus at the time of its meridian transit at 9 pm, which is the best day, i.e., month and day? Show your calculations. (4 pts)

VII. Figure 1 shows the four positions of the Earth orbiting around the Sun, whereas Fig. 2 displays the path of the Sun projected on the celestial hemisphere. [10 pts]

Fig. 1. The Earth around the Sun

Fig. 2. The path of the Sun projected on the celestial hemisphere.

1) Briefly describe the changes of the Sun's altitude at noon observed by a person at 40° north latitude when the Earth is at positions A, B, C, and D. (4 pts)

2) Identify and circle below the position of the Earth from Fig. 1 when the sun follows path (1) from Fig. 2. (2 pts) Path (1):

position A, position B, position C, position D

3) Identify and circle below the position of the Earth from Fig. 1 when the sun follows path (2) from Fig. 2. (2 pts) Path (2): position A, position B, position C, position D

4) Which position in Fig. 1 would receive the minimum insolation at 50°N latitude? Circle one option below. Briefly describe how this would affect the local ecosystem productivity. Note: Insolation is the solar energy received per m2 of flat ground. (2 pts) Position A, position B, position C, position D

VIII. We are interested in the effect of global warming on changes in sea surface temperature (SST). Given below is a map of the world oceans (deeper blue colour indicating deeper waters and lighter blue, shallower waters). Four stations are marked as A, B, C, and D. [10 pts]

1) Figures (a) and (b) below show time-series of SST at two locations in the ocean. Calculate the rate of SST change (in °C/year) for figures (a) and (b). (2 pts)

Ans: (a):

(b):

2) The oceanographer has lost the location data for figures (a) and (b)! Your job is to determine which data set (Figure (a) or (b)) goes with which location (A or B in the ocean map). Please give two reasons for your choice. (5 pts) Ans: Figure (a) corresponds to location _____. (Choose location A or B). (3 pts) Reasons (2 pts):

3) The rates of SST change at locations C and D are about +0.0011 oC/year and +0.0066 oC/year respectively. These rates are much lower than those at locations A and B in the northern hemisphere. Discuss the possible causes of the distinctly different rates between the northern and southern hemispheres. (3 pts)

 Practical Test

PRACTICAL TEST QUESTIONS

October 10, 2007 Inter-Burgo Hotel, Daegu Metropolitan City, Korea Name: _________________________ Nation: _____________________________

Geology A map provided in a separate sheet is a simplified geologic map showing geologic boundaries, strike and dip. Topographic contours are shown as dotted lines with elevations in meters. The letters in parentheses represent different rock types:

(P) Precambrian gneiss, (Q) Cambrian conglomerate, (R) Cambrian sandstone, (S) Ordovician limestone, (T) Jurassic sandstone, and (U) Cretaceous granite. Please note that pebbles of rock type (P) are found at the base of rock type (Q). Answer the following questions: 1) Draw a geologic cross-section along the line A-A’. The horizontal and vertical scales are the same. (40 points).

2) Please match the rock types given as letter in parentheses in the geologic map with the rock specimens provided. (30 points) Rock type of the geologic map

Rock type of specimens

(P) (Q) (R) (S) (U) 3) What do we call the boundary between the rock type (P) and (Q)?(10 points)

4) What do we call the geologic process that results in the formation of rock type (U) in the geologic map? (10 points)

5) Using a polarizing microscope, identify thin sections A and B from the following choices. (10 points) Gneiss Basalt Limestone Sandstone

Thin section A:

Thin section B:

Atmospheric Science

Observed meteorological fields of pressure (hPa), wind, and temperature (°K) are presented below. On the pressure map contour lines for 1020hPa and 1016hPa are drawn. [total 100 points] 1) Draw contour lines for 1004hPa, 1008hPa and 1012hPa on the pressure map, and put the symbols H and L on the centers of high and low pressure regions, respectively.[50 points] 2) Draw cold and warm fronts on the wind field map, taking the wind vectors into consideration. [35 points] 3) Which region is expected to have the largest temperature increase ? Choose one among A, B, C, D, and E in the temperature map. [15 points] Guidance for drawing contour lines on pressure map: The observed meteorological pressure values are given on the grid points which have constant spatial interval both in longitude and latitude. You therefore need to linearly interpolate the grid point values to draw a contour line of specific value.

Astronomy Figure 1 shows a typical reflector, and Figure 2, a refractor. Tables 1 and 2 are basic specifications of two small telescopes and a CCD camera, which are commonly used in astronomical observations.

Figure 1. Reflector

Figure 2. Refractor

Table 1. Basic specifications of the reflector (Figure 1) and the refractor (Figure 2). Specifications

Reflecting Telescope

Refracting Telescope

Optical System

Newtonian

Achromatic Multi-coated lens

Aperture

200 mm

125 mm

Focal Length

900 mm

1200 mm

Mount

German Equatorial

German Equatorial

Table 2. Specifications of the CCD camera. Array (pixels)

1024×1024

Pixel size (μm)

24

Digital resolution

16-bit

Dark current

1e/pixel/sec at -20℃

Dynamic range

86 db

Referring to the tables and figures above, answer the following questions.

1) Fill in each blank with the most appropriate letter from (A) to (L), which indicates each part of the telescopes (24 points). Reflector

Refractor

Finder Scope Balance Weight Optical Tube Eye piece Objective Lens/Mirror Polar Axis 2) Calculate the focal ratios (f-ratios or f-numbers) of the two telescopes. Show your calculations. (26 points).

3) What is the ratio of the light-gathering power of the two telescopes? Show your calculations. (20 points)

4) What is the ratio of the theoretical resolving power of the two telescopes? Show your calculations. (10 points).

5) If you take an image of the Moon at the primary focus of the reflector, calculate the diameter of the Moon’s image. Do the same calculation for the refractor. (Note: Assume that the angular diameter of the Moon is 0.5°.) (20 points).

 Written Test Results example Student No.

IA

IB

II A

II B

III A

III B

1

10

10

9

8

10

10

2

11

11

4

4

1

1

3

13

13

15

15

8

8

4

15

15

13

13

8

8

5

9

9

0

0

3

3

6

12

12

15

15

8

8

7

9

9

9

8

4

4

8

15

15

15

15

10

10

9

7

7

0

0

2

2

10

14

14

10

9

8

8

11

14

14

12

12

6

6

12

11

11

0

0

4

4

13

9

9

8

8

8

8

14

15

15

15

15

10

10

15

9

9

9

9

10

10

16

7

7

0

0

2

2

17

10

10

8

8

5

5

18

15

15

15

15

10

10

19

11

11

0

0

1

1

20

8

8

8

8

3

3

21

15

15

15

15

8

8

22

12

12

12

12

8

8

23

13

13

15

15

10

10

24

13

13

15

15

5

5

Student No.

IV A

IV B

VA

VB

VI A

VI B

1

3.5

3.5

10

10

6

6

2

0

0

0

0

2

2

3

11.5

11.5

15

15

9.5

9.5

4

8

8

0

0

7

7

5

0

0

5

5

0

0

6

11.5

11.5

15

15

9.5

9.5

7

3.5

3.5

2.5

2.5

2

2

8

11.5

11.5

15

15

6

6

9

4

4

0

0

0

0

10

8

8

7.5

7.5

0

0

11

8

8

15

15

6.5

6.5

12

11.5

11.5

0

0

0

0

13

8

8

0

0

0

0

14

11.5

11.5

15

15

10

10

15

8

8

0

0

0

0

16

7

7

0

0

0

0

17

0

0

0

0

2

2

18

11.5

11.5

15

15

10

10

19

0

0

0

0

0

0

20

8

8

0

0

2

2

21

11.5

11.5

10

10

10

10

22

8

8

5

5

0

0

23

11.5

11.5

15

15

10

10

24

8

8

15

15

2

2

IESO 2008 (Theory)

IESO 2008 Written Test

1

1. Label each contour line in the topographic map below with the correct elevation using a contour interval of 50 meters. (6 pts)

Answer questions 2-4 in the table below. Based on the features of rocks described in the right column of the table, answer the questions in the left column. Questions

Features

2. By which process was the rock formed? (5 pts) Sizes of crystals from 1 to 5 mm; less than Ans: 10 % of dark minerals; mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, and muscovite.

3. By which type of metamorphism was the rock formed? (5 pts) Ans: Grains larger than 1 mm; alternating layers of light and dark minerals; light minerals are plagioclase, feldspar, and quartz, and dark minerals are biotite and hornblende.

4. Name the specific rock. (5 pts) Ans:

Individual grains are too small to be identified without magnification; composed predominantly of Ca-rich plagioclase and pyroxene with small amounts of olivine; black, dense and massive.


2

5. Describe three different ways in which minerals are formed. (9 pts)

6. The following figure and table show a vertical profile of air temperature and dew point measured by radiosonde. The air parcel is lifted mechanically from the ground and a cloud forms. When unsaturated air rises adiabatically, the temperature of air parcel decreases at a rate of 10 °C/km and the dew point of air parcel decreases at a rate of 2 °C/km. Assume that the saturated lapse rate is 6 °C/km. During the rising process, there is no exchange of heat between the air parcel and the environment.

Height (km)

Temperature (°C)

Dew point (°C)

0

34

18

1.5

22

11

3

10

2

5.5

-10

-22

7

-22

-30

9

-38

-50

10.5

-50

-55

Answer the following questions (12 pts in total). a) Before the air parcel begins to rise, is it saturated or unsaturated? (2 pts)


3

b) Calculate the height of cloud base. (3 pts)

c) Calculate the height where the air parcel starts to rise on its own. (3 pts)

d) Is the air parcel in question c) stable or unstable? (1 pt)

e) Calculate the dew point of the rising air parcel at 5 km (3 pts)?

7.

Which of the following processes ABSORBS the greatest amount of latent heat? Circle the letter of the correct answer. (2 pts) a. b. c. d.

8.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Circle the letter of the correct answer. (2 pts). a. b. c. d.

9.

Freezing Evaporation Condensation Melting

Salt particles make good condensation nuclei. The vapor pressure is higher over water than over ice. The typical raindrop is about 2 millimeters in diameter. Cloud droplets freeze once the temperature drops below 0oC.

Where are many of the world’s desert regions located? Circle the letter of the correct answer. (2 pts) a. b. c. d.

On the east coast of most continents Just north or south of the equator In the west coast regions along the Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer At 60o North and 60o South


4

10. Which of the following reasons explains why ice crystals develop much faster than liquid water drops in the upper and middle levels of thunderstorms? Circle the letter of the correct answer (2 pts) a. Electrical currents within thunderstorm allow the building of water vapor on ice crystals more rapidly than on liquid water drops. b. When temperatures drop below freezing, condensation of water vapor into liquid water does not take place. The water vapor can, however, build on ice crystals due to deposition. c. It is because the vapor pressure of ice is less than that over water. This produces a vapor pressure gradient between liquid and frozen water that causes water vapor to move from liquid water drops towards ice crystals. d. This is due to the turbulent motion of the air. Condensation rates in liquid water slow with increasing wind speed. 11. Which combination of conditions characterizes the Coriolis effect on moving particles? Circle the letter of the correct answer (2 pts) a. zero effect along the equator, increasing effect away from the equator b. highest effect along the equator, decreasing effect away from the equator c. latitudinal position has no influence on Coriolis effect 12. Name three major factors that cause cloud dispersal. (3 pts)


5

13. The following figure shows satellite-observed near-sea surface wind vectors over a cloud image in the Northwest Pacific Ocean during a typhoon as shown in Figure (a). The colors of the arrows show the magnitude of wind field from 2 to 20 m/s. Instruments called ARGO floats, shown in Figure (b), automatically measure vertical profiles of temperature and salinity at the stations A, B, and C. The large black arrow stands for the direction of the typhoon’s movement. [7 pts in total] Korea

Taiwan

(a) At which location is the wind stronger?

A or B?

(b) Explain your answer for question (a). [ 2 pts]

[1 pt]


6

(c)

If the following profile shows the temperature at Station C near the typhoon center, draw a new temperature profile once the typhoon passes Station C. [ 2 pts]

(d)

Describe a process that is responsible for your answer in question (c). [ 2 pts]


7

14. The following figure shows oceanic topography. An earthquake occurs at Station B (15.25oN, 140oE) at 1:50 A.M. Estimate the arrival time of the tsunami at Station A (15.25oN, 122oE). [3 pts in total] To avoid difficulty in the calculation, the bathymetry between stations A and B is shown by red dashed lines in the second figure. (sin15.25°=0.26, cos15.25°=0.96, gravitational acceleration g ≈ 10 m/s2, the earth radius R = 6400 km). Assume Station A and Station B are in the same time zone.

A

B

A

Real Bathymetry Averaged Bathymetry

B


8

15. A recent partial lunar eclipse was observed during the night of August 16th, 2008. The composite images were recorded during the eclipse from Athens, Greece, showing a large part of the umbra (dark part of the earth's shadow). An angular diameter of the lunar image is 31′. You may need a ruler, a compass, and a calculator to answer the questions below. (5 pts in total)

a) Using this picture, calculate an approximate angular diameter of the umbra. Show how you obtained your answer by drawing on the figure above. (2 pts)

b) Using the sidereal period of the Moon (about 27.5 days) and the distance between the Earth and the Moon (about 380,000 km), calculate the approximate duration time of this lunar eclipse. (3 pts)


9

16. An icy body in an elliptical orbit around the sun is observed from Earth. At perihelion it has a distance to the sun of 40 AU, an albedo of 0.6 and a magnitude of 20. At aphelion it has a distance to the sun of 60 AU and an albedo of 0.7. What magnitude do you expect the icy body to have at aphelion? Draw a diagram and show all calculations. (4 pts)

17. Sean is in Manila and driving his car to the north at noon. He has trouble seeing the car moving in front of him because the sun's rays are reflected from the back window glass and the glare is in his eyes. The back window glass of the car A forms an angle with the ground of 52° 18′as shown in the picture below. The arrow AB is parallel to the ground. . (6 pts in total)


a) In this situation, what is the altitude of the sun? (2 pts)

b) The latitude of Manila is 14° 36′ N. What is the declination of the sun on this date. (2 pts)

c) Estimate the dates when this situation occurs. (2 pts)

10


11

18. The Orionid meteor shower radiant can be found in RA 6h 20m and Dec +16° as indicated in the map below: (5 pts in total)

a) If the sun is at RA 13h 45m and Dec -10° 45', at what time will the radiant transit? Assume that both the equation of time and the standard correction due to latitude are equal to zero. (3 pts)

b) At what latitude should an observer be for the radiant to pass exactly at his/her zenith? (2 pts)


12

Questions 19-21 are a set of questions. Consider a hypothetical earth that has the same volume and mass as our real earth, but has a spherical shape with an interior made of homogeneous material. 19. Which of the following statements about the estimated gravity and the radius at the poles of the two earths is correct ? (2 pts) a. The gravity and radius are larger on the real earth. b. The gravity and radius are larger on the hypothetical earth. c. The gravity is larger on the real earth, and the radius is larger on the hypothetical earth. d. The gravity is smaller on the real earth, and the radius is larger on the hypothetical earth. e. The gravity is larger on the real earth, and the radius is smaller on the hypothetical earth. 20. Which of the following statements about the densities of surface rocks of the two earths is correct ? (2 pts) a. Surface rocks of the real earth have the larger density. b. Surface rocks of the real earth have the smaller density. c. Surface rocks of the real earth have the same density as that of the hypothetical earth. 21. Sketch the directions of gravity and magnetic fields at the northern pole and equator of the real earth. (3 pts)

22. The figure below is the vertical component of waveform recorded at one seismic station. The arrival times of several waves are indicated by arrows. (6 pts in total)

X

Y

Z


(a) Which letter above most likely respresents the S wave,

13

X, Y or Z?

(1 pt)

(b) According to the Z onset time and the later waveform, which graph represents the relationship between the period and velocity? (2 pts)

(c) List three different possible causes of earthquakes. (3 pts)


14

23. Using your knowledge of plate tectonic theory and the map below, briefly describe the movement of tectonic plates that may have caused the Sichuan earthquake in China on May 12, 2008. (The white star indicates the epicenter and arrows show the direction and relative speed of ground movement) (2 pts)

IESO 2008 (Practical)

IESO 2008 Practical Test

1

1. Use the following figure to answer the questions below (1.8 pts total, 0.6 pt each).

I

II

(a) Calculate the percent increase in CO2 from 1970 to 2004. (0.6 pt)

(b) Estimate in ppm the annual range of CO2 variation. (0.6 pt)

(c) In addition to CO2, list two other greenhouse gases produced by human activities. (0.6 pt)


2

2. Use the three images of clouds to complete the chart below (2.7 pts total, 0.3 pt each). A

B

C

Name of cloud type H2O form (liquid, ice, vapor) Altitude of cloud (low, medium, high)

Location is in high elevation mountain range


3

Location is in the tropics near sea level

Location is in tropics at sea level


4

3. The position marked A is used in answering the following question (2.5 pts total):

The equation below describes the balanced flow at location A in this 500 hPa chart:

1 ΔP V2 + fV = − R ρ Δn (1.) (2.) (3.) Where V is the wind speed, f is the Coriolis parameter, ∆P is the pressure difference in a distance ∆n, n is normal to the horizontal velocity vector and pointing to left hand side of the wind direction, and R is the radius of curvature of trajectory. a) Explain the physical meaning of each term in the equation. (1.) ________________________________________________(0.5 pt) (2.) ________________________________________________(0.5 pt) (3.) _______________________________________________(0.5 pt) b) On the figure above, show the direction of term(2) and term(3) at the position A.

(1 pt)


5

4. The following figure shows a schematic diagram of sea surface height in the North Pacific Ocean. [ 9 pts/3 Æ3 pts total]

N

C

A

B

D

(a) Which station shows higher sea surface height between A and B? [1 pt] (b) Show sea surface current vectors corresponding to the above sea surface height pattern. Draw the vectors on the figure above. [3 pts]

(c) Continued from question (b), what are the two dominant forces responsible for the currents? [1 pt]

(d) Also continued from question (b), explain the main cause of the asymmetrical circulation [2 pts]


6

(e) Draw temperature contours for the vertical section across the line CD in the blank figure below [2 pts]

N

C

Depth

A

B

D


7

5. This set of questions tries to show the Kepler’s third law using the images of Uranus and its moons. Figure (1) shows the images of Uranus taken by Hubble Space Telescope in 1997, and the time interval between left and right images was 90 minutes. There are 8 moons revolving around Uranus as seen in the images.

Figure (1) The images of Uranus In order to figure out the motion of these 8 moons, the two images in Figure (1) were overlapped and combined to form a single image shown in Figure (2). Assume that the orbits of the 8 moons are circular and lying on the same plane with the same inclination angle. (Note: you are observing the plane of the circular orbits from an angle so that they appear as ellipses.) Using a ruler, a protractor and a compass, measure the radius of each orbit (R) in mm and estimate the period of revolution (T) of each orbit in hours. Note that the periods of all 8 moons are less than 24 hours. The procedure below described by steps a) to g) on the next page was used to find the information that is in Table 1. Use the same procedure to complete Table 1. (3 pts total)


8

Figure (2) The motion of Uranus’ moons a) Find the center of Uranus and mark it as the origin of an x and y axis. b) Find the observed elliptical orbit of Portia using its track in figure (2). c) Draw the approximate elliptical orbit on figure (2). Note: Keep the center of ellipse at origin. d) Draw the circular orbit from the observed ellipse orbit found in steps b) and c). Note: Keep the length of the semi major axis in the ellipse to be the same as the radius of the circular orbit. e) Find the first and the second positions (90 minutes apart) of Portia at the circular orbit you drew. Note: Draw perpendicular lines from the y axis, passing through Portia’s two images in figure (2). Find two points on the circular orbit by intersecting these two perpendicular lines with the circular orbits. f) Find the angular difference between the two points in the circular orbit. Note: Draw two lines from the origin to the two points you found in step e).


9

g) Calculate the orbital period in hours. Note: The two images were taken 90 minutes apart.

1) Complete the table below for both Portia and Puck (2 pts) Table 1 Moons

R(mm) radius of circular orbit

Angular difference(º) in 90 minutes

T(hour) Period of orbit

R3

T2

Belinda

54

34º

15.88

157464

252.2

Bianca

41

Cressida

44.5

44.2

12.22

88121

149.3

Desdemona

45

43

12.56

91125

157.7

Juliet

46.5

41

13.17

100545

173.5

50

38

14.21

125000

201.9

Portia Puck Rosalind

2) Plot a graph to show Kepler’s third law. On the graph paper, plot the data points on Table 1 showing the relationship of R3 and T2 of the 7 moons. Draw the best straight line that fits Kepler’s third law in your graph. (0.5 pt) 3) Estimate the period of Bianca using graph made in question 2). [The radius of Bianca’s circular orbit is 41 mm.] (0.5 pt)


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6. Telescope Practical Section 1) Operation (3 pts) Please go to the station where parts of telescopes can be found. Take one set of telescope parts and set it up as following steps. ** A proctor will evaluate how you set up the telescope. a) Mount the telescope to the tripod firmly. (0.5 pt) b) Adjust the tripod, set the equatorial mount oriented to the north. (0.5 pt) [See the direction mark on the ground] c) Adjust the tripod using the bubble level on it. (0.5 pt) d) Adjust the angle of the equatorial mount based on the latitude of Manila, 14˚ 36′.(0.5 pt) e) Balance the main telescope with the weight. (0.5 pt) f) Balance the telescope parts which consist of the main telescope, the finder, and the eyepiece. (0.5 pt) 2) Find the the diameter and focal length of the main telescope and complete Table 2 (2 pts) Diameter of main telescope = ( Focal length of main telescope = (

) cm ) mm

Table 2. eyepiece

magnification

Or 6 mm Or 12 mm K 25 mm When you finish questions above, please raise your hand and the proctor will let you go back to your seat. 3) Usually, the pupil of human eye will enlarge to 8 mm in a dark place for about 15-20 minutes. If a person observes a faint star with magnitude 6.0, what magnitude of a heavenly object can he/she observe with this telescope? (1 pt)


11

4) In observing Saturn, which eyepiece in Table 2 would be the best choice if you want to see more detail? (1 pt) .

There are 8 stations for the geology practical section Please spend only 5 minutes for each station. [1.6 pts]

Station 1 Identify the following rock specimens: Rock Specimen Number

Answer

2 19 30 32 [1.6 pts]

Station 2 Identify the following rock minerals: Rock Mineral Number 3 23 39 40

Answer


12 [1.6 pts]

Station 3 Identify the following rock specimens: Rock Specimen Number

Answer

21 27 39 82 [1.6 pts]

Station 4 Identify the following rock specimens: Rock Specimen Number 43 46 49 60

Answer


13 [0.9 pt]

Station 5 * Please do not touch the block model

Examine the given geologic cross-section and choose the correct event sequence from the oldest to the youngest. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

faulting uplift and erosion deposition of sedimentary beds below the solid horizontal line (labelled 92) subsidence deposition of sedimentary beds above the solid horizontal line (labelled 92) folding

Choose the correct answer a. 3-2-5-1-4-6 b. 6-3-2-4-5-1 c. 3-4-6-2-5-1 d. 3-6-4-2-5-1 e. 3-6-2-4-5-1 Answer : ___________________________________________

Station 6

[0.9 pt]

Write down the number of the rock specimen that matches the thin section. Answer : ___________________________________________

Station 7

[0.9 pt]


Station 8

[0.9 pt]


IESO 2009 (Theory)

3rd IESO Written Test

The 3rd International Earth Science Olympiad

Written Test 16 September 2009 Taipei, Taiwan

Student Name:

Nationality:

Mentor’s Signature:

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希言自然，故飄風不終朝，驟雨不終日。孰為此者？天地。 To seldom speak is the essence of nature. Why the winds and storm do not last whole day? Because the earth that manifests the winds and storm is constantly changing.

《老子道德經》第廿三章 Laozi Tao Te Chin 4th Century BC

南方有倚人焉曰黃繚，問天地所以不墜不陷，風雨雷霆之故。惠施不辭而應，不慮而對，遍為萬物說。 In the south, there was a man of extraordinary views, named Huang Liao, who asked Shi how it was that the sky did not fall nor the earth sink, and what was the cause of wind, rain, and the thunder's roll and crash. Shi made no attempt to evade the questions, and answered him without any exercise of thought, talking about all things. 《莊子雜篇》天下第三十三 Zhuangzi Tian Xia 4th Century BC.

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Instructions: 1. Please write your name and nationality in English on the cover page. 2. The time alloacted for this examination is three hours. 3. Please write your answers legibly. Illegible answers will be counted as incorrect. 4. Please keep your answers short and focus on the key points. 5. Please write your answers only on the white test booklet provided. 6. You may respond to questions either in English, your native language, or a combination of both. 7. Read the entire question group carefully before starting to answer. Each question has a point value assigned, for example, (1 pt). 8. For some questions, you will be asked to provide your answers on the figures. Please do so carefully. 9. Any inappropriate examination behavior will result in your withdrawal from the IESO.

Formulae for references: m-M = -5+5⋅log(d); 1 parsec (pc) = 3.26 ly; where m is apparent magnitude, M is absolute magnitude and d is distance measured in pc.

Stefan-Boltzmann Law E =σT4, where σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant and T is temperature in K.

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Atmosphere and Hydrosphere (total of 35 pts) 1. The figure below is the surface weather map for the region of western North Pacific at 00 UTC (Coordinated Universal Time, same as the Greenwich Mean Time), 25 October 2004. Please answer the following questions:

(i) The contour lines on the map are produced by analyzing which of the following meteorological variables? (1 pt) (A) Altitude (C) Temperature (E) Wind speed

(B) Pressure (D) Humidity

Answer: (ii) The weather system labeled as “X” (in green color) in the above figure should be which of the following? (1 pt) (A) An extra-tropical cyclone (B) A continental anticyclone (C) A tropical cyclone (E) A front Answer:

(D) A migratory anticyclone

(iii)The wind direction at point “A” should be close to which of the following? (1 pt) (A) Easterly wind (B) Southerly wind (C) Westerly wind (D) Northerly wind (E) The wind is calm at point A Answer: (iv) Among the five locations labeled from “A” to “E” in the map, which should have the strongest wind of all? Please write down the letter of that location. (1 pt) Answer:

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2. Which of the following gases in the atmosphere has the largest variations in spatial and daily-time scales and has strong impact on local weather? (1 pt) (A) CO2 Answer:

(B) CO

(C) H2O

(D) O3

(E) He

3. What is the most likely reason why typhoons are rarely observed over the ocean near the Equator? (1 pt) (A) Sea surface temperature is too high (C) Coriolis force is too small (E) Wind is too weak Answer:

(B) Pressure gradient is too weak (D) Convection is not strong enough

4. Regarding the mean value and the range of annual temperature cycle, please answer all the true/false questions below. For your information, a world map is provided below and the locations of the cities mentioned in the questions are also marked.

(i) The annual temperature range in the northern hemisphere, as a whole, is larger than that in the southern hemisphere. True or false (T/F)? (1 pt) Answer: (ii) The annual mean temperature at Moscow (56°N, 38°E) is lower than that at Cairo (30°N, 31°E). True or false (T/F)? (1 pt) Answer: (iii) The annual temperature range at Denver (40°N, 105°W) is smaller than that at Lisbon (39°N, 9°W). True or false (T/F)? (1 pt) Answer: (iv) The average temperature in July at Honolulu (21°N, 158°W) is slightly lower than that at Johannesburg (26°S, 28°E). True or false (T/F)? (1 pt) Answer:

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5. Which time of a day in the lower troposphere has the highest possibility for clear air turbulence to occur? (1 pt) (A) Morning Answer:

(B) Noon

(C) Afternoon

(D) Evening

(E) Midnight

6. The figure below shows the globally-averaged vertical profile of atmospheric pressure from the sea level to 50 km in altitude. Please answer the questions below:

(i) The term “pressure” on the horizontal axis is equivalent to which of the following? (1 pt) (A) Force divided by area (B) Mass divided by area (C) Density multiplied by temperature (D) Mass multiplied by distance (E) Weight divided by volume Answer: (ii) Which of the following pressure layer has the greatest altitude difference (i.e., thickness)? (1 pt) (A) 1-10 hPa (D) 510-1010 hPa Answer:

(B) 101-110 hPa (E) 1001-1010 hPa

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(C) 501-510 hPa


(iii)In the static atmosphere, the change in pressure with height is governed by the hydrostatic equation, expressed as Δp = ρgΔz, where g is the gravitational acceleration in m/s2 (g = 9.81 m/s2), ρ is air density in kg/m3, and Δp and Δz are pressure difference in Pa and thickness in meter at two fixed altitudes. If the averaged air density from the 1000 hPa to 500 hPa (where 1 hPa = 100 Pa) is about 0.910 kg/m3, please apply this equation to find the height of the 500-hPa pressure level. Please show your calculation. (2 pts) Answer:

7. If the temperature for the air released from a bicycle tire hole is T1 and the temperature of air around this bicycle is T2, which temperature is lower? (1 pt) Answer:

8. If lots of dust is blown into the atmosphere during a volcano eruption, how will it change the atmospheric temperature in the local area surrounding the volcano due to the dust effect? (1 pt) (A) Increase (B) Decrease (C) Remain the same (D) Not certain Answer:

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9. The figure below depicts the time variation of annual global mean surface temperatures (black dots) from 1850 to 2005. The long term variation of global average surface temperature includes decadal variation (smooth blue curve) and linear trends (straight lines). The right hand axis shows estimated actual temperature. The left hand axis shows temperature anomalies relative to 1961-1990 average. Please answer the following questions.

(Source: IPCC AR4, 2007) (i) Linear warming trends (°C/year) in global average surface temperature for the last 25, 50, 100 and 150 years are shown as yellow, orange, purple and red lines, respectively. Which period has the greatest linear warming trend? (1 pt) (A) the last 25 years (B) the last 50 years (C) the last 100 years Answer:

(D) the last 150 years

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(ii) Please calculate the linear warming trend (°C/year) in global average surface temperature for the last 50 years (1956-2005), the last 100 years (1906-2005) and their ratio (the last 50 years /the last 100 years). (2 pts) Answer:

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10. The figure below shows the distribution of sea level pressure in January averaged for 40 years (climatology) over the tropical Pacific. Surface wind, ocean currents and sea surface temperature (SST) are closely related in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Please answer the following questions. (Refer to the following figure for questions 10(i), 10(ii), and 10(iii)

(i) Please plot the direction of trade wind at point labeled as “c” and equatorial current at point labeled as “” in the above figure. ( Please use the symbol 〝 → 〞for trade winds, and the symbol 〝 equatorial currents ) (2 pts)

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〞for


(ii) Trade winds are related to the surface pressure gradient. Figure below displays the

Sea Level Pressure (hPa)

time series of sea-level pressure at Darwin (12°S, 131°E) and Tahiti (17°S, 149°W). Please write down the surface pressure gradient and the speed of the trade wind between Tahiti and Darwin in January 1998, 1999 and C (climatology) in descending order (example: 1998 > 1999 > C). (2 pts) 1017 1016 1015 1014 1013 1012 1011 1010 1009 1008 1007 1006 1005 1004

Darwin Tahiti

Jan

May Sep

1997

Jan

May

Sep

May Sep

1998

Answer: Surface pressure gradient : Trade winds

Jan

:

1999

>

>

>

>

(iii) In January of which year, 1998 or 1999, is the SST over the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean warmer? (1 pt) Answer:

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11. The following figure shows the long-term average temperature profiles from the surface down to the depth of 2,000 m compiled at two stations – Station A in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean at 140°E and Station B in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean at 120°W. Which of the following statements is true? (2 pts) (A) Profiles compiled at Station A and B can be presented by X and Y respectively. (B) Profiles compiled at Station A and B can be presented by Y and X respectively Answer:

Temperature (oC)

0

0

10

20

30

Y

1000

Depth (m)

X

2000

X Y

12. A strong ocean current flows northwards in the Northern Hemisphere as shown in the figure below. Which one of the arrows is correct? (1 pts) (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D (E) E

(C) (B) (A)

Answer:

(D) (E)

Equator

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13. Mesoscale eddies in the ocean can be detected by satellite altimeters. The color figure below shows contours of the sea surface dynamic topography at an area in the western North Pacific Ocean. The contour interval is 5 cm. Generally speaking, the surface flow field of these eddies can be depicted based on geostrophic equilibrium. Please draw arrows (→) to indicate the directions of surface currents at the six white dots in the figure below. (3 pts) Sea Surface Dynamic Topography (cm)

25

295

24

290 285 280

Latitude (N)

23

275 270

22

265 260 255

21

250 245 240

20

235 230

19

225 220

18 130

215

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

Longitude (E)

14. It is known that the salinity of the Mediterranean seawater is always higher than that of the Atlantic Ocean. (i) The relation among evaporation (E), precipitation (P) and river runoff (R) for the Mediterranean can be expressed by (2 pts) (A) E > P + R (B) E < P + R (C) P > E + R (D) R > E + P Answer: (ii) Which of the following flow patterns between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean is correct? (2 pts) Answer:

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(A)

Depth (m)

Atlantic Ocean

Mediterranean

500

1000

(B)

Depth (m)

Atlantic Ocean

Mediterranean

500

1000

(C)

Depth (m)

Atlantic Ocean

500

1000

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Mediterranean


(D)

Depth (m)

Atlantic Ocean

Mediterranean

500

1000

(E)

Depth (m)

Atlantic Ocean

500

1000

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Mediterranean


Astronomy (total of 20 pts) 15. The diameter of the Moon is about a quarter of that of the Earth, and the diameter of the Sun is about 100 times of that of the Earth. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is about 400 times of the distance from the Earth to the Moon. At each astronomical event, which of the following bright shapes will be observed? Choose one suitable item from A to D. (A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(i) solar eclipse (0.5 pt) Answer: (ii) lunar eclipse (0.5 pt) Answer: (iii) In the future, people will be able to watch a solar eclipse on the surface of the moon. Which of A to D patterns would the shape of the Sun be observed on the moon? (0.5 pt) Answer: (iv) Under the condition of (iii), what phenomenon is seen then from the Earth? (0.5 pt) (A) Solar eclipse (B) Lunar eclipse (C) Earth eclipse Answer: 16. At the present time, the energy of the Sun is generated by thermonuclear fusion reactions in the central core. The thermonuclear processes convert four nuclei “X” into a heavier nucleus and also produce energy. What is the nucleus “X”? (1 pt) (A) Hydrogen (B) Helium Answer:

(C) Oxygen

(D) Carbon

(E) Uranium

17. If the temperature inside the umbra of a sunspot is 1500 K cooler than the solar photosphere (its temperature ~ 5800 K) outside the sunspot, let B1 be the energy flux out of the umbra and B2 be the energy flux from the area surrounding the sunspot. What will be the ratio, B2/B1? (1 pt) (A) 0.004 (B) 1.35 (C) 0.74 (D) 3.31 (E) 223 Answer: 18. Circle the leap year(s) in the following list. (0.5 pt) 1890

1972

1998

2000

2002

2100

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19. There are four celestial objects shown in the following pictures. Arrange the size of objects from the smallest to the largest. Fill your answer in A, B, C and D. (1 pt) ( )<( )<( )<( ) (A) Pleiades Star Cluster

(B) Andromeda Galaxy

(C) Sun

(D) Saturn

20. Continued from the preceding question, arrange the objects according to their distances from the Earth in the ascending order. Fill your answer in A, B, C and D. (1 pt) ( )<( )<( )<( ) 21. If we observe the planets through a telescope on the Earth, which planets’ images will appear to be similar to the lunar phase, . Circle the planets. (1 pt) Mercury

Venus

Mars

Jupiter

Saturn

Uranus

Neptune

22. The celestial coordinates of Vega are R.A. 18h 36m 56.2s and Dec +38º 47′ 1″. Assume the Sun passes the meridian at noon (12:00:00), on which date will Vega transit the meridian at midnight (00:00:00)? Note that the vernal and autumnal equinoxes in 2009 are March 20 and September 23, respectively. (2 pts) (Show calculation with your answer) Answer:

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23. The following photo shows the lunar surface of the side facing the Earth. Four surface features are marked and they are Mare Imbrium, Crater Tycho, Crater Copernicus and Montes Apenninus. Apply the cross-cutting principle to estimate the ages of these surface features. Determine the relative age of these features from old to young. (1.5 pts)

The moon (A) Crater Copernicus > Mare Imbrium > Montes Apenninus > Crater Tycho (B) Crater Tycho > Crater Copernicus > Mare Imbrium > Montes Apenninus (C) Mare Imbrium > Montes Apenninus > Crater Copernicus > Crater Tycho (D) Montes Apenninus > Crater Copernicus > Mare Imbrium > Crater Tycho (E) Montes Apenninus > Mare Imbrium > Crater Copernicus > Crater Tycho Answer: 24. Any object as large as a star will collapse under its own weight unless some other force stops it. The Sun has maintained its appearance for a long time. Under what condition is the interior of the Sun in balance? (1 pt) (A) The interaction of the atoms prevents the gravitational collapse. (B) The repulsive forces between ions prevent the gravitational collapse. (C) The strong forces in nuclei prevent the gravitational collapse. (D) The thermal pressure prevents the gravitational collapse. (E) The magnetic field prevents the gravitational collapse. Answer:

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25. The synodic period for outer planets can be determined by the time interval between two successive oppositions. Based on observations, the synodic period of the Mars is about 779.9 days. The Earth’s revolution period is 365.2564 days. What is the revolution period of the Mars in days ? (2 pts) (Show calculation with your answer)

26. Nowadays, astronomers believe that the solar system formed from a cloud of interstellar gas and dust about 4.6 billion years ago. The pictures below show the representative stages in the phases of the formation. Arrange the order of the pictures to demonstrate the formation process. (2 pts)

Figure (a). The Sun became hotter and drifted the gas from the inner region, leaving heavier debris revolving in orbits.

Figure (d). The protosun has begun to shine, with a flattened disk of gas and dust surrounding it.

Figure (b). The planets have been accreting in their orbits.

Figure (e). The protosun formed at the center and the cloud rotated faster.

Figure (c). A cold, slowly rotating cloud began to contract under its own gravity. Answer: ( c ) → (

) → (

) → (

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Figure (f). The planets were formed and orbit the Sun. ) → (

) → (

f

)


27. The following diagram gives the predicted positions of the four moons relative to Jupiter. The number 1, 2, 3 and 4 indicate the tracks of Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto respectively. The width defined by the two lines marks the visual disk of Jupiter. The E and W give the east and the west as view from the Earth. The ordinate marks the date. Now, we have a photo of Jupiter and its moons taken in 2008 October but the date is unknown. Use the predicted diagram to allocate the four moons and to estimate the date for photography.

Answer: The photo was taken at the night of 2008 Oct. ( The satellites are a: (

) ; b: (

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) ; c: (

) (1 pt) ) ; d: (

) (1 pt)


28. The apparent magnitude of a star is a measure of how bright the star appears to be. This depends on its luminosity and distance. On the other hand, the absolute magnitude of a star is the brightness defined that if the star were 10 parsecs (pc) from the Earth, which is independent of the star’s actual distance. The table presents apparent magnitude and distance of four stars. Calculate their absolute visual magnitude (give the answers in two decimal places, e.g. the format XX.XX) and answer the following questions. (i) Use the data in the table to find out which star is actually the brightest? (0.5 pt) Answer: (ii) Among these stars, which star has a luminosity about 100 times brighter than the Sun? (0.5 pt) Answer: (iii) Star

apparent visual magnitude

distance(pc)

A

2.1

29.75

B

0.5

42.94

C

0.8

19.94

D

-0.7

95.09

Sun

-26.7

─

(Each answer in the table is 0.25 pt)

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absolute visual magnitude

4.83


Geosphere (total of 45 pts) 29. We have four mineral specimens. All four are Mohs’ scale standard minerals, both topaz and apatite are absent. Hardness tests show that: (1) only one out of the four is harder than topaz, and (2) only one is softer than apatite. Furthermore, the above two are both isometric crystals. Among the four specimens, the one softer than apatite is ______. (1 pt) (A) calcite (B) gypsum (C) fluorite (D) quartz (E) talc Answer: 30. What is the major greenhouse gas trapped in the frozen soils of the tundra and continental shelf sediments? (1 pt) (A) methane Answer:

(B) carbon dioxide (C) water vapor

(D) ethane

(E) nitrogen

31. Based on the geochemical equilibrium of the Earth system, the increase in burial rate of organic matter in the sediments could most likely result in ______. (1 pt) (A) a reduction in the Earth's atmospheric N2 and an increase in CO2 levels (B) an increase in the Earth's atmospheric N2 and reduction in CO2 levels (C) a reduction in the Earth's atmospheric CO2 and an increase in O2 levels (D) an increase in the Earth's atmospheric CO2 and a decrease in O2 levels (E) a reduction in both CO2 and O2 levels Answer: 32. When the strength of rock material is greater, it tends to fracture or break more easily; conversely, when the rock is softer, it tends to bend and change its shape more easily. Based on that, assume the outer layers in a, b and c have the same strength and are under the same stress conditions for every sample. Please rank the strength for deformation of the following geological structures (a, b and c) from low to high. (1 pt) a

b

c

(A) a-b-c (B) b-a-c (C) c-b-a (D) a-c-b (E) b-c-a Answer:

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33. Circle the specimen(s) that is/are from vertebrate organisms? (2 pts) (B) (A)

(C)

(D)

(E)

(F)

34. What type of material or celestial body gives us the most information in order to estimate the bulk chemical composition of the Earth? Choose the most suitable one from the list below. (1 pt) (A) comets (B) Mars (C) Moon (D) meteorites (E) oceanic crust Answer: 35. Which one of the following terms best describes the structure illustrated? (1 pt) (A) upright fold (B) antiformal anticline (C) synformal syncline (D) fault propagation fold (E) normal fault Answer:

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36. The figure below shows a type of landform which consists of sand. What is the most likely prevailing local wind direction? (1 pt) (A) from low right to upper left (B) from upper right to lower left (C) from upper left to lower right (D) from lower left to upper right (E) no prevailing wind direction can be identified.

(C)

(B)

(A)

(D)

Answer: 37. The photographs below were taken from a low-lying basaltic island in the subtropical zone. On this island, horizons A and B in the soil profile are characterized by reddish-brown color. Which is the most important factor for such a soil to develop? (1 pt) (A) plant type

(B) climate

(C) relief

(D) sea breeze

Horizon A & Horizon B

Answer:

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38. The figure below shows the typical hill slopes developed on a massive mudstone bedrock. Two major processes could have contributed to erosion in this area and one of them is sheet wash. Please identify the other major process. (1 pt) (A) debris flow (D) channel cutoff

(B) rockfall (E) river bank erosion

(C) rill erosion

Answer:

39. Which type of rock is most commonly found at a mid-ocean ridge? (1 pt) (A) granite (B) rhyolite (C) dacite (D) basalt (E) sandstone Answer: 40. The figure below illustrates the empirical relationship between the earthquake magnitude and the rupture area (RA) along the fault plane. Assume that the rupture of the May 12, 2008 Wenchuan, China earthquake (M=8) occurred within a rectangular plane with a maximum depth of 15 km and a dip angle of 30º. Estimate the rupture length on the surface if the fault plane penetrated the ground surface. (Show your work in the space next to the figure; 3 pts) Answer:

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41. Assume that you are travelling along the northern margin of the Sahara Desert where vegetation cover is poor and the bedrock is exposed and readily observed (see photograph below). This rugged topography is characterized by many small ridges (indicated with arrows). Please draw a cross section to show the relationship between the lithology and topography. Use ‘M’ for mudstone and ‘S’ for sandstone to label the rocks. (2 pts)

palm trees

Answer:

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42. Which one of the following is a primary structure? (1 pt) (B) fault (A)fold axial plane

(C) mineral stretching lineation

(D) joint

(E) flame (loading) structure

Answer: 43. What is likely to occur (Highly probable – H or Least probable – L) in a low oxygen atmosphere environment older than 2 billion years ? (1 pts) Photosynthetic prokaryotes (i) formation of banded-iron formations (ii)

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44. The following map shows the surface horizontal velocity obtained from GPS measurements. The vector length at each point is proportional to the magnitude of the velocity, and the arrow indicates the direction of movement. Please answer the following questions.

(i) Based on the spatial variations of velocities, which stress environment setting is correct? (1 pt) (a) A: compressive, B: extensional, C: shearing (b) A: shearing, B: compressive, C: extensional (c) A: extensional, B: shearing, C: compressive (d) A: compressive, B: shearing, C: extensional Answer:

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(ii) According to the surface velocity, please roughly estimate the strain rate between points 1 and 2. Please show your calculations and give your answer in scientific notation in 2 significant figures. (Hint: the unit for strain rate is per year) (3 pts)

(iii) Assume higher strain rate indicates higher earthquake activities. Which area C, D, or E in map has the highest earthquake activity? (1 pt) Answer: 45. We know the pattern of radiated seismic waves depends on the fault geometry. The polarity (direction) of the first P-wave arrival varies between seismic stations at different direction from an earthquake. Figure (a) illustrates this concept for a strike-slip earthquake on a vertical fault. The first motion is either “push”, for stations located such that material near the fault moves toward the station, or “pull”, where the motion is “away from” the station. The downward first motion indicates that the P-wave is radiated from a region where the focal source is being relatively compressed, as shown in the lower-right quadrant in Figure (a).

Epicenter Compressional

Extensional

Fault plane

“Push”

Extensional

Compressional

Auxiliary plane Figure (a)

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“Pull”


2 1

Amplitude (10-4 cm)

0 1 -2 2 1 0 1 -2 2 1 0 1 -2

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Figure (b) Figure (b) shows 3-component seismograms recorded at a station 85 km away from the epicenter. They are east-west, north-south and up-down, respectively. Please answer the following questions according to Figures (a) and (b). (i) Which description listed below is correct? (2 pts) (A) First direct P wave is radiated through the extensional quadrant and the first direct S wave is radiated through the compressive quadrant. (B) First P wave is radiated through the compressive quadrant and the first S wave is radiated through the extensional quadrant. (C) Both first P and S waves are radiated through the extensional quadrant. (D) Both first P and S waves are radiated through the compressive quadrant. Answer: (ii) Please infer the location of the recording station with respect to the epicenter in terms of the first motions. (2 pt) (A) North north west (C) North north east Answer:

(B) South south west (D) South south east

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46. Choose the most characteristic rock/mineral from the list below (4 pts) a. f. k. p.

quartz orthoclase basalt shale

(i) ______

b. g. l. q.

biotite calcite gabbro marble

c. h. m. r.

hornblende halite andesite slate

d. i. n. s.

rutile beryl granite chalk

e. j. o. t.

garnet diamond rhyolite chert

(ii) ______ (iii) ______

Pure substance; two elements; common mineral; hexagonal prismatic crystal. Subduction; eruptive rock; volcano; island arc. Continental crust; felsic; batholith; coarse texture.

(iv) ______

Metamorphic; carbonate; limestone; recrystallization.

47. The table below shows the results of grain size analysis of five soil samples. Sample

A

B

C

D

E

Clay (%)

80

30

50

10

20

Silt (%)

10

40

15

20

65

Sand (%)

10

30

35

70

15

(i) Use the information in the table to complete the soil texture diagram below for A, C and D samples. Plot your answer as dots (•) and label with sample name (A, C, D). (2 pts) Answer:

Clay

Sand

Silt

(ii) Which sample has the highest porosity? (1 pt) Answer:

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48. (i) Hydrographs below describe discharge conditions before and after urbanization in a drainage basin. In the following figures ‘lag time’ should be noted in both hydrographs. Please indicate the “lag time” in both of the following hydrographs using appropriate symbols. Label them “LT”. Use appropriate symbols to show the ‘lag time’ and the label of LT (i.e., Lag time) should be added, too. (2 pt) (A)

(B) Flood stage

Flood stage

Discharge (m3 sec-1)

Time

Time

Rainfall (mm)

(ii) Identify the hydrograph which illustrates the condition of the drainage basin before urbanization. (1 pt) Answer: (iii) Refer to the figures above and complete the following table using ‘+’ to represent higher, longer or larger, ‘─’ to represent lower, shorter or smaller and ‘0’ to represent irrelevant. (2 pts) Table Variables

before urbanization

Rainfall intensity Lag time Flood magnitude

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after urbanization


49. Connect the fault types with the correct figures. (2 pts)

Normal fault

Thrust fault

Dextral transverse fault

Sinistral transverse fault

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50. The figure below shows the variations of deuterium isotope (δD), the atmospheric concentrations of the CO2, CH4, and N2O derived from air trapped within ice cores from Antarctica. The shading indicates the interglacial warm periods. The lowest panel shows the globally distributed δ18O records of benthic foraminifera, a proxy for global ice volume fluctuations. Downward trends in the benthic δ18O curve reflect increasing ice volumes on land. Stars of different colors are the N2O, CH4, and CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere in the year 2007. (1 ka = 1000 years ago; 0 ka = 1950 AD) (Source: IPCC AR4, 2007).

Time (ka)

(i)

Over the last 650 ka, when did the CH4 content exceed the current level? (1 pt) (A) 400 ka (B) 125 ka (C) 330 ka (D) 315 ka (E) none of these Answer:

(ii)

The magnitude of δ18O is directly proportional to the ice volume on land (note the scale on graph is inverted). When was the most recent time that the ice volume on land was maximum? (1 pt) (A) 420 ka (B) 220 ka (C) 125 ka (D) 20 ka (E) 0 ka Answer:

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(iii) The most likely cause for the glacial-interglacial cycles shown in the figure above is ______. (1 pt) (A) (B) (C) (D)

fluctuations in δ18O of benthic foraminifera fluctuations in the Earth's orbit fluctuations in plate movements of the northern landmasses fluctuations in plate movements of the southern landmasses

(E) burning of fossil fuel Answer:

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IESO 2009 (Practical)

3rd IESO Practical Test


Practical Test - Astronomy 18 September 2009 Taipei, Taiwan

Student Name:

Nationality:

Mentor’s Signature: 1 / 11


‫ྥ۞ߢݦ‬Δਚ᤯ଅլึཛΔᨏॸլึֲΖഩ੡‫ृڼ‬Λ֚‫چ‬Ζ To seldom speak is the essence of nature. Why the winds and storm do not last whole day? Because the earth that manifests the winds and storm is constantly changing.

π‫۔‬՗ሐᐚᆖρร֥Կີ Laozi Tao Te Chin 4th Century BC

তֱ‫ڶ‬ଘԳ෫ֳ႓៦Δം֚‫אࢬچ‬լᏼլະΔଅॸሼᔻհਚΖ༡ਜլ᢯ۖᚨΔլ ᐞۖኙΔሙ੡ᆄढᎅΖ In the south, there was a man of extraordinary views, named Huang Liao, who asked Shi how it was that the sky did not fall nor the earth sink, and what was the cause of wind, rain, and the thunder's roll and crash. Shi made no attempt to evade the questions, and answered him without any exercise of thought, talking about all things. π๗՗ᠧᒧρ֚ՀรԿԼԿ Zhuangzi Tian Xia 4th Century BC.

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Instructions for the practical test (Astronomy): z Please write name and nationality in English on the cover page. z The time allotted for this examination is 1.5 hours. z Write your answers legibly. Illegible answers will not be graded. z Keep your answers short and focus on the key points. z Write your answers on the white test booklet provided. There is no separate answer sheet. z You can use the calculator provided to perform the calculation. z You may respond to questions either in English, your native language, or a combination of both. z Read the entire question group carefully before starting to answer. Each question has a point value assigned, for example, (1 pt). z For some questions, you may be asked to provide your answer on the figures. Please do so carefully. z Any inappropriate examination behavior will result in your withdrawal from IESO.

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1. The rotation of the Sun There are sunspots on the solar surface. They can be used to calculate the rate of the solar rotation, based on a sunspot’s motion on the surface. The following figure shows the sunspots during June 30 - July 6, 2006 taken from the SOHO satellite images (listed in the following table). The longitude is marked on the solar disc. Date

Time(h:m)

Date

Time(h:m)

6/30

17:36

7/04

18:05

7/01

19:02

7/05

17:36

7/02

17:36

7/06

20:12

7/03

17:36

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(1) Let’s set June 30, 00:00 to be day 0.000, i.e. Δt = 0.000 for June 30, 00:00. Record Δt in Table 1. (0.6 pts) (2) Measure the longitude of the sunspot for each date marked, and record in Table 1. (1.2 pts) Table 1 Time

Δt(days)

Longitude

Time

6/30 17:36

0.733

-42.2°

7/04 18:05

7/01 19:02

7/05 17:36

7/02 17:36

7/06 20:12

Δt(days)

Longitude

7/03 17:36 (3) Using the data in Table 1, plot longitude (in degrees) vs. time (in days) on the graph paper – on the next page. (4.2 pts) (4) Draw a line of best fit on the graph. (i) Calculate the slope of the line of best fit (straight line). (2 pts) Answer: (ii) Calculate the rotation period of the Sun. (2 pts) Answer: Note: Include the correct unit in both answers.

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2. Telescope operations Go to the telescopes that are already set up and look for the specification of the telescope and two eyepieces. (1) Complete the following Table. (1.2 pt) Telescope Aperture Focal length

Eyepieces cm

Type

Focal length

mm

Magnification

mm

Focal ratio (f/)

mm

** A judge will grade how you operate the telescope. (2) Step-by-step operation (3.8 pts) (3) Observing the Sun (3 pts)

Warning: You must not look at the Sun through a telescope or a finder scope without the solar filter! Otherwise it will cause severe damage to your eyes or permanent blindness. If it is rainy or cloudy, find any distant building, then adjust the telescope to point to the distant building, and adjust the focus to see it clearly. (4) Taking a photo of the Sun (2 pts) When you have finished the above procedure, raise your hand, and the judge will let you return to your seat.

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3. Calculating the Earth’s precession The Earth rotates as a top and Earth’s axis of rotation traces out a cone with an angle shown in Figure 1. That means the Earth’s axis is moving along a circle. This is called precession. The celestial pole rotates about the fixed pole of the ecliptic with a circle of radius about 23.5° and a period of about 25,800 years.

Figure 1 Figure 2 (and a transparent sheet) is the region near Polaris. Figure 3 and Figure 4 are the star tracks around Polaris on the nights of March 10, 1980 and May 20, 2009, respectively.

Star B

Star A

Figure 2

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Figure 3 The region of Polaris 9 / 11 at March 10, 1980.



Figure 4 The region of Polaris at May 20, 2009. (1) Determine the position of the North Celestial Pole and mark it on (i) March 10, 1980 (Figure 3) (2 pts) (ii) May 20, 2009 (Figure 4) (2pts) (2) Overlap the transparent sheet (Figure 2) with Figure 3, and mark the position of the North Celestial Pole determined in Figure 3 on the transparent sheet using a marker pen. (1 pt) (3) Overlap the transparent sheet (Figure 2) with Figure 4, and mark the position of the North Celestial Pole determined in Figure 4 on the transparent sheet using a marker pen. (1 pt) (4) Measure the interval, Δx, between the positions of the North Celestial Pole in 1980 and 2009 on the transparent sheet. (i) Δx = (

) mm (1 pt)

(ii) Use theΔx to calculate the Earth’s precession ( [show your calculation]

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) mm/year. (1 pt)


(5) The angular separation of star A and star B in Figure 2 (or transparent sheet) is 6195″. Use this information to calculate the scale of Figure 2, (

) arcsec/mm.

(1 pt) [show your calculation]

(6) Use your results from the previous questions to calculate the Earth’s precession, ( ) arcsec/year. (1 pt) [show your calculation]

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Practical Test-Atmosphere ( Part I ) 18 September 2009 Taipei, Taiwan

Student Name:

Mentor’s Signature:

Nationality:




Instructions for the practical test (Part I of Atmosphere): 1. Please write your name and nationality in English on the cover page. 2. The time allocated for this examination is 40 minutes. 3. Please write your answers legibly. Illegible answers will be counted as incorrect. 4. You may respond to questions either in English, your native language, or a combination of both. 5. Read the entire question group carefully before starting to answer.

Each question has a point value assigned, for example, (1 pt). 6. For Problem 5, show all the calculations for the answers on the

question paper. 7. Any inappropriate examination behavior will result in your

withdrawal from the IESO.

Display of Satellite and Radar Loops. An example of satellite-picture loop is shown below.

An example of radar-picture loop is shown below.

The radar picture above is observed by the Wufenshan radar station in northeastern Taiwan.

Click here to start the Practical Test

Practical Test (Part I) Purpose: To understand the precipitation and wind patterns in different weather conditions using satellite and radar pictures.

Below are three infrared satellite pictures associated with the same three weather conditions (cold front, typhoon, and monsoon flow of southwesterly wind).

(A)

(H) (B)

30。N

120。E

(I) (C)

30。N

120。E

130。E

130。E

120。E

20。N

20。N

30。N

130。E

20。N

The radar echo occurs when the electromagnetic wave emitted by a weather radar is reflected by raindrops. Stronger radar echo or reflectivity usually corresponds to larger raindrops. Below are three horizontal radar reflectivity maps associated with three weather conditions which include cold front, typhoon, and monsoon flow of southwesterly wind. The intensity of radar refractivity or echo (Z; in units of dBZ) is indicated by the color scale below and the range rings are for radius of 75 km and 150 km. The location of the radar site is indicated by the triangle symbol.

(D)

(E)

(F)

150

75

150

75

150

75

Using Doppler radars, we can also detect the raindrop motion along the radar beam (or radial) direction based on the Doppler-shift effect. To be specific, the radial velocity detected by a Doppler radar is negative if raindrops move toward the radar; on the other hand, the radial velocity detected by a Doppler radar is positive if raindrops move away from the radar.

The relationship between true velocity and radar-detected radial velocity is shown in the following picture. The true velocity is indicated by the green arrow. The positive (negative) radial velocity detected by the radar is indicated by the red (blue) arrow.

Below are three radar-observed radial velocity maps associated with the same three weather conditions (cold front, typhoon, and monsoon flow of southwesterly wind). The value of radial velocity (Vr; in units of m s-1) detected by the radar is also indicated by the color bar.

(H)

(G) 150

150

75

Click here for the bigger Fig.(G)

75

Click here for the bigger Fig.(H)

Click here for the bigger Fig.(I)

Please answer the following questions: 1.

Using Figure (A) to Figure (I), complete the table below using appropriate figure codes A to I for different weather conditions. (18 pts)

Typhoon

Cold front

Monsoon flow with Southwesterly wind

Satellite picture Radar reflectivity picture Radar radial velocity picture 2.

For Points X, Y, and Z on Fig. (I), which one is the most likely location for the circulation center? You can use the enlarged version of Fig. (I) to answer this question. (6 pts) Answer:

3.

Use Fig. (I) to determine the values of the radar-observed radial velocity (Vr) at Points X and Z. You can use the enlarged version of Fig. (I) to answer this question. (10 pts) Answer:

4.

Use Fig. (I) to estimate the radius of maximum wind from the typhoon center. You can use the enlarged version of Fig. (I) to answer this question. (6 pts) Answer:

5.

The horizontal winds around a typhoon can be decomposed (vector analyzed) into the tangential wind (VT) and radial wind (VR) components. Below are the typical tangential and radial wind components around a typhoon over the Northern Hemisphere.

VR VT Assume that the radial inflow speed (VR) toward the typhoon center averaged along the dashed circle is 30 percent of that of radar-observed radial velocity (Vr) at Point Z on Fig.(I) For simplicity, the geometry of typhoon circulation can be approximated by a cylinder with radius R and vertical depth h. Assume that air density ρ inside the cylinder remains a constant value of 0.6 kg m-3.

The inward mass flux across the cylinder lateral surface (the gray surface in the above diagram) by the radial inflow can be expressed as

M in = ρVR (2πR)h , where ρ is density, VR is radial inflow speed, R is radius, and h is the height. Fig. (I) shows the typhoon circulation with horizontal area indicated by dashed circles. Calculate the mass flux (Min) across the cylinder lateral surface by the radial inflow in units of kg s-1 ( π = 3.14 ). For your calculations, use a radius of 30 km, a vertical height of 8 km. (10 pts) Answer:



Practical Test-Atmosphere ( Part II ) 18 September 2009 Taipei, Taiwan

Student Name:

Nationality:

Mentor’s Signature: 1/8





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Instructions for the practical test (Part II of Atmosphere): y

Please write your name and nationality in English on the cover page.

y

The time allotted for this examination (Part II of Atmosphere) is 40 minutes.

y

Please write your answers legibly. Illegible answers will be counted as incorrect.

y

Please keep your answers short and focus on the key points.

y

Please write your answers only on the white test booklet provided.

y

You may respond to questions either in English, your native language, or a combination of both.

y

Read the entire question group carefully before starting to answer. Each question has a point value assigned, for example, (1 pt).

y

For some questions, you will be asked to provide your answers on the figures. Please do so carefully.

y

Any inappropriate examination behavior will result in your withdrawal from the IESO.

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2009 IESO Practical Test (Atmosphere, Part II) Atmospheric Humidity Measurement and Calculation (50 pts total) Water vapor (H2O) in our atmosphere leads to cloud formation and precipitation in the hydrological cycle. It is also an important greenhouse gas. Therefore, the ability to measure the amount of water vapor (i.e., atmospheric humidity) accurately is very important. In this practical test, you will use a “psychrometer” to measure the humidity and answer a total of 6 related questions. You will need to complete the following tasks: [Task A] measure “dry-bulb” and “wet-bulb” temperatures and calculate the “wet-bulb depression”, [Task B] calculate the actual vapor pressure from your data, and [Task C] express your result as different humidity variables. All of the methods and variables involved will be explained as you follow the procedure described below. [Task A] Measure “dry-bulb” and “wet-bulb” temperatures (T and Tw) and calculate the “wet-bulb depression” (D, and D = T − Tw) using a psychrometer. A psychrometer (shown in Fig. 1) is a common instrument used to measure humidity. It consists of dry-bulb thermometer two identical thermometers, one measures the “dry-bulb” (actual) temperature (T) and the second is wrapped in a porous “wick” (i.e. threads of cloth). wick When in use, the wick of this second thermometer is wet-bulb thermometer moistened and exposed in air stream, and its reading is called the “wet-bulb” temperature (Tw). Please Figure 1 follow the steps below to measure T and Tw (see Fig. 2): During this process, great care should be taken to avoid any influence on the readings by your presence. Also, be careful that the dry-bulb thermometer must remain dry. Figure 2a

Figure 2b

Figure 2c

Step 1: Open the small container at the bottom, and drip (add) water with the pipette to fully

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moisten the wick inside (Fig. 2a). Then close the cap. Step 2: Pull and rotate the handle outward to 90 degrees. Swing the psychrometer gently (for about 10 rounds) to increase airflow (Fig. 2b). Now the web-bulb temperature (Tw) should drop gradually. Step 3: When the wet-bulb reading becomes steady, read both the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures (T and Tw, both in °C, Fig. 2c). Question 1 (exercise): (20 pts) Please repeat steps 1 to 3 three times and complete the table below (Table 1). Then, calculate the mean values of T and Tw, and use them to determine the web-bulb depression D (where D = T − Tw). Please use °C for all units, and take the readings to one decimal place. (2 pts each reading of T and Tw, 4 pts for D) Answer:

Table 1: Result of psychrometer measurements (all in °C). First reading

Second reading

Third reading

Mean

T Tw D Question 2: (6 pts) From your measurements, it should be clear that Tw < T (i.e., D > 0). Which of the following processes do you think is responsible for this result? (A) Freezing (B) Condensation (C) Deposition (D) Melting (E) Evaporation (F) Sublimation Answer: [Task B] Find the saturation vapor pressure (es) at Tw and calculate the actual vapor pressure (e). Humidity is measured by the vapor pressure (e) which is the partial pressure of water vapor in the air. The value of e (in hPa, where 1 hPa = 100 Pa) can be determined from the following equation: e = esw − γ D ,

Equation (1)

where esw is the saturation vapor pressure (in hPa) at web-bulb temperature Tw, D is the wet-bulb depression (in °C), and γ is a constant at 0.66 hPa K−1 at sea level.

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Question 3: (6 pts) Please find esw from Table 2, and calculate the actual vapor pressure (e) using Equation (1). Note that the saturation vapor pressure (es) is only a function of temperature, as shown in Table 2. Show your method and calculations clearly. Please include units in your calculation, and give your answer to one digit below the decimal (1 decimal place). Answer:

Table 2: Saturation vapor pressure over water (from Smithsonian Meteorological Tables) * Example of how to read Table 2: For instance, to find out the saturation vapor pressure at 17.3°C, go to the row labeled “17” and the column labeled “.3”, so es = 19.74 hPa.

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Question 4: (6 pts) Assume that point A represents the initial state and point B represents the final state of the cooling process of the air measured by the wet-bulb thermometer. In Fig. 3 below, please plot the locations of points A and B with crosses (x). Then, draw an arrow connecting them to indicate the cooling process. Please label both points and the direction of the arrow clearly. 60

Vapor pressure (hPa)

55 −

Curve of saturation

50 − 45 − 40 − 35 − 30 − 25 − 20 − 15 − 10 −

10

⊥

⊥

20 30 Temperature (°C)

40

Figure 3: The cooling process of air measured by the wet-bulb thermometer. [Task C] Convert the humidity into mixing ratio (r) and relative humidity (RH). Several other variables can also indicate atmospheric humidity, such as mixing ratio (r) and relative humidity (RH). You will need to use the information provided below to calculate r and RH. Show your method and calculations as clearly as possible. Include all appropriate units. Question 5: (6 pts) The mixing ratio (r) is the ratio of the mass of water vapor to that of dry air. It is therefore dimensionless. The relationship between r and vapor pressure (e) is: εe r= Equation (2) p−e where p is 1013.25 hPa, and ε is the ratio of the molecular weight of water vapor to that of dry air (ε = 0.622). In the space below, please calculate r and express it in units of g kg−1 (grams per kilogram). Give your answer to one digit below decimal (1 decimal place). Answer:

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Question 6: (6 pts) The relative humidity (RH) is the ratio of actual vapor pressure (e) to the saturation vapor pressure at the actual temperature (es). It is expressed as a percentage (%) and e RH = × 100 % . Equation (3) es

In the space below, please use Equation (3) to calculate RH (in %), and give your answer to one digit below decimal (1 decimal place). Answer:

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Practical Test – Geosphere 18 September 2009 Taipei, Taiwan

Student Name:

Nationality:

Mentor’s Signature: 1 / 13





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Field survey is one of the essential activities in geological and physical geographical studies. Depending upon research purposes, geologists and/or geographers would select field sites to investigate. After site selection, researchers would: sketch the topography, observe the sedimentary structures, classify the rocks consisted in the strata, identify the fossils they observed, measure the strike and dip of the strata, and the structures and label them on the geological map. They would use all these data to interpret and reconstruct the geological history.

Instructions: 1. Please follow the instructors’ instruction when traveling between stops for your and others safety. The rocks will be slippery and potentially dangerous. Please move with caution. Absolute No Running! Absolute No Reading while Walking! 2. You will be visiting a geological sanctuary. We urge you not to damage or take away geological material during your field investigations 3. In this practical test, you will be a geologist and a geographer studying a small area. 4. There are six stops (1 to 6).The sequence of visit to the six stops is not important, as long as all six sites are visited. 5. You will have 15 minutes at each site for making your observations. 6. Please record your observations and answers on your test sheets. 7. No discussion among students. 8. Please keep your test sheets carefully. If you lose any of them, there will be no score will be granted for that section. 9. Hard hats are provided at STOPs 4 and 6 because possible injury. Please wear a hard hat at these stops and return it later. 10. Please read questions 1 and 2 first. Do not answer them until you have visited all six stops. You will need to get a whole picture of this area to understand the geology and structure of the area.

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1. What is the most likely depositional environment of the strata of this Bitou Cape area? (1 pt) (A) freshwater lake environment (B) desert and arid basin environment (C) fluvial environment (D) coastal environment (E) deep marine environment. Answer: 2. Please look at your map on the last page. Consider the strike and dip data provided along with your own measurements. Assuming that all the strikes and dips were measured on the same continuous plane, what is the most likely macro-scale geological structure of the Bitou Cape area? (1 pt) (A) anticline (B) syncline (C) volcanic crater (D) normal fault (E) reverse fault. Answer:

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STOP 1 3. What is the most likely depositional environment for the sedimentary structure observed within the red frame at this outcrop? (1 pt) (A) riverine environment (B) lacustrine environment (C) deep sea with turbidity current

(D) intertidal zone.

Answer: 4. Please locate your current position using the GPS provided, and record it below at (i). Refer to the map (last page). Using the GPS position you obtain, select the correct spot from spots I to V. Record this answer at (ii) below. (i) GPS readout (1 pt):

(ii) Circle the correct spot (1 pt): I, II, III, IV, V

5. Please measure the dip direction and dip angle of the assigned bedding surface at STOP 1 and plot them within the corresponding white circle on the map. Ticks 20 around the white circles are 10° apart. Symbol “ ” indicates a stratum with a dip direction of 045° and a dip angle 20°. (i) dip direction:

; dip angle:

(2 pts)

(strike = dip direction ± 090°) (ii) Label the dip direction and dip angle symbol in the corresponding white circle on the map on the last page. (1 pt)

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STOP 2 6. What is the most dominant sedimentary structure that you see within the red frame at STOP 2? (1 pt) (A) ripple mark

(B) cross bedding

(D) load structure

(E) flame structure

(C) slump structure

Answer: 7. What is the major sediment transport direction indicated according to this outcrop? Please answer by standing on the “X” mark, facing toward the outcrop. Please write down the correct answer using letters A to H. (2 pts) Answer: 8. Please identify the rock type you observed within the yellow frame. (1 pt) (A) granite (B) limestone (C) pillow lava (D) sandstone (E) shale Answer:

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STOP 3 9. What is the structure within the red frame at STOP 3? (1 pt) (A) ripple mark (D) plumose structure

(B) cross bedding (E) flame structure

(C) fault

Answer: 10. Please observe the fossils from the assigned five sample locations (c to g). Identify and match them with the pictures of fauna provided and circle the sample location numbers in the 2nd column. Then circle the name of the fauna corresponding to what you found. The names of fossils can be used more than once. You do not have to answer the third column (Name of fauna) if you don’t find that kind of fossil. (total 4.5 pts; 0.5 pt each) Pictures of fauna

Sample location

Name of fauna Ans:

(A) bivalve (B) brachiopod (C) cephalopod (D) crustacean (E) gastropod (F) sea urchin

Ans:

(A) bivalve (B) brachiopod (C) cephalopod (D) crustacean

cdefg

cdefg

(E) gastropod (F) sea urchin Ans:

cdefg

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Pictures of fauna

Samples location

Name of fauna Ans:

(A) bivalve (B) brachiopod (C) cephalopod

cdefg

(D) crustacean (E) gastropod (F) sea urchin Ans:


Ans:


cdefg

cdefg

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STOP 4 11. At STOP4, you see a fallen rock. Identify what direction was “up” at the time of formation of the rock. (2 pts) Answer:

12. Please identify the type of fallen rock at this location. (1 pt) (A) granite (B) limestone (C) pillow lava (D) sandstone (E) shale Answer:

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STOP 5 13. What is the sedimentary structure within the red frame at STOP 5? (1 pt) (A) ripple mark (D) load structure

(B) fold (E) flame structure

(C) slump structure

Answer: 14. Based on the sedimentary structure you identified in the previous question, what is the most likely flow direction of water during formation? (2 pts) Answer:

15. There are five surfaces in this outcrop labeled c to g. Please identify each surface and circle the correct options below. (2.5 pts) Surface number

bedding plane

fault plane

joint plane

fold axial plane

c d e f g

bedding plane bedding plane bedding plane bedding plane bedding plane

fault plane fault plane fault plane fault plane fault plane

joint plane joint plane joint plane joint plane joint plane

fold axial plane fold axial plane fold axial plane fold axial plane fold axial plane

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STOP 6 This stretch of coast is characterized by sea cliff, sea notch, wave abrasion platform (also known as shore platform) and some micro landforms. The figure below (not to scale) shows a cross section from the ridge of the headland to the sea though it is not quite completed yet. Its location is indicated by the arrows on the ground. Between the cliff toe and sea water, five segments can be readily identified (noted as segments a-e). Please walk along the cross section before answering the following questions. Be cautious on wet and slippery ground.

SL

e

d

c

b

a

Figure 16. Sketch the segments b and e to complete the cross section. (2 pts)

Please make use of observations within thirty meters on either side of the section line. 17. What major processes contributed to the landform development here? Check off or tick the four correct answers in the following list. (2 pts) □ □ □ □

uplift frost action salt weathering fluvial erosion

□ subsidence □ wave erosion □ slope failure

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Caption for the map on the last page

This is not a question!

Topographic map of the Bitou Cape region in Taipei County, northeast Taiwan. The latitudinal-longitudinal coordinates on the map are in the Taiwan Grid position format (TM2) coordinate system.

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2780300

2780000

2779700

2779400

279100

342000

342000

342300

342300

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Map

342600

342600


0

0

I

II

0

0

III

IV

0

342900

V

342900

342200

342200

2780300 2780000 2779700 2779400 279100

IESO Question Papers (2007-2009)

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