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Reading Academic Test 01 You're Reading a Preview Unlock full access with a free trial.
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SECTION 1
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Questions 1 - 13
LEISURE TIME IN AMERICA
A As most Americans will tell you if you can stop them long enough to ask, working people in the States are as busy as ever. Sure, technology and competition are boosting the economy; but nearly eve thinks they have increased the demands on people at home and in the workplace. But is the overw American a creature of myth?
B A pair of economists have looked closely at how Americans actually spend their time. Mark Agu the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston and Erik Hurst, at the University of Chicago's Graduate Scho Business constructed four different measures of leisure. The narrowest includes only activities that n everyone considers relaxing or fun; the broadest counts anything that is not related to a paying housework or errands as "leisure". No matter how the two economists slice the data, Americans see have much more free time than before.
C Over the past four decades, depending on which of their measures one uses, the amount of tim working-age Americans are devoting to leisure activities has risen by 4-8 hours a week. For some working 40 hours a week, that is equivalent to 5-10 weeks of extra holiday a year. Nearly every catego American has more spare time: single or married, with or without children, both men and wo Americans may put in longer hours at the office than other countries, but that is because average hou You're Reading a Preview the workplace in other rich countries have dropped sharply. Unlock full access with a free trial.
D How then have Messrs Aguiar and Hurst uncovered a more relaxed America, where leisure has ac increased? It is partly to do with the definition work,Free andTrial partly to do with the data they base DownloadofWith research upon. Most American labour studies rely on well-known official surveys, such as those collect the Bureau of Labour Statistics (BLS) and the Census Bureau, that concentrate on paid work. These are at gleaning trends in factories and offices, but they give only a murky impression of how Americans us rest of their time. Messrs Aguiar and Hurst think that the hours spent at your employer's are too narr definition of work. Americans also spend lots of time shopping, cooking, running errands and ke house. These chores are among the main reasons why people say they are so overstretched, espe working women with children. Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title E However, Messrs Aguiar and Hurst show that Americans actually spend much less time doing them Useful Not useful Cancel anytime. did 40 years ago. There has been a revolution in the household economy. Appliances, home del Special offer forthey students: Only $4.99/month. the internet, 24-hour shopping, and more varied and affordable domestic services have increased flex
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two economists excluded anyone who has reached 65 years old, as well as anyone under that age who re early. So America's true leisure boom is even bigger than their estimate.
H The biggest theoretical problem with time diaries is "multi-tasking". Do you measure the tim spend cleaning your house while listening to portable music as "leisure" or "work"? This problem m exaggerated: usually people seem to combine two work activities, using a laptop computer on a plane, o leisure ones, watching television and doing something else. The two economists counted combinations of work and leisure, such as reading a novel while commuting or goofing off on the inter the office, as time spent working.
I Is all this leisure a good thing? Some part-time workers might well wish they had less leisure and income. For most Americans, however, the leisure dividend appears to be a bonus. Using average h wages after tax, Steven Davis, a colleague of Mr Hurst's, reckons that the national value of five extra hou leisure per week is $570 billion, or $3,300 per worker, every year.
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Questions 1 - 9
Match each heading to the most suitable paragraph. i
One possible source of inaccuracies
ii
Less time doing chores
iii
A difference between perception and reality
iv
Te value of extra leisure time
v
Americans are working harder
vi
Signi�cantly more free time
vii
Te effect of including retirees
viii Te need for a wider description of work ix
An effective system for measuring time spent
x
How Americans think about their time
1
Paragraph A ..........
2
Paragraph B ..........
3
Paragraph C ..........
4
Paragraph D ..........
5
Paragraph E ..........
6
Paragraph F ..........
7
Paragraph G ..........
8
Paragraph H ..........
9
Paragraph I ..........
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Questions 10 - 13
Choose A, B or C. 10 Americans seem to spend more time in the office than people in other rich countries A Because of the increase in Americans leisure time B Because of a decrease in leisure time in the other rich countries C Because of a decrease in office time in the other rich countries
11 One problem with data from the BLS is that A it is unclear about out of work time B it is limited to factories and offices C it does not include leisure time
12 Time-use diaries A are only available in America and Australia B are the most accurate time use measurement tool C provide data for 24 hours of each day You're Reading a Preview Unlock full access with a free trial.
13 Aguiar and Hurst counted multi-tasking activities of leisure and work A as free time
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B as work time C as neither free time or work time
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SECTION 2
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Questions 14 - 26
RECLAIMING THE NIGHT
A. On a summer's day, apart from the intermittent drizzle and lowering sky, South Street in Romford as close to an Englishman's dream of a continental-style piazza as it is possible to get. Leafy trees lin extended pavements crowded with seats and tables as young families, pensioners, teenagers businessmen tuck into a variety of faux-European dishes for lunch. Local cafes serve the full ran meaningless variations on the theme of coffee, from cappuccino through mochaccino to doppos, all a prices. Round the corner, in the Market Place, it is French week. There are several stalls, complete wit Frenchmen, selling claret and cheeses.
B. The cafes are open during the day, and the clubs stay open until two or three in the morning most n In this respect, Romford is typical of contemporary Britain. In the late 1980s, the centres of many town cities went into decline as retailers, and particularly supermarkets, moved to new big, out-of-town shop centres. So in the early 1990s, many local councils, in league with local businesses, re-developed increasingly desolate town centres into "leisure zones". They looked to continental Europe for the inspir to create modern 24-hour environments, mixing cafes, bars and clubs to keep people in the centres spen money for as long as possible.
C. By night however, South Street turns into a very different place. The street becomes a ma You're Reading a Preview 18-26-year-olds, drinking as much as they can. For anyone else, the place becomes almost a no-go Gillian Balfe, the council's town-centreUnlock manager and awith strong of the "leisuring" of South S full access a freesupporter trial. concedes that the crowds become uncontrollable, and the atmosphere quickly turns "hostile threatening". Buses are now barred fromDownload going downWith South Street after 9.30pm: there are too many dru Free Trial people milling about.
D. In a survey for the local council done last year, 49% of the residents of the surrounding areas of S Street confessed that they did not want to come to the city centre any more for fear of crime. The local p concede that they are virtually overwhelmed. Violence is commonplace. There has only been consequent fatality in the area in the past couple of years, but the police say that this is mainly thanks merciful proximity of the local hospital. Romford's dilemma is typical of what has happened in the Read Free Foron 30this Days "leisure zones" in towns and cities throughout the country. What were meant to be civilised place Sign up to vote title entertainment and shopping have too often turned into alcoholic ghettos for the young. Useful Not useful
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E. For all the problems, however, Romford's local authority thinks that the idea of a 24-hour-city is al
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G. The second part of the strategy involves trying to encourage more, and different kinds of people t the town centre at night. New attractions are opening next year to rival the pubs. On the site of th Romford brewery there will be a 16-screen cinema and a 24-hour supermarket. A new health and le centre, open on some nights until 9pm, starts up soon. The hope is that these facilities will draw different, more sober and ethnically diverse crowd. The police have bravely encouraged one club to s gay night on Wednesdays.
H. Together with other measures such as better street lighting, Romford hopes that it can show tha phrase "24-hour city" can be more than a euphemism for an all-night drinkathon. As the new licensing delegate the job of granting alcohol licences to local councils, cities across England will be trying to re the night.
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Questions 14 - 18
Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-18 on answer sheet. You may use any letter more than once. 1 why some local people stay out of the centre at night 2 how communication with the police has been made faster 3 reasons behind the growth in inner-city leisure venues 4 examples of Romford's similarity to mainland Europe 5 how illegal substances are being controlled
Questions 19 - 26
Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage.
In an attempt to get a wider variety of 19 ................ into the 20................ at night time, the local govern Reading a Preview and private organisations are going toYou're provide different kinds of 21........... . Some examples inclu 22 ............ and a 24-hour supermarket. They hope this will encourage people who are different 23 ........ Unlock full access with a free trial. and not drunk, to use the city-centre 24 ................ . The local government of Romford thinks that with 25 ................ in place it will be able to 26................ the city centre in the evenings. Download With Free Trial
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SECTION 3
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Questions 27 - 40
THE DRINKING OF WINE
HE birth o the cult o �ne wine can be dated precisely. On April 10th 1663, Samuel Pepys, diaris man-about-London, noted that he had enjoyed “a sort o French wine called Ho Bryan that hath a goo most particular taste that I never met with”.
Te owners o Ho Bryan were the Pontacs. Tey were the top winemaking amily o their day, and ou a ashionable restaurant, called Pontack’s Head, in London, in 1663. John Locke, the philosopher w theory o the social contract inspired America’s revolutionaries, but who had worldlier interests too, sp the reasons or the superiority o Ho Bryan on a visit to the vineyard in 1667. He ound “a little r ground...white sand mixed with a little gravel; scarce �t to bear anything.” He added that “they say the in the next vineyard to it, tho’ seeming equal to me, is not so good.” oday that vineyard is still rate below its neighbour.
Locke had seized on the essential concept o terroir , the combination o soil, subsoil, drainage microclimate which provide the conditions or the production o �ne wine. Another connoisseu 18th-century economist Adam Smith, noted that “the vine is more affected by the difference o soils any other ruit tree. From some it derives a �avour which no culture or management can equal.”
You're Reading a Preview By the early 18th century claret was getting more popular partly because it was getting better. Te cr claret-making had developed. Te wine was full designed to be kept or years not months, notably by Unlock access with a free trial. careully stored in oak casks. Better corks allowed wine to be stored longer and more saely. Bottles produced that could be “binned”—laid down on their sides to mature. Download With Free Trial
In the latter part o the 18th century drinking claret helped the rich to distinguish themselves England’s port-sodden squirearchy. Port was not only the more traditional drink, but also—beca attracted much lower duties—ar cheaper. John Hervey, the �rst Earl o Bristol, spent our times as muc claret as on port, whereas the lusty trenchermen who gathered in the Barbers Hall in the City o Lo spent a mere £2 on claret as against £850 on port.
Master your semester with Scribd Read Free Forand 30this Days When Britain made peace with France in 1713, claret became more the wine trade �our Signaccessible up to vote on title Claret was pricey but rich Londoners, who were also by then big spenders on theatres, spas and m & The New York Times Useful Not useful Cancel anytime.
ashionable immigrants, such as Handel, consumed conspicuous quantities. Sir Robert Wa Special offer forproduced students: by Only $4.99/month. Britain’s �rst prime minister, used navy ships to smuggle his avourite wines rom France. Te
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Te ollowing year came the Single Bottle Act, allowing grocers to sell wine by the bottle. A much-desp enormously popular drink called “grocers’ claret” was born, with the result that, between 1859 and sales o French wines, largely rom Bordeaux, rose sixold to 36m bottles. Te Gilbe y amily, one o the remarkable commercial dynasties o Victorian England, ranchised 2,000 grocers licensed to sell largely claret. Teir business grew so ast that by 1875 they were able to buy Château Loudenne i Médoc to hold their gigantic stocks o claret. As the middle classes turned to claret, so the upper c abandoned this increasingly common tipple in avour o hock and champagne.
Ten the ortunes o the claret business turned. In the late 1870s and 1880s an attack o mildew tainte wines: the reputation o La�te, or instance, was ruined when the 1884 vintage turned mouldy afer o couple o years in bottle. At the same time, the phylloxera bug began to devastate Bordeaux’s vineyards.
Claret came back into its own in 1960 when the splendid 1959 vintage coincided with the arrival o American buyers. Its popularity has risen steadily since. London remains at the centre o the �ne business—home o organisations such as the Institute o Masters o Wine, o Decanter and World o Wine magazines, and o most o the world’s biggest wine auctions. Liv-Ex, the world’s �rst stockmark �ne wine, is based in London; and its �gures show that nine-tenths o the wine trade is still in “cl growth” (leading) clarets. Newcomers rom vineyards in a dozen countries trying to launch their wines on the world market come to London �rst or validation. Yet though London may still have mu the knowledge and the market, as consumers the British may be past their best. Tis year, 57% o the wine that Sotheby’s sold globally, by value, was bought by Asians; our-�fhs o those buyers were You're Reading a Preview China and Hong Kong. Unlock full access with a free trial.
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The Best Preparation for
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IELTS Precise Reading (IELTS 9)
IELTS PRACTICE TEST PLUS 2
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IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com
Pra
Questions 27 - 32
Match each name to the sentences below. A
John Hervey
B
Adam Smith
C
John Locke
D
William Gladstone
E
Robert Walpole
27
was perhaps the first person to notice why Ho Bryan tasted so good
28
imported wine illegally
29
wanted to discourage people from drinking strong wines
30
drank more claret than port
31
was a specialist in wine and economics
32
bought more claret than any other kind of wine
You're Reading a Preview Questions 33 - 39
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Sales of claret fell considerably in the late 19th century due in part to two factors. One of these was w 33 ............... destroyed the good name of Lafite and the other was when Bordeaux's vineyards were hi 34 .............. . It took many years for the wine to recover. In 1960, this recovery was helped by the produ of an excellent claret in 1959 and the 35............... of buyers from America. Today, London is the centre 36 ............... trade. People trying to enter the 37............... with new wines need to get 38 ............... for th Free Forcoming 30this Days Sign up to on title London. The growing markets for the fine wines however nowRead seems tovote be from outside the This year, the majority of Sotheby's wine sales 39 ............... were to Asia. Useful Not useful
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IELTS PRACTICE TEST PLUS 2
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Answers
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The Best Preparation for
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IELTS Precise Reading (IELTS 9)
IELTS PRACTICE TEST PLUS 2
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Pra
1
x
14
D
27
C
2
iii
15
F
28
E
3
vi
16
B
29
D
4
viii
17
A
30
A
5
ii
18
F
31
B
6
ix
19
people
32
E
7
vii
20
centre
33
mildew
8
i
21
attractions
34
bug
9
iv
22
cinema
35
arrival
10
C
23
ethnically
36
11
A
24
facilities
37
market
12
C
25
measures
38
validation
13
B
26
reclaim
39
globally
40
B
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