H V A C cour se
Prepared BY
Eng. Hossam ELdin Samir
[email protected]
Supervised By Eng. Mahmud Abdelaty Senior Electromechanical Engineer
[email protected]
July, 2015
QEC: 01111001659
HVAC Course
prepared by \ Eng.hosam eldin samir
H = Heating, Heating, V = = Ventilation, Ventilation, A = Air, Air, C = = Conditioning
............................................... Course contents Manual “ASHRAE “ 1- Load Estimation
HAP
2- Different HVAC systems Chilled water system "
D-X “ Direct Expansion” "
"
"
"
Split
Package i.e. 4 components in the Mini , concealed , same package central split Window ,central package
-
3
central package central split Chilled water system
“ selection factor “
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HVAC Course
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Type “catalogue “ 3- Air out lets
Design “ location, number, type, size”
4- Duct design “ Duct Seizer
”
Duct Type:Rectangular
Circular
Duct "
"
Elbow " 5- Duct construction
" Branch \ take off
Accessories:: “volume, fire” damper Accessories Duct weight: “manual, Excel “ 6- Duct connection connections: s: 7- Duct test: “smoke, light” Test 8- Duct insulatio insulation: n: “Types, Design” Chilled water net work “GPM”
Circulation chilled water pump [Design “flow ‘Q’, “flow ‘Q’, Head ‘H’ “, Pump set]
9- Chilled water system
Balancing system, load variation system Equipments [Chiller, circulation pump, FCU, AHU, Cooling tower]
10-
Fans: [ Types, construction construction]]
11-
BMS: Building Manage System “design drawings, BOQ”
12-
Ventilation:
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HVAC Course
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Design Package 1- Design Drawings Grill: number for each size Pipes: length for each diameter Duct: weight Insulation: area
2- BOQ “Bill Off Quantities”
3- Specification
: Advanced HVAC
contents
12
9
-
-
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HVAC Course
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1- Load Estimation *manual
.
-
1-1 Types of loads: a) External loads [solar heat gain, transmittion heat gain] b) Internal loads [people, lighting, equipments, miscellanies equip.] c) Ventilation [ fresh air CFM ] 1-2 notes on comparison: a) Dry bulb temperature
Wet bulb temperature
Tdb
Twb
“sensible heat “
“latent heat “ Humidity Twb
,Humidity
Twb
b) Humidity Ratio
Relative Humidity :
:
c) 1234567-
Solar transmittion internal “ people” internal “ lights” internal “ equipments” internal “misc. equipments” ventilation
Sensible Sensible Sensible, latent Sensible Sensible Sensible, latent Sensible, latent
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HVAC Course
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HVAC Course
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1-3 BTU Sheet
- Space name: …………………………….. - Space location: …………………………. - Indoor condition… “Based on application” human comfortable temperature; Tdb = 75°F Air at 50% RH - out door condition: … “Based on project location” design condition {HAP, Ashrae,
Load
sensible
1-solar
2-transmittion
3-internal
Latent
a)people
b)light
c)equipment
d)Misc. equip.
R.S.H
R.L.H
Room Sensible Heat =
Room Latent Heat
O.A.S.H
O.A.L.H
4-ventilation
}
=
Outside Air Sensible Heat
Outside Air Latent Heat
=
=
G.S.H
G.L.H
Grand Sensible Heat
Grand Latent Heat
= R.S.H + O.A.S.H
= R.L.H + O.A.L.H
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HVAC Course
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1-4 load estimation: 1-4-1 solar heat gain: " Walls "
- ." Glass " [ solar, transmittion]
Qs,t
-
“ Walls”
transmittion
solar
Qs
Qt
Qs,t
- Solar heat gain through glass: Qs = A* F * (Solar heat gain \ feet^2) Where:
Qs
BTU\hr
A
area of glass window )
F
solar heat gain factor
"
" curtains
(
glass type
:
)
16
( -:
-:
-
-More safe: F= 1 - More applicable: F = 0.35
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(Solar heat gain \ feet^2)
) :
(
15 -
- Location of the project “ latitude” )
(
- Timing “ month, hour” - Direction )
(
From table 15 we get the follow as standard for our design work:
direction North N-E E S-E S-W W N-W H
Magnitude in BTU\hr 33 139 165 163 163 165 139 250
*
15
N-W
N
N-E
W
E
S-W
S
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S-E
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HVAC Course
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1-4-2 Transmittion load: transmittion Roof
transmittion only :
Level 2
a) glass, Ceiling
Partition
b) Partition"
", ceiling"
" , floor "
"
Level 1 Wall
Floor
solar & transmittion : a) wall "
"
b) Roof "
“ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
transmittion only : a) Glass: Qt = A * U * ΔT Where:
A
area of glass window )
U
(
over all heat transfer coefficient
:
)
33
( -:
-:
-
-More safe: U= 1 - More applicable: U = 0.45
ΔT
Temp. diff. = 29°F, for Egypt
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HVAC Course
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b) Partition"
", ceiling"
" , floor "
"
Qt = A * U * ΔT Where:
A
area of Partition, ceiling, floor )
U
(
over all heat transfer coefficient
: )
( -:
26
-:
-
-More safe: U= 1 - More applicable: *partition U = 0.33 * Ceiling, floor U= 0.1: 0.2
ΔT :
ΔT = 0
3
ΔT= Tdb – Tdb
ΔT= Tdb – Tdb
: room= 75°F
- 2 spaces conditioned with the same unit - administration building
Where:
Tdb = Tdp”out” -10°F Where:
Tdp”out” 104°F
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room= 75°F
Where:
Tdb = Tdp”out" Where:
Tdp”out” 104°F
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HVAC Course
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solar & transmittion : a) wall "
"
b) Roof "
“
Qs,t = A * U * ΔTeq Where:
A
area of wall or roof )
U
(
over all heat transfer coefficient
ΔTeq = Δteq + Δt correction Where:
Δteq Δt correction
from table 20 from table 20-a
...
From table 20 we get the follow as standard for our design work for Δteq:
Condition
Magnitude of Δteq
Exposed to sun “ wall & roof” Covered with water “ roof only” Sprayed “ roof only” Shaded “ roof only”
46 22 18 14
Δt correction for
Egypt = 12
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1-4-3 internal loads: 1-4-3-1 people: ‘sensible, latent’
Q s = no. of person * sensible heat gain for each person Q l = no. of person * latent heat gain for each person Where: - No. of person
-
From table 63 we get No. of person \ feet ^2 which it depends on type of application.
- Sensible, latent heat gain for each person: It depends on type of application. From table 48 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
1-4-3-2 light: ‘sensible’
: incandescent ‘normal’ lights
Fluorescent lights
Light load = wattage * 3.4
Light load = wattage * 3.4 * 1.25
Locke @ table 49
: wattage light 1- Electrical drawing: lighting fixture
* :
2- Electrical engineer 3- Range ‘ Assumption’ : Residential 20: 25 wattage\m^2
Malls 25: 30 wattage\m^2
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Factories 35 wattage\m^2
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HVAC Course
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1-4-3-3 Equipments: ‘sensible’
Q s = total wattage of equipments * 3.4 Where:
Q s
BTU
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
1-4-3-4 Miscellanies Equipments: ‘sensible, latent’: Locke @ table 50, 51, 52
:
“S, L” Electrical burning ‘table 50’
Gas burning ‘table 51’
- hooded ‘ " - not hooded
. not hooded
*
not hooded
hooded
*
0.5 ‘S, L’
: 52
*
Q s = sum [sensible load for each equipments]. Q l = sum [latent load for each equipments]. QEC : 01111001659 , 01222284244, 01090047420, 01129269686
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1-4-4 Ventilation load: Fresh air CFM
Return CFM
supply CFM
Exhaust CFM Step (1): calculate Fresh air CFM from table 45
no. of persons * CFM per person area * CFM per sq.feet
Step (2): calculate load from this air [Qs, Ql]
1) Q s = 1.08 * CFM * ΔT Where:
Q s
BTU\ hr
ΔT = [ Tdp)out – Tdp)in ] 29 = ) 75 – 104 (
CFM
from table 45
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2) Q l = 0.6 8 * CFM * (ΔGr \ lb) Where:
Q l CFM (ΔGr \ lb)
BTU\ hr from table 45
"
"
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(ΔGr \ lb) = [(ΔGr \ lb)out - (ΔGr \ lb)in ] :
Tdb)out = 104°F , at 52% RH Tdb)out = 104°F , at 52% RH
-
5
165 =
(ΔGr \ lb)out = 165 :
"
"
Tdb)in = 75°F , at 50% RH Tdb)in = 75°F , at 50% RH 65=
-
5
"
"
(ΔGr \ lb)in =
65
(ΔGr \ lb)
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HVAC Course
prepared by \ Eng.hosam eldin samir *
BTU Sheet
:
-
BTU Sheet
- Space name: …………………………….. - Space location: …………………………. - Indoor condition… “Based on application” human comfortable temperature; Tdb = 75°F Air at 50% RH - out door condition: … “Based on project location” design condition {HAP, Ashrae,
Load
sensible
1-solar
2-transmittion
3-internal
latent
a)people
b)light
c)equipment
d)Misc. equip.
R.S.H
R.L.H
Room Sensible Heat =
Room Latent Heat
O.A.S.H
O.A.L.H
4-ventilation
}
=
Outside Air Sensible Heat
Outside Air Latent Heat
=
=
G.S.H
G.L.H
Grand Sensible Heat
Grand Latent Heat
= R.S.H + O.A.S.H
= R.L.H + O.A.L.H
Air conditioning capacity = G.S.H + G.L.H = TR
12000
BTU\hr
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1-5 Supply CFM: 1-5-1 By pass factor: -
fresh
" coil
"-
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1-5-2 Effective Sensible Heat Factor ‘ESHF’: E S H F = (room sensible heat \ room total heat) + by pass factor Where: Room total heat
‘sensible + latent’
E S H F = [(R.S.H + 0.1 O.A.S.H) \ (R.S.H + R.L.H + O.1 (O.A.S.H + O.A.L.H))] ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1-5-2 Temperature Apparatus Dew Point ‘TADP’: coil
65
ESHF
-
TADP
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Supply CFM = [(R.S.H + 0.1 O.A.S.H) \ ((1.08 * 0.9) (T dp in – TADP)] CFM
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2- Cooling cycle & Different HVAC Systems
2-1 cooling cycle:
Liquid
Liquid
outdoor unit
Expansion valve r
r
t
s
r
Compressor
Indoor unit Vapor
Low pressure zone
vapor
high pressure zone
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2-2 HVAC Systems: 2-2-1 Types of HVAC Systems Chilled water system
D-X “ Direct Expansion”
"
"
"
"
"
Split
Package i.e. 4 components in the Mini , central split, same package concealed Window ,central package
wall ceiling free stand
ducted unit
grill
-
mini Ducted
-
return
" free return
duct
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2-2-2 comparison between central package & central split: central package
central split
Disadvantage:
Advantage:
- required additional space for duct risers - no separate control
- don’t required additional space for duct risers - separate control
Advantage:
Disadvantage:
- easier in installation - no oil trap is required
- high cost for refrigerant pipes “pipes, welding, test, insulation” - oil trap is required S "S "
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2-2-3 Factor affecting for selection: 2-2-3a Block load ‘full project load’: required System
Available Full load
Window & mini split Concealed Central ‘ package, split’ Chiller
7 TR 7: 15 TR 15: 70 TR > 70 TR
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2-2-3b Capital cost: L.E per TR
Window
mini
1000
1500
concealed central package central split
2000
3000
chiller
3500
4500
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2-2-3c Running cost: L.E per TR
Window
mini
concealed central package central split
chiller
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2-2-3d Available duct space: ‘ central package, central split’
-
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2-2-3e previous design: QEC : 01111001659 , 01222284244, 01090047420, 01129269686
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2-3 load control system:
:
3
CAV
VAV
VRV
Constant Air Volume system ‘chilled water system’ -
Variable Air Volume system
Variable Refrigerant Volume compressor
- control in air flow damper
: - control in chilled water flow
damper
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-
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3- Air out lets 3-1 functions of air out lets: Its function is ; diffusion for air inside the space. - Air out lets called “diffuser, air terminals “
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
3-2 types of air out lets: - Colure, Shape 3-2-1 ceiling diffuser 3-2-2 linear grill "
"
4
3-2-3 jet diffuser 3-2-4 fresh air lover
" " "
3-2-5 exhaust air valve
" grill
* Exhaust air :
exhaust air
-
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3-3 factors ‘roles’ affecting air out lets design: 3-3-1 types of ceiling: :"
"
3-3-1a ceiling tiles: ) 24 * 24 ( cm ) 60 * 60 (
-
Neck area "
Effective area "
“
Face area "
"
Register "
“
“
Ex: - Grill 24 * 24 “face area” - Grill 18 * 18 “neck area”
: inch 3 ~ face
neck
-
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
3-3-1b gypsum pored:
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3-3-2 CFM for each air out let : CFM each air terminal = (total CFM \ no. of air terminal) ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
3-3-3 size of grill ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
3-3-4 noise level: Max. Accurate sound db 32 = db 48 =
: size .
CFM each air terminal
:
-
ceiling diffuser size
Nc
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
3-3-5 air through:
X = (3\4) L Where: X L ........... Grill
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3-4 air out lets design:
: Reflected ceiling plane RCP CFM : RCP Grill
CFM each air terminal RCP size CFM each air terminal Size
Architectural plane
noise grill noise noise ...
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grill
Page 26
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4- Duct design “ Duct Seizer 4-1 Duct Type: -
”
width Depth
Rectangular
Circular
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, depth
-: W
plane
Rectangular depth D
W
D
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, plane
width
-
Rectangular
-:
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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4-2 The factors which affected on design of ducts: 1- CFM 2- Size “ W * D” , “diameter” 3- Velocity “V” 4- Friction “f”
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4-3 Rules of duct sizing selection: 4-3-1 Aspect Ratio “A.R” =
Aspect Ratio
duct weight
square
heat losses -
round
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, depth
2-3-4
width
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3-3-4
D2 > D1 D1 = D2
∴
-
Tee
- The role is: D1 > D2 ≅ 2” main
depth
branch
width
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depth
-
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4-3-4 Reduction:
.
- ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
4-4 steps of design: 4-4-1 load estimation
TR
4-4-2 air out lets design
CFM for each grill
4-4-3 design drawing
CFM
single line from ACU to air out lets “simple, symmetrical”
4-4-4 calculate CFM in each duct section 4-4-5 use the Duct Sizer program 4-4-6 constant friction 4-4-7 @ each section by “CFM, f” we get sizing
Note that: *@ van which is nearest to compressor; - max. Velocity 1200 fpm. - CFM = total CFM - By max. Velocity, total CFM ; we get duct sizing friction
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duct sizer
-1 75°F Air at 50% RH and 1 atm
Flow
CFM 500
.
1200 velocity
0.276
-2 rate
-3
head loss
. head loss 0.276
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-5
. friction Page 30
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500
prepared by \ Eng.hosam eldin samir
-5
flow rate
Equivalent diameter
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Duct size
-6
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.
branch ≅ 2"
< D
.
-7 -8
D
-9
Duct size
.9 8 7
flow rate
-
Section
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Ex1:CFM 500
grill
- Design drawing
Grill
-
single line from ACU to air out lets “simple, symmetrical”
- calculate CFM in each duct section
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- use the Duct Sizer program - Constant friction - @ each section by “CFM, f” we get sizing
-
9
16* 12
Aspect Ratio
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
14*14
16*12
Ex2: 700 CFM for each air out let:
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- Design drawing
single line from AHU to air out lets “simple, symmetrical”
- calculate CFM in each duct section
d e p t h
s p li
" t
"
- use the Duct Sizer program - Constant friction - @ each section by “CFM, f” we get sizing 9
"
-
"
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∴
-:
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
M for each grill
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600
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5- Duct construction : 5-1 Volume damper: -
duct
5-1-1 Function: - Balance for air quantities inside duct network
- Equalizing to friction or pressure drop in all baths ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
5-1-2 Type of volume damper:
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5-1-3 Location volume damper: - Supply ducts at entering of each branch.
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
5-1-4 Smacna cad standard:
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Note that: -
volume damper .
- Volume damper must be accessible BY access panel from air outlet. Because of:
Testing & commissioning -
TAB
Testing & Balancing & Adjustment “
”
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5-2 fire damper: “smoke damper” "
Spring
" spring
: Return branch " Duct
) Fire damper
(
" "Fire rated wall" duct " Fire rated wall " Fire sealant material
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Note that: - Return CFM is from supply CFM for the same space. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5-3 Branch “take off”: flow
curve
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X
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5-4 Reducer: .
duct
10
:
-
-Its location: After 10cm from the branch take off - Its length:
L= 4(W1 – W2)
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5-5 Elbow:
Guide vanes
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Design of Guide vanes: from table as shown
width
plane riser
depth Table of Guide vanes
Depth for the elbow
No. of Guide vanes
Up to 10” 12” : 16” 16” : 24” More than 24”
No Guide vanes one Guide vanes two Guide vanes three Guide vanes
Ex: 1
2
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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Guide vanes
-
Where: Rt
throat radius ( 3” : 6” )
RH
Heel radius
width
RH= Rt +
or Depth
Rt RH
-
-: : RH
… R2 R1
Rt
Guide vanes
-
Guide vanes
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5-6 Canvas: Return
Supply
(
AHU
To prevent Horizontal Vibration(
AHU
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, construction element
Floating floor
-
Vertical Vibration
spring cup spring
AHU
Rubber bad Rubber bad
AHU
AHU
)
(
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6- Duct test: “smoke, light” Test
Smoke Test
light Test :
fire damper
:
-
- Network branches need to be closes before test. - Smoke equipment to be provides
1- fall darkness 2- Test to be done for separate straight duct. 3- when silica used it must be opaque
In case of leakage - Reconstruction or used Silica (opaque or Transparent) ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
In case of no leakage Contractor
WIR
consultant
Work inspection Request
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Page 43
HVAC Course
prepared by \ Eng.hosam eldin samir
7- Duct insulation: “Types, Design” 7-1 Sound insulation - In supply Duct branch. - In return Duct branch. - Elbow * Sound insulation is in side duct. Duct
Arm flex
-
** Its Function is damping sound level It from 1cm to 3cm ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7-2 Heat insulation: - For the whole network * Heat insulation is outside the duct Fiber glass
Duct installation
-
** Its Function is: - Decrease heat transfer. - Prevent water vapor condensation on the outer duct surface. Return
.
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Supply
-
Duct
Page 44
HVAC Course
prepared by \ Eng.hosam eldin samir
*** Density of Heat insulation:
3 Density 24 3
12 3
48 3
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, **** Thickness of Heat insulation: 1”
2” ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
4”
Duct insulation In door duct Air condition region
outdoor duct - duct is on roof or shaft - Density 24 3
- Density 12 3 - Thickness 1”
- Thickness 2” - Density 48 3 )
)
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- Thickness 4” ( outdoor duct ( Cladding
Page 45
HVAC Course
prepared by \ Eng.hosam eldin samir
***** Duct insulation steps foster "
"
-1
4
-2
5 over lap duct tape:
-3
5
5
-4
Duct tape Duct Belt:
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-5
Page 46
HVAC Course
prepared by \ Eng.hosam eldin samir
8- Design Package 1- Design Drawings Grill: number for each size Pipes: length for each diameter Duct: weight Insulation: area
2- BOQ “Bill Off Quantities”
3- Specification “SPCS”
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8-1 Duct: weight 2- General
1- equations excel sheet
-
@ duct Rectangular: W D L T @ Elbow: Rt RH
3-
W= 0.4 (w + H) T * L Kg
inch mm m
-
1.1 safety factor
** : - Branch , - Reducer , - Take off
Larger size
Duct thickness T Required thickness
Up to 12” 14” : 30” 32” : 40” More than 40”
0.6 mm 0.7 mm 0.8 mm 1 mm
- Scrap percentage:
15 : 25 % QEC : 01111001659 , 01222284244, 01090047420, 01129269686
Page 47
HVAC Course
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8-2 Insulation area:
A’ = .05 ( W + H ) L
2
inch
m
A = A’ * 1.2 “safety factor”
= ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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Page 48
HVAC Course
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9- Chilled water system 9-1Chilled water net work “GPM” 9-2 Circulation chilled water pump [ Design “flow ‘Q’, Head ‘H’ “, Pump set ]
9-3 Balancing system 9-4 load variation system 9-5 Equipments [ Chiller, circulation pump, FCU, AHU, Cooling tower ]
FCU: Fan cool unit AHU: Air handling unit
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HVAC Course
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9-1Chilled water net work “GPM” By: Load (Gallon per minute “Gpm”)
Diameter (D)
= m CP ΔT Where: Q
load
m
chiller water flow rate
CP
heat transfer coefficient
ΔT
temp.diff. To be the same for all FCU or AHU chiller ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Q “load” m
m
ΔT
- pipe size - Cost - FCU cost - Chiller cost
ΔT
- pipe size - Cost - FCU cost - Chiller cost ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ΔT
10°F
12°F ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, m “for load 1TR”
m=2.4 GPM\TR
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m=1.9 GPM\TR
Page 50
HVAC Course
prepared by \ Eng.hosam eldin samir
Design steps: 1-calculate the load for each coil. 10TR = coil
:
2-calculate GPM for each coil.
∴ m = 24 GPM FOR each coil 3-calculate GPM in the main network. :
chiller
4-use the friction chart. From GPM we get Diameter - Friction chart friction for each 100 ft
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HVAC Course
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Friction Chart 1- Material of pipe: 1-a) Black steals -Seamless Black steal schedule 40 pipe
1-b) Galvanizes steal: (Hot deep galvanizes or electrostatic galvanizes) galvanizes) We use Black steals
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2-Type of cycle: ( cycle: (open cycle or closed cycle) Chilled water cycle is closed
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3-Units: ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6
:
GPM Friction
size
Friction
GPM
10
Friction
Friction < 10
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HVAC Course
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Note that: * V <= 6 ** F < 10 feet\100 feet *** In case of F > 10 take the larger size for the same line of GPM ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Ex: TR GPM for each coil
m=2.4 GPM\TR
2 1
3
4
GPM
5
6
GPM
:
∴ 2- GPM =9.6 ∴ 3- GPM =33.6 ∴ 4- GPM = 57.6 ∴ 5- GPM =81.6 ∴ 6- GPM=105.6 ∴ 1- GPM = 24
D= 114 D=1 D=112 D=2 D= 212 D=3
∴ F=7 Feet\100Feet ∴ F=6 ∴ F=6 ∴ F=7 ∴ F=5 ∴ F=5
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HVAC Course
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9-2 Circulation chilled water pump [ Design “flow ‘Q’, Head ‘H’ “, Pump set ] a) Flow calculation in GPM (Flow passes in pump, chiller) Ex: TR GPM for each coil
m=2.4 GPM\TR
b) Head calculation:
= + + - Hp
pump head
- Hst
static head
- Hres
residual head
- Hf
friction head
.
* For closed circuit Coil
closed circuit
*
=
Friction
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HVAC Course
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Hf
)) .
T 5
6
Flow 4
7
))
section 3
8
2
9
10
1
:
: sr 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
section 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10
From friction chart by GPM
))
-
GPM
D
hf
Lpipe
Pipe length from cad drawing
From table (10, 11)
Leq
Ltotal
Lpipe + Leq
Hf
∗ 100
head
Hp
Hf
1.1
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Hf
-
Page 56
HVAC Course
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HVAC Course
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Tee
-
table 11 Tee
Flow through branch
Straight through flow
: no reduction , reduced 1/4 , reduced 1/2
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HVAC Course
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9-3 Balancing system: :
-:
*
Balancing system
9-3-1 Friction\ pipe Length: “Common reversed return” friction
.
m 20 coil
40 m
-
80 m
-
120 m
-
160 m
-
200 m
:
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-
∴
Page 59
HVAC Course
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9-3-2 Friction\ Equivalent length: “Balancing valve” coil
return
valve
∴
:
TAB
valve
Test
-
TAB
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, balancing
( common reversed return( pipe length
**
symmetric
)same load on all equipment same rooting for equipment( ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Balancing valve
95%
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Balancing valve
Common reversed return
Concept :
Concept :
B.V on the return of each coil
make all the baths same pipe length
Cost:
Cost:
B.V…….. Pipe cost…….. Total cost……….
B.V …… x Pipe cost ……….. Total cost…….
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HVAC Course
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9-4 load variation system “ in each coil” 2 way valve or 3way valve:
-
9-4-1 3way valve
**
3way valve
1- Load
b opening
, a opening
, chilled water enter in the coil
2- Load
b opening
, a opening
, chilled water enter in the coil
3- @ 12 Load
a = b
coil
a
friction
additional Balancing valve By pass(b)
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HVAC Course
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:
3way valve
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∴
Page 62
HVAC Course
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9-4-2 2way valve:
1- Load
opening , pressure in supply line , chilled water enter in the coil
2- Load
opening , pressure in supply line , chilled water enter in the coil
Note that: variable speed pump
pump
2way
(Variable Frequency Driver ) VFD pump
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2way valve
3way valve
Concept:
Concept:
1- 2way valve on the return of each coil 2- VFD “variable speed pump “
1- 3way valve 2- By pass with add. B.V
Advantage:
Advantage:
- By pass with add. B.V is omitted
- Electrical cost
Disadvantage:
Disadvantage:
- Additional cost with add. B.V - Electrical cost
- Maintenance cost - Life time load fluctuation
2way
- Capital cost i.e. there is no Variable pump with VFD
3way 2way
≅ )
load fluctuation
*
-
(
3 way
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load fluctuation
-
Page 64
HVAC Course
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9-5 Equipments [ Circulation pump, Chiller, FCU, AHU, Cooling tower ]
9-5-1 circulation pump *Pump flow (Q), *Pump head (H): we had calculated them previously
**pump set: )
( stand by
-
9-5-1-a) Pump no. = chillers no. + 1 pump
“stand by ”
control panel
pump 4
-
stand by ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
9-5-1-b) Hp= Hf Head -
GPM
stand by
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"
" GPM
-
Page 65
HVAC Course
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9-5-1-b) Selection :
1) H-Q 2)
ɳ
"
"
**
curve
Curve
ɳ
Electrical cost
performance
3) Horse power curve 4) NPSH “net positive suction head” ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, head
GPM ,
**
Design point
6bar , 200 GPM H-Q
**
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Hp = Where:: Where
Q Gpm
∗ H[fee H[feett ] 3960 ∗ ɳ
ɳ = 0.65 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
*** NPSH) available >= NPSH) req. from catalogue
cavitations
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9-5-2 pumps hock up:
1- Two(2) isolating valve 2- Check valve 3- Pressure gage 4- Flow meter 5- PRV “Pressure reducing valve” 6- Strainer )
( 7- Eccentric reducer 8- Automatic air vent “AAV” 9- Two(2) flexible connection to prevent vibration 10- Floating floor “spring cap, rubber pad” (8)
N
Pump
(1)
)6(
(10)
(9)
(3) )5(
(2)
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(4)
(1)
Page 68
HVAC Course
- EDS
prepared by \ Eng.hosam eldin samir
“Equipment Data Sheet”
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, * In case of constant speed pump
@ 50 Hz @60 Hz Advantage
Application
Low speed
High speed
1450 rpm
2900 rpm
1750 rpm
3500 rpm
Large volume Weight Cost Noise Level Life Time Friction Maintenance
smaller volume Weight Cost Noise Level Life Time Friction Maintenance
Circulation pumps “HVAC” Plumbing Pump
Fire Fighting Pump
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HVAC Course
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9-5-2 Chiller a- Design
b- selection
c- Hock up
9-5-2-a) Design - Steps: 1) Calculate Block Load 2) Determine the required No. of chiller
-: Design stream
:
**
1- 100% stand by : stand by
-
chiller
% 100
EX: 1000TR “Block Load”
.
TR 1000
TR500
" zones
chiller 2
-
Chiller 3
**
Hospitals
)% 100
( " % 100
zone
2- 65%:75% stand by %75 %65
-
chiller
"
.
“diversity factor
TR 375
chiller 3
-
Malls, Hotels, Residential Tower , Administration
3- 50% stand by: .
Administration
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9-5-2-b) selection 1) Calculate Block Load 2) Determine types of chiller & its number
Types of chiller condenser
1- Air cooled condenser ∴ Air cooled chiller 500 350 - limited
2- water cooled condenser ∴ water cooled chiller
-
- un limited
104
℉ , 40 ℃
)3
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, *
chiller
* Factor affecting on selection: Air cooled chiller 1- Load TR 2- Ambient temperature
= 104 ℉ , 40 ℃ 3- chilled water Out temperature
water cooled chiller 1- Load TR 2- inlet condenser cooling water temperature
) = - 10 ℃ 3- chilled water Out temperature
)
) ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
chiller
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*
Page 71
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*
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**
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HVAC Course
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: -
model
"family name" chiller
chiller
30GZ
040-30GZ
chiller
-
CHILLER …
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HVAC Course
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LCWT℃
Chiller
-
Chilled water out temperature )
℃6
℃ 12 : 5.5
*
Range
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ℃ 40 =
Ambient temperature
:
Air cooled chiller
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*
4
- CAP “KW” - COMP “KW” - UNIT “KW” ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
℃ 40 = ℃6
085-30GZ
* -1
Ambient temperature ℃ 12 : 5.5
200
Range CAP “KW”
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* LCWT℃ Load
-2 -3
Page 76
HVAC Course
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Air cooled chiller
LCWT℃
*** Q 0 ****
**
*
℃6
℃ 40 =
Ambient temperature
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HVAC Course
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:
℃ 40 =
-1
Ambient temperature 130
Q0
℃6
6 115.2
6 132.6
-
Load
-2
)
-3 98.8
6
130D
*
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water cooled chiller
* LCWT℃ ℃ 12 : 5.5
℃5
Range
** *
*** ) = - 10 ℃ :
inlet condenser cooling water temperature 30
Q 0 ****
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Page 80
HVAC Course
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: :
:
-
400
-1
inlet condenser cooling water temperature
) = - 10 ℃
30
400
Q0
℃5
5 340
5 415
Load
-2
)
-3 330
5
LCW-452PK
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** Chiller plant room:
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9-5-2-c) Hock up For chiller 1- Two(2) isolating valve , “normally open” 2- Balancing valve 3- Strainer )
(
4- Flow switch 5- By pass line with “ Gate valve”, for flashing
, (G.V is
normally closed)
6- Two(2) flexible connection to prevent vibration 7- Two(2) Thermometers “ temperature sensor ”
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9-5-3 Cooling tower
:
" cooling"
*
:surface cooling - 1
: evaporate cooling - 2
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
**
cooling tower spray
water
spray nozzles
spray water
air
fan
)
cooling tower
( rest water
fan
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"
" fins
-2 -3
water water
-1
-4 -5 -6
Page 84
HVAC Course
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**Cooling tower construction & its hock up:
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Cooling tower selection & design: * Range = ) - ) = 5:6 ℃ "
"
Where:
) = - 10 ℃ ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ** Approach"
" =
) -
Where:
for the project , By HAP passed on project location ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, *** Loadnominal “KW” = . CP ∆
L/S
GPM
*
0.0631
Where:
. " "
Cooling tower flow rate = TR * 3GPM
CP
Constant of water = 4.186
∆
Range = ) - ) ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
**** LoadActual
“KW” =
“KW” * capacity factor
Where: Capacity factor
from following Twb table passed on Approach, Range
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HVAC Course
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Twb Table:
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Steps of selection: 1- Calculate cooling tower flow rate . = TR * 3GPM 2- Determine for the project , By HAP passed on project location 3- Determine the range 4- Determine the Approach 5- Calculate nominal load 6- Determine Capacity factor 7-
Calculate corrected “actual” load
8- Entering the following chart by (LoadActual
“KW”
,
. " " )
*
.
model
model
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flow rate
load
Page 88
HVAC Course
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MODEL Chart
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Capacity factor
.MODEL
: curve
-
range
Approach
capacity factor :
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**
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Cooling tower pump calculation: 1- Flow rate:
. 2- Head calculation:
Hp = Hst + Hres + Hf Where: - Hp
pump head
- Hst
static head bar
- Hres - Hf
–
10
residual head = 35: 50 KPa; according to catalogue friction head
-
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9-5-4 Air handling unit “AHU” & 9-5-5 fan coil unit “FCU” * The difference between AHU & FCU: "
"
:
# FCU: - load range “small spaces; room in hotel” - Process:
Types of FCU 2 pipe “ 2way” return
supply
4 pipe “ 4 way” -
: return return
supply supply
-
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
# AHU: - load range “big spaces; hole & restaurant in hotel” ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
** Design of AHU, FCU:
- By CFM, TR from catalogue
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Houck up of “AHU, FCU”
Supply
Return
1- Two(2) isolating valve, “normally open” 2- Two(2) Thermometers “ temperature sensor” 3- Strainer )
(
4- By pass line with “ Gate valve”, for flashing
, (G.V is
normally closed)
5- Balancing valve on return line 6- By pass of 3way valve with add.B.V “ load variation” ; it may be 2way valve according to application “load fluctuation”
7- Two(2) flexible connection to prevent vibration
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10- Fans a) Centrifugal fan * it used in air conditioning “AHU,FCU”
10-1 Types of fans b) Axial fans * it used in ventilation
CFM
ΔP
c) Propeller fans * it used in small Application such as kitchen
: - not over loaded - Forward - Backward - Radial : not used in air conditioning, But it used in compressor
: - normal - tube: - vane:
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* comparison between Forward & Backward Centrifugal fan a) Backward
b) Forward
-high CFM
- Low CFM
- Low speed
- high speed
- Low noise
- high noise
- Low Friction
- high Friction
- Maintenance
- Maintenance
- Life Time
- Life Time
- No transient zone
- transient zone
- Cost
- Cost
- Not over loaded
- over loaded
- CFM
- CFM
HP
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HP
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HVAC Course
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10-2 Fans in HVAC system a) Fan section
b) in line fan
* it is HVAC equipment : - single fan:
c) roof top fan -
Fan
-
fan
-
fan indoor fan
*
- double fan: -
out door
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10-3 Roof coordination: a) Relation between fresh air fans & Exhaust air fans: exhaust
fresh
S
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fresh
fan
-
-
Page 97
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b) Back pressure 2D 1D
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HVAC Course
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10-4 Fan construction:
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Page 99
HVAC Course
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10-5 Fan Specification: 1- Flow rate: (CFM ventilation) 2- Head : static pressure Total Length
pump
= F * Total Length * 1.1
Duct sizer
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HVAC Course
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11- Ventilation
1- Calculate required ventilation CFM 2- System of ventilation ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1- ventilation CFM:
CFM =
∗n
Volume of space 60
Where:
CFM N
exhaust or fresh , Cubic feet per minute number of air change per hour n
*
-
n=4
**
Axial fan
"
“
CFM
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Page 101
HVAC Course
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QEC : 01111001659 , 01222284244, 01090047420, 01129269686
Page 102
HVAC Course
prepared by \ Eng.hosam eldin samir
QEC : 01111001659 , 01222284244, 01090047420, 01129269686
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HVAC Course
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QEC : 01111001659 , 01222284244, 01090047420, 01129269686
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2- System of ventilation 2-1 Free Ventilation (Fresh air) Exhaust fan:
Cost
: Fresh
Fresh air
Fresh
* -1
-2
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2-2 Exhaust Fan, Fresh Fan:
Solar, Transmission, Internal, Ventilation ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, )2 1(:
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Page 105
HVAC Course
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2-3 Exhaust Fan + Fresh air A/C Unit:
Solar, Transmission, Internal
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
: 1200 (Duct Sizer)
-
1800 Duct Design
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