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HOW
T0
DRAW MANGA: Super-Deformed Characters Vol.
1
Humans
by Gen Sato Copyright @ 2003 Gen Sato Copyright @ 2003 Graphic-sha Publishing Co., Ltd. This book was first designed and produced by Graphic-sha Publishing Co., Ltd. in Japan in 2003. This English edition was published by Graphic-sha Publishing Co., Ltd. in Japan in 2004.
Graphic-sha Publishing Co., Ltd. 1
-1 4-1
7 Kudan-kita, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo
Cover lllustration:
1
02-0073 Japan
Gen Sato
Book lllustrations: Gen Sato and Asami 0gasawara Assistance with Robotic lllustrations: Kanta Hino (Nippon Engineering College)
original Book Design: Main tiue Logo Design:
Masako okubo
Planning Editor:
Kuniyoshi Masujima (Graphic-sha Publishing Co., Ltd.)
HideyukiAmemura
English Edition Layout: EnglishTranslation
Shinichi lshioka
Management
Linguafr6nca, lnc. (
[email protected])
Foreign Language Edition Project Coordinator: Kumiko Sakamoto (Graphic-sha Publishing Co., Ltd,)
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
wi$out the prior written permission
Disfihned
.,@xne 2+1
of the publisher
by
Co., Ltd.
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Sdana &P{022, Japan
PtrE rFa
E+* lllEtr
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[email protected]
furrofrE;
A.S.d m04
Gft#amfi*il@l
n-n
n
h
D EGIGI
miE
Co.,
tld.
of Contents
o lilmambr
Chapter 4
1
-' : : :
Super-deformed Character Odds and Ends
"Super-deformed Gharacters"?
llultmt El"E
Super-deformed Character" ...,...,................ 6
- -?,r= -,:es between Super-deformed Characters
:i-: ::;r -
stic
Drawings
Let's Compare! From Realistic to Hyper-Stylized .... 1 14 Special Bonus-Mix and
.........................
6's*:c - g Characteristic Characters .....,....,.....,.....
1
I
Match
Afterword
........122 ..................127
0
ln-Depth Look and Short Lesson Iilimmpte,r
ln-Depth Look The History of Super-deformed
2
Characters
Super-deformed Building Blocks: -rue,Face and Body ;i-xnex'-def
r
ln-Depth Look: Meditations on the Name "Moe" ...... 18
ormed Character Building Blocks
-;l a fuce!
Short Lesson:Are the eyebrows more expressive
1
...............20
--' i.is Bring Life to the Character.........................21
......,.,,,.... -'; l: e. Moring Mouth. ,*:sias S:Ck
--* las -ii
0ut
..................27 ..,..,.,..,.........
Reflect the Artist's Pers0nality....................
31
37
ri_r 3S and Distinctive Si1h0uettes........................ 41
-,ir : i'iangle to Lay
::,-:
out the
................. 16
Face
,,.... 46
cf Caution in Drawing Super-deformed
:-":-:ers......
.............. 48
than the
mouth?
...........26
Short Lesson: Giving the Face 3-Dimensionality, Even
with Minus the Nose ................. 30
ln-Depth Look: What Do Those Lines and Dashes on a Character's Face Represent?.,... 36 ln-Depth Look: The lmportance of the Silhouette
L..
43
ln-Depth Look:The lmpoftance of the Silhouette
11....
44
Short Lesson: Drawing Non-Japanese Characters..... 50 ln-Depth Look Changes ln Facial Layout According to Age............................... 51
S,,Eer-deformed Character Building Blocks 2 uta
-:ining
l*,"es of
Balanced Pr0p0rti0ns............................ 54
Representation
......,.............55
:-:,r,c rtroning Arms and Legs ................................... 60 :,-
:e.deformed Character P0rtraya|......................... 62
ln-Depth Look: Super-deformed Characters
at High and Low Angles ...................52 ln-Depth Look: Shading Super-deformed Characters.... 53
Shoft Lesson: Mismatching to Create lndividuality.... 58 ln-Depth Look Modifying the Headto-Body Ratio
to Poft ray M0vement..,...................... 64
C,tmpter 3
ln-Depth Look: Super-deformed Robots ................... 86
$uper-deformed Anything and Everything
ln-Depth Look: Super-deformed Characters and
-r,a'acter Design 0n-10ca1i0n ..........,..................,,,. 66 !'-:er-deformed Characters and Stylizing Clothes..... 74
i - :er-deformed Characters and Backgrounds.......... 80
--)epth Look Super-deformed Characters
and
Hand Stylization ................................ 90 r:s ng Super-deformed Characters.......,.,.....,........... 92 I
S,
mr-deformed Character Gallery ..........................'l 02
Hand Stylization ...............,................ 90
Super-deformed characters are oodles of fun!
soffi
Hello there! What genre do you visuallze when you hear the phrase "stylized
characters"? Do you picture characters from gag manga (humorous mangQ? 0r do you picture corporate promotional characters? Perhaps you picture characters from parody manga, such as in games. The phrase conjures up any number of categories in our minds. However, a little statistic that may come as a surprise is that gg% of all manga
sold in Japan contains "stylized characters." Although not named as such, manga characters are exaggerated expressions of the human form. Consequenfly, if a non-Japanese were to declare that absolutely all of Japanese mangaleatures stylized characters, there would be no denying it. The real point is that we just do not see humans with eyes that big or with stars in them,like we
doin shoujo(grl) manga(wry laugh).
while the characters discussed in this book are stylized, they do not cover all modes of mangafound in Japan. Still, I would like to discuss ultra-stylized characters that do require heightened stylized techniques, also known as "superdeformed" or "chibi characters." Perhaps you do not have a complete grasp of what I mean when I bandy about
the phrase "super-deformed character." For simplicity's sake, in this book t use "super-deformed character" to refer to compacted human characters stylized to 1:2 to 1:4 headto-body ratios. Contrary to what your first glance might imply, super-deformed characters are exceptionally versatile and lend themselves to various situations. consequenily,
their avenues of use are endless. We have all seen them in mangaand anime. They also appear in commercials, as corporate mascots. We can use them in everyday situations, such as decorating a letter with a super-deformed character or portraying your family in a hyper-stylized way. Make an effort to learn how to draw super-deformed characters, and discover new fun ways of using them.
Chapter
1
o ooo&o What are " Super-deformed Characters
"?
This is a "Super-deformed Character"
#O+.; Female Characters
'94 @. l'l
--/
lt\
Male Characters
ipixeding :*$1yi{ril]siFdlsllqry$B$r€|$tcedils
page,
lyands and anns fot:male charac{ers come in a
wide variety. Naturally, degrees and methods of stylization &at allow for a successful visual balarce are preferable. Hsrever, in the case of some aftlets or when suggesting emotional displays, fte intent of Ure drawing is occasionally better conveyed by exaggerating disproportions.
now we are ready to discuss abbreviating the human form, something only done in manga design. ^ tacl, manga, itself was originally a world of "abbreviation." We find in manga renditions of the eyes, -ands, and feet not found or simply not feasible on real-life human figures. I have never witnessed a ,',1ell,
langa artist present a life-like rendition of the eyes (chuckle), Consequently, those of you who have copied langa or produced your own works, as well as those who have read manga will find abbreviating easy to -nderstand. lt is my goalto see you deepen your interest and enjoyment in character stylization and rcorporate it into your work or everyday drawings.
ifferences between Super-deformed Characters and Realistic Drawings D
ooo
iirere I will illustate (literally) the differences between a super-deformed and a realistically drawn
cfnracter. Please note that use of the word "realistically" does not necessarily mean a figure drawn in heightened realism or in the style of realism manga.l just use it to mean your everyday, typical Dick and Jane manga character. Naturally, the most blatant difference would seem to be that of height; however, merely by drawing the character shofter and a little simpler will not create a super-deformed character. I will now discuss handling the various body parts and figure proportions to demonstrate my point.
Super-deformed Character
@.4' \ \r-/ lt
Character
llr
To portray a character in motion, use a 4:1 head-to-body
ratio
I
Sefring aside discussion on stylizing characters for now, beginning aftists like yourself often encounter ifficutties in achieving a satisfying pose when trying to draw a character in motion. So, what should you
ro iln such circumstances? A popular technique is to decrease the head-to-body ratio (i.e. increase the rurnber of heads to body). This makes it easier for the body pafts to move at their joints, allowing you to ::'mte all sorts of poses. I discuss this topic in depth in another chapter. Please visit that chapter for more nf'nrmation.
,6 t-,, f-1
@.' tt'
*-V)l
Jr
,,t'
'(,
,b
e c.
Good
Not good
Audaciously stylizing the character in that super-deformed way results in a well-proportioned super-deformed character.
Developi ng Characteristic Characters
*o*
We humans have many distinguishing features. lf you, the aftist, identify these features and exploit them
when drawing super-deformed and stylized characters, you will successfully create distinctive characters. While having a model or reference figure in front of you ceftainly helps identify these distinguishing features, picturing an imaginary person in your mind and then searching for these identifying features will also make character design easier, An artist's mental reproduction of a model comes out most strongly when finally put to paper or canvas, s0 you will create a more satisfying character if you stress your own impressions of the model's physical
appearance rather than looking for outside sources of information or seeking others' opinions. You are the one who ultimately gives birth to this character, who is supposed to be imbued with appeal, Therefore, you should be the one who knows this character best.
0f course, even with a model or reference picture on hand, different features will strike each artist in a unique way. Therefore, you, as an individual artist should emphasize those features that have the greatest impact on you personally.
Ref.
"Cute"
"Cute" Nose
t
L.
o
"Cute"
Assorted Eyes
rv
m
Body Bu ilds
;to*
One would also expect to find many people who have distinctive builds, even though they may lack
fdimyncratic facial features. Stressing idiosyncrasies in their builds and adjusting the face to match
ffie body will enhance your character's distinctiveness.
OO (--J
o o
-\
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oo .4
aa
o o
o
F.#€fry
Builds
(r,
-z
\_
<-
A
I 131
V
Using Stylization to Bring out Character
ldiosyncrasies
-\ /////
// t /// //
sd' ,r,O
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ln-Depeh Loolr The History
o
r^
d:lS$p*Td$f0r M^l.t^ traceahle
*^^-r^i
+-
arg6t€&t
+haaa limi+n aan ma.,!l Ia tha timits, nai and ^6^^r.lih^ exceeding those limits ean resutt in the back to the chqi$:dgdlfrandscrolls (a Buddhlst,,tl:llit!i ,q!:l&tr.qi.:;&. q!itrty,.to.l,BgoslPg i-qstl$mlltllit *ririr} work yfi!;g&i9,n19ttgt1t1trqasf"tro,1llll1ltl1ffiff1: satirical wha ffi1""""""'".'i::iii:"i':,. as "Scrolls of Frolicking Birds and Animals").
-^ ^i^ira ^4 ^^-^^^* The origins of of mangaare regarded as
limtla
, ii$f(&
*lrr
while these,sdr$s:sl. w'bird$,,a.nd,,aniuals
:rllll0ws(:l&&i&.*
qr$i.!ga&a!!0.:Q!!&i ii.@d:'il
anthropomortihti,6(qn$,qr!iq!it,!g]lfq,,,!!ulrqu'&..6i'l0q&tffi&ffig|*i*(9 *,arrtiehi0s1$eilit,rlren$ircll$Q ffirlttlffigr*qllqii are also abH,fui,
mimicking,:hffidd:
Many
ai*
or movins in a
ntaririii:ilieeij&it6ia$ttiUmtit$
enj.o}ilkl$i$!i{Ili!i0$lwltqrs.6iti@:0 ilipl.:il{h,q,$Pi&
yqul,.,,, sil!talrl&u$..Q..Lg!{[.' $:!!!atr]cqqqe,
:t! i{l$fgt*,!ittyiewrru,,,,.
:0,t1 :::::::,X:l}:',i.li:riii::i,r.:r,,'i,,::.i'ii within ,/ boundaries. . // / -
::::t::i::rri:ii:$srimi.tsi&sld0iin:|lgtlii{igq{F,q:lr:i::ii:ti]l wil.il IIUUr(riln, dilu UtE alluut utEdtHlg IItt, (rrtrrru Dliriill tu rriorutr ur rruw rrgurcD ,/ / may be distorted these set boundaries. diti:iiti:ai,iaiii:ii r Annnrdinnlv ctrlizatinn Lc / M a n s at : |ll i:extemi0rjt0i$m:g$ mgn iii1i;lil;ii.fscefd1i
:
wonderi16:it wondering "Wouldn't trris
iiiiiitif :if :.aiii*Airiiiiitiillil,iidil lik itilreaiif;*rting
:.::l
ti,:r
lila'1rii a technique
$!Il3&gl1e11; /i:i1"""""""""""""""".'
tn"t n
i l ii:':tir,.lit i $:i*t _i":,:::'^:::::::^^ create
courir:rhap&lrl$rlrci$,.$lrmi
w vrvqlu interesting srtusrrvrt, rilLsrsgurrv sifuation," qrv and using ugilrv people PwPrv to
r,l,,.l.,l:tt;llllt:ti.l canbe .,ti:t:.ll.:lt:,;irff1:l /\ ----\ \ with ,/
these situations can be : :::il credited
^^^^^i^i+^./
iti::ilii:.lliri::i:,:il.i:ii::ri/
we find s&{40i:i:i:,litlittiiiitlti::ii:ltti::iit, ef:,v.ryJv..r.::i:.ir:t..rrrr,,,,,,,,..iliil:,il:lllill:::l:::lill:lii:i
manga
Yet as one might
.enderings have their
/
/
II I/
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,
.
I
I I
Lf\ --1a \ ltlllll//l Jt \ \:ltt*I [l;
manga }l.!,,1!$,t;,::;l(*,an7tr|lii;lIl} a{,9 a in::ftsrrri:i present form. { tt
t-
!:,.'.a.r,liY
r'itrir:r(r:r.:l
tilXlrilr|Ilfim
n5 mmfton.
'ffilrE
mOSt
",8'Bfl$r,ffi-(EloffIl '*f,MlIrST adfigtd'still mrrarE Sernents 0f ,mmutlilfmrlnn
Manga
fims 21q 3lgng lllilfimln*r 3l'l just when nfiE r. rai stylized lr,liffiinEr-! rnarketed
wsqrs and mrrnia.:aj products mMm :Cftl6lity? ruu
ne -arese
TJ
word
whrre''meaning tm,,nl]=*:n'fifSt tMT6 r= USe around llllilmm
::rr,'e
of
be hit
umm€ ' "bhu senkan rrll@:Tm' ,Space
ffi*slpYamato). rysaf. drew copious amounts ofr'parody manga mmrrc lhat time (wry laugh).,$oweler, s00n,:r, .:.: flFn?rds. tris surge in parody came to a halt, ilr.m -ad been in charge of mecha designs for &'niEE: anime characters, which I had jugt drqwn ,, Tr!ffirrreafurer, and these,,becalne the first,stylized
;ffirers T.-',mse
frmc
to be sold in product form.
oroducts were dubied,the "Q RobQ" (Q,,, series, and I iontiibuted the designs of'
stylized characters to be transformed into &!-Eai machine prizes sold by the same toy .lmr-:acturer. These.charactersturned-$Umbailrfl€-prizes include Q,,flobo Gog, and ,0 Ro,bo irar. as well as other ultra-stylized anime robot lm,,,,,,,,,,,,,r:o-s
-
ffiryal
r:r
years afler'ihe 0l Robo:lseriei,
anaheiioy
n:'au'facturer launclled a new SD pr{ect. At the -.r-e most of my work was dedicated to the 0 *rfi3 series, s0lwas unable to participate in the arcfiing of this SD; how..over,,! did Jater,ioin the
:
,
.,,
SD proiect, and cieateO a significant numbei ot stylized designs connected t0 the "Gundam" series. I was later employed as head of a different project involving stylized characters under the same toy manufacturel which enabled me to work on stylized designs for products, product logos,
and other matters unrelated lo mangaor anime, and I continue such work today. It is owing to this legacy of stylization that the previously disparaged parody and stylized artwolk gained their deserved respect and now enjoy recognition from many mangaaid afiiryle ,,,,,, ,, aficionados. Now, 27 years after I began my own stylized
artwork,l have been entrusted wiin the writing of this book. @ 1995ASMK
'
In-Depth
affection as worlds of qualitatively addition t0'
Chapter
2
coso#o Super-deformed Building Blocks: The Face and Body
Cheak out the mix-and-
matah lound on page 122 at, the end
this bookl
of
What a Facel
i,:O*
The face plays a very important part of character design. ln the case of a super-deformed character, the face should be something that the viewer will find disarming and evokes protective instincts. To put it
simply, a super-deformed character is one that contains many elements that will elicit feelings of fondness in the viewer. Accordingly, the way each individual facial feature is rendered becomes very impoftant.
**,: .{illli
Ei,es Bring Life
to the Character
I
i':
:':ernely individualistic, varying from person ,: :q,'ii-'- -st as the eyes of Asians versus non-Asians ilffi*ilr" ril
- . ::
ieved that most individuals can be
il]'': - .-:d
:r,
:,: -::
simply by viewing their eyes and facial s look at a number of different prototypes
i:a,,,
the eyes,
"r
ir
-;
@@d ,
:pular Eye Expressions
',t",4
I
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o Ar -z%///
tt
V
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*
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Remember: Ihere ls More to the Eye Than Pupil and
White
I
;ttttttt-"
Fold or No Eve Fold
p
lashes
@ \-*-# '..
\-l
'
Eye with Underneath and to the Sides By gMng particular emphasis to the various eye components in this manner, you will be able to imbue your individuality. You'll also have lots of fun exploring the different moods projected by rnodrfyrng how fiese different components are portrayed.
dBfirter wih
@
Imarrur
ng Memorable Eyes Let's see how the eyes introduced on the previous page look on a face. While the irises have been handled the same for all, note how each treatment of the eye makes each face look like a wholly new character. By all means, play around with the bonus mix-and-
\
1
r1 I it.t
match found on page 122!
J
',1 'lt i
Eve Fold Emphasized
Wrinkles Emohasized
Make the Eyes Expressive 0nce you have acquired an understanding of basic eye rendition, the next task you will need to address is how many different expressions you can suggest using the eyes. lt is important that you analyze the eye's various components and learn how to stylize these components to embellish a given facial expression. Play around with exaggerating the individual eye components (e.9. the inner corner, the outer corner, the eyelid, etc.)to see which expressions you create. When using the eyes to suggest "laughter" or
"happiness," having the outer corner of the eyes
turn down will give them a hint of warmth. To exaggerate the look of the outer corner turning down, the inner corner must also turn down, creating an arch. This look has become the standard in character stylization. Differences in the angle and size of this arch can produce subtleties in expression, so the best that I can suggest is for you to practice drawing yourself.
o
/Zr fm .T
To suggest "anger," usually not only is the eye
drawn as "angry" but the eyebrows are as well, owing to their relationship with the surrounding eye muscles. However, the eyes themselves actually change shape when they are pushed downward by the eyebrow muscles, which causes the upper arc of the eyelid to change. When stylizing a character, the subtle change in the upper eyelids is magnified. Simply put, remember that "scary eyes" mean "anger." To suggest "sadness" or "crying," as with anger,
the eyes actually change very little:the eyebrows lose their tension, causing them to shift downward and either come into contact with or acproach the eyelids. While no change actually iccurs in the eyes themselves, since this :notion is tied to a psychological jolt, the irises s^ould be imbued with a drained feel. Show the =,:s directed either up or down, as if to suggest :iaracter is unable to meet another's gaze. -- s r,'lll create the desircd mood. Please also '=-'.' '.i tle section on eyebrows, where they are
:: :
>: - s"sec separately.
@' //l
t-.-
r
dmrrmmrls rm physically possible in the realworld
rffirtiruuurmm qres s0 large,
rilffifir|iofii fllmilffimE0 llmlflffi]tt
r-r''Ek
r.rsed
are often frequenfly found in stylized artwork.
fiey extend beyond the facial oufline, tears pouiing out of eyes tike a
in lieu of drawing eyes, or shapes totally in disregard of musculature. As
I
Mher. these are the results of embellishing subtle movemenis parts in of the eyes or face
ruUuesrtg an emotion.
tflM mday we live in an impassive age. However, I would ask that you pledse pay careful attention lmrHrrlll6r d he eye move and how when you draw emotional reactions. lfllililflnruflfi
rrs
*t--t--r"_____)
t,
Short Lesson Are the eyebrows more expressive than the mouth?
*o*
Beginning artists will need to understand that eyebrows are not merely "lines."
The eyebrows are highly expressive
During the course of my work, I often see students' and young manga artists' work and have noticed that as of late that eyebrows are being less and less used to suggest emotion. Now, I do realize that plucked eyebrows are all the rage in Japan for both men and women, so using simple lines to render the eyebrows might be reasonable from a stylization standpoint. However, the truth is that this lack of individuality is detrimentallo mangaculture. Make a distinction in your mind between pop culture trends and individuality while you are still young and learn about the differences.
Extreme Emotional Reactions
Friendly /^\
a
Friendlier
It
UO
?6G
Widen the distance between the eyebrows.
More concerned
@
o 66 ,-
I
The eyebrows overallare lowered and drawn touching the eyes. Generate a look o'terlsion on he brow.
,_-
Assorted
///zzz,
/\.
o
individuality, regardless of whether the character is male or female. You might notice that in the case of super-deformed characters, the eyebrows are even more expressive than the mouth.
------\
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of
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ISES
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:o
q":.,
,ry;-1h ng
for Distinguishing Facial Features
-;
"i' llm :'? ,r
in a stylized manner often disregard noses. However, there are around with distinctive noses, and you, the artist have a il, 'r -I :. io exploit such traits or risk your carefully planned stylized r'riiiiilr-1r*::.a : s ng f lavor. The nose is a superb feature for suggesting the ti]iiiitr':1r,,-',:'- , :,ccupation (e.9. a police inspector in the style of 0samu Tezuka, ':"* :r'ivate investigator, etc.), projecting a friendly impression, or ul\il|ll'::'-; : :istrustful air. Noses are wonderful for portraying a character. Llut"r
r,*,r,r
:
e'lnning
:*':
*i*ehte Noses
..ir
r'l L
',
lri -:
-,-
:
,l
)- ,,,^
(a a
Detestable Nose
nOSeS pfOjeCt
t:l: -:'ession. Large, angular noses seem eerie and strike the viewer with fear.
!lorts
Easily Portrayed through the Nose
C)n/H
A\4 O/
,C-)'"
/
The Talented Boxer's Nose A small nose suggests this boxer is good ai avoiding punches, indicating this guy s got skills.
\AV w v,
Small Noses Use small noses for women and girls to give them a feminine look. Conversely, large noses project a stronger,
masculine air.
€
)
*t-
[
(_
\
\-
Female character noses are typically smal! and charming.
Symbols Representing the Nose Like the eyes, the nose is a highly individualistic facial feature. When drawing a face, the key is to have one overplay the other. Drawing both equally expressive would cause a visual conflict. The two features would vie for the viewer's attention, canceling each other out.
-€
D
. ( r-^\ Nose Symbols
-tr: //t A
^a
/r\
Co
i ;rr?55inrg with the Nose -,tsi to€s
il$ *,"
1,{llllr
not actually move, it does change color and emit
:,-,lr fiuids. Exaggerating these qualities will allow you to express ::r' :rample, add a little red on the upper part of the nose to suggest rrlrrlltilriritil,i
illllllliliilllrr'"lilll:i:'r:
cr awkwardness or red to the tip of the nose to underscore :r'-a?a1:' rs in a drunken state.
lllllluliuu:rrriff[s;:;-.-t
I
rlririilulnL
llt 1ti -trh,r,E itave been discussing the nose's outer contours; however, like lll, r dtur the nose has other possibilities of poftrayal.
:i:s
,,"''t[ 1 luurur
a
:'ire's
color. Noses tend to redden, depending on the situation:
ilq =:: embarrassed, drunk, fall down and bump our noses, etc.
.:-i
need to distinguish between the different reasons for the nose "-,: ,,,nen stylizing this phenomenon, 0r your nose will appear awkward. , *r*'*,-rr. +Jris will also change when the nose is drawn exaggeratedly rllrrrllrLh :" :.ra I Perhaps these points are better explained through pictures Iil
I
'\irroiy' lilii"r,"
rl :i:.-
iiillllll"
il
-
,'lOfdS.
for whatever medical reason, noses are often spotted with pimples ,]ti|lil: it is because the nose pores, which are larger lisible than those on the other facial features, tend to secrete in liillrnll iilur:,LF ::-:lnts, inviting bacteria to enter. Whichever the case, blemishes can ,r,:1: r,ihen stylizing the nose to draw out the character's individuality. ,lLL:i:r'r
t-rr:,r
-:r:
: emishes. Perhaps
:6^2
l
Nrr"
{ :,i: ctions of runny noses
ltmi,,
lr '* ,,
"
have been disappearing trom manga of late,
i,? a standard way of suggesting childishness or childlikeness. Take care
{ :,erdoing a runny nose could just make your character look like a
-rI
:r.,ggesting that a character is angry or ready for a fight, the nose is
::picted snorting. There is the tendency to give snofted air a smoke-like
\l\
i,. 4 it were a tailpipe emitting gas, which is why professional artists rtrl,- i so will exaggerate the nostrils, showing the snort broadening out from ll l$
,\UA
oo
D,h
to o-
the
Fi
Drunkenness
tt
lt
Short Lesson Giving the Face 3-Dimensionality, Even with Minus the Nose
..'o#
Artists often omit the nose when drawing stylized characters, but this is not necessarily always the case, since many noses have personality. While characters without noses are perfectly acceptable, please note that there is a large difference between characters without noses and characters who appear not to have noses. Characters without noses become distinctive
personalities owing to their lack of noses. Consequently, they should be drawn in profile without a nose, so take extra care to ensure that such a character clearly has no nose in profile. ln such cases, you will still have to give that
a
,A
,@
@ /tl
//t (J
character's face 3-dimensionality. When drawing a head that is roundish all over, be conscious that what you are drawing is not the same as an actual human skull.
fi\ lf the nose is not visible from a front view, then omit it from the profile as well.
EL
^\
lf you have given proper consideration toward making your character 3-dimensional from all views, then you should be able to rotate her.
@
*rhrrrp
Agile, Moving Mouth
300
;6 1p* m;a ifeafures, the mouth changes shape the most owing to the surrounding muscles. As you are ]r;inaflS uSe wOrdS tO COnVey OUr wiSheS tO OtherS, and the mOUth engageS in mOVement .rltttflnlnflitlmtflfllt]t{s!'lls occurs. Accordingly, the mouth takes on many forms and is a prime feature for suggesting illllllr
,il$illlttllllilllll 'rult8
lllrrrmn
mmmrirril 0r agreeability of a character.
mmouthS)
w@ ,l,noss-Sectional
Vi
ew ndlv Features
1 . Lips
2. Teeth 3. Tongue 4. Throat
Assorted Mouths
/0.'e
'Tr 4'
g
g
Lower Teeth + Tonque Noi used much other than for special circumstances
Teeth Not exclusive to monsters, these may also be used to illustrate a character's personality.
e,e
€.' ,e
E
(U, _:-
_
Teeth
Decaved/Missinq Teeth + Used with children and comical characters
,+
Used to add to a character's distinctiveness
l:\\
€.,.e
5
(-7
Teeth
!
sror-.ltar rtay of rendering he mouth used to *'mfi'*fis:E -r:9 nhen smiling. etc. t
L
M
Tooth
Used to add to a comical character's personality
lfr,uryn*rs-
r'ng
Unique Mouths
ffi
m0
\rrfO,)
?
Assorted Stylized Mouths
q7 ,e
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1-*-)
_/\__
V
?m
/^\
\
6
\_/
Let's consider how to render the individual mouth components. When imagining these three: the lips, the
teeh, and the tongue, think about what would catch your attention about the mouth if the character you are about to draw actually existed and you were to sit faceto{ace with her.
fie teeth catch your attention? 0r is it the tongue? The picture in your mind's eye will become critical $,t,en you draw the character. ln pafiicular, the lips are a flexible feature, and consequently can take on a 1r-rrber of shapes. Naturally, physically impossible shapes are also acceptable in the case of stylized ihiaracters. However, care should be taken to avoid overdoing reactions, which could result in destroying Do
I'e
xtsce s or
figure's proportional balance.
:ae :etli airso ofier a multitude of possibilities. Artists have the tendency to go into autopilot when creating ilrtimc CItmracters to draw a single line underneath the upper lip and call it quits. However, teeth are not rlrffi EEtF- frb have incisors, canines, molars, upper teeth, lower teeth, etc.
[ullinrfi
[ombinations to Boost Expressions
Standard Smile
P# * e ride mouth
means plenty of expression!
,@
0 O)
Now looks happy
\ct
*-h vv
-.-.,/ +Z= gv
,LA'
@O
Now looks -persuasive
,L\'
fr----r,\ (G)
In-DeFth What Do
childho0dl
.l&ia!l
@
v
Lineo
(daoheo) on a character'g face change dependinq on Nhe aqe.
oo tt t
\
-l
,ll
Tne Ears Reflect the Artist's Personality
;oo tr
ilfltfltilrn "mmm
:lltuutttr'iliilrtlnmr"T
ltfiruflfll lliilrts
litll$tilutll lilfirnmr,r"
rd'H.s who see an ear and think, "Look! That's definitely an (Artist X) ear.',
r
,:flrrrflllililmM's illtltiffit161
assume fiat the ear is the part most difficult to distinguish the neimiduality and is something to be hidden behind the hair. However,
s certainly true that the ear is not the idea body part for illustrating a :ersonality or behavior, but it is that which reflects the idiosyncrasies
4q1s .fie best.
ilmrmus Ears
D lltrtiil* Itttu
When you start out, use the ears of an artist you like as reference.
""sspect
iffi
to stylized characters' ears, there is no need to take as much care when drawing as you with a regular sketch. However, glasses pose a serious issue. You need to take care to position the
m fiat a character in glasses will not appear awkward. The ears are usually centered along the face,s rmr*'iontours.
'rmuill':
Assorted Ears
,c ry
.llt
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@
tr
ttt \7 llr
:\e cTiriffi)
lffm Eans Are Here! Li
Not good
e@ ,ritrf,liufrs
'ave fie tendency, particularly with female
to hide the ears under the hair. Make to allow the ears' presence to be evident, rrnrurum,,r r ffiey will not be visible. nfltlruf,iffimrs.
irn*l
ffii
Good
-Hfrding Elfin Ears *rE
ears can be hidden mnlnd the hair, which alows a character conceal physical
r
:sdities from others. is a fantastic
1ls
mchnique both
ramatically and in $Dry building.
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Ear Expressions
Radar Ear
It,,
tltt
The ears are not moving body parts. As a result,
artists usually reserve elements of movement with the ears to comical situations. However, the ears' sizes may be modified to suggest that an individual is using them.
I
Dut, it looke )uof,like hio ear really did qet, biq.
On elderly characters, large-lobed ears create a gentle, kindly Iook
llllil["::i'JfH#xl,:'with illustrations, etc. Ii book targe earlobes. For some
-xb
A ' _-A a- St lL-
-M lL/__,t :-
t
,'.i'Ji$:HlH:x';l?::,.ffi rfc-{ 'e
p
resent elderly characters.
]-. s could very welt be an
iffinole
of stylization using ;ea-r e s preconceptions to :er:ate a stereotypical look.
ri|tlumurstyles
3(tr0
and Distinctive
Si
Ihouettes
tgittilflulltltrn
mrmmfil
*rrodrfy our hair to suit our personal preferences by
umrnrmm,
i[ Wrnq
rt up.
ilffiiriililililllllllMliliimriq
lmr
,iur it[mmr*
lllllitiilimtmtrflflrM.
;
or dyeing it. Thus, the hair is a great feature for
clnaracter.
ffi ?ne hairdos of the lead characters in Ge ge ge no Kitaro,
m afld ty to devise an original hairstyle of your own.
Imorted
I
Hai
Distinguishing Characters' Silhouettes Using Hairstyles When designing the hair of a stylized character, what you should ask yourself is not how you want to tie up fie hair but rather what sort of shape (of the outer contours) you want to result. Don't worry about how to
tie back fte hair realistically to create a certain shape. Remember, the character could always wear a hairpiece or extensions.
((t1) ))
Characters cannot be made distinguishable using cololi grey value, 0r screen tone Modifying the color of a character's clothing or hair becomes meaningles in dail< settings or under special lighting. Consequently, avoid worrying about color or grey value if you want to emphasize individuality in your character design (fie same applies to screen tone).
Loolr h,-Depth **e lrnportance of thg ,
, j;=i pack to our topic...flow w0':,, - ''r.,: : :id who is approaching..from.faf,1.,..;1,;1,, lrtllt-T'r* * .':s allow uS to identi,fy':him ofiher?,.',,..,, : ; {f{lrr1r' * -: -: -ave good eyesight,andro,thgisl,b,ad,.,:' rr11'rll''r -., :all out. Stilt, moStd,'UgUse"':':,1:":",::;, ,,' * :- : - I the silhouette to-identff-y,gur,,fri9nd,;,;',. llllliil, ittt'
,tlillliulrlr
+.
,LrLL
i :,:-. ai Fig. A. lf youlw9re,,as'k!d,,tsidentify,,:.,
,ilIlilr,i,,,,
- a' Iharacter arnongst$e,!.rlhouettq.9r, '':rr:, *,,,,;, ,,: - I ysu tinO yoUiAig4tg661yfi,''.'' .._ .:, .:::::. ::. . ::..:
r,
r;r,.,i*, -
a
,,q,,r*
:
at the 9r0up,j'1 p'g'g:''p-ortr-aBs:this:90€s :,:;ing, but chanCesta&:&ti$0fn-e-itlme,yolt
:,:.
llllltir:
.t ',- :u draw acharacter:is,Shadow.o!:,back',
{u!ti ",-
-= \\ )
',,t1
andf emaleilchAtat,&rs?tt0.li!-n0es.are:&at'tfrey,:
Cltalaeieilq,,lA,rnais,thale probably would not convince
sifloilailsilh0Uettet.br$i,When:ttreii,silhorr
ffi
Sports-centered story
{45&
Use a Triangle
so*
to Lay out the Face
Face layouts play with our instincts depending on the particular layout pattern used. For example, the size or position of the eyes could evoke parental or protective feelings in the viewer. Well I
fien, what other etfects do we artists have at our disposal? Let's take a look at a few.
fiink you'll gain some idea looking at the figures
below. While there are differences in the eyes' sizes, more significant differences can be found in the triangle determining the spacing between the eyes and fie angle and distance from the eyes to the nose and then to the mouth. ln a glance, you can see how whether an equilateral triangle or an isosceles was used affects the character's individuality or mood projected. Play around with ditferent triangles.
Whether a face has wide spacing between the eyes, a nose positioned high or low, large or small facial features all affect how that person is perceived. However, I feel I should warn that this does not necessarily mean that the individual's personality will match this perception. Assuming that the face perfectly matches ffie impression projected or personality of its wearer is prejudice. My mug is not so perfect either and could probably scare someone into thinking l'm a felon (chuckle). At the most, what we are discussing on fiese pages is the image projected as a manga character. I want all the readers to understand this as we continue our discussion.
Faces
Mature Faces
ffi \tl,
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ery \--"/ \\r'
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frr'--tf '.n \./ \Y/
I r::^ess ls Not Exclusive to Big Eyes 'rlltililurr,*
Irrrrrrirllllrruii
i -Fh floating around that
rE
mlllrrrLlr,,,lrrrnr
;
re
eyes large willautomatically :raracter "cute," but is that
ililtiiiit:iiltiflriffi-'x
fie
r :is
Small
case? There are plenty of
world with small eyes who t*.:E adorable. This would indicate same would apply to drawing trrrniliiit luiiilflr r,':ed characters. Hence, mastering ltg{:r means that you should be able rrllr lltsri:, any type of character you desire, rq11;11;611'flr*.ss of what popular beliefs might rli/lrrrlrt;lrr tflrllr,
:*
OO
mrr,,
,rrrlfir
titiir
rirr,ii,
/lt
ll'
\-J
icE*ut character stylization.
-E HfiB token, whether
a
eyes give a
;frliliff.?: a sweet face or not does not lllflrry-c cn fteir size, but on their position rrr p,rL-- Let's take a look at some
B.
]iilllll"xrs.
- emper layout makes for a delightful face 5ye Position
.A
tl
i"awing the eyes around the center rather than -aoer half ol the head's outline creates a more adorable" look.
ftuare vs. Round Bounder, softer heads are more "adorable" than
squarish heads.
\r.-rr'
ao \._/
Circle vs. Ellipse A perfectly round rather than oval head is cuter.
n
oo
.A
.^,
\r-l
oo ^
-
\--l
aa
.^
^
\r.../'
Points of Caution in Drawing Super-deformed Characters Not everything goes when drawing a stylized character. Characters must be composed according to certain rules and must be visually comprehensible. Naturally, this excludes those cases where you intentionally raise the eye level or wreck the face's layout (only to be used in comical situations or for
Picasso-style scrambled faces). 0ccasionally, there are artists attempting to draw their characters in perspective in order to improve their look. However, adding perspective to a
/7
A
ttt
character whose head is not that large in the first place requires exceptional drawing skill and in truth, is not even necessary. Avoid concerning yourself solely with the character's appearance and adding haphazard perspective.
:q \l
t7/
t
:mtl11lmmlltntrrng
ffie Degree of Stylization
Character with Mixed
,p
Degrees of Stylization
* i$e symbolized noses on super-deformed Realistic Face
t,t
characters
For super-deformed characters, noses should be stylized by using highly abstracted, symbolic
shapes. lnept use of a realistic nose will destroy the overall stylization of your lovingly designed super-deformed character.
Maintain a consistently stylized look for your superdeformed character by omitting or using a highly abstracted shape for the nose.
Short Lesson Drawing Non-Japanese Characters
':offi
That one can usually distinguish the difference between a Japanese and a non-Japanese individual indicates it is possible to stylize characters' ethnicities. Use of special traits allows artists to suggest a nationality or ethnicity. While I only describe a few samples here, you will surely enjoy discovering new traits of various nationalities yourself, so I encourage you to play around. One technique I use to distinguish between characters
of Russian versus northern European extraction is to give the Russian character a hint of Mongolian. Ultimately, this decision was not based on logic but just to create a convincing air. Equilateral triangle
I give characters who are African or of African descent a cheefful disposition and make their eyes and lips prominent. 0ther characters may also be given
hairstyles or different looks that verge from that traditionally "Japanese." However, please take care to avoid drawing a character overly dark or in such a way as to project a negative impression. Such renditions cou ld potential ly become racially discriminatory. The non-Japanese characters appearing on this page are first and foremost those I personally felt were representative of their ethnicities, but please do not
misunderstand my motives. I am not insisting that persons of these ethnicities necessarily look like what is pictured.
S= v) @
lsosceles triangle
iM,rw& tortltBr{orehead, mouth, and eyes character to convert him or her into
i$
teehniques to suggesting age.
Preschool Aoe
to Middle-School
@!_\ rGL (. -\
'een
to Mid-
EIderl
(,t*J
IltSuper-de.d Needless to
d.l
I-Dcpth
Loolr
S,4 n g S u pe.,rrd6&fh ed, C ha ra e&,K1t.}t,r,,,,,,.,, i
o
presence as a solid. Consequently, you need 3-dimensionality l;i::ltixq$,encsraqiia,sirlid;:ei tuwing ano,gllg|g$lllqglgrpi prg&tgittiir: ne$$&Sx$l&$i?$91,$
lffitgur are maintaining a sense of im,$ullry
0@
illip
ptay.
1
{&ti:l{
iili:i:iiliiiril'i;rr''
Takg11118tallineilhi$i&gq::iipf:niQanl:iiri:l:i:.i:itili:r.lirilil.i:.i:.t:liii::::iiiri
:::x::.:l::.,,':.
ffi fi,uftimal, reali rr8il9ipt$ttasdwlh!&i*tp ::it::il:i:i:::iiii::iili:::riuif:t:::ii:i::ii:,:iliitl:i::trrrrl.': ffi M give tte su0$ft*ffm$.gigi&iei,*t:tii:t,,t,, . .. ,. ... .,
:::r,;rrlrrii:ir::r:r::,rr' :ralt::lair:a::::::a::r'irrl
)A
e
CI \
.
Make the lit areas light. 0ther areas should be made dark.
\\ ,rN
I
Back lit
Maintaining Balanced Proportions
soo
Now hat you have learnt a little about the facial layout, let's take a look at figure proportions. Naturally, proportions bear a relationship with facial layout, so the proportions offered here are not absolute. Looking at fie 1:3, head-to-body figures and then again at the realistically drawn figures on this page, you will likely note the arms and legs are proportioned fairly similarly to those of the realistic figures.
1:3 Head-
"
Thus, if you are able to draw a realistic figure, then, given that you comprehend those proportions, you should be able to apply these to achieve a basic proportional balance while stylizing the details. However, you will need first to consider what sort of head will match the facial layout you already designed. Failing to do so will result in a character with ugly proportions.
.
lf you are going to create your own proportions, first design the facial layout. Then, devise a figure that suits the character's face.
Here, the entire figure is 3 heads
in height. Matching the shoulders' width to that of the face results in a satisfactorily balanced figure.
1:2
e
Here, the figure is 2 heads tall. The shoulder width should be narrower than that of the face. The head and the figure should have approximately the same area to achieve pleasing proportions overall.
Ref.
lllffiil1, tsuilds
Build A When drawing a portly character, select clothing that will allow you to add highlights. Use the highlights to suggest creases between rolls of fat and flesh.
0verweiqht Build
B
This is a common build in gag (comedy) manga but has been losing popularity in recent years. Dressing him in clothes that are too small and pants that cannot be closed at the waist creates an illusion of corpulence and makes a lovable character.
ioht Build
C
Here, the plumpness is to the point where flesh sags. The image can be somewhat disparaging,
but it is also a way of representing obesity that easy to understand.
he viewer quite often finds
Female Characters ln the case of an adult female, emphasizing roundness in the breasts, turning them slightly upward generates
a convincing look. Builds A through C above may be used for girls.
o
(rg
s\
Or
o
Styles of Representation Thin Builds Gaunt Build A This is an extremely popular method of representation. The ribs are emphasized to generate a gaunt look.
4i
Gaunt Build B Here, the ribs do not show, but the slack fit of the pants or other clothing suggests a skinny build. Likewise, this is a favorite means of representation in manga, depending on the genre.
Garrnt Build C .let* i emaciated =a,sbc
@efr-d*r:e s farhfully reproduced m mlriro-
-:m
ln manga, such tr oB{ l-r t,t,,la][Y used in moderate
mnr
r
_:uSEesrlan ailing character.
hre ]tr:
1li'iE overdo this
look,
m f, nr:r:rr: -age will result.
Characters ln the case of an adult female, emphasizing the curving at the
waist underscores femininity. The pelvis should also be widened. Builds A through C above may be used for girls.
flllf,lllltu,Hr":,,
tiuintilllllflr',r,;
,ulltrllr
af
BU
iI
dS
i
-uscular build, first you will need to learn how the muscles connect. Still, avoid an overly -:fresentation, or your characters will look freakish. Give moderate emphasis to the chest
Irr llltrllur
:rrrr-r3ar muscles to create a general brawny impression.
M
-;\ o
o
: ^,-/
The arms are thick and the hands, small. The shoulders are broad and the waist, narrow. Use strong lines from top to bottom.
_(-
L I
Girl Emphasize the chest and the tapering of the waist to achieve the desired look.
Remember to Think in 3 Dimensions -scles are not flat but 3: mensional, so you need
: think.in volumes when
them. lt is ".rawing "rnavoidable: muscles nnove and have shadows, rrtality, and luster. Study bodybuilders and
athletes to learn about muscle volume.
Short Lesson Mismatching to Create lndividuality
O i*t I touched on this earlier as a cautionary point, but in actuality disrupting the figure's proportional balance or assembling very different body parts may make for an i nteresting character.
Needless to say, this is not always the case, and if the degree, or reason for stylization is unclear, then the
resulting character will just appear awkward rather than
ltt
A
tll
unique.
Skillfully contrived mismatching is occasionally used in character design. For example, an elderly character with aleft eyes or an effeminate male instructor may strike you as inconsistent, but this incongruence makes for a fasci nating, individualistic character.
---7-
Example of mismatching where some sod of ingenuity is needed- like dressing the character in
Mismatch of a child
with an adult's face
-osi
(\r
Mismatch of a suited businessman with a boyish face
nt with
\'2 n-
J6 \;
r,tirthout meaning
;' practice, mismatches iomposed using odd rropottions could "iave unfortunate results.
zL
\=---
\_.-J!)
Proportioning Arms and Legs & o,,: How long should the arms and legs be made to achieve a well-balanced look? The answer is so that they match the body. ln truth, even though children's limbs come in varying lengths, proportionally they do not differ that much from adults. lgnoring the head size and calculating the limb length based on the body's height should allow you to create a well-balanced super-deformed character.
Arms and legs look well proportioned so long as they suit the body's frame.
@
Aim
for a nalural
pofbrayal, uoinq well-balanced
armo and lege.
'9,
lrsr"rpting Balance for Effective Comedic Portrayal ,iil;lllmrrrmlie'1
Cisrupting the balance may have
eftmts in the case of comedic portrayals. a,t a few examples. [r:F ,tiilflfl":
iltflfliJrluLs
Use
o{/a
W,6 Lens
@ g
Undersized Head
Super-deformed Character Portrayal This topic was covered earlier in this book, so let's consider this
review. Characters with headtobody ratios of 1:3 or 1:2 are perfectly acceptable, but when the character is poftrayed in engaging in an act, the joints will have to be bent. Naturally, there are actions that do not require bending. However for those occasions where straight joints appear awkward, artists use a crude technique whereby the number of heads-to-body-length is increased. As a cautionary note, when altering the head-to-body ratio, keep the change to a minimum, and avoid
extreme changes in the degree of stylization.
Bend Joints, Modifvinq the Head-to-Bodv Ratio as Needed
0 o
\,,
Skillfully adjust the headtobody ratio according to the situation, such as exemplified in A and B. Manga is a created product, and super-deformed characters do whatever their creators want (grin).
*rs:-Jrted Super-deformed Character Actions
-J\
6 tr'
-r/ My leet have qone numb.,.
\L ,orr,
Loolr ln-Depth'.li1ii'x'*tli.ltl::i:.]lii:t
III-trE;rlr1:l,!i-U9,Err:,..;lrl:li:::i;i1illtii;:r;it:iriiiitlii:;1;ti:r:i:tt,:r,:1;,t,l,
M o d i fy
,\
i
nsr1; 61;ifi
r$ffi 6ffi
.::i:,,:il.,:titi:ii.:],i:]t'lti'.::ri.l,itllliilli:.,li:i:itl
tA*o
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This is; a co*inusiial1irffiihe$reii6_r$tdi$ contiiiiqatlq0.o{ilmpteti6ii$:disk$disi;:.;irlit.Aq€p(F8! itrr.,.',,,,los efrpected'Il :$i{,g0es.l!$i:Og1lliigragii0!$gtg(ll,yl 9(!IIl gli lYhen modif,yiI$:tl10lptoeiti0n6:mm:tltg0riguql;li::.:i:: modifyiI$:ttt0tpmporthns from the originql;liti.:i::rlilgl6ttdiii:g:tt! rli! :nP**01 .!i:iagogibulaM]]liasiii exacr n naturallv natu ral ly crircitrf cIrclihtKUld:tSC'tak$ti:With,:$ffliAat00l€eii:t:l::i0f iii:re;:i:liii:1i3:gt3[e,rmtir::9gg!:rt$:!ate:&rbe 0lilirbb taken with stvlization c&;i:r::ri{,f:r:1:i3;3t:Xhe;ri :X. gglliii$ily0lii:,!i$ual: (as mentiorlddltltatleffiikt{irAbeith0l:nlo$ifittdrrtlirltriti:tiii:i::is:i{!lp :tit irii::i:ii:ia:ii:ls:i{!lp rihiit.!0u:gslli,ii$ily0tii:,!isual,,$ense,,. :sBrrserrr tihatttqu: characteru iljiistillBr
exemplified in ttre flgures below. Consequenfi you, the artist, need to practice not and master llqqltllrl'i.lr:ilriiir:i fA.gI|&E::al}C&A&!QIIi A&EIillegQi:EQ:p. one de$iri,{ ee'ry$S. , but many.
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C"Xhapter 3
offio*o
Character Design 0n-Location
ffioq3 I would like to discuss here stylized characters I designed some time ago. A game manufacturer had contracted me to create a character. The figures that you find on these two pages are all this character (chuckle). First of all, in order to create a presentation to determine how the stylized character should look, the artist has to play around with various looks for the same lead character. There is the young lad type, the hero type, the dunderhead type, and many more. Then all of the prototype characters created are pared down, and only one is selected as the lead.
ln this case, the boy with the staff on the following page was the one selected. Next, I thought about how this stylized character would look in a sub-screen in a more realistic rendition and developed the more
realistic version based on the stylized original. lf the artist creates a realistic character from a stylized one, an entirely different set of techniques is used than those described herein. ln such cases, I recommend think about what features to abbreviate and how to create a super-deformed character while you imagine how the super-deformed character would look if he or she had a regular manga character headto-body ratio. This will facilitate the reverse process.
Draft
Draft 2
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ln the case of this heroine, I selected the girl holding
the staff to be the super-deformed character for the realistic version, but the character actually used ended up being the girl in the shorts on the following page. Thus, there are various paths that can be taken before the final character is determined (wry laugh).
Realistic Version
74
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Draft
1
% Dratt 2
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'deformed Character
Realistic
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Here, I have included the nemesis of the hero and heroine previously This is a favorite character of mine, and I have used her as a heroine in one of my mangaworks, " Binpatsu lchiban," and in crowd scenes (panels jam-packed with characters) in which I have participated. When I look at her now, I realize she looked pretty fetching with long hair in her earlier drafts too (chuckle).
Draft
1
Character
Charactei
nrs b the hero's young male Sdekidc At fte planning stage, lrc was to be a bandit, so ltried rehin a bit of that flavor in
b
Realistic Version
fiis image. It is tenific to give characters idiosyncratic skills like this. However, the hero or heroine could
hen seem bland in comparison.
a
The creator certainly does face a number of difficult issues.
Draft
1
'deformed Charactef
n
\9
Super-deformed Characters and Stylizing Clothes
ffio#
Up to now, we have been focusing on super-deformed character faces and figures. However,
it has
probably occurred to you that there is an accessory that characters absolutely need-clothing. 0bviously, since super-deformed characters are wearing this clothing, it should not be realistically drawn. For that reason, the clothing must be stylized to match the super-deformed character. Use similar means as you do for the face and figure to draw out distinguishing features in the clothing. A slight ditference in pen stroke could affect the flavor of the article. The mood projected by the wearer affects the clothing article as well. Likewise, sensibilities of the artist could make the character look tacky or neat and tidy. (l guess this is all moot for naked characters).
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Clean and Fresh
and
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Glose-up
Long Shot
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Jlothing is used less substantially than the face as a means of distinguishing a character's individuality. a result, clothing stylization can be pushed to the limits in long shots and still be recognizable. :lease refer to the belt example above. -rs
Somewhat of an exception to this rule would be clothing where we do not see the character's face, such as spacesuits or firefighter uniforms. ln these cases, the distinguishing features themselves project
fie character's personality. Gonsequently, pushing stylization to the limits, as mentioned earlier must be held n check, while the clothing is executed so as to project
individuality.
/n \/
l,
Points of Caution in Drawing Kimono Traditional Japanese clothing requires particular attention when drawing. Recently, young Japanese have fewer oppoftunities to wear kimono, and some have never even worn traditional Japanese dress. 0f course, personal interests may be at play here, which is perfectly fine. However, if you, as the aftist, ever find yourself having to draw Rimono, you will be in need of accurate knowledge. 0n these next pages I discuss common mistakes in drawing kimono. The most important factor concerning kimonois "construction." To explain this briefly, s0 even someone not interested in detailed kimonolacls will understand, an undergarment structured identically lo a Rimono is worn underneath the kimono proper. Conceive of this as a kimonobeing worn over a kimono.The artist needs to be aware of this fact and include overlapping collars when
drawing kimono.
It sure io Nouqh drawinq kimono, huh?
Io
lla r
r':,-see3figuresof kimonocollars.Thetopfigureisthemostrealisticrepresentation.Amoderate :rr t,i cf that resulted in the next figure. At this stage, the Inner collar is still visible, which is the
{iillliiillr ifl
1"
:irir""ilr ':tresentation. There may be rare occasions when the outer collar should perfectly overlap and lll ),: *1": :l'e inner collar. Since this only results when two outer kimono are worn, normally hiding the inner
;l) i,: : -,cthing more than a gross error. 1"r { r-rB underneath is a more extreme stylization. Because the under kimono is typically white, the line lri'1
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lrhere one half folds under the other may be omitted in consideration of lighting. However, :;8"-e line for the outer kimono should be retained.
-' i'i?r more stylized collar would be that worn on the girl. Both the fold line of the inner and outer collars * r' :e omitted, as seen on the girl. However, leaving a nominal fold line of just a few millimeters will - ,*"r; me kimono infinitely more visually comprehensible.
Realistic Rendition
Moderate Stvlization
Some of you may be interested in how creases on kimono
should be handled. However, lhe kimono's construction makes
r a fabric with very complex ways of moving. Consequently, if iou try to position creases accurately, before you know it, you could wind up with a realistic looking drawing. Unless it is absolutely necessary, avoid adding creases, ln fact, I recommend that you render the fabric's texture as an object with volume without using creases.
Extreme
Stylizing Clothing P ctured on these pages is a variety of clothing. Please note that while attire is impoftant, it needs to retain some relationship with the character, and overall visual balance must be maintained. lf not, then your carefully designed clothing will be for naught. Refer to cautionary points and discussion of mismatching lvhen designing your characters' exciting outfits.
(@' ily Restauranf Waitress Uniform
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Super-deformed Characters and Backgrounds
#oe
All righty then, we discussed clothing, and we discussed the face and the figure, so you may think that this book on human figures should be coming to a close. However, truth be told, we still have more ground to cover. Your lovingly designed characters still need a space in which to dwell. So, let's take these next few pages to discuss backgrounds.
)uVer- def ormed characlere need euper-deformed backqroundo!
Buildings inevitably appear somewhere in a background, and like people, buildings always have distinguishing features. Let's look at emphasizing these features. Often, simply adding some form of signage will indicate that a typical building is for commercial use. lncluding hanging ad posters or ad
balloons on a multilevet building creates the illusion of a department store or supermarket. Prominently place a clock on a symmetrical building and scatter shrubbery here and there to create a school. Add balconies to exterior windows, outdoor mechanical units and a water tank to the roof to create an apartment building. lf you have successfully identified the distinguishing features of a woodstructure apaftment house, you should be able to use them even when modifying the degree of stylization.
0ommercial Buildin
rT--1-=T-1
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re Apartment House While you do not need to draw the fine details, the number of roughly drawn details should match the original. Perspective may also be disregarded to a certain extent.
----r-T-l Store
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flat roof, the number of shrubs, spaciousness ofthe yard, and curtains in the windows help suggest an affluent house. Modifying the roof's shape, the house's wiffi, and the placement of trees
A
in the yard results in an average home.
with a Yard
Stylizing Cityscapes While I did write "cityscape," distant views of buildings rendered as skylines perhaps appear better as super-deformed character backdrops. Please note, however, that building outline heights must be drawn randomly. 0therwise, your skyline will look like a bunch of oscilloscope pulses, which will cause your scene to lose iB sense of a living space and reality. Perhaps beginners might be better off looking at an actual photograph when drawing the undulations in the cityscape. Another special stylization effect is reverse perspective. This technique consists of making the bottom of the building smaller rather than the top, which would be normal practice. This gives the buildings an eccentric flavor. Use this technique strategically, however. Overuse could cause the look to lose its idiosyncratic nature.
.Lssorted Backgrounds and
Props
i
For coffee shops and similar venues, include the bare minimum of props necessary. I feel that sketching the props freehand adds a nice flavor to the afiwork.
Drawing CD-R0M drives on computers makes them look more convincing.
Cotfee
a
Could be a Mac
a Self-built
PC
mafirm can aho be exaggerated according to the situation or intended use. However, take care. Wme fmw the sun touches a mountain, etc. helps express volume and time, adding too much hffitng and pen strokes could muddle the direction of light, causing your artwork to appear flat.
The prefened method for suggesting wind is to show a character's hair or clothing fluttering. tlowever, in those cases where this is not an option, simple lines may also be used.
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Posing Super-deformed Characters
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0n ffie next few pages are stylized characters of assorted occupations and in various dress to be
Many feelthat in recent yearc manga characters have been becoming less distinctive. ln the past,
used as reference.
characters were s0 clearly expressed that one could glean what type or role he or she played in a single glance. The schoolyard gang leader, probably soon to be designated an endangered species, is one such character. And then there is the pampered rich kid somewhere in his entourage. Fujiko Fujio's method of drawing out a character's individuality to the max, which is considered proper practice, is still continued in manga circlestoday. Fujiko's characters are so terrific that even those picking up his work for the first time are able to understand the characters' roles. I mentioned this earlier, but this is what defines a character's distinctiveness. Characters that the reader visually cannot discern who they are and what they are doing will not last years down the road. So, what prevents you from trying to create your own characterjust saturated in individuality right now?
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When the subject of boys comes up, I can t,
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think of numerous characters to create using exaggeration techniques: an imp with a sword; a spunky, brawling, scrape-covered scamp, a numbskull, and a gloomy Gus. I might even be able to think up more. Each pen stroke and each prop greatly affects the characters' looks.
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Doctors come in various forms. There are kindly doctors and quacks. For the latter, draw the doctor hunched over, to suggest a sense of danger like that one might find in a darkened alley. However, take care when drawing the character hunched over that the figure rounds only at the shoulders and not the small of the back. (0thenrvise, you will unfortunately end up with an elderly character. A definitively different style of bad posture is needed from that when created elderly characters,)
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4iC As when drawing a boy, exploiting minor distinguishing features can suggest personality differences within a given profession. For example, even amongst
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police officers and detectives, there is a wide assoftment of possibilities: a respectful and polite rookie cop; a sunglass-sporting hot-blooded detective; or a shrewd detective, like Columbo. Alternatively, for police officers, it might be interesting to show a disparity between the otficer at work and in private, as is shown in the illustration.
(
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A schoolteacher is regarded as a
sacred profession. Still, a little
tinkering can create a character such as Kinpachi from the TV series "Sannen B-gumi Knpachi-sensef' (Mr. Kinpachi's Third-Grade Class); a straitlaced, uptight teacher; a teacher so mean, he eats children for breakfast; or a mobster-looking teacher.
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Methods of Stylization in Game Characters
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What you see pictured here are simulation game characters lcreated approximately 10 years ago.Atthe time, stylization techniques where still being developed, which is probably apparent in these images, but I still hope that you find them useful as reference. ln the case of SLGs (Simulation Games), the characters usually appear in panels, so unlike the characters in " Dokapon Gaiden," these characters were not intended to move, and it was important to emphasize design as a still picture. As a result, you may find that some of the char4cters probably couldn't move if
fiey tried.
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These too are characters I created about 10 years
ago, so stylistically they
look a bit different from what we have today. When I designed them, I had given due
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consideration to their roles to make them distinctive. Again, I hope you find them useful as reference.
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m!ffi @oglze for putting these characters in the reverse order. 0n this page appear characters I created ment stylization techniques. You will probably notice the different degree of stylization and handling
,lumq
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mr
wpt
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wk in fiese characters as opposed
to those on the previous 3 pages. Monsters are a type of ;cilil$lde), so it is acceptable to handle their stylization the same as you would a human heavy. mte, lpwever, that how you execute them will affect whether you make them scary or lovable.
llhr ffienstein Monster, Creature of the Black Lagoon, werewolf, etc. are drawn with the same eye level G r rilunan. fur heightened drama, the heads may be enlarged to boost the sense of tension or fear. lurmmmty, using a perspective whereby the head is made smaller does create a psychological state of
um' m tfst fie monster appears to be looking down at the viewer, However, take care: a super-deformed rlltffffi@/s personality is concentrated in the face, s0 making the head smaller could backfire on you.
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Super-deformed Character Gallery
ffio&
Super-deformed Character Designs for Children's Television Programs 0n these pages are characters I created for an old children's television program. Sadly, they were never used (wry laugh). I am not sure how appropriate the phrase "children's program" is. However, these characters required an
unusual execution, whereby the figure was to appear flat and yet rendered as if seen in 3-D. To explain this in simpler terms, the characters were to appear as flat, two-dimensional objects. Color was also handled in such a manner as not to create a solid feel but rather to make the various parts distinguishable. There are shoujo manga artists who create flattish characters but use brushstrokes and gradation tone (a method of adding "color") miraculously to create a sense of volume. However, to a yet unsophisticated, young child such characters look fake. To young children, who take these images at face value, a flat character should be flat, and forcing 3-dimensionality on such a character is nothing less than offensive. There may even be adults who look at shoujo mangaand react with similar distaste. Thus, the character must first be regarded as a flat plane. Then, the character must be regarded as a 3-dimensional object that is able to move, in order to make a child's fantasy world come alive, where the child can play with the character. Consequently, an innocent child would sense a clash if one were to use heavy-handedly the methods of head-to-body ratio adjustment discussed previously. Hence, this was another point that needed attention. Stylization intended for children's consumption is extremely complicated requiring subtle balance and involving issues unthinkable for normal stylized characters. Even more, execution of these characters requires awareness of using clean, carefully placed lines thickly drawn to a certain extent, rather than thin detailed strokes, and it is not an exaggeration to say that stylized children's characters are absolutely the final goal of this book. Please note that our discussion of character execution as it appears in this book is still incomplete, and hope to cover more in later volumes.
I
Super-deformed Character Design for Gaming ""ress are from the unreleased character profiles game msqned for the " Dokapon Gaiden" some
1
I
Mrriie ago.
tre characters designed for the SLG $snssed earlier, these characters are stylized -u"xti{e
fie assumption that they would have to be mpable of motion, since Dokapon required a certain ffiqree of movement. Thus, I needed to achieve raance in the degree of stylization and to execute fe joints believably. mrder
The
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has Lo
think abou| the o' ely lizaLi o n balance eo lhaL he or ehe can ?ortray action
ch a r a cNer
correctly.
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Super-deformed Character Design for Gaming 2
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pages appear some of the characters I created for the game discussed on p. 98. They have been zed to illustrate their professions and other qualities, but they have not been executed to allow motion,
rese
as novement is not a prerequisite of SLGs. These characters represent various occupations and uniqueness. Their "eccentricities" are strongly crcjected. Conversely, the 2 protagonists appearing at the bottom of p. 1 1 1 do not exhibit strong portrayal c'f eccentricity, but rather their uniqueness is downplayed. The reason for this is if the frequently appearing
protagonist was a strongly eccentric character and the player became accustomed to this, then that would cause the other highly idiosyncratic characters to lose their distinctiveness. Metaphorically, the protagonist is like the white rice of a meal, while the opponent chara@rs are like the side dishes. An opponent character, like a side dish, is more interesting if it changes from day to day. However, if the protagonist, were not like white rice, but like fried rice or chicken and rice, wouldn't you
grow tired of it? That is why the uniqueness of the protagonists pictured at the bottom of p. 111 were minimized somewhat.
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Chapte r 4
o o*offio Super-deformed Character Odds and Ends
Let's Compare
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s a titfle bonus. I wondered what it might be like to redo using stylized characters a collection of ffiayg6shorb trat were published some time ago, so I played around a little, and the results are what
Ftere
you see on
fie
next few pages.
just can't lronically, I do draw considerable amounts of regular manga (chuckle), but for some reason I shake my reputation as a gag mangaartist. So, I figured since that is what people think of me anyway, I might as well parody my own manga.The published collection consisted of 4 regular shotts. At the volume's end I added a brief, collective parody of the preceding shorts (grin). I hope you enjoy comparing the originals with their parodies.
Thio is juot, a tyVical ohoppinq area. bul,to her, it, musN be like a children'o amusemenN park. SLill,l enjoy oeeinq ouhere ha??y.
Hey, eince we
came all t,he Um...l gueoo.
way to Nhe big ciLy, can I do a
little
Wowl Even
ohoVVing?
the peoVle in
lhe sf,reet are otylizea.
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Note that the backgrounds are also stylized.
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l,ello, DetecLive.
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UnforLunaLely, if rhe memory of the murder is
@.'\
expunqed, any recollectrion of her molher will also
Low is she doinq, DocLor?
vanieh, eo eeparaLing the Lwo is difficulL.
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7he'e doing well.
7he'e receivinq her f,realmenl
ae advieed, and expecl her lo be discharqed early.
r lfuqI
I
9o, can you iell ue
whal happened to that, kid, afLer Lhat?
SeVaraLin7
l,he lwo, huh?
@-:
a litLle ehocking evenl.
WelL we had
What, hapVened
lo
lhe director?
W ell,
ltello, Oeleclive.
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Well, Lheir
cernenl mixlure
seems somehow off.
um...l'eheh eh...
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ffi ffi
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low arethey?
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Do you wanL
to hear whal
I
know? Gen drew Lhe parody from memory, eo he 4oofed, up lhe poeilioninq of the deleclive and r,he doclor. Tee heel
Realistic manga is an experimental work, where the artist can play with expressions in lines and planes. Thus, parody manga may have more of a sense of volume (wry laugh).
Nanmaida
1
\
(Duddhiot prayer).
\Nanmaida.
Vmen.
boom,boom,boom
Amen.
A parody of a sentimental ending can look like...
eorry tolko. Thie collecl,ion of shorls is out of print and can only be found now aL uee d b o okeLores, online auction sites, or reissued publication oiLee.
@
Special Bonus
Mix and Match to lmprove Facial Layout Skills
#oo
You have probably gained an understanding of how irnportant the facial layout is to a super-deformed
character. So now, let's work 0n your layout skills using this special bonus supplement mix-and-match.
You'll have even more fun using eyes, mouths, and other features that you draw yourself. play around with different features and try designing your own facial layout.
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aufior, I sincerely hope you have acquired some
ffirr?:;a:o,r of super-deformed characters. Still, I realize that you have r***- iirrc,rced to only a portion of stylistic techniques given the rmrmr]'s of U'rat presented in this volume. To understand super-
m,i:rec
cnaracters, an artist must staft by gaining thorough familiarity ,rurrff :e aqtJal human form and realistic drawings. Realistic drawings n'ru}'rr rle tansformation of the original picture or photograph and, Hrse:Je'nty. are rather easy to draw. However, drawing super ns.i:red cnaracters requires that the artist overcome various :::rx[-ars. so they do take exponentially more time to draw than ,?fr si,r Crarvings, Simply drawing and abbreviating is not how to create r s;88..-,0€formed character. I personally believe that a character will qx r:,nC and last for years to come if it is executed in a manner that ahr*s i to live within the world you created. I encourage the reader to ;::;i:E sriper-deformed characters with even more interest and appeal.
lnst
Profile: Gen Sato
iar
:eoLted as a manga artist with his " Gundam" parody work, " Bakusho Senshi SD Gundam" (Riotously Funny lulir*r:r SD Gundam), published by Kodansha. Sato is currently active as an anime and manga creator as well as
r .
r-s:r-uctor of new generations of aftists at various trade schools.
'lrif,l'rne
Projects Participated
lle-a,o
r;-n
Doremi Dokkaan!'("Pestering Witch, Kaboom!"),'Ashita no Naaja" (fomorrow's Nadja), "/ppafsu Kanta-
0ne-hit Kanta), "Sfln Lupin-sansel'(New Lupin llll,"Sutajingaa" (Spaceketeers"),"Gatcharnan ll," (Pink Ladies' Story), "Asflta no Joe llffomorrow's Joe ll), "Ucltu Senkan Yamato ll'
,rv;redy Monogatarl'
Ha:e
Battleship Yamato ll), " Zendaman," " Ginga Tetsudo 999' (Galaxy Express 999), " Ucltu Senshi Baldios" Scam Warrior Baldios), " Sengoku Majin Goshogun" (Goshogun, Demon of the Warring States), " Daioja," s-ryiam ll," " Gundam lll," "Votoms," " Cmsher Joe," " Kyojin Gogu" (Giant Gogu), " Dirty Pair,' " Futari Taka" ffwo
/' through " SD Gundam Vl," " Maitchingu Machiko-sensei' (Miss Machiko), " Manga nete Monogatari(First-Time-in-Manga Stories), and many more.
-am'ksr. " SD Gundam
*, .
Domics
-psumi!Watashi no SarDoi' (Goodnight, My Cyborg Boy;Tokuma Shoten Publishing Co.), "Aidoru Tantei Hirashi
'r
Snakase" (Leave it to Hiroshi, The Dashing Detective; Tokuma Shoten Publishing Co.), " Famikon Hissho Doio" Earnrly Computer, GoAhead and Laugh;athree-volume series published by Kodansha Ltd. Publishers),"Bakusha
-??6hl SD Gundam" (Riotously Funny Warrior SD Gundam; an eight-volume series published by Kodansha Ltd.
;-clishers), " Mina-san! Banbaman desu yo!!' (Everyone! lt's Bomberman!!; a four-volume series published by
rodansha Ltd. Publishers), " Binpatsu lchiban" (Best in Hair; a two-volume series published by Kadokawa Shoten >rbiishing Co., Ltd.), " Famikon Tanteidan" (Family Computer Detective Squad; a two-volume series published by
l*ta
Publishing Co., Ltd.), and many more.
. 0trers $ippen no Miko-chan" (third generation of the commercial manga characler), i'flovie: " Tokiwa-so no Seishun fl-okiwa: The Manga Apartment; served as manga production supervisor), irlrppon Television FAN (as program illustrator, etc.)
We're covering animale in How lo DrawManga: Suoer-Deformed
ChLractere Vol. 2ll
LIS
$19.99
About the Author Gen Sato debuted as a mango artist with his "Gundom" parody wotk,"Bokusho Senshi SD Gundam" (Riotously FunnyWarrior SD Gundam), published by Kodansha. He is currently active as an anime and manga creator as well as an instructor of new generations of artists at various trade schools.
m nir. howtod rawman ga. com powered
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&
..........9294
HEALESVILLE ........ 5962 4423 9294 3120 LILYDALE MONTROSE ............ 9728 4224 r\,tooRooLBARK .... 9726 4200 rvtT EVELYN ............ 9736 3851 RANGES IV]OBILE -- 9754 7266 VALLEY l\itOBtLE .... 9294 3120 YABRAJUNCTION 5967 1588
I
