Modern Technology of Printing & Writing INKS (with Formulae & Processes)
Info In form rmat atio ion n ab abou out t the Book Title:
Modern Technology Technology of Printing & Writing Inks (with Formulae & Processes) 2nd Revised Edition NIIR Board of Consultants & Engineers
:
Paperback
:
:
9788178330822
:
EN I 75
:
480
: :
2015
Asia Pacific Business Press Inc.
Introduction Ink is a liquid or paste that contains pigments or dyes and is used to colour a surface to produce an image, text, or desi design gn.. Ink Ink is used used for for draw drawiing or writ writiing with with a pen pen, brush rush,, or qui quill. ll. Thi Thicker cker inks inks,, in past paste e form form,, are are used used extensively in letterpress and lithographic printing. Ink can
be
a
pigments,
complex dyes,
medium, resins,
composed lubricants,
of
solvents,
solubilizers,
surfa surfact ctan ants ts,, parti particul culat ate e matte matter, r, fluor fluores esce cent nts, s, and and other other materials.
The components of inks serve many purposes; the
ink’s
carrier, colorants, and other additives affect the flow and thickness of the ink and its appearance when dry. Indi India a is amon among g the the fast fast grow growin ing g prin printi ting ng & writ writin ing g ink ink mark market ets s glob global ally ly spur spurre red d by the the rapi rapid d expans xpansio ion n of the the domestic print markets.
Backed by a strong demand from key end user segments such as package package printing, printing, newsprint, publishing publishing and other commercial printing, the printing ink market in India has registered strong growth over the years. The printing ink industry
is
fragmented
with
hundreds
of
manufacturers and a large number of players in the unorganised sector.
Printing ink sector in India witnessed a growth of around 7.5% per annum during the Past years. Printed pack packag agin ing g acco accoun unts ts for for arou around nd 27% 27% of the the dema demand nd for for prin printi ting ng inks inks in Indi India a foll follow owed ed by news newspa pape pers rs at 20%. 20%. Commercial printing/promotional and printed advertising together account for around 19% of the demand.
Other
key
end
user
segments
for
printing
inks
include books and stationery. With the print sector forec recast to grow at around 8% per annum, in coming years, printing ink segment is expected to grow strongly. This handbook is designed for use by everyone engaged in the the prin printi ting ng & writ writin ing g ink ink indu indust stry ry and and the the asso associ ciat ated ed industries. It provides all the information required by the ink technical for the day-to-day formulation of inks.
It supp suppli lies es the detai details ls of the manu manufac factu turi ring ng meth methods ods,, including large-scale production, and gives guidance on achieving
quality
assessment
and
total
quality
mana manage geme ment nt spec specif ific icat atio ions ns.. The The book book also also desc descri ribe bes s prop proper erti ties es and uses uses of the the raw raw mate materi rial als s used used in the the formulation of printing & writing inks.
The major content of the book are the colour and colour matching, raw materials, printing inks, ink formulations, applications problems, writing inks, project profile, how to estimate, order & handle
ink, testing of
writing &
misce iscell llan aneo eous us inks inks,, test testiing of prin printi ting ng inks inks,, roll roller ers, s, waterborne inkjet inks. The book contains addresses of raw material suppliers, plant & machinery suppliers with their Photographs. This book will be a mile stone for the entrepreneurs, existing units, libraries etc.
Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION Visual Characteristics of Inks The colour of Inks The Transparency Transparency and opacity of printing inks The gloss of printing inks The nature of Printing Inks As Determined By The printing Process Flexographic and gravure inks Lithographic and letterpress inks Screen Inks
The drying characteristics Absorption drying Oxidation drying Evaporation drying Chemical drying Radiation induced drying The Adhesive Nature of Printing Inks The Resistance properties of Printing Inks Lightfactness Heat resistance Abrasion resistance resistance Product resistance resistance Weathering
2. THE PRINTING PROCESSES The Letterpress Process Press Configurations The Platen press Flat-bed cylinder press Rotary presses Letterpr Letterpress ess forme forme production production Original plates Line Plates Halftone plates Duplicate plates Make-ready: Substrates Applications
Rotary Ink Quickset Ink High-gloss Ink Moisture-set Ink Water-Washable Ink New Ink Miscellaneous Job Ink The Offset Lithographic Process The Printing unit The damping system, The offset blanket Press Configurations The small offset press Larger sheet-fed presses
Web offset presses Blanket-to-blanket press Common-Impression drum presses Three-cylinder presses Oithogra Oithographic phic platemakin platemaking g Presensit Presensitised ised surface surface plates plates Wipe-on Plates Deep-etch plates Multi-metal plates Electrostatic imaged plates Chemical diffusion transfer transfer plates Photod Photodir irect ect plates plates Laser exposed plates Direct image plates
The driogra driographi phicc plate plate Process control Platemaki Platemaking ng control control Control in colour printing Inkduct Inkduct pre-setti pre-setting ng and control control Substrates and inks Ultra Ultra-vi -viole olett (UV) (UV) eurin euring g inkds inkds 25 Infra-red radiation 25 Inks for lithography Dry offset of Letterst Fundamentals of Lithograph L ithography y Lithographic Problems The Gravure process The printing unit The inking system
Doctor blades The impression roll Drying system Press Configurations Gravure Gravure cylinder preparation Conventional Conventional etching Single bath etching Halftone Process Double positive system-halftone gravure Halftone gravure Mechanical engraving Lasergravure Press control systems Substrates and inks Applications
Gravure Inks The Flexographic Process The printing unit Press configurations Flexographic Flexographic platemaking Rubber plates Photopolymer plates Plate mounting Applications Flexographic Inks Flexographic Problems, The screen printing process Press configurations Screen Stencil Manufacture Manufacture
Mounting the Screen Application of the stencil After treatment Substrates and inks Application Electrostatic Electrostatic Printing Copper Plate and Die Stamping Non-Impact Printing processes Ink-jet Printing Continuous jet Impulse or drop on demand Electrophotography Print Recognition Letterpress
Flexography Lithography Offset Letterpress Gravure Screen Printing Non_Im Non_Impac pactt printi printing ng Substrate Substrate Selection General Paper properties Runnability Printability
3. COLOUR AND COLOUR MA MATCHING TCHING The Physical nature of Colour Light Sources The Perception of colour The eye Defective colour vision Chromatic adaptation and colour constancy Metamerism Dichrosim Illumination quality and levels Additive and Subtractive Colour Mixing The additive primaries The subtractive primaries The CIE System Origins of colour in Printed Material
Pigments Dyes Origins of colour Transparency and opacity Colour Strenghtss Substrate effects Colour Index Classificaton Classificaton Graphic Reproduction Three-colour printing Four-Colour printing Under colour removal Masking Half-tone dots Dot gain Dot Generation
The Measurement of Colour Colorimeters Densitometer spectrophotometers Optical geometry The Recording of Colour data And the Specification of colour Colour Difference Colour Matching Selection of raw materials Matching techniques The colour circle Procedures Oil Inks Liquid Inks Instrumental Colour match Prediction
4. RAW MATERIAL MATERIALS S Pigments Yellow Pigments Diarylide Diarylide Yellows ellows Irono Ironoxid xide e yellow yellowss Tartrazine artrazine yellow yellow lake Chrome yellows Cadmium yellows Fluorescent yellow Orange Pigments DNA Orange Pyraz Pyrazolo olone ne orang orange e Diaryli Diarylide de orang orange e Fast Orange 52G
Benzimidaz Benzimidazolone olone orange orange HL Ethyl lake red C Red Pigments Para Red Naphthol Naphthol Red (Or (Or Permanent Permanent Red Red Frre) Toluidi oluidine ne Red Red Permanent Red 'R' (Chlorinated Para Red) Carmine Carmin e F.B. Naph Naphtho tholl F4R F4R Naph Naphtho tho Red Red LF Permanent Red FRL Bordeaux FRR (F4R) Naph Naphtho tholl Red Red Naphth Naphthol ol Red Red Light Light Naphth Naphthol ol Red Red Dark Dark
Lith Lithol ol reds reds Bon Red (Lack red C Bon) Lake Red C Lith Lithol ol Rubi Rubin n 4B BON Maroon PMTA PMTA Pink, rhodamine rhodamine 6 G Molybdate Orange, Chrome Scarlet, Scarlet, Orange Orange Chrome Calmi Calmium um Red Red BON Arylami Arylamide de Red, Red, Naph Naphthol thol Red Red FGR FGR Quinac Quinacrid ridone one Magent MagentaY aY Naphth Naphthol ol Carmine Carmine FBB FBB Copper Ferrocya Ferrocyanide nide Pink Naphth Naphthol ol Red Red F5RK F5RK Benzimidaz Benzimidazolone olone Carmine HF3C Naph Naphth thol ol Rubi Rubine ne F6B F6B
Benzimidaz Benzimidazolone olone Carmine Carmine HF4C Rubi Rubine ne Red Red 6B 6B Quinacridone Quinacridone Magenta Magenta B Benzimidaz Benzimidazolone olone Red HF2B Naphth Naphthol ol Red Red F6RK F6RK Azo Azo Ma Mage gent nta aG Anthraquino Anthraquinone ne Scarlet Scarlet Quinac Quinacrido ridone ne Violet Violet Benzimidaz Benzimidazolone olone Bordeaux Bordeaux HF HF 3 R Green Pigments Blue Pigments Violet Pigments Brown Pigments Black Pigments
White Pigments and Extenders Pearlescent Materials Metallic Pigments Fluorescent Pigments General Properties of Pigments Acid Dyes Basic Dyes Solvent Dyes Disperse Dyes Drying Vegetable Oils Linseed oil Tung oil (China wood oil) Oiti Oitici cica ca oil oil Dehydrated castor oil Other oils
Marine oils Non Non -dryig -dryign n oils oils News News ink inkd d oils oils Non-drying vegetable oils Resins Natural Resins Shellac Manila copal Asphalts Starch and dextrin Gum arabic Synthetic resins Pure Pure phenolic phenolic resins resins Rosin-mod Rosin-modified ified phenoli phenolicc resins resins
Pigment Interactions Hard resin interactions interactions Film-forming properties Hydrocarbon resins Polystyrene Polystyrene resins and copolymers Terpene erpene resins resins Silicone resins Alkylated Alkylated urea formaldeh formaldehyde yde resins resins Alkylated Alkylated melamine melamine formaldehy formaldehyde de resins Polyamide resins Poly (amide imide) resins Chlorinated rubber Cyclised rubber (isomerised rubber) Vinyl resins
Polyvinyl alcohol Keto Ketone ne resin resinss Acrylic resins Epoxid Epoxide e resins resins Polyisoc Polyisocyana yanates tes and polyurethane polyurethaness Nitrocellulose, N/C (Cellulose nitrateCN) Ethy Ethyle le cellul cellulose ose Ethyl hydroxyethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC) Cellulose acetate propionate (CAP) Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) Sodium Sodium carboxymeth carboxymethyl yl cellulose cellulose (CMC) Chemical constitution Section V: Solvents Hydrocarbon Solvents
Low boiling petroleum distillate-alipatic distillate-alipatic White spirt Paraffin oil (kerosene0 High boiling petroleum distillates-aliphatic distillates-aliphatic Hydrocarb Hydrocarbon on solventssolvents- naphthenic naphthenic Aromatic hydrocarbons High boiling aromatic solvents Alcohols Glycols Ketones Esters Section VI : Plasticisers Section VII: Waxes Synthetic waxes Polyethylene waxes
Polytetrafluoroethylene Halogenated hydrocarbon waxes Fatty acid amides Petroleum waxes Slack wax Scale wax Fully refined paraffin wax Pettr Pettrolatu olatum m or petroleum petroleum jelly jelly Microcrystalline waxe Ceresin wax Mont Montan an wax wax Monta Montan n ester esterss Natural waxes Beeswax Carnauba wax
Miscellaneous natural waxes Section VIII : Driers Liquid Driers Cobalt Paste Driers Section IX Miscellaneous Additives Chelating Agents Antioxidants Surfactants Anionic Surfactants Cationic surfactan sur factants ts Non-Ionic surfactants Amphoteric Amphoteric surfactan surfactants ts Deodorants and Reodorants Reodorants
Pure Chemicals Alkalis Defo Defoami aming ng Agents Agents Laki Laking ng Agen Agents ts Tannic Acid Tannic acid substitutes Raw Materials For Radiation Curing Systems Pigment Selection Prepolymers Epoxy acrylates Polyester Polyester acrylates and unsaturated unsaturated polyesters polyesters Ureth Urethanc ance e acryla acrylates tes Reactive Diluents Photoinitiators Additives and Inhibitors
5. PRINTING INKS Manufacture Manufacture of Inks and varnishes General Requirements The Manufacturig Manufacturig Processes Processes The manufacture of oleo-resinous systems systems Deaeration Deaeration and potting potting The manufacture manufacture fo fo polyer/solvent polyer/solvent systems systems Varnish manufacture Cavit Cavitati ation on mixer mixer Rotor/stator mixer Manufacture Manufacture of additives Liquid ink manufacture Ball mills Bead Mills Chips
Pigment chip manufacture Manufacture of dye-based inks Mixing Equipment Butterfly mixers (Change pan) Rotor and stator high speed mixers. The 'star' impeller type The high-speed disperser The fixed or on-line mixer High-speed mixing Milling Equipment Three-roll mills Floating-rolling system Developme Development nt of single single cst rollers rollers Bead mills
Open sieve mill Closed sieve mill Gap separation mill John mill Tex mill Dyno yno mill mill STS mill Electronically controlled controlled Copra Co pra mill Boa 500 mill (Buhler Brothers Ltd) Ltd) Co-ball mill Microf Microflow low mill mill Ball milling Disavan Disavantag tages es of ball mills mills Handling, Handling, Storage Storage and manufactur manufacture e of uv Inks
Manufacture of newspaper Inks Modern production trends Computerisation Costs of production and related subjects Maintenance strategy strategy in the printing ink industry On failure maintenance 'Fixed time' maintenance 'Condition based maintenance Computers and maintenance The future Plant control system Further plant features features Manufacturing plant
6. INK FORMULATIONS Letterpress Ink Platen ink for absorbent papers Cylinder press ink of uncoated papers Quick-set Quick-set inks inks of cated cated paper Letterpre Letterpress ss ink dryign by oxidatio oxidation n Water-reducible inks Process inks Newspaper Coloured Inks Rotary black inks for newspapers Formula A: General-Purpose low mist black Formula B : Ink rail Formula C : Page-Pak Formula D : Keyless Inking (Indirect flexo)
Lithor Lithoraph aphic ic Inks Inks Typical inks and Varnishers Inks and varnishes for sheet-fed paper printing Sheet-feed label inks Small -offset Inks and varnishes for sheet-fed carbon board printing Ink for sheet-fed impervious imper vious substrate substrate printing Inks for web-offset paper printing Coldset Heatset Gravure Inks Publication Inks Inks for catalogue printing Packaging Packaging inks for paper and board lables
Metall Metallic ic lable lable inks inks Paper wrapper inks Carton Inks Foil inks Foil board laminates Inks for polyethylene film Inks for treated polypropylene films Coated polypropylene films Cellulose films Polyester fims Wallcoverings Inks for paper Vinyl coated wallcoverings Speciality systems systems
Metallic inks Aluminium-based inks Pearlescent inks flexographic Inks Sye-based inks Pigmented inks for specific substrates Paper and board Nitrocellulose coated films PVdC PVdC Co-polymer Co-polymer coate coated d film Polyolefin films Metal and metallised metallised substrat substrates es Almuminium foil Metallic inks Screen Inks Inks for paper and board Thin film screen inks
Ultra thin film screen inks Oxidation drying gloss inks Inks for Impervious surfaces Metal signs Metal containers Inks for sheet plastic inks for glass Inks for Plastic containers Polythene containers containers PVC containers Textile Inks Daylight Daylight fluorescent Inks Process inks Uv and Electron Electron Beam curing curing Inks Inks Inks for day offset application on plastics and metal
Ultraviolet Ultraviolet curable silk screen Ultraviolet Ultraviolet curable varnish and coatings Non-Mi Non-Mipac pactt Print Printing ing Electrostatic Electrostatic imaging Inks for jet printing Typical ink formulations Inks for the Electronics Industry Printed circuit products Inks for Wallcoverings Textile Transfer Inks Sterilisation Inks Metal Decorating Inks. Decor Decorati ationo onoff sheets sheets Printing a pre-formed container letterset letterset Printing
7. APPLICATION APPLICATION PROBLEMS PROBLE MS Stocking in the Pile or Rewind picking Fill In Poor Binding and Rub Setoff Piling and Caking Trapping Show Through and Strike St rike Through Ink Not Following the Fountain Fountain Ink flying and Misting Ghosting, Shadow, Streaks, and Slurs Ink Drying on rollers Plate Wear Crystallization
8. WRITING INKS Manufacture of Writing Inks Packing Inks for writing and Fountain Pens Ferrog Ferrogalo-t alo-tannat annate e inks Standard Copying and Record Ink Standard Writing ink Iron gallate gallate Inks : (Ink Powders Powders and Tablets) Tablets) Manufacture of Inks Tablets Action of Hydrochloric Acid and Sulphuric Acid in Inks Pormulae Pormulae for Various Various Blue-Black Blue-Black Inks Manufactur Manufacture e fo iron gallo-t gallo-tannat annate e inks Manufacture Aging of writing
Dating a document Dye based Fountain Pen Inks Washable Inks Quick drying Inks Alkaline Writing Inks blue Alkaline Writing Inks Prussian Blue Inks Ball Point Pen Inks Stamp-Pad Inks Basic dyes Acid dyes Method of Manufacture Inks for Recording Instruments Drawing Inks-Black and Coloured
Black Drawing Inks Coloured Drawing Inks Marking Inks Preparation Preparation of silver Inks Aniline black Inks Inks containing other metals Coloured marking Inks ; Ink for Multiple Copies purposes Hectograph Inks; Method of Preparation Preparation Stencil Duplicating Inks Inks of Hectograph Carbon Papers, Carbon Papers and Typewriter Ribbons Inks or Carbon Papers
Hectograph Carbon Papers Stencil Sheets Felt, Pen, Sign Pen, Fibre Tip Inks Mothod Mothod of Manufact Manufactur ure e Alcohol Based Inks Hydrocarbon Based Inks Invisible or Sympathetic Inks Inks for Special Materials Inks for Plastics Ink for Marking Photographs Ink for stamping oiled stencils Inks for Glass and Porcelain Ceramic Inks
Ink for Metals Time Card Ink Meat Stamping Ink Show Card Inks Embossing Inks Ruling Inks Artist Colours Colour Combination a) Water Pints
9. PROJECT PROFILE 10. HOW TO ESTIMATE, ESTIMATE, ORDER & HANDLE INK Estimating Ink Requirements Ordering Ink Handling Inks 11. TESTING OF WRITING & MISCELLANEOUS INKS Writing Inks Sedimentation Sedime ntation Test Hue and Intensity Clogging Clogg ing Test
Stability Stabilit y Test Total Solids Iron Content Gravimetric Gravimetric Method Determination of Corrosion Ball Point Pen Inks Stamps pad Inks Determination of Glycerol Content Assessing the performance of stamp-pad ink Drawing Inks Opacity or Transparency Mold Mold Grow Growth th
Marking Inks Stencil Inks Viscosity Drying time Presence of toxic and noxious materials Caution Presence of Aniline Oil Miscibility with thinner Stability Skinning property Duplicating Inks Test for Lead
12. TESTING OF PRINTING INKS Specific Gravity Viscosity Penetration Molecular Refraction Refraction Refractive Index Covering Power and Gloss Evaporation Rate Acid Number Sponif Sponific icati ation on Number Number Iodine Number
Detection Detection of Chinawo Chinawood od Oil Detection of Rosins and Resins Testing of Pigments Light Resistance Resistance The Resistance of Pigments of Bleeding Resistance Resistance to Acids and Alkalies Particle Size of Pigments 375 Wettabili ettability ty and Absorption Absorption The Testing of Finished Inks
13. ROLLERS Inks and Rollers Used 14. DIRECTORY India Standards on Inks and Allied Products List of Suppliers fo Printing & Writing Ink Machinery List of Suppliers of Raw Materials to Ink Industries List of of Major Manuractur Manuracturers ers fo Printing Printing Inks Inks In In India India Directory of Ink % Allied Products Manufacturer's In India
Tags How Ink Ink is Made, Process of Making Printing Ink Ink, How Printing Ink Ink is Manufactured?, Printing Ink Technology and Manufacture, Ink Manu Manufa fact ctur urin ing, g, Manu Manufa fact ctur ure e of Prin Printi ting ng Ink, Ink, Prin Printi ting ng Inks Inks Manu Manufa fact ctur ure, e, Mode Modern rn Prin Printi ting ng Ink Ink Manu Manufa fact ctur ure, e, Manu Manufa fact ctur urin ing g of Prin Printi ting ng Inks Inks with with Formulation Formulation,, Printing Printing Ink Manufactu Manufacturing ring Process, Process, Manufactu Manufacturing ring Process Process of Prin Printi ting ng Inks Inks,, Writ Writin ing g Ink Prod Produc ucti tion on,, Pen Inks Inks Manu Manufa fact ctur urin ing g Comp Compan any, y, Printing Ink Production, Printing Ink Formulations, Offset Printing Ink, Indian Prin Printi tin ng Ind Industr ustry, y, How How to Star tart Ink Ink Man Manufac ufactu turi rin ng Compa ompany ny in Ind India, ia, Prin Printi ting ng Indu Indust stry ry in Indi India, a, Prod Produc ucti tion on of Inkje Inkjett Prin Printi ting ng Ink, Ink, Prin Printi ting ng and and Writin Writing g Inks Inks with with Formul Formulae ae and Proces Process, s, Manufa Manufactu cturin ring g Proces Process s of Writin Writing g and Printing Inks, Printing Ink Manufacturing Unit, How to Start Printing Ink Fact Factor ory, y, Prin Printi ting ng Ink Ink Manu Manufa fact ctur urin ing g Indu Indust stry ry,, Proc Proces ess s for for Prod Produc ucti tion on of Prin Printi tin ng Inks Inks,, Prod Produ uctio ction n Offs Offset et Ink Inks, Prep Prepa arati ration on of Ink Ink, How How to Make Make Writ Writin ing g Ink, Ink, Prin Printi ting ng Ink Ink Maki Making ng Proc Proces ess, s, Offs Offset et Prin Printi ting ng Ink Ink Prod Produc ucti tion on Plant, Plant, Ink Manuf Manufact acturi uring ng projec projectt ideas ideas,, Projec Projects ts on Small Small Scale Scale Indust Industrie ries, s, Small scale industries projects ideas, Ink Manufacturing Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Project profile on small scale industries,
How How to Star Startt Ink Ink Manu Manufa fact ctur urin ing g Indu Indust stry ry in Indi India, a, Offs Offset et Prin Printi ting ng Ink Ink Prod Produc ucti tion on Project Projects, s, New project project profil profile e on Printi Printing ng Ink Manufac Manufacturi turing ng indust industries ries,, Project Project Report Report on Offset Printing Ink Production Industry, Detailed Project Report on Offset Printing Ink Produc Production tion,, Projec Projectt Report Report on Writing Writing Ink Product Production ion,, Pre-Inve Pre-Investm stment ent Feasibi Feasibilit lity y Study Study on Printin Printing g Ink Manufa Manufactu cturing ring,, TechnoTechno-Econ Economi omic c feasibil feasibility ity study study on Writin Writing g Ink Production, Feasibility report on Offset Printing Ink Production, Free Project Profile on Writing Writing Ink Produc Production tion,, Project Project profil profile e on Printin Printing g Ink Manufac Manufacturi turing, ng, Downlo Download ad free project profile profile on Ink Manufacturing, Manufacturing, Industrial Industrial Project Report, Project Project consultant, Proj Project ect consu consult ltan ancy cy,, NPCS NPCS,, Niir, Niir, Proc Process ess techno technolo logy gy books books,, Busi Busines ness s consu consult ltanc ancy, y, Busi Busine ness ss cons consul ulta tant nt,, Proj Projec ectt iden identi tifi fica cati tion on and and sele select ctio ion, n, Prep Prepar arat atio ion n of Proj Projec ectt Profiles, Startup, Business guidance, Business guidance to clients, Startup Project for Ink Manufacturing
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Eve Even
Anal Analys ysis is.. The The DPR DPR (Det (Detai aile led d Proj Projec ectt Repo Report rt)) is form formul ulat ated ed by highl ighly y
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