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Roads in ancient India.
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Roads in Mughal period.
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Roads ads in Nine ineteenth Cen Century tury..
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In 1927 a committee was appointed by Indian legislature for the development of roads in India. M.R. Jayak Jayakar ar was the chairman of that committe committee e and the committee submitted its report by the year 1928. The most important recommendations made were: The road development in the country should be considered as a national interest. An extra tax should be levied on petrol from road users to develop a road development fund called central road fund. •
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A semi official technical body should be formed to act as a advisory body on various aspects of roads. A research research organisati organisation on should be instituted instituted to carry carry out research and development work.
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It was formed on 1st Ma Marc rch h 1929 1929.. 20 % of the annual revenue is to be retained as a central reserve, from which grants are to be given for meeting the expenses of administration of road fund, road experiments and research on roads oads and and bri bridge projects. Balance 80% should be allotted by central Government to various states based on actual petrol consumption or revenue revenue colle collect cted. ed.
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It was formed in 1934. IRC played important role in the formulation of the 20 year road plans in India. It controls the specifications, standardization and recommendations on materials, design and construction of roads and bridges.
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It was brought brought into into effect effect by Govt of India in 1939. The three th ree phases primarily primar ily covered are control of driver, driver, vehicle owner ship and vehicle operation op eration on roads and in traffic stream.
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A premier national laboratory established in 1952. It came into existence for research in various aspects of highway highway engineering. engineerin g. It is engaged in carrying R&D projects on design, construction and maintenance of roads and runwa ru nways. ys.
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It was passed on 1956. The Act was amended (revised) in 1995 to enable, build and opera operate te priva private tely ly fina financ nced ed Toll oll Roads. oads. The The resp respon onsi sibi bili lity ty of high highw way dev develop elopme men nt and and main mainte tena nanc nce e of natio tional nal hig highway(NH) NH) to be provisional nally taken by central government. The central Govt has full power to declare any other highway as NH or it can omit any existing national highways from the list. 8
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Highway Highway research board.
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National Transport Transport Policy Committee
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This is the land mark in the history of road development in India. It was the first attempt attempt to prepare a co-ordina co-ordinated ted road development plan. At the end of this t his plan the target road length aimed was 16 km per 100 10 0 sq. km area of o f the country. country.
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For calculating road length two t wo separate formulas were finalized based on category of roads. The total length length of first category or mettalled roads for NH,SH and MDR in km is given by
NH+SH+MDR(km) =[ + +1.6 + 8] +D – R 32
Where A = agricultural area, km 2 B= Non- agricultur agricultural al area, area, km 2 N= number of towns and villages with population population range range 2001- 5000.
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T= Number of towns and villages with population over 5000. D= Development allowance of 15 % of road length calculated to be provided for agricultural and industrial development during next 20 years. R= Existing length of railway railway track, km.
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The total road length of second category roads for other district road and village roads in km is given by ODR+ VR(km)= [0.32V+0.8Q+1.6P+3.2S] + D Where V= number of villages with population 500 or less. Q= number of villages with population range range 501-1000. 501-10 00. P= number of villages villages with with population population range range 1001- 2000.
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S= number of villages villages with with population population range range 2001- 5000. D= Development allowance of 15% for next 20 years.
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The responsibility of construction and maintenance of NH was assigned to central government. It was a 20 year plan intended intended for for the period1943period1943- 1963. the total road length length of 5, 32, 700 km with a density of about 16 km of road length per 100 sq.km by 1963. The formulae was based on star and grid pattern of road network. The first category roads are meant to provide main grids bringing the farthest points in developed and agricultural area within within 8 km km of metalled metalled road.
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The length of first category road is governed by the area, particularly the agricultural agricultu ral area and towns or villages with population greater than 2001. The second category roads are meant to provide internal road system linking small villages with first category roads. An allowance for agricultural and industrial development during the next 20 2 0 years was estimated as 15 %. The length of railway tracks in the area was also considered in deciding the length of first f irst category category roads.
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Sl No N o Category of road 1 National Highway a) NH b)National trails Total NH 2 State Highways 3 Major District roads
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Total Main roads(metalled roads) Other district roads Village roads unclassified roads Total
Achievement by Targets, km 1961, km 26, 715 6 , 680 33, 395 8 6 ,8 2 5 80, 145 2,00, 365 1 ,3 3 , 5 8 0 1 ,9 8 , 7 5 5 5, 32,700
2 2 ,6 3 6 6 2 ,0 5 2 1, 13, 483 1 ,9 8 ,1 7 1 1 ,1 1 ,9 6 1 3 ,8 8 ,8 4 1 1 0 ,1 4 9 7 , 0 9 ,1 2 2 18
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The Nagpur road plan was intended for the period 1943-63 but the target road length was achieved earlier in 1961. 19 61. Hence the next long term plan for twenty year period commencing from 1961 was initiated init iated by IRC. The second twenty year road development plan 1961-81 1 961-81 is also called Bombay road plan. The second road plan targeted an overall overall road length of 10,57,330km by 1981.
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Five different formulae were framed to calculate the lengths of NH, SH, MDR, ODR and VR.
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The five formulae are:
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National Highways(km) Highways(km)
= [ + + ] + [32K+8M] +D 4 0 9
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National Highways + state Highways(km)
=[ + + ] + [48K +24M+11.2N+1.6P] + D 20 24 32
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NH+SH+MDR(km)
=[ + + ] + [48K + 24M+ 11.2N + 9.6P + 6.4 Q + 2.4R] + D 24
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NH+ SH+ MDR+ODR(km) 3 3
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+ + ] + [ 48K +24M + 11.2N+9.6P+12.8Q+4R+0.8S+0.32T] +D
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NH+SH+MDR+ODR+VR(km)
=[ + + ] + [ 48K + 24M + 11.2 N+ 4 2 .64T+0.2V] + D
9.6P+12.8Q+5.9R+1.6S+
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Where A= developed and agricultural areas; km2
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B= semi developed area, km2
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C= Undeveloped area, km2
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K= Number of Towns Towns with Population over 1,00,000 1,00,00 0
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M=number of towns towns with population population range range 1,00,0001,00,000- 50,000
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N=number of towns with population range 50,000-20,000
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P= Number of o f towns with population range 20,000-10,000
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Q= Number of towns with with population range range 10,000- 5,000
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R= Number of towns with with population range range 5000- 2000
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S= Number of towns with with population population range range 20002000- 1000
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T= Number of towns with population range 1000-500
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V= Number of towns with range below 500
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D= Development allowance of 5% of road length calculated for further development d evelopment and unforeseen factors.
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This plan is considered more in view for the development of under developed areas. The target of this plan is to provide a total road length of 32km per 100 sq.km area. Maximum distance of any place in a developed or agricultural agricultural area would would be 6.4 km from a metalled metalled road and 2.4 km from any category road. The maximum distance from any place in a semi developed area would would be 12.8 km from metal metalled led road and 4.8km from from any road
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Maximum distance from any place in an undeveloped und eveloped area would would be 19.2 km from metalled metalled road and and 8 km from any road. Expressways Expressways have also been considered in this plan and 1600km of length has been included in the proposed target of NH
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Length of railway railway track is considered independent independ ent of the road system system and hence it is not subtracted sub tracted to get the road length. The development factor of 5% is provided for future fu ture development.
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Nagpur Road Plan
Bombay Road plan
Only two two formula formulae e were used, used, one is to find the length of first category roads roads or metalled metalled roads roads consisting consisting of NH, SH and MDR; the second to find the length of secondary roads or unmet unmetall alled ed roads roads(ie (ie ODR & VR). VR).
Five different formulae have been given for calculating road length of NH, SH,MDR,ODR and VR.
Divides the area into agricultural and non agricultural. agricultural.
Divides the area into developed and agricultural, semi developed area and undeveloped and uncultivated uncultivated area.
Targeted road density density was 16km per Targeted argeted road density was 32km per 100 sq.km area 100 sq.km area 27
Does not take take into account the the towns with very large population
Towns have have been divided into nine different population ranges, less than 500 to above 1,00,000.
Allowed deduction of length of railways while calculating first category roads.
Realized the highway system should be developed independently. So the length of railwa railway y track track is not deducted.
Allowance for development is given as 15% of calculated road length.
Allowance for development is given as 5% of calculated road length.
No expressway was proposed
1600km of Express ways was proposed
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Also known known as as Lucknow Lucknow road plan.
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The major policies and objectives are: •
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The road development should be based b ased on the revised classification classification of road system. The road network should be developed so as to preserve rural economy. The overall road density in the country should be increased to 82 km per 100 sq.km. The NH Network should be expanded to form square grids of 100 km sides so that no part of the country is more than 50 km away away from a NH.
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The lengths of SH and MDR required in a state state or region should be based on both areas and number of towns with population above 5000. Express ways should be constructed along major traffic corridors to provide fast travel. All towns and villages with population over 1500 should be connected by major district roads. Villages with population 1000 to 1500 should be connected by Other district roads.
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Primary system •
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Expressways of total length 2000km to be developed for fast travel on traffic requirements. National Highways Highways are based on the concept of 100 km square grids, with a road density of 1 km per 50 sq.km of area. Therefore total length of NH in the country or in a state could be obtained by dividing total area by 50.
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Secondary system system •
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The total length of SH for any state my be determined from the following relations: By total area, SH(km) = Area of State(sq.km)/25. State(sq.km)/25. By total total no.of no.of towns and area in the stat state e SH(km) = 62.5*no.of 62.5*no.of towns towns in the state – area of the t he state(sq.km)/50. state(sq.km)/50.
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Length of MDR •
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The total length of MDR required in a state is determined from the following relations: By total area, MDR(km)= area of the state(sq.km)/12.5. state(sq.km)/12.5. By no of towns towns in the state, state, MDR(km)= 90* no.of towns in the state. state.
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Tertiary ertia ry system •
The total length of ODR and VR in the country by the year 2001 as per third road development development plan shall be 21,89,000 km so that the overall overall length of all categories of roads will be 27 lakh km by the end of the plan period.
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The Ministry in 2001 had prepared, p repared, through Indian Roads Roads Congress (IRC), `Road Development Plan VISION: 2021’ for a period of 20 years (2001-2021). This provides the vision for the next 20 years development d evelopment and maintenance of all categories of roads.
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