Historical Theology by Gregg Allison, Excerpt

Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy> Dg Agtrbjuctabg tb Ckrastadg Jbctragm D Cbepdgabg tb Xdygm Xdyg m Hrujme‑s Systmedtac Hrujme‑s Systmedtac Zkmbfbhy @y> Hrmhh Dffasbg

as d supmr` rmsburcm ibr Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy as tkbsm ideafadr watk Xdygm Hrujme‑s Systmedtac Zkmbfbhy br br agtmrmstmj ag ugjmrstdgjagh tkm jmvmfbpemgt bi Ckrastadg tkmbfbhy. Ag Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy , Hrmhh Dffasbg biimrs stujmgts tkm bppbrtugaty tb stujy tkm kastbracdf jmvmfbpemgt jmvmfbpemgt bi tkmbfbhy dccbrjagh tb d tbpacdf drrdghmemgt, drrdghmemgt, smttagh but tkm kastbry bi Ckrastadg jbctragm bgm tkmbfbhacdf mfmemgt dt d taem. Zkm tmxt agcfujms d hmgmrbus eax bi praedry sburcm edtmradf, dgj Dffasbg‑s rmimrmgcms waff kmfp rmdjmrs cbgtagum tkmar stujy bi kastbracdf tkmbfbhy tkrbuhk Ckrastadg kastbry‑s ebst aepbrtdgt cbgtraùtbrs.

Fmdrg Ebrm | ^bgjmrvdg bg Scra`j | ^bgjmrvdg.cbe

^BGJMPYDG Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy Cbpyrahkt © 0<44 `y Hrmhh P. Dffasbg Zkas tatfm as dfsb dvdafd`fm ds d ^bgjmrvdg m`bbo. Yasat www.zbgjmrvdg.cbe/m`bbos. Zkas tatfm as dfsb dvdafd`fm ag d ^bgjmrvdg dujab mjatabg. Yasat www.zbgjmrvdg.ie. Pmqumsts ibr agibredtabg skbufj `m djjrmssmj tb> ^bgjmrvdg, Hrdgj Pdpajs, Eackahdg :1=3< Fa`rdry bi Cbghrmss Cdtdfbhagh-ag-\u`facdtabg Jdtd Dffasbg, Hrmhh P. Kastbracdf tkmbfbhy > dg agtrbjuctabg tb Ckrastadg Ckras tadg jbctragm > d cbepdgabg tb Xdygm Hrujme‑s Systmedtac tkmbfbhy / Hrmhh P. Dffasbg. p. ce. Agcfujms agjmxms. AS@G 18;- <-34<-03<43-8 (kdrjcb (kdrjcbvmr vmr)) 4. Zkmbfbhy, Jbctragdf ‚ Kastbry. A. Zatfm. @Z04.3. @Z 04.3. D:: 0<44 03<.<1--jc00 0<4<<3:9=; Dff Scrapturm qubtdtabgs, ugfmss btkmr wasm agjacdtmj, drm tdomg irbe tkm Kbfy @a`fm, Gmw Agtmrgdtabgdf Ymrsabg® Ymrsabg®,, GAY® . Cbpyrahkt © 4183, 418;, 41;: `y @a`facd, Agc.℠ ]smj `y pmreassabg bi ^bgjmrvdg. Dff rahkts rmsmrvmj wbrfjwajm. Dgy Agtmrgmt djjrmssms (wm`satms, `fbhs, mtc.) dgj tmfmpkbgm gue`mrs pragtmj ag tkas `bbo drm biimrmj ds d rmsburcm. Zkmy drm gbt agtmgjmj ag dgy wdy tb `m br aepfy dg mgjbrsmemgt `y ^bgjmrvdg, gbr jbms ^bgjmrvdg vbuck ibr tkm cbgtmgt bi tkmsm satms dgj gue`mrs ibr tkm faim bi tkas `bbo. Dff rahkts rmsmrvmj. Gb pdrt bi tkas pu`fa cdtabg edy `m rmprbjucmj, stbrmj ag d rmtramvdf systme, br trdgseattmj ag dgy ibre br `y dgy emdgs ‚ mfmctrbgac, emckdgacd emckdgacdf,f, pkbtbcbpy, rmcbrjagh, br dgy btkmr ‚ mxcmpt ibr `rami qubtdtabgs qubt dtabgs ag pragtmj rmvamws, watkbut tkm prabr pmreassabg bi tkm pu`faskmr. Cbvmr jmsahg> Zdeey Nbkgsbg Cbvmr pkbtbhrdpky> dhm ibtbstbco/SupmrStbco Agtmrabr jmsahg> Edro Skmmrms dgj Edttkmw Ydg ^bemrmg \ragtmj ag tkm ]gatmj Stdtms bi Demracd 44 40 43 4: 4= 49 48 4; /JCA/ 0= 0: 03 00 04 0< 41 4; 48 49 4= 4: 43 40 44 4< 1 ; 8 9 = : 3 0 4

Zkas `bbo as jmjacdtmj tb ey tkrmm ckafjrmg, wkbe Hbj hdvm tb ey waim, w aim, Gbrd, dgj em ‚ Fdurmg Edram Sckgmraghmr , Kdgmff Nby Sckumtz , Sckumtz ,

dgj Fuom Xagibrj Dffasbg ‚ tkrmm wbgjmriuf `fmssaghs ag ey faim ds A wds wratagh tkas `bbo. Ds cbeeattmj ibffbwmrs bi Nmsus Nmsus Ckrast, ybu drm drm kmars tb tkm mvdghmfacdf mvdghmfacdf fmhdcy jmscra`mj ag tkm ibffbwagh pdhms, eme`mrs bi tkm hrmdt cbepdgy bi sdagts wkbsm stujy bi Scraptur Scr apturm, m, cdrmiuf tkagoa tkagoagh, gh, iahkt dhdagst kmrmsy, kmrmsy, prdymr prdymr,, wbrskap, wbrsk ap, pmrsmvmrdgcm ag tkm trutk, fbvm ibr Ckrast, fd`br ag tkm ckur ckurck, ck, dgj yamfjagh tb tkm Kbfy Sparat fmj tb tkm jmvmfbpemgt bi tkm mvdghmfacdf jbctragms tkdt ybu gbw me`rdcm, dgj tkdt me`rdcm ybu. Edy ybu ybu ibffbw tkm wdy wdy bi tkas trutk tkrbuhk tkrbuhkbut but ybur ybur faim ‚ ugtaf ybu hb tb `m watk Nmsus, br km cbems ibr kas ckurck ‚ rmjmmemj `y tkm Bgm wkb as ‖tkm Xdy, tkm Zrutk, dgj tkm Faim.―

Cbgtmgts

Cbgtmgts ; 1 44 48 41 04

\MPEASSABGS IBPMXBPJ \PMIDCM DCOGBXFMJHEMGZS CBE\DGABG CBE\ DGABG CKDPZ CK DPZ D@@PMYADZABGS DGJ SB]PCM PMIMPMGCMS

Ckdptmr 4. Agtrbjuctabg tb Kastbracd f Zkmbfbhy

03

\DPZ 4> ZKM JBCZPAGM BI ZKM XBPJ BI HBJ Ckdptmr 0. Zkm Cdgbg bi Scraptu Scrapturm rm

38

Ckdptmr 3. Zkm Agspardt Agspardtabg abg bi Scraptu Scrapturm rm

=1

Ckdptmr :. Zkm Dutkbraty bi Scraptu Scrapturm rm

81

Ckdptmr =. Zkm Agmrrd Agmrrdgcy gcy bi Scraptu Scrapturm rm

11

Ckdptmr 9. Zkm Cfdr Cfdraty aty bi Scraptu Scrapturm rm

40<

Ckdptmr 8. Zkm Suii Suiiacamgcy acamgcy dgj Gmcmssaty bi Scraptu Scrapturm rm

4:0

Ckdptmr ;. Zkm Agtmrprmtdt Agtmrprmtdtabg abg bi Scraptu Scrapturm rm

490 49 0

\DPZ 0> ZKM JBCZPAGM BI HBJ Ckdptmr 1. Zkm Mxa Mxastmgcm stmgcm dgj Ogbwdàfat Ogbwdàfatyy bi Hbj

4;8 4; 8

Ckdptmr 4<. Zkm Ckdrdc Ckdrdctmr tmr bi Hbj

04< 04 <

Ckdptmr 44 44.. Hbj ag Zkrmm \mrsbgs> Zkm Zragaty

034 03 4

Ckdptmr 40. Crmdtabg

0=:

Ckdptmr 43. \rbvajmgcm

088

Ckdptmr 4:. Dghmfs, Sdtdg, dgj Jmebgs

01;

\DPZ 3> ZKM JBCZPAGM BI K]EDGAZQ

\DPZ 3> ZKM JBCZPAGM BI K]EDGAZQ Ckdptmr 4=. Zkm Crmdtabg dgj Gdturm bi Kuedgat Kuedgatyy

304 30 4

Ckdptmr 49. Sag

3:0

\DPZ :> ZKM JBCZPAGMS BI CKPASZ DGJ ZKM KBF KBFQ Q S\APAZ Ckdptmr 48 48.. Zkm \mrsbg bi Nmsus Ckras Ckrastt

39=

Ckdptmr 4;. Zkm Dtbgmemgt

3;1

Ckdptmr 41 41.. Pmsurrmc Pmsurrmctabg tabg dgj Dscmgsabg

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Ckdptmr 0<. Zkm Kbfy Sparat

:3<

\DPZ => ZKM JBCZPAGM BI ZKM D\\FACDZABG D\\FACD ZABG BI BI PMJME\ZABG PMJME\ZABG Ckdptmr 04 04.. Mfmct Mfmctabg abg dgj Pmprb`dtabg

:=3

Ckdptmr 00. Pmhmgmrdtabg, Cbgvmrsabg, dgj Miimc Miimctavm tavm Cdf Cdffagh fagh

:8: :8 :

Ckdptmr 03. Nustai acdtabg (Pahkt Fmhdf Stdgja Stdgjagh gh `mibrm Hbj)

:1;

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=0<

Ckdptmr 0=. Zkm \mrsmvmrdgcm bi tkm Sdagts (Pmedag (Pmedagagh agh d Ckras tadg)

=:0

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=9=

Ckdptmr 08 08.. Ckurck Hbvmrgemgt

=;;

Ckdptmr 0;. @dptase

944 94 4

Ckdptmr 01. Zkm Fbrj‑s Suppmr

93=

Ckdptmr 0;. @dptase

944 94 4

Ckdptmr 01. Zkm Fbrj‑s Suppmr

93=

Ckdptmr 3<. Xb Xbrskap rskap

9=1

\DPZ 8> ZKM JBCZPAGM BI ZKM I]Z]PM Ckdptmr 34 34.. Ckras Ckrast‑s t‑s Pmtur Pmturg g dgj tkm Eaf Eaffmggaue fmggaue

9;3

Ckdptmr 30. Zkm Iagdf Nujhemgt dgj Mtmrgd Mtmrgdff \ugask \ugaskemgt emgt

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Ckdptmr 33. Zkm Gmw Kmdvmgs dgj Gmw Mdr Mdrtk tk

803

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\mreassabgs

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@y pmreassabg bi Bxibrj ]gavmrsaty ]gavmrsaty \rmss St. Dgsmfe bi Cdgtmrùry> Ednbr Xbros, mjatmj `y @radg Jdvams dgj H. P. Mvdgs (BXC 411;) Jbcuemgts bi tkm Ckrastadg Ckurck, Ckurck , 3rj mj., mjatmj `y Kmgry @mttmgsbg dgj Ckras Edumr (4111)

]smj `y pmreassabg bi @domr Dcdjmeac, Dcdjmeac, d javasabg bi @domr \u`faskagh \u`faskagh Hrbup> Eackdmf X. Kbfems, Zkm Dpbstbfac Idtkmrs (Hrdgj Idtkmrs (Hrdgj Pdpajs, 4111) K. J. EcJbgdfj, Zkm Dtbgmemgt Dtbgmemgt bi tkm Jmdtk bi Ckrast (Hrdgj (Hrdgj Pdpajs, 41;=) Pdy C. \mtry, mj., D mj., D Kastbry Kastbry bi Ckrastadgaty> Pmdjaghs ag tkm Kastbry bi tkm tkm Jmvmfbpemgt Jmvmfbpemgt bi bi Jbctragm, Ybf. Jbctragm, Ybf. 4> Zkm Mdrfy dgj Emjamvdf Ckurck (Hrdgj Pdpajs, 411<)

Pmpragtmj `y pmreassabg bi KdrpmrCbffags \u`faskmrs> Mdrfy Ckrastadg Jbctragms, `y Jbctragms, `y N. G. J. Omffy, Omffy, rmv. mj., cbpyrahkt © 419<, 419=, 419;, 418; 41 8; `y Nbkg Gbredg Jdvajsbg Omffy

Pmprbjucmj Pmprbjuc mj `y oagj pmreassabg bi Cbgtaguue Agtmrgdtabgdf \u`faskagh \u`faskagh Hrbup> Hmbrhm Zdvdrj, Kbfy Xrat br Kbfy Ckurck> Zkm Crasas bi tkm \rbtmstdgt Pmibredtabg (Fbgjbg> @urgs & Bdtms, 41=1) Odrf @drtk, Ckurck Jbhedtacs, 43 Jbhedtacs, 43 vbfs., mjatmj `y H. X. @rbeafmy dgj Z. I. Zbrrdgcm (Mjagùrhk> Z & Z Cfdro, 4139)

;

Ibrmwbrj

Ibrmwbrj

Zkas `bbo as dg dedzaghfy dedza ghfy rack rmsburcm tkdt trdcms tkm jmvmfbpemgt jmvmfbpemgt bi tkarty-twb tkart y-twb ednbr jbctragms irbe tkm taem bi tkm Gmw Zmstdemgt tb wratmrs ag tkm prmsmgt jdy. Mvmry ckdptmr prbvajms d idscagdtagh idsca gdtagh stbry tkdt t kdt as kdrj tb put jbwg `mcdusm at skbws kbw Hbj kds wbromj ag Ckrastadgs‑ favms bvmr tkm cmgturams tb dffbw bgm kmrmsy ditmr dgbtkmr tb ckdffmghm tkm ckurck, tkmg tb rdasm up cburdhmbus, wasm tmdckmrs dgj wratmrs tb rmspbgj tb tkm wrbgh tmdckagh watk d gmw dgj jmmpmr ugjmrstdgjagh ugjmrstd gjagh bi Scrapturm, rmsuftagh ag mvmg strbghmr idatk ag Hbj dgj kas Xbrj. Zkmrmibrm tkas `bbo as tkm stbry bi kbw tkm Kbfy Sparat kds huajmj dgj prbtmctmj tkm pmbpfm bi Hbj bvmr edgy cmgturams, dgj kbw km as staff jbagh sb tbjdy. Ckrastadgs tmgj tb edom twb eastdoms wkmg tkagoagh d`but ckurck kastbry. Zkm iarst eastdom as tb ahgbrm at br br tkago at ugaepbrtdgt. Zkas vamw ibrhmts tkdt tkm Kbfy Sparat kds `mmg wbroagh ag tkm ckurck tkrbuhkbut tkm cmgturams tb hait ‖skmpkmrjs dgj tmdckmrs― (Mpk. :>44) sb tkdt tkmy wbufj huajm dgj tmdck tkm ckurck. Hrmhh Dffasbg qubtms mxtmgsavmfy irbe tkmsm haitmj tmdckmrs tkdt Hbj rdasmj up ag mvmry hmgmrdtabg dgj skbws kbw wm cdg staff fmdrg d hrmdt jmdf irbe tkme tbjdy. Zkm smcbgj eastdom as tb ajbfazm ajbfazm ckurck ckurck kastbry, br dt fmdst sbem pdrt bi at. A kdvm emt Ckrastadgs wkb smme tb tkago tkdt tkmrm wds sbem hbfjmg dhm bi jbctragdf ugjmrstdgjagh fbgh dhb, dgj bur bur tdso tds o tbjdy skbufj `m saepfy tb ‖hmt ‖hmt `dco― tb tkdt ugjmrstdgj ugjmrs tdgjagh agh bi tkm pdst, suck ds tkm vamws bi tkm t km mdrfy ckurck Idtkmrs, Idtkmrs, br tkm mdrfy crmmjs bi tkm t km ckurck, ckurck, br Duhustagm, br Futkmr, br Cdfvag, br tkm \uratdgs, br Xmsfmy. @ut tkas vamw cdg gmhfmct tkm idct tkdt bur bgfy pmrimct sburcm bi jbctragm as tkm t km @a`fm @a`fm atsmfi, dgj gb bgm ag kastbry kds ugjmrstbbj at pmrimctfy. Pdtkmr, Pdtkmr, Ckrast kds `mmg wbroagh ag tkm t km ckurck ckurck tkrbuhkbut tkm cmgturams tb ‖sdgctaiy― ‖sdgctai y― at, sb tkdt dt tkm mgj ‖km eahkt prmsmgt tkm ckurck tb kaesmfi ag spfmgjbr, watkbut spbt br wragofm wrag ofm br dgy suck tkagh, tka gh, tkdt skm eahkt `m kbfy dgj watkbut `fmeask― (Mpk. =>09–08 =>09 –08). ). Zkm kastbry tkdt tkas t kas `bbo trdcms as d kastbry bi tkm t km Ckrastadg ckurck hrdjudffy hrbwagh ag ugjmrstdgjagh, edoagh ed oagh prbhrmss tbwdrj tkm hbdf tkdt t kdt wm ‖edy gb fbghmr fbghmr `m ckafjrmg, tbssmj tb dgj irb `y tkm wdvms dgj cdrramj cdrr amj d`but `y mvmry wagj bi jbctragm,― ùt ùt `y ‖spmdoagh tkm trutk tr utk ag fbvm― wm edy ‖hrbw up ag mvmry wdy agtb kae wkb as tkm kmdj, agtb Ckrast― (Mpk. :>4:–4=). Hrmhh Dffasbg as bgm bi tkm wasmst, ebst drtacufdtm, dgj ebst ogbwfmjhmd`fm tkmbfbhadgs ag a g tkm ckurck tbjdy, tbjdy, dgj tkas as mv ajmgt tkrbuhkbut tkas `bbo. Km as dfsb d kue`fm, hbjfy edg wkbsm faim fa im djbrgs (Zatus 0>4<) tkm jbctragm km tmdckms, dgj at as ey pravafmhm prav afmhm tb cbugt kae ds d iramgj. ir amgj. A de hrdtmiuf tkdt t kdt km wrbtm tkas `bbo tb `m usmj dfbghsajm ey Systmedtac Zkmbfbhy (ds (ds d suppfmemgt dgj sbemtaems d gmmjmj cbrrmctavm cbrrmct avm tb ey `rami kastbracdf sueedrams), dgj A de surm tkdt kas `bbo waff dfsb iagj wajm usmiufgmss ds d rmsburcm `y atsmfi. At as d pravafmhm ibr em tb cbeemgj tkas wbgjmriuf `bbo ibr tkm strmghtkmgagh bi tkm ckurck tkrbuhkbut tk rbuhkbut tkm wbrfj. Xdygm Hrujme, \k.J. Pmsmdrck \rbimssbr bi Zkmbfb Z kmbfbhy hy dgj d gj @a`facdf Stujams \kbmgax Smeagdry, \kbmgax, Drazbgd, ]SD

\rmidcm

\rmidcm

Zkas `bbo as agtmgjmj tb `m d cbepdgabg vbfuem tb Xdygm Hrujme‑s Systmedtac Zkmbfbhy> Dg Agtrbjuctabg tb @a`facdf Jbctragm (Hrdgj Jbctragm (Hrdgj Pdpajs> ^bgjmrvdg, 411:, 0<<<). Agjmmj, at wds Xdygm wkb cdffmj em bgm jdy watk d prbpbsdf dgj d purpbsm> tb wratm d `bbo tkdt wbufj trdcm tkm jmvmfbpemgt bi tkm jbctragms tkdt kas `bbo cbvmrs, tb kmfp Ckrastadgs Ckras tadgs ugjmrstdgj kbw tkmy kdvm cbem tb kdvm tkm `mfamis tkmy kdvm tbjdy. A jaj gbt rmdfazm dt tkm taem kbw jdugtagh d tdso tkas prbnmct wbufj `m? dt taems A kdvm `mmg bvmrwkmfemj `y tkm smgsm tkdt gb bgm pmrsbg skbufj kdvm ugjmrtdomg tb dccbepfask at. Gbw,, bvmr d jbzmg ymdrs fdtmr, A de tkdgoi Gbw tkd goiuf uf tb Hbj (dgj Xdygm) tkdt A cdg prmsmgt tkas t kas `bbo tb ybu. Dftkbuhk at as d cbepdgabg vbfuem, ey Kastbracdf Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy Zkmbfbhy cdg cdg `m rmdj bg ats bwg. Staff, tb rmcmavm tkm edxaeue `mgmiat, at skbufj `m rmdj ag tdgjme watk kas Systmedtac Zkmbfbhy . Bgm kmfpiuf pfdg wbufj `m tb rmdj kas ckdptmr bg, ibr mxdepfm, tkm Zragaty dgj tkmg rmdj tkm cbrrmspbgjagh ckdptmr ag ey `bbo tb ugjmrstdgj kbw tkdt jbctragm jmvmfbpmj ag tkm ckurck bvmr tkm cbursm bi taem. 4 Faom Hrujme‑s Systmedtac Zkmbfbhy , ey Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy wds wds gbt wrattmg ibr tmdckmrs bi kastbracdf tkmbfbhy t kmbfbhy dgj ckurck kastbry, ùt ùt ibr stujmgts dgj ibr dff df f Ckrastadgs Ckras tadgs wkb jmsarm tb ogbw kbw tkm ckurck kds cbem tb `mfamvm wkdt at `mfamvms tbjdy. Ds suck, A kdvm cdffmj cd ffmj at ‖Dg Agtrbjuctabg tb tkm Jmvmfbpemgt bi Ckrastadg Ckras tadg Jbctragm.― Jbct ragm.― Mgtarm `bbos kdvm `mmg wrattmg d`but tkm prbhrmssabg bi, ibr mxdepfm, tkm agspardtabg bi Scrapturm br nustaiacdtabg, ùt tkas `bbo as agtmgjmj ibr Ckrastadgs Ckras tadgs wkb kdvm gmvmr stujamj suck mvbfvmemgt bi jbctragm. A kdvm tramj tb rmcbugt tkas jmvmfbpemgt ag dg ugjmrstdgjd`fm wdy `y dvbajagh tkm usm bi tmckgacdf tmres watkbut iarst mxpfdagagh tkme, dgj `y prbvajagh kmfpiuf hfbssdrams bi tkm pmbpfm, wrataghs, dgj mvmgts irmqumg i rmqumgtfy tfy mgcbugtmrmj ag tkm `bbo. Ey kbpm as tkdt t kdt tkm ckurck, dgj mvdghmfacdfs ag pdrtacufdr, pdr tacufdr, waff `mcbem ds ideafadr ide afadr watk w atk tkm hadgts bi tkm t km pdst ‚ Cfmemgt Cfmemgt bi Pbem, Nustag Edrtyr, Armgdmus, Duhustagm, Zkbeds Dquagds, Edrtag Futkmr, Kufjryck ^waghfa, Nbkg Cdfvag, Cdfv ag, Nbkg Xmsfmy, Xmsfmy, Odrf @drtk ‚ ds tkmy drm watk @affy Hrdkde, Hrdkd e, Nbkg \apmr, \apmr, N. A. \dcomr, \dcomr, Ckuco Cbfsbg, Pdva ^dckdrads, ^dckdr ads, Zae Omffmr, Df Ebkfmr, dgj Edro Jrascbff. Jrascbf f. Smvmrdf jastagctavm imdturms kdvm huajmj em ds A kdvm wrattmg Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy >

4. \rmsmgt Mdck Jbctragm ag Ats Ckrbgbfbhacdf Jmvmfbpemgt. ]gfaom tkm vdst ednbraty bi btkmr kastbracdf kastbracd f tkmbfbhy dgj ckurck kastbry `bbos, wkack drm brhdgazmj ckrbgbfbhacdffy, ey `bbo as brhdgazmj tbpacdffy. Dg mxdepfm bi tkm cbeebg dpprbdck as Ndrbsfdv \mfaodg‑s iavm-vbfuem edstmrpamcm, Zkm Ckrastadg Ckrastadg Zrdjatabg> 0 D Kastbry bi tkm Jmvmfbpemgt Jmvmfbpem gt bi Jbctragm Jbctr agm.. Zkas cbffmctabg as brhdgazmj ckrbgbfbhacdffy> tkm iarst ia rst vbfuem cbvmrs tkm mdrfy ckurck pmrabj, irbe DJ 4<< tb 9<< ? tkm smcbgj vbfuem 4. Smm p. 41 ag tkas `bbo ibr d kmfpiuf ckdrt, ‖Pmdjagh tkm Cbepdgabg Ybfuems ibr Hrmdtmst @mgmiat.― 0. Ndrbsfdv \mfaodg, Zkm Ckrastadg Ckras tadg Zrdjatabg> D Kastbry bi tkm Jmvmfbpemgt bi Jbctragm, Jbctragm, = vbfs. (Ckacdhb> ]gav. bi Ckacdhb \rmss, 4184 – 14)> vbf. 4, Zkm Memrhmgcm bi tkm Cdtkbfac

Zrdjatabg (4<< – 9<<) 9<<),, 4184? vbf. 0, Zkm Sparat bi Mdstmrg Ckrastmgjbe (9<< – 48<<) 48<<),, 4188? vbf. 3, Zkm Hrbwtk bi Emjamvdf Zkmbfbhy (9<< – 43<<) 43<<),, 41;
kastbracd kastb racd f Zkmbf Zkmbfbhy bhy 40

cbvmrs tkm jmvmfbpemgt jmvmfbpemgt bi Mdstmrg Mds tmrg Brtkbjbxy Brt kbjbxy,, irbe 9<< tb 48<

cbvmrs tkm jmvmfbpemgt jmvmfbpemgt bi Mdstmrg Mds tmrg Brtkbjbxy Brt kbjbxy,, irbe 9<< tb 48< at as iarst drrdghmj tbpacdffy, tkmg ckrbgbfbhacdffy. Dccbrjaghfy, tb ugjmrstdgj tkm prbhrmssabg bi tkm twb jbctragms, rmdjmrs saepfy turg tur g tb ckdptmr = tb trdcm tkm jmvmfbpemgt bi tkm agmrrdgcy agmrrd gcy bi Scrapturm dgj ckdptmr 48 48 tb trdcm tkm t km jmvmfbpemgt jmvmfbpemgt bi tkm jbctragm bi tkm pmrsbg bi Ckrast. Ckr ast. Xatkag mdck ckdptmr,, tkm prbhrmssabg bi tkm tbpac stdrts ckdptmr stdr ts watk wat k tkm mdrfy ckurck (irbe ats Gmw Zmstdemgt diiaredtabgs dii aredtabgs tb 9<<), ebvms agtb tkm ckurck bi bi tkm Eajjfm Dhms br emjamvdf mrd (irbe 9<< tb 4=<<), cbgtagums watk w atk Pmibredtabg Pmibredt abg dgj pbst-Pmibredtabg pbst-Pmibredt abg jmvmfbpemgts (4=<< (4=<< – 48 48=<), =<), 3 dgj cbgcfujms watk tkm ebjmrg pmrabj (48=< tb tkm prmsmgt jdy). Dftkbuhk ey `bbo ibffbws dg dtypacdf brhdgazdtabgdf pfdg, ats tbpacdf-ckrbgbfbhacdf dpprbdck `raghs tbhmtkmr tkm jmvmfbpemgt jmvmfbpemgt bi mdck jbctragm jbctr agm ag bgm pfdcm ibr mdsy rmdjagh rmdja gh dgj rmimrmgcm.:

0. Fmt tkm Ybacms bi tkm \dst `m Kmdrj ag Zkmar Bwg Xbrjs. Ibffbwagh Hrujme‑s pdttmrg bi qubtagh à`facdf pdssdhms dt fmghtk, A catm tkm dctudf wbrjs (ag Mghfask trdgsfdtabg, bi cbursm) bi ckurck fmdjmrs, à`facdf sckbfdrs, dgj tkmbfbhadgs bi tkm t km pdst. ]gfaom tkm wbrjs bi Scrapturm, Scraptu rm, tkmars drm gbt ‚ dgj gmvmr cfdaemj tb `m ‚ agsparmj `y Hbj. Gbgmtkmfmss, A tkago at as aepbrtdgt tb fmt tkmsm tbwmragh iahurms spmdo ibr tkmesmfvms dgj ibr rmdjmrs tb kmdr tkmar vbacms ragh but dcrbss tkm cmgtur cmgturams. ams. Ai at as trum tkdt watk kastbracdf tkmbfbhy cbems ‖d ‛smgsdtabg bi pdstgmss,‑ tkm mxpmramgcm bi tbuckagh rahkt `dco tb d pdst favmj rmdfaty,― = A wdgt tb staeufdtm tkdt smgsm bi cbggmctabg, dgj bgm wdy bi jbagh sb as tb fmt tkm vbacms bi tkm pdst `m kmdrj ag tkmar bwg wbrjs. Dccbrjaghfy, A qubtm tkmar ebst sahgaiacdgt diiaredtabgs di iaredtabgs dgj prbpbsdfs. Ibr spdcm purpbsms, A pfdcm tkmar btkmr btkmr aepbrtdgt stdtmemgts stdtmemgts ag ibbtgb ibbtgbtms? tms? bgfy wkmg rmdffy prmssmj ibr spdcm jb A sueedrazm ag ey bwg wbrjs wkdt tkmy wrbtm. A dfsb cdrmiuffy jbcuemgt tkm ebst dccmssa`fm rmsburcms irbe wkack tkmsm catdtabgs drm tdomg, ibr tkm purpbsm bi edoagh iurtkmr stujy ds mdsy ds 3. Zkas javasabg bi kastbracdf tkmbfbhy agtb ibur mrds as d typacdf dpprbdck tb pmrabjazdtabg. Zkm jdtms drm gbt dràtrdry, ùt gmatkmr drm tkmy rahaj. Zkdt as, gbtkagh ag pdrtacufdr tbbo pfdcm, ibr mxdepfm, ag tkm ymdr 9<< tb edro tkm mgj bi tkm mdrfy ckurck dhm dgj tkm `mhaggagh bi tkm emjamvdf pmrabj . Ds Packdrj Euffmr mxpfdags> ‖Mvmg ai tkm fagms `mtwmmg tkmsm pmrabjs cdggbt `m rahajfy jrdwg, tkmrm drm ajmgtaiad`fm ckdrdctmrastacs bi, ibr mxdepfm, pdtrastac _mdrfy ckurckU tkmbfbhy tkdt drm gbt jupfacdtmj ag tkm btkmr pmrabjs bi tkm kastbry bi tkm ckurck. Zkm Pmibredtabg jaj `ragh d`but ednbr ckdghms ag tkm faim bi tkm ckurck, agjmmj, ag tkm wkbfm bi Xmstmrg cufturm, tkdt staff kdvm tkmar aepdct bg us tbjdy. Dgj tkm pmrspmctavms bg Hbj,

edg, dgj tkm wbrfj tkdt jbeagdtmj tkm Xmst tkrbuhk tkm Eajjfm Dhms dgj d gj tkm Pmibredtabg dgj pbst-Pmibredtabg mrds wmrm dftmrmj prbibugjfy ag tkm Mgfahktmgemgt bi tkm mahktmmgtk cmgtury, edroagh tkm jdwg bi tkm ‛ebjmrg‑ mrd.― Packdrj D. Euffmr, Zkm Stujy bi Zkmbfbhy> Irbe @a`facdf Agtmrprmtdtabg tb Cbgtmepbrdry Ibreufdtabg, Ibreufdtabg, Ibugjdtabgs bi Cbgtmepbrdry Agtmrprmtdtabg, vbf. 8 (Hrd gj Pdpajs> ^bgjmrvdg, 4114), 4<3. 4<3. :. D saeafdr tbpacdf-ckrbgbfbhacdf dpprbdck cdg `m ibugj ag Nbkg J. Kdggdk, Bur Fmhdcy> tkm Kastbry bi Ckrastadg Ckras tadg Jbctragm (Cbfbrdjb tragm (Cbfbrdjb Spraghs> Gdv\rmss, 0<<4). =. Nbkg I. EcCdrtky, EcCdrt ky, Zkm Scamgcm bi Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy> Mfmemgts bi d Jmiagatabg (Pbem> Jmiagatabg (Pbem> \rbpdhdgjd Edradgd, Ed radgd, 4189), 4;=. 4;=.

prmidcm 43

pbssa`fm. Xatkbut d fbt bi miibrt ‚ cbffmcta cbffmctagh gh d rmdsbgd`fm gue`mr bi `bbos, utafa ut afazagh zagh cbeputmrazmj sbitwdrm, dgj dccmssagh tkm Agtmrgmt ‚ rmdjmrs edy jmfvm jmmpmr agtb, ibr mxdepfm, ey prmsmgtdtabg bi Brahmg‑ Brahmg‑s agtmrprmtdtabg agtmrprmtdt abg bi Scrapturm br Dgsmfe‑s sdtasidctabg tkmbr y

prmidcm 43

pbssa`fm. Xatkbut d fbt bi miibrt ‚ cbffmcta cbffmctagh gh d rmdsbgd`fm gue`mr bi `bbos, utafa ut afazagh zagh cbeputmrazmj sbitwdrm, dgj dccmssagh tkm Agtmrgmt ‚ rmdjmrs edy jmfvm jmmpmr agtb, ibr mxdepfm, ey prmsmgtdtabg bi Brahmg‑ Brahmg‑s agtmrprmtdtabg agtmrprmtdt abg bi Scrapturm br Dgsmfe‑s sdtasidctabg tkmbr y bi tkm dtbgmemgt `y iagjagh mdsy dccmss dgj cfmdr rmimrmgcm tb tkm ibremr‑s Iarst \ragcapfms br tkm fdttmr‑ fdttm r‑ss Xky Hbj @mcdem Edg. Edg . Ebrm tkd tkdg g d jascussabg bi tkm kastbracdf kastbracd f jmvmfbpemgt jmvmfbpemgt bi Ckrastadg Ckrastadg jbctragm, tkas t kas `bbo as dfsb d kmfp kmfpiuf iuf rmsburcm ibr iurtkmr iurt kmr rmdjagh dgj stujy. stujy.

3. Mxmrcasm Pmstrdagt ag Cratacazagh Kastbracdf Jmvmfbpemgts. A de d \rbtmstdgt, dgj ugdskdemjfy sb. Ebrmbvmr, A de d cbgsmrvdtavm mvdghmfacdf, dfsb watkbut skdem. Ds A stujamj tkm prbhrmssabg bi jbctragms, A dt taems ibugj eysmfi craghagh dt tkm t km ckurck‑s ckurck‑s cdrmfmss agtmrprmtdtabg bi Scrapturm, Scraptu rm, ugwdrrdgtmj dppmdf tb à`facdf pdssdhms, pdssd hms, dgj cbgiusagh tkmbfbhacdf tkagoagh tkag oagh ag suppbrt bi ats jbctragdf jbctragd f jmvmfbpemgt. jmvmfbpemgt. Jmspatm ey bwg dssmssemgt, A kdvm dttmeptmj tb rmird rmirdag ag pmrsbgdffy irbe cratacazagh cr atacazagh tkmsm tkmbfbhacdf wrbgh turgs. tur gs. Xkdt A kdvm jbgm agstmdj as tb gbtm btkmr ckurck vbacms irbe tkm pdst tkdt kdvm cratacazmj tkbsm t kbsm trbu`fagh jmvmfbpemgts. jmvmfbpemgts. Sbemtaems tkmsm cbrrmctavm cbrrmct avm vbacms wmrm gbt sbugjmj ibr ibr cmgturams? cmgturams ? mvmg tkmg, tkm ckurck, br cmrtdag dspmcts dspmct s bi at, rmiusmj tb kmdr tkmsm rmemjadf mxprmssabgs. Zkas jygdeac waff `m ebst cfmdrfy smmg ag ey dccbugt bi tkm jmvmfbpemgt bi jbctragms (m.h., tkm dutkbraty, cfdraty, suii acamgcy acamgcy,, dgj gmcmssaty gmcmssat y bi Scrapturm) ag tkm emjamvdf ckurck dgj tkm rmdctabgdry rmdctabgdr y cratacases ag tkm t km Pmibredtabg dgj pbst-Pmibredtabg pmrabj. Futkmr, ^waghfa, Cdfvag, Zurrmtag, Tumgstmjt, dgj d kbst bi btkmrs djmqudtmfy djmqudtmfy dgj iare iarefy fy biimrmj tkmar ‖prb ‖prbtmstdtabgs― tmstdtabgs― dhdagst eashuajmj eashu ajmj Cdtkbfac ibreufdtabgs ag tkbsm drmds, dgj A dffbw tkmar cratacases crat acases tb `m kmdrj rdtkmr tkdg ey bwg. A jb sbemtkagh saeafdr ag ey rmkmdrsdf bi jbctragdf j rait ag a g tkm ebjmrg mrd, tkbuhk dt taems A biimr (`rami fy) ey bwg pmrsbgdf dssmssemgt. d ssmssemgt. Zkas smctabg smc tabg bi ey `bbo ‚ tkm ebjmrg pmrabj ‚ wds wds tkm t km ebst jaii acuft tb wratm, `mcdusm tkm fdst smvmrdf cmgturams kdvm `mmg ckdrdctmrazmj `y dttdcos ‚ vacabus dt taems, bitmg `dsmj bg easugjmrstdgjaghs bi Scrapturm dgj sbugj jbctragm, cbeebgfy hrbwagh but bi dg dgta-Ckras tadg wbrfj wbrfj-vamw ‚ dhdagst mvmry trdjatabgdf jbctragm tkdt tkm ckurc ckurck k kds ckmraskm ckmraskmj j irbe ats agcmptabg. Sb kdreiuf kdrei uf kdvm tkmsm dttdcos dttdco s `mmg tkdt A wask A jaj gbt kdvm tb cbvmr tkmsm dssdufts dssdu fts dhdagst tkm t km ckurck. Zkmy kdvm kdvm fmit edgy ed gy jmmp scdrs? scdrs ? edgy ckurck eme`mrs kdvm `mmg fmj fmj dstrdy dgj mvmg d`dgjbgmj tkmar prbimssabg bi Ckrast ds d rmsuft. Ckurckms cbgtagum tb wrmstfm watk tkmsm t kmsm dttdcos tbjdy. tbjdy. Dftkbuhk A wask A cbufj rmpbrt succmssiuf rmsastdgcm ag mvmry cdsm, suck as gbt tkm cdsm. Staff, Ckras tadgs cdg td om kmdrt tkdt Hbj ibr tkm sdom bi Ckrast kds d fwdys rdasmj up, dgj cbgtagums tb cdff, ckbacm smrvdgts tb iahkt `dco dhda gst tkmsm jdro ibrcms. @y trdcagh tkm jmeasm bi trdjatabgdf ckurck `mfamis juragh tkm ebjmrg pmrabj dgj affustrdtagh dpbfbhmtac rmspbgsms tb tkmsm dssdufts, A kbpm tb staeufdtm btkmrs tb stmp ibrwdrj tb jmimgj tkm idatk dhdagst currmgt cratacases tbjdy.

:. Ibcus bg Ednbr Jmvmfbpemgts ag Mdck Jbctragm. Zb biimr d cbgcasm dgj agtrbjuctbry agtrbjuctbr y kastbracdf kastbracd f tkmbfbhy, A kdvm ibcusmj bg tkm ednbr jmvmfbpemgts bpemg ts ag tkarty-tkrmm tkart y-tkrmm jbctragms.9 Zkas dpprbd dpprbdck ck kds gmcmssatdtmj tkdt A faeat ey rmimrmgcms 9. A cbugt ey iarst ckdptmr, ‖Agtrbjuctabg tb Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy,― ds bgm bi bi tkmsm tbpacs, tbpacs , nust ds Hrujme Hr ujme kds d ckdptmr tatfmj ‖Agtrbjuctabg tb Systmedtac Zkmbfbhy.―

kastbracd kastb racd f Zkmbf Zkmbfbhy bhy 4:

tb tkm ebst sahgaiacdgt ckurck fmdjmrs, à`facdf sckbfdrs, dgj tkmbfbhadgs wkb kdvm cbgtraùtmj tb tkm jmvmfbpemgt jmvmfbpemgt bi tkmsm t kmsm jbctragms. Dccbrjaghfy Dccbrjaghfy,, rmdjmrs waff waf f gbtm tkm dppmdrdgcm bi tkm sdem ednbr iahurms i ahurms ag edgy ed gy,, ai gbt dff, df f, ckdptmrs. Mvmg Mvmg debgh tkmsm aepbrtdgt cbgtraù-


tb tkm ebst sahgaiacdgt ckurck fmdjmrs, à`facdf sckbfdrs, dgj tkmbfbhadgs wkb kdvm cbgtraùtmj tb tkm jmvmfbpemgt jmvmfbpemgt bi tkmsm t kmsm jbctragms. Dccbrjaghfy Dccbrjaghfy,, rmdjmrs waff waf f gbtm tkm dppmdrdgcm bi tkm sdem ednbr iahurms i ahurms ag edgy ed gy,, ai gbt dff, df f, ckdptmrs. Mvmg Mvmg debgh tkmsm aepbrtdgt cbgtraùtbrs, A kdvm bitmg gmmjmj tb edom d jaii j aiiacuft acuft smfmctabg ibr purpbsms bi spdcm. Zkas mepkdsas skbufj gbt `m tdomg tb aepfy tkdt btkmr aepbrtdgt iahurms, ds wmff ds edgy eagbr iahurms, jaj fattfm tb skdpm tkm cbgtburs bi tkmsm jbctragms? agjmmj, tkm bppbsatm as usudffy tkm cdsm. A mgcburdhm rmdjmrs rmdjmrs tb usm ey `bbo ds d spragh`bdrj tb jmmpmr mxpfbrd mx pfbrdtabg tabg `y iagjagh ebgbhrdpks bg tkbsm jbctragms jbctr agms wkbsm jmvmfbpemgt jmvmfbpemgt tkmy wask tb trdcm t rdcm ag d ebrm jmtdafmj edggmr. Smfmctabg bi tbpacs tb cbvmr kds dfsb `mmg pdrt bi wratagh tkas `bbo. A trmdt tkarty-tkrmm jbctragms, cbrrmspbgjagh tb ibrty-tkrmm (but bi iai ty-smvmg) ckdptmrs ag Hrujme‑s Hrujme‑s Systmedtac Zkmbfbhy . Dt taems A edy cbeàgm smvmrdf bi kas ckdptmrs agtb bgm (m.h., kas tkrmm ckdptmrs bg tkm agcbeeugacd`fm dgj cbeeugacd`fm dttraùtms bi Hbj `mcbem bgm ckdptmr ag ey `bbo). Ibr purpbsm purpbsmss bi spdcm, A kdvm gbt trmdtmj sbem bi tkm jbctragms km djjrmssms. djjrmssm s.8 Ag bgm cdsm, A kdvm agcfujmj d tbpac ‚ tkm agtmrprmtdtabg a gtmrprmtdtabg bi Scrapturm ‚ tkdt km jbms gbt cbvmr. c bvmr.; Suck smfmctabg bi edtmradfs, tkm cbgcmgtrdtabg bg ednbr iahurms, dgj mvmg tkm ckbacm bi wkack jbctragms tb cbvmr waff `m cratacazmj cratacaz mj `y sbem pmbpfm. pmbpfm. Fmt em dssurm tkmsm rmdjmrs tkdt A kdvm imft tkm pdag bi kdvagh tb edom jaiiacuft smfmctabgs. Ckbbsagh Armgdmus rdtkmr tkdg Zmrtuffadg tb affustrdtm tkm mdrfy ckurck‑s rufm bi idatk? pacoagh `mtwmmg Duhustagm‑s vdrabus wrataghs tb prmsmgt kas jbctragms bi sag dgj hrdcm? ibcusagh euck ebrm bg tkm Pmibremrs (Futkmr, (Futkmr, ^waghfa, Cd fvag) tkdg bg tkmar succmssbrs, tkm t km pbst-Pmibremrs pbst-Pmibremrs (Tumgstmjt, Zurrmtag)? dgj bptagh ibr d jascussabg bi Sckfmamredckmr‑s rmedoagh bi Ckrastadg Ckras tadg jbctragm jbctr agm rdtkmr tkdg t kdt bi btkmr aepbrtdgt ebjmrg fa`mrdf i ahurms ‚ A kdvm pbgjmrmj mvmry smfmctabg dgj smcbgj-humssmj eysmfi bg ebst jmcasabgs. Ag edgy cdsms , A kdvm bptmj tb agcfujm agcfujm tkm ckurck fmdjmrs, à`facdf sckbfdrs, dgj tkmbfbhad gs wkbsm wbros drm ebst rmdjafy dccmssa`fm (`btk ag tmres bi dvdafdàfaty bi rmsburcms dgj cfdraty bi wratw ratagh) tb tkm hmgmrdf pu`fac, ibr mdsm bi iurtkmr rmdjagh dgj stujy. Ag tkm mgj, A kue`fy stdgj `y ey ckbacms, dcogbwfmjhagh tkdt btkmr mqudffy aepbrtdgt bgms cbufj kdvm `mmg edjm.1 Suck smfmctavaty emdgs tkdt, t kdt, wkafm A jb tmff tkm stbry bi tkm kastbracdf jmvmfbpemgt jmvmfbpemgt bi Ckrastadgs Ckrastadgs jbctragms jbc tragms,, at as gbt tkm wkbfm stbry. stbry. Staff, A kbpm dgj `mfamvm tkdt ey dccbugt as suiiacamgt ibr dg agtrbjuctbry `bbo ds tkas wbro agtmgjs tb `m.

=. Ibcus bg tkm Jmvmfbpemgt bi Mvdghmfacdf Jbctragm. Xkafm trdcagh tkm `rbdj cbgtburs bi tkm jmvmfbpemgt bi Ckras tadg jbctragm, A cbgcmgtrdtm bg tkm jmvmfbpemgt bi jbctragm watkag mvdghmfacdfase, mspmcadffy ds tkdt ebvmemgt 8. Dff bi tkmsm jbctragms drm aepbrtdgt dgj jmsmrvm trmdtemgt, ùt A jaj gbt kdvm spdcm tb cbvmr tkme. Ibr tkm t km cbrrmspbgjmgcm `mtwmmg tkm ckdptmrs ag Hrujme‑s Systmedtac Zkmbfbhy dgj ey Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy , smm tkm kmfpiuf ckdrt ‖Pmdjagh t km Cbepdgabg Ybfuems ibr Hrmdtmst @mgmiat,― bg p. 41. ;. Ag d cbgvmrsdtabg watk Xdygm, ag wkack A dsomj kae wkdt km wbufj ckdghm ai km rmwbromj kas Systmedtac Systmedtac Zkmbfbhy Zkmbfbhy , km dgswmrmj tkdt km wbufj djj d ckdptmr bg tkm agtmrprmtdtabg bi Scrapturm. Agjmmj, km gbtmj tkdt wkmg km tmdckms tkm `mhaggagh `mhag gagh tkmbfbhy cbursm dt \kbmgax Smeagd ry, km agcfujms d smctabg bg à`facdf agtmrprmtdt abg. @mcdusm bi ey agtmrmst ag tkm

jbctragm bi Scrapturm, dgj jum tb ats bghbagh aepbrtdgcm ibr tkm ckurck, A agcfujm d ckdptmr bg tkm kastbracdf jmvmfbpemgt bi tkm ckurck‑s agtmrprmtdtabg bi Scrapturm. 1. A tkbrbuhkfy cbgcur watk Hmbiirmy @rbeafmy> ‖Xratagh d kastbracdf tkmbfbhy agvbfvms d vmgturm dgj rmsts bg d smrams bi ckbacms bi dae, emtkbj, edttmr, dgj dpprbdck, ckbacms wkack drm ag sbem smgsm dràtrdry dgj dff bi wkack drm bpmg tb jasputm. Mvmg dt `mst, tkmg, tkm dutkbr waff jb nust acm gmatkmr tb tkm su`nmct, gbr tb tkm agtmgtabg bi tkm dutkbr, gbr tb tkm mxpmctdtabgs bi rmdjmrs.― Hmbiirmy X. @rbeafmy, Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy> Dg Agtrbjuctabg (Mjagùrhk> Agtrbjuctabg (Mjagùrhk> Z & Z Cfdro, 418;), xxa.

prmidcm 4=

mxasts ag Gbrtk Demracd. Zkm tmre mvdghmfacdf kds kds cbem tb rmimr tb smvmrdf tkaghs.4< Ag bgm smgsm, mvdghmfacdf rmimrs rmimrs tb tkm Futkmrdg ckurckms tkdt memrhmj irbe tkm t km Pmibredtabg. Zkm tmre ibcusms bg tkm cmgtrdfaty cmgtrd faty bi tkm hbspmf (Hr. ν὜δγγνοαβε, mudghmfabg mudghmfabg)) dgj kds d cbrbffdr cbrbffdryy

prmidcm 4=

mxasts ag Gbrtk Demracd. Zkm tmre mvdghmfacdf kds kds cbem tb rmimr tb smvmrdf tkaghs.4< Ag bgm smgsm, mvdghmfacdf rmimrs rmimrs tb tkm Futkmrdg ckurckms tkdt memrhmj irbe tkm t km Pmibredtabg. Zkm tmre ibcusms bg tkm cmgtrdfaty cmgtrd faty bi tkm hbspmf (Hr. ν὜δγγνοαβε, mudghmfabg mudghmfabg)) dgj kds d cbrbffdr cbrbffdryy mepkdsas bg Scrapturm ds tkm t km gbredtavm stdtmemgt bi tkm hbspmf ibr tkmsm ckurckms. Smcbgj, Smcbgj, mvdghmfacdf rmimrs rmimrs tb tkm mahktmmgtk-cmgtury rmvavdf ebvmemgts dssbcadtmj watk Nbkg Xmsfmy ag Hrmdt @ratdag? Nbgdtkdg Mjwdrjs ag tkm gbrtkmdstmrg cbfbgams bi Demracd? Hmbrhm Xkatmiamfj, wkb dssastmj ag `btk rmhabgs? dgj tkm Hmredg \amtasts. Dff tkmsm t kmsm ebvmemgts ebvmemgts mepkdsazmj cbgvmrsabg, pamty, mvdghmfase, dgj sbcadf rmibredtabg. Ag Demracd tkm Hrmdt Dwdomgagh spdwgmj d rmvavdf trdjatabg t rdjatabg tkdt edgaimstmj edga imstmj atsmfi ag tkm t km Smcbgj Hrmdt Hrmdt Dwdomgagh (Ckdrfms Iaggmy), tkm Zkarj Hrmdt Dwdomgagh (Jwahkt Ebbjy), @affy @affy Hrdkde, Hrdkd e, dgj btkmrs. Ag d tkarj smgsm, mvdghmfacdf as as d cdtckdff tmre ibr tkmbfbhacdffy cbgsmrvdtavm \rbtmstdgts bi wkdtmvmr kmratdhm wkb skdrm d smt bi cbeeatemgts. cbe eatemgts. \raedrafy, \rae drafy, tkmsm drm (4) d kahk vamw bi tkm @a`fm (ats agspardtabg, agmrrdgcy, agmrrd gcy, cfdraty, suiiacamgcy suii acamgcy,, gmcmssaty, dgj dutkbraty)? (0) sdfvdtabg `y hrdcm dfbgm tkrbuhk idatk ag Ckrast dfbgm d fbgm ds tkdt sdfvdtabg as cbeeugacdtmj tkrbuhk tkm hbspmf dgj mepbwmrmj `y tkm Kbfy Sparat? (3) kbfagmss bi faim? faim ? dgj (:) sbcadf mghdhmemgt bi sbem oagj, wkmtkmr tkdt as ckdepabgagh tkm cufturm bi faim bvmr tkm cufturm bi jmdtk (d`brtabg, mutkdgdsad, agidgtacajm) br agvbfvmemgt agvbfvmemgt ag pbfatacdf pbfatacd f edttmrs. Mvdghmfacdf , iburtkfy, rmimrs tb tkm ebvmemgt tkdt drbsm but bi iugjdemgtdfase drbugj tkm eajjfm bi tkm twmgtamtk cmgtury dgj tkdt as ckdrdctmrazmj `y d gmtwbro bi tkmbfbhacdf smeagdrams (m.h., Zragaty Mvdghmfacdf Javagaty Sckbbf, Hbrjbg-Cbgwmff Zkmbfbhacdf Smeagdry), pu`facdtabgs (m.h., Ckrastadg Ckras tadgaty aty Zbjdy ), ), dj kbc mvdghmfastac dgj sbcadf dhmgcams (m.h., @affy Hrdkde Hrdkd e Mvdghmfastac Dssbcadtabg, Xbrfj Yasabg), dgj brhdgazdtabgs (m.h., Gdtabgdf Dssbcadtabg bi Mvdghmfacdfs, Mvdghmfacdf Zkmbfbhacdf Sbcamty). Iagdffy, dgj ebst rmcmgtfy, mvdghmfacdf rmimrs tb dg mtkbs ckdrdctmrazmj ‖`y sbcadf dgj cufturdf idctbrs ds euck ds `y tkmbfbhacdf br kastbracdf bgms. Agjmmj, d strbgh cdsm kds `mmg edjm tkdt sbcadf dgj cufturdf idctbrs drm tkm prmjbeagdgt skdpmrs bi currmgt cur rmgt mvdghmfacdf dctavaty dct avaty ‚ d pbagt tkdt as rdasagh smrabus smr abus cbgcmrgs tbjdy.― tbjdy.―44 Ag tkas `bbo, tkm tmre mvdghmfacdf cbeàgms cbeàgms tkm tkarj dgj iburtk smgsms irbe d`bvm> At rmimrs tb tkmbfbhacdffy cbgsmrvdtavm \rbtmstdgts watk cmrtdag jbctragdf cbeeatemgts, 40 wkb drm ibugj ag edgy jaiimrmgt ckurckms dgj jmgbeagdtabgs (@dptast, \rms`ytmradg, Pmibremj, Futkmrdg, Emtkbjast, Mpascbpdfadg, Cbghrmhdtabgdf, Ckrastadg, Ckras tadg, @rmtkrmg, 4<. Euck Euck bi tkm ibffbwagh jascussabg jasc ussabg as djdptmj irbe Edro Gbff dgj Jdvaj Xmffs, mjs., Ckras Ckrastadg tadg Idatk dgj \rdctacm ag tkm Ebjmrg Ebjm rg Xbrfj Xbrfj>> Zkmb Zkmbfbhy fbhy irbe dg Mvdghmf Mvdghmfacdf acdf \bagt bi Yamw (Hrdgj Pdpajs> Mmrjedgs, 41;9). Ibr iurtkmr jascussabg, smm tkm agtmrckdghm `mtwmmg Hmbrhm E. Edrsjmg dgj Jbgdfj X. Jdytbg ag Ckras Ckrastadg tadg Sckbfdr‑s Pmvamw 03, 03, gb. 4 (4113). Ibr d jascussabg bi mvdghmfacdfase ag Hrmdt @ratdag, smm Jdvaj X. @m`àghtbg, Mvdghmfacdfs ag Ebjmrg @ratdag > D Kastbry irbe tkm 483 41; ]gwag, 0<<;). 44. J. K. Xaffades, Pmtramvagh tkm Zrdjatabg dgj Pmgmwagh Mvdghmfacdfase> D \raemr ibr Suspacabus \rbtmstdgts (Hrdgj Pdpajs> Mmrjedgs, 4111), :. 40. Dg mxdepfm bi tkmsm cbeebg jbctragdf mfmemgts as tkm stdtmemgt bi idatk bi tkm Gdtabgdf Dssbcadtabg bi Mvdghmfacdfs> ‖X ‖Xmm `mfamvm tkm @a`fm tb `m tkm agsparmj, t km bgfy agidf-

fa`fm, dutkbratdtavm Xbrj bi Hbj. Xm `mfamvm tkdt tkmrm as bgm Hbj, mtmrgdffy mxastmgt ag tkrmm pmrsbgs> Idtkmr, Sbg dgj Kbfy Sparat. Xm `mfamvm ag tkm jmaty bi bur Fbrj Nmsus Ckrast, ag Kas varhag àrt k, ag Kas sagfmss faim, ag Kas eardcfms, eardcfms, ag Kas vacdrabus dgj dtbgagh jmdtk tkrbuhk Kas skmj `fbbj, ag Kas `bjafy rmsurrmctabg, ag Kas dscmgsabg tb tkm rahkt kdgj bi tkm Idtkmr, dgj ag Kas pmrsbgdf pmrsbgd f rmturg ag pbwmr dgj hfbry. Xm `mfamvm tkdt ibr tkm sdfvdtabg bi fbst dgj sagiuf pmbpfm, rmhmgmrdtabg `y tkm Kbfy Sparat as d`sbfutmfy mssmgtadf. Xm `mfamvm ag tkm prmsmgt eagastry bi tkm Kbfy Sparat `y wkbsm agjwmffagh tkm Ckras tadg as mgd`fmj tb favm d hbjfy faim. Xm `mfamvm ag tkm rmsurrmctabg bi `btk tkm sdvmj dgj tkm fbst? fbst ? tkmy tkdt drm sdvmj ugtb tkm rmsurrmctabg bi faim dgj tkmy t kdt drm fbst ugtb tkm rmsurrmctabg bi jdegdtabg. Xm `mfamvm ag tkm sparatudf ugaty bi `mfamvmrs ag bur Fbrj Nmsus Ckrast.―


agjmpmgjmgt, \mgtmcbstdf, \mgtmcbstdf, @a`fm, Kbfagmss, d gj agtmr- dgj gbgjmgbeagdtabgdf), dgj wkb drm ckdrdctmrazmj `y vdrabus gmtwbros bi sckbbfs, pu`facdtabgs, dgj tkm faom. Mvmg ebrm spmcaiacdffy, wkafm rmcbhgazagh tkm dedzagh hrbwtk bi ckurckms wbrfjwajm jum tb mxtmg-


agjmpmgjmgt, \mgtmcbstdf, \mgtmcbstdf, @a`fm, Kbfagmss, d gj agtmr- dgj gbgjmgbeagdtabgdf), dgj wkb drm ckdrdctmrazmj `y vdrabus gmtwbros bi sckbbfs, pu`facdtabgs, dgj tkm faom. Mvmg ebrm spmcaiacdffy, wkafm rmcbhgazagh tkm dedzagh hrbwtk bi ckurckms wbrfjwajm jum tb mxtmgsavm mvdghmfacdf eassabg wbro, tkas `bbo ibcusms bg mvdghmfacdf Ckrastadgs Ckras tadgs dgj ckurckms ag Gbrtk Demracd. D rmsuft bi tkas jmcasabg as tkdt tkm kastbracdf jmvmfbpemgt rmcbugtmj kmrm as praedrafy tkdt bi tkm tkmbfbhy bi tkm Xmstmrg ckurck ‚ tkm Pbedg Cdtkbfac Ckurck dgj \rbtmstdgt ckurckms ‚ dgj gbt Mdstmrg Brtkbjbxy. Dgbtkmr rmsuft as tkdt tkm `bbo cbgcmgtrdtms bg tkmbfbhacdf jmvmfbpemgts ag Murbpm dgj Gbrtk Demracd.

9. Jascmrg ‖D Smgsm bi tkm ]rhmgt Gmmj ibr Hrmdtmr Jbctragdf ]gjmrstdgjagh ag tkm Xkbfm Ckurck.― Zkas as bgm bi tkm jastagctavm imdturms bi Hrujme‑s Systmedtac Systmedtac Zkmbfbhy Zkmbfbhy .43 A cbgcur wkbfmkmdrtmjfy? tkus, at as bgm bi ey huajagh pragcapfms. Bgm wdy bi emmtagh tkas urhmgt gmmj as tb prbvajm ugjmrstdgjd`fm, dccmssa`fm systmedtac tkmbfbhams faom kas. D gbtkmr wdy as tb prbvajm ugjmrstdgjd`fm, dccmssa`fm kastbracdf tkmbfbhams faom eagm. Ds Ckras tadgs dgj tkmar ckurckms drm mxpbsmj tb tkm jmvmfbpemgt bi jbctragm, ds tkmy drm d`fm tb trdcm tkm prbhrmssabg bi tkmar `mfamis `mhaggagh watk tkm mdrfy ckurck, pdssagh agtb tkm emjamvdf pmrabj, ebvagh agtb tkm t km Pmibredtabg dgj pbst-Pmibredtabg mrd, dgj tkrbuhk tkm t km ebjmrg pmrabj up tb tbjdy, tkmy ‖waff iagj tkdt ugjmrstdgjagh (dgj favagh) tkm jbctragms bi Scrapturm as bgm bi tkmar t kmar hrmdtmst nbys.―4:

43. Xdygm Hrujme, Systmedtac Zkmbfbhy> Dg Agtrbjuctabg tb @a`facdf Jbctragm (Hrdgj Jbctragm (Hrdgj Pdpajs> Pdpajs > ^bgjmrvdg, 411:, 0<<<), 4;. 4:. Aàj .

dcogbwfmjhemgt dcogbwfm jhemgts s

dcogbwfmjhemgt dcogbwfm jhemgts s

A wask tb tkdgo edgy pmbpfm ibr tkmar kmfp ag tkm wratagh bi tkas `bbo. Iarst, Xdygm Hrujme tbbo d raso wkmg km dsomj em, d rmcmgtfy rmcmgtfy hrdjudtmj systmedtac sys tmedtac tkmbfbhadg watkwat kbut dgy pu`faskagh mxpmramgcm, tb wratm d kastbracdf tkmbfbhy `bbo tkdt wbufj cbvmr mvmrytkagh km jaj gbt agcfujm ag kas Systmedtac Zkmbfbhy . Km tbbo tkm agatadtavm ag edoagh tkm prbpbsdf tb ^bgjmrvdg ^bgjmrvdg dgj d gj urhagh tkm mjatbrs tb havm em em tkm bppbrtugaty tb cdrry cdr ry at but. Xdygm kds dfsb havmg em mgcburdhmemgt bvmr d jbzmg ymdrs tb pmrsmvmrm ag ey wratagh. A de vmry hrdtmiuf tb kae ibr kas iramgjskap. ^bgjmrvdg kds `mmg ebrm pdtamgt watk em tkdg A mvmr cbufj kdvm kbpmj ibr, dgj cmrtdagfy ebrm tkdg A jmsmrvm. \mrkdps smgsagh tkm aeemgsaty bi tkas prbnmct, gb mjatbr mvmr sbuhkt tb rusk em tkrbuhk tkm fmghtky prbcmss. Mvmg wkmg A turgmj ag tkm fdrhmst rbuhk jrdit ^bgjmrvdg kdj mvmr rmcmavmj, gb bgm fduhkmj dt br ckajmj em. Pdtkmr, d cdfe dgj saepfm suhhmstabg wds edjm tkdt A rmvasat tkm fmghtk bi tkm jrdit ibr tkm sdom bi ommpagh tkm `bbo tb bgm vbfuem. A wdgt tb tkdgo mspmcadffy Nae Pudro, Jdvaj Irmms, dgj Fdurd Xmffmr, ey mjatbrs, ibr `mdragh watk em ag suck d oagj, hrdcabus, dgj pdtamgt edggmr. Mvmry bgm bi ybur suhhmstabgs dgj cbeemgts kds `mmg bg tdrhmt td rhmt dgj edjm tkas `bbo `mttmr. Zkm ednbraty bi tkas `bbo wds wrattmg juragh jura gh tkrmm sd``dtacdfs. Ibr tkmsm cbgcmgtrdtmj pmrabjs bi rmsmdrck dgj wratagh, A wbufj faom tb tkdgo tkm `bdrj bi jarmctbrs dgj tkm djeagastrdtabg bi twb smeagdrams> Xmstmrg Smeagdry, \brtfdgj, Brmhbg, wkack hrdgtmj em d sd``dtacdf ibr tkm idff smemstmr, 0<<<, dgj Zkm Sbutkmrg @dptast Zkmbfbhacdf Smeagdry, Fbuasvaffm, Omgtucoy, wkack hrdgtmj em d sd``dtacdf juragh tkm spragh smemstmr, 0<<9, dgj dgbtkmr ibr tkm idff smemstmr, 0<<1. Fa`rdry dssastdgcm dt `btk smeagdrams dfsb pfdymj dg aepbrtdgt rbfm ag cbffmctagh tkm edgy rmsburcms usmj ag wratagh tkas `bbo, sb A mxtmgj tkdgos tb tkm t km fa`rdradgs dgj tkmar dssastdgts dt `btk sckbbfs. sckbbfs. \drtacufdr tkdgos hbms tb Odrmg Drvag, Edttkmw @drrmtt, dgj Kdggdk Xyemr. Guemrbus stujmgts kdvm pfdymj d ednbr rbfm ag tkm rmsmdrck dgj mjata gh bi tkas `bbo tkrbuhk tdoagh tdo agh ey cbursm ag kastbracdf tkmbfbhy dt `btk Xmstmrg Xmstmrg Smeagdry Smeagdr y dgj Sbutkmrg Smeagdry. \drtacapdgts ag CKS 9=
kastbracd kastb racd f Zkmbf Zkmbfbhy bhy 4;

Gmfsbg, Ckrastbpkmr Gmwoaro, Mrbg \fmvdg, @radg \rmstbg, Jdvm Packdrjs, Asddc Suegmr, dgj Mrac Xaffadesbg. Zkmsm stujmgts wbromj tkrbuhk tkm fdtm-stdhm rbuhk jrdit bi tkm `bbo, mjatagh tkm tmxt ibr easspmffaghs, hrdeedtacdf mrrbrs, fdco bi cfdraty, dgj cbgtmgt, dgj mxdeagagh mvmry ibbtgbtm ibr dccurdcy. Ey tkdgos tb mdck stujmgt ibr cdrmiuf,


Gmfsbg, Ckrastbpkmr Gmwoaro, Mrbg \fmvdg, @radg \rmstbg, Jdvm Packdrjs, Asddc Suegmr, dgj Mrac Xaffadesbg. Zkmsm stujmgts wbromj tkrbuhk tkm fdtm-stdhm rbuhk jrdit bi tkm `bbo, mjatagh tkm tmxt ibr easspmffaghs, hrdeedtacdf mrrbrs, fdco bi cfdraty, dgj cbgtmgt, dgj mxdeagagh mvmry ibbtgbtm ibr dccurdcy. Ey tkdgos tb mdck stujmgt ibr cdrmiuf, emtacufbus, dgj taem-cbgsueagh kdrj wbro dgj pdtamgt oagjgmss tbwdrj em. Hrdjudtm dssastdgts dgj Hdrrmtt Imffbws gbt dfrmdjy gdemj, ùt wkb kmfpmj watk rmsmdrck dgj hrdjagh, wmrm Ckras Ckr as @bssbg, Eacdk Eacd k Cdrtmr, Cdr tmr, Pydg Fastmr, Nbkg Nbkg EcOagfmy, Ddrbg B‑Omffmy, B‑Omffmy, Hdry Sckuftz, Eackdmf Xrmg, Omggmtk Pmaj, dgj Ckrastbpkmr Cfmedgs. Smvmrdf cbffmdhums hdvm em suhhmstabgs ibr pdrts bi tkas `bbo. Ibr tkmar kmfp, A wbufj faom tb tkdgo Hmrry @rmskmdrs, @b` Orupp, dgj Pdgjy Pb`mrts irbe Xmstmrg Smeagdry, dgj Ckdj @rdgj, Eackdmf Kdyoag, Zbe Gmttfms, Jdvaj \ucomtt, Edro Smairaj, Omvag Seatk, @rucm Xdrm, Stmvm Xmffue, Hrmh Xaffs, Skdwg Xrahkt, dgj @b` Ybhmf irbe Sbutkmrg Smeagdry. A dfsb mxtmgj spmcadf tkdgos tb Zbe Gmttfms dgj Nbkg Xbbj`rajhm ibr tkmar ibugjdtabgdf cbursms ag ckurck kastbry dgj kastbracdf tkmbfbhy. Edgy `bbos kdvm prbvmj tb `m vdfud`fm rmsburcms, dgj tkmsm vbfuems drm fastmj ag tkm à`fabhrdpky. Spmcadf emgtabg gmmjs tb `m edjm bi bgm rmsburcm ibr tkm jmvmfbpemgt bi Ckrastadg Ckrastadg jbctragms ag tkm mdrfy ckurck> Jdvaj X. @mrcbt, mj., D Jactabgdry Jac tabgdry bi Mdrfy Ckrastadg Ckras tadg @mfamis > D Pmimrmgcm Huajm tb Ebrm tkdg 8<< Zbpacs Zbpacs Jascussmj Jascussm j `y tkm Mdrfy Ckurck Idtkmrs (\md`bjy Idtkmrs (\md`bjy,, Edss.> Edss .> Kmgjracosbg, Kmgjracos bg, 411;). Ebst bi dff, A wbufj faom tb tkdgo ey ideafy ibr tkmar fbvm, suppbrt, dgj prdymrs. Ey waim, Gbrd, kds ckdepabgmj ckd epabgmj ey wbro wbro tkrbuhk kmr mgcburdhagh mgcburdh agh wbrjs, pmrsbgdf mxdepfm mxd epfm bi jmjacdtabg, dgj smfi-sdcraiacm bg `mkdfi bi bur ideafy dgj em. A tkdgo kmr dfsb ibr cbepbsagh tkm ckdffmghagh agjmx ibr tkas `bbo. Bur tkrmm ckafjrmg, Fdurmg, Kdgmff, dgj Fuom, kdvm hrbwg up watk tkmar t kmar jdj wbroagh bg tkas fmghtky prbnmct. Zkmy drm mxcatmj dgj tkdgoiuf tkdt at as iagdffy iagaskmj! Zb tkme A nbyiuffy jmjacdtm tkas `bbo.

Pmdjagh tkm Cbepdgabg Ybfuems

Pmdjagh tkm Cbepdgabg Ybfuems ibr Hrmdtmst @mgmiat

Hrujme‑s Systmedtac Zkmbfbhy

Dffasbg‑s Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy

CKD\ZMP(S)

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*** A trmdt tkm kastbry bi tkm jm`dtm bvmr tkm `dpta se ag dgj iaffagh watk tkm Kbfy Sparat tbhmtkmr watk tkm wbro bi tkm Kbfy Sparat ag ck. 0<, wkack wkack tkus dppmdrs twacm ag tkas f ast.

D``rmvadtabgs D``rmvadta bgs dgj Sburcm Pmimrmgcm Pmimrmgcms s

D``rmvadtabgs D``rmvadta bgs dgj Sburcm Pmimrmgcm Pmimrmgcms s

DGI Dgtm-Gacmgm Idtkmrs, Idtkmrs, mj. Dfmxdgjmr Pb`mrts, Ndems Jbgdfjsbg, \kafap Sckdii, dgj d gj Kmgry Xd Xdcm, cm, 4< vbfs. (\md`bjy, (\md`bjy, Edss.> Kmgjracosbg, 411:). Dgsmfe Dgsmfe bi Cdgtmrùry> Zkm Ednbr Xbros Xbros,, mj. @radg Jdvams dgj H. P. Mvdgs (Bxibrj dgj d gj Gmw Qbro> Qbro> Bxibrj ]gav. \rmss, 411;). @mttmgsbg Jbcuemgts bi tkm Ckrastadg Ckrastadg Ckurck, Ckurck, mj. Kmgry @mttmgsbg dgj Ckras Edugjmr, 3rj mj. (Bxibrj> Bxibrj ]gavmrsaty \rmss, 4111). @Sdc @a`fabtkmcd sdcrd CJ Odrf @drtk, Ckurck Jbhedtacs, Jbhedtacs, mj. H. X. @rbeafmy dgj Z. I. Zbrrdgcm, 43 vbfs. (Mjagùrhk> (Mja gùrhk> Z & Z Cfdro, 4139 4139). ). Kmppm Kmagrack Kmppm, Pmibremj Pmibremj Jbhedtacs Jbhedtacs,, mj. Mrgst @azmr, trdgs. H. Z. Zkbesbg (Fbgjbg> Dffmg dgj d gj ]gwag, 41=<). Kbfems Eackdmf E ackdmf X. Kbfems, Zkm Dpbstbfac Idtkmrs> Hrmmo Zmxts dgj Mghfask Zrdgsfdtabgs (Hrdgj Pdpajs> Pdpajs > @domr, 4111). N@P Nburgdf bi @a`fm dgj Pmfahabg NMZS Nburgdf bi tkm Mvdghmfacdf Zkmbfbhacdf Sbcamty Omffy N. G. J. Omffy, Mdrfy Ckrastadg Ckrastadg Jbctragms, Jbctragms, rmv. mj. (Sdg Irdgcascb> KdrpmrSdgIrdgcascb, 418;). FCC Fa`rdr Fa`rdryy bi Ckras Ckrastadg tadg Cfdssacs, Cfd ssacs, 09 vbfs. (\kafdjmfpkad> XmstXmsteagstmr, 419<), javmrsm vbfuems. FCC 4 Nbkg Cdfva Cdfvag, g, Agstatutms bi tkm Ckrastadg Ckrastadg Pmfahabg, Pmfahabg , mj. Nbkg Z. EcGmaff, trdgs. Ibrj Fmwas @dttfms (\kafdjmfpkad> Xmsteagstmr, 419<), ag Nbkg @daffam, Nbkg Z. EcGmaff, dgj Kmgry \. Ydg Jusmg, hmg. mjs., Fa`rdry bi Ckrastadg Ckras tadg Cfdssacs, 09 vbfs. (\kafdjmfpkad> Xmsteagstmr, 419<), vbf. 0<. FCC 0 Nbkg Cdfva Cdfvag, g, Agstatutms bi tkm Ckrastadg Ckrastadg Pmfahabg, Pmfahabg, mj. Nbkg Z. EcGmaff, trdgs. Ibrj Fmwas @dttfms (\kafdjmfpkad> Xmsteagstmr, 419<), ag Nbkg @daffam, Nbkg Z. EcGmaff, dgj Kmgry \. Ydg Jusmg, hmg. mjs., Fa`rdry bi Ckrastadg Ckras tadg Cfdssacs, 09 vbfs. (\kafdjmfpkad> Xmsteagstmr, 419<), vbf. 04. Fuepoag Xaffad Xaffade e F. Fuepoag, @dptast Cbgimssabgs bi Idatk, Idatk , rmv. mj. (Ydffmy Ibrhm> Nujsbg, 4191). 04


FX Edrtag Edrt ag Futkmr, Futkmr‑s Xbros, Xbros, mjs., Ndrbsfdv \mfaodg, Kaftbg Ka ftbg C. Bswdfj, Bswd fj, dgj Kmfeut Z. Z. Fmkedgg, == vbfs. (St. Fbuas > Cbgcbrjad, Cbgcbrj ad, 41== – 41;9). 41;9). Edgsa Jbeagacus Edgsa, Sdcrbrue Cbgcafabrue gbvd mt


FX Edrtag Edrt ag Futkmr, Futkmr‑s Xbros, Xbros, mjs., Ndrbsfdv \mfaodg, Kaftbg Ka ftbg C. Bswdfj, Bswd fj, dgj Kmfeut Z. Z. Fmkedgg, == vbfs. (St. Fbuas > Cbgcbrjad, Cbgcbrj ad, 41== – 41;9). 41;9). Edgsa Nbdggms Jbeagacus Edgsa, Sdcrbrue Cbgcafabrue gbvd mt depfassaed cbffmctab, cbffmctab, rmv. mj., 34 vbfs. (Fybgs> \mtat dgj Edrtag, ta g, 4;11 – 4108). G\GI 4 Gacmgm- dgj \bst-Gacmgm \bst-Gacmgm Idtkmrs, Idtkmrs , mjs. Dfmxdgjmr Pb`mrts, Ndems Jbgdfjsbg, \kafap Sckdii, Sckdi i, dgj Kmgry Xdcm, 4st smr., smr., 4: vbfs. (\md`bjy, (\md`bjy, Edss> Eds s> Kmgjracosbg, 411:). G\GI 0 Gacmgm- dgj \bst-Gacmgm \bst-Gacmgm Idtkmrs, Idtkmrs , mj. Dfmxdgjmr Pb`mrts, Ndems Jbgdfjsbg, \kafap Sckdii, Sckdi i, dgj Kmgry Xdcm, 0gj smr., smr., 4: vbfs. (\md`bjy, (\md`bjy, Edss.> Eds s.> Kmgjracosbg, 411:). \mfaodg Ndrbsfdv \mfaodg, Zkm Ckrastadg Ckrastadg Zrdjatabg> Zrdjatabg> D Kastbry Kast bry bi tkm Jmvmfbpemgt bi Jbctragm, Jbctragm , = vbfs. (Ckacdhb dgj d gj Fbgjbg> ]gavmrsaty bi Ckacdhb \rmss, 4184 – 4114). \mtry D Kastbry bi Ckrastadg Ckras tadgaty> aty> Pmdjaghs ag tkm Kastbry bi tkm Ckurck,, mj. Pdy C. \mtr y, vbf. 4> Zkm Mdrfy dgj Emjamvdf Ckurck Emjamvd f Ckurck (Hrdgj Pdpajs> @domr, 411<). \H \dtrbfbhadm cursus cbepfmtus> Smrams hrdmcd, hrdmcd , mj. N.-\. Eahgm, 49= vbfs. (\dras (\d ras>> 4;=8 – ;9). \F \dtrbfbhadm cursus cbepfmtus> Smrams fdtagd, fdtagd , mj. N.-\. Eahgm, 004 vbfs. (\dras > 4;:: – 9:). \rmus Pb`mrt J. \rmus, Zkm Zkmbfbhy bi \bst-Pmibredtabg Futkmrdgase> D Stujy bi Zkmbfbhacdf \rbfmhbemgd (St. Fbuas> Cbgcbrjad, 418<). Sckdii \kafap Sckdii, Crmmjs bi Ckrastmgjbe, Ckrastmgjbe, 3 vbfs. (Gmw Qbro> Kdrpmr, Kdr pmr, 4;88 – 41<=). Sckeaj Kmagrack Sckeaj, Zkm Jbctragdf Zkmbfbhy bi tkm Mvdghmfacdf Futkmrdg Ckurck, Ckurck, trdgs. Ckdrfms D. Kdy dgj Kmgry M. Ndcb`s (Eaggmdpbfas> Duhsùrh, 4; 4;11). 11). SNZ Scbttask Nburgdf bi Zkmbfbhy Sueed Cbgtrd Hmgtafms Zkbeds Dquagds, Sueed Cbgtrd Hmgtafms, Hmgtafms , 4.3, bgfagm mj., Dg Dggbtdtmj Zrdgsfdtabg Zrdgsfdtabg (watk Sbem D`rajhmemgt) D`raj hmemgt) bi tkm Sueed Cbgtrd Hmgtafms bi Sdagt Zkbs Dquagds , trdgs. Nbsmpk Pacod`y (Zkm Cdtkbfac \raemr, \ra emr, 0<<=). 0<<=). Sueed Zkmbfbhacd Zkbeds Dquagds, Sueed Zkmbfbhacd. Zkmbfbhacd. Zrdgsfdtmj `y Idtkmrs bi tkm Mghfask Jbeagacdg \rbvagcm. Cagcaggdta, Bkab> \ragtmrs tb tkm Kbfy Dpbstbfac Smm, Sm m, 414:. 414:. Zdvdrj Hmbrhm K. Zdvdrj, Zdvdrj, Kbfy Kbfy Xrat Xrat br Kbfy Ckurck> Zkm Crasas Cra sas bi tkm \rbtmstdgt Pmibredtabg (Fbgjbg> Pmibredtabg (Fbgjbg> @urgs & Bdtms, 41=1). XFS Edrt Edrtag ag Futkmr, Xkdt Futkmr Sdys, Sdys , mj. Mwdfj E. \fdss, 3 vbfs. ag 4 (St. Fbuas > Cbgcbrjad, 41=1). 41=1). XZN Xmsteagstmr Zkmbfbhacdf Nburgdf

Ckdptmr

4

Ckdptmr

4

Agtrbjuctabg tb Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy Xkdt as kastbracdf tkmbfbhy2 Xkdt `mgmiats jbms at prbvajm2 Kbw skbufj wm stujy at2 Kastbracdf tkmbfbhy as tkm stujy bi tkm agtmrprmtdtabg bi Scrapturm dgj tkm ibreufdtabg bi jbctragm `y tkm ckurck bi tkm pdst. 4 Suck cbgcmgtrdtabg bg tkm dccueufdtmj wasjbe bi tkm dhms prbvajms hrmdt `mgmiat tb Ckrastadgs Ckrastadgs dgj ckurckms tbjdy ds tkmy smmo tb favm idatkiuffy dgj b`mjamgtfy ibr Nmsus Ckrast. Zkas kahk vdfum bi kastbracdf tkmbfbhy, br ckurck trdjatabg, wds ugjmrscbrmj `y Omggmtk Odgtzmr, bgm bi tkm ibugjmrs bi ebjmrg mvdghmfacdfase> mvdghmfacdfa se> ‖Xkafm ‖Xka fm at as gbt agidffa`fm, at eust `m dcogbwfmjhmj ds Hbj‑s huajdgcm bi kas pmbpfm ag dccbrjdgcm watk kas prbeasm tb tkm ckurck bi dff dhms.― 0 Dt tkm sdem taem, ckurck trdjatabg eust dfwdys kdvm rmimrmgcm tb Scrapturm? kmgcm, kastbracdf tkmbfbhy eust `m matkmr dpprbvmj br ckdstmgmj ckdst mgmj `y tkm Xbrj bi Hbj. Ds N. A. \dcomr, dgbtkmr fmdjagh mvd ghmfacdf, drtacufdtmj> ‖Scrapturm eust kdvm tkm fdst wbrj bg dff kuedg dttmepts tb stdtm ats emdgagh, dgj trdjatabg, vamwmj ds d smrams bi suck kuedg dttmepts, kds d eagastmradf 4. Ndrbsfdv \mfaodg, wbroagh irbe tkm Ibreufd bi Cbgcbrj , jmiagmj kastbracdf tkmbfbhy ds tkm stujy bi wkdt tkm ckurck ‖`mfamvms, tmdckms, dgj cbgimssms ds at prdys dgj suiimrs, smrvms dgj b`mys, cmfm`rdtms dgj dwdats tkm cbeagh bi tkm Oaghjbe bi Hbj.― Ndrbsfdv \mfaodg, Jmvmfbpemgt bi Ckrastadg Ckrastadg Jbctragm> Sbem Kastbracdf \rbfmhbemgd (Gmw Kdvmg> Qdfm ]gav. \rmss, 4191), 4:3. 0. Omggmtk S. Odgtzmr, ‖D Systmedtac @a`facdf Jbhedtacs> Xkdt As At dgj Kbw As At tb @m Jbgm2― ag Jbagh Zkmbfbhy ag Zbjdy‑s Xbrfj> Mssdys ag Kbgbr bi Omggm tk S. Odgtzmr Odgtzm r , mj. Nbkg J. Xbbj`rajhm dgj Zkbeds Mjwdrj EcCbeasomy (Hrdgj Pdpajs> ^bgjmrvdg, 4114), :99. Odgtzmr, faom edgy btkmrs, jastaghuaskmj `mtwmmg twb smgsms bi trdjatabg. Ckurck Zrdjatabg (watk d cdpatdf Z ), ), irbe d Pbedg Cdtkbfac tkmbfbhy pmrspmctavm, rmimrs tb bgm dspmct bi j avagm rmvmfdtabg. At cbgsasts bi tkm tmdckaghs bi Nmsus t kdt km cbeeugacdtmj brdffy tb kas jascapfms ùt wkack wmrm gbt wrattmg jbwg, dgj wkack wmrm trdgseattmj brdffy irbe tkm dpbstfms tb tkmar succmssbrs, tkm

àskbps. Zkas favagh Zrdjatabg cbgtagums ag tkm ckurck tbjdy dgj dt taems kds `mmg prbcfdaemj ds biiacadf Pbedg Cdtkbfac jbctragm. Spmcaiacd ffy, \bpm \aus A[ prbeufhdtmj tkm jbhed bi tkm aeedcufdtm cbgcmptabg bi Edry ag kas ùff Agmiidàfas Jmus (Jmcme`mr Jmus (Jmcme`mr ;, 4;=:), dgj \bpm \aus [AA prbeufhdtmj tkm jbhed bi tkm `bjafy dssueptabg bi Edry ag kas ùff Eugaiaùff Eugaiacmgtassaeus Jmus (Gbvme`mr Jmus (Gbvme`mr 4, 41=<). Zkm rmsuft bi tkas vamw bi javagm rmvmfdtabg as ‖tkdt tkm Ckurck jbms gbt jrdw kmr cmrtdagty d`but dff rmvmdfmj trutks irbe tkm kbfy Scrapturms dfbgm. Kmgcm, `btk Scrapturm dgj Zrdjatabg eust `m dccmptmj dgj kbgbrmj watk mqudf immfaghs bi jmvbtabg dgj rmvmrmgcm.― Jbhedtac Cbgstatutabg bg Javagm Pmvmfdtabg (Ydtacdg Pmvmfdtabg (Ydtacdg AA, Jma Ymrùe,, Gbvme`mr 4;, 419=), 1. Ckurck trdjata bg (watk d fbwYmrùe mrcdsm t ) as tkm dccueufdtmj wasjbe bi tkm ckurck bi tkm pdst ag tmres bi ats agtmrprmtdtabg bi Scrapturm dgj ats ibreufdtabg bi jbctragm. Zkas trdjat abg as gbt pdrt bi java gm rmvmfdtabg ag tkm Pbedg Cdtkbfac smgsm ùt as bi hrmdt `mgmiat tb mvdghmfacdf ckurckms tbjdy, ds A drhum ag tkas ckdptmr. 03


rdtkmr tkdg d edhastmradf rbfm.― 3 Ag jmtmreagagh jbctragm dgj prdctacm, tkm edhastmradf, br dutkbratdtavm, rbfm `mfbghs tb Scrapturm, dgj Scrapturm d fbgm. Zkm eagastmradf, eagastmrad f, br kmfpagh, rbfm dccbrjmj tb kastbracdf tkmbfbhy emdgs tkdt at smrvms tkm ckurck ag edgy wdys.


rdtkmr tkdg d edhastmradf rbfm.― 3 Ag jmtmreagagh jbctragm dgj prdctacm, tkm edhastmradf, br dutkbratdtavm, rbfm `mfbghs tb Scrapturm, dgj Scrapturm d fbgm. Zkm eagastmradf, eagastmrad f, br kmfpagh, rbfm dccbrjmj tb kastbracdf tkmbfbhy emdgs tkdt at smrvms tkm ckurck ag edgy wdys. Bgm `mgmiat tkdt kastbracdf tkmbfbhy biimrs tkm ckurck tbjdy as kmfpagh at jastaghuask brtkbjbxy irbe kmrmsy . Zkm tmre brtkbjbxy kmrm kmrm rmimrs tb tkdt wkack tkm Gmw Zmstdemgt cdffs cdf fs ‖sbugj jbctragm― (4 (4 Zae. 4>443 ? Zatus 4>1? 0>4), tkdt wkack rahktfy rmi fmcts ag sueedry sueed ry ibre dff d ff tkm tmdckagh bi Scrapturm dgj d gj wkack tkm ckurck as `bugj tb `mfamvm `mfamvm : dgj b`my. Kmrmsy , tkmg, as dgytkagh tkdt cbgtrdjacts cbgtrdjact s sbugj jbctragm. At as idfsm `mfami tkdt easagtmrprmts Scrapturm br tkdt ahgbrms sbem bi tkm tmdckagh bi Scrapturm, br tkdt agcbrrmctfy puts tbhmtkmr dff tkm tmdckagh bi Scrapturm. Zkm ckurck as tb skug kmrmsy dgj smmo tb cbrrmct ats mrrbrs (m.h., Zatus 4>1). Mxprmssmj dgbtkmr d gbtkmr wdy, wdy, kastbracdf tkmbfbhy t kmbfbhy kmfps tkm ckurck rmcbhgazm sbugj jbctragm dgj jastaghuask at irbe idfsm jbctragm `mcdusm, hmgmrdffy spmdoagh, ‖tkdt idatk wkack kds `mmg `mfamvmj mvmrywkmrm, dfwdys, `y mvmrybgm― = ‚ tkdt as, wkdt tkm t km ckurck kds kastbracdffy `mfamvmj `mf amvmj dgj kmfj ds ats jbctragm jbctr agm ‚ cbrrmspbgjs tb brtkbjbxy, dgj wkdtmvmr kds `mmg trdjatabgdffy rmnmctmj `y tkm ckurck cbrrmspbgjs tb kmrmsy. Ibr mxdepfm, tkm `mfami tkdt tkm Xbrj bi Hbj wkb `mcdem agcdrgdtm ds Nmsus Ckrast (Nbkg 4>4, 4:) 4:) wds d crmdtmj `magh wkb wds gbt mtmrgdf ùt kdj d `mhaggagh `mh aggagh ag taem t aem wds cbgjmegmj ds d kmrmsy `y tkm mdrfy ckurck. Ag dccbrjdgcm watk dff tkm tmdckagh bi Scrapturm, tkm ckurck kds dfwdys `mfamvmj tkdt tkm Sbg bi Hbj, tkm smcbgj pmrsbg bi tkm Zragaty, wds, as, dgj dfwdys waff `m iuffy Hbj, mqudf ag dff rmspmcts tb tkm Idtkmr dgj tkm Kbfy Sparat.9 D stujy bi kastbracdf tkmbfbhy tkdt rmkmdrsms tkm jmvmfbpemgt bi jbctragm kmfps ckurckms ckurckms tbjdy tb ajmgtaiy dgj me`rdcm brtkbjbxy dgj d gj tb rmnmct dgj cbrrmct kmrmsy kmrmsy..8 D smcbgj `mgmiat bi kastbracdf tkmbfbhy as tkdt at prbvajm prbvajmss sbugj à`facdf agtmr agtmrprmtdprmtdtabgs dgj tkmbfbhacdf ibreufdtabgs. ibreufdtabgs . Ag sbem cdsms, tkm aeemgsm miibrt dgj cdrmiuf stujy mxmrcasmj `y tkm ckurck ag tkm pdst kds rmsuftmj ag suck mxcmffmgt à`facdf dgj tkmbfbhacdf ugjmrstdgjagh tkdt tkm ednbraty bi tkm hrbugjwbro kds `mmg fdaj ibr tkm ckurck ds at mghdhms ag tkm stujy bi tkmbfbhy tbjdy. Ibr mxdepfm, tkm mdrfy ckurck‑s wbro bg tkm jbctragm bi tkm Zragaty (bgm javagm mssmgcm, tkrmm pmrsbgs) dgj tkm jbctragm bi tkm

3. N. A. \dcomr, ‖Zkm Cbeibrt bi Cbgsmrvdtase,― ag \bwmr Pmfahabg> Zkm Smffagh But bi tkm Mvdghmfacdf Ckurck2 mj. mj. E. S. Kbrtbg (Ckacdhb> Ebbjy, 4110), 0;;. Dfastmr EcHrdtk cbgcurrmj>> ‖Zrdjatabg as tb `m kbgbrmj currmj kbgbrmj wkmrm at cdg `m skbwg tb `m nustai amj dgj rmnmctmj wkmrm at cdggbt. Zkas cratacdf dpprdasdf dpprdasd f bi trdjatabg wds dg agtmhrdf mfmemgt bi tkm Pmibredtabg, dgj wds `dsmj bg tkm ibugjdtabgdf `mfami tkdt trdjatabg wds uftaedtmfy d`but tkm agtmrprmt dtabg bi Scr apturm ‚ dg agtmr prmtdtabg wkack kdj tb `m nustaiamj watk rmimrmgcm tb prmcasmfy tkdt sdem dutkbratdtavm sburcm.― Dfastmr M . EcHrdtk, ‖Zkm Aepbrtdgcm bi Zrdjatabg ibr Ebjmrg Mvdghmfacdfase,― ag Jbagh Zkmbfbhy ibr tkm \mbpfm bi Hbj , mj. Jbgdfj Fmwas dgj Dfastmr M. EcHrdtk (Jbwgmrs Hrbvm, Aff .> AgtmrYdrsaty, 4119), 49<. :. Dccbrjagh tb \dcomr, ‖Zkm wbrj _brtkbjbxyU mxprmssms tkm ajmd tkdt cmrtdag stdtmemgts dccurdtmfy me`bjy tkm rmvmdfmj trutk cbgtmgt bi Ckrastadg Ckras tadgaty aty dgj drm tkmrmibrm ag tkmar bwg gdturm gbredtavm ibr tkm ugavmrsdf ckurck.― N. A.

\dcomr, ‖Brtkbjbxy,― ag Mvdghmfacdf Jactabgdry bi Zkmbfbhy , mj. Xdftmr D. Mfwmff, 0gj mj. (Hrd gj Pdpajs> @d omr, 0<<4), 0<<4), ;8=. =. Yagcmgt bi Fmrags, Cbeebgatbry , 0.9, ag G\GI ag G\GI 0 , 44>430. 9. Ibr iurtkmr jascussabg, smm ckdp. 48. 8. Agjmmj, ds J. K. Xaffades pbagtmjfy dssmrtmj watk rmhdrj tb kastbracdf tkmbfbhy, spmcaiacdffy bi tkm mdrfy ckurck, ‖Ai tkm dae bi cbgtmepbrdry mvdghmfacdfase as tb `m jbctragdffy brtkbjbx dgj mxmhmtacdffy idatki uf tb Scrapturm, at cdggbt `m dccbepfaskmj watkbut rmcbursm tb dgj a gtmhrdtabg bi tkm ibugjdtabgdf Zrdjat abg bi tkm mdrfy md rfy ckurck. . . . Zrdjatabg Zrdjatabg as a s gbt sbemtkagh mvdghmfacdfs cdg tdom br fmdvm.― J. K. Xaffades, Pmtramvagh tkm Zrdjatabg dgj Pmgmwagh Mvdghmfacdfase,43. Mvdghmfacdfase, 43. Irbe d kbpmiuf pmrspmctavm, kastbracdf tkmbfbhy ‖waff kmfp us dvbaj rmpmdtagh tkm jbctragdf mrrbrs tkdt kdvm drasmg dt mdrfamr taems.― N. Omggmtk Hrajmr, ‖Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy,― ag @mdcbg Jactabgdry bi Zkmbfbhy , mj. Packdrj P ackdrj Zdyfbr, Xaffdrj K. Zdyfbr Zdyfbr,, dgj N. Omggmtk Hrajmr (Odgsds Caty> @mdcbg Kaff, 41;3), 0=;.

Ckdptmr 4 • Agtrbjuctabg tb Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy 0=

agcdrgdtabg (twb ugckdghagh gdturms, javagm dgj kuedg, ugatmj ag bgm pmrsbg) kds smt ibrtk tkm mssmgtadf mfmemgts tkdt dgy currmgt mxprmssabg bi tkmsm jbctragms waff (dgj eust) rmifmct. Dftkbuhk tkm prmsmgt cbgtmxt edy rdasm spmcaiac ckdffmghms dgj jmedgj

Ckdptmr 4 • Agtrbjuctabg tb Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy 0=

agcdrgdtabg (twb ugckdghagh gdturms, javagm dgj kuedg, ugatmj ag bgm pmrsbg) kds smt ibrtk tkm mssmgtadf mfmemgts tkdt dgy currmgt mxprmssabg bi tkmsm jbctragms waff (dgj eust) rmifmct. Dftkbuhk tkm prmsmgt cbgtmxt edy rdasm spmcaiac ckdffmghms dgj jmedgj agtmrdctabg watk jaiimrmgt assums gbt idcmj `y tkm mdrfy ckurck ds at kdeemrmj but tkmsm jbctragms, ats tkbuhktiuf wbro bg tkm Zragaty dgj tkm agcdrgdtabg prbvajms d sbfaj ibugjdtabg irbe wkack tb idcm tkmsm cbgtmepbrdry tmsts. ; Cbffbquadffy spmdoagh, tkbuhk tkm ckurck edy rmiagm dgj strmghtkmg s trmghtkmg tkm t km prbvmràdf prbvmràdf wkmmf, at kds gb gmmj tb rmagvmgt rma gvmgt at. Zkm `dsac cbgtburs bi cdrjagdf jbctragms jbct ragms kdvm `mmg skdpmj `y tkm ckurck bi bi tkm pdst dgj tkus t kus kmfp ckurckms jb tkmbfbhy tbjdy.1 D tkarj `mgmiat bi kastbracdf tkmbfbhy as tkdt at prmsmgts stmffdr s tmffdr mxdepfms bi idatk, idatk , fbvm fbvm,, cburdhm,, kbpm cburdhm kbpm,, b`mjamgcm b`mjamgcm,, dgj emrcy . Mdrfy Ckrastadgs Ckrastadgs suck ds \bfycdrp, \mrpmtud, dgj Imfacatds wmrm tkrmdtmgmj watk jmdtk ai tkmy wbufj gbt rmgbugcm tkmar idatk ag Nmsus Ckrast ‚ dgj tkmy jamj ds edrtyrs rdtkmr tkdg jmgy tkm Fbrj wkb kdj sdvmj tkme. 4< Zkmy drm mxdepfms bi pmrsmvmrdgcm tb tkm pbagt bi jmdtk ibr Ckras tadgs idcagh pmrsmcutabg tbjdy. Dtkdgdsaus, d emrm twmgty-gagm-ymdr-bfj smcrmtdry dt tkm iarst i arst mcuemgacdf, mcuemgacd f, br hmgmrdf, cbugcaf bi tkm ckurck cbgvmgmj dt Gacmd ag 30=, ugjmrstbbj tkm aepbrtdgcm bi sbugj jbctragm. jbctra gm. Km ckdepabgmj ckdepabgmj tkm Gacmgm cbgimssabg bi tkm jmaty bi tkm Sbg bi Hbj Hb j dgj ibuhkt dhdagst jmvdstdtagh kmrmsy wkafm mgjuragh iavm mxafms ibr tkas jbctragm bi Ckrast. 44 Km as d ebjmf bi cbstfy cbeeatemgt tb tkm trutk ibr tkm ckurck tbjdy. D tkmbfbhacdf agtmrprmtdtabg bi Scrapturm mgd`fmj Duhust agm tb prbjucm d rack cbeemgtdry bg tkm hbspmf bi Nbkg, wkack ag turg rmagibrcmj dgj kmfpmj jmvmfbp tkm brtkbjbx jbctragm bi tkm Zragaty.40 Zkm Cbgimssabgs bi St. Duhustagm, Duhustagm , dg dccbugt bi kas mdrfy faim dgj cbgvmrsabg tb Ckrastadg Ckras tadgaty, aty, stdgjs ds bgm bi tkm `mstsmffmrs ag tkm kastbry bi tkm wbrfj dgj kds ckmmrmj bg edgy tb cbgsajmr tkm hbspmf bi Nmsus Ckrast.43 Kas hrdcm-iaffmj hrdcm-iaf fmj faim, tkmbfbhacdf dcuemg, dgj cdrmiuf stujy bi Scrapturm drm pdttmrgs ibr Ckrastadgs Ckras tadgs tbjdy. Bfyepads, d wajbwmj jmdcbgmss bi tkm ckurck ag Cbgstdgtagbpfm, fmvmrdhmj kmr aeemgsm wmdftk tb `mcbem d hmgmrbus pdtrbg bi tkm ckurck. Skm jbgdtmj edgy bi kmr mstdtms tb tkm ckurck, suppbrtmj tkm eagastrams ea gastrams bi suck ckurck fmdjmrs ds Nbkg Ckrysbstbe dgj Hrmhbry bi Gdzad gzus, rdgsbemj mxafmj cdptavms, sustdagmj d cbeeugaty bi 0=< varhags, dgj cdrmj ibr tkm

;. Dg mxdepfm bi tkas `mgmiat cdg `m smmg ag edgy bi tkm rmspbgsms bi mvdghmfacdfs tb tkm cbgtmepbrdry vamwpbagt cdffmj ‖bpmg tkmase.― Zkas kmrmsy kdj dg aepbrtdgt ibrmruggmr ag tkm ebvmemgt gdemj Sbcagadgase ag tkm saxtmmgtk dgj smvmgtmmgtk cmgturams, wkack me`rdcmj d saeafdr f aeatdtabg bg tkm javagm ogbwfmjhm. Zkm rmspbgsms biimrmj `y pbst-Pmibremrs faom Irdgcas Zurrmtag tb tkdt Sbcagadg vmrsabg bi tkm kmrmsy kdvm `mmg mckbmj `y cbgtmepbrdry bppbgmgts bi bpmg tkmase. Smm Irdgcas Zurrmtag, Agstatutms bi Mfmgctac Zkmbfbhy , mj. Ndems Z. Jmggasbg Nr., trdgs. Hmbrhm Eushrdvm Hahmr, 3 vbfs. ag 4 (\kaff apsùrh, G.N.> \ & P, 4118), 3rj tbpac, 40tk q., 4> 0<9 – 40. 1. D cbrbffdry bi tkas `mgmiat as tkdt kastbracdf tkmbfbhy cdg dscmrtdag ‖tkm trdjatabgdf mxmhmtacdf ibugjdtabg ibr cmrtdag jbheds.― Xatk tkas rmsmdrck ag kdgj, mvdghmfacdfs cdg mxdeagm wkmtkmr tkm ibugjdtabgdf pdssdhms (4) drm agtmrprmtmj prbpmrfy, (0) cbgstatutm fmhataedtm hrbugjagh ibr tkbsm

jbctragms, (3) mgcburdhm iurtkmr wbro bg (mvmg ebjaiacdtabg bi) tkbsm tkmbfbhacdf ibreufdtabgs, dgj (:) prbept cbgsajmrdtabg bi btkmr pdssdhms ds `mttmr wdrrd gts ibr tkbsm `mfamis. Ibr iurtkmr jascussabg, smm Ndrbsfdv \mfaodg, Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy> Cbgtaguaty dgj Ckdghm ag Ckrastadg Ckras tadg Jbctragm (Fbgjbg> Jbctragm (Fbgjbg> Kutckagsbg? Gmw Qbro> Cbrpus , 4184), 43= – 39. 4<. Smm Zkm Edrtyrjbe bi \bfycdrp, \bfycdrp, ag Kbfems, 009 – :=? DGI , 4>31 – ::. Ibr tkm edrtyrjbe bi \mrpmtud dgj Imfacatds, smm Zkm \dssabg bi tkm Kbfy Edrtyrs \mrpmtud dgj Imfacatds, Imfacatds , ag DGI , 3>911 3 >911 – 8<9. 44. Smm, m.h., kas Ibur Jascbursms dhdagst tkm Dradgs, Dradgs , ag G\GI 0, vbf. :. 40. Smm kas Zrdctdtms bg tkm Hbspmf Hbsp mf bi Nbkg, Nbkg, ag G\GI ag G\GI 4, vbf. 8. 43. Smm Duhustagm, Zkm Cbgimssabgs bi St. Duhustagm, Duhustagm , ag 4 G\GI , vbf. 4.


pbbr. Skm as d ebjmf bi hmgmrbus havagh, h avagh, kbspatdfaty, kbspatdf aty, dgj emrcy.4: Edrtag Futkmr, tkbuhk mxcbeeugacdtmj `y tkm pbpm dgj tkrmdtmgmj wat k mxmcutabg ibr kmrmsy, kmrmsy, wds smqumstmrmj `y kas prbtmctavm iramgjs dgj kaj ag tkm Xdrtùrh Cdstfm ibr mahkt ebgtks. Jrmssmj ds d


pbbr. Skm as d ebjmf bi hmgmrbus havagh, h avagh, kbspatdfaty, kbspatdf aty, dgj emrcy.4: Edrtag Futkmr, tkbuhk mxcbeeugacdtmj `y tkm pbpm dgj tkrmdtmgmj wat k mxmcutabg ibr kmrmsy, kmrmsy, wds smqumstmrmj `y kas prbtmctavm iramgjs dgj kaj ag tkm Xdrtùrh Cdstfm ibr mahkt ebgtks. Jrmssmj ds d ogahkt, fmttagh fmtta gh kas kdar dgj `mdrj hrbw h rbw fbgh, fbgh, dgj hbagh `y tkm dfads bi Nugomr Nùrh (Ogahkt Hmbrhm), wkafm suiimragh irbe fbgmfagmss, cbgstapdtabg, agsbegad, dgj sdtdgac dttdco s, km wrbtm gmdrfy d jbzmg `bbos dgj, ds ai tkdt dccbepfaskemgt wmrm gbt mgbuhk, trdgsfdtmj tkm mgtarm Gmw Zmstdemgt agtb Hmredg.4= Km as dg mxdepfm ibr tbjdy‑s ckurckms ckurckms bi idatk id atk dgj cburdhm dgj mxkdustagh fd`br ibr tkm cdusm bi Ckrast. Suck mxdepfms irbe ckurck kastbry cbufj `m euftapfamj tkbusdgjs bi taems bvmr. D iburtk `mgmiat tkdt kastbracdf tkmbfbhy rmgjmrs tkm ckurck as tb prbtmct dhdagst tkm agjavajudfase tkdt as rdepdgt tbjdy debgh debgh Ckrastadgs. Ckrastadgs. Zrdhacdffy, guemrbus idctbrs ‚ d cbgsuemrast emgtdfaty, dg agsastmgcm bg agjavajudf rahkts, dg mepkdsas bg pmrsbgdf dutbgbey, d prbgbugcmj smgsm bi mgtatfmemgt ‚ kdvm cbgvmrhmj tb ibstmr dg dtebspkmrm ag wkack tbb edgy Ckrastadgs Ckrastadgs paco dgj ckbbsm tkmar jbctragms faom t kmy paco dgj ckbbsm ckbbsm tkmar cfbtkms br idst-ibbj emdfs. Ai tkmy immf ugcbeibrtd`fm d`but tkm sbvmrmahgty bi Hbj br drm upsmt `y tkm tkbuhkt bi dg mtmrgdf mtmr gdf cbgscabus pugaskemgt bi tkm wacomj, tkmy bpt tb bvmrfbbo br jaseass tkbsm jbctragms. jbctr agms. Ai tkmar wbrfjfy faimstyfm as cbgirbgtmj cbgi rbgtmj `y `y tkm jmedgjs bi sdgctaiacdtabg, br ai tkm dutkbraty bi Scrapturm ckdffmghms tkmar styfask jbu`ts d`but trutk dgj cmrtdagty, tkmy ckbbsm tb eagaeazm br smt dsajm tkbsm jbctragms. Zkdgoiuffy, kastbracdf tkmbfbhy t kmbfbhy cdg dct ds d cbrrmctavm cbrrmct avm tb tkas rmhrmttd`fm satudtabg. At rmeagjs `mfamvmrs tkdt tkmars as d cbrpbrdtm idatk tkdt kds dfwdys diiaremj javagm sbvmrmahgty, kmff, kbfagmss, dgj à`facdf dutkbraty. dutkbraty. Zkas rack kmratdhm prbtmcts dhdagst tkm t km tmgjmgcy tmgjmgcy tb smfmct tkm jbctragms jbctr agms bgm faoms dgj tb rmnmct tkbsm t kbsm bgm jbms gbt faom, tkus havagh ag a g tb bgm‑s bgm‑s sagiuf sagiu f prbpmgsatams. Saeafdrfy, kastbracdf tkmbfbhy cdg hudrj Ckrastadgs Ckras tadgs dgj ckurckms irbe tkm pmgckdgt 49 ibr tkm gbvmf, tkm ymdrgagh ymd rgagh ibr rmfmvdgcy, dgj tkm tmgjmgcy tb ibffbw strbgh fmdjmrs wkb drm à`facdffy dgj d gj tkmbfbhacdffy skdffbw skdf fbw.. Fdemgtagh mvdghmfacdfase‑ mvd ghmfacdfase‑ss rdjacdf prbg prbgmgmss mgmss tb jmstdàfazdtabg, Dfastmr EcHrdtk urhmj tkas sbfutabg> ‖Pmjascbvmragh tkm cbrpbrdtm dgj kastbrac gdturm bi tkm Ckrastadg Ckrastadg idatk rmjucms tkm jdghmr bi mgtarm cbeeugatams bi idatk `magh easfmj `y ckdrasedtac agjavajudfs agjavajudfs dgj diiar d iiares es tkm bghbagh aepbrtdgcm aepbrtdgcm bi tkm Ckrastadg pdst ds d stdàfazagh agifumgcm ag pbtmgtadffy turùfmgt taems.― 48 Cbagagh àzdrrm gmw jbctragms (suck ds tkm kmdftk, wmdftk, dgj prbspmraty hbspmf), tdepmragh watk trdj atabgdf jbctragms (suck ds eagaeazagh eagae azagh tkm gmmj ibr rmpmgtdgcm irbe sag ds pdrt bi t km rmspbgsm tb 4:. Smm Xmgjy Edymr, Edymr, ‖\bvmrty dgj Hmgmrbsaty H mgmrbsaty tbwdrj t km \bbr ag tkm Zaem bi Nbkg Ckrysbstbe,― ag Xmdftk dgj \bvmrty ag Mdrfy Ckurck dgj Sbcamty , mj. Susdg P. Kbfedg, Kbfy Crbss Stujams ag \dtrastac Zkmbfbhy dgj Kastbry (Hrdgj Pdpajs>> @domr, 0<<;), 4:< – =;. Zkm `bbo biimrs edgy ajs ed gy mxdepfms bi mdrfy Ckrastadg Ckrastadg kbspatdfaty dgj cbgcmrg ibr tkm pbbr. Smm dfsb Ckrastagm J. \bkf, Edoagh \bkf, Edoagh Pbbe > Pmcbvm ragh Kbspatdfat Kbs patdfatyy ds d Ckrastadg Ckras tadg Zrdjatabg rdjatabg (Hrdgj (Hrdgj Pdpajs> Mmrjedgs, 4111). Jasturàghfy, tkm rdjacdf gmw dtkmase, wkack as quaco tb pbagt but tkm mvafs ibastmj bg sbcamty `y Ckrastadgs, Ckras tadgs, smmes tb `m cbepfmtmfy ugdwdrm bi tkm aeemgsm hbbj tkdt Ckrastadgs Ckras tadgs kdvm jbgm ibr tkm pbbr, tkm saco, tkm edrhagdfazmj, dgj tkm gmmjy. Zkmar ahgbrdgcm br, ebrm sagastmr ymt, tkmar agtmgtabgdf gmhfmct bi

tkmsm cbugtfmss dcts bi emrcy, edoms tkmar cdsm dhdagst Ckrastadgaty tadg aty ragh kbffbw. 4=. Smm Pbfdgj K. @dagtbg, Kmrm A Stdgj> D Faim bi Edrtag Futkmr (\md`bjy, (\md`bjy, Edss.> Kmgjracosbg, 4188). 49. Ds Zaebtky Hmbrhm mxpfdagmj, ‖Zkm dssueptabg as t kdt rmcmgt ebjms bi ogbwagh trutk drm vdstfy supmrabr tb bfjmr wdys, tkdt tkm `mst mqudf s tkm fdtmst.― Km, tbb, tbb, agsastmj tkdt t kdt kastbracdf tkmbfbhy cdg ‖smrvm ds d ùfwdro dhdagst . . . tkmbfbhacdf idjj ase.― Zaebtky Zaebtky Hmbrhm, ‖Jbhed @mybgj Dgdtkmed> Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy Zkmbfbhy ag t km Smrvacm Smr vacm bi tkm t km Ckurck,― Pmvamw dgj Mxpbsatbr ;: ;: (Idff (Id ff 41;8)> 918. 48.. EcHrdtk, ‖Aepbrtdgcm bi Zrdjatabg,― 499. 48

Ckdptmr 4 • Agtrbjuctabg tb Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy 08

tkm hbspmf), dgj ibffbwagh jygdeac fmdjmrs wkb `bdstiuffy eagaeazm tkm aepbrtdgcm bi sbugj jbctragms, drm mxpbsmj ds d s jdghmrbus jmvmfbpemgts jmvmfbpemgts `y d cbgsajmrdtabg bi wkdt tkm ckurck kds kastbracdffy kastbracd ffy `mfamvmj ‚ br gbt `mfamvmj. 4; Dhdag, EcHrdtk biimrs wasm cbugcaf>


tkm hbspmf), dgj ibffbwagh jygdeac fmdjmrs wkb `bdstiuffy eagaeazm tkm aepbrtdgcm bi sbugj jbctragms, drm mxpbsmj ds d s jdghmrbus jmvmfbpemgts jmvmfbpemgts `y d cbgsajmrdtabg bi wkdt tkm ckurck kds kastbracdffy kastbracd ffy `mfamvmj ‚ br gbt `mfamvmj. 4; Dhdag, EcHrdtk biimrs wasm cbugcaf> Zrdjatabg as faom d iaftmr, wkack dffbws us tb ajmgtaiy suspmct tmdckaghs aeemjadtmfy.. Zb dtmfy Zb prbtmst tkdt ‖Xm kdvm gmvmr `mfamvmj tkas `mibrm! ― as gbt gmcmssdrafy gmcmssdr afy tb jmgy tkm cbrrmctgmss bi tkm tmdckagh ag qumstabg. @ut at as tb rdasm d iugjdemgtdf iugjd emgtdf qumstabg> wky kdvm Ckrastadgs Ckras tadgs gbt `mfamvmj tkas `mibrm2 Dgj, bg iurtkmr agvmstahdtabg, at usudffy turgs tur gs but tkdt tkmrm drm bitmg vmry hbbj rmdsbgs ibr gbt dccmptagh tkdt `mfami. Zkm pdst kmrm dcts ds `btk d rmsburcm dgj d sdimhudrj, ckmcoagh ugkmfpiuf dgj ugbrtkbjbx jbctragdf jmvmfbpemgts `y jmedgjagh tkdt tkmar suppbrtmrs mxpfdag tkmar kastbracdf dgj tkmbfbhacdf crmjmgtadfs.41 D iaitk `mgmiat bi kastbracdf tkmbfbhy as tkdt at gbt bgfy kmfps tkm ckurck ugjmrstdgj tkm kastbracdf jmvmfbpemgt bi ats `mfamis, ùt mgd`fms at tb mxprmss tkbsm `mfamis ag cbgtme pbrdry ibre. ibre. Ds Packdrj Euffmr mxpfdagmj, ‖Gbt bgfy jbms jbctragm jbctragm gmcmssdrafy gmcmssdr afy drasm ag ag d kastbracdf cbgtmxt dgj tdom ats `dsac cbgcmptudf cbgcmptudf irdemwbro i rdemwbro dgj faghuastac ibres irbe tkdt t kdt cbgtmxt, at dfsb drravms dt cbgtmepbrdry mxprmssabg bgfy `y wdy bi d emjatdtabg bg bg,, dgj mvmg ebrm aepbrtdgtfy d emjatdtabg tkrbuhk tkrbuhk,, mdrfamr stdhms bi kastbracdf mxprmssabg.― mxprmssabg.―0< Ibr mxdepfm, tkm mdrfy ckurck‑s jbctr jbctragm agm bi kuedg kuedg gdturm wds ibreufdtmj ibreufdtm j ag d cbgtmxt cbgtmxt diimctmj di imctmj `y \fdtbgac tkagoagh. Zkas pkafbsbpky mxdftmj tkm kuedg sparat wkafm at jmgahrdtmj tkm kuedg `bjy? tkm ibremr dspmct as agkmrmgtfy hbbj, dssmrtmj \fdtbgase, wkafm tkm fdttmr dspmct as agkmrmgtfy mvaf. Zrdhacdffy, d sahgaiacdgt pdrt bi tkm mdrfy ckurck wds gmhdtavmfy

4;. \mfaodg, qubtagh Fbrj Dctbg, ugjmrscbrmj tkas aepbrtdgt ‖rmjmeptavm― rbfm bi kastbracdf tkmbfbhy> ‖ ‛Kastbry eust `m bur jmfavmrmr gbt bgfy irbe tkm u gjum agifumgcm bi btkmr taems,, ùt irbe tkm ugjum agifumgcm bi bur bwg, irbe tkm tyrtaems dggy bi mgvarbgemgt dgj tkm prmssurm bi tkm dar wm `rmdtkm. At . . . prbebtms tkm idcufty bi rmsastdgcm tb cbgtmepbrdry surrbugjaghs `y ideafadraty watk btkmr dhms dgj btkmr bràts bi tkbuhkt.‑ Zkas kuedgazagh dgj cavafazagh ibrcm bi kastbracdf stujy cdg havm tkm systmedtac tkmbfbha dg d kmdftky jmtdckemgt irbe tkm trdgsamgcy bi jbhedtac idskabg.― \mfaodg, Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy , 4=<. Saeafdrfy, @. D. Hmrrask urhmj tkdt kastbracdf tkmbfbhy ‖as d jmtmreagdtabg tb edom bgm‑s tkmbfbhacdf jmcasabgs ag tkm `mst cbepdgy? dgj at dssuems tkdt prbvmg jurdàfaty as dt fmdst ds hbbj d cratmrabg bi tkm `mst cbepdgy ds as currmgt idskabg. Ds tkm Dghfacdg javagm Packdrj Kbbomr skrmwjfy rmedromj, ‛Zkmrm drm imw tkaghs ogbwg tb `m hbbj, taff suck taem ds tkmy hrbw tb `m dgcamgt.‑ Zkas emdgs tkdt ag tkm wbro bi tkmbfbhy wm skbw bur kahkmst rmspmct gbt ibr tkm prmsmgt `mst-smffmr, ùt ibr tkm mstd`faskmj cfdssacs, wkack kdvm jbgm ebst tb skdpm tkm trdjatabg.― @. D. Hmrrask, ‖Zkmbfbhy dgj tkm Kastbracdf Cbgscabusgmss,― ag Pmvasabgagh tkm \dst> \rbspmcts ag Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy , mj. Edry \bttmr Mghmf dgj Xdftmr M. Xyedg Nr. (Eaggmdpbfas> Ibrtrmss, 4110), 01<. Kas catdtabg catdt abg as irbe Packdrj Kbbomr, Mccfmsadstacdf \bfaty , =.8.3 (Fbgjbg> Mvmryedg‑s Mvmry edg‑s Fa`rdry, 41<8), 44, 01. 01.

41. EcHrdtk, ‖Aepbrtdgcm bi Zrdjatabg,― 498. Ag d stuggagh tkmsas, Xaffades mgvasabgmj twb trdhac butcbems ai mvdghmfacdf ckurckms wbufj gbt havm kmmj tb tkmar jbctragdf trdjatabg. Km prmjactmj tkmy ‖(4) waff agcrmdsaghfy prbfaimrdtm d smctdradg dpprbdck tb Ckrastadg Ckras tadg idatk, ckdrdctmrazmj `y dg dkastbracdf dgj sparatudf su`nmctavase, wkack \kafap Sckdii dptfy cdffmj ‛tkm hrmdt jasmdsm wkack kds idstmgmj atsmfi upbg tkm kmdrt bi \rbtmstdgtase,‑ dgj (0) waff `m ebrm suscmpta`fm tb tkm agifumgcms bi dccbeebjdtagh tkm ckurck tb d psmujbCkrastadg Ckras tadg cufturm suck tkdt tkm ugaqumgmss bi tkm Ckras tadg ajmgtaty as quamtfy dgj ugagtmgtabgdffy trdjmj wdy ag tkm gdem bi miimctavm eagastr y. y.―― Xaffades, Pmtramvagh tkm Zrdjatabg dgj Pmgmwagh Mvdghmfacdfase, Mvdghmfacdfase , 4:. Mfsmwkmrm, km gbtmj tkdt mvdghmfacdfase ‖cdggbt dvbaj tkm prb`fme bi kbw idr wm skbufj dccbeebjdtm tkm Ckrastadg Ckras tadg emssdhm tb tkm surrbugjagh cufturm watkbut fbsagh Ckrastadg Ckras tadg ajmgtaty. . . . Zkm ibredtabg bi d jastagct Ckrastadg Ckrastadg ajmgtaty ag ymdrs tb cbem waff gbt `m succmssiuf ugfmss wm jmfa`mrdtmfy rmmstd`fask tkm fago tb tkbsm rmsburcms tkdt prbvajm us watk tkm jmiagagh ‛cmgtmr‑ bi Ckrastadg `mfami `mf ami dgj prdctacm.― prdctac m.― Aàj., 40 – 43. 43. Kastbracdf t kmbfbhy cdg stdvm bii tkas irahktmgagh iuturm. 0<. Packdrj Euffmr, ‖Zkm Pbfm bi Ckurck Kastbry ag tkm Stujy bi Systmedtac Zkmbfbhy,― ag Xbbj`rajhm dgj EcCbeasomy, Jbagh Zkmbfbhy Zkmbf bhy ag Zbjdy‑s Xbrfj , 81.


agifumgcmj `y tkas jasrmhdrj ibr, dgj mvmg cbgtmept bi, tkm `bjy. Ds d rmsuft, Ckrastadgs Ckras tadgs pfdcmj euck bi bi tkm `fdem ibr tkmar t kmar sagiufgmss bg tkm idct bi kuedg me`bjaemgt, agsastmj tkdt mvmg smxudf agtmrcbursm `mtwmmg d kus`dgj dgj waim as taghmj watk sagiuf fust, dgj mghdhmj ag rutkfmss dscmtacase, jmgyagh tkmesmfvms tkm hbbj pkysacdf haits bi Hbj, suck ds


agifumgcmj `y tkas jasrmhdrj ibr, dgj mvmg cbgtmept bi, tkm `bjy. Ds d rmsuft, Ckrastadgs Ckras tadgs pfdcmj euck bi bi tkm `fdem ibr tkmar t kmar sagiufgmss bg tkm idct bi kuedg me`bjaemgt, agsastmj tkdt mvmg smxudf agtmrcbursm `mtwmmg d kus`dgj dgj waim as taghmj watk sagiuf fust, dgj mghdhmj ag rutkfmss dscmtacase, jmgyagh tkmesmfvms tkm hbbj pkysacdf haits bi Hbj, suck ds ibbj, jrago, dgj d gj sfmmp. ]gjmrstdgjagh ]gjmrstdgjagh tkdt \fdtbgac \fdtbgac cbgtmxt dgj ats agi fumgcm bg bg tkm mdrfy ckurck‑ss tkmbfbhy kmfps Ckrastadgs ckurck‑ Ckras tadgs tbjdy rmibreufdtm tkm jbctragm bi kuedgaty sb ds tb dvbaj tkm gmhdtavm aepdct bi tkdt pkafbsbpky. 04 Ds Zaebtky Hmbrhm gbtmj, ‖Xm eust gbt saepfy rmpmdt tkm cfdssacdf jbctragms bi tkm t km idatk watk prmcasabg dgj cfdraty? wm eust d fsb rmifmct upbg tkmsm jbctragms ag suck d wdy tkdt wm cdg mxpbugj tkme ds bur bwg. Ag tkas smgsm kastbracdf tkmbfbhy kds `btk d gbredtavm dgj d jmscraptavm rbfm tb pfdy.― 00 D saxtk `mgmiat bi kastbracdf tkmbfbhy as tkdt at mgcburdhms tkm ckurck tb ibcus bg tkm mssmgtadfs,, tkdt as, tb ednbr bg tkbsm drmds mssmgtadfs drmd s tkdt kdvm `mmg mepkdsazmj rmpmdtmjfy tkrbuhkt krbuhkbut tkm kastbry kastbr y bi tkm ckurck. Ibr hbbj rmdsbg, tkm ckurck kds cbgcmgtrdtmj euck st ujy bi Scrapturm dgj mxpmgjmj sahgaiacd gt tkmbfbhacdf miibrt jmvmfbpagh jbctragms suck ds tkm Zragaty, tkm pmrsbg dgj wbro bi Nmsus Ckrast, kuedg jahgaty dgj jmprdvaty, tkm agspardtabg dgj agmrrdgcy bi Scrapturm, sdfvdtabg, dgj btkmr cdrjagdf `mfamis. Zkmsm jbctragms drm tkm ibugjdtabg bi tkm hbspmf, tkm cbrm bi tkm Ckras tadg idatk dgj wbrfjvamw, dgj cbgstatutm tkm rmpmdtmj tkmems bi javagm java gm rmvmfdtabg. Idscagdtabg Idscagdtabg watk wat k ‖gmw trutk― dgj dg dg agbrjagdtm dttdckemgt dttdck emgt tb eagbr `mfamis kds prbjucmj ckurckms tkdt drm d rm gbt cmgtmrmj, gbt gbt ugaiamj, dgj d gj gbt eassabgdf ‚ ‖agidgts, tbssmj `dco dgj ibrtk `y tkm wdvms, dgj d gj `fbwg kmrm dgj tkmrm `y mvmry wagj bi tmdckagh dgj `y tkm cuggagh dgj crditagmss bi emg ag tkmar jmcmatiuf sckmeagh― (Mpk. :>4:). Pmcbhgazagh dgj cbeeattagh tkmesmfvms tb wkdt tkm ckurck kds trdjatabgdffy mepkdsazmj spdrms ckurckms tbjdy irbe suck jasdstmrs dgj kmfps tkme `mcbem hbspmf-ibcusmj cbeeugatams. 03 D smvmgtk `mgmiat bi kastbracdf tkmbfbhy as tkdt at havms tkm ckurck kbpm `y prbvajagh dssurdgcm tkdt Nmsus as iufiaffagh kas prbeasm tb kas pmbpfm. pmbpfm . Bgm bi tkm ebst aepbrtdgt aepbrtd gt à`facdf pdssdhms pd ssdhms tkrbuhkbut t krbuhkbut tkm kastbry kastbr y bi tkm ckurck kds `mmg Edtt kmw 49>43 – 0<. \mtmr, \mtmr, `y emdgs bi javagm rmvmfdtabg, hrdspmj tkm ajmgtaty bi kas iramgj Nmsus dgj cbgimssmj, ‖Qbu drm tkm Ckrast, tkm Sbg bi tkm favagh Hbj.― Dt tkas cbgimssabg, Nmsus prbeasmj, ‖Bg tkas rbco A waff ùafj ey ckurck, dgj tkm hdtms bi Kdjms waff gbt bvmrcbem at.― Zkrbuhkbut ats gmdrfy twb-tkbusdgj-ymdr pafhraedhm, tkm ckurck kds djvdgcmj tkrbuhk pmrabjs bi hrmdt idatkiufgmss, idatki ufgmss, b`mjamgcm, jmjacdtabg, dgj eassabgdf mgjmdvbrs, dgj at at kds pmrsmvmrmj tkrbuhk btkmr pmrabjs bi cdrgdfaty, pbfatacdf pbsturagh, jasmghdhmemgt, dgj kmrmsy. Ai Futkmr‑ss saggmr-sdagt fd`mf as trum bi agjavajudf Futkmr‑ agjav ajudf Ckrastadgs Ckras tadgs,, at as mqudffy trum bi tkm ckurck 04. Zkmy edy dfsb gbtm tkdt sbem fmdjmrs ag tkm mdrfy ckurck dcogbwfmjhmj tkas cbrruptagh agi fumgcm dgj sbuhkt tb dvbaj dvbaj at, mepkdsazagh tkm hbbjgmss bi tkm edtmradf crmdtabg, rmcbhgazagh tkdt tkm me`bjaemgt bi tkm Sbg bi Hbj ag tkm agcdrgdtabg jaj gbt rmsuft ag kae `magh sagiuf, dgj me`rdcagh tkm kbpm bi tkm iuturm rmsurrmctabg rmsurrmct abg bi tkm `bjy. `bjy. Ibr iurtkmr jascussabg, ja scussabg, smm ckdp. 4=. Ibr d cbgtmepbrdry mxdepfm bi tkm rmibreufdtabg bi tkm jbctragm bi kuedgaty, watk dg mepkdsas bg kbfastac judfase br judfastac judfast ac kbfase, smm Nbkg Cbbpmr, @bjy, Sbuf dgj Faim Mvmrfdstagh> @a`facdf Dgtkrbpbfbhy dgj tkm Ebgase-Judfase Jm`dtm (Hrdgj Pdpajs> Mmrjedgs? F macmstmr> Dpbffbs, 41;1, 41;1, 0<<<).

00. Zaebtky Hmbrhm, ‖Jbhed @mybgj Dgdtkmed,― 913. Km djjmj, ‖At as dfwdys prbpmr dgj gmcmssdry tb rmtkago dgj rmibreufdtm tkm cfdssac mxprmssabgs mx prmssabgs bi tkm idatk? idatk ? ùt wm eust jb sb ag d wdy tkdt jbms gbt jb vabfmgcm tb tkm agtmgtabg bi tkbsm mxprmssabgs, mxprmssabg s, agsbidr ds tkmy idatkiuf fy rmifmct tkm praedry w atgmss bi Scrapturm atsmfi.― Aàj., 8<<. 03. D cbrbffdry bi tkas mepkdsas bg tkm ednbr jbctragms as tkdt ‖tkmrm eust `m, ag tkbuhktiuf eagjs, jaiimrmgt jmhrmms, jaiimrmgt jmptks bi cbgvactabg> bi sbem tkaghs wm cdg `m ebrm surm tkdg tkd g btkmrs.― Nbkg Stbuhktbg, Dg Stbuhktbg, Dg Agtrbjuctabg tb Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy (Fbgjbg> (Fbgjbg> Pmfahabus Zrdct Sbcamty, g.j.), 1.


atsmfi. Mvmg tbjdy, ds ckurckms iagj tkmesmfvms ag tkm eajst bi pmrkdps tkm ebst tueuftubus pmrabj bi tkmar kastbry ‚ mxtmrgdf dttdcos `y d gmw dgj varufmgt ibre bi dtkmase, agtmrgdf cbgiusabg bvmr tkm hbspmf dgj wbrskap, cufturdf jbu`ts d`but tkm rmfmvdgcy bi tkm Ckrastadg Ckrastadg idatk, pbstebjmrg qumstabgagh bi trutk dgj dutkbraty, dgj rdepdgt rmva-


atsmfi. Mvmg tbjdy, ds ckurckms iagj tkmesmfvms ag tkm eajst bi pmrkdps tkm ebst tueuftubus pmrabj bi tkmar kastbry ‚ mxtmrgdf dttdcos `y d gmw dgj varufmgt ibre bi dtkmase, agtmrgdf cbgiusabg bvmr tkm hbspmf dgj wbrskap, cufturdf jbu`ts d`but tkm rmfmvdgcy bi tkm Ckrastadg Ckrastadg idatk, pbstebjmrg qumstabgagh bi trutk dgj dutkbraty, dgj rdepdgt rmvasabgagh bi edgy cdrjagdf jbctragms jbct ragms ‚ tkmy mxpmramgcm `btk vactbry vactbr y dgj jmimdt. Kastbracdf tkmbfbhy prbvajms kbpm `y rmeagjagh tkme tkdt Hbj ibr Ckrast‑s sdom kds dfwdys `mmg idatkiuf tb kas prbeasm tb ùafj kas ckurck. 0: Cmrtdagfy tkm jmvmfbpemgt bi jbctragm as d tkbrbuhkfy kuedg prbcmss, cdrramj cd rramj but `y tkm ckurck. @ut suck jmvmfbpemgt jmvmfbpemgt kds d javagm brahag ‚ at as tkm ckurck bi Nmsus Ckrast, dgj km as dt wbro tb ùafj kas ckurck. 0= Iagdffy, ds `mgmiacadrams bi tkm kmratdhm bi jbctragdf jbctragd f jmvmfbpemgt jmvmfbpemgt sbvmrmahgfy sbvmrmahgfy bvmrsmmg `y Nmsus Ckrast, tkm ckurck bi tbjdy as pravafmhmj tb mgnby d smgsm bi `mfbghagh tb tkm ckurck bi tkm pdst . Ag wbrjs rmifmctavm bi d ebrm fatmrdry pdst, Nbkg Stbuhktbg diiaremj cbgcmrgagh kastbracdf tkmbfbhy> ‖At dttdckms us tb ibremr hmgmrdtabgs, dgj agsparms us watk sdtasidctabg dgj nby tb iagj, tkdt ag tkm su`stdgcm bi mvdghmfacdf idatk dgj smgtaemgt wm drm bgm watk t km Ckurck bi dff dhms. Zb immf tkas as d prmfa`dtabg _cmfm`rdtbry _cmfm`rdtbry ibrmtdstmU ibrmtd stmU bi kmdvmg, wkmrm bur prmsmgt-taem rmfdtabgs waff cmdsm, dgcmstry dgj pbstmraty waff `mcbem cbgtmepbrdgmbus, tkm idatk bi bgm waff cbgiare tkm idatk bi dgbtkmr, dgj tkm nby bi dff waff `m tkm nby bi mdck.― 09 Zkm ckurck tbjdy as kmar tb d hrmdt fmhdcy, d kmratdhm tkdt cdg prbvajm d smgsm bi rbbtmjgmss, jmptk, cmrtdagty, dgj kbpm. 08 Havmg dff bi tkmsm `mgmiats, tkm qumstabg drasms dras ms bi kbw bgm stujams kastbracdf tkmbfbhy. tkmbfbh y.0; Zwb `dsac dpprbdckms drm cbeebgfy ibugj> sygckrbgac dgj jadckrbgac. Zkm sygckrbgac dpprbdck mghdhms ag tkm stujy bi tkm tkmbfbhy bi d cmrtdag taem t aem pmrabj, d pdrtacufdr tkmbf t kmbfbhadg, bhadg, d spmcaiac cai ac tkmbfbhacdf sckbbf br trdjatabg, dgj tkm faom. Mxdepfms Mx depfms bi tkas dpprbdck agcfujm tkm stujy bi tkm jbctragm bi tkm t km Zragaty Zragaty ag a g tkm tkarj tka rj dgj iburtk cmgturams, tkm t km jmvmfbpemg jmvmfbpemgtt bi Ckrastbfbhy ag tkm t km iburtk dgj iaitk iai tk cmgturams, tkm tkmbfbhy bi Nbkg Cdfvag, dgj gmbbrtkbjbx gmbbrtkbjbx tkmbfbhams bi tkm Xbrj bi Hbj. Zkm jadckrbgac jadckrbgac dpprbdck dpprbdck mghdhms mghdhms ag tkm stujy bi tkm jmvmfbpemgt bi tkbuhkt bg d havmg jbctragm tkrbuhkbut tkm pmrabjs bi tkm ckurck‑s kastbry. Mxdepfms bi 0:. P. \. \. C. Kdgsbg ckdstasmj ckdsta smj jmtrdc tbrs bi ckurck kastbry, wkb ‖dssuem tkdt at cdg tkrbw gb fahkt bg wkdt tkm Ckras tadg idatk as d`but, bg tkm dctavaty dgj ckdrdctmr bi Hbj ds smmg ag Ckrastadg Ckras tadgaty, aty, br `y Ckrastadgs.― Ckrastadgs.― P. \. C. Kdgsbg, ‖Agtrbjuctabg tb Ybfuem 0,― ag Zkm \mfacdg Huajm tb Ebjmrg Zkmbfbhy , vbf. 0> Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy , mj. Nmdg Jdgamfbu, D. K. Cburdtag, dgj Nbkg Omgt (@dftaebrm> \mghuag, 4191), 4<. 0=. Stbuhktbg mxpfdagmj tkas jmvmfbpemgt ds ‖tkm hrbwtk bi d kuedg kuedg prbcmss, tkbuhk stdr tagh irbe d Javagm brahag, dgj cbgtagumj ugjmr Javagm cufturm.― Stbuhktbg, Agtrbjuctabg tb Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy , ;. 09. Aàj., 43. 08. Ds Euffmr gbtmj, tkas `mgmiat ibr tkm ckurck `mcbems d `mgmiat ibr tkm agjavajudf Ckrastadg> Ckrastadg> ‖Zkm stujy bi tkm kastbry bi tkm ckurck dgj ats tmdckaghs as gbt bgfy dg b`nmctavm, mxtmrgdf jascapfagm, at as dfsb d su`nmctavm, agtmrgdf mxmrcasm `y wkack dgj tkrbuhk wkack tkm faim dgj eagj bi tkm ckurck `mcbems dg agtmhrdf pdrt bi tkm faim dgj eagj bi tkm agjavajudf Ckrastadg.― Packdrj D. Euffmr, Zkm Stujy bi Zkmbfbhy> Irbe @a`facdf Agtmrprmtdtabg tb Cbgtmepbrdry Ibreufdtabg, Ibreufdtabg, Ibugjdtabgs bi

Cbgtmepbrdry Agtmrprmtdtabg, vbf. 8 (Hrdgj Pdpajs> ^bgjmrvdg, 4114), 4<8. 0;. Cfmdrfy, kastbracdf tkmbfbhy ‖eust mghdhm watk fatmrdry sburcms nust faom btkmr― kastbracdf jascapfagms. ‖Fatmrdry cratacase as gmmjmj tb mstd`fask dutkbrskap br prbvmgdgcm bi `bbos. Zmxtudf cratacase eust rmstbrm tkm tmxt wkmrm cbpyagh mrrbrs kdvm crmpt ag. Bgcm tkm kastbradg kds d hbbj tmxt dgj ogbws wkmrm at cbems irbe, km cdg `mhag agtmrprmtdtabg. Bitmg tkdt emdgs trdgsfdtagh irbe dg dgcamgt agtb d ebjmrg fdghudhm tb edom at dccmssa`fm tb btkmr tkmbfbhadgs. @ut km eust dfsb mxpfdag tkm cbgtmxt, tkm tkbuhkt-wbrfj bi tkm wratmr `magh mxpbugjmj, dgj mspmcadffy tkm sburcms km usmj dgj tkm agifumgcm km kdj bg btkmrs.― Studrt H. Kdff, ‖Zkmbfbhacdf Kastbry dgj Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy,― ag Zkm Zkrmskbfj bi Zkmbfbhy , mj. \duf Jdvas (@dsaghstbom, ]O> Edrskd ff \acomragh, 41;;), 4<8 – ;. Zkus, Zkus, guemrbus pdrdffmfs pdrdf fmfs drm ibugj `mtwmmg mstd`faskmstd `faskagh dgj agtmrprmtagh à`facdf tmxts dgj mstd`faskagh dgj agtmrprmtagh kastbracdf tmxts. Ds dg agtrbjuctbry wbro bg kastbracdf tkmbfbhy, tkas `bbo jbms gbt jmfvm agtb tkmsm assums.


tkas dpprbdck agcfujm agcfujm tkm stujy bi tkm t km jbctragms bi Scrapturm dgj d gj sag ds jmvmfbpmj ag tkm mdrfy ckurck, tkm Eajjfm Dhms, tkm Pmibredtabg dgj pbst-Pmibredtabg pmrabj, dgj tkm ebjmrg pmrabj. Ds gbtmj ag tkm prmidcm, tkas `bbo ibffbws tkm fdttmr, jadckrbgac dpprbdck.


tkas dpprbdck agcfujm agcfujm tkm stujy bi tkm t km jbctragms bi Scrapturm dgj d gj sag ds jmvmfbpmj ag tkm mdrfy ckurck, tkm Eajjfm Dhms, tkm Pmibredtabg dgj pbst-Pmibredtabg pmrabj, dgj tkm ebjmrg pmrabj. Ds gbtmj ag tkm prmidcm, tkas `bbo ibffbws tkm fdttmr, jadckrbgac dpprbdck. Xatkag tkas dpprbdck, twb pmrspmctavms drm cbeebgfy djbptmj. Bgm as tkm rmfdtavast pmrspmctavm? tkm btkmr, tkm mssmgtadfast. Dccbrjagh tb tkm iarst, tkm jmvmfbpemgt bi jbctragm bvmr tkm cbursm bi tkm cmgturams mxkaàts suck dg aeemgsm javmrsaty tkdt at as gbt pbssa`fm tb ajmgtaiy d cbrm, br mssmgtadf cmgtmr, bi tkm Ckras tadg idatk. Zkm rmfdtavast pmrspmctavm jrdws dttmgtabg tb ‖javmrsaty, jasdhrmmemgt, jascbgtaguaty, fbbsm mgjs, dgj wrbgh turgaghs― turga ghs― ds tkm ckurck jmvmfbpmj ats ats `mfamis. 01 Ag ats mxtrmem ibre, ‖ugrmstrd ‖ugrmstrdagmj agmj rmfdtavase . . . cfdaes tkdt t kdt gb edgaimstdtabg bi Ckras tadg tadgaty aty mgnbys dgy fbhacdf br tkmbfbhacdf prabraty bvmr dgy btkmr. Zkmrmibrm Zkmrmibrm tkm sedffmst smct kds kd s ds euck jbctragdf dutkbraty ds ds tkm fbghmst-favmj br _ebstU wajmfy jaspmrsmj wbrfj ckurck. Ds suck, sagcm Ckras tadgatams drm sb jaiimrmgt, tkmy drm dff mqudffy mqud ffy rahkt dgj mqudffy wrbgh.―3< Suck rmfdtavase gdturdffy gdturd ffy fmdjs tb dfdre dgj ‖tkm jmspdar bi iagjagh gb cmrtdagty, gbtkagh iaxmj tb `mfamvm.― 34 Zkas `bbo jbms gbt dccmpt tkm rmfdtavast pmrspmctavm. Zkm smcbgj pmrspmctavm kbfjs tkdt dg mssmgtadf Ckrastadg Ckras tadg tkmbfbhy jbms mxast. Ag ats mxtrmem ibre, ‖tkas vamw drhums tkdt, ag trutk, bgfy bgm ‛cbrrmct‑ Ckras tadg tadgaty aty kds `mmg 30 kdgjmj jbwg, dgj tkdt dff btkmrs drm mrrbgmbus dgj jmvadgt.― Zkas rdjacdf rdjacd f pbsatabg usudffy sustdags atsmfi `y ahgbragh kastbracdf tkmbfbhy dgj ats jmebgstrdtabg tkdt jbctragms kdvm agjmmj jmvmfbpmj bvmr taem. ta em. Dftmrgdtavmfy Dftmrgdt avmfy,, at cbgsajmrs mvmry mvmr y jmvmfbpemgt bi ckurck trdjatabg `mtwmmg tkm cfbsagh bi tkm Gmw Zmstdemgt dgj tkm dppmdrdgcm bi tkm hrbup ckdepabgagh tkas mxtrmem vamw ds `magh jmimctavm. Ydradtabgs bi tkas mssmgtadfast pmrspmctavm ebjmrdtm tkas ugsustdagd`fm mxtrmem pbsatabg. Zkm vamwpbagt bi tkas `bbo as d ebjmrdtm mssmgtadfast mssmgtadfas t pmrspmctavm> Dg D g mssmgtadf cmgtmr, d cbrm, bi bi Ckrastadg Ckras tadg jbctragm, jbms agjmmj mxast, ùt at jbms gbt edgaimst atsmfi ag dgy bgm pdrtacufdr ckurck br tkmbfbhacdf ebvmemgt, ibr ibr smvmrdf rmdsbgs> rmdsbgs > (4) (4) Gb Gb purm ckurck mxasts. Zkas idct i dct emdgs tkdt t kdt gb trdjatabg cdg fmhataedtmfy cfdae cbepfmtm jbctragdf dccurdcy. (0) Scrapturm atsmfi mepkdsazms tkm agcbepfmtmgmss bi tkmbfbhacdf ogbwfmjhm ag tkas ckurck dhm. Ds \duf diiares, ‖Gbw wm smm ùt d pbbr rmifmctabg ds ag d earrbr? tkmg wm skdff smm idcm tb idcm. Gbw A ogbw ag pdrt? tkmg A skdff ogbw iuffy, mvmg ds A de iuffy ogbwg― (4 Cbr. 43>40). Cbepfmtm tkmbfbhacdf ogbwfmjhm dwdats tkm rmturg bi Nmsus Ckrast dgj tkus cdggbt `m dttdagmj ag tkas dhm. (3) Dff jbctragdf ibreufdtabg ‖as jmmpfy agvbfvmj watk tkm cufturdf `dcohrbugj dgj tkm pkafbsbpkacdf dssueptabgs bi tkm pmrabj juragh wkack at as tdoa tdoagh gh pfdcm.― pfdcm.― 33 Zb tkm mxtmgt tkdt tkas cufturdf cbgtmxt dgj pkafbsbpkacdf irdemwbro cfbuj tkm prbpmr agtmrprmtdtabg bi Scrapturm dgj tkmbfbhacdf ugjmrstdgjagh, suck ibreufdtabg javmrhms irbe tkm trutk.3: Zkmsm dgj btkmr idctbrs wbro dhdagst dckamvagh cbepfmtm jbctragdf puraty, 01. Mudg Cdemrbg, Agtmrprmtagh Ckrastadg Ckrastadg Kastbry> Zkm Ckdffmghm bi tkm Ckurckms‑ \dst (Edfjmg, Edss.> @fdcowmff, 0<<=), x. 3<. Aàj., 9. 34.. Aàj., x . 34 30. Aàj., Aàj ., = – 9. 33. Kdgsbg, ‖Agtrbjuctabg ‖Agtrbjuct abg tb Ybfuem 0,― 4:. 3:. Agjmmj, kastbracdf tkmbfbhy ‖jaspmfs tkm affusabg tkdt

tkmbfbhadgs bi dgy sckbbf kdvm jrdwg tkmar bpagabgs, mgtarmfy dgj mxcfusavmfy, irbe tkm ibugtdag bi Hbj. At tkrbws fahkt bg tkm hmgmsas bi bpagabg. Dgj wm drm `rbuhkt tb smm kbw emtdpkysacs dgj fbhac, trdjatabg dgj Ckurck dutkbraty, mjucdtabg, carcuestdgcms, dgj a gtmffmctudf ajabsygcrdsy, kdvm kdj tb jb watk ibreagh tkmbfbhacdf t kbuhkt. kbuhkt.―― Stbuhktbg, Agtrbjuctabg tb Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy , 9.


dgj tkmy cbugtmr dgy cfdae tb pbssmss at juragh tkm ckurck‑s mdrtkfy pafhraedhm. Zkas as tkm gmhdtavm sajm. D pbsatavm sajm dfsb mxasts. Ag djjatabg tb kas wbro bi jascfbsagh dgj agscrapturdtagh


dgj tkmy cbugtmr dgy cfdae tb pbssmss at juragh tkm ckurck‑s mdrtkfy pafhraedhm. Zkas as tkm gmhdtavm sajm. D pbsatavm sajm dfsb mxasts. Ag djjatabg tb kas wbro bi jascfbsagh dgj agscrapturdtagh javagm jav agm rmvmfdtabg, tkm t km Kbfy Sparat affueagdtms affue agdtms Scraptu Sc rapturm, rm, tkm Xbrj bi Hbj (4 Cbr. 0> 0>9 9 – 49). Dccbrjaghfy,, Ckras Dccbrjaghfy Ckrastadgs tadgs cdg prdymriuffy mghdhm ag cdrmiuf mxmhmsas ag rmfadgcm bg tkm Sparat tb `ragh ebrm prbpmr ugjmrstdgjagh ugjmrst dgjagh bi tkm t km @a`fm. Ebrmbvmr, Ebrmbvmr, ds gbtmj d`bvm, Nmsus Ckrast kds prbeasmj tb ùafj kas ckurck (Edtt. 49>43 – 0<), sb ckurckms cdg tdom kmdrt tkdt km as dt wbro tb `ragh d`but hrmdtmr tkmbfbhacdf tkmbfbhacd f cbrrmctgmss. Agjmmj, km kds mquappmj tkm ckurck watk dff tkm rmsburcms at gmmjs tb ebvm tbwdrj hrmdtmr dgj hrmdtmr jbctragdf puraty. Spmcaiacdffy, Spmcaiacdf fy, Ckrast kds kd s mgjbwmj tkm ckurck ckurck watk haitmj ha itmj fmdjmrs ‖tb prmpdrm Hbj‑s pmbpfm ibr wbros bi smrvacm, smr vacm, sb tkdt tkm `bjy bi Ckrast edy `m ùaft up ugtaf wm dff rmdck ugaty ag tkm t km idatk dgj ag tkm ogbwfmjhm bi tkm Sbg bi Hbj dgj `mcbem `mcbem edturm, dttdagagh dttd agagh tb tkm wkbfm emdsurm bi tkm iuffgmss bi Ckrast. Zkmg wm waff gb fbghmr `m agidgts, tbssmj `dco dgj ibrtk `y tkm wdvms, dgj `fbwg kmrm dgj tkmrm `y mvmry wagj bi tmdckagh dgj `y tkm cuggagh dgj crditagmss bi emg ag tkmar jmcmatiuf sckmeagh― (Mpk. :>40 – 4:). 3= Ds ckurck fmdjmrs tmdck dgj mquap tkmar eme`mrs, dgj ds mvmrybgm mghdhms ag ‖spmdoagh tkm trutk ag fbvm― (Mpk. :>4=? cfmdrfy cbeeugacdtagh sbugj jbctragm sb ds tb ùafj up rdtkmr tkdg tmdr jbwg), tkm ckurck waff djvdgcm ag tkmbfbhacdf puraty. Zkmsm dgj btkmr rmdsbgs prbvajm kbpm, gbt bgfy tkdt dg mssmgtadf cbrm bi Ckrastadg Ckras tadg jbctragm mxasts, ùt dfsb tkdt t kdt ckurckms ckurckms cdg ebvm prbhrmssavmfy cfbsmr tb rmcbhgazagh dgj diiareagh dii areagh tkas t kas sbugj jbctragm. Kastbracdf tkmbfbhy dajs ag tkas miibrt ds wmff, ds at ‖skbws kbw tkm ckurck dgj ats wbrj, ebvagh dcrbss tkm cmgturams dgj d gj cbgtagmgts, kdvm cbem irbe tkmrm tb kmrm watk dg bghbagh cbgtaguaty ag spatm bi mvmry jascbgtaguaty.― 39 Zkas bghbagh cbgtaguaty as tkm cbrm, br mssmgtadf cmgtmr, bi tkm Ckrastadg Ckras tadg idatk. id atk. At as havmg mxprmssabg `y tkm ckurck ag jaiimrmgt skdpms dgj ibres tkrbuhkbut tkm dhms, dgj tkbuhk mdck mxprmssabg as cufturdffy dgj kastbracdffy cbgjatabgmj, at cdg gmvmrtkmfmss `m dg djmqudtm mxprmssabg bi tkm trutk ibr tkm ckurck juragh ats mdrtkfy pafhraedhm. 38 3=. Ds tkas pds sdhm aepfams, sbem jbctragdf ibreufdtabgs drm agcbrrmct dgj eust `m rmnmctmj. Cdemrbg, rmpujadtagh tkm rmfdtavast pmrspmctavm, gbtmj gbtmj tkdt ‖ai tkmrm as dg mssmgtadf Ckrastadgaty tadg aty . . . tkmrm eust gmcmssdrafy `m ibres tkdt drm sb sb jmvadgt jmvadgt tkdt tkmy jb gbt rmprmsmgt d vdfaj agtmrprmtdtabg bi Ckrastadg Ckras tadg tmdckagh dgj `mfami, ag miimct ‛rahkt‑ dgj ‛wrbgh‑ wdys tb djdpt Ckrastadg Ckras tadgaty aty tb ats at s cbgjatabgs. . . . D cufturdf cuft urdf djdptdtabg wkack wka ck spags bg tbb mccmgtrac dg bràt edy cbem tb dppmdr . . . ds gbt nust dg dj dptdta dptdtabg bg ùt d jmv adtabg, pmrvmr sabg, br jas jastbrta tbrtabg bg bi tkm Ckrastadg Ckras tadg emssdhm. Mvmg watkag wkdt cbufj `rbdjfy `m cdffmj tkm Ckrastadg Ckrastadg ed agstrmde . . . dt vd rabus ta ems `mfamis dgj prdctacms kdvm drasmg wkack dff su`smqumgt su`smqumgt ckurckms kdvm jmcfdrmj tb `m easdpprmkmgsabgs, mxdhhmrdtabgs, br jastbrt abgs bi wkdt Ckrastadg Ckras tadgaty aty buhkt tb emdg.― Cdemrbg, Agtmrprmtagh Ckrastadg Ckras tadg Kastbry , 039 – 38. @mcdusm bi, dgj ag rmspbgsm tb, tkmsm d`mrrdtabgs, ‖tkmrm drm taems ag tkm faim bi tkm ckurck wkmg at as gmcmssdr y tb sdy, sdy, ‛@m dccursmj, `m jmfavmrmj up tb tkm wrdtk bi Hbj dgj jmst rbymj,‑ ibr ibr tkdt as wkdt dgdtkmed emdgs ag tkm brahagdf \dufagm smgsm> ‛Ai dgybgm prmdckms dgbtkmr hbs-

pmf, fmt kae _`mU dgdtkmed!‑ _Hdf. 4>;, 1U. . . . Odrf @d rtk wds surmfy rahkt wkmg km sdaj, ‛Ai wm jb gbt kdvm tkm cbgiajmgcm bi jdegdeus _wm jdegdeus _wm dgdtkdemtaz mU, wm buhkt tb beat beat crmjaeus crmjaeus _wm _wm `mfamvmU, dgj hb `dco tb jbagh tkmbfbhy ds usudf.‑ ― Hmbrhm, ‖Jbhed `mybgj Dgdtkmed,― 8<:. 8<:. Kas catdtabg bi @drtk @dr tk as irbe i rbe CJ,, A/4, 93<. CJ 39. Hmbiirmy X. @rbeafmy, Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy> Dg Agtrbjuctabg (Mjagùrhk> juctabg (Mjagùrhk> Z & Z Cfdro, 418;), xxva. 38.. Zb agsast bg sbem fmvmf bi d`sbfutm pmrimct abg ibr jbctra38 gdf mxprmssabg ag tkas ckurck dhm as tb ckdsm ditmr d pkdgtbe, dgj suck pmrimctabg as gbt gmcmssdry ‚ gbr rmquarmj `y Hbj. Km kaesmfi, ag kas cbeeugacdtabg tb kuedg `maghs, dccbeebjdtmj kas rmvmfdtabg sb tkdt at wbufj `m agtmffaha`fm tb us. Ag sb jbagh, km jaj gbt agvmgt sbem pmrimct kmdvmgfy fdghudhm ùt mepfbymj agstmdj a gstmdj cbeebg kuedg fdghu fdghudhms dhms ‚Km`rmw, Drdedac, dgj Hrmmo. Xkmg tkm Sbg bi Hbj tduhkt kas jascapfms dgj tkm crbwjs ds tkm agcdrgdtm Hbj-edg, km usmj iahurms bi spmmck dgj affustrdtabgs jrdwg irbe mvmryjdy faim. Ai suck cbeeugacdtabg as djmqudtm ibr javagm rmvmfdtabg, at as


Dftkbuhk d jascapfagm ag atsmfi, kastbracdf tkmbfbhy as dfsb rmfdtmj tb smvmrdf btkmr aepbrtdgt à`facdf dgj tkmbfbhacdf jascapfagms, gdemfy, mxmhmtacdf tkmbfbhy, à`facdf tkmbfbhy, systmedtac tkmbfbhy, tkmbfbhy, dgj prdctacdf tkmbfbhy. Zkm ibffbwagh ibffbwagh jadhrde jadh rde dgj d gj jascussabg


Dftkbuhk d jascapfagm ag atsmfi, kastbracdf tkmbfbhy as dfsb rmfdtmj tb smvmrdf btkmr aepbrtdgt à`facdf dgj tkmbfbhacdf jascapfagms, gdemfy, mxmhmtacdf tkmbfbhy, à`facdf tkmbfbhy, systmedtac tkmbfbhy, tkmbfbhy, dgj prdctacdf tkmbfbhy. Zkm ibffbwagh ibffbwagh jadhrde jadh rde dgj d gj jascussabg rmprmsmgt dgj mxpfdag tkm agtmhrdtabg bi tkmsm jascapfagms> 3; kastbracdf tkmbfbhy

systmedtac tkmbfbhy à`facdf tkmbfbhy

mxmhmtacdf tkmbfbhy prdctacdf tkmbfbhy

Fmt tkm t km sbfaj fagm cbggmctagh mxmhmtacdf, à`facdf, dgj systmedtac tkmbfbhy rmprmsmgt tkm fagm bi dutkbraty, `mcdusm mdck bi tkmsm jascapfagms wbros jarmctfy watk Scrapturm, tkm agsparmj Xbrj bi Hbj. Mxmhmtacdf tkmbfbhy smmos tb jmtmreagm tkm emdgagh bi à`facdf tmxts. @a`facdf tkmbfbhy jmscra`ms tkm prbhrmssavm rmvmfdtabg ibugj ag Scrapturm `y mxdeagagh mxdea gagh tkm tkmbfbhy bi ats vdrabus vdr abus hrbupaghs (m.h., (m.h., tkm tkmbfbhy bi tkm \mgtdtmuck dgj tkm tkmbfbhy bi tkm Sygbptac Hbspmfs). At dfsb trdcms tkm edgy tkmems ag tkmsm à`facdf hrbupaghs dgj gbtms tkmar jmvmfbpemgt bvmr taem. Systmedtac tkmbfbhy mxprmssms wkdt Ckrastadgs Ckras tadgs dgj d gj ckurckms ckurckms drm tb `mfamvm, jb, dgj `m tbjdy ag dccbrjdgcm watk dff tkm t km tmdckagh bi Scrapturm. Kdvagh ajmgtaiamj tkm omy pdssdhms cbgcmrgagh tkm wbrskap bi Hbj, ibr mxdepfm, mxmhmtacdf tkmbfbhy ugpdcos tkm emdgagh bi tkbsm pdssdhms, à`facdf tkmbfbhy gbtms tkm prbhrmssavm jmvmfbpemgt ag tkm t km wdys Hbj brjmrmj kas pmbpfm tb wbrskap (m.h., ùafjagh dftdrs, wbrskapagh ag tkm td`mrgdcfm dgj tkm tmepfm, wbrskapagh ag sparat dgj trutk), dgj systmedtac tkmbfbhy prmscra`ms wbrskap ds cmfm`rdtagh tkm cbvmgdgt rmfdtabgskap tkdt Ckrastadgs Ckrastadgs mgnby watk Hbj dgj tkdt as edjm pbssa`fm tkrbuhk tkm Sbg bi Hbj, Nmsus Ckrast, dgj jarmctmj `y tkm Sparat bi Hbj dccbrjagh tb tkm Xbrj bi Hbj. Xbro ag

cmrtdagfy djmqudtm ibr tkm ckurck‑s tkmbfbhacdf ibreufdtabg. Iurtkmrebrm, ds Euffmr diiaremj ag rmhdrj tb tkm agmscdpd`fm kastbracdf dgj cufturdf cbgjatabgagh bi dff mxprmssabgs bi Ckrastadg Ckras tadg jbctragm (d rmdsbg bitmg havmg ibr rmnmctagh tkme), ‖mvmry stdtmemgt tkdt wm edom as cbgjatabgmj `y tkm sbcadf, cufturdf, pbfatacdf, dgj rmfahabus cbgtmxt but bi wkack wm kdvm cbem dgj ag wkack wm edom tkm stdtmemgt ‚ ùt tkas iugjdemgtdf idct bi bur agtmffmctudf dgj sparatudf faim jbms gbt fmdj us tb cmdsm dgj jmsast irbe edoagh stdtmemgts. . . . Xkdt as ebrm, at as kdrjfy tkm cdsm tkdt tkm cufturdf dgj kastbracdf cbgjatabgmjgmss bi d stdtmemgt pfdcms d `drramr ag tkm wdy bi ugjmrstdgjagh. Tuatm tb tkm cbgtrdry, at as tkm kastbracdf dgj cufturdf fbcdtabg bi d pdrtacufdr stdtmemgt br jbctragm br

tkmbry tkdt edoms at agtmffaha`fm tb d pdrtacufdr cufturm dt d pdrtacufdr taem ag kastbry. Gbredtavm Gbredtavm tkmbfbhacdf stdtmemgts eust `m kastbracdffy dgj cufturdffy cbgjatabgmj ‚ agjmmj, tkm wdy ag wkack tkmy `mfbgh tb dgj rmifmct tkm cufturm dgj tkm taem tb wkack tkmy spmdo dccbugts ibr tkmar gbredtavm stdtu s.― Euffmr, ‖Pbfm bi Ckurck Kastbry,― Kas tbry,― 14 – 10. 3;. Zkm hmgmsas bi tkm ibffbwagh ebjmf as twb drtacfms `y J. D. Cdrsbg> ‖Zkm Pbfm bi Mxmhmsas ag Systmedtac Zkmbfbhy,― ag Xbbj`rajhm dgj EcCbeasomy, Jbagh Zkmbfbhy ag Zbjdy‑s Xbrfj , 31 – 89? dgj ‖]gaty dgj Javmrsaty ag tkm Gmw Zmstdemgt> Zkm \bssaàfaty bi Systmedtac Zkmbfbhy,― ag Scrapturm dgj Zrutk, Zrutk, mj. J. D. Cdrsbg Cd rsbg dgj Nbkg J. Xbbj`rajhm (Hrdgj Pdpajs> ^bgjmrvdg, 41;3), 9= – 1=.


mxmhmtacdf, à`facdf, dgj systmedtac tkmbfbhy, dff bi wkack jmdf jarmctfy watk Scrapturm (tkus, pfdcmj bg tkm sbfaj fagm), cbgstatutms cbgstatutms tkm aepbrtdgt aepbrt dgt agtmrprmtavm dgj brhdgazdtabgdf prbcmss ag cbgstructagh tkmbfbhy.


mxmhmtacdf, à`facdf, dgj systmedtac tkmbfbhy, dff bi wkack jmdf jarmctfy watk Scrapturm (tkus, pfdcmj bg tkm sbfaj fagm), cbgstatutms cbgstatutms tkm aepbrtdgt aepbrt dgt agtmrprmtavm dgj brhdgazdtabgdf prbcmss ag cbgstructagh tkmbfbhy. Zkm aepbrtdgt rbfm tkdt kastbracdf kastbr acdf tkmbfbhy (rmprmsmgtmj `y tkm jdskmj fagms) pfdys ag tkas agtmrprmtavm dgj brhdgazagh prbcmss as tb agibre mdck bi tkm tkrmm jascapfagms watk wasjbe irbe tkm pdst. @mcdusm tkas jascapfagm jbms gbt jmdf watk Scrapturm jarmctfy, A kdvm pfdcmj at `mkagj tkm fagm bi dutkbraty, dutkbrat y, gbt gbt bg at. Zkas pfdcmemgt rmifmcts rmi fmcts wkdt \dcomr gbtmj mdrfamr> Kastbracdf tkmbfbhy as eagastmradf, gbt edhastmradf. At jbms gbt pbssmss tkm dutkbraty tb jmtmreagm jbctragm dgj prdctacm faom tkm btkmr jascapfagms, ùt at staff kds d vmry aepbrtdgt rbfm tb pfdy ds dg daj tb tkm btkmr tkrmm. Ibr mxdepfm, kastbracdf tkmbfbhy kmfps mxmhmtacdf tkmbfbhy `y prbvajagh agtmrprmtavm agsahkts ibr tkm jmtmreagdtabg bi tkm emdgagh bi Nmsus‑ diiaredtabg tkdt ‖_Hbj‑sU wbrskapmrs eust wbrskap ag sparat dgj ag trutk― (Nbkg :>0:). Kastbracdf tkmbfbhy kmfps à`facdf tkmbfbhy `y gbtagh vdrabus dpprbdckms tb tkm rmfdtabgskap `mtwmmg tkm wbrskap bi Hbj ag t km td`mrgdcfm dgj tmepfm (ugjmr tkm bfj cbvmgdgt) dgj tkm wbrskap bi Hbj ag tkm ckurck (ugjmr tkm gmw cbvmgdgt). Kastbracdf tkmbfbhy kmfps systmedtac tkmbfbhy `y biimragh jaiimrmgt ibreufdtabgs bi tkm tkmbfbhy bi wbrskap dgj kbw tkm ckurck bi tkm pdst dctudffy dctu dffy mghdhmj ag smr vacms bi wbrskap. Cbgtmepbrdry Ckrastadgs, Ckrastadgs, tkmg, drm dajmj `y kastbracdf tkmbfbhy ds tkmy agtmrprmt Scrapturm, jb à`facdf tkmbfbhy, dgj cbgstruct tkmar systmedtac tkmbfbhy. 31 ]ftaedtmfy,, tkas mgtarm à`facdf dgj tkmbfb ]ftaedtmfy t kmbfbhacdf hacdf prbcmss as bramgtmj tbwdrj tbwdrj prdctacdf tkmbfbhy (rmprmsmgtmj `y tkm drrbwmj fagms cbeagh but tbwdrj tkm rmdjmrs). :< \rdctacdf tkmbfbhy cbgsasts bi tkm cbeeugacdtabg bi tkm Xbrj bi Hbj tb ckurckms tbjdy tkrbuhk prmdckagh, tmdckagh, jascapfagh, emgtbragh, cbugsmfagh, dgj sb ibrtk. Dccbrjaghfy, wkdt as kmdrj irbe pufpats, jascussmj ag sedff hrbup @a`fm stujams, biimrmj ag cbugsmfagh smssabgs, dgj tkm faom fa om rmifmcts rmi fmcts tkm wasjbe w asjbe bi tkm ckurck bi tkm pdst ‚ kastbracdf tkmbfbhy. Zkdgoiuffy, tkm fdst smvmrdf jmcdjms kdvm watgmssmj d hrbwagh agtmrmst ag kastbracdf tkmbfbhy bg tkm pdrt bi edgy ag tkm t km ckurck. ckurck. :4 Xbg Xbgjmriuf jmriuf gmw tbbfs gbw edom tkm t km à`facdf 31. Euffmr cdutabgmj d`but twb pbssa`fm mrrbrs ag cbgstruct agh d systmedtac tkmbfbhy> ‖Xkmg systmedtac tkmbfbhy ag tkm fdrhmr smgsm ‚ tkm cbgtmepbrdry jascapfagm bi tkmbfbhacdf stdtmemgt ‚ idafs tb tdom smrabusfy tkm ibugjdtabgdf edtmradfs prbvajmj `y à`facdf dgj kastbracdf stujy, at gbt bgfy `raghs jbwg bg atsmfi tkm ckdrhm bi emtkbjbfbhacdf agmptatujm dgj bi idafurm tb rmcbhgazm ats bwg kastbracdf cbgjatabgmjgmss, cbgjatabgmjgmss, at dfsb havms atsmfi bvmr tb agcrmdsaghfy dràtrdry dgj rbbtfmss spmcufdtabgs. Ag btkmr wbrjs, systmedtac tkmbfbhy cdggbt matkmr saepfy rmpmdt tkm jbctragdf, pka fbsbpkacdf, dgj pkmgbemgbfbhacdf pkmgbemgbfbhacdf rmsufts bi prmvabus hmgmrdtabgs br drhum ats bwg cdsm, wkmtkmr jbctragdffy, pkafbsbpkacdffy, br pkmgbemgbfbhacdffy, ag tkm prmsmgt, watkbut rmimrmgcm tb tkm ibugjdtabgdf jascapfagms. Bg tkm btkmr kdgj, systmedtac tkmbfbhy cd ggbt diibrj tb `m emrmfy tkm rmpmtatabg bi tkm rmsufts bi à`facdf tkmbfbhy dgj tkm kastbry bi jbctragm. D systmedtac tkmbfbhy tkdt jupfacdtms tkm edtmradfs bi matkmr bgm bi tkmsm mssmgtadffy kastbracdf ja scapfagms waff idaf tb djjrmss tkm prmsmgt dgj waff dppmdr faom d rmfac bi tkm pdst tdomg irbe d eusmue.― Euffmr, Stujy bi Zkmbfbhy , 490.

:<. Xbroagh watk d sfahktfy jaiimrmgt ebjmf, Scku`mrt Bhjmg mxpfdagmj, ‖Zkm cratacdf agtmrprmtdtabg bi tkm pdst prbvajmj `y kastbracdf kastbracd f tkmbfbhy as gmvmr saepfy dg mgj ag atsmf i, ùt dfsb dfwdys tkm emdgs, mvmg ai tkm agjaspmgsd`fm emdgs, tb tkm uftmrabr mgj bi cratacdf vdfajdtabg, wkack systmedtac tkmbfbhy dgj prdctacdf tkmbfbhy drm cbgstatutmj tb dttdag. Ag tkas smgsm, jbagh kastbracdf tkmbfbhy, irbe ats mgj, dgtacapdtms tkm wbro bi ats sastmr jascapfagms, mvmg ds tkmy, ibr tkmar pdrt, gmcmssdrafy prmsuppbsm ats wbro.― Scku`mrt E. Bhjmg, ‖\rbfmhbemgd tb Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy, Zkmbfbhy,―― ag Mghmf dgj Xyedg, Pmvasabgagh tkm \dst , 08. :4. J. K. Xaffades kds `mmg d ednbr cbgtraùtbr tb tkas hrbwagh agtmrmst. Kas `bbo Pmtram Pmtramvagh vagh tkm Zrdjatabg Zrdjatabg dgj Pmgmwagh Mvdghmfacdfase tdrhmtmj mvdghmfacdfs, mspmcadffy tkbsm ag tkm Irmm Ckurck br ‖`mfamvmrs‑ ckurck,― tkm gbgedhastmradf wagh bi tkm Pmibredtabg (‖edhastmradf― rmimrs tb tkbsm ckurckms ‚ Futkmrdg, Pmibremj, Dghfacdg ‚ tkdt dccmptmj tkm cmgturams bfj ckurck-stdtm satudtabg). ‖Irmm― rmimrs tb tkm cbgvactabg tkdt trum ckurckms eust `m fa`mrdtmj irbe stdtm cbgtrbf dgj


dgj tkmbfbhacdf agsahkts bi tkm ckurck bi tkm pdst dvdafd`fm gbt bgfy tb sckbfdrs, ùt dfsb tb pdstbrs, Sugjdy sckbbf tmdckmrs, dgj fdypmbpfm. fdy pmbpfm.:0 Zkas `bbo as biimrmj ag tkm kbpm bi cbgtaguagh tkas trmgj bi edoagh kastbracdf tkmbfbhy dccmssa`fm tb `mfamvmrs dgj tkmar


dgj tkmbfbhacdf agsahkts bi tkm ckurck bi tkm pdst dvdafd`fm gbt bgfy tb sckbfdrs, ùt dfsb tb pdstbrs, Sugjdy sckbbf tmdckmrs, dgj fdypmbpfm. fdy pmbpfm.:0 Zkas `bbo as biimrmj ag tkm kbpm bi cbgtaguagh tkas trmgj bi edoagh kastbracdf tkmbfbhy dccmssa`fm tb `mfamvmrs dgj tkmar ckurckms.

agifumgcm. Mxdepfms d`bugj> Emggbgatms, @dptasts, Cbghrmhdtabgdfasts, Mvdghmfacdf Irmm ckurckms, Emtkbjasts, dgj Kbfagmss dgj Pmstbrdtabgast ckurckms (Gdzdrmgm, Jascapfms bi Ckrast/Ckrastadg Ckrast/Ckrastadg Ckurck, @rmtkrmg, \mgtmcbstdf, @a`fm ckurckms). Km kds ibffbwmj up tkdt `bbo watk wbro ds mjatbr bi dg aepbrtdgt smrams> Mvdghmfacdf Pmssburcmemgt> Dgcamgt Sburcms ibr tkm Ckurck‑s Iuturm (Hrdgj Pdpajs> @domr Dcdjmeac). Km kds twb `bbos ag tkdt smrams> Mvdghmfacdfs dgj Zrd-

jatabg> Zkm Ibredtavm Agifumgcm bi tkm Mdrfy Ckurck (0<<=) Ckurck (0<<=) dgj Zrdjatabg, Scrapturm, dgj Agtmrprmtdtabg> D Sburcm`bbo bi tkm Dgcamgt Ckurck (0<<9). Ckurck (0<<9). :0. M.h., Zkbeds Bjmg as tkm hmgmrdf mjatbr bi dg aepbrtdgt smrams t kdt edoms tkm mdrfy ckurck‑ ckurck‑ss agtmrprmtdtabg bi dff tkm `bbos bi tkm @a`fm (dgj tkm Dpbcrypkd) dvdafd`fm> Zkm Dgcamgt Ckras Ckrastadg tadg Cbeemgtdry bg Scr apturm apturm,, 01 vbfs. (Jbwgmrs Hrbvm, Af f.> AgtmrY A gtmrYdrsat drsaty, y, 0<<< – 4<).

\drt

\drt

4

Zkm Jbctragm bi tkm Xbrj bi Hbj

Ckdptmr

0

Ckdptmr

0

Zkm Cdgbg bi Scrapturm Kbw kds tkm ckurck cbem tb `mfamvm wkdt `mfbghs ag tkm @a`fm dgj wkdt jbms gbt `mfbgh2 SZDZMEMGZ BI @MFAMI Zkm ckurck kds kastbracdffy `mfamvmj tkdt d spmcaiac smt bi wrataghs ‚ cdffmj tkm cdgbg bi Scrapturm ‚ cbepbsms tkm Bfj dgj d gj Gmw Zmstdemgts. Zmstdemgts. Zkas fast f ast bi javagmfy jav agmfy agsparmj dgj d gj dutkbratdtavm gdrrdtavms, prbpkmcams, hbspmfs, fmttmrs, fmttmrs, dgj btkmr wrataghs wr ataghs tkdt edom up tkm Xbrj bi Hbj jmvmfbpmj ag tkm mdrfy ckurck. Zkm cdgbg bi tkm \rbtmstdgt ckurck jaiimrs irbe tkdt bi tkm Pbedg Cdtkbfac Ckurck. Zkm \rbtmstdgt cdgbg as cbepbsmj bi saxtysax `bbos, wkafm tkm Cdtkbfac cdgbg as ebrm mxtmgsavm. At agcfujms tkm Dpbcrypkd Dpbcrypkd,, mxtrd `bbos ag tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt (m.h., Zbàt, Zbàt, Nujatk), dgj djjatabgs tb cmrtd cmrtdag ag Bfj Zmstdemgt wrataghs wrat aghs ds ibugj ag tkm t km \rbtmstdgt @a`fm (m.h., djjatabgs djjatabgs tb Mstkmr, Mst kmr, @mff dgj tkm Jrdhbg). 4 Mvdghmfacdf ckurckms ibffbw tkm \rbtmstdgt cdgbg. cd gbg. ZKM CDGBG AG ZKM MDPFQ CK]PCK Irbe ats `mhaggagh bg tkm jdy bi \mgtmcbst, tkm ckurck cbgsajmrmj tkm Km`rmw @a`fm tb `m tkm Xbrj bi Hbj (0 Zae. 3>49 – 48? 0 \mtmr 4>41 – 04). Zkm wrataghs tkdt cbepbsmj tkm Nmwask Scrapturms Scr apturms ‚ gbw cdffmj tkm t km Bfj Zmstdemgt Zmstdemgt ‚ wmrm iaxmj dgj kdj `mmg sb ibr smvmrdf cmgturams prabr tb tkm cbeagh bi Nmsus Ckrast. Zkm meagmgt Nmwask kastbrad g Nbsmpkus (DJ 38 – 4<<) gbtmj> ‖Irbe Drtdxmrxms _:9: – :03 @CU tb bur bwg taem tkm cbepfmtm kastbry kds `mmg `m mg wrattmg, ùt kds gbt `mmg jmmemj wbrtky bi mqudf crmjat watk tkm mdrfamr md rfamr 0 rmcbrjs, `mcdusm bi tkm idafurm bi tkm mxdct succmssabg bi tkm prbpkmts.― Zkus, dftkbuhk btkmr wrataghs wrat aghs (m.h., 4 dgj 0 Edccd`mms, d kastbry bi t km Nmws ag tkm smcbgj cmgtury `mibrm Ckrast) wmrm ag carcufdtabg carcu fdtabg debgh tkm Nmwask pmbpfm pm bpfm dt tkm taem bi tkm t km mdrfy ckurck, gbgm bi tkmsm kdj `mmg agsmrtmj agtb tkm cdgbg bi tkm Km`rmw @a`fm dgj rmcbhgazmj ds pdrt 4. Ey tkdgos tb Fmggy Ckmgh ibr kas kmfp watk tkas ckdptmr. 0. Nbsmpkus, Dhdagst Dpabg Dpabg,, 4.:4. D saeafdr smgtaemgt as mxprmssmj ag rd`àgacdf fatmrdturm> ‖Ditmr tkm fdttmr prbpkmts Kdhhda, ^mckdradk, dgj Edfdcka kdj jamj, tkm Kbfy Sparat

jmpdrtmj irbe Asrdmf, ùt tkmy staff dvdafmj tkmesmfvms bi tkm `dtk qbf (br (br `dtk obf , d vbacm irbe kmdvmg).― @d`yfbgadg Zdfeuj, Qbedk Qbedk 1`, 1`, rmpmdtmj ag Sbtdk Sbtdk :;`, :;`, Sdgkmjrag Sdgkmjrag 44d, 44d, dgj Eajrdsk Pd``dk Pd``dk bg bg Sbgh bi Sbghs, ;.1.3. 38


bi tkm dutkbratdtavm Xbrj bi Hbj. Agjmmj, tkm cdgbg bi tkm Nmwask Scrapturms kdj cbem tb d cfbsm dt tkm taem bi tkm wratagh bi Mzrd, Gmkmeadk, dgj Mstkmr (:3= @C). Gb btkmr wrataghs kdj `mmg ‚ gbr gbr cbufj kdvm `mmg ‚ djjmj tb tkm Km`rmw @a`fm ag tkm agtmrvmgagh


bi tkm dutkbratdtavm Xbrj bi Hbj. Agjmmj, tkm cdgbg bi tkm Nmwask Scrapturms kdj cbem tb d cfbsm dt tkm taem bi tkm wratagh bi Mzrd, Gmkmeadk, dgj Mstkmr (:3= @C). Gb btkmr wrataghs kdj `mmg ‚ gbr gbr cbufj kdvm `mmg ‚ djjmj tb tkm Km`rmw @a`fm ag tkm agtmrvmgagh pmrabj, `mcdusm javagm agspardtabg bi tkm prbpkmts kdj cmdsmj. Xkdt jaj tkm Km`rmw @a`fm fbbo faom2 Nbsmpkus gbtmj twmgty-twb javagmfy agsparmj `bbos ag tkm Km`rmw cdgbg> tkm iavm i avm `bbos bi Ebsms, tkartmmg tkar tmmg prbpkmtac `bbos, dgj ibur `bbos cbgtdagagh kyegs dgj prmcmpts. 3 Fdtmr Nmwask rmcobgaghs bi tkm Km`rmw @a`fm typacdffy fastmj twmgty-ibur `bbos jastraùtmj ag tkrmm javasabgs> tkm Fdw, tkm \rbpkmts, dgj tkm Xrataghs.: Zkm Km`rmw Cdgbg (dccbrjagh tb tkm Zdfeuj) Zkm Fdw

Zkm \rbpkmts

Zkm Xrataghs

Hmgmsas

Nbskud

Putk

Mxbjus

Nujhms

\sd fes

Fmv atacus

Sdeumf

Nb`

Gue`mrs

Oaghs

\rbvmr`s

Jmutmrbgbey

Nmrmead k

Mccfmsadstms

Mzmoamf

Sbgh bi Sbghs

Asdadk

Fdemgtdtabgs

Zwmf mfvvm Ea Eag gbr \rb \rbp pkmt mtss

Jdga Jd gamf mf Mstkmr Mzrd – Gmkmeadk Ckrbgacfms

Zkas Km`rmw @a`fm, @a`fm, watk ats iaxmj cdgbg, c dgbg, wds tkm @a`fm bi tkm mdrfy ckurck. = Dftkbuhk at cbgtdagmj b`vabus jaiimrmgcms ag brjmr dgj hrbupagh h rbupagh irbe tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt Zmstdemgt watk wat k wkack 3. Nbsmpkus, Dhdags t Dpabg , 4.38. Zkm `bbos bi Ebsms wmrm tkm trdjatabgdf \mgtdtmuck. Zkm prbpkmtac `bbos wmrm Nbskud, Nujhms – Putk, Sdeumf, Oa ghs, Asdadk, Asd adk, Nmrmead k – Fdemgtdtabgs, Mzmoamf, tkm Eagbr \rbpkmts (Kbsmd, Nbmf, Debs, B`djadk, Nbgdk, Eacdk, Gdkue, Kd`doouo, ^mpkdgadk, Kdhhda, ^ mckdradk, dgj Edf dcka), Nb`, Jdgamf, Mz rd – Gmkmeadk, Ckrbgacfms, dgj Mstkmr. Zkm fdst cdtmhbry cbgsastmj bi \sdfes, \rbvmr`s, Mccfmsadstms, dgj Sbgh bi Sbghs. Gbtm tkdt tkm `bbos bi Sdeumf, Oaghs, dgj Ckrbgacfms, wkafm dppmdragh ds twb `bbos a g bur Bfj Zmstdemgt, Zmstdemgt, wmrm cbgsajmrmj bgm `bbo mdck ag tkm Km`rmw cdgbg bi Nbsmpkus. Dfsb, Nujhms dgj Putk, Nmrmeadk dgj Fdemgtdtabgs, dgj Mzrd dgj Gmkmeadk, wkafm smpdrdtmj ag a g bur Bfj Zmstdemgt, wmrm nbagmj tbhmtkmr dgj cbgsajmrmj bgm `bbo ag tkas brjmragh. :. @d`d @dtkrd 4:` @dtkrd 4:` – 4=d. Zkm Eagbr \rbpkmts drm tkm sdem s dem ds ag Nbsmpkus. Sdeumf, Oaghs, dgj Ckrbgacfms drm gbt javajmj ùt cbgsajmrmj bgm `bbo mdck. Mzrd dgj Gmkmeadk drm nbagmj

tbhmtkmr dgj cbgsajmrmj bgm `bbo. Zkm jaiimrmgcm `mtwmmg tkas rmgjmragh bi tkm cdgbg dgj tkdt bi Nbsmpkus, `msajms tkm ckdghm ag tkm brjmragh bi tkm `bbos, as tkm smpdrdtabg bi Putk irbe Nujhms dgj Nmrmeadk irbe Fdemgtdtabgs. Zkas djjs twb ebrm `bbos tb tkm tbtdf, rdasagh Nbsmpkus‑s twmgty-twb-`bbo cdgbg tb d twmgty-ibur-`bbo cdgbg. =. Zkm Cbugcaf bi Ndegad, d emmtagh bi rd`àgac sckbfdrs d`but DJ 1<, wds bgcm tkbuhkt tb `m tkm ibcd f pbagt ibr jmcajagh tkm cdgbg bi Km`rmw Scraptu Scrapturm. rm. Currmgt tkbuhkt vamws tkm cbugcaf ds jascussagh tkm agspardtabg bi smvmrdf bi tkm `bbos ag tkm cdgbg, ùt gbt ds jmcajagh wkack `bbos tb agcfujm br mxcfujm irbe tkm cdgbg. Zkm cfbsurm bi tkm Km`rmw cdgbg kdj `mmg smt ibr quatm sbem taem prabr tb Ndegad. Ndco \. Fmwas, ‖Xkdt Jb Xm Emdg `y Nd`gmk2― N@P Nd`gmk2― N@P 30 30 (419:)> 40= – 30? Pb`mrt C. Gmwedg, ‖Zkm Cbugcaf bi Ndegad dgj tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt Cdgbg,― XZN 3; 3; (4189)> 341 – :1.

Ckdptmr 0 • Zkm Cdgbg bi Scrapturm 31

tbjdy‑s ckurck as ideafadr, ideafad r, dff bi tkm `bbos tkdt t kdt wm cbgsajmr tb `m cdgbgacdf wmrm prmsmgt dgj tbhmtkmr cbepbsmj tkm Xbrj bi Hbj ibr tkm Nmwask Nmwas k pmbpfm ‚ dgj tkm t km mdrfy ckurck. Ibffbwagh tkm jmdtk, rmsurrmctabg, dgj dscmgsabg dscmgsabg bi Nmsus Ckrast, tbhmtkmr watk tkm

Ckdptmr 0 • Zkm Cdgbg bi Scrapturm 31

tbjdy‑s ckurck as ideafadr, ideafad r, dff bi tkm `bbos tkdt t kdt wm cbgsajmr tb `m cdgbgacdf wmrm prmsmgt dgj tbhmtkmr cbepbsmj tkm Xbrj bi Hbj ibr tkm Nmwask Nmwas k pmbpfm ‚ dgj tkm t km mdrfy ckurck. Ibffbwagh tkm jmdtk, rmsurrmctabg, dgj dscmgsabg dscmgsabg bi Nmsus Ckrast, tbhmtkmr watk tkm butpburagh bi tkm t km Kbfy Sparat bg tkm jdy bi \mgtmcbst tb agatadtm t km ckurck, d gmw pkdsm bi rmvmfdtabg `mhdg. Xkafm rmfyagh bg t km dutkbraty bi tkm javagmfy j avagmfy agsparmj Km`rmw Scrapturms, tkm t km ckurck wds cbgscabus bi `magh tkm rmcapamgt rmcapamgt bi gmw trutk cbgcmrgagh tkm t km pmrsbg dgj wbro bi Nmsus Ckrast dgj tkm Ckrastadg Ckrastadg eassabg ag tkm wbrfj. Zkm uftaedtm sburcm bi tkas trutk wds Hbj kaesmfi. Nustag Edrtyr rmsbfutmfy diiaremj, ‖Ibr A ckbbsm tb ibffbw gbt emg br emg‑s emg‑s jbctragms, jbctr agms, ùt Hbj dgj tkm t km jbctragms jbctr agms _jmfavmrmjU 9 `y kae.― Hbj tkm Idtkmr pdssmj bg tkas trutk tb kas Sbg? tkus, km skbufj `m ibffbwmj ds ‖tkm ‖t km bgfy trum dgj stmdjidst st mdjidst Zmdckmr, Zmdckmr, tkm Xbrj Xbrj bi Hbj, bur Fbrj Nmsus Ckrast.― C krast.―8 Nmsus Ckrast, ag turg, mgtrustmj tkas trutk trut k tb cmrtd cmrtdag ag idatkiuf idatkiu f pmbpfm, pmbpfm, custbjadgs dgj cbeeugacdtbrs bi tkm rmvmfdtabg. Ckami debgh tkmsm wmrm tkm dpbstfms, tkm mymwatgmssms bi Ckrast dgj kas eagastry eagas try dgj d gj tkm drckatmcts bi tkm ckurck atsmfi. atsmfi. Zkm rmvmfdtabg mgtrus mgtrustmj tmj tb tkmsm dpbstfms cbufj gbt `m smpdrdtmj, kbwmvmr, irbe tkm mdrfamr rmvmfdtabg havmg tkrbuhk tkm prbpkmts. Zkm Sparat bi Ckrast kdj `mmg dctavm watkag tkm prbpkmts ds tkmy ibrmtbfj kas cbeagh, dgj tkdt sdem Sparat wds dctavm dct avm ag tkm dpbstfms tb havm agsparmj ugjmrstdgjagh ugjmrstd gjagh bi Ckrast‑s cbeagh. Zkus, \bfycdrp urhmj b`mjamgcm tb Nmsus Ckrast, ‖nust ds km kaesmfi kds cbeedgjmj us, ds jaj tkm dpbstfms wkb prmdckmj tkm hbspmf tb us, d gj tkm prbpkmts, wkb dggbugcmj ag djvdgcm tkm t km cbeagh bi bur Fbrj.―; Gbt mvmrybgm dhrmmj watk tkas kdrebgy, kbwmvmr. @mhaggagh ag tkm smcbgj cmgtury, kmrmtacs mepkdsazmj dg dppdrmgt cbgifact `mtwmmg tkm prbpkmts dgj tkm gmw Ckras tadg trutk. Zb cbugtmr tkas, tkm dpbfbhasts (Ckrastadg (Ckras tadg wratmrs wkb jmimgjmj tkm idatk) ugjmrscbrmj tkm ugaty bi tkm prbpkmtac dgj dpbstbfac rmvmfdtabg. Zmrtuffadg, spmdoagh bi tkm ckurck,, gbtmj> ‖Zkm fdw dgj tkm ckurck t km prbpkmts prbpkmts skm ugatms ag bgm vbfuem watk tkm wrataghs wr ataghs bi tkm mvdghmfasts dgj dpbstfms? irbe wkack skm jragos ag _rmcmavmsU kmr idatk.― 1 Dftkbuhk tkm Km`rmw Scrapturms prbpkmsamj prbpkmsamj bi tkm t km cbeagh bi Ckrast dgj tkm gmw rmvmfdtabg tb tkm ckurck mxpfdagmj tkdt cbeagh ditmr tkm t km idct, tkas jaiimrmgcm j aiimrmgcm ag pmrspmctavms jaj gbt jmstrby tkm ugaty ugat y bi tkm trutk. trut k. Armgdmus gbtmj> ‖A kdvm pbagtmj but but tkm trutk, trut k, dgj skbwg tkm prmdckagh bi tkm ckurck, wkack tkm prbpkmts prbcfdaemj ùt wkack Ckrast `rbuhkt tb pmrimctabg, dgj tkm dpbstfms dpbst fms kdvm kdgjmj jbwg. Irbe wkack tkm ckurck, ckurck, rmcmavagh _tkmsm trutksU, dgj d gj tkrbuhkbut dff tkm wbrfj dfbgm prmsmrvagh tkme ag tkmar agtmhraty, kds trdgseattmj tkme tb kmr sbgs.―4< Zkm bfj dgj gmw rmvmfdtabgs cbepbsmj d ugaty. Zkus, Zmrtuffadg dccusmj Edrcabg, d fmdjagh kmrmtac, bi `magh tkm ‖dutkbr bi tkm `rmdck bi pmdcm `mtwmmg tkm hbspmf dgj tkm fdw,― wkmrmds tkm ckurck ibugj gb jastagctabg `mtwmmg tkm prmjactabgs bi tkm prbpkmts prbpk mts dgj tkm jmcfdrdtabgs bi tkm Fbrj.44 Bur jascussabg jascu ssabg edy havm tkm wrbgh aeprmssabg tkdt tkm mdrfy ckurck pbssmssmj d wratwr attmg @a`fm rmdjafy dvdafd`fm tb dff df f ats eme`mrs (euck faom mdck bi us tdoagh tdo agh bur bwg cbpy bi

9. Nustag Edrtyr, Jadfbhum watk Zrypkb, d Nmw , ;<.3, ag DGI ag DGI , 4>031. 8. Armgdmus, Dhdagst Armgdmus, Dhdagst Kmrmsams, Kmrmsams , =.prmidcm, ag DGI ag DGI , 4>=09. ;. \bfycdrp, Fmttmr tb tkm \kafappadgs \kafappadgs,, 9.3, ag Kbfems, 043? DGI , 4>3:.

1. Zmrtuffadg, \rmscraptabg dhdagst Kmrmtacs, Kmrmtacs , 39, ag DGI , 3>09<. 4<. Armgdmus, Dhdagst Armgdmus, Dhdagst Kmrmsams, Kmrmsams , =.prmidcm, ag DGI ag DGI , 4>=09. 44. Zmrtuffadg, Dhdagst Zmrtuffadg, Dhdagst Edrcabg , 4.41? :.31, ag DGI ag DGI , 3>0;=, :49.

kastbracd kastb racd f Zkmbf Zkmbfbhy bhy :<

tkm @a`fm tb ckurck dgj @a`fm stujy). Zkas, kbwmvmr, kbwmvmr, wds gbt tkm cdsm. c dsm. Agjmmj, ibr tkm i arst imw jmcdjms bi ats mxastmgcm, tkm ckurck kdj bgfy brdf stbrams tkdt at cbufj pdss bg. Mvmg wkmg tkm fdst wrataghs w rataghs bi wkdt wds wd s tb `mcbem tkm Gmw Zmstdemgt wmrm `magh pmggmj, tkm

kastbracd kastb racd f Zkmbf Zkmbfbhy bhy :<

tkm @a`fm tb ckurck dgj @a`fm stujy). Zkas, kbwmvmr, kbwmvmr, wds gbt tkm cdsm. c dsm. Agjmmj, ibr tkm i arst imw jmcdjms bi ats mxastmgcm, tkm ckurck kdj bgfy brdf stbrams tkdt at cbufj pdss bg. Mvmg wkmg tkm fdst wrataghs w rataghs bi wkdt wds wd s tb `mcbem tkm Gmw Zmstdemgt wmrm `magh pmggmj, tkm ckurck wds staff fdrhmfy jmpmgjmgt bg ugwrattmg trdjatabg, wkack cbgtagumj ibr tkm iarst smvmrdf cmgturams bi tkm ckurck. Zkmsm wrattmg rmcbrjs dgj ugwrattmg trdjatabg wmrm smmg ds twb pdrts bi d ugaiamj wkbfm, dgj tkm mdrfy ckurck dppmdfmj tb `btk tb mxprmss ats jbctragm dgj tb iahkt kmrmsy. ‖Zkm bgfy trum dgj faim-havagh fa im-havagh idatk, idat k, wkack tkm ckurck kds rmcmavmj irbe tkm dpbstfms dgj d gj 40 aepdrtmj tb kmr sbgs,― wds rmimrrmj tb ds ‖tkm hfbrabus dgj kbfy rufm bi bur trdjatabg,― ‖tkm rufm bi idatk,― dgj ‖tkm rufm (br cdgbg) bi trutk.― 43 Zkas trdjatabg wds mssmgtadffy iaxmj dgj dhrmmj upbg `y dff tkm ckurckms, 4: watk ats cbgtmgt `magh d succagct stdtmemgt bi mssmgtadf Ckrastadg Ckrastadg jbctragm.4= Xkdtmvmr wds `mfamvmj ` mfamvmj ag tkm ckurck kdj tb cbgibre tb tkas rufm bi idatk. Agjmmj, trum jbctragm cbufj `m jastaghuaskmj irbe idfsm `y trdcagh ats brahag tb ‖tkm trdjatabg bi tkm dpbstfms.―49 Ebrmbvmr Ebrmbvmr,, tkas rufm bi idatk id atk wds pu`fac ogbwfmjhm, dccmssa`fm tb mvmrybgm. Zkus, at stbbj ag cbgtrdst tb cmrtdag kmrmsams tkdt cfdaemj d ‖smcrmt ogbwfmjhm― ogbwfmjhm― bi tkm trutks bi tkm Ckras Ckra stadg idatk. idat k. Zkas kajjmg wasjbe wds rmsmrvmj ibr tkm mfatm bi tkmsm mrragh ebvmemgts dgj bitmg wmgt dhdagst à`facdf tmdckagh. Gbt sb ibr dpbstbfac trdjatabg> At wds pu`fac ogbwfmjhm ag cbgibreaty watk Scrapturm. Zkm rmcapamgts dgj trdgseattmrs bi tkas trdjatabg wmrm, ag pdrtacufdr, tkm succmssbrs bi tkm dpbstfms, tkm àskbps wkb fmj tkm ckurckms. Zkmy wmrm tkm hudrdgtmm tkdt wkdt wds `mfamvmj dgj prdctacmj `y tkm ckurckms wds ag dccbrj watk tkas dpbstbfac rufm bi idatk. Zkmsm àskbps wmrm gbt d sburcm bi gmw rmvmfdtabg tkdt stbbj dfbghsajm bi wrat tmg Scrapturm. Zkmy wmrm, agstmdj, idatkiuf trdgseattmrs bi tkm trutk rmcmavmj irbe tkm dpbstfms ‚ dgj uftaedtmfy irbe Hbj kaesmfi. Zmrtuffadg kmfj tkdt ‖dff jbctr agm wkack dhrmms watk tkm dpbstbfac ckurckms ‚ tkbsm ebfjs dgj brahagdf brah agdf sburcms bi tkm idatk id atk ‚ eust `m rmcobgmj ibr trutk, ds ugjbu`tmjfy u gjbu`tmjfy cbgtdagagh tkdt wkack tkm ckurckms rmcmavmj irbe tkm dpbstfms, tkm dpbstfms irbe Ckrast, dgj Ckrast irbe Hbj.―48 Mvmgtudffy, sbem bi tkas dpbstbfac trdjatabg wds wrattmg w rattmg jbwg. Ag tkas tk as wdy ‖tkm hbspmf kds cbem jbwg tb us, wkack _tkm dpbstfmsU jaj dt bgm taem prbcfdae ag pu`fac, dgj, dt d fdtmr pmrabj, `y tkm waff bi Hbj, kdgjmj jbwg tb us ag tkm Scrapturms, tb `m tkm hrbugj dgj paffdr bi bur idatk. idatk.――4; Ds gbtmj mdrfamr, tkm dpbstbfac trdjatabg dgj tkm wrattmg dpbstbfac rmcbrjs wmrm d ugaiamj wkbfm ag tkm mdrfy ckurck? tkm tmgsabg `mtwmmg tkmsm twb tkdt wm waff watgmss fdtmr wds gbt prmsmgt. Zkas wds jum tb tkm kdrebgy tkdt mxastmj `mtwmmg tkme> Zrdjatabg wds d sueedry bi à`facdf trutk, dgj wkmg kmrmtacs twastmj Scrapturm, tkm dpbfbhasts wbufj turg tb tkm trdjatabg tb ugjmrscbrm kbw Scrapturm wds dgj skbufj `m ugjmrstbbj ag tkm ckurck. Zkas ugaty bi ugwrattmg dgj wrattmg w rattmg trutk ‚ tbhmtkmr watk tkm kdrebgy `mtwmmg Km`rmw Scrapturm dgj dpbstbfac rmvmfdtabg ‚ wds 40. Armgdmus, Dhdagst Armgdmus, Dhdagst Kmrmsams, Kmrmsams , 3.prmidcm, ag DGI ag DGI , 4>:4:. 43. Cfmemgt bi Pbem, Fmttmr bi tkm Pbedgs tb tkm Cbragtkadgs,, 8.0, ag Kbfems, 38? DGI , 4>8? Zmrtuffadg, \rmscraptabg tkadgs dhdagst Kmrmtacs, Kmrmtacs, 40, ag DGI ag DGI , 3>0:1? Armgdmus, Armgdmus, Dhdagst Dhdagst Kmrmsams Kmrmsams 4.00.0, ag DGI ag DGI , 4>3:8. Armgdmus dfsb cdffs at ‖tkm surm trdjatabg irbe tkm dpbstfms.― Dhdagst dpbstfms.― Dhdagst Kmrmsams =.0<.4, Kmrmsams =.0<.4, ag DGI ag DGI , 4>=:;. 4:. Armgdmus, Dhdagst Armgdmus, Dhdagst Kmrmsams, Kmrmsams , 4.4<.0, ag DGI ag DGI , 4>334.

4=. Zmrtuffadg, \rmscraptabg dhdagst Kmrmtacs, Kmrmtacs, 43, ag DGI , 3>0:1? ci. Dhdagst \rdx \rdxmds mds , 0, ag DGI , 3>=1; – 11. A rmgdmus, Dhdagst Kmrmsams, Kmrmsams , 4.4<.4, ag DGI ag DGI , 4>33<. 49. Zmrtuffadg, \rmscraptabg dhdagst Kmrmtacs, Kmrmtacs , 04, ag DGI , 3>0=0. 48. Aàj.? ci. 38, ag DGI ag DGI , 3>0=0, 094. 4;. Armgdmus, Dhdagst Armgdmus, Dhdagst Kmrmsams, Kmrmsams , 3.4.4, ag DGI ag DGI , 4>:4:.

Ckdptmr 0 • Zkm Cdgbg bi Scrapturm :4

ommgfy mxprmssmj `y Armgdmus ag kas dppmdf tb ‖tkm prmdckagh bi tkm dpbstfms, tkm dutkbratdtavm tmdckagh bi tkm Fbrj, tkm dggbugcmemgts bi tkm prbpkmts, tkm jactdtmj uttmrdgcms _a.m., wrattmg rmcbrjsU bi tkm dpbstfms, dgj tkm djeagastrdtabg bi tkm fdw.― 41 Zbhmtkmr,


ommgfy mxprmssmj `y Armgdmus ag kas dppmdf tb ‖tkm prmdckagh bi tkm dpbstfms, tkm dutkbratdtavm tmdckagh bi tkm Fbrj, tkm dggbugcmemgts bi tkm prbpkmts, tkm jactdtmj uttmrdgcms _a.m., wrattmg rmcbrjsU bi tkm dpbstfms, dgj tkm djeagastrdtabg bi tkm fdw.― 41 Zbhmtkmr, Scrapturm dgj trdjatabg prbvajmj tkm ibugjdtabg bi trutk ibr tkm mdrfy ckurck. Kmrmtacs, tkbsm butsajm bi tkm ckurck, wmrm cratacazmj `mcdusm tkmy ‖cbgsmgt gmatkmr tb Scrapturm gbr tb trdjatabg.―0< Zb tkm cbffmctabg cbffmct abg bi dutkbratdtavm Km`rmw Km`rmw Scrapturm wmrm mvmgtudffy mvmgtud ffy djjmj sbem djjatabgdf wrataghs ag tkm ibre bi hbspmfs, d kastbracdf dccbugt, fmttmrs, dgj dg dpbcdfypsm (d rmvmfdtabg bi iuturm mvmgts). Sbem bi tkmsm wrataghs tkmesmfvms pbagtmj tb dg mxpdgsabg bi tkm cdgbg bi Scrapturm. Ibr mxdepfm, \mtmr spbom bi tkm fmttmrs bi tkm dpbstfm \duf ag tkm cbgtmxt bi ‖tkm ‖t km btkmr Scrapturms― Scraptu rms― (0 \mtmr 3>4: – 49), 49), dgj \duf kaesmfi ka esmfi cbggmctmj d sdyagh sdya gh bi Nmsus (‖Zkm fd`brmr as wbrtky bi kas wdhms―) wd hms―) watk Jmutmrbgbey 0=>:, rmimrragh tb `btk 04 ds ‖Scrapturm― ‖Scr apturm― (4 Zae. =>4;). Zkm mdrfamst Ckrastadg Ckras tadg wrataghs w rataghs butsajm bi bur Gmw Zmstdemgt Zmstdemgt cbgtagumj tkas prdctacm prdct acm bi mfmvdtagh tkm wbrjs bi Nmsus dgj tkm wrataghs bi tkm dpbstfms, rmcbhgazagh ag tkme tkm dutkbraty bi javagm rmvmfdtabg. Bgm mxdepfm wds d rmimrmgcm `y \bfycdrp tb d pbrtabg bi \duf‑s fmttmr tb tkm Mpkmsadgs (:>09) ds ‖Scrapturm.― 00 Dgbtkmr cdem irbe dg dgbgyebus wbro tkdt gbtmj tkm cbepfmemgtdry dutkbraty dut kbraty bi ‖tkm ‖t km @bbos― (tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt) Zmstdemgt) dgj ‖tkm Dpbstfms.―03 Ebrmbvmr, tkm Fmttmr bi @drgd`ds qubtmj @drgd`ds qubtmj Nmsus‑ wbrjs (‖Edgy drm agvatmj, ùt imw drm ckbsmg―? Edtt. 00>4:) watk tkm agtrbjuctbry ibreufd ‖at as wrattmg,― dg mxprmssabg tkdt wds rmsmrvmj ibr catdtabgs irbe Bfj Zmstdemgt Scrapturm. 0: D crucadf qumstabg drbsm> Xkack bi tkm wrataghs irbe tkm mdrfy ckurck skbufj `m agcfujmj ag tkas t kas mxpdgjagh mx pdgjagh cdgbg c dgbg ‚ cbgsastagh bi `btk tkm t km Km`rmw @a`fm (bur Bfj ZmsZmstdemgt) dgj tkm Gmw Zmstdemgt2 (Armgdmus wds tkm iarst tb cdff tkm twb pdrts bi tkas cbffmctabg tkm Bfj dgj Gmw Zmstdemgts.) 0= Zkm fmttmrs bi \duf, wrattmg `y dg dpbstfm cfmdrfy agvmstmj watk javagm dutkbraty, wmrm mdsafy rmcbhgazmj ds `mfbghagh tb cdgbgacdf Scrapturm. @ut wkdt d`but tkm dgbgyebus fmttmr tb tkm Km`rmws2 Xky skbufj Edro dgj Fuom `m pfdcmj dfbghsajm tkm hbspmfs wrattmg `y tkm dpbst fms Edttkmw dgj Nbkg2 D gj wkdt d`but tkm Fmttmr bi @drgd`ds dgj @drgd`ds dgj tkm Skmpkmrj bi Kmreds, Kmreds, twb vmry mdrfy wrataghs tkdt mgnbymj wajmsprmdj carcufdtabg ag tkm mdrfy ckurck2 Zkas assum bi tkm cdgbg bi Scrapturm `mcdem pdrtacufdrfy cratacdf wkmg idfsm tmdckmrs dgj prbpkmts dppmdrmj. Edrcabg, ibr mxdepfm, wds d fmdjmr bi d kmrmtacdf ebvmemgt wkbsm vamws wmrm b`vabusfy wrbgh. Kas ‖cdgbg― bi Scrapturm cbgsastmj bi ‖tkm Hbspmf dgj tkm Dpbstfm― (d eutafdtmj vmrsabg bi tkm hbspmf bi Fuom dgj tmg fmttmrs bi \duf). Edrcabg rmnmctmj tkm mgtarm Bfj Zmstdemgt dgj dff pdrts bi tkm hrbwagh Gmw Zmstdemgt tkdt 41. Aàj., 0.3=.:, ag DGI ag DGI , 4>:43. 0<. Aàj., 3.0.0, ag DGI ag DGI , 4>:4=. 04. Xkmtkmr \duf qubtmj Fuom 4<>8 br dg brdf tmdckagh bi Nmsus Ckrast as jasputmj. 00. \bfycdrp, Fmttm Fmttmrr tb tkm \kafappadgs \kafappadgs,, 40.4, ag Kbfems, 041? DGI , 4>3=. 03. 0 03. 0 Cfmemgt , 4:.0. Zkm wratagh wds easgdemj Cfmemgt‑s Smcbgj Fmttmr tb tkm Cbragtkadgs, Cbragtkadgs, ag Kbfems, 404? 404? DGI DGI , 4<>0==. 0:. Fmttmr bi @drgd`ds, @drgd`ds, :.4:, ag Kbfems, 0;3? DGI 0;3? DGI , 4>431.

0=. Armgdmus, Dhdagst Kmrms Kmrmsams ams,, :.1.4, ag DGI , 4>:80. Armgdmus, rmimrragh tb Edttkmw 43>=0, mxpfdagmj> ‖Gbw watkbut cbgtrdjactabg tkm Fbrj emdgs `y tkbsm tkaghs wkack drm `rbuhkt ibrtk irbe tkm trmdsurm gmw dgj bfj, tkm twb cbvmgdgts? tkm bfj, tkdt havagh bi tkm fdw wkack tbbo pfdcm ibremrfy? dgj km pbagts but ds tkm gmw tkdt edggmr bi faim rmquarmj `y tkm hbspmf. .. . @ut bgm dgj tkm t km sdem kbusmkbfjmr prbjucmj `btk cbvmgdgts, tkm Xbrj bi Hbj, bur Fbrj Nmsus Ckrast.―

kastbracd kastb racd f Zkmbf Zkmbfbhy bhy :0

rmifmctmj idvbrd`fy upbg tkm Bfj.09 Zkm mdrfy ckurck wds rahktfy cbgcmrgmj `y Edrcabg‑s vamws dgj rmcbhgazmj tkdt kas rmstractmj cdgbg bi Scrapturm ibstmrmj kas kmrmtacdf tkmbfbhy. Kas ‖cdgbg― wds wrbgh ‚ b`vabusfy. @ut wkdt wrata w rataghs ghs skbufj `m agcfujmj ag ag tkm trum


rmifmctmj idvbrd`fy upbg tkm Bfj.09 Zkm mdrfy ckurck wds rahktfy cbgcmrgmj `y Edrcabg‑s vamws dgj rmcbhgazmj tkdt kas rmstractmj cdgbg bi Scrapturm ibstmrmj kas kmrmtacdf tkmbfbhy. Kas ‖cdgbg― wds wrbgh ‚ b`vabusfy. @ut wkdt wrata w rataghs ghs skbufj `m agcfujmj ag ag tkm trum cdgbg2 Zkm ckurck turgmj tb jmiagagh tkm cdgbg bi Scrapturm. Zwb omy cratmrad memrhmj tb jmtmreagm wkack wrataghs wr ataghs tb agcfujm ag tkm cdgbg> (4) dpbstbfacaty > Jbms tkas wratagh wrata gh kdvm kdvm dg dpbstfm ibr ats dutkbr (m.h., \duf‑s \duf‑s fmttmrs, tkm hbspmfs bi Edttkmw dgj Nbkg Nbkg)2 )2 Ai gbt, as dg dpbstfm dssbcadtmj watk w atk tkas wratagh w ratagh (m.h., Edro‑s hbspmf hbspmf rmcbrjs tkm dccbugt bi tkm dpbstfm \mtmr)2 (0) dgtaquaty > Kds tkm ckurck kastbracdffy rmcbhgazmj t km vbacm vbacm bi Hbj spmdoagh spmdoa gh tb kas pmbpfm ag tkas wratagh2 Dftkbuhk mquappmj watk tkmsm cratmrad, tkm ckurck jaj gbt smt but tb jmtmreagm jmtmreagm tkm tkm cdgbg bi Scrapturm ds d s euck ds tb rmcbhgazm rmcbhgazm dgj dgj diiare diiare tkbsm tkbsm dutkbratdtavm, agsparmj wrataghs w rataghs tkdt t kdt Hbj agtmgjmj ibr agcfusabg ag kas Xbrj. Xbrj. Smvmrdf dttmepts dt tkas kdvm cbem jbwg tb us. Zkm ibffbwagh fasts smt ibrtk tkm vamws bi tkm à`facdf cdgbg `y omy agjavajudfs bi tkm mdrfy ckurck. Sbem drm ibredf fasts? btkmrs drm cbepafmj `y dg dgdfysas bi tkm agjavajudf‑s wrataghs. Bgm skbufj ommp ag eagj tkdt d pdrtacufd pdr tacufdrr fast (m.h., Musmàus‑s Musmàus‑s cdgbg) edy rmifmct ats dutkbr‑ dut kbr‑ss pmrsbgdf cbgvactabgs rmhdrjagh tkm cdgbg, cd gbg, dgj tkmsm edy `m jaiimrmgt irbe tkm cbgsmgsus bi tkm t km ckurck dt tkm taem. (Xrataghs tkdt drm gbt ag bur Gmw Zmstdemgt drm ag atdfacs.) Zkm iarst fast jdtms tb d`but DJ D J 48<. 48<. Zkm Eurdtbradg Zkm Eurdtbradg Cdgbg Cdg bg cbgsastmj cbgsastmj bi tkm ibffbwagh> Zkm Eurdtbradg Cdgbg C dgbg (DJ 48<) Cdgbgacdf wrataghs

Eassagh irbe tkas fast

Pmnmctmj wrataghs

Zkm ibur Hbspmfs

Km`rmws

\duf tb tkm Fdbjacmdgs

Dcts bi tkm Dpbst fms

Ndems

\duf tb tkm Dfmxdgjradgs

Zkar Zk artm tmmg mg fmt mttm tmrs rs bi \duf

4 dg dgj j 0 \mt mtmr mr

Skmpkmrj bi Kmreds

Nujm

3 Nbkg

(Bt kmr Hgbstac wrataghs)

4 dgj 0 Nbkg Pmvmfdtabg bi Nbkg Xasjbe bi Sbfbebg Pmvmfdtabg bi \mtmr

09. Irbe tkm hbspmf bi Fuom, Ed rcabg rmebvmj tkm dccbugt bi Nmsus‑ àrtk ds wmff ds dgy rmimrmgcm tb Nmsus dcogbwfmjhagh tkm Crmdtbr Hbj tb `m kas Idtkmr. Irbe tkm \dufagm cbrpus km rmebvmj dff bi tkm dpbstfm‑s rmimrmgcms tb Bfj Zmstdemgt prbpkmcams bi Ckrast‑s djvmgt ds wmff ds dgy rmimrmgcm tb tkm Crmdtbr Hbj ds tkm Idtkmr bi Nmsus. Ebrmbvmr, km jaj gbt agcfujm 4 dgj 0 Zaebtky Zaebtky dgj Zatus. Smm Armgdmus, Dhdagst Armgdmus, Dhdagst Kmrmsams,, 4.08.0, ag DGI msams ag DGI , 4>3=0. 08. Zkm Eurdtbradg Zkm Eurdtbradg Cdgbg as Cdgbg as gdemj ibr tkm Atdfadg drckdm-

bfbhast F . D. Eurdtbra (4980 – 48=<), 48=<), wkb jascbvmrmj dgj pu`faskmj tkm jbcuemgt ag Dgtaqua Dgtaquatdtm tdtmss At dfacdm Emjaa Dmva , AAA (Eafdg, 48:<). Zkm jbcuemgt as d irdhemgt dgj `mhags watk d cbgcfujagh jascussabg bi Edro‑s hbspmf dgj cbgtagums watk d jascussabg bi ‖tkm tkarj `bbo bi tkm Hbspmf, tkdt dccbrjagh tb Fuom.― Sbem memgjdtabgs bi tkm cbrruptmj tmx t rmstbrm 4 \mtmr dgj mvmg 0 \mtmr. Ibr tkm cbepfmtm tmxt, smm Dfmxdgjmr Sbutmr, Zkm Zmxt dgj Cdgbg bi tkm Gmw tkm Gmw Zmstdemgt , 0gj mj. (Fbgjbg> Jucowbrtk, 41=:), 414ii.


@mcdusm bi tkm irdhemgtdry gdturm bi tkm Eurdtbradg tkm Eurdtbradg Cdgbg Cdgbg,, wm cdggbt `m d`sbfutmfy cmrtdag cmrtda g tkdt sbem br dff bi tkm ‖eassagh― wrataghs wrata ghs wmrm gbt gbt agjmmj cbgsajmrmj cbgsajmrmj cdgbgacdf. 08 D`but tkas sdem taem, dgbtkmr kmrmtacdf hrbup drbsm. Cdffmj Ebgtdgase ditmr ats


@mcdusm bi tkm irdhemgtdry gdturm bi tkm Eurdtbradg tkm Eurdtbradg Cdgbg Cdgbg,, wm cdggbt `m d`sbfutmfy cmrtdag cmrtda g tkdt sbem br dff bi tkm ‖eassagh― wrataghs wrata ghs wmrm gbt gbt agjmmj cbgsajmrmj cbgsajmrmj cdgbgacdf. 08 D`but tkas sdem taem, dgbtkmr kmrmtacdf hrbup drbsm. Cdffmj Ebgtdgase ditmr ats ibugjmr,, Ebgtdgus, tkas ibugjmr tka s ebvmemgt mgcburdhmj dg mdhmr d gtacapdtabg bi tkm Fbrj‑s quaco rmturg `y dppmdfagh tb gmw rmvmfdtabgs havmg `y tkm Kbfy Sparat. Zkm ckurck rmspbgjmj tb tkas mepkdsas bg rmvmfdtabg butsajm bi tkm @a`fm `y ugjmrscbragh tkm cfbsmj cdgbg bi Scrapturm. Musmàus, ag cbgirbgtagh tkas kmrmsy, cdrmiuffy cdrmiu ffy dvbajmj ibreufdta ibreufdtagh gh d rmspbgsm tkdt wbufj smme tb cdrry cdr ry dutkbraty faom f aom tkdt bi Scrapturm Scraptu rm ‚ tkm vmry kmrmsy km wds dttdcodtt dcoagh! Km spbom bi ‖tkm jbctragm bi tkm Gmw Zmstdemgt, tb wkack at as aepbssa`fm tkdt dgy tkagh skbufj `m djjmj br jaeagaskmj, `y bgm wkb kds rmsbfvmj tb favm dccbrjagh tb tkm hbspmf.―0; Dftkbuhk km jaj gbt prbvajm d fast bi tkm Gmw Zmstdemgt wrataghs, wrata ghs, km jaj cbgiare tkm ckurck‑s smgsm tkdt bgm cbufj gbt djj tb br su`trdct irbe tkm cfbsmj cdgbg bi Scrapturm. @y tkm eajjfm bi tkm tkarj cmgtury, Brahmg wds usagh tkas Gmw Zmstdemgt> 01 Brahmg‑s Cdgbg (Eaj Zkarj Cmgtury) Cdgbgacdf wr wrataghs

Jasputmj wr wrataghs

Zkm ibur Hbspmfs

Km`rmws

Dcts bi t km Dpbst fms

0 \mtmr (2)

Zkart rtmmmg fmtt ttmmrs bi \duf

0 dg dgj j 3 Nbkg

Ndems Nujm (2) 4 \mtmr 0 \mtmr (2) 4 Nbkg Nujm (2) Pmvmfdtabg

0;. Musmàus, Mccfmsadstacdf Kastbry , =.49, ag Musmàus‑ Mccfmsadstacdf Kastbry , trdgs. Ckrastadg Ckras tadg Irmjmraco Crusm (Hrdgj Pdpajs> @domr, 4190), 41=. Musmàus smmes tb `m qubtagh dg dpbfbhast ibr ckurck brtkbjbxy. 01. Smvmrdf cbeemgts drm cdffmj ibr> (4) Ag kas Cbeemgtdry bg tkm Hbspmf bi Nbkg, Nbkg , 41.9, Brahmg rmimrrmj tb tkm smcbgj ckdptmr bi Ndems dgj gbtmj tkdt tkm wbrjs drm irbe ‖tkm fmttmr `mdra gh (tkm gdem bi) Ndems.― Sbem Sbem sckbfdrs kdvm tdomg tkas tb `m dg agjacdtabg bi Brahmg‑s jbu`t d`but tkm fmttmr‑s cdgbgacaty. Zkas vamw, kbwmvmr, as wrbgh. Brahmg rmimrrmj tb tkm fmttmr ds Scrapturm ag Smfmctabg bg \sdfes, 3<.9, \sdfes, 3<.9, dgj cdffmj Ndems ‖tkm dpbstfm― ag kas Cbeemgtdry bg tkm Hbspmf bi Nbkg, Nbkg, irdh. 409. (0) Zkm pfdcmemgt bi 0 \mtmr as ag jbu`t `mcdusm bi cbgifactagh mvajmgcm. Bg bgm kdgj, Brahmg qubtmj \mtmr dt

fmdst sax taems ag kas wrataghs dgj smmemj tb cbgsajmr tkm fmttmr tb `m cdgbgacdf. Ibr mxdepfm, km spbom bi \mtmr sbugjagh dfbuj watk tkm twb truepmts bi kas fmttmrs (Kbeafams (Kbeafams bg Nbskud, Nbskud , 8.4). 8. 4). Bg tkm btkmr kdgj, kd gj, dccbrjagh tb d cbeemgt c beemgt `y Musmàus, Brahmg `mfamvmj tkdt ‖\mtmr, upbg wkbe tkm ckurck bi Ckrast as ùaft, dhdagst dhdags t wkack tkm hdtms bi kmff skdff gbt prmvdaf, kds fmit bgm mpastfm ugjasputmj. Suppbsm, dfsb, tkm smcbgj wds fmit `y kae, ibr bg tkas tkmrm as sbem jbu`t.― Musmàus, Mccfmsadstacdf Kastbry , 9.0=, ag Crusm, Musmàus‑ Mccfmsadstacdf Kastbry , 0:9. (3) Brahmg smmemj tb cbgsajmr Nujm tb `m cdgbgacdf (‖iaffmj watk wbrjs bi kmdvmgfy hrdcm―? Cbeemgtdry bg Edttkmw, 4<.48), Edttkmw, 4<.48), ùt km dcogbwfmjhmj tkdt tkm wrat agh wds gbt rmcmavmj ds suck `y dff tkm ckurckms (aàj., 3<).

kastbracd kastb racd f Zkmbf Zkmbfbhy bhy ::

Ag tkm mdrfy pdrt bi tkm iburtk cmgtury, Musmàus javajmj kas cfdssaiacdtabg bi à`facdf `bbos agtb ibur cdtmhbrams> 3< Musmàus‑s Cdgbg (Mdrfy Iburtk Cmgtury)

kastbracd kastb racd f Zkmbf Zkmbfbhy bhy ::

Ag tkm mdrfy pdrt bi tkm iburtk cmgtury, Musmàus javajmj kas cfdssaiacdtabg bi à`facdf `bbos agtb ibur cdtmhbrams> 3< Musmàus‑s Cdgbg (Mdrfy Iburtk Cmgtury) Dccmptmj `bbos

Jasputmj `bbos `bbos Spurabus wbro s (ymt ogbwg tb ebst)

D`surj wbros (kmrmtacdf wbros)

Zkm ibur Hbspmfs

Ndems

Hbspmf bi \mtmr

Dcts bi \duf

Dcts Dc ts bi bi tkm tkm Dpb Dpbstf stfms ms 0 \mtm \mtmrr

Skmp Sk mpkmr kmrj j bi Km Kmred redss Hb Hbspm spmff bi Zkb Zkbeds eds

43 fmttmrs bi \duf

0 dgj 3 Nbkg

Jajdckm

Hbspmf bi Edt tkads

4 Nbkg

Nujm

Fmtt Fm ttmr mr bi @d @drg rgdd`d `dss

Dct ctss bi Dg Dgjr jrmw mw

4 \mtmr

Pmv mvmf mfddta tabbg bi bi \mt \mtmr mr

Dct ctss bi bi Nb Nbkg

Pmvmfdtabg bi Nbkg (edy `m spurabus)

Hbspmf dccbrjagh tb Dcts bi btkmrs tkm Km`rmws Pmvmfdtabg bi Nbkg (edy `m dccmptmj)

At skbufj `m cfmdr cfmdr tkdt t kdt gmdrfy dff bi tkm Gmw Zmstd Zmstdemgt emgt wrataghs wrata ghs tkdt wm cbgsajmr cdgbgacdf wmrm vamwmj saeafdrfy `y tkm mdrfy ckurck> tkm ibur Hbspmfs, tkm Dcts bi tkm Dpbstfms, tkartmmg tkar tmmg fmttmrs bi tkm t km dpbstfm \duf, 4 \mtmr, \mtmr, 4 Nbkg, dgj (dt fmdst ag edgy carcfms) ca rcfms) tkm Pmvmfdtabg bi Nbkg. Smvmrdf wrataghs tkdt drm gbw cbgsajmrmj cdgbgacdf ‚ Ndems, 0 \mtmr, 0 dgj 3 Nbkg, Nujm, dgj Km`rmws ‚ wmrm wmrm bg tkm t km ‖iraghm― ‖i raghm― bi tkm mdrfy md rfy ckurck‑s ckurck‑s cdgbg. cd gbg. • Ndems. @magh Ndems. @magh cmrtdag bi tkm dutkbr bi tkas fmttmr kds `mmg d jaiiacufty> Xds at Ndems tkm dpbstfm, dpbst fm, Ndems tkm kdfi `rbtkmr bi Nmsus, br sbem btkmr Ndems bi tkm mdrfy ckurck2 Dfsb, ats Nmwask-Ckrastadg Nmwask-Ckras tadg djjrmss (‖Zb tkm twmfvm tra`ms scdttmrmj debgh tkm gdtabgs _tkm JadspbrdU―) dgj ifdvbr rmgjmrmj at fmss dttrdctavm tb tkm fdrhmfy fdr hmfy Hmgtafm ckurckms. • 0 \mtmr . Dftkbuhk at cfdaemj tb `m dutkbrmj `y tkm dpbstfm, sb jaj smvmrdf btkmr wrataghs (tkm Dcts bi \mtmr, tkm Pmvmfdtabg bi \mtmr) tkdt wmrm cfmdrfy gbt tb `m pfdcmj watk tkm cdgbgacdf wrataghs. Zkus, sbem ckurckms kmsatdtmj tb dccmpt at. • 0 dgj dg j 3 Nbkg. Nbkg. Zkmsm Zkmsm fmttmrs wmrm sb `rami dgj smmeaghfy ugaepbrtdgt tkdt tkm ckurck mdsafy bvmrfbbomj tkme? catdtabgs irbe tkmsm ag mdrfy wrat aghs drm vmry scdrcm. Jmtmreagagh dutkbrskap wds dfsb d prb`f prb`fme me watk tkmsm fmttmrs. 3<. Smvmrdf cbeemgts drm ag brjmr> (4) Dftkbuhk Musmàus pfdcmj tkm fmttmr bi Ndems d ebgh tkm ‖jasputmj `bbos,― km kmfj tkdt at wds cdgbgacdf. Zka s pfdcmemgt, tkmrmibrm, wds jum tb kas rmcbhgatabg tkdt sbem ckurckms kdj jbu`ts d`but tkm fmttmr‑s cdgbgacaty. (0) Pmhdrjagh 0 \mtmr, Musmàus gbtmj tkdt ‖bgm bi kas mpastfms cdffmj tkm iarst as dcogbwfmjhmj ds hmguagm. Ibr tkas wds dgcamgtfy usmj `y tkm dgcamgt idtkmrs ag tkmar wrat aghs, ds dg ugjbu`tmj wbro bi tkm dpbstfm. @ut tkdt wkack as cdffmj

tkm smcbgj, wm kdvm gbt, agjmmj, ugjmrstbbj tb `m me`bjamj watk tkm sdcrmj `bbos . . . ymt ds at dppmdrmj usmiuf tb edgy, at wds stujabusfy rmdj watk tkm btkmr Scrapturms. . . . Zkmsm, kbwmvmr, drm tkbsm tkdt drm cdffmj \mtmr‑s mpastfms, bi wkack A kdvm ugjmrstbbj bgfy bgm mpastfm tb `m hmguagm, d gj djeattmj `y tkm dgcamgt idtkmrs.― Mccfmsadstacdf Mccfmsadstacdf Kastbry, Kastbry, 3.3, 3.3, ag Crusm, Musmàus‑ Mccfmsadstacdf Kastbry , ;3.

Ckdptmr 0 • Zkm Cdgbg bi Scrapturm :=

@btk `mhag watk wat k tkm wratmr jmsahgdtagh kaesmfi ds d s ‖tkm mfjmr.― mfjmr.― Dt fmdst sbem ag tkm mdrfy ckurck tbbo tkas pmrsbg tb `m sbembgm btkmr tkdg Nbkg tkm dpbstfm. Dttraùtmj tb sbem ugogbwg ‖Nbkg tkm mfjmr― dgj tkus fdcoagh

Ckdptmr 0 • Zkm Cdgbg bi Scrapturm :=

@btk `mhag watk wat k tkm wratmr jmsahgdtagh kaesmfi ds d s ‖tkm mfjmr.― mfjmr.― Dt fmdst sbem ag tkm mdrfy ckurck tbbo tkas pmrsbg tb `m sbembgm btkmr tkdg Nbkg tkm dpbstfm. Dttraùtmj tb sbem ugogbwg ‖Nbkg tkm mfjmr― dgj tkus fdcoagh dpbstbfac dutkbraty, tkm twb fmttmrs idafmj tb pdss d omy tmst ibr agcfusabg ag tkm cdgbg. • Nujm Nujm.. Tumstabgs d`but Nujm‑s cdgbgacdf stdtus drbsm `mcdusm bi ats catdtabgs irbe mxtrdà`facdf mxt rdà`facdf sburcms (Nujm 1 qubtms Zkm Dssueptabg bi Ebsms, Ebsms , dgj Nujm 4: catms 4 Mgbck). Mgbck). • Km`rmws Km`rmws.. Agcfusabg br mxcfusabg bi tkas fmttmr wds tamj tb ats dssbcadtabg watk tkm dpbstfm \duf. Sbem bi tkm ckurckms (praedrafy tkbsm ag tkm Mdst) dttraùtmj at tb \duf br dt fmdst ibugj \dufagm tkbuhkts `mkagj tkm gbg-\dufagm styfm. Zkas smcurmj ats pfdcm ag tkm à`facdf cdgbg ibr tkbsm ckurckms. Btkmr ckurckms (praedrafy tkbsm ag tkm Xmst) jasputmj tkas \dufagm dutkbrskap br dssbcadtabg dgj tkus mxcfujmj Km`rmws irbe tkmar cdgbg. 34 Staff btkmr wrataghs wmrm bg tkm edrhags bi tkm mdrfy ckurck‑s cdgbg ùt uftaedtmfy wmrm gbt agcfujmj ag tkm Gmw Zmstdemgt. Zkm Fmttm Fmttmrr bi @drgd`ds @drgd`ds,, tkm Skmpkmrj bi Kmreds, Kmreds, tkm Jajdckm Jajdckm (br (br tkm Zmdckagh _bi tkm Zwmfvm DpbstfmsU), DpbstfmsU ), dgj smvmrdf btkmr wbros dppmdrmj watk sbem cbgsastmgcy ag sbem bi tkm fasts bi cdgbgacdf wrataghs. Zkm ckurck mvmgtudffy rmcbhgazmj tkdt t kdt gbgm bi tkmsm pdssmj tkm t km tmsts bi dpbstbfacaty dgj dgtaquaty, dgj tkus tkmy cbufj gbt `m pdrt bi tkm cdgbgacdf Scrapturms cbepbsagh tkm Gmw Zmstdemgt. Zkm iarst dppmdrdgcm dppmdrd gcm bi d fast bi Gmw Zmstdemgt wrataghs wrata ghs tkdt cbrrmspbgjs mxdctfy watk tkm cdgbg ds as ogbwg tbjdy wds Dtkdgdsaus‑s Zkarty-gagtk (Mdstmr) Fmttmr ag ag DJ 398. 30 Ditmr smttagh ibrtk tkm fast bi tkm cdgbgacdf Bfj Zmstdemgt `bbos, Dtkdgdsaus prmsmgtmj tkas Gmw Zmstdemgt cdgbg> 33

34. \dgtdmgus dgj Cfmemgt bi Dfmxdgjrad cbgsajmrmj \duf tb `m tkm dutkbr bi Km`rmws. Dccbrjagh tb Musmàus‑s Mccfmsadstacdf Kastbry (9.4:), (9.4:), Cfmemgt `mfamvmj tkdt tkm fmttmr ‖wds wrattmg `y \duf, tb tkm Km`rmws, ag tkm Km`rmw tbghum? ùt tkdt at wds cd rmiuffy trdgsfdtmj `y Fuom, d gj pu`faskmj debgh debgh tkm Hrmmos.― Dppdrmgtfy, Cfmemgt Cfmemgt jmvmfbpmj tkas vamw irbe \dgtdmgus> ‖@ut gbw ds tkm `fmssmj prms`ytmr _a.m., \dgtdmgusU usmj tb sdy, ‛sagcm tkm Fbrj wkb wds tkm dpbstfm bi tkm Dfeahkty wds smgt tb tkm Km`rmws, \duf `y rmdsbg bi kas agimrabraty, ds ai smgt tb tkm Hmgtafms, jaj gbt su`scra`m kaesmfi dg dpbstfm bi tkm Km`rmws? `btk but bi rmvmrmgcm ibr tkm Fbrj, dgj `mcdusm km wrbtm bi kas dùgjdgcm tb tkm Km`rmws, ds d kmrdfj dgj dpbstfm bi tkm t km Hmgtafms.‑ ― Crusm, Musmàus‑ Mccfmsadstacdf Kastbry , 03:. Brahmg gudgcmj tkas vamw> ‖@ut A wbufj sdy tkdt tkm tkbuhkts drm t km dpbstfm‑s dpbstfm‑s ùt tkm jactdtabg _wratagh styfmU dgj pkrdsmbfbhy `mfbgh tb sbembgm wkb kds rmcbrjmj wkdt tkm dpbstfm sdaj, sdaj , dgj ds bgm wkb gbtmj gbtmj jbwg dt kas fmasurm wkdt kas edstmr j actdtmj. Ai, tkmg, dgy ckurck cbgsajmrs tkas mpastfm ds cbeagh irbe \duf, fmt at `m cbeemgjmj ibr tkas, ibr gmatkmr jaj tkbsm dgcamgt d gcamgt emg _a.m., tkm ckurck idtkmrsU jmfavmr at ds suck watkbut cdusm. @ut wkb at wds tkdt rmdffy wrbtm tkm

mpastfm, Hbj bgfy ogbws.― o gbws.― Mccfmsadstacdf Kastbry , 9.0=, ag Crusm, Musmàus‑ Mccfmsadstacdf Kastbry , 0:9 – :8. 30. Dtkdgdsaus, Zkarty-gagtk Fmttmr , 3, ag G\GI ag G\GI 0, :> ==4 – =0. Ds àskbp bi Dfmxdgjrad, Mhypt, Dtkdgdsaus kdj tkm rmspbgsaàfaty tb jmtmreagm tkm jdtm bi Mdstmr mdck ymdr. Zb cbeeugacdtm kas jmcasabg, Dtkdgdsaus wrbtm fmttmrs tb tkm ckurckms. At wds ag kas Mdstmr Md stmr fmttmr bi DJ 398 tkdt km ugjmrt bbo tkm tdso bi spmffagh but tkm cdgbg bi Scrapturm. Kas agtrbjuctabg ugjmrscbrmj tkm smrabusgmss bi kas tdso> ‖Ag prbcmmjagh tb edom emgtabg bi tkmsm tkaghs , A skdff djbpt, tb cbeemgj ey ugjmrtdoagh, tkm pdttmrg bi Fuom tkm Mvdghmfast, sdyagh bg ey bwg dccbugt> ‛Ibrdseuck ds sbem kdvm tdomg ag kdgj,‑ tb rmjucm agtb brjmr ibr ibr tkmesmfvms tkm `bbos tmremj dpbcry pkdf, dgj tb eax tkme up w atk tkm jav agmfy agsparmj Scrapturms, cbgcmrgcbgcmrgagh wkack wm kdvm `mmg iuffy pmrsudjmj, ds tkmy wkb irbe tkm `mhagga gh wmrm mymwatgmssms dgj eagas tmrs bi tkm Xbrj, Xbrj, jmfavmrmj tb tkm idtkmrs? at smmemj hbbj tb em dfsb, kdvagh `mmg urhmj tkmrmtb `y trum `rbtkmrs, dgj kdvagh fmdrgmj irbe tkm `mhaggagh, tb smt `mibrm ybu tkm `bbos agcfujmj ag tkm cdgbg, dgj kdgjmj jbwg, dgj dccrmjatmj ds javagm.― 33. Aàj., =, 8, ag G\GI ag G\GI 0 , :>==0.


Dtkdgdsaus‑s Cdgbg (398) Cdgbgacdf wrataghs

Cdgbgacdf wrataghs (cbgt.)

Gbgcdgbgacdf wrataghs


Dtkdgdsaus‑s Cdgbg (398) Cdgbgacdf wrataghs

Cdgbgacdf wrataghs (cbgt.)

Gbgcdgbgacdf wrataghs

Ibur Hbspmfs

Iburtmmg fmt tmrs bi \duf

Xasjbe bi Sbfbebg

Edt tkmw

Pbedgs

Xasjbe bi Sardck

Edro

4 d gj 0 Cbrag ragtka tkaddgs

Mstkmr

Fuom

Hd fdtadgs

Nujatk

Nbkg

Mpkmsadgs

Zbàt

\kafappadgs

Jajdckm

Cbfbssad gs

Skmpkmrj bi Kmreds

Dcts bi t km Dpbst fms

4 dgj 0 Zkmssdfb Zkms sdfbgadgs gadgs Smvmg hmgmrdf fmttmrs

Km`rmws

Ndems

4 d gj 0 Zaebtky

4 dgj 0 \mtmr

Zatus

4, 0, dgj 3 Nbkg

\kafmebg

Nujm Pmvmfdtabg bi Nbkg Dftkbuhk tkm smvmg hmgmrdf fmttmrs wmrm pfdcmj `mibrm tkm \dufagm fmttmrs, dgj tkm fmttmr tb tkm Km`rmws wds agcfujmj ag tkm \dufagm wrataghs, gb btkmr jaiimrmgcms mxastmj `mtwmmg Dtkdgdsaus‑s cdgbg dgj tkm Gmw Zmstdemgt ds wm rmdj at tbjdy. Ds ibr tkm gbgcdgbgacdf wrataghs, Dtkdgdsaus mxpfdagmj tkdt tkmy drm ‖gbt agjmmj agcfujmj ag tkm cdgbg, ùt drm dppbagtmj `y tkm idtkmrs tb `m rmdj `y tkbsm wkb gmwfy nbag us dgj wkb wask ibr agstructabg ag tkm wbrj bi hbjfagmss.― 3: Zkmy wmrm emrmfy rmdj `y gmw `mfamvmrs ag tkm ckurck ibr iurtkmr prbhrmss ag tkm idatk dgj wmrm gbt pdrt bi tkm cdgbg bi Scrapturm. Dtkdgdsaus‑ss Gmw Zmstdemgt cdgbg wds biiacadffy Dtkdgdsaus‑ bii acadffy mgjbrsmj `y tkm Cbugcaf C bugcaf bi Kappb ag DJ 313. Gbw \duf‑s \duf‑s wrataghs wrat aghs (wkack jb gbt agcfujm Km`rmws) Km`rmws) dppmdrmj dppmdrm j `mibrm tkm hmgmrdf hmgmrd f fmttmrs>> ‖Zkm cdgbgacdf fmttmrs cdgbgacd f Scrapturms . . . bi tkm Gmw Zmstdemgt> Ibur `bbos bi tkm Hbspmfs, Hbspmfs , tkm Dcts bi tkm Dpbstfms (bgm `bbo), tkartmmg fmttmrs bi \duf tkm dpbstfm, bgm bi tkm sdem tb tkm Km`rmws, twb bi \mtmr \mtmr,, tkrmm bi Nbkg, bgm bi Ndems, bgm bi Nujm, tkm Pmvmfdtabg bi 3= Nbkg.― Z Zwb wb btkmr aepbrtdgt ckurck emmtaghs mgjbrsmj tkas tka s sdem fast> fast > tkm Zkarj Cbugcaf bi Cdrtkdhm ag 318 dgj tkm Iburtk Cbugcaf bi Cdrtkdhm ag :41. 39 Zkm ckurck ‚ `btk `btk Cdtkbfac dgj \rbtmstdgt \rbtmstd gt ‚ kds rmcbhgazmj rmcbhgaz mj tkas cdgbg mvmr sagcm. Dftkbuhk tkm cdgbg bi tkm Gmw Zmstdemgt kds rmedagmj ugckdghmj sagcm tkm fdttmr pdrt bi tkm iburtk cmgtury, tkdt as gbt tkm cdsm watk tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt cdgbg. Jmvmfbpemgts ag tkm iaitk cmgtury fmj tb tkm agsmrtabg bi btkmr wrataghs agtb tkm fast bi `bbos 3:. Aàj., 8, ag G\GI ag G\GI 0 , :>==0. Dtkdgdsaus djjmj bgm ebrm cdtmhbry bi wrataghs> tkm dpbcrypkdf `bbos. Sagcm tkmsm wmrm ‖dg agvmgtabg bi kmrmtacs ,― tkmy wmrm tb `m dvbajmj cbepfmtmfy. 3=. Zkm Cbugcaf bi Kappb, cdgbg 39? catmj ag Ndems N.

Emhavmrg, @a`fm Agtmrprmtdtabg (Xafeaghtbg, Agtmrprmtdtabg (Xafeaghtbg, G.C.> EcHrdtk, 418;), :;. 39. Zkm Zkarj Cbugcaf bi Cdrtkdhm, cdgbg :8? tkm Iburtk Cbugcaf bi Cdrtkdhm, cdgbg 01.


rmcbhgazmj `y tkm ckurck ds javagmfy agsparmj dgj dutkbratdtavm. dutkbratdtavm. @mhaggagh ag tkm tkarj cmgtury `mibrm Ckrast, d Hrmmo trdgsfdtabg bi tkm t km Km`rmw Km`rmw @a`fm wds ugjmrtdomg. ugjmrtd omg.38 Zkm tmre Smptudhagt (smvmgty) (smvmgty) `mcdem dttdckmj tb tkas Hrmmo trdgsfdt tr dgsfdtabg? abg? at as bitmg gbtmj `y tkm Pbedg guemrdfs F[ [. Zkas @a`fm `mcdem wajmfy carcufdtmj debgh Hrmmo-spmdoagh Hrmmo-spmdoagh


rmcbhgazmj `y tkm ckurck ds javagmfy agsparmj dgj dutkbratdtavm. dutkbratdtavm. @mhaggagh ag tkm tkarj cmgtury `mibrm Ckrast, d Hrmmo trdgsfdtabg bi tkm t km Km`rmw Km`rmw @a`fm wds ugjmrtdomg. ugjmrtd omg.38 Zkm tmre Smptudhagt (smvmgty) (smvmgty) `mcdem dttdckmj tb tkas Hrmmo trdgsfdt tr dgsfdtabg? abg? at as bitmg gbtmj `y tkm Pbedg guemrdfs F[ [. Zkas @a`fm `mcdem wajmfy carcufdtmj debgh Hrmmo-spmdoagh Hrmmo-spmdoagh Nmws, dgj ds tkm ckurck mxpdgjmj agtb Hmgtafm drmds, tkm F[[ F[ [ `mcdem ats Bfj Zmstdemgt. Zmstdemgt. Zkm Smptudhagt (F[[) • Zkm iarst javasabg> Hmgmsas Mxbjus Fmvatacus Gue`mrs Jmutmrbgbey • Zkm smcbgj javasabg> Nbskud Nujhms Putk Zkm @bbo bi Ibur Oaghjbes> 4 dgj 0 Sdeumf? Sde umf? 4 dgj 0 Oaghs \drdfmapbemgd (fatmrdffy, ‖tkaghs fmit bvmr―)> 4 dgj 0 Ckrbg acfms 4 Msjrds> d vdradgt dccbugt bi 0 Ckrbgacfms Ckrbg acfms 3=>4 – Gmkmeadk Gmkmeadk ;>40 Mstkmr> cbgsajmrd`fy mxpdgjmj watk d prmidcm, d cbgcfusabg, tkrmm djjatabgdf gdrrdtavm gdrrdt avm smctabgs dt 3>43? :>4 : >48? 8? ;>40, dgj bgm djjatabgdf smgtmgcm dt 1>41 Nujatk> d hbjfy, `mdutaiuf, dgj rmsburcmiuf wbedg jmimdts tkm drrbhdgt mgmeams bi Asrdmf Zbàt> dg b`mjamgt sbg rmcmavms eardcufbus eardcu fbus kmfp irbe dg dghmf • Zkm tkarj javasabg> \sdfes> mxpdgjmj tb agcfujm \sdfe 4=4 \rbvmr`s Mccfmsadstms Sbgh bi Sbghs Nb` Zkm @bbo bi Xasjbe (br Zkm Xasjbe bi Sbfbebg)> d wratagh ag prdasm bi wasjbe, dgj tkm stbry bi Asrdmf‑s mdrfamst kastbry dgj d gj tkm mxbjus tbfj irbe tkm vamwpbagt bi Xasjbe

38. Idgcaiuf fmhmgjs `mcdem dssbcadtmj watk tkm trdgsfdtabg prbcmss> Smvmgty br smvmgty-twb Nmws wmrm suppbsmjfy `rbuhkt tb Dfmxd Dfmxdgjrad, gjrad, Mhy pt, ibr tkas wbro. Dftkbuhk asbfdtmj irbe bgm dgbtkmr ag smpdrdtm cmffs, tkmy prbjucmj ajmgtacdf trdgsfdtabgs (bi tkm \mgtdtmuck? fdtmr fmhmgjs cfdaemj tkmy jaj tkm mgtarm Km`rmw @a`fm) ag smvmgty-twb jdys! Bgm suck

fmhmgj as ibugj ag tkm Fmttmr bi Drastmds. Drastmds. Ebrmbvmr, tkm Nmwask pkafbsbpkmr \kafb, irbe Dfmxdgjrad, Mhypt, cfda emj tkdt dff tkm trdgsfdtbrs wrbtm tkm sdem wbrjs ‖ds ai sbem ugsmmg prbeptmr kdj suhhmstmj dff d ff tkmar fdghudhm fd ghudhm tb tkme.― \kafb, \kafb, Faim bi Ebsms, Ebsms, 0.8.38, ag Zkm Xbros bi \kafb Nujdmus, Nujdmus , trdgs. Ckdrfms Juom Qbghm (Fbgjbg> K. H. @bkg, 4;=:, rmpr. 4113), ò. 0=.

kastbracd kastb racd f Zkmbf Zkmbfbhy bhy :;

Mccfmsadstacu s (br Xasjbe Mccfmsadstacus Xasjbe bi Nmsus @mg Sardck)> Sardck)> d huajm tb wasm dgj var tubus favagh, dgj d mufbhy bi hrmdt Bfj Zmstdemgt sdagts • Zkm iburtk javasabg>

kastbracd kastb racd f Zkmbf Zkmbfbhy bhy :;

Mccfmsadstacu s (br Xasjbe Mccfmsadstacus Xasjbe bi Nmsus @mg Sardck)> Sardck)> d huajm tb wasm dgj var tubus favagh, dgj d mufbhy bi hrmdt Bfj Zmstdemgt sdagts • Zkm iburtk javasabg> Zkm twmfvm Eagbr \rbpkmts Nmrmeadk Fdemgtdtabgs @druck> d prdymr, d pbme d`but wasjbe, dgj d prbpkmcy bi Asrdmf‑s iuturm kbpm Fmttmr bi Nmrmeadk> d fmttmr irbe Nmrmeadk tb tkm mxafms, wdrgagh dhdagst ajbfdtry Jdgamf> watk Zkm Z km Sbgh bi tkm Zkrmm Ckafjrmg (tkm prdymr bi Dzdradk /D`mjgmhb ag tkm eajst bi tkm iarm, dgj tkm sbgh bi Jdgamf‑s tkrmm iramgjs ag tkm iurgdcm) dt 3>03? Zkm Kastbry bi Susdggd (d vactae bi idfsm dccusdtabgs as rmscumj `y Jdgamf‑s wasjbe) ds ckdptmr 43? dgj @mf dgj tkm Jrdhbg (Jdgamf mxpbsms id fsm hbjs) ds ckdptmr 4: • Dppmgjax 4 dgj 0 Edccd`mms> d kastbry bi Nmwask rmvbfts ag tkm smcbgj cmgtury @C

Zkm Smptudhagt as ebrm mxtmgsavm tkdg Km`rmw Scrapturm, dgj ats djjatabgs drm cdffmj tkm dpbcrypkdf (br (br kajjmg) wrataghs wrataghs,, br tkm Dpbcrypkd tkm Dpbcrypkd ibr ibr skbrt. Zkm wratmrs bi tkm Gmw Zmstdemgt wmrm ideafadr idea fadr watk w atk tkm Smptudhagt Smptud hagt dgj agjmmj usmj at ds tkm t km sburcm ibr d gue`mr bi tkmar catdtabgs bi tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt. Kbwmvmr, dt gb pbagt jaj tkmy qubtm irbe tkm dpbcrypkdf wrataghs? dt `mst tkmy edy kdvm dffujmj tb tkme. Zkm mdrfamst fast bi ‖tkm `bbos bi tkm bfj cbvmgdgt― tkdt tkm ckurck jrmw up (DJ 48<) agcfujmj dff tkm `bbos bi Km`rmw Scrapturm watk tkm mxcmptabg bi Mstkmr, ùt at jaj gbt agcfujm dgy bi tkm dpbcrypkdf wrataghs.3; Zkas prdctacm cbgtagumj agtb tkm tkarj cmgtury watk Brahmg (tkbuhk km agcfujmj tkm dpbcrypkdf Fmttmr F mttmr bi Nmrmeadk ag kas Bfj Zmstdemgt cdgbg) dgj agtb tkm iburtk cmgtury watk Dtkdgdsaus (tkbuhk km agcfujmj tkm Fmttmr bi Nmrmeadk dgj @druck ag kas cdgbgacdf fast). @mhaggagh ag tkm smcbgj cmgtury ditmr Ckrast, d Fdtag trdgsfdtabg bi tkm mgtarm @a`fm wds ugjmrtdomg, rmifmctagh tkm skait irbe Hrmmo tb Fdtag ds tkm ugavmrsdf fdghudhm bi tkm Pbedg Meparm. Zkm vmrsabg bi tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt brahagdffy trdgsfdtmj wds tkm Smptudhagt, gbt tkm Km`rmw @a`fm. @a`fm. Ds tkm ckurck `mhdg tb djbpt Fdtag ds ats fd ghudhm, tkm Fdtag Fdt ag trdgsfdtabg agcfujagh tkm Dpbcrypkd `mcdem Dpbcrypkd `mcdem ats @a`fm. Ag 3;0 tkm àskbp bi Pbem Pbem agvatmj Nmrbem tb me`dro bg d gmw Fdtag trdgsfdtabg t rdgsfdtabg bi tkm t km @a`fm. Ds km cbeemgcmj kas wbro bg tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt, Zmstdemgt, Nmrbem rmdfazmj rmdfaz mj tkdt d prbpmr trdgsfdtabg trd gsfdtabg rmquarmj d Km`rmw brahagdf dgj gbt tkm Hrmmo Smptudhagt. Zkus, km `mhdg tb trdgsfdtm t rdgsfdtm irbe tkm Km`rmw @a`fm dgj kdj tb cbgirbgt tkm b`vabus jaiimrmgcms `mtwmmg at dgj tkm Smptudhagt. Nmrbem iarst trdgsfdtmj Sdeumf dgj Oaghs, dgj ag kas prmidcm tb tkmsm `bbos km cbepbsmj d fast bi cdgbgacdf Scrapturm. At agcfujmj bgfy tkm wrataghs ag tkm Km`rmw @a`fm? 3;. Zkm fast dppmdrmj ag d fmttmr irbe Emfatb, tkm àskbp bi Sdrjas, tb kas iramgj Bgmsaeus dgj wds prmsmrvmj `y Musmàus

ag kas Mccfmsadstacdf Kastbry , :.09. Smm Crusm, Musmàus‑ Mccfmsadstacdf Kastbry , 49:.


tkmsm dfbgm wmrm Scrapturm. Km tkmg cbeemgtmj> ‖Zkas prmidcm tb tkm Scrapturms edy smrvm ds d ‛kmfemtmj‑ _hmgmrdfU agtrbjuctabg tb dff tkm `bbos wkack wm turg _trdgsfdtmU irbe Km`rmw agtb Fdtag, sb tkdt wm edy `m dssurmj tkdt wkdt as gbt ibugj ag bur fast eust `m pfdcmj debgh tkm dpbcrypkdf wrataghs.― w rataghs.―31 Zkmsm wmrm Xasjbe Xas jbe (bi Sbfbebg), tkm @bbo


tkmsm dfbgm wmrm Scrapturm. Km tkmg cbeemgtmj> ‖Zkas prmidcm tb tkm Scrapturms edy smrvm ds d ‛kmfemtmj‑ _hmgmrdfU agtrbjuctabg tb dff tkm `bbos wkack wm turg _trdgsfdtmU irbe Km`rmw agtb Fdtag, sb tkdt wm edy `m dssurmj tkdt wkdt as gbt ibugj ag bur fast eust `m pfdcmj debgh tkm dpbcrypkdf wrataghs.― w rataghs.―31 Zkmsm wmrm Xasjbe Xas jbe (bi Sbfbebg), tkm @bbo bi Nmsus @mg Sardck (Mccfmsadstacus), Nujatk, Zbàt, dgj 4 dgj 0 Edccd`mms. :< Mfsmwkmrm, Nmrbem agjacdtmj kas rmnmctabg bi @druck, dgj tkbuhk km jaj trd gsfdtm tkm djjatabgdf stbrams ag Jdgamf Jdg amf bi tkm F[[, km pfdcmj tkme ag dg d g dppmgjax tb tkm `bbo. Zkus, km rmfmhdtmj tkm Dpbcrypkd tb smcbgjdry stdtus ag cbepdrasbg watk cdgbgacdf Scrapturm. Ag cbeemgtagh bg twb bi tkm dpbcrypkdf wrataghs (Xasjbe bi Sbfbebg dgj Mccfmsadstacus), Nmrbem agjacdtmj tkm rbfm br purpbsm bi tkm Dpbcrypkd> ‖Ds tkmg tkm ckurck rmdjs Nujatk, Zbàt, dgj tkm `bbos bi Edccd`mms, ùt jbms gbt djeat tkme debgh tkm cdgbgacdf Scrapturms, sb fmt at rmdj tkmsm twb vbfuems ibr tkm mjaiacdtabg bi tkm pmbpfm, gbt tb havm dutkbraty tb jbctragms bi tkm ckurck.―:4 Zkdt as, tkm ckurck cbufj rmdj tkm dpbcrypkdf dpbcry pkdf wrataghs wrata ghs ibr ats hrbwtk, ùt tkmy cbufj gbt `m cbgsuftmj ag tkm mstd`faskemgt bi ckurck jbctragm. (Zkas iugctabg ibr tkm Dpbcrypkd, ds Nmrbem cbgcmavmj at, waff `m agvbomj fdtmr `y tkm Pmibremrs ds tkm qumstabg bi tkm cdgbg bi Scrapturm Scraptu rm as rmbpmgmj bvmr d eaffmggaue fdtmr ag tkm saxtmmgtk cmgtury.) :0 Nmrbem mxmrtmj mxmrtmj dg aeemgsm ae emgsm agifumgcm agi fumgcm tkrbuhk kas Fdtag trdgsfdtabg bi tkm @a`fm, cdffmj :3 tkm Fdtag Yufhdtm. Yufhdtm. Xm eahkt dgtacapdtm tkdt kas dttatujm dtt atujm tbwdrj tkm Dpbcrypkd Dpbcry pkd `mcdem tkm prmvdafagh vamw ag tkm ckurck, ùt tkas wds gbt tkm cdsm. Bgm bi kas cbgtmepbrdrams, Duhustagm, mxmrcasmj dg mvmg hrmdtmr agifumgcm bg tkm ckurck‑s pmrspmctavm tbwdrj tkm dpbcrypkdf wrataghs. Zkm ibugjdtabg bi Duhustagm‑s vamw tbwdrj tkm cdgbg bi Scrapturm wds kas `mfami tkdt ‖bgm dgj tkm sdem Sparat― kdj spbomg tkrbuhk `bt k tkm wratmrs bi tkm Km`rmw Scrapturm dgj tkm trdgsfdtbrs bi tkm Smptudhagt. Mvmg wkmg tkm twb vmrsabgs jaiimrmj sahgaiacdgtfy, tkm Sparat‑s wbro bi agspardtabg kdj `mmg dctavm ag `btk. Zkas eust kdvm `mmg tkm cdsm, `mcdusm tkm dpbstfms catmj `btk tkm Km`rmw @a`fm dgj tkm Smptudhagt. Ai tkm ibugjmrs bi tkm ckurck kmfj tkas vamw, at eust cbgtagum tb `m Duhustagm‑s vamw ‚ dgj tkus tkm ckurck‑ss vamw ‚ bi ckurck‑ bi Scrapturm > ‖A dfsb, dccbrjagh tb ey cdpdcaty, ibffbwagh tkm ibbtstmps bi tkm dpbstfms, wkb tkmesmfvms t kmesmfvms kdvm qubtmj qubtmj prbpkmtac tmstaebgams irbe `btk, tkdt as, as , irbe tkm Km`rmw @a`fm @a`fm dgj tkm Smptudhagt, Smptud hagt, kdvm tkbuhkt tkdt `btk skbufj `m usmj ds d s dutkbratdtavm, sagcm `btk drm bgm dgj javagm.―:: Ag d smrams bi fmttmrs `mtwmmg tkme, Duhustagm urhmj Nmrbem tb trdgsfdtm tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt agtb Fdtag irbe tkm Smptudhagt rdtkmr tkdg tkm Km`rmw.:= Ds Nmrbem agcfujmj trdgsfdtabgs bi tkm dpbcrypkdf wrataghs ag kas Fdtag 31. Nmrbem, \rmidcm tb tkm @bbos bi Sdeumf dgj Oaghs , ag G\GI 0, 9>:1<. Km jmscra`mj jmscr a`mj tkm cbgtmgts bi tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt Zmstdemgt ag kas fmttmr tb \dufagus (Fmttmr (Fmttmr =3), jdtmj 31:. Dhdag, km edjm gb emgtabg bi tkm dpbcrypkdf wrataghs. :<. Aàj. Km dfsb agcfujmj tkm Skmpkmrj bi Kmreds ag Kmreds ag tkas fast bi Bfj Zmstdemgt Dpbcrypkd, ùt at as but bi pfdcm? at skbufj `m fastmj ds d Gmw Zmstdemgt dpbcrypkdf wratagh. Ibr tkm sdom bi saepfacaty dgj sb ds gbt tb cbgiusm, A kdvm fmit at but bi kas fast. :4. Nmrbem, \rmidcm tb tkm @bbos bi \rbvmr`s, Mccfmsadstms, dgj tkm Sbgh bi Sbghs, Sbghs, G\GI 0, 9>:10.

:0. Smm fdtmr jascussabg. :3. Zkm gdem Yufhdtm Yufhdtm `mcdem `mcdem tkm cbeebg wdy bi rmimrragh tb Nmrbem‑s trdgsfdtabg ag tkm saxtmmgtk cmgtury. M. I. Sutcfaiim, ‖Nmrbem,― ag H. X. K. Fdepm, mj., Zkm Xmst irbe tkm Idtkmrs tb tkm Pmibredtabg, vbf. 0, Cde`rajhm Kastbry bi tkm @a`fm (Cde`rajhm (C de`rajhm > Cde`rajhm ]gav. \rmss, 4191), ;< – 4<4 (msp. 11). ::. Duhustagm, Zkm Caty bi Hbj , 4;.:3 – ::, ag G\GI 4, 0>3;9 – ;8 ;8.. :=. Duhustagm, Fmttmr 0;.0? Fmttmr 84, ag G\GI 4, 4>0=4? 4>309 – 0;. Nmrbem, Fmttmr 4<=? Fmttmr 440, 440, ag G\GI ag G\GI 0, 9>4;1, 04:.

kastbracd kastb racd f Zkmbf Zkmbfbhy bhy =<

Yufhdtm, tkmsm `mcdem wajmfy ogbwg. Zkm ckurck kdj prmvabusfy fbbomj tb tkm Km`rmw @a`fm ibr ats cdgbg bi tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt. Ds tkm Yufhdtm `mcdem tkm gmw @a`fm bi tkm ckurck, kbwmvmr, tkm Dpbcrypkd wds rmhdrjmj ds pdrt bi cdgbgacdf Scrapturm.

kastbracd kastb racd f Zkmbf Zkmbfbhy bhy =<

Yufhdtm, tkmsm `mcdem wajmfy ogbwg. Zkm ckurck kdj prmvabusfy fbbomj tb tkm Km`rmw @a`fm ibr ats cdgbg bi tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt. Ds tkm Yufhdtm `mcdem tkm gmw @a`fm bi tkm ckurck, kbwmvmr, tkm Dpbcrypkd wds rmhdrjmj ds pdrt bi cdgbgacdf Scrapturm. Zkm Cbugcaf bi Kappb ag 313, tkm Zkarj Cbugcaf bi Cdrtkdhm ag 318, dgj tkm Iburtk Cbugcaf bi Cdrtkdhm Cdrt kdhm ag :41 :41 dff rdtai amj tkm cdgbg bi Duhustagm.:9 Zkus, tkm Bfj Zmstd Zmstdemgt emgt watk tkm t km Dpbcrypkd Dpbcry pkd (cbepbsmj bi Zbàt, Zbàt, Nujatk, djjatabgs tb Mstkmr Mst kmr,, 4 dgj 0 Edccd`mms, Edcc d`mms, tkm @bbo bi Xasjbe, Mccfmsadstacus, @druck, @dr uck, dgj djjatabgs tb Jdgamf), tbhmtkmr tbhmtkmr watk tkm t km Gmw Zmstdemgt Zmstdemgt cdgbg cd gbg jmscra`mj d`bvm, wbufj `m tkm Scrapturm bi t km ckurck. Zkas vamw wbufj hb watkbut sahgaiacdgt ckdffmghm ugtaf tkm Pmibredtabg bi tkm saxtmmgtk cmgtury. ZKM CDGBG AG ZKM EAJJFM DHMS Ibr bvmr d eaffmggaue, tkm t km ckurck prmssmj bg watk tkm t km Fdtag Yufhdtm ‚ cbgsastagh bi tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt watk tkm Dpbcrypkd Dpbcr ypkd dgj d gj tkm Gmw Zmstdemgt ‚ ds ats @a`fm. Zwb Zwb ednbr jmvmfbpemgts jmvmfb pemgts drbsm juragh tkm emjamvdf emjamvd f pmrabj tkdt wbufj mvmgtudffy rmsuft rmsu ft ag rmbpmgagh tkm qumstabg bi wkdt wrataghs fmhataedtmfy `mfbgh ag tkm cdgbg bi Scrapturm. Zkm iarst bi tkmsm jmvmfbpemgts :8 wds tkm t km mfmvdtabg bi tkm Pbedg Cdtkbfac Ckurck tb pbssmss suprmem dutkbraty ‚ dg dutkbraty tkdt wds mvmg hrmdtmr tkdg tkdt bi Scrapturm. Zkas jmvmfbpemgt jmvmfbpemgt fmj tb tkm t km cfdae tkdt t kdt tkm Pbedg Cdtkbfac Ckurck pbssmssmj tkm t km dutkbrdutkbraty tb jmtmreagm tkm cdgbg bi Scrapturm. Ds Huajb Zmrrmga diiaremj> ‖Irbe tkm ckurck‑s dutkbraty tkm cdgbgacdf `bbos jmravm tkmar pbwmr bi dutkbraty. Zkrbuhk tkm ckurck tkm `bbos bi tkm @a`fm wmrm dccmptmj ds dutkbratdtavm. Bg kmr _tkm ckurck‑sU dutkbraty tkm idatkiuf iarefy `mfamvm tkdt tkmy _tkm cdgbgacdf ScrapturmsU agidffa`fy cbgtdag tkm trutk. Zkdt wm eust iarefy `mfamvm ag tkme cdg `m prbvmj bgfy bg tkm `dsas bi tkm ckurck‑s dutkbraty.―:; Ebrmbvmr, dccbrjagh tb Hd`ramf @amf> ‖Zkm trutk tkdt kbfy ebtkmr ckurck jmiagms br dccmpts ds cdtkbfac as tb `m `mfamvmj watk tkm sdem vmgmrdtabg ds ai at wmrm mxprmssmj ag Kbfy Scrapturm.―:1 @mcdusm tkm Cdtkbfac Ckurck kdj jmiagmj tkm cdgbg bi Scrapturm, ats jmtmreagdtabg bi tkm cdgbg kdj tb `m me`rdcmj `y dff Ckras tadgs. D smcbgj jmvmfbpemgt jmvmfbpemgt wds tkm rasm ras m bi tkm aepbrtdgt aepbrtd gt ebvmemgt ebvmemgt cdffmj cdf fmj kuedgase kuedgase ag ag tkm fdttmr kdfi bi tkm Eajjfm Dhms. Zkas ebvmemgt skbufj gbt `m cbgiusmj watk tkm smcufdr kuedgase bi tkm twmgtamtk dgj twmgty-iarst cmgturams, d smcufdrazagh mtkbs tkdt as fdrhmfy dgta-Ckrastadg dgta-Ckras tadg ag gdturm. Zkm kuedgase bi tkm iburtmmgtk, iaitmmgtk, dgj saxtmmgtk cmgturams wds praedrafy d cufturdf cufturd f dgj mjucdtabgdf ebvmemgt ebvmemgt ibcusmj bg prbebtagh mfbqumgcm mfbqumgcm ag spmdoagh dgj wratagh. =< @brg ag tkm Atdfadg Pmgdassdgcm Pmgdassd gcm dgj mxtmgjagh tb gbrtkmrg gbrtkmrg Murbpm, kuedgase wds gbt dgta-Ckrastadg dgta-Ckrastadg ùt wds me`rdcmj `y edgy fmdjagh iahurms iahu rms ag tkm ckurck. Kuedgase‑s ebttb wds ‖dj ‖dj ibgtms―> ibgtms―> ‖`dco tb tkm t km sburcms.― sburcms.― Ibr tkm ckurck, tkas emdgt d rmturg tb ats ibugjdtabgdf wrataghs> wrata ghs> tkm t km Km`rmw Bfj Bfj Zmstdemgt, Zmstdemgt, tkm Hrmmo Gmw Zmstdemgt, :9. Cbugcaf bi Kappb, cdgbg 39. Emhavmrg, @a`fm Agtmrprmtdtabg, :;. Ci. Zkarj Cbugcaf bi Cdrtkdhm, cdgbg :8? Iburtk tdtabg, Cbugcaf bi Cdrtkdhm, cdgbg 01. :8.. Pmcbugtmj ag ebrm jmtd af ag :8 a g ckdp. :. :;. Huajb Zmrrmga, Tumstab jm Edhastmrab Agidffaàfa, Agidffaàfa , ag Zdvdrj, 30.

:1. Hd`ramf @amf, Ag Jmimgsm bi Dpbstbfac B`mjamgcm, B`mjamgcm , 4, ag \mfaodg, 3>40=. =<. Ibr dg mxcmffmgt agtrbjuctabg tb kuedgase, smm Dfas tmr M. EcHrdtk, Pmibredtabg Zkbuhkt> Dg Agtrbjuctabg Agtrbjuctabg,, 3rj mj. (Bxibrj, ]O, dgj Cde`rajhm, C de`rajhm, Edss.> Edss .> @fdcowmff, @fdcowmf f, 4111), 31 – 9=.

Ckdptmr 0 • Zkm Cdgbg bi Scrapturm =4

dgj tkm wbros bi tkm mdrfy ckurck. Zkas fmj tb smvmrdf jmvmfbpemgts jmvmfbpemgts dgj qumstabgs> Iarst, tkm t km jaiimrmgcm `mtwmmg tkm t km Km`rmw @a`fm @a`fm dgj tkm t km Fdtag Yufhd Yufhdtm, tm, wkack agcfujmj tkm Dpbcrypkd, Dpbcry pkd, `mcdem mvajmgt bgcm dhdag. Zkm qumstabg drbsm dgmw> Skbufj tkm ckurck‑s Bfj Zmstdemgt `m `dsmj bg tkm skbrtmr Km`rmw Km`rmw @a`fm br tkm Smptudhagt watk ats djjatabgdf dpbcrypkdf dpbcry pkdf wrataghs2


dgj tkm wbros bi tkm mdrfy ckurck. Zkas fmj tb smvmrdf jmvmfbpemgts jmvmfbpemgts dgj qumstabgs> Iarst, tkm t km jaiimrmgcm `mtwmmg tkm t km Km`rmw @a`fm @a`fm dgj tkm t km Fdtag Yufhd Yufhdtm, tm, wkack agcfujmj tkm Dpbcrypkd, Dpbcry pkd, `mcdem mvajmgt bgcm dhdag. Zkm qumstabg drbsm dgmw> Skbufj tkm ckurck‑s Bfj Zmstdemgt `m `dsmj bg tkm skbrtmr Km`rmw Km`rmw @a`fm br tkm Smptudhagt watk ats djjatabgdf dpbcrypkdf dpbcry pkdf wrataghs2 Smcbgj, Nmrbem‑ Nmrbem‑ss dgcamgt jastagctabg `mtwmmg cdgbgacdf cdgbgacd f dgj dpbcrypkdf dpbcry pkdf wrataghs wrata ghs wds rmvavmj. Zkm trdgsfdtbr bi tkm Yufhdtm kdj urhmj tkdt tkm Dpbcrypkd cbufj `m rmdj ‖ibr tkm mjaiacdtabg mjai acdtabg bi tkm pmbpfm― ùt cbufj gbt `m usmj ‖tb havm dutkbraty tb jbctragms bi tkm ckurck.―=4 Zkm ckurck cbufj cbufj dppmdf tb cdgbgacdf Scrapturm Scr apturm dfbgm tb mstd`fask ats jbctragm. Duhustagm Duhusta gm kdj `furrmj `furrmj tkas tka s jastagctabg, jasta gctabg, dgj tkus tkm ckurck, ckurck, ibffbwagh kas agifumgcm, agi fumgcm, kdj kdj mstd`faskmj cmrtdag `mfamis dgj prdctacms bg tkm dutkbraty bi dpbcrypkdf wrataghs. Ibr mxdepfm, tkm cfdssac prbbi tmxt ibr tkm `mfami ag purhdtbry dgj tkm prdctacm bi prdyagh ibr tkm jmdj wds wd s 0 Edccd`mms 40>3; – :=. Zkm qumstabg drbsm> drbsm > Skbufj tkm ckurck cbgtagum tb `dsm ats `mfamis dgj prdctacms bg tkm Dpbcrypkd, br skbufj cdgbgacdf Scrapturm dfbgm `m usmj tb mstd`fask tkme2 Zkarj, d cbepdrasbg bi tkm Fdtag F dtag trdgsfdtabg trd gsfdtabg watk tkm t km Hrmmo Gmw Zmstdemgt Zmstdemgt rmvmdfmj tkdt tkm Yufhdtm wds d pbbr rmgjmragh bi tkm brahagdf ag cmrtdag pfdcms. Zkas jascbvmry jas cbvmry wds pdrtacufdrfy aepbrtdgt ibr smvmrdf pdssdhms, `mcdusm cmrtdag ckurck `mfamis dgj prdctacms wmrm `dsmj bg tkm Fdtag vmrsabg. Ibr mxdepfm, tkm Yufhdtm vmrsabg bi Nmsus‑ mvdghmfastac prmdckagh (Edtt. :>48) kdj ‖jb pmgdgcm.― Zkas cbeedgj bi tkm Fbrj wds usmj ds tkm à`facdf ibugjdtabg bi tkm ckurck‑s sdcrdemgt bi pmgdgcm, d emdgs bi rmcmavagh Hbj‑s hrdcm ditmr di tmr saggagh `y prdyagh, havagh tb tkm pbbr, ibrhbagh ibrhbagh cmrtdag pkysacdf pfmdsurms, dgj sb ibrtk. Mrdseus, d fmdjagh kuedgast sckbfdr, agsastmj tkdt tkm Hrmmo skbufj `m trdgsfdtmj ‖rmpmgt,― d strbgh cdff tb dg aggmr ckdghm bi kmdrt rdtkmr tkdg dg mxtmrgdf, ckurck-aepbsmj prdctacm. Zkm qumstabg drbsm> Skbufj tkm ckurck `dsm ats `mfamis dgj prdctacms irbe tkm Gmw Zmstdemgt bg tkm pbbrfy trdgsfdtmj Fdtag Yufhdtm, br skbufj at dppmdf tb tkm brahagdf Hrmmo tmxt2 ZKM CDGBG AG ZKM PMIBPEDZABG DGJ \BSZ-PMIBPED \BSZ-PMIBPEDZABG ZABG Zkm Pmibremrs, agifumgcmj `y kuedgase, ibffbwmj tkmsm jmvmfbpemgts dgj rmspbgjmj tb tkmsm qumstabgs ag tkm ibffbwagh wdy> Iarst, tkm ckurck‑s Bfj Zmstdemgt skbufj `m `dsmj bg tkm skbrtmr Km`rmw @a`fm, gbt bg tkm Smptudhagt watk ats djjatabgdf dpbcrypkdf wrataghs. Zkas jmcasabg wds `dsmj bg tkm idct tkdt Nmwask Scrapturm, watk ats twmgty-twb (br twmgty-ibur) `bbos, kdj `mmg tkm Xbrj Xbrj bi Hbj usmj `y Nmsus dgj tkm jascapfms? ja scapfms? tkus, t kdt skbrtmr vmrsabg eust `m cbgsajmrmj tkm @a`fm bi tkm ckurck. Dfsb, sbem bi tkm dpbcry pkdf wrataghs agcfujmj agcbrrmct kastbracdf br ckrbgbfbhacdf agibredtabg, dgj edgy bi tkme kdj gbt `mmg cbgsajmrmj sbugj `y tkm mdrfy m drfy ckurck. =0 Zkus, tkm Pmibremrs jaseassmj tkm Dpbcrypkd irbe tkm cdgbgacdf Bfj Zmstdemgt. =4. Nmrbem, \rmidcm tb tkm @bbos bi \rbvmr`s, Mccfmsadstm s, dgj tkm Sbgh bi Sbghs, Sbghs, ag G\GI ag G\GI 0, 9>:10. =0. M.h., Futkmr rmnmctmj 4 Edccd`mms dgj tkm djjatabgs tb Mstkmr dgj Jdgamf `mcdusm tkmy jaj gbt dppmdr ag tkm Km`rmw @a`fm. Km jaseassmj Nujatk dgj Zbàt ibr tkmar agdccurdtm kas-

tbracdf dccbugts dgj @druck ibr ats ckrbgbfbhacdf agcbgsastmgcams. Km rmnmctmj tkm Xasjbe bi Sbfbebg Sbfbebg dgj Mccfmsads tacus `mcdusm bi tkmar fdco bi suppbrt ag tkm mdrfy ckurck. Edrtag Futkmr, \rmidcms tb tkm Dpbcrypkd, Dpbcrypkd , FX, 3=>338 3=> 338 –=:.

kastbracd kastb racd f Zkmbf Zkmbfbhy bhy =0

Smcbgj, djbptagh Nmrbem‑s Nmrbem‑s cfdssacdf cfdssacd f jastagctabg, jasta gctabg, tkm Pmibremrs urhmj tkdt t kdt tkm ckurck cbufj dppmdf tb cdgbgacdf Scrapturm dfbgm tb mstd`fask ats `mfamis dgj prdctacms. @mcdusm tkm Dpbcrypkd wds gbgcdgbgacdf, at cbufj gbt `m usmj ds tkm `dsas bi ckurck jbctragm.


Smcbgj, djbptagh Nmrbem‑s Nmrbem‑s cfdssacdf cfdssacd f jastagctabg, jasta gctabg, tkm Pmibremrs urhmj tkdt t kdt tkm ckurck cbufj dppmdf tb cdgbgacdf Scrapturm dfbgm tb mstd`fask ats `mfamis dgj prdctacms. @mcdusm tkm Dpbcrypkd wds gbgcdgbgacdf, at cbufj gbt `m usmj ds tkm `dsas bi ckurck jbctragm. Zkas emdgt tkdt t kdt `mfami ag purhdtbry dgj tkm prdctacm prdct acm bi prdyagh ibr tkm jmdj wmrm watkbut à`facdf suppbrt suppbrt dgj skbufj `m jascbgtagumj. Dt fmdst ibr sbem bi tkm Pmibremrs, kbwmvmr, tkm Dpbcry pkd wds gbt wbrtkfmss. Edrtag Edr tag Futkmr sdaj tkdt t kdt Nujatk wds ‖d iagm, hbbj, =3 kbfy, usmiuf `bbo, wmff wbrtk rmdjagh `y us Ckras tadgs.― Km dfsb prdasmj tkm Xasjbe bi Sbfbebg> ‖At ‖At pfmdsms em `mybgj emdsurm emdsu rm tkdt tkm t km dutkbr kmrm mxtbfs tkm Xbrj bi Hbj sb kahkfy dgj d gj dscra`ms tb tkm t km Xbrj Xbrj dff tkm wbgjmrs Hbj kds pmribremj, `btk bg mgmeams =: dgj ag kas sdagts.― Zkus, tkm rmdjagh bi tkm Dpbcrypkd wds mgcburdhmj, ùt tkm mstd`faskemgt bi ckurck jbctragm bg ats dutkbraty wds jascburdhmj. Zkm Pmibremrs rmturgmj tb Nmrbem‑s Nmrbem‑s jastagctabg jast agctabg dgj ckdepabg ckd epabgmj mj at. Zkarj, tkm Pmibremrs urhmj tkdt, nust ds tkm t km ckurck‑s ckurck‑s Bfj Zmstdemgt Zmstdemgt skbufj `m `dsmj `d smj bg tkm Km`rmw @a`fm, sb ats Gmw Zmstdemgt Zmstdemgt skbufj `m `dsmj `ds mj bg tkm brahagdf braha gdf Hrmmo. Xkmrm X kmrm tkm ckurck‑s `mfamis dgj prdctacms wmrm `dsmj bg tkm pbbrfy trdgsfdtmj F dtag Yufhdtm, tkmy eust `m ebjaiamj br d`bfaskmj. Zkus, wkmg Futkmr spdromj tkm Pmibredtabg watk kas Gagmty-iavm Zkmsms, pbstmj bg tkm jbbr bi tkm ugavmrsaty u gavmrsaty ckurck ag Xattmg`mrh, Hmredgy, bg Bctb`mr 34, 4=48, km bpmgmj watk tkmsm twb pbagts> • Xkmg bur Fbrj dgj Edstmr Nmsus Ckrast sdaj, ‖Pmpmgt― ‖Pmpmgt― (Edtt. (Edtt. :>48), :>48), km waffmj tkm mgtarm faim bi `mfamvmrs tb `m bgm bi rmpmgtdgcm. • Zkas wbrj cdggbt `m ugjmrstbbj ds rmimrragh tb tkm sdcrdemgt bi pmgdgcm, tkdt as, cbgimssabg dgj sdtasidctabg, ds djeagastmrmj `y tkm cfmrhy. == Ag kas mxpfdgdtabg bi tkmsm pbagts, Futkmr dppmdfmj tb ‖tkm Hrmmo wbrj emtdgbmatm atsmfi, wkack emdgs ‛rmpmgt‑ dgj cbufj `m trdgsfdtmj ebrm mxdctfy `y tkm Fdtag trdgsemgtdeaga,, wkack emdgs ‛dssuem dgbtkmr eagj dgj emgtdeaga d gj immfagh, rmcbvmr bgm‑s bgm‑s smgsms, ed om d trdgsatabg trd gsatabg irbe bgm stdtm bi eagj ea gj tb dgbtkmr, kdvm d ckdghm bi sparat.‑ ―=9 Zkas jascbvmry `mhdg d prbcmss tkdt cufeagdtmj ag Futkmr‑s jaseassdf bi pmgdgcm ds d sdcrdemgt bi tkm ckurck.=8 Ebrm aepbrtdgtfy, at mstd`faskmj tkdt t kdt tkm ibugjdtabg ibr tkm ckurck‑s ckurck‑s cdgbgacdf Gmw Zmstdemgt Zmstdemgt kdj tb `m t km brahagdf Hrmmo dgj d gj gbt tkm Fdtag Yufhdtm. Bvmr dhdagst tkm emjamvdf pmrabj‑s mfmvdtabg bi tkm dutkbraty bi tkm Pbedg Cdtkbfac Ckurck, tkm Pmibremrs rmnmctmj ats ats cfdae tb pbssmss pbss mss dutkbraty bvmr Scrapturm. Zkm ibredf pragcapfmm bi \rbtmstdgtase wds sbfd Scrapturd ‚ Scrapturm dfbgm. Debgh btkmr tkaghs, pragcapf t kaghs, tkas emdgt ‖tkm kbfy, à`facdf Scrapturm, `mcdusm at as tkm Xbrj bi Hbj, kds stdgjagh dgj crmjaàfaty mgbuhk ag dgj bi atsmfi.― =; Zkus, tkm t km @a`fm jbms gbt rmquarm tkm ckurck tb cbgimr dutkbraty bg at. Ibr tkm assum bi cdgbgacaty, tkas emdgt t km ckurck jaj gbt gbt mstd`fask tkm cdgbg bi Scrapturm. Agjmmj, Nbkg Cdfvag biimrmj d àtagh crataqum bi tkas pbsatabg, =1 ckdffmghagh tkm Pbedg Cdtkbfac kamrdrcky tb jmebgstrdtm tkdt tkm ckurck wds tkm bgm =3. Aàj., 331. =:. Aàj., 3:3. ==. Zkm Gagmty-iavm Zkmsms, Zkmsms , FX, 34>0= – 33. =9. Mxpfdgdtabgs bi tkm Gagmty-iavm Zkmsms, Zkmsms , FX, 34>;3 – ;:. =8. Zkm @d`yfbgadg Cdptavaty bi tkm Ckurck , FX, 39>= – 409.

=;. Kmagrack @uffaghmr, Zkm Bppbsatabg bi Mvdghmfacdf dgj \dpdf Jbctragm, Jbctragm , 4.D.4 (ûrack, 4==4), ag \mfaodg, :>0<;. =1. Nbkg Cdfvag, Agstatutms bi tkm Ckrastadg Ckrastadg Pmfahabg, Pmfahabg , :.1.4:, FCC,, 0>448; FCC 0 >448; – 81.


tkdt kdj iaxmj tkm cdgbg bi Scrapturm. 9< Tubtagh \duf, Cdfvag diiaremj tkdt tkm ckurck as ‖ùaft bg tkm ibugjdtabg bi tkm dpbstfms dgj prbpkmts― (Mpk. 0>0<)? tkus, Scrapturm prmcmjmj tkm ckurck, dgj at cdggbt bwm ats mxastmgcm tb ckurck dutkbraty. 94 Zkm ckurck


tkdt kdj iaxmj tkm cdgbg bi Scrapturm. 9< Tubtagh \duf, Cdfvag diiaremj tkdt tkm ckurck as ‖ùaft bg tkm ibugjdtabg bi tkm dpbstfms dgj prbpkmts― (Mpk. 0>0<)? tkus, Scrapturm prmcmjmj tkm ckurck, dgj at cdggbt bwm ats mxastmgcm tb ckurck dutkbraty. 94 Zkm ckurck rmcbhgazmj dgj dgj diiaremj tkm tkm javagmfy agsparmj wrataghs tkdt Hbj agtmgjmj ibr pfdcmemgt ag tkm cdgbg, cd gbg, ùt ùt at jaj gbt crmdtm crmdtm br br jmtmreagm jmtmreagm tkm tkm cdgbg bi Scrapturm. Kbw, tkmg, jbms tkm ckurck ogbw cdgbgacdf Scrapturm2 Cdfvag pbagtmj tb ‖tkm smcrmt tmstaebgy bi tkm Sparat― dgj Scrapturm‑s bwg ‖cfmdr mvajmgcm bi ats bwg trutk―> 90 Fmt tkas tk as pbagt tkmrmibrm stdgj> tkdt tkbsm wkbe tkm Kbfy Sparat kds agwdrjfy tduhkt trufy rmst upbg Scrapturm, dgj tkdt Scrapturm agjmmj as smfi-dutkmgtacdtmj. . . . Dgj tkm cmrtdagty cmrt dagty at jmsmrvms watk w atk us, at dttdags dtt dags `y tkm t km tmstaebgy bi tkm Sparat. . . . Zkmrmibrm, affueagmj `y kas pbwmr, wm `mfamvm gmatkmr `y bur bwg gbr `y dgybgm mfsm‑s nujhemgtt tkdt Scrapturm as irbe nujhemg irbe Hbj? ùt ùt d`bv d`bvmm kuedg kuedg nujhemgt nujhemgt wm dii diiare are watk uttmr cmrtdagty (nust ds ai wm wmrm hdzagh hdzagh upbg tkm ednmsty bi Hbj kaesmfi) tkdt t kdt at 93 kds ifbwmj tb us irbe tkm vmry ebutk bi Hbj `y tkm eagastry bi emg. @btk tkm Kbfy Sparat dgj Scrapturm atsmfi dttmst tb cdgbgacdf Scrapturm, wkack cbgsasts bi tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt `dsmj bg tkm Km`rmw @a`fm, gbt tkm Smptudhagt, dgj tkm Gmw Zmstdemgt. Zkus, tkm dpbcrypkdf wrataghs eust `m mxcfujmj irbe tkm cdgbg. Zkm \rbtmstdgt cbgimssabgs ugjmrscbrmj tkas. Ibr mxdepfm, tkm Irmgck Cbgimssabg bi Idatk bi Idatk bi 4==1, ditmr fastagh tkm Bfj dgj Gmw Zmstdemgt cdgbgacdf `bbos, stdtmj> ‖Xm ogbw tkmsm `bbos tb `m cdgbgacdf dgj tkm surm rufm bi bur idatk gbt sb euck `y tkm cbeebg dccbrj dgj cbgsmgt bi tkm ckurck ds `y tkm tmstaebgy dgj agwdrj affueagdtabg bi tkm Kbfy Sparat, wkack mgd`fms us tb jastaghuask tkme irbe btkmr mccfmsadstacdf `bbos upbg wkack, kbwmvmr kbwmvmr usmiuf, usmiu f, wm cdg gbt ibugj dgy drtacfms drt acfms bi idatk.―9: Zkm Xmsteagstmr Cbgimssabg bi Idatk, Idatk , ditmr fastagh tkm cdgbgacdf wrataghs, djjmj> ‖Zkm `bbos cbeebgfy cdffmj Dpbcrypkd, gbt `magh bi javagm agspardtabg, drm gb pdrt bi tkm cdgbg bi tkm Scrapturm, dgj tkmrmibrm drm bi gb dutkbraty ag tkm ckurck bi Hbj, gbt tb `m dgy btkmrw asm dpprbvmj, br edjm usm bi, tkdg btkmr kuedg wrataghs.― 9= Zkus, tkm \rbtmstdgt Ckurck me`rdcmj saxty-sax `bbos ag ats cdgbgacdf Scrapturm dgj rmnmctmj tkm Dpbcrypkd. 99 9<. Aàj., A àj., 4.8.3, FCC, 4>89 – 8;. 94. Aàj., 4.8.0, FCC, 4>8= – 89. Zkas wds Futkmr‑s pbagt ds wmff> ‖Scrapturm as tkm wbe` irbe wkack drasms javagm trutk dgj tkm ckurck.― Iarst Fmcturms bg tkm \sdfes, \sdfes, FX, 4<>318. 90. Cdfvag, Agstatutms Agstatutms,, 4.8.:? 4.8.0, FCC, 4>8;, 89. 93. Aàj., 4.8.=, 4.8.=, FCC, 4> ;<. 9:. Nbkg Cdfvag dgj Dgtbagm jm fd Pbckm Ckdgjamu, Hdffacdg Cbgimssabg, Cbgimssabg , dr t. :, ag Sckdi i, 3>394 – 90. Saeafd rfy, Huy jm @rdy‑s @mfhac Cbgimssabg (4=9 Cbgimssabg (4=94), 4), ditmr fast agh tkm cdgbgacdf Scrapturms, Scraptu rms, djjmj> ‖Xm rmcmavm dff tkmsm `bbos, dgj tkm sm bgfy, ds kbfy dgj cdgbgacdf, ibr tkm rmhuf dtabg, ibugjdtabg, dgj cbgcbgiaredtabg bi bur idatk? `mfamvagh w atkbut dgy jbu`t jbu`t dff t kaghs cbgtdagmj ag tkme, gbt sb euck `mcdusm tkm ckurck rmcmavms dgj dpprbvms tkme ds suck, ùt ebrm mspmcadff y `mcdusm tkm Kbfy Sparat watgmssms ag bur kmdrts tkdt tkmy drm irbe Hbj, wkmgcm tkmy cdrry tkm mvajmgcm ag tkmesmfvms.― @mfhac Cbgims-

sabg, dr t. = – 9, ag Sckdi i, 3>3;9 sabg, 3> 3;9 – ;8 ;8.. 9=. Xmsteagstmr Cbgimssabg bi Idatk, Idatk, 4.0 – 3. Saea fdrfy, t km @mfhac Cbgimssabg, Cbgimssabg, spmdoagh bi t km dpbcrypkdf wrataghs, gbtmj> ‖Dff wkack tkm ckurck edy rmdj dgj tdom agstructabg irbe, sb idr ds tkmy dhrmm watk tkm cdgbgacdf `bbos? ùt tkmy drm idr irbe kdvagh suck pbwmr dgj miiacdcy ds tkdt wm edy irbe tkmar tmstaebgy cbgiare dgy pbagt bi idatk br bi tkm Ckras tadg rmfahabg? euck fmss tb jmtrdct irbe tkm dutkbraty bi tkm btkmr sdcrmj `bbos.― @mfhac Cbgimssabg, Cbgimssabg, drt. 9, ag Sckdii, 3>3;8. 99. Zkm cmfm`rdtmj cdsm bi Edrtag Futkmr‑s prb`fme watk tkm fmttmr bi Ndems wds gbt dt dff typacdf bi \rbtmstdgtase ag hmgmrdf. Km cdffmj at ‖dg mpastfm bi strdw― (FX, 3=>390) dgj tkrmdtmgmj, ‖Dwdy watk Ndems. A dfebst immf faom tkrbwagh Naeey agtb a gtb tkm stbvm. stbvm . .. .― .― (FX, (FX, 3:>34 3:> 348). 8). Dctudf Dct udf fy, Futkmr pfdcmj pfd cmj Km`rmws, Ndems, Nujm, dgj Pmvmfdtabg Pmvmf dtabg dt tkm mgj bi kas Gmw ZmsZmstdemgt `mcdusm km kdj strbgh jbu`ts d`but tkmar dpbstbfacaty.

kastbracd kastb racd f Zkmbf Zkmbfbhy bhy =:

Zkm Pbedg Cdtkbfac Ckurck rmdctmj tb tkas \rbtmstdgt rmnmctabg bi tkm Dpbcrypkd dt tkm Cbugcaf bi Zrmgt. At sbuhkt tb cbrrmct tkm \rbtmstdgt ‖mrrbrs― `y rmdiiareagh tkm Cdtkbfac cdgbg bi Scrapturm, wkack agcfujmj agcfujmj tkm dpbcrypkdf wrataghs. wr ataghs. D cbgcafadry jmcrmm

kastbracd kastb racd f Zkmbf Zkmbfbhy bhy =:

Zkm Pbedg Cdtkbfac Ckurck rmdctmj tb tkas \rbtmstdgt rmnmctabg bi tkm Dpbcrypkd dt tkm Cbugcaf bi Zrmgt. At sbuhkt tb cbrrmct tkm \rbtmstdgt ‖mrrbrs― `y rmdiiareagh tkm Cdtkbfac cdgbg bi Scrapturm, wkack agcfujmj agcfujmj tkm dpbcrypkdf wrataghs. wr ataghs. D cbgcafadry jmcrmm hdvm tkas wdrgagh> wdrga gh> ‖Ai dgybgm jbms gbt gbt rmcmavm, ds sdcrmj dgj cdgbgacdf, tkmsm `bbos, `bbos , watk dff tkmar pdrts, ds tkmy kdvm `mmg rmdj ag tkm Cdtkbfac Ckurck dgj ds tkmy drm cbgtdagmj ag tkm bfj Fdtag Yufhdtm mjatabg, dgj ogbwaghfy dgj jmfa`mrdtmfy rmnmcts tkm d`bvm emgtabgmj trdjatabgs, fmt kae `m dgdtkmed _cursmjU.― 98 Zkus, \rbtmstdgts wmrm tkrmdtmgmj watk ckurck cbgjmegdtabg ibr usagh d @a`fm watkbut tkm Dpbcrypkd. Jmspatm tkmsm tkrmdts, tkm t km \rbtmstdgt ckurckms ckurckms cbgtagumj tb agsast bg d cdgbgacdf c dgbgacdf Scrap9; turm tkdt jaj gbt cbgtdag tkm Dpbcrypkd. Ebrmbvmr, tkm dutkbraty bi tkmsm cdgbgacdf wrataghs wds jmravmj irbe tkrmm aepbrtdgt ymt ugmqudffy wmahktmj sburcms> ‖Zkm Scrapturm . . . kds ats cdgbgacdf dutkbraty ckamify irbe tkm Kbfy Sparat, `y wkbsm aepufsm dgj agspardtabg at wds `rbuhkt ibrtk? tkmrmdi tmr irbe tkm wratmrs tb wkbe Hbj hdvm surm dgj spmcadf tmstaebgams tmsta ebgams bi tkm trut trutk. k. Ditmr tkas at kds dutkbraty irbe tkm praeatavm ckurck ds d watgmss dt wkbsm taem t aem tkmsm wrataghs w rataghs wmrm pu`faskmj dgj dpprbvmj.― dpprbvmj.―91 @mybgj tkmsm tkrmm sburcms tkdt cbgiare tkm cdgbgacaty bi tkm à`facdf wrataghs as tkm aggmr watgmss bi tkm Kbfy Sparat kaesmfi tb tkmar cdgbgacdf dutkbraty> ‖Zkm cdgbgacdf dutkbraty bi Scrapturm, cbgsajmrmj ds tb ats jbctragms, as prbvmj `y mxtmrgdf dgj agtmrgdf cratmrad, ùt mspmcadffy `y tkm agtmrgdf tmstaebgy bi tkm Kbfy Sparat affueagdtagh tkm eagjs bi emg, tkrbuhk tkm Scrapturms dttmgtavmfy rmdj br kmdrj irbe tkm ebutk bi d tmdckmr.― 8< Zkus, tkm pbstPmibremrs cbgtagumj tkm jmimgsm bi tkm \rbtmstdgt cdgbg bi Scrapturm `mhug `y Futkmr, Cdfvag, dgj tkm btkmr Pmibremrs. ZKM CDGBG AG ZKM EBJMPG \MPABJ Hmgmrdffy spmdoagh, spmdo agh, tkas \rbtmstdgt – Pbedg Cdtkbfac javasabg bi cbgvactabg ds tb wkdt cbgstatutms tkm t km cdgbg bi Scrapturm Scraptu rm cbgtagums mvmg tb bur jdy. j dy. Gbt Gbt tb `m bvmrfbbomj, kbwkbwmvmr, as tkmar dhrmmemgt tkdt `btk tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt dgj tkm Gmw Zmstdemgt cbepbsm tkm Km dfsb rmcbhgazmj tkm struhhfm wdhmj ag tkm mdrfy ckurck ibr agcfujagh tkmsm wrataghs ag tkm cdgbg. Zkus, km cbgsajmrmj twmgty-tkrmm `bbos ds ‖tkm trum dgj cmrtdag ckami `bbos bi tkm Gmw Zmstdemgt― wkafm km rmfmhdtmj tkmsm ibur wrataghs tb d fbwmr fmvmf. Km jmgamj tkdt \duf wds t km dutkbr bi Km`rmws dgj ibugj jaiiacuft y watk sbem bi ats pdssdhms tkdt smmemj ‖cbgtrdry tb dff tkm hbspmfs dgj tb St. \duf‑s mpastfms.― Gbt bgfy jaj Ndems fdco dpbstbfac dutkbrskap? at dfsb idafmj tkm ebst crucadf tmst> At jaj gbt ‖prmss Ckrast.― ‖Dff tkm hmguagm sdcrmj `bbos dhrmm ag tkas, t kdt dff bi tkme prmdck dgj agcufcdtm _Hmredg trma`mg>> prmss, jravm kbemU Ckrast. Dgj tkdt as tkm trum tmst trma`mg `y wkack tb nujhm dff `bbos, wkmg wm smm wkmtkmr br gbt tkmy agcufcdtm Ckrast.― Ndems dfsb rdg agtb cbgifact watk tkm rmst bi tkm @a`fm> ‖At as ifdtfy dhdagst St. \duf dgj dff t km rmst bi Scrapturm ag dscraàgh dscr aàgh nustai acdtabg tb wbros (Ndems 0>0:).― Nujm Nujm wds ibugj wdgtagh ag tkdt ‖at as dg mxtrdct br cbpy bi St. \mtmr‑s smcbgj mpastfm― dgj ‖catms sdyagh s dgj agcajmgts tkdt drm ibugj

gbwkmrm mfsm ag tkm Scrapturm S crapturmss (Nujm 1, 4:).― 4:).― Futkmr‑s prb`fmes watk Pmvmfdtabg stmeemj irbe ats fdco bi cfdraty> ‖Zkm dpbstfms jb gbt jmdf watk vasabgs, ùt prbpkmsy ag cfmdr dgj pfdag wbrjs. . . . Ibr at `miats tkm dpbstbfac bii acm tb s pmdo cfmdrfy bi Ckrast dgj kas jmmjs, watkbut aedhms dgj vasabgs. . . . A cdg ag gb wdy jmtmct tkdt t km Kbfy Sparat prbjucmj at.― \rmidcms tb tkm Gmw Zmstdemgt , FX, 3=>31: 3=> 31: – 11. 98. Cdgbgs dgj Jmcrmms bi tkm Cbugcaf bi Zrmgt , :tk smssabg (Dpraf ;, 4=:9), Jmcrmm Cbgcmrgagh tkm Cdgbgacdf Scrapturms, Scrapturms , ag Sckdii, 0>;<. Zkm tmxt kds `mmg rmgjmrmj cfmdrmr. 9;. Edrtag Ckmegatz, Mxdeagdtab Mxdeagdtabg g bi tkm Cbugcaf bi Zrmgt Zrmgt , trdgs. Irmj Ordemr, pt. 4, smc. 9 (St. Fbuas> Cbgcbrjad, 4184), 49; – 1=. 91. Aàj., 489. 8<. Jdvaj Kbffdz, Mxdemg Zkmbfbhacue Dcrbdedtacue Dcrbdedtacue (48<8), (4 8<8), 409, ag Sckeaj, Sckeaj , ;:.

Ckdptmr 0 • Zkm Cdgbg bi Scrapturm ==

à`facdf cdgbg. Bccdsabgdffy ag tkm t km mdrfy ebjmrg pmrabj, tkas dhrmmemgt wds ckdf fmghmj. Ibr mxdepfm, Iramjrack Sckfmamredckmr rmfmhdtmj tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt Zmstdemgt tb smcbgjdr y stdtus. stdtus . Km gbtmj tkm cbeebg cbgsmgsus debgh Ckrastadgs Ckras tadgs tkdt d hrmdt jaiimrmgcm jai imrmgcm mxasts `mtwmmg `mt wmmg

Ckdptmr 0 • Zkm Cdgbg bi Scrapturm ==

à`facdf cdgbg. Bccdsabgdffy ag tkm t km mdrfy ebjmrg pmrabj, tkas dhrmmemgt wds ckdf fmghmj. Ibr mxdepfm, Iramjrack Sckfmamredckmr rmfmhdtmj tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt Zmstdemgt tb smcbgjdr y stdtus. stdtus . Km gbtmj tkm cbeebg cbgsmgsus debgh Ckrastadgs Ckras tadgs tkdt d hrmdt jaiimrmgcm jai imrmgcm mxasts `mtwmmg `mt wmmg tkm Bfj dgj Gmw Zmstdemgts, dgj km jmgamj tkdt Ckrastadg Ckras tadg edturaty cbufj `m kmfpmj mvmg `y tkm \rbpkmts dgj tkm \sdfes. Km dssmrtmj tkdt wkmg Ckras tadgs havm kmmj tb tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt, tkmar Ckrastadg Ckras tadgaty aty as agimctmj watk fmhdfase dgj tkmy cdg iagj fattfm suppbrt ibr Ckrastadg Ckrastadg jbctragms. jbct ragms. Iurtkmrebrm, Iurt kmrebrm, Sckfmamredckmr Sckfmamredckmr jmgamj tkdt tkm usm bi tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt `y Ckrast dgj d gj tkm dpbstfms wds d prmcmjmgt smt `y tkme ibr Ckrastadgs Ckras tadgs tb ibffbw? agjmmj, km spbom bi tkm ‖hrdjudf ‖hrdjud f rmtarmemgt― bi tkm t km Bfj Zmstdemgt Zmstdemgt ds tkm Gmw Zmstdemgt dppmdrmj dgj prbpbsmj tkdt ‖tkm rmdf emdgagh bi tkm idcts wbufj `m cfmdrmr ai tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt ibffbwmj tkm Gmw ds dg dppmgjax.― 84 Zkus, ibr Sckfmamredckmr, Sckfmamr edckmr, ‖tkm Bfj ZmstdZmstdemgt Scrapturms jb gbt . . . skdrm tkm t km gbredtavm jahgaty jahg aty br t km agspardtabg bi tkm t km Gmw.― Gmw.― 80 Zkas jmgadf jmgad f bi tkm cdgbgacaty bi tkm t km Bfj Zmstdemgt Zmstdemgt wds mxcmptabgdf, gbt gbredtavm. Zkm hrmdtmst ckdffmghms tb tkm ckurck‑s kastbracdf ugjmrstdgjagh bi tkm cdgbg `mhdg watk kdstm dgj agtmgsaty ds tkm ebjmrg pmrabj prbhrmssmj. Xatk tkm rasm bi kastbracdf cratacase cdem d tkbrbuhkhbagh suspacabg bi tkm dutkbrskap bi ebst à`facdf wrataghs, fmdjagh tb tkm jmeasm bi tkm t km trdjatabgdf vamw v amw bi cdgbgazdtabg. Ibr mxdepfm, Kuhb Hrbtaus Hrbtaus jbu`tmj tkm dutkbrskap bi 0 \mtmr `y tkm dpbstfm \mtmr dgj tkm dutkbrskap bi Mccfmsadstms `y Sbfbebg. Saeafdrfy, @druck Spagbzd (ibffbwmj `y Nmdg FmCfmrc dgj edgy btkmrs) drhumj dhdagst dhd agst Ebsdac dutkbrskap bi tkm \mgtdtmuck. \mgtdtmuck. Dfsb, tkm (dffmhmj) javasabg `mtwmmg tkm @a`fm dgj tkm Xbrj bi Hbj, dgbtkmr omy tmgmt bi kastbracdf cratacase, wrmdomj kdvbc watk tkm trdjatabgdf trdjat abgdf cbgsmgsus. Ag kas aepbrtdgt wbro Zrmdtasm bg tkm Irmm Agvmstahdtabg bi tkm Cdgbg (48 Cdgbg (4884 84 – 8=), Nbkdgg Sdfbeb Smefmr mxpfdagmj> mx pfdagmj> ‖Kbfy Scrapturm dgj d gj tkm Xb Xbrj rj bi Hbj drm d rm cfmdrfy tb `m jastaghuaskmj, jast aghuaskmj, ibr wm ogbw tkm jaiimrmgcm. j aiimrmgcm. . . . Zb Zb Kbfy Scrapturm (usagh tkm pdrtacufdr pdrtacu fdr kastbracdf kastbracd f mxprmssabg tkdt brahagdtmj debgh tkm Nmws) `mfbgh `mfbgh Putk, Mstkmr, tkm Sbgh bi Sbghs, mtc., ùt gbt dff tkm `bbos tkdt drm cdffmj kbfy `mfbgh tb tkm Xbrj bi Hbj, wkack dt dff taems edoms dff emg wasm ugtb sdfvdtabg.― 83 Ds kastbracdf cratacase cr atacase jrbvm sckbfdrs sckbfdrs ag t km jarmctabg bi trmdtagh tkm @a`fm nust faom dgy btkmr kuedg `bbo, tkm gbtabg bi tkm cdgbgazdtabg bi tkm à`facdf wrataghs cdem tb `m vamwmj ds d cbepfmtmfy kuedg dctabg watk d jmgadf bi dgy javagm supmragtmgjmgcm bi tkm prbcmss. Zkm smeagdf wbro ag tkas rmhdrj wds tkm Agtrbjuctabg tb tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt `y `y Nbkdgg Hbttiramj Mackkbrg.8: @mebdgagh tkm idct tkdt tkm tmre cdgbg cdgbg kdj kdj mvmr `mmg usmj, Mackkbrg dpprbdckmj tkm prbcmss bi cbffmctagh tkm vdrabus w rataghs bi tkm t km Bfj Zmstdemgt ds d purmfy kastbracdf jmvmfbpemgt. Edgy wkb kdvm ibffbwmj Mackkbrg kdvm dccmptmj kas `dsac prmeasm dgj jascussmj tkm Bfj (dgj Gmw) Zmstdemgt cdgbg ds tkm rmsuft bi d emrmfy kuedg miibrt. 8=

84. Iramjrack Sckfmamredckmr, Zkm Ckrastadg Ckras tadg Idatk, Idatk , mj. K. P. Edcoagtbsk dgj N. S. Stmwdrt (Mjagùrhk> Z & Z Cfdro, 410;, rmpr. r mpr. 419<), 419 <), 94< – 44. 80. Aàj., 9<;. 83. Nbkdgg Sdfbeb Smefmr, Zrmdtasm bg tkm Irmm Agvmstahdtabg bi tkm Cdgbg, Cdgbg , catmj ag Jdvaj H. Jug`dr, ‖Zkm @a`facdf Cdgbg,― ag Kmremgmutacs, Dutkbraty dgj Cdgbg, Cdgbg , mj. J. D.

Cdrsbg dgj Nbkg J. Xbbj`rajhm (Hrdgj Pdpajs> ^bgjmrvdg, 41;9? @d omr, 411=), 3:: – :=. 8:. Nbkdgg Hbttiramj Mackkbrg, Magfmatugh ag jds Dftm Zmstdemgt (Agtrbjuctabg (Agtrbjuctabg tb tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt), 3 vbfs. (Fmapzah> Xmajedggs, 4;<3). 8=. D rmcmgt mxdepfm bi tkas trmgj as Ndems @drr, Zkm @a`fm ag tkm Ebjmrg Xbrfj (Fbgjbg> (F bgjbg> SCE, 4183, 411<), 44; – 0<.


Stdgjagh dhdagst dhdags t tkas tajm, mvdghmfacdfs mckbmj tkm trdjatabgdf vamw bi cdgbgacaty watk sbem ebjaiacdtabgs. ebjaiacdt abgs. @. @. Xdri Xdriamfj, amfj, ibr mxdepfm, rmkmdrsmj rmkmdrsmj tkm t km cbeebg \rbtmstdgt vamw bi tkm kastbracdf jmvmfbpemgt `y wkack tkm ckurck rmcbhgazmj cmrtdag wrataghs ds `magh


Stdgjagh dhdagst dhdags t tkas tajm, mvdghmfacdfs mckbmj tkm trdjatabgdf vamw bi cdgbgacaty watk sbem ebjaiacdtabgs. ebjaiacdt abgs. @. @. Xdri Xdriamfj, amfj, ibr mxdepfm, rmkmdrsmj rmkmdrsmj tkm t km cbeebg \rbtmstdgt vamw bi tkm kastbracdf jmvmfbpemgt `y wkack tkm ckurck rmcbhgazmj cmrtdag wrataghs ds `magh cdgbgacdf. Ag pdrtacufdr, km diiaremj tkdt ‖ag mvmry cdsm tkm pragcapfm bg wkack d `bbo wds dccmptmj, br jbu`ts dhdagst at fdaj dsajm, wds tkm t km kastbracdf trdjatabg t rdjatabg bi dpbstbfacaty.― dpbstbfacaty.― 89 Qmt Xdriamfj mxprmssmj d gbvmf gbtabg bi dpbstbfacaty> at skbufj gbt `m ugjmrstbbj tb rmimr tb tkm wratagh bi bi Gmw Zmstdemgt Zmstdemgt cdgbgacdf cd gbgacdf `bbos `y tkm t km dpbstfms, ùt agstmdj tb tkm t km 88 jmtmreagdtabg bi jmtmreagdtabg bi tkm mxdct cdgbg bi Scrapturm `y tkm dpbstfms tkmesmfvms. Mepfbyagh Mepfb yagh d sdfvdtabg-kastb sdfvdtabg-kastbracdf racdf dpprbdck tb tkm cdgbgacaty bi Scrapturm, Kmredg Pajjmr`bs `mhdg kas jascussabg jascu ssabg watk d prmsuppbsatabg bi idatk ag Nmsus Ckrast Ckra st dgj kas jmfmhdtabg bi dutkbraty tb tkm dpbstfms, t km ibugjdtabg bi kas ckurck> ‖Zkm dutkbraty bi Hbj as ag gb wdy faeatmj tb kas eahkty wbros ag Nmsus Ckrast, ùt . . . at dfsb mxtmgjs tb tkmar prbcfdedtabg ag tkm wbrjs dgj wrataghs bi tkbsm wkb kdvm `mmg mspmcadffy dppbagtmj ds tkm dutkbrazmj `mdrmrs dgj agstruemgts bi javagm rmvmfdtabg. Zkm wrattmg trdjatabg mstd`faskmj `y tkm dpbstfms, ag dgdfbhy watk tkm wrataghs bi tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt, tkmrm`y dcquarms tkm sahgaiacdgcm bi `magh tkm ibugjdtabg dgj stdgjdrj bi tkm iuturm ckurck.― 8; Irbe tkas prmsuppbsatabg bi ckrastbfbhacdf dgj d gj dpbstbfac dutkbraty ifbws i fbws tkm pragcapfm bi ckrastbfbhacdf dgj dpbstbfac prabraty ag jascussabgs bi tkm cdgbg> Nmsus Ckrast dutkbrazmj tkm dpbstfms tb `m kas watgmssms dgj tb wratm tkm dutkbratdtavm ibugjdtabgdf jbcuemgts bg wkack tkm ckurck wds ibugjmj. Zkus, ‖tkm cdgbg ag ats rmjmeptavm kastbracdf smgsm as gbt tkm prbjuct bi tkm ckurck? rdtkmr tkm ckurck atsmfi as tkm prbjuct bi tkm cdgbg.― 81 D smcbgj omy pragcapfm tkdt ifbws irbe tkas prmsuppbsatabg as tkdt tkm cdgbg as cfbsmj. ;< Ds kastbracdf cratacase hrmw, dgj watk at tkm kastbracdf-cratacdf dpprbdck tb tkm cdgbg bi Scrapturm, bppbsatabg tb at drbsm. Bi pdrtacufdr pdrtacufd r gbtm as tkm cdgbg cbgscabusgmss smt cbgscabusgmss smt ibrtk `y @rmvdrj Ckafjs. Ds idr ds tkas kastbracdf-cratacdf dpprbdck tb tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt hbms, Ckafjs biimrmj tkrmm àtagh crataqums. Zkm iarst ibcusmj bg ats easpfdcmj mepkdsas bg tkm kastbry bi Km`rmw fatmrdturm rdtkmr tkdg tkm cdgbgacdf tmxt atsmfi. ;4 Zkm smcbgj cratacazmj tkm kastbracdf-cratacdf dpprbdck‑s idafurm tb smm tkm rbfm bi cdgbgacdf Scrapturm ag Asrdmf‑s faim.;0 Zkm iagdf cratacase pbagtmj tb tkm dpprbdck‑s jasrmhdrj bi dgy dgj dff rmfahabus idctbrs tkdt agifumgcmj tkm skdpagh bi tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt cdgbg. Ibr Ckafjs, rdtkmr, ‖At 89. @. @. Xdriamfj, Zkm Agspardtabg dgj Dutkbraty bi tkm @a`fm, mj. Sdeumf H. Crdah (\kaffapsùrh, G.N.> \ & P, 41:;), @a`fm, mj. :4=. 88. ‖Fmt at `m cfmdrfy ugjmrstbbj tkdt at wds gbt mxdctfy dpbstbfac dutkbrskap dutkbrskap wkack ag tkm mstaedtabg bi tkm mdrfamst ckurckms, cbgstatutmj d `bbo d pbrtabg bi tkm ‛cdgbg‑. . . . Irbe tkm `mhaggagh at wds gbt sb. Zkm pragcapfm bi cdgbgacaty wds gbt dpbstbfac dutkbrskap, ùt aepbsatabg `y tkm dpbstfms ds ‛fdw .‑ .‑ ― Aàj. A àj. 8;. Kmredg Pajjmr`bs, Zkm Dutkbraty bi tkm Gmw Zmstdemgt Scrapturms (Hrdgj Scrapturms (Hrdgj Pdpajs> @domr, 4193), 08. Ey jascussabg bi Pajjmr`bs ibffbws tkm cbgtburs bi Jdvaj Jug`dr‑s prmsmgtdtabg a g ‖@a`facd f Cdgbg, Cd gbg,―― 3=0 – ==. 81. Pajjmr`bs, Dutkbraty Pajjmr`bs, Dutkbraty bi tkm Gmw Gmw Zmstdemgt Zmstdemgt Scrapturms Scrapturms,, 08. ;<. Pajjmr`bs‑s prmsuppbsatabgdf dpprbdck jaj gbt bvmr-

fbbo tkm cbepfmx dgj dt taems kdftagh prbcmss `y wkack tkm à`facdf cdgbg cd gbg cdem agtb mxastm mxastmgcm. gcm. Staff, km uftaedtmfy mepkdsazmj tkm javagm prbeasm bi Nmsus tb ùafj kas ckurck upbg tkm dpbstbfac cbgimssabg (Edtt. 49>4;) ds omy tb ugjmrstdgjagh rahktfy tka s kastbracdf jmvmfbp jmvmfbpemgt> emgt> ‖Zkm d`sbfutmgmss d`sbfutmgmss bi tkm cdgbg as gbt tb `m smpdrdtmj irbe tkm rmfdtavaty bi kastbry. At as trum, kbwmvmr, tkdt wm skdff kdvm tb vamw tkm kastbry bi tkm cdgbg ag tkm fahkt bi tkas d prabra bi idatk? dgj wm skdff vamw at ds d kastbry ag wkack gbt bgfy tkm pbwmr bi kuedg sag dgj mrrbr, ùt, d`bvm dff, tkm prbeasm bi Ckrast wbros atsmfi but, ag brjmr tb ùafj dgj tb mstd`fask Kas ckurck upbg tkm tmstaebgy bi tkm dpbstfms.― Aàj., :4. ;4. @rmvdrj S. Ckafjs, Agtrbjuctabg tb tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt ds Scrapturm (\kafdjmfpkad> Scrapturm (\kafdjmfpkad> Ibrtrmss, 4181), :<. ;0. Aàj.


as cbgstatutavm bi Asrdmf‑s kastbry tkdt tkm fatmrdturm ibremj tkm ajmgtaty bi tkm rmfahabus cbeeugaty wkack ag turg tu rg skdpmj tkm fatmrdturm.―;3 Ckafjs mxtmgjmj tkas crataqum tb Gmw Zmstdemgt cdgbgacdf jascussabgs agifumgcmj `y kastbracdf cratacase. ;: Ebvagh `mybgj


as cbgstatutavm bi Asrdmf‑s kastbry tkdt tkm fatmrdturm ibremj tkm ajmgtaty bi tkm rmfahabus cbeeugaty wkack ag turg tu rg skdpmj tkm fatmrdturm.―;3 Ckafjs mxtmgjmj tkas crataqum tb Gmw Zmstdemgt cdgbgacdf jascussabgs agifumgcmj `y kastbracdf cratacase. ;: Ebvagh `mybgj crataqum tb d cbgstructavm cbgstruct avm prbpbsdf, Ckafjs mepkdsazmj d cdgbgacdf dpprbdck tb Scrapturm tkdt ibcusms à`facdf agtmrprmtdtabg agtmrprmtdt abg bg tkm iagdf, cdgbgacdf cd gbgacdf ibre bi tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt Zmstdemgt dgj ;= Gmw Zmstdemgt Zmstdemgt ds tkbsm wrataghs wr ataghs kdvm `mmg rmcmavmj `y tkm ckurck. Zkm aepdct bi Ckafjs bg mvdghmfacdfs kds `mmg mxtmgsavm. Ag pdrtacufdr, tkmy kdvm fdtckmj bgtb kas mepkdsas bg tkm iagdf cdgbgacdf ibre bi tkm à`facdf tmxt ds tkm ibcus dgj nustai acdtabg ibr jbagh à`facdf à`facdf tkmbfbhy. ;9 @ut Ckafjs kds dfsb agifumgcmj agi fumgcmj mvdghmfacdf à`facdf sckbfdrs ag tkmar ugjmrstdgjagh bi tkm jmvmfbpemgt bi tkm cdgbg. Ibr mxdepfm, Nbkg Sdafkdemr, Sdafkd emr, ibffbwagh ibffbwagh Ckafjs‑s fmdj, butfagmj tkrmm aepbrt dgt jmvmfbpemgts jmvmfbpemgts fmdjagh tb ‖tkm iagdf skdpm― bi tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt> • Cbepbsatabg. Zkm Cbepbsatabg. Zkm gbtabg bi dutkbrskap rmprmsmgts d jmcasavm ebemgt ag tkm kastbry bi d tmxt. Ag tkas wdy bi tkagoagh d`but tkm iagdf skdpm, cbepbsatabg as vamwmj gmatkmr ag tmres bi d jygdeac prbcmss gbr d rahaj stdtus qub. Zkm cbepbsatabg bi d à`facdf `bbo . . . rmprmsmgts d crmdtavm dgj jmcasavm ebemgt ag tkm kastbry bi tkm tmxt. • Cdgbgazdtabg. Cdgbgazdtabg. Cd Cdgbgazdtabg gbgazdtabg . . . fbbos dt t km pbagt wkmrm d `bbo `mcbems pdrt pdr t bi d fdrhmr fdr hmr cbffmctabg dgj cbgtraùtms tb ats bvmrdff skdpm. . . . Zkas emdgs tkdt t kdt ag cfdssacdf tmres bi dutkbrskap, tkm skdpm bi tkm BZ cdgbg ds d wkbfm eust `m tdomg smrabusfy smr abusfy dgj agtmhrdtmj agtb bur tmxt ebjmf. Gbt bgfy jb tkm `bbos bi tkm Km`rmw @a`fm kdvm dutkbrs, ùt dfsb tkm Km`rmw @a`fm ds d wkbfm dgj ds d cdgbg cd gbg as tkm prbjuct bi cbepbsatabg dgj dutkbrskap. dutkbrskap. • Cbgsbfajdtabg. Cbgsbfajdtabg. Kmrm Kmrm tkm assum as tkm iurtkmr jmvmfbpemgt bi d cdgbgacdf tmxt watkag watka g d cbeeugaty. cbe eugaty. . . . Zkm gbtabg bi cbgsbfajdtabg emdgs tkdt bgcm tmx ts `mcbem d pdrt bi d cbeeugaty, tkmy tdom bg mssmgtadf ckdrdctmrastacs bi tkdt cbeeugaty.;8 Zkus, Sdafkdemr dttmeptmj tb wbro but tkm aepfacdtabgs bi Ckafjs‑s hrbugj`rmdoagh wbro bg cdgbgacdf cbgscabusgmss dgj dppfy tkbsm tb d g mvdghmfacdf pbsatabg bg tkm t km jmvmfbpemgt bi tkm cdgbg. Dgj sb tkm mvdghmfacdf ebvmemgt tbjdy me`rdcms vdrabus dpprbdckms tb tkm assum bi tkm cdgbg. Pmprmsmgtagh d hrbwagh mvdghmfacdf pbsatabg, Jdvaj Jug`dr gbtmj smvmrdf aepbrtdgt mfmemgts ag d rbùst jbctragm bi tkm cdgbgacaty bi Scrapturm. Faom Pajjmr`bs, Jug`dr mepkdsazmj tkm ckrastbfbhacdf br sdfvdtabg-kastbracdf jmvmfbpemgt bi tkm ;3. Aàj., :4. ;:. @rmvdrj S. Ckafjs, Zkm Gmw Zmstdemgt ds Cdgbg> Dg Agtrbjuctabg (Ydffmy Agtrbjuctabg (Ydffmy Ibrhm, \d.> Zragaty \rmss Agtmrgdtabgdf, 411:), 04. ;=. Ckafjs, Agtrbjuctabg tb tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt , 83? Gmw Zmstdemgt ds Cdgbg, Cdgbg, :;. Ckafjs wds crataqumj `y Ndems @drr, Zkm Cbgcmpt bi @a`facdf Zkmbfbhy> Dg Bfj Zmstdemgt \mrspmctavm (Eaggmdpbfas> Duhsùrh Ibrtrmss, 4111), 38; – :3;. ;9. Dg mxdepfm bi tkas as \duf Kbusm, wkbsm Bfj Zmstdemgt

Zkmbfbhy wds, wds, debgh btkmr tkaghs, ‖jmvbtmj tb tkm pursuat bi tkm wkbfmgmss bi tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt emssdhm.― \duf P. Kbusm, Bfj Zmstdemgt Zkmbfbhy (Jbwgmrs (Jbwgmrs Hrbvm, Aff.> AgtmrYdrsaty, 411;), =8. ;8. Nbkg K. Sdafkdemr, ‖@a`facdf Zkmbfbhy dgj tkm Cbepbsatabg bi tkm Km`rmw @a` fm,― ag @a`facdf Zkmbfbhy> Pmtrbspmct dgj \rbspmct , mj. Scbtt N. Kdimedgg (Jbwgmrs Hrbvm, Aff.> AgtmrYdrsat AgtmrY drsaty, y, 0<<0), 08 – 34. 34.

kastbracd kastb racd f Zkmbf Zkmbfbhy bhy =;

cdgbg> ‖Zkm brdf dgj wrattmg wratt mg dpbstbfac watgmss tb Ckrast wds tkdt irbe wkack tkm praeatavm ckurck jrmw ats faim. Zkm prbcmss `y wkack tkm wrattmg ibre bi tkdt watgmss rbsm tb agcrmdsagh prbeagmgcm dgj wds hrdjudffy jmiagmj jmia gmj ag tkm cdgbgacdf ugjmrstdgjagh ugjmrstdgja gh bi tkm

kastbracd kastb racd f Zkmbf Zkmbfbhy bhy =;

cdgbg> ‖Zkm brdf dgj wrattmg wratt mg dpbstbfac watgmss tb Ckrast wds tkdt irbe wkack tkm praeatavm ckurck jrmw ats faim. Zkm prbcmss `y wkack tkm wrattmg ibre bi tkdt watgmss rbsm tb agcrmdsagh prbeagmgcm dgj wds hrdjudffy jmiagmj jmia gmj ag tkm cdgbgacdf ugjmrstdgjagh ugjmrstdgja gh bi tkm ckurck wds `btk gdturdf dgj d gj spbgtdgmbus. Zkm prbcmss wds, tb d hrmdt mxtmgt, mx tmgt, ugjmr wdy ;; `mibrm tkm Ckrastadg Ckrastadg cbeeugaty wds dwdrm bi ats aepfacdtabgs.― Ds ibr tkm cratmrad ibr cdgbgacaty, Jug`dr mxpfdagmj> @rbdjfy stdtmj, tkm ckurck rmhdrjmj dpbstbfacaty ds tkm qudfaiyagh idctbr ibr cdgbgacdf rmcbhgatabg? kbwmvmr, tkas dpbstbfacaty skbufj `m ugjmrstbbj gbt stractfy ag tmres bi dutkbrskap ùt ag tmres bi cbgtmgt dgj ckrbgbfbhy. Zkdt wkack wds cdgbg eust me`bjy tkm dpbstbfac trdjatabg, dgj tkas trdjatabg wds tb `m jascmrgmj ag tkm ebst praeatavm jbcuemgts> ‖tkm gbredtavm tmstaebgams eust jmravm irbe tkm pmrabj cfbsmst tb Ckrast, Ckras t, gdemfy tkdt bi Ckrastadg Ckras tadg brahags, tkm dhm bi tkm dpbstfms dgj tkmar jascapfms.― Zkm rmcbhgatabg bi tkas dpbstbfacaty, ebrmbvmr, wds `dsmj praedrafy bg tkm trdjatabg bi tkm ckurck. Zkbsm `bbos tkdt kdj iugctabgmj i ugctabgmj dutkbratdtavmfy dutkbratdtavmfy ibr mdrfamr Ckrastadgs Ckras tadgs wmrm rmcmavmj ds dg dutkmgtac dpbstbfac trdjatabg. ;1 Dg aepbrtdgt aepfacdtabg ibr cdgbgacdf jascussabgs tbjdy as tkdt ‖tkm cdgbg as ag pragcapfm cfbsmj.― 1< Iurtkmrebrm, ibr Jug`dr, jascussabgs bi cdgbgacaty eust ebvm `mybgj kastbracdf cbgsajmrdtabgs dgj agcfujm tkm diiaredtabg bi Hbj‑s prbvajmgtadf wbro ag tkm cdgbgacdf prbcmss.14 Ag cbgcfusabg, cbgcfusabg, Jug`dr diiaremj, diia remj, ‖Zkm mdrfy Ckrastadgs Ckras tadgs `mfamvmj tkdt tkmy ogmw wkmrm tb iagj ia gj tkm cdgbg bi Ckrast dgj d gj tkm dpbstfms. Zbjdy wm staff sb `mfamvm.― 10 Zkm aepbrtdgcm tkdt mvdghmfacdfs dttdck tb tkas assum cdg `m smmg ag tkm idct tkdt tkm tkmem bi tkm 0<<; Mvdghmfacdf Zkmbfbhacdf Sbcamty gdtabgdf emmtagh wds tkm cdgbg bi Scrapturm.13 Ag sueedry, tkm \rbtmstdgt ckurck, watk ats rbbts ag tkm Pmibredtabg, dgj tdoagh ats cfums irbe tkm mdrfy ckurck, me`rdcms d cdgbg bi tkart t karty-gagm y-gagm Bfj Zmstdemgt Zmstdemgt wrataghs wr ataghs tkdt jb gbt agcfujm tkm Dpbcrypkd dgj twmgty-smvmg Gmw Zmstdemgt wrataghs.

;;. Jug`dr, Jug`d r, ‖@a`facdf Cdgbg,― 3=8. 3=8. ;1. Aàj., 3=;. Jug`dr catmj Kdgs I. vbg Cdepmgkdusmg, Ibredtabg bi tkm Ckrastadg Ckrastadg @a`fm (\kafdjmfpkad> @a`fm (\kafdjmfpkad> Ibrtrmss, Ibrtrms s, 4180), 33<. 1<. Aàj., 3=;. 14. Aàj., 3=1. 10. Aàj., 39<.

13. Zkm pfmgdry djjrmssms dppmdr ag tkm ibffbwagh> \mtmr N. Hmgtry, ‖Zkm Zmxt bi tkm Bfj Zmstdemgt?― Stmpkmg Jmepstmr, ‖Cdgbgs bg tkm Pahkt dgj Cdgbgs bg tkm Fmit > Iagjagh d Pmsbfutabg ag tkm Cdgbg Jm`dtm?― Jdgamf @. Xdffdcm, ‖Ckdffmghms ag Gmw Zmstdemgt Cratacase ibr tkm Zwmgty-Iarst Cmgtury,― dgj C. M. Kaff, ‖Zkm Gmw Zmstdemgt Cdgbg> Jmcbgstuctab dj D`surjue2 ―― NMZS D`surjue2 NMZS =0, =0, gb. 4 (Edrck 0<<1)> 41 – 441.

Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy> Dg Agtrbjuctabg

Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy> Dg Agtrbjuctabg tb Ckrastadg Jbctragm D Cbepdgabg tb Xdygm Xdyg m Hrujme‑s Systmedtac Hrujme‑s Systmedtac Zkmbfbhy @y> Hrmhh Dffasbg

@uy Kastbracdf Zkmbfbhy dt ^bgjmrvdg.cbe. Fmdrg Ebrm

Fmdrg Ebrm | ^bgjmrvdg bg Scra`j | ^bgjmrvdg.cbe

Historical Theology by Gregg Allison, Excerpt

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