HEXAMINE 2013-2014
SHRI.K.J.POLYTECHNIC,BHARUCH
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Project Report 2013-2014
This project of hexamine consist of productino of HEXAMINE,with the be st suiteable process which is used in now days da ys in the industry,it also consist of designing of the selected process,economic evalution. shri k.j polytechnic,bharuch
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
SHRI K. J. POLYTE POLYTECHNI CHNIC, C, BHARU BHARUCH CH CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT A PROJECT REPORT ON “HEXAMINE”
PREPARED BY :-
Sr. No.
Enroll No.
Name
1.
116450305053
DIVYESH DHRUV
2.
116450305054
JAYVEERSINH
3.
116450305057
KETAN PATEL
4.
116450305058
MEHUAL CHAUHAN
5.
116450305060
MANORANJAN SINGH
GUIDED BY:Mr.R.I.RATWANI ( H. H.O. O.D) D)
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HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Gujarat technological university is one of the biggest university which offers the various types of courses likes l ikes masters,bachelors,diploma,post graduate,medical,pharmacy,etc.. This project is given by GTU to the partial p artial fullfillment of the diploma in chemical engg. To undeerstand and analysed the various project done in the industry through project surveys and visiting of the industry . GTU also describe the meaning of giving the project to the enigneer in the 6th semister for well learning of the manufacturing of the chemicals and their detail study including the project manageme nt, production, properties of the chemical,economic evalution as per company capacity and dail production rate, it also include the site selection parameters which gives engineers the stud y of the plant site setup and the layout of the plant . The reason of giving project to the the engineers is to develop the leadership ,project management ,surveys ,surveys and detail study.
Thanks to GTU,
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HEXAMINE 2013-2014
SHRI K.J POLYTECHNIC BHARUCH-392001 (Affiliated to Gujarat Technological University)
Thiis is Th is to ce cert rtif ifyy tha thatt the the pro roje jecct
“HEXAMINE MANUFACTURING” th
Submitted by towards fulfilment of diploma 6
semester in chemical
Engineering for the exam may 2013 conducted by Gujarat technological University, Ahmedabad is a record of Bonafide work done by him under my supervision.
Date: / /2014
--- -- -- --- --- -- --- -- -- --- -- --
------------------------------
(GUIDED BY)
( H.O.D)
Mr.R.I.Ratwani
Mr.R.I.Ratwani
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HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Preface… •
Teaching is the important knowledge, but training develops habits. It assures that Technical skills cannot be perfect without practical training… Hence, the practical training is grate valuable for Engineering Student the Actual aim of in Plant training is to get all Operation and Process which are Carried Out in the Industries and More about the Chemical Equipment..
•
Practice makes a man perfect in practical training a person Deals with Many technical Problems. In real Operation and Process another Aim of in Plant training is to learn Industrial Management and Discipline.
•
This project report describes the manufacture of “ hexamine” is prepared in partial fulfillment in chemical engineering. It is purely academic in nature though attempts have been made to incorporate faculty data available from journals, books and other sources. Reasonable assumptions have been made for data those were not available.
•
This report includes the information based on theoretical backgrounds. so this report cannot application to industrial scale to tally. But for actual setting up of a new chemical plant and expansion or revision of existing one requires the use of design report as a preliminary estimate
•
The report provides preliminary information and gives an idea and in sigh into the process design aspects.
•
The report also includes safety consideration, instrumentation and process control, cost analysis. The reference section at the end lists the source of information. A detailed market surveys and plant set up design factor has to be studied before setting up a plant end. A number of pilot plant trials should be conducted before starting. No such trials were conducted.
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HEXAMINE 2013-2014
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…
I extend my sincere gratitude to my guide, Mr.R.I.RATWNI lecture and our head of department in chemical engineering dept. Shri .K.J.Polytechnic,Bharuch for sharing his vast knowledge and resources and also for his av ailability Round a clock, I am also thankful to prof Mr.R.I.Ratwani in lecture and our project group adviser in chemical engineering department Shri.K.J.polytechnic,Bharuch. For extending their help in the course, I am also in dept. to all the authors and editors of various reference books, research paper that helped me through this report Thanking you sir…..
D.Chemical Engineering rd
(3 year)
INDEX
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HEXAMINE 2013-2014
PAGE
SR.NO
SUBJECT
1
INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF PRODUCT
8
2
PRESENT STATUS INCLUDING LIST OF INDUSTRIES
12
3
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION OF PRODUCT
14
4
PROPERTIES OF RAW MATERIAL
22
5
VARIOUS PROCESSES OF MANUFACTURING
24
6
MOST SUITABLE PROCESS IN DESCRIPTION WITH FLOW SHEET
27
7
MAJOR EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
32
8
MAJOR INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED
36
9
UTILITIES REQUIRED
43
10
LAYOUT AND LOCATION OF PLANT
46
11
SITE SELECTION PARAMETERS
52
12
ECONOMIC EVALUTION
57
13
IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF SAFETY
64
14
EFFLUENT TREATMENT RELATED TO PRODUCT
81
15
CONCLUSION
85
16
REFERENCE
86
7
NO.
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF PRODUCT
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HEXAMINE 2013-2014
INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF PRODUCT A detail process study was done on the Hexamine production plant in Semester VII. All the available processes were studied and the best suitable and feasible process was selected. In this semester, Energy Balance, cost estimation etc. of the selected process was done on the basis of the future trend of demand and purity required. All the utilities and the supporting infrastructure required were determined.
This project report also consists of the designing of the selected process. The designing consists of sizing of the all the major equipments present in the process. A detailed mechanical design of the main Reactor was also done.
Rough plant layout is also prepared to get an idea of required plot area. A detailed financial study comprising Project cost estimate, Cost of production and financial analysis was also carried out. The project was found to be financially sound with an attractive pay out period.
Altogether this report consists of all the engineering and financial aspects required for setting up a Hexamine manufacturing facility.
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HEXAMINE 2013-2014
HISTORY OF HEXAMINE The synonyms or other names of Hexamine are 1,3,5,7- Tetraazaadamantane; Ammonioformaldehyde,Aceto HMT; Aminoform; Ammoform; Cystamin; Cystogen; Formamine; Formin; Hexaform; Hexamethylenamine; Urotropin; Hexamethylentetramine; Hexilmethylenamine; HMT; Methamin; Methenamine; Resotropin; Uritone; Urotropine; Esametilentetramina; 1,3,5,7-Tetraazatricyclodecane.
Hexamine was firstly prepared by a Russian chemist in 1859. Hexamine is a colourless substantially crystalline compound with a sweet metallic taste. Particle size ranges from 80-800 micrometers. It can be readily ignited and burns with a bluish yellow flame.
The chemical structure of Hexamine is known in great detail. The carbon and nitrogen atoms are all equivalent. In the three dimensional structure, the nitrogen atoms occupy the summits of an octahedron. It crystallizes as rhombic dodecahedron. On heating it sublimes o
with decomposition at temperature above 200 C but does not melt. Products of thermal decomposition include ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, methane, hydrogen, nitrogen and o
resinous oil. Charring becomes apparent at about 280 C when it is heated in sealed tube. o
Its heat of combustion (adjusted to 25 C) is approx 1003.0 k cal per g mole (10). thermo o
dynamic properties as reported by change western per g mole at 25 C are heat of o
formation 28.8 k cal , free energy 102.7 k cal heat capacity 36.4 cal/ C and entropy o
36.048cal/ C . It is soluble in water and can be crystallized as a hydrate (CH2)6N4.6H2O which is stable at temperature below 14 C. Hexamethylene tetra amine forms a saturated o
aqueous solution containing 46.5% by weight at 25 C. Its solubility decreases with increase
in
temperature;
the
solubility
also
reduced
by
dissolving
ammonia.
Hexamethylene tetra amine is soluble in chloroform (13.4g /100 ml at RT) and ethyl alcohol (2.9 g /100 ml at RT) and methanol (7.3 g /100 ml at RT). It is slightly soluble (less than approx 1%) in carbon tetra chloride, acetone, benzene and ether and it is
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HEXAMINE 2013-2014
completely insoluble in petroleum ether. It behaves like a weak monobase and aqueous solution shows pH values in range of 8-9.
Solutions are comparatively stable, showing little hydrolysis in absence of acid. Hexamine is easily hydrolyzed in presence of acids to formaldehyde & ammonia. Its primary reaction with acids leads to the formation of salts such as (CH2)6N4HCl but these are relatively unstable and cannot be easily isolated. With hydrogen peroxide in acid solution, Hexamethylene tetra amine forms explosive peroxide Hexamethylene tri peroxide Diamine.
Hexamine is reduced with zinc and acetic acid or by electrolytic means to give methyl amines. It forms addition compounds with chlorine, bromine and iodine. Its tendency to form addition complexes is highly marked in case of in case of metallic salts which may be illustrated by silver nitrate and mercuric chloride derivatives. Hexamine is analyzed by boiling a weighed sample (approx.) with 40ml 1N sulfuric acid until all formaldehyde is vaporized, and titrating the excess acid. Each ml of 1N acid consumed is equal to 0.03504g of hexamine.
Hexamine is not poisonous but some human beings are sensitive to it and are subjected t skin rash when they come in contact with it t its vapours. If toxic symptoms are observed then a physician may be consulted.
Annual US production of technical hexamine rose from 16 million lb in 1950 to 41 million lb in 1963. The price has remained relatively constant at about 23-24 million lb.
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HEXAMINE 2013-2014
CHAPTER-2 PRESENT STATUS INCLUDING LIST OF INDUSTRIES
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HEXAMINE 2013-2014
The following are the other manufacturers in India
1. Indian Switchgears & Consultants Company Limited, Vadodara 2. Simalin Chemical Industries Limited, Mumbai 3. Jai Ambey Ganga Chemicals Private Limited, Hanumangadh, phase -1 4. Taru Vikas Private Limited, Mumbai 5.
Nuchem Limited, Faridabad
6. Aldehydes India,Faridabad 7. Kakar Trading Co., New Delhi 8. Solar Surgical and Pharmaceuticals,mumbai World Wide Producers Of Hexamine
1. BEIJING SUNNY-RICH COMPAY [China] 2. Jinan xinxing blowing agent co.ltd. [China 3. Wuyi beiqi commodity factory 4. Yantai huawei industry and trading co,ltd [China] 5. Jinan Shenyu International Trade Co., Ltd. [China] 6. Henan Harvest Chemicals Import & Export Co. Limited, china 7. Chemanol,dammam,Saudi , Arabia 8. Jinan Licheng District Xinxing Auxiliary Agent Factory, china 9. Quzhou Chemical City Trade Co. Limited, Quzhou, China 10. Lee Chang Yung Chemical Industry Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan 11. Cioma SA, Medellín - Na, Colombia 12. Blagden Chemicals Limited, Croydon - CR9 3QU, United Kingdom 13. Shandong Jiasheng Industry Co. Limited, Taian - 271 000, China 14. Yantai Huawei Industry And Trading Co. Limited, Yantai - 264 100, China 15. Heliopolis Chemical Industries, Cairo - Na, Egypt
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CHAPETER : 3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION OF PRODUCT
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PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION OF PRODUCT 3.1 Physical Properties Table 3.1 Physical Properties of Hexamine Contents 99.55%
Molecular Weight
140.19
Melting Point
Sublimes at 280 °C
Ph-Value (10% Solution)
7.5-9.0
Density (20°C)
1.33g/cm3
Solubility (in water)
At 20°C 89.5g/100g At 40°C 87.4g/100g At 60°C 84.4 g/100g
Ignition temperature
390° C
Bulk density
Crystalline form 700-800 kg/m3
Ground form
300-400 kg/m3
Hexamine does not melt and sublimates almost under composed in a vacuum at 230270°C.Decomposition begins at temperatures above 270°C. Hexamine is highl y soluble In water. Solubility decreases slightly as temperature rises. The solutions are slightly alkaline, with pH values usually between 8 and 9. In organic Solvents, Hexamine is barely soluble.
The following table shows the solubility of the pure product in a number of important Solvents
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HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Table 3.2 Solubility Data of Hexamine
SOLVENT
Kg hexamine in 100 cm3 Solvent
Chloroform
13.4
Methanol
7.2
Ethanol
2.9
Amyl alcohol
1.8
Acetone
0.6
Petroleum
0.2
Xylene
0.1
Trichloroethylene
0.1
3.2 Chemical Properties
Hexamine reactions can be divided into three groups. 3.2.1 Resembling a tertiary amine
With many inorganic and organic acids, salts are formed as primar y products.
3.2.2 Resembling formaldehyde
Hexamine hydrolyzes under the influence of heat, causing formaldehyde to split off ammonium salts to form. In many cases, it is advantageous that reaction is slower with Hexamine, than when using formaldehyde.
3.2.3 Other reaction
Hexamine forms additive or complex compounds with metal salt. Nitration produces cyclotrimethylene trinitramine, which is known by the names Hexogen, Cyclonite and RDX and uses as an explosive.Various amines are produces by reduction, such as monomethylamine and trimethylamine.
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HEX MINE 2013-2014
3.3 Storage Behavior & Fl w Properties
Hexamine is not hygroscopic. However, it is sensitive to humidity and abs rbs moisture at a relative humidity above 65 , causing binding or clogging. Pressure and warmth incre se the likelihood of the product forming lum s. This effect is more pronounced with fine rained products. Above all, this has a nega ive effect on the flow properties of the ground product. The product should therefore be best stored in a room with a constant temperat re and a relative humidity below 60%. Like ise, there should be as little pressure on the product as possible (i.e. do not stack pallets on top of each other).
Fig 3.1 Behavior of Hexamine
Apart from its tendency to stick, Hexamine is not subject to changes durin storage and can 17
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
be used even after several months. To improve the flow properties, particularly for the grades marked free flowing, special highly dispersed silica are added. These additives are chemically neutral for those areas in which these grades are used. They are essential to enable the product to be used effectively. When conducting a test analysis of these grades, it should be remembered that the ash content is higher and the Hexamine content lower. When working with finely ground grades, precautionary measures must be taken against explosive dust/ air mixtures. Explosion pressure can reach 12.7 bars, with a maximum pressure build-up speed of 370 bar/sec.
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HEXAMINE 2013-2014
USES AND APPLICATION Hexamethylenetetramine, which is used as a urinary antiseptic. Nitration of Hexamine gives the explosive cyclonite, or RDX. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde react with Hexamine in the presence of calcium hydroxide to give pentaerythritol, the tetranitrate of which is the explosive. Hexamine is also useful in adhesives, coatings, and sealing compounds. In medicine, it is an antibacterial agent. It is used as a dye fixative and in the preservation of hides. It is used in vulcanizing rubber and as an anti-corrosive agent in steel. It is used in the detection of metals and in the absorption of poisonous gases. It stabilizes lubricating and insulating oils. It is sometimes burned in camping stoves.
Reagent in organic chemistry:
Hexamine is a reagent in organic chemistry. It is used in the Duff reaction (formylation of arenes), the Sommelet reaction (converting benzyl halides to aldehydes) and in the Delepine reaction (synthesis of amines from alk yl halides).
Medicinal and food uses:
Methenamine hippurate is mainly used for the prophylaxis (prevention) of urinary tract infections, where it is hydrolyzed in the acidic pH of the urine to form formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is an effective antiseptic against bacteria and fungi in vitro, but may not be effective in vivo - it has not been shown to be effective for the treatment of urinary tract infections. Furthermore, certain bacteria increase urinary pH, rendering Methenamine ineffective. Methenamine can also be used to treat hyperhidrosis when applied topically .In China, a 10% solution is used as a deodorant. As a food additive, hexamine is used as a preservative in cheeses. In some countries, such as Russia, it is banned for this use. Hexamine can be absorbed through the skin, and some people are allergic to it
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HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Industrial and commercial uses:
Hexamine is used as a component with 1,3,5-trioxane in hexamine fuel tablets (often called Esbit). This solid fuel in tablet form is used by campers, hobb yists, the military and relief organizations for heating camping food or military rations. It burns smokelessly, has a high energy density, does not liquefy while burning an d leaves no ashes. Another important area for use of hexamine is in the production of powdery or liquid preparations of phenolic resins and phenolic resin moulding compounds, where hexamine is added as a hardening component. These products are used as binders, e.g. in brake and clutch linings, abrasive products, non-woven textiles, formed parts produced by moulding processes, and fireproof materials. It is used in rubber and textile adhesives, in paints and lacquers, in the photographic industry, in the production of explosives such as RDX, as a corrosion inhibitor, as a protein modifier, as a reagent in chemical analysis, and in the production of deodorants and hair fixers, among many other uses. A hexamine fuel tablet is a very useful form of hexamine used as solid fuel in tablet form. The tablets burn smokelessly, have a high energy density, do not liquify while burning and leave no ashes. Invented in Murrhardt, Germany in 1932, the main component is hexamine. The tablets are used for cooking by campers, the military and relief organizations. The tablets are often used with disposable metal stoves that are included with C ombat ration packs. Backpackers concerned with ultra light gear, tend to buy or make their own much lighter stove. An Esbit stove can be made by cutting off the bottom of an aluminum pop can, and turning it upside down to support the fuel tab; a pot can be supported above this with a circle of mesh chicken wire or tent pegs. Althou gh not ideal, fuel tab can be placed on a rock or on the dirt, with a pot supported above by rocks. Another common use is to provide a safe heat source for model steam engines.
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HEXAMINE 2013-2014
→
Advantages and disadvantages:
Fuel tablets are ultra light weight compared to other stove options.Compact; entire stove system and fuel can be stored inside cooking pot; use plastic bags inside and out due to burned residue. They are simple. →
However, they have several disadvantages:
Boils water, but not ideal for any cooking requiring simmering. Expensive fuel and less widely available, compared to alternatives such as alcohol or petrol stove fuels. Hexamine tablets give off noxious fumes, requiring foods being cooked to be contained in a receptacle such as a pot or pan. Burned tabs will leave a sticky dark residue on the bottom of pots, although this can be easily removed b y rubbing the pot on grass. Major Application Areas: Rubber industry: Vulcanizing agent and rubber blowing agent Explosives industry: Slurry, explosives, RDX (hexogen), HMX (octogen), HMTA
(hexamethyline triperoxide Amine) Fuel industry: HMT fuel tablets, smokeless pellets, friction dust manufacturing Synthetic resin industry: Liquid resin stabilizer, Hardening of Novolak resins, Aniline
shellac resins Pharmaceuticals industry: As a Disinfectant. Photographic industry: As a Stabilizer for developers. Organic synthesis industry: Additives in deodorizing powder, absorption of phosgene gas, preservation of fresh products. Metal industry: Inhibitor against acids and hydrogen sulphide Leather industry: Conservation of furs and skins Paper / cellulose industry: Surface treatment during manufacture of water repellent papers and cardboards. Lubricant industry: Stabilizer for greases and oils Fertilizer industry: Anticaking agent for prilled urea\
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HEXAMINE 2013-2014
CHAPTER-4 PROPERTIES OF RAW MATERIALS
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FORMALDEHYDE
Physical and Chemical Properties:
Chemical Formula: HCHO Molecular Weight: 30.03 Appearance: Clear, colorless liquid. Odor: Pungent odor. Solubility: Infinitely soluble. Specific Gravity: 1.27 pH: 2.8 (31% solution) % Volatiles by volume @ 21C (70F): 100 Boiling Point: 96C (205F) Melting Point: -15C (5F) Vapor Density (Air=1): 1.04 Vapor Pressure (mm Hg): 1.3 @ 20C (68F)
AMMONIA
Physical and Chemical Properties:
Chemical Formula: NH3 Molecular Weight: 17.03 Appearance: colorless gas Odor: Pungent odor. Solubility in water: 89.9 g/100cc at 0ºC Specific Gravity: 0.9 at 25 ºC pH: 8.4 % Volatile: 100 Boiling Point: -33° C Freezing Point: -77°C Vapor Density (Air=1): 0.596 at 0° C Vapor Pressure (mm Hg): 10 atm at 25.7º C
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CHAPTER-5 VARIOUS PROCESSES OF MANUFACTUING
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PROCESSES FOR HEXAMINE MANUFACTURE
Earlier Earlier Hexami Hexamine ne Product Production ion Method: Method:
Hexamine was formed by the reaction of aqueous ammonia with aqueous formaldehyde according to the following reaction:
6CH 2 O + 4 NH 3
→
C 6 H 12 N 4
+
6 H 2 O
The reaction is strongly exothermic. The normally expected temperature rise should not, take place, since at, too high a temperature there is the danger of producing by-products. The first plants for production of hexamine operated at, a reaction temperature of about o
20 C, and used aqueous solutions of formaldehyde and ammonia as raw materials in
the batch process. In some cases a part of the ammonia was gaseous. The reaction temperature and the relatively great, heat of reaction has always been difficult to control. To provide the cooling surfaces, large units of correspondingly large volumes were necessary. The procedure was batch wise and required as much as 36 hours per charge. The hexamine obtained in solution (10 to 20% depending on the consent, ratio of the raw materials) was concentrated in vacuum (about 40 mm. Hg.) until hexamine was crystallized during a continuous addition of ammonia. After this operation, requiring 24 hours, the product obtained was re crystallized to hex amine.
2. Continuo Continuous us producti production on of Hexamine: Hexamine:
continuous process process for Hexamethyle Hexamethylene ne tetramine tetramine production production allows allows the direct direct addition addition A continuous of the formaldehyde and the ammonia in the gaseous phase to the reactor. The form formal aldeh dehyd ydee may come come dir direc ectl tly y in unpur unpurif ifie ied d form form from from an eff effic icie ient nt and and spec specia ially lly devised oxidation unit fed with methanol and integrally a part of the production unit. The heats of hydration of the two gases and the heat of the reaction accomplished in an aqueous phase are removed by vaporization of water from the reactor, which is actually a specially
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HEXAMINE 2013-2014
fitted fitted still pot. pot. In order to prevent prevent losses losses of ammonia or formaldehyde formaldehyde gas, gas, their effectiv effectivee concentrations in the reactor must be very low, or they would pass off with the vapors and be lost to the reaction. The optimum temperature of the reaction may be controlled by varying the total pressure at which the the reaction mixture is allowed to boil or by controlling the partial pressure pressure by the presence of noncondensable gases. gases. The reaction under these desirable desirable conditions conditions is extremely extremely fast. The solid hexamine hexamine is removed removed continuous continuously ly from the reactor either as fine fine white crystals or as a solution of any desired concentration. The heat of the reaction and of the hydration of the starting gases performs the entire water removal and eliminates the need of additional eva porative equipment and heat.
3. Hexam Hexamine ine manuf manufac actur ture: e:
As we know the lower aldehydes react very rapidly with ammonia without any need of catalysts and also at low temperature. This phenomenon is used for the production of Hexamine. Aqueous phase reaction of ammonia ammonia and formal formaldehyde dehyde is carried carried out in in a semiba semibatch tch manner manner. In such such plan plantt react reactor orss it is from from 1 to 2 metri metricc tons tons per per day day for for a reac reacto torr
of relatively small size with a yield on a one-pass basis of above 99% for both ammonia and formaldehyde.
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HEXAMINE 2013-2014
CHAPTER-6 MOST MOST SUIT SUITAB ABLE LE PROC PROCES ESS S IN DETAIL(DESCRIPTION) WITH FLOW SHEET
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MOST SUITABLE PROCESS IN DETAIL(DESCRIPTION) WITH FLOW SHEET
From the above described processes we select the third third process of Hexamine manufacture. The description the first process itself tells that how disadvantageous the process is. The reaction is strongly exothermic and hence it is difficult to control the heat evolved and this high temperature may lead to formation of byproducts that may be harmful. Due to high temperature evolution large cooling surfaces are needed to be provided leading to increase in the cost of manufacture. The earlier method of Hexamine production used batch process hence the process is very much time consuming consuming as compared to our selected process. The labor cost is also added as the process p rocess is a batch one.
In the second given process both the reactants react in gaseous form and hence it is very difficult difficult reaction. reaction. This is because because ammonia in the gaseous form form may prove very dangerous. Moreover the concentrations of ammonia and formaldehyde must be kept low. Otherwise there will be loss of the gases (due to passing p assing off with vapours) and ultimately cause loss to the reaction.
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HEX MINE 2013-2014
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PROCESS DESCRIPTION The feed of aqueous formaldehyde from the storage tank is charged in an agitated and refrigerated steel reactor. Ammonia and formaldehyde both are stored in storage tanks. Ammonia is then introduced in the formaldehyde solution. Ammonia added is kept slightly in excess to prevent side reactions to occur. The reaction is continued and the pH is maintained to about 8. The formaldehyde for the reaction may be produced from methanol. The reaction mixture is kept for 9 hours. At this time the product should be alkaline to phenolphthalein. As the stoichiometry shows water formation takes place due to the reaction. The mixture of Hexamine and water is then removed from the agitated steel reactor.
The liquid product in the outlet is then sent for several unit operations for achieving pure Hexamine. Activated charcoal is added for filtration of the liquid product (Hexamine) and then the liquid is filtered through canvas in the filter press. The liquid is evaporated at a o
maximum temperature of 30 C and the pressure is kept about 20-30 mmHg. Aqueous ammonia is again added at a rate of 7 ml/min for stability. The remaining mass comprising of solids is washed and centrifuged with 1 Kg 25% of ammonia. The product is dried in the o
drier at 30 C. By processing the mother liquor the yield may be increased to 96-100%.
The hexamine waste water is sent for purification to waste water treatment or the effluent treatment plant and cation exchange processes.
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HEXAMINE 2013-2014
→
Major engineering problems:
The effective treatment of hexamine waste water is one of the major problems or the producers of Hexamine. The waste water generally contains residual amounts of reactants i.e. formaldehyde and ammonia. As well as residual amounts of Hexamine. It is very essential for removal of these impurities from water. There is no general process or hexamine water treatment.
Firstly the waste water is sent for distillation to remove all the volatile impurities. The waste water is sent through cation resins to remove cations. The cation resin is used such that it can be regenerated. Then they are passed through exposure to ultra violet rays or bacteria culture (bacteriological treatment) or removal of formaldehyde.
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HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Chapter-7 MAJOR EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
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MAJOR EQUIPMENT REQUIRED Fomaldhyde storage.
Condition in the tank.
Temp
= 250 C
Pressure
= 1 atm
Capacity
= 2275x 10 = 22750 kg (for 10 days supply)
Total volume of storage required
=
o
22750 1071kg / m3 3
= 21.24 m
Gross volume
= 1.5 x 21.24 3
= 451139 m L Taking =2 D
D
=3m
L
=6m
Material of construction
= mild steel
Thickness
= 6mm
Agitator reactor.
Capacity
= 19500 kg
Volume of NaOH
= 18.829 m
Gross volume
= 19.24 m
Diameter
= 2.3 m
Height
= 4.6 m
T
= 25 C
P
= 1 atm
Thickness
= 6 mm
Material
= mild steel
3
3
o
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HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Ammonia storage tank
Capacity
= 13200 kg
Volume
= 1221.8 m
3
Taking 3 equal size tank of
Diameter
= 6.8 m
Length
= 13.6 m
P
= 6 atm
Thickness
= 6 mm
Material
= s.s 316
Filter press : Substance
volume
Fomaldhyde (2275 kg)
2.1292
50% NaOH (1950kg)
1.283 3
3.41 m
Gross Volume
= 1.5 x 3.41 3
= 5.1106 m
Diameter
= 1.5 m
Length
=3m
Agitator
(no. 1)
= turbine type
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HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Centrifuge washer: Substance
volume
ammonia (3933.3 kg)
2.55 m
Water (3700 kg)
3.7 m
3 3 3
Gross volume
= 1.5 x 6.25 = 9.375m
Diameter
= 1.82 m
Length
= 3.64 m
Thickness
= 6 mm
Material
= s.s
Ambient pressure and temperature.
Evaporator : Duty: 1. evaporator 1410.6 kg of water from 28072.2 kg Na Phenate solution and convert o
it to dry powder(130 C, 1 atm ) o
2. 2807.2 kg solid Na Phenate is reacted with 1320 kg CO2 gas at 6 atm and 140 C .
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HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Chapter-8 MAJOR INSTRUMENTATION REQUIRED
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HEXAMINE 2013-2014
MAJOR INSTRUMENTATION REQUIRED Pressure Measurement:
Pressure Gauge:
The bourdon tube is most frequently used in the pressure gauge. A bourdon tube consist of a long think walled cylinder of non circular cross section sealed at the end, made from materials such as phosphor bronze, steel & beryllium copper, and attached by a light line work to the mechanism which operates the pointer. The other and of tube is fixed and is open for the application of the pressure which is to be measured.
The tube is soldered or wended to a socket at the based, through which pressure connection is made. Bourdon tube is available in man y shapes like, c type, spiral, & helical.
Advantages:-
1. Cost is low 2. Construction is simple 3. Life is long 4. Efficiency is high 5. Tubes are in different range
Disadvantages:-
1. Spring gradient is low (50psig) 2. Shock and vibration effect
37
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Temperature Measurement:
Temperature has been defined in a variety of ways. One example defines temperature as the measure of heat associated with the movement of the molecules of a substance. This definition is based on the fact that the molecules of all matter are in continuous motion that is sensed as heat.
Another definition is based on the concept of thermodynamics. Thermal energy always flows from a warmer body to a cooler body. In this case, temperature is defined as an intrinsic property of matter that quantifies the ability of the one body to transfer thermal energy to another body. If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium and no energy is exchanged, the bodies are at the same temperature. In simplest terms, the temperature is the measurement of the hotness or coldness of the body.
Temperature Measuring Devices:
Consistent measurement of the temperature is an important part of the process control. Therefore, it is essential that the temperature measuring device must be reliable.
38
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
While there are many types of temperature sensing devices, they can be classified into two major groups – temperature sensors and absolute thermometer. Three of the most common types of the temperature sensors are thermocouples, resistance temperature devices, and filled systems.
Temperature depends on the properties of some of the particular material, such as a gas, liquid, metal and alloy for their temperature indications. Typically, temperature indications are based on the material properties such as the coefficient of expansion, temperature dependence of electrical resistance, thermoelectric power and v elocity of sound.
Flow Measurement:
Flow is one of the most difficult process variables to measure accurately. One of the simplest methods for determining the flow rate is the fluid per unit time method, which assumes a basic premise of the fluid mechanics that mass is a conserved quantity. The mass entering a system is equal to the mass leaving the system and both are measured over the same time interval. This method for accurate flow measurement takes into consideration two basic properties of fluid, which are density and viscosity and their effect on the accuracy of flow measurement. The instruments used are Differential pressure meter and orifice plates
Level Measurement:
Level is measured at the position of the interface between phases, where the phases are liquid/gas, solid/gas, or immiscible liquid/liquid. Level is simply a measure of height
39
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
defining the position of the interface that is the surface where the two phases meet with respect to a reference point. This measurement is often converted to a volumetric or gravimetric quantity. So level may be measured directly by defining the position of the interface or indirectly by measuring another quantity, such as volume and interfacing the level measurement by converting the quantity to a level measurement.
Level is a vertical measurement taken from the surface or interface to a fixed point. Normally the reference point is the bottom of the vessel holding the substance. As with most process variables, level can be measured b y both direct and indirect methods. The level measurement is done by Level Gauge, Differential pressure level detector, Displacer Level detector, Ultrasonic Level detector.
Ph Meter:
In our required process we need to maintain pH of 8.0. Because of this we use the following specifications.
•
Make: BELTA INSTRUMENTS
•
Model series: 671 P
•
While measuring pH:
•
Match the filling solution of the reference electrode to the sample, to minimize junction potential problems.
•
Select a pH electrode with lower resistance glass rinsing the electrode with appropriate solvents, and then soaking in pH bu ffer.
•
Add a quaternary ammonium salt to the sample to improve conductivity, or select an electrode with lower resistance.
•
Pure water pH measurement kit:
40
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Method have been developed which minimizes the problems encountered when measuring Ph in pure waters. The method uses a quality glass pH electrode and special set of a “pure water pH additive” & a special se of diluted buffers containing the same background of “pure water pH additive”.
Adding the pure water pH additive to the samples increases the ionic strength thus reducing the noise and improving time. The shift in pH caused by the addition of the “pure water pH additive” is minimal, between 0.005 & 0.01 pH units, since the same amount of pure water pH additive is added to the buffers and samples the net effect on the pH is negligible.
Control Valves:
•
Valve Sizing:-
Correct valve sizing is absolutely necessary for efficient and economical process control installation. Selection of suitable flow data for sizing calculation should proceed with great care. Realistic valves for minimum flow conditions are the most frequent reason s for incorrect sizing.
Since the control valve is an adjustable orifice its area is automatically cha nged by the controlling instrument to produce rate of flow under varying pressure drop con dition. Therefore available operating range is sacrifice when p ressure drops are specified too low, and when safety factors are unnecessarily high. The amount of the operational pressure drop require for good control is a function of the pressure differential across the valve with respect to the drop through the entire system. The operational pressure drop should be at least 1/ 3 or ½ of the total system pressure drop.
41
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
→
Types of Control Valves :-
In the process industries there are various types of the control elements in w hich control valve is one and is the final control element in any of the process loop. Control valve has a vast classification according to its various parameters, mechanisms and many other factors. Depending upon that all here following valves are described in brief with their features and applications:
1) Globe valves 2) Bellow sealed valves 3) Butterfly valves 4) Ball valves 5) Diaphragm valves 6) Pressure Reducing valves
42
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Chapter-9 Utilities required
43
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Utilities required
→
Utilities of plant are as follows:
•
Steam
•
Cooling water
•
Raw water
•
DM water
•
Instrument air
•
Air
→
STEAM:
→
•
Steam is the important utility for heating purposes
•
Steam of 5 kg/cm is produced in boiler
•
Water is heated in a boiler
•
Steam generates in boiler is medium pressure steam
•
From boiler ,steam is supplied to the plant through pipelines
2
COOLING WATER: •
In Lactic acid plant cooling water is required for cooling process.
•
Cooling water is used in every chemical process indu stry.
•
P of water is 7-7.5.
•
Total hardness is maximum 600 ppm.
•
Total dissolved solid is maximum 800 ppm.
•
Cooling water is produced in cooling towers.
•
Color code for cooling water pipelines is green.
H
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HEXAMINE 2013-2014
→
→
RAW WATER: •
It is the basic requirement of all industries.
•
Raw water is used for making slurries, solutions etc.
•
It is also used for domestic purposes.
•
Every chemical industry has its own raw water sump.
•
Color code for raw water is blue.
DM WATER: •
DM WATER passes through de-aerator where Oxygen is removed and then it is used as Boiler Feed Water for Steam generation.
•
De mineralized water is used in many places such as, Cooling water plant, Boiler feed & for process solvent.
→
INSTRUMENT AIR: •
Instrument air is normally supplied from the dry air stream for regulating controllers, valves and auto controlling instruments.
•
Dew point of instrument air -35 deg C.
→
AIR:
•
Air should be dust free and moisture free.
•
Plant air can also be used for flushing the vessel purpose.
•
Temperature of air is atmospheric temperature.
45
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Chapter-10 Layout and location of plant
46
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Layout and location of plant
The geographical location of the final plant can have strong influence on the success of the industrial venture. Considerable care must be exercised in selecting the plant site, and many different factors must be considered. Primarily the plant must be located where the minimum cost of production and distribution can be obtained but, other factors such as room for expansion and safe giving conditions for plant operation as well as the surrounding community are also important. The location of the plant can also have a crucial effect on the profitability of a project.
The choice of the rural site should first of all based on a complete survey of the advantages and disadvantages of various geographical areas and ultimately, oil the advantages and disadvantages of the available real estate. The various principal factors that must be considered while selecting a suitable plant site are briefly discussed in this section. Tile factors to be considered are:
1. raw material availability 2. location (with respect to the marketing area) 3. availability of suitable land 4. transport facilities 5. availability of labors 6. availability of utilities (water, electricity) 7. environmental impact and effluent disposal 8. local community considerations 9. climate 10. political strategic considerations 11. taxations and legal restrictions
47
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Raw material availability:
The source of raw materials is one of the most important factors influence site selection of a plant site. This is particularly true for the sulfuric acid plant because large volumes of sulfur are consumed in the process which will result the reduction of the transportation and the storage charges. Attention should be given to the purchased price of the raw materials, distance from the source of supply, freight and transportation expenses, availability and reliability of supply, purity of raw materials and storage requirements.
Location:
The location of markets or intermediate distribution centers affects tile cost of product distribution and time required for shipping. Proximity to the major markets is an important consideration in the selection of the plant site, because the buyer usually finds advantageous to purchase from near by sources. In case of sulfuric acid plant, the major consumers are fertilizer industries and hence the plant should be erected in close proximity to those units.
Availability of suitable land:
The characteristics of the land at the proposed plant site should be examined carefully. The topography of the tract of land structure must be considered; since either of both may have a pronounced effect on the construction costs. The cost of the land is important, as well as local building cost sand living conditions. Future changes may make it desirable or necessary to expand the plant facilities. The land should be ideally flat, well drained and have load-bearing characteristics. A full site evaluation should be made to determine the need for piling or other special foundations.
Transport:
The transport of materials and products to and from plant will be an overriding consideration in site selection. If practicable, a site should be selected so that it is close to
48
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
at least two major forms of transport: road, rail, waterway or a seaport. Road transport is being increasingly used, and is suitable for local distribution from a central warehouse. Rail transport will be cheaper for the long distance transport. If possible the plant site should have access to all three types of transportations. There is usually need for convenient rail and air transportation facilities between the plant and the main company head quarters, and the effective transportation facilities for the plant personnel are necessary.
Availability of labors:
Labors will be needed for construction of the plant and its operation. Skilled construction workers will usually be brought him from outside the site, but there should be ail adequate pool of unskilled labors available locality, and labors suitable for training to operate the plant. Skilled tradesmen will be needed for plant maintenance. Local trade union customs and restrictive practices will have to be considered when assessing tile availability and suitability of the labors for recruitment and training.
Availability of utilities:
The “utilities” is generally used for the ancillary services n eeded in the operation of any production process. These services will normally be supplied from a central facility and includes water, fuel and electricity which are briefly described as follows:
Water:-
Tile water is required for large industrial as well as general purposes, starting with water for cooling washing, steam generation and as a raw material ]it the production of sulfuric acid. The plant therefore must be located where a dependable water supply is available namely lakes, rivers, wells, seas. It the water supply shows seasonal fluctuations, it’s desirable to construct a reservoir or to drill several standby wells. Tile temperature, mineral content, slit and sand content, bacteriological content, and cost for supply and purifications treatment must also be considered when choosing a water supply. Demineralized water,
49
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
from which all the minerals have been removed is used where pure water is needed for the process use, in boiler feed. Natural and forced draft cooling towers are generally used to provide the cooling water required on site.
Electricity:
Power and steam requirements are high in most industrial plants and fuel is ordinarily required to supply these utilities. Power, fuel and stem are required for running, the various equipments like generators, motors, turbines, plant lighting and general use and thus be considered as one major factor is choice of plant site.
Environmental impact and effluent disposal:
Facilities must be provided for the effective disposal of the effluent without any public nuisance. In choosing a plant site, the permissible tolerance levels for various effluents should be considered and attention should be given to potential requirements for additional waste treatment facilities. As all industrial processes produce waste products, full consideration must be given to the difficulties and coat of their disposal. The disposal of toxic and harmful effluents will be covered by local regulations, and the appropriate authorities must be consulted during the initial site survey to determine the standards that must be met.
Local community considerations:
The proposed plant must fit with and be acceptable to the local community. Full consideration must be given to the safe location of the plant so that it does not impose a significant additional risk to the community
Climate:
Adverse climatic conditions at site will increase costs. Extremes of low temperatures will require the provision of additional insulation and special heating for equipment and piping. Similarly, excessive humidity and hot temperatures pose serious problems must be
50
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
considered for selection a site for the plant. Stronger structures will be needed at locations subject to high wind loads or earthquakes.
Political and strategic consideration:
Capital grants tax concessions, and other inducements are often given by governments to direct new investments to preferred locations, such as areas of high unemployment. The availability of such grants can be the overriding considerations in site selection.
Taxation and legal restrictions:
State and local tax rates on property income, unemployment insurance, and similarly items vary from one location to another. Similarly, local regulations on zoning, building codes, nuisance aspects and other facilities can have influence in the final choice of the plant site.
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HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Chapter-11 Site selection parameter
52
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Site selection parameter Plant layout:
After the flow process diagrams are completed and before detailed piping, structural and electrical design can been, the layout of process units in a plant and the equipment within these process unit must be planned. This layout can play an important part in determining construction and manufacturing costs, and thus must be planned carefully with attention been given to future problems that may arise.
Thus the economic construction and efficient operation of a process unit will depend on how well the plant and equipment specified on the process flow sheet is laid out. Tile principal factors that are considered are listed below: 1. Economic consideration: construction and operating costs. 2. Process requirements. 3. Convenience of operation. 4. Convenience of maintenance. 5. Health and safety considerations. 6. Future plant expansion. 7. Modular construction. 8. Waste disposal requirements.
Costs:
The cost of construction can be minimized by adopting a layout that gives the shortest run of connecting pipe between equipment, and least amount of structural steel work. However, this will not necessarily be the best arrangement for operation and maintenance.
Process requirements:
An example of the need to take into account process consideration is the need to elevate the base columns to provide the necessary net positive suction head to pump.
53
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Convenience of operation:
Equipment that needs to have frequent attention should be located convenient to the control room. Valves, sample points, and 4isti-umeiits should be located at convenient positions and height. Sufficient working space and headroom must be provided to allow easy access to equipment.
Convenience of maintenance:
Heat exchanges need to be sited so that the tube bundles can be easily withdrawal for cleaning and tube replacement. Vessels that require frequent replacement of catalyst or packing should be located on the outside of building. Equipment that requires dismantling for maintenance, such as compressors and large pumps, should be places under cover.
Healthy and safety considerations:
Blast walls may be needed to isolate potentially hazardous equipment, and confine tile effects of an explosion. At least two escape routes for operators must be provided from each level in process buildings
Future plant expansion:
Equipment should be located so that it can be conveniently tied in with any future expansion of the process. Space should be left on pipe alleys for future needs, and service pipes over-sized to allow for future requirements.
Modular construction:
54
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
In recent years there has been a move to assemble sections of plant at tile plant manufacturer’s site. These modules will include the equipment, structural steel, piping and its instrumentation. The modules are then transported to the plant site, by road or sea. The advantages of modular construction are: 1. Improved quality control. 2. Reduces construction cost. 3. Less need for skilled labors on site.
The disadvantages of modular construction are: 1. Higher design costs & more structural steel work.
55
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
PLANT LAYOUT
56
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Chapter-12 Economic evalution
57
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Economic evaluation Basis
Ton/day
Working day
Ton/year
30
350
10500
Plant Capacity
Raw Material costs: Chemicals
Rs./kg
Ton/day
Ton /year
Rs./year
formaldehyde
22
42.855
14999.25
329983500
NH3
20
16.131
5645.85
112917000
Total
442900500
Operating Labor Costs: Position
Nos.
Pay/month
pay/year
M.D.
1
60000
720000
V.P.
0
40000
0
G.M.
1
35000
420000
1
28000
336000
1
15000
180000
5
12000
720000
Supervisor
10
6000
720000
Technician
3
3000
108000
Chemist
2
6000
144000
Clerk
6
3500
252000
Peon
4
2000
96000
Skilled labours
10
4000
480000
20
3000
720000
Production Manager Plant Incharge Product. Engineer
Unskilled labours Total
4896000
58
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Purchased Equipment Cost:
Equipments
No
Total
Capacity Price/unit
price
Reactor
1
10 M
1,700,000
Centrifuge
1
10hp
533617
533,617
Dryer
1
9M
1533617
1533617
NH3 liquefaction Plant
1
1000000
1000000
Pumps
8
5hp
41500
332,000
Storage tank
1
50M
932567
1865134
NH3 Storage tank
1
20M
465000
465,000
Water Storage tank
1
50M
932567
932567
Boiler
1
7M
Cooling Tower
1
Holding Tank
2
20M
Total
1,700,000
1265655
1,265,655
355690
355,690
565000
1130000 9,579,663
Estimation of fixed Capital Cost: I. Direct Costs:
A
purchase equipment cost
9579663
Installation including insulation and
B
1 painting
40 % P.E.C.
3831865.2
2 Instrument. & control installed
10 % P.E.C.
957966.3
3 Piping installed
80 % P.E.C.
7663730.4
4 Electrical installed
15 % P.E.C.
1436949.45
70 % P.E.C.
6705764.1
Building, process and auxiliaries Service facilities and yard
C
improvement
70 % P.E.C.
6705764.1
D
Land
6 % P.E.C.
574779.78
Direct cost
37456482.3
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HEXAMINE 2013-2014
II. Indirect Costs:
3745648.23 A
Engineering and supervision
10 % D.C.
Construction expenses and contractor B
fee
3 7491296.46
20 % D.C.
6 3745648.23
C
Contingency
10 % D.C.
Indirect Cost
3
14982592.9
Fixed Capital Investment:
(iii)
F.C.I. = Direct cost + Indirect cost
52439075.3
Working Capital:
13109768.8 (iv)
Working capital
15 % T.C.
2
Total Capital Investment:
T.C.I. = Fixed capital investment + (v)
working capital.
ESTIMATION OF TOTAL PRODUCT COST:
60
1.25×F.C.I.
65548844.0 8
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Manufacturing Cost:
Direct Product Cost:
1 raw material cost
10 to 50 % T.P.C.
442900500
2 Operating labour
10 to 50 % T.P.C.
4896000
3 Direct supervisory & clerical labours
15 % O.L.C.
734400
4 Utilities
15 % T.P.C.
132870150 3146344.51
5 Maintenance and repair
6 % F.C.I.
6 471951.677
6 Operating supplies
15 % M & R
4
7 Lab charges
10 % O.L.C.
489600
8 Patent and Royalty
2 % T.P.C.
17716020 603224966.
Direct product cost
2
Fixed Charges:
1 Depreciation
10 % F.C.I.+2 % Building
5378022.808
2 Local taxes
1 % F.C.I.
524390.7526
3 Insurance
1 % F.C.I.
524390.7526
4 Rent
8 % land & Building
582443.5104
Fixed charges
7009247.824
Plant Overhead:
1 Plant Overhead
50 % (O.L.C + sup. + Main)
61
4388372.258
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Manufacturing Cost:
Manufacturing cost :-
D.P.C. + F.C. + P.O.C.
614622586.3
General Expenses:
A
Adm. Cost
15 % Plant Overhead
658255.8387
Distribution and selling B
cost
10 % T.P.C.
88580100
C
R.N.D.
5 % T.P.C.
44290050 133528405.8
General Expenses
Total Production Cost:
T.P.C. = mfg + General expenses
748150992.1 Cost/year
Total production cost /kg.
71.25247544 Rs/Kg
Selling Price:
Selling price :-
75 Rs/Kg
Total Income:
Total Income :-
787500000 Rs./year
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HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Gross Earning:
Gross Earning :-
Total income- T.P.C.
39349007.89 Rs/year
Gross Earning-40 %G.E.
23609404.73 Rs/year
Net Profit:
Net Profit :-
Pay Out Period:
Pay out peroid :-
F.C.I /Net profit
2.22110959
( F.C.I+Dep/year) /(Net Pay out peroid :-
profit+Dep/year)
1.994557744
Rate of Return:
Rate of Return :-
net profit/(F.C.I.+W.C.)×100
36.01803367
Turn Over Ratio:
Turn Over Ratio = Gross annual
15.01742729
sales/(F.C.I.) B.E.P
n = F.C./(S.P-D.P.C)
F.C.
144926026
Rs
D.P.C /Kg
57.449997
Rs/kg
Sell Price
75
Rs/kg
63
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Chapter-13 Important aspects of safety
64
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Important aspects of safety HEXAMETHYLENE TETRAMINE Product name: Hexamethylene Tetramine Synonyms: Hexamine; Aminoform; HMTA; Methenamine; Urotropin Chemical Formula: C6H12N4
Hazards Identification:
Emergency Overview CAUTION! May form combustion dust concentrations in air. nuisanance dust Irritating to eyes and respiratory system..
Adverse Human Health Effects:
1) Inhalation: Dust may be formed under certain conditions of use. 2) Harmful by ingestion. Irritating to eyes and respiratory system. May irritate skin. Used medicinally as an antiseptic. 3) If ingested in large quantities can cause gastro-intestinal upsets. crystites,haematuria and renal lesions due to evolution of formaldehyde. Environmental Effects Exposure will make the air polluted by fishlike smell
Physical and Chemical Hazards:
1) None with water. 2) Can react with oxidizer
First-Aid Measures:
Inhalation: Remove from exposure, rest and keep warm.
In severe cases, obtain medical attention.
Ingestion: Wash out mouth thoroughly with water and give plenty of water to drink.
Obtain Medical Attention.
65
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Skin Contact 1) Wash off thoroughly with water. 2) Remove contaminated clothing and wash before re-used. 3) In severe cases, Obtain Medical Attention. Eye Contact Irrigate thoroughly with water for at least 10 minutes. If discomfort persists, Obtain Medical Attention. Fire-Fighting Measures:
Extinguishing Media Foam, water fog, dry chemical. Fire and Explosion Hazards Fine dust dispersed in air in sufficient concentrations, and in the presence of an ignition source is a potential dust explosion hazard.May evolve toxic fumes in fire. Special Firefighting Procedures. Special Equipment for the Protection of Firefighters In the event of a fire, wear full protective clothing and NIOSH-approved self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece operated in the pressure demand or other positive pressure mode and full protective clothing for Chemicals.
Accidental Release Measures:
Personal Precautions Wear appropriate personal protective equipment
Environmental Precautions:
1) Remove all sources of ignition. 2)This material should be kept out of sewage and drainage systems and all bodies of water. 3) Clean up releases as soon as possible 4) Ventilate the area of leak .
Methods for Cleaning Up:
1) Spray the water mist to Avoid dust formation 2) Spill water to clean the area of leak 3) Pick up the wastewater to sewage farm.
66
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Handling and Storage:
Handling: Avoid dust formation and control ignition sources.
Storage:
1) Keep the Storage area dry , drafty and cool. 2) Keep away from all sources of ignition. 3) Keep away from the oxidisers 4) Make sure the extinguisher and Fire-detecting system was setting in appropriate place. 5) Store in a tightly closed container.
Exposure Controls / Personal Protection: Engineering Measure:
1) Use adequate general or local exhaust ventilation to keep airborne-concentrations below the permissible exposure limits. 2) Employ grounding, venting and explosion relief provisions in accord with accepted engineering practices in any process capable of generating dust and/or static electricity. Control parameters Limit values: No information available. Biological Standards: No information available
Personal Protective Equipment Respiratory Protection: Dust respirator Hand Protection: plastic or rubber gloves Eye Protection: Goggles or face shield Skin and Body Protection: Plastic apron,sleeves,boots-if handing large quantities.
Specific Hygiene Measures:
1) Eye bath. 2) Washing facilities. 3) Safety shower.
67
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
4) Impermeable boots and apron as required to avoid prolonged or repeated contact.
Physical and Chemical Properties:
Physical State: solid Form White to ivory granule or powdered color White to ivory, Odor o
o
fishlike smell, pH: 7.0~9.0 (100gr/l aq. at 20 C ) Boiling Point: 263 C o
o
Decomposition Temperature: 260~263 C Flash Point: 250 C Explosion Properties: 15 g/m3 Vapor pressure: Vapor density 4.88 (Air=1) o
o
Density: 1.33 g/cm3 at 20 C, 1.27 g/cm3 at 25 C Bulk Density: 600kg/m3 o
Solubility: 1) 853 g/l in H2O/ at 25 C o
2) Ethanol/ at 20 C, soluble o
3) Chloroform/ at 20 C, soluble o
4) Ethyl Ether/ at 20 C, Insoluble Stability and Reactivity:
Stability Stable under ordinary conditions of use and storage. Possible Hazardous Reactions Occurring under Specific Conditions 1) Can react with oxidising materials 2)
Will
react
with
Hydrogen
Peroxide
to
product
an
explosive
material
HMTP(Hexamethylene Triperoxide Diamine) 3) Will react with Nitric Acid to product :Cyclotrimethylene Trinitriamine Conditions to Avoid
Heat, flame, ignition sources, dusting, Static electricity and
incompatibles. Toxicological Information:
Acute toxicity 1) LD10 oral : Mouth 512 mg/kg. 2) LD50 oral : Lungs: 9200 mg/kg. Local effects 1) Irritating to eyes,skin and respiratory system. Sensitization 1) Irritating to eyes respiratory system,and skin.
68
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
2) If ingested in large quantities can cause gastro-intestinal upsets. crystites,haematuria and renal lesions due to evolution of formaldehyde. Chronic Toxicity or Long Term Toxicity long Term contact with Hexamine is harmful to health. . Ecological Information:
This material forms a strongly basic aqueous solution, and this property may cause adverse environmental effects. It has the following properties: A high biochemical ox ygen demand and a potential to cause oxygen depletion in aqueous systems, a high potential to affect aquatic organisms, a high potential to affect secondary waste treatment microbial metabolism, a high potential to affect the germination and/or early growth of some plants, a low potential to affect the growth of some plant seedlings, a low potential to biodegrade (Low persistence) with
unacclimated
microorganisms
from
activated
sludge,
a
low
potential
to
bioconcentrate. After dilution with a large amount of water, followed by secondary waste treatment, this material is not expected to cause adverse envi ronmental effects. Disposal Considerations:
Recommended Methods for Safe and Environmentally Preferred Disposal Dispose of in a manner consistent with federal, state, and local re gulations.
69
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET AMMONIA
Description:
Chemical Name: Ammonia, Anhydrous Synonyms: Ammonia, Liquefied Chemical Family: Ammonia Formula: NH3 Mol. Wt.:17.03
Health Hazard:
HAZARD DESCRIPTION: Irritant and corrosive to skin, eye, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. May cause severe burns, eye and lung injuries. Skin and respiratory related diseases aggravated by exposure. Not recognized by OSHA as a carcinogen. Not listed in the National Toxicology Program annual report. Not listed as a carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.
Effects Of Overexposure:
Eye: lachrymation, edema, blindness.
Skin: Irritation, corrosive burns, blisters formation. Contact with liquid will freeze the
tissue, then produces a caustic burn. Inhalation: heavy, acute exposure may result in severe irritation of the respiratory tract, glottal edema, bronchialspasm, pulmonary edema and respiratory arrest.
70
HEXAMINE 2013-2014
Chronic effects: Bronchitis. Extreme exposure (5000 ppm) can cause immediate death
from spasm, inflammation or edema of larynx.
Emergency Aid:
Skin: flush with copious amounts of water while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Do not rub, or apply ointment on affected area Ingestion: if conscious, give large amount of water to drink. Refer immediately to physician.
Eye: flush with copious amounts of water for 15 min. Eyelids should be held apart and away from eyeball for thorough rinsing. Speed and thoroughness in rinsing the eye is most important in preventing latent permanent injuries. Inhalation: remove to fresh air. Administer oxygen or artificial respiration if necessar y.
Note to Physician: Lung injury may appear as delayed phenomenon, pulmonary edema
may follow chemical bronchitis. Supportive treatment with necessary ventilation actions, including oxygen, may warrant consideration. Physical Data:
Boiling Pt: -33° C (-28° F) Freezing Pt: -78º C (-108° F) Vapor Density (AIR=1): 0.596 @ 0° C (32° F) Vapor Pressure: 10 atm @ 25.7º C Solubilty in Water: 89.9 g/100cc @ 0ºC Specific Gravity (H2O=1): 0.682 @ 4° C (39° F) Evaporation Rate (Water=1) Faster than water Percent Volatile: 100% Surface Tension: 23.4 Dynes/cm @ 11.1ºC Appearance & Odor: Colorless gas/liquid and pungent odor
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Fire and Explosion Hazard Data:
Flash Point: None Auto ignition Temp: 651 ºC (1204ºF) catalyzed by iron; 850 ºC (1562ºF) uncatalyzed Flammable Limits In Air: LEL 15% UEL 28% Extinguishing Media: Non-combustible
Special Fire-Fighting Procedures:
Must wear protective clothing and respiratory protection. Stop source if possible. Cool fire exposed containers with water spray. Stay upwind and use water spray to knock down vapor and dilute.
Unusual Fire and Explosion Hazards:
Not generally a fire hazard. If relief valves are inoperative, heat-exposed storage containers may become explosion hazards. Ammonia contact with chemicals such as mercury, chlorine, iodine, bromine, silver oxide, or hypochlorites can form explosive compounds. Special hazards with chlorine to form chloramine gas, also a primary skin irritant and sensitizer. Combustion may form toxic nitrogen oxides.
Chemical Reactivity
Stability:
Stable at room temperature. Ammonia will react exothermically with acids and water.
Conditions To Avoid:
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Avoid mixing with sulfuric acid or other strong mineral acids. Avoid mixing with hypochlorites (chlorine bleach) or other halogens and sodium hydroxide. Avoid contact with galvanized surfaces, copper, brass, bronze, aluminum alloys, mercury, gold, silver, and strong oxidizers. Avoid heating.
Hazardous Decomposition Products:
Hydrogen and nitrogen gases above 450º C (842º F) Steps To Be Taken:
Wear respiratory protection and protective clothing, see Protective Equipment:
Stop source if possible. If Exposure concerns are present, stay upwind and use water spray downwind of leak source to absorb ammonia gas and dilute. CAUTION: Adding water directly to liquid spills will increase volatilization of ammonia, thus increasing possibility of exposure. Waste Disposal:
Listed as hazardous substance under CWA (40 CFR 1164.40 CFR 117.3 Reportable Quantity 100 lbs. OR 45.4kg) Classed as a hazardous waste under RCRA (40 CFR 261.32 Corrosive # D002). Comply with all regulations. Suitably diluted product may be disposed of on agricultural land as fertilizer. Keep spill from entering streams or lakes.
Special Protection And Procedures:
Respiratory Protection:
MSHA/NIOSH approved respiratory protection with full face piece for gas and vapor contaminants effective for anhydrous ammonia and able to be used for entry and escape in emergencies. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.134 and ANSI: Z88.2 for requirements and selection.
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Ventilation:
Local exhaust sufficient to keep ammonia gas below Permissible Exposure Limits. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.134 and ANSI: Z9.2 for requirements and selection.
Protective Equipment:
Splash-proof, chemical safety goggles, rubber gloves and boots to prevent contact. Respiratory protection. Cotton work clothes recommended. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.132 to 1910.136 for requirements. Special Precautions Storage And Handling:
Store in cool, well-ventilated area with containers tightly closed. OSHA 29 CFR 1910.111 prescribes handling and storage requirements for anhydrous ammonia as a hazardous material. Work-Place Protective Equipment:
As discussed above should be near, but outside of ammonia area. Eyewash and safety shower in immediate vicinity. See 29 CFR 1910.141 for workplace requirements.
Disposal:
Ammonia is listed as a hazardous substance under FWPCA. See WASTE
Personal:
Avoid unnecessary exposure. Use protective equipment as needed. Do not wear contact lenses.
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MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FORMALDEHYDE
Product Name: Formaldehyde 37% solution Synonym: Formalin Chemical Name: Formaldehyde Chemical Formula: HCHO
Hazards Identification: Potential Acute Health Effects:
Very hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, . Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant, sensitizer, permeator), of eye contact (corrosive). Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive). Severe over-exposure can result in death. Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering, an d itching.
First Aid Measures
Eye Contact:
Check for and remove any contact lenses. Immediately flush eyes with running water for at least 15 minutes, keeping eyelids open. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention immediately.
Skin Contact:
In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Cold water may be used.Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get medical attention. 75
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Serious Skin Contact:
Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek immediate medical attention. Inhalation:
If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention immediately. Serious Inhalation:
Evacuate the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. If breathing is di fficult, administer oxygen. If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. WARNING: It may be hazardous to the person providing aid to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation when the inhaled material is toxic, infectious or corrosive. Seek immediate medical attention. Ingestion:
If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. Get medical attention immediately.
Fire and Explosion Data
Flammability of the Product: Flammable.
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances:
Flammable in presence of open flames and sparks, of heat. Non-flammable in presence of shocks, of oxidizing materials, of reducing materials, of combustible materials, of organic materials, of metals, of acids, of alkalis.
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions:
Flammable liquid, soluble or dispersed in water. SMALL FIRE: Use DRY chemical powder.
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LARGE FIRE: Use alcohol foam, water spray or fog. Cool containing vessels with water jet in order to prevent pressure build-up, autoignition or explosion.
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards:
Explosive in the form of vapor when exposed to heat or flame. Vapor may travel considerable distance to source of ignition and flash back. When heated to decomposition, it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes. CAUTION: MAY BURN WITH NEAR INVISIBLE FLAME (Methyl alcohol)
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards:
Reaction with peroxide, nitrogen dioxide, and permformic acid can cause an explosion. (Formaldehyde gas)
Accidental Release Measures
Small Spill:
Dilute with water and mop up, or absorb with an inert dry material and place in an appropriate waste disposal container. If necessary: Neutralize the residue with a dilute solution of sodium carbonate.
Large Spill:
Flammable liquid. Poisonous liquid. Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Stop leak if without risk. Absorb with DRY earth, sand or other non-combustible material. Do not get water inside container. Do not touch spilled material. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Prevent entry into sewers, basements or confined areas; dike if needed. Call for assistance on disposal. Neutralize the residue with a dilute solution of sodium carbonate. Be careful that the product is not present at a concentration level above TLV. Check TLV on the MSDS and with local authorities.
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Handling and Storage: Precautions:
Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Ground all equipment containing material. Do not ingest. Do not breathe gas/fumes/ vapor/spray. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the container or the label. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing agents, reducing agents, acids, alkalis, moisture. Storage:
Store in a segregated and approved area. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Keep container tightly closed and sealed until ready for use. Avoid all possible sources of ignition (spark or flame).
Exposure Controls/Personal Protection Engineering Controls:
Provide exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to keep the airborne concentrations of vapors below their respective threshold limit value. Ensure that eyewash stations and safety showers are proximal to the work-station location.
Personal Protection:
Safety glasses. Lab coat. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves (impervious).
Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill:
Splash goggles. Full suit. Vapor respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist
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Physical and Chemical Properties Physical state and appearance: Liquid. Odor: Pungent. Suffocating. (Strong.) Taste: Not available. Molecular Weight: 30.02 Color: Clear Colorless. pH (1% soln/water): 3 [Acidic.] pH of the solution as is. Boiling Point: 98°C (208.4°F) Melting Point: -15°C (5°F) Critical Temperature: The lowest known value is 240°C (464°F) (Methyl alcohol). Specific Gravity: 1.08 (Water = 1) Vapor Pressure: 2.4 kPa (@ 20°C) Vapor Density: 1.03 (Air = 1) Volatility: 100% (w/w). Odor Threshold: The highest known value is 100 ppm (Methyl alcohol) Ionicity (in Water): Non-ionic. Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water, diethyl ether, acetone. Solubility:
Easily soluble in cold water, hot water. Soluble in diethyl ether, acetone, alcohol Section 10: Stability and Reactivity Data Stability: The product is stable. Instability Temperature: Not available. Conditions of Instability: Heat, ignition sources (flames, sparks), incompatible materials Incompatibility with various substances:
Reactive with oxidizing agents, reducing agents, acids, alkalis. Slightly reactive to reactive with metals. Corrosivity: Non-corrosive in presence of glass. Polymerization: Will not occur.
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Toxicological Information Routes of Entry: Absorbed through skin. Dermal contact. Eye contact. Inhalation. Toxicity to Animals:
Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 42 mg/kg [Mouse]. (Formaldehyde) Acute dermal toxicity (LD50): 15800 mg/kg [Rabbit]. (Methyl alcohol). Acute toxicity of the mist(LC50): 454000 mg/m 4 hours [Mouse]. (Formaldehyde) Toxic Effects on Humans:
Very hazardous in case of ingestion, .Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant, sensitizer, permeator), of eye contact (corrosive), of inhalation (lung corrosive). Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive). Ingestion: Prolonged or repeated ingestion may cause gastrointestinal tract irritation and ulceration or bleeding from the stomach. Other effects may be similar to that of acute ingestion. Disposal Considerations Waste Disposal:
Waste must be disposed of in accordance with fed eral, state and local environmental control regulations.
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Chapter-14 Effluent treatment related to product
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Effluent treatment related to product WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
Wastewater treatment can be divided into four major categories or steps 1. Preliminary treatment - It involves a number of unit processes to eliminate undesirable characteristics of wastewater. Processes include use of screen sand grates for removal of large particles, communitors for grinding of coarse solids, pre-aeration for odour control and some removal of grease. 2. Primary treatment- It involves removal of readily settable solids prior to biological treatment. Sedimentation chambers are the main units involved but various auxiliary processes such as floatation, flocculation and fine screening may also be used. 3. Secondary treatment- It involves purification of waste water primarily by decomposition of suspended and dissolved organic matter by microbial action. A number of processes are available but mainly used are land treatment, activated sludge process or the biological filtration methods. 4. Auxiliary treatment- This mainly includes large number of physical and chemical treatment processes that can be used before or after the biological treatment to meet the treatment objectives. PHYSICAL TREATMENT PROCESSES Physical treatment separates solids from wastewater mechanically with screens or using density difference as with sedimentation and floatation. PRELIMINARY TREATMENT - These are mainly physical processes. This includes-
• Grit chambers use gravity to remove grit and dirt which mainly consists of mineral particles and coarse screens strain out large solids and when organic material enters as large particles comminutors can be used to reduce particle size to enhance treatment in later stages. • Equalisation- Equalisation is a process to equalise wastes by holding waste streams in a tank for a certain period of time prior to treatment in order to obtain a stable waste stream that is easier to treat. Equalisation helps in mixing smaller volumes of concentrated wastes with larger volumes at lower concentrations. It also controls the pH to prevent fluctuations that could upset the efficiency of treatment system, by mixing acid and alkaline wastes. Equalisation tanks are equipped with agitators that help not only in proper mixing of waste water but also prevent suspended solids from settling to the bottom of the unit.
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• Pre-aeration or pre-chlorination- This process helps in controlling odours if wastewater becomes oxygen deficient while travelling through the sewer collection system. It also helps in grease removal during primary clarification. PRIMARY TREATMENT - These are also mainly physical processes. These include-
• Sedimentation- Removal of readily settleable inert and organic solids is accomplished in sedimentation. Fine screens may also be used in the treatment process. Sedimentation chambers may also include baffles and oil skimmers to remove grease and floatable solids and may include mechanical scrapers for removal of sludge at the bottom of the chamber. • Dissolved air floatation- It is the process of using fine bubbles to induce suspended particles to raise to the surface tank where they can be collected and removed. Gas bubbles are introduced into the wastewater and attach themselves to the particles, thus reducing their specific gravity and causing them to float. Bubbles may be generated by dispersing air mechanically •
Flocculation- It is physical- chemical process that encourages the aggregation of coagulated colloidal and finely divided suspended matter by physical mixing or chemical coagulant aids. Flocculation process consists of a rapid mix tank and a flocculation tank. The waste stream is initially mixed with a coagulant in the rapid mix tank and after mixing the coagulated waste water flows to the flocculation basin where slow mixing of waste occurs which allows the particles to agglomerate into heavier more settleable solids. Either mechanical paddles or diffused air provide mixing. Three different types of chemicals used in coagulation are inorganic electrolytes, natural organic polymers and synthetic poly electrolytes. The selection of a specific chemical depends on the characteristics and chemical properties of the contaminants.
• Emulsion breaking- It involves addition of chemicals and/or heat to cause dispersed oil droplets to coalesce and separate from the wastewater. This process mainly used for pre-treatment of oily wastewater. Commonly used method is acid cracking where sulphuric or hydrochloric acid is added to the oil water mixture until pH reaches 1 or 2. Another alternative to this is where emulsion breaking chemicals such as surfactants and coagulants are added to the mixture and the contents are mixed. After the emulsion bond is broken, oil residue is allowed to float to the top of the tank. Heat may be applied to speed the separation process. The oil is then skimmed by mechanical means or the water is decanted from the bottom of the tank. •
Clarification- Clarification system utilise gravity to provide continuous, low cost separation and removal of particulate, flocculated impurities and precipitates from water and generally follow the processes which generate suspended solids such as biological treatment. In a clarifier wastewater is allowed to flow slowly and uniformly, permitting the solids more dense than water to settle down. The clarified water flows
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from the top of the clarifier over the weir. Solids get collected at the bottom and sludge must be periodically removed, dewatered and disposed. CHEMICAL TREATMENT PROCESSES Chemical treatment may be used at any stage in the treatment process as and when required. Mainly used methods are-
•
Neutralization- This process is used to adjust pH of the waste water to optimise treatment efficiency. Untreated wastewater has a wide range of pH values and may require neutralization to eliminate either high or low values prior to certain treatment. Acids such as sulphuric or hydrochloric may be added to reduce pH or alkalis such as sodium hydroxide may be added to raise pH values. Neutralization may take place in a holding, rapid mix or an equalisation tank. It can be carried out mainly at the end of the treatment system to control the pH of discharge in order to meet the standards.
•
Precipitation- It is carried to remove metal compounds from waste water. It is a twostep process. In the first step precipitants are mixed with wastewater allowing the formation of insoluble metal precipitants. Detention time depends on the wastewater being treated, chemical used and the desired effluent quality. In the second step precipitated metals are removed from wastewater through filtration or clarification and the resulting sludge must be properly treated, recycled or disposed. Various chemicals used are lime, sodium hydroxide, soda ash, sodium sulphide and ferrous sulphate. Normally hydroxide precipitation which is effective in removing metals like antimony, arsenic, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel and zinc and sulphide precipitation which is used in removing lead, copper, silver, cadmium etc. may be used.
SECONDARY TREATMENT Biological treatment Processes
Biological treatment processes are used primarily for secondary treatment and use microbial action to decompose suspended and dissolved organic wastewater. Microbes use the organic compounds as both a source of carbon and as a source of energy. Success of biological treatment depends on many factors such as the pH, temperature, nature of pollutants, nutrient requirement of microbes, presence of inhibiting pollutants and the variations in the feed stream loading.
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CONCLUSION
From the financial analysis it is clear that the capital investment required for installing is not very high. The payback period is also not very high and the plant gives very attractive returns.
The increase in the selling price of Ammonia is certainly considered very challenging. Any small change in the market prices of the raw materials consequently affects the payout period as well the rate of return. Thus we have to constantly keep an eye on the present as well as the future market prices of the raw materials and products.
For the adequate supply of the raw material formaldehyde, in the future we can set up a plant of formaldehyde from methanol. And if the setup is efficiently managed we can hopefully affect the profitability to the great extent.
As a conclusion Manufacture of Hexamine appears to be a attractive proposal.
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