Propiedades Físicas
Agua
Vapor de Agua
KJ/kg ºC
4.2
Btu/lb ºF
1.0
Densidad
kg/m3 lb/ft3
1000 2.29
Calor Latente
KJ/kg Btu/lb
1200-2100 51-903
!/m ºC
0.55-0.70
Btu/" ft ºF
0.32-0.40
#P
1.8 @ 0 ºC 0.57 @ 50 ºC 0.28 @ 100 ºC 0.14 @ 200 ºC 1-15
Propiedades Capacidad Calorífica
Cond. Térmica
Viscosidad
Número de Prandt
Unidade s
Aire
Líquidos Orgánicos
Vapores Orgánicos
2.0
1.0
1.0-2.5
2.0-4.0
0.479
0.239 1.29@STP 0.08@STP
700-1500 43.-94.4 200-1000 8-430
900-1200 0.0250.070 0.01440.040
0.239-0.598 0.479-0.958
0.025-0.05
0.10-0.20
0.02-0.0
0.0140.029
0.05 0.0577-0. 0.1 11
0.1 0.11-0. -0.35 35
0.01-0.03
0.02-0.05
$$ %&' (b()*
0.01-0.03
1.0
0.7
10-1000
0.7-0.8
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Datos C(t( & gu( ( f'(' DHl,ED+t,E C((#( & l( B*mb( D+P:E Flu)* ( &f'(' DHP:E
lts 20<000 +t, 500 lm 500 lm
2ls 5<284 Hl, 132.1 HP: 132.1 HP:
T&m&'(tu'( & t'(( &l gu( DT&EDºFE
43
ºC
110
ºF
T&m&'(tu'( & Bulb* Gm&* DºFE
21
ºC
70
ºF
'*m(# (l Bulb* Gm&* D('*(#"E 2.8 D 5-20 ºFE
ºC
5
ºF
5 - 20
T&m&'(tu'( & S(l( &l gu( DT,EDºFE
ºC
75
ºF
0 100
lm/m 2
2.5
gm/,gm/, 1.5 - 3 ft -ft
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-an2o
110ºF 135 0 ºF 80
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ºF -
ºF
b(( & 24 ulg D10 mmE u&& t'(,*'t(' 3000 &, #b#*, "*'( D85 m3 "*'( & m(t&'(l ( u( &l*#( & 100 ft/m D30.5 mt,/mE. +( &l*#( u&& ,&' & "(,t( 00 ft/m D183 mt,/mE. l #*,um* & *t&#( &, '&l(t(m&t& b()*. . +*, t'(,*'t(*'&, & gu,(* u&& ,&' u,(*, ('( t'(,*'t(' ,l*, &g()*,*, * (b'(,*, "(,t( 150 ft D4 mt,E. +( #l(# u&& ,&' "(,t( & u*, 20º. I t'(,*'t(*' & gu,(* & 12 ulg((, D305 mmE & m&t'* u&& t'(,*'t(' & 1000 - 3000 #u.ft / "' D28 - 85 m3/" E ( u(, 40 - 0 'm.
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7istemas de Proplsin (Dri6ers) . f#&#(,6 85-95O ('( m*t*'&,< 40-75O ('( tu'b(, & (*'< 28-38O ('( m*t*'&, ; tu'b(, & g(, B. +*, m*t*'&, &l#t'#*, ,* #(, ,&m'& u,(*, ('( m&*, & 100 GP D75k!E. G(; ,*bl&, "(,t( & 20<000 GP D14<915 k!E C. +*, m*t*'&, & u## ,* l*, m, *ul('&,. +*, m*t*'&, ,#'#*, t&& &l*#(&, t( b()(, #*m* 150 'm ,*l(m&t& ('( t(m(*, & m, & 50 GP D37.3 k!E.+*, m, #*mu&, ,* & 2< 4< ; *l*, #* &l*#(&, & 300< 1800 ; 900 'm '&,&#t(m&t&. +*, m*t*'&, ,#'#*, ,* bu&*, ('( m*&' #*m'&,*'&, '&#'*#(t&, & b()( &l*#(. l*, m*t*'&, &l#t'#*, ,#'#*, l( &l*#( D=P:E &, gu(l ( 6
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0 120 / 8
*t(6 l f&m&* & U'&,b(l(m&t*U "(#& u& l(, &l*#(&, ,&( (lg* m&*'&, 6 )6 1800 =P: ,& #*&'t& & V/- 1750< 3500 =P: & V/- 3450< 900 =P: & V/- 875< &t#. A. +(, tu'b(, & (*' *#(, &#&, ,& u,( ( m&*, & 100GP D75k!E. Su, &l*#(&, u&& ,&' #*t'*l((, ; ,* bu&(, #*m* '&&ml(>*, & m*t*'&, & #(,* & f(ll(, &l ,um,t'* &l#t'#*. . +*, &(,*'&, & g(, u&& ,&' )u,tf#(*, ('( '&#u&'(' ('*, #&t*, & GP,. P('( m&*'&, '&#u&'(#*&,< l( ,mu# & '&, u&& ,&' ( t'(, & lul(, & #*t'*l.
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+*, t(u&, ('( '*#&,(m&t* "&'*'&, & lu*, ,* g&&'(lm&t& "*'>*t(l&,. +*, ,&('(*'&, H(,/+u* ,* g&&'(lm&t& &'t#(l&, B. +( '&l(# +('g*/Am&t'* tm( &, g&&'(lm&t& 3/1 ; &l '(g* &, & 2.5 / 1 ( 5/1 C l t&m* & '&t&# &, & 5 mut*, ('( l*, "&'*'&, ll&*, ( l( mt( ; l*, ,&('(*'&, g(,/lu*. A,&(' ('( u t&m* & '&t&# & 5-10 mut*, ('( "&'*'&, u& (lm&t( *t'(, #*lum(,. A P('( t(u&, u& (lm&t( u "*'*< u t&m* & '&t&# & 30 mut*, &, u( bu&( &,tm(#. . l t(u& & &,#('g( f'&t& & l*, #*m'&,*'&, &b& ,&(',& ('( u t&m* & '&t&# & 10 &#&, &l *lum& & lu* u& (,( *' mut*. F. +*, ,&('(*'&, lu*/lu* &b& ,&(',& ('( &l*#(&, & ,&m&t(# & 2-3 ulg/m H. +( &l*#( &l g(, & l*, ,&('(*'&, g(,/lu* &,6 &l*#( k D&,( &l lu* / D&,( &l (*' - 1EE
0.5
& *& k &, gu(l ( 0.35 ('( l(, m(ll(, ,&('(*'(, "*'>*t(l&, ; 0.17 ('( l(, m(ll(, ,&('(*'(, &'t#(l&,. G. I( m(ll( & ,&, ulg((, & &,&,*' &, mu; *ul(' ('( ,&('(*'&, #*m* &,*,. ?. P('( ,&('(#*&, #* '&, *,t(< g&&'(lm&t& ,* ('*(*, &,(#*, & -18 ulg((, (t&, &l &m,t&' D(E & m(ll( ; & 12 ulg((, &,u, &l &m,t&' D(E.
7ecado de 7lidos . +*, ,&#(*'&, *' (,&', t&& t&m*, & ,&#(* & u*, #u(t*, ,&gu*,. +*, ,&#(*'&, '*t(t*'*, t&& t&m*, & ,&#(* & u*, *#*, mut*, "(,t( u( "*'(. B. +*, ,&#(*'&, #*tu*, & #"('*l(, * & b(( t&& t&m*, & ,&#(* & 10 ( 200 mut*, ('( m(t&'(l&, g'(ul(*, U&l&t,U & 3 ( 15 mm. C. +*, ,&#(*'&, & t(mb*' ('( flu*, (lt(m&t& ,#*,*, '&u&'& t&m*, & #*t(#t* & 3 (12 ,&g ; '*u#& &,#(m(, & 1-3 mm & &,&,*'. +*, m&t'*, ,* g&&'(lmt& & 1.5 - 5 ft D 0.5 . 1.5 mt,E . +(, &l*#(&, & '*t(# ,* & 2 ( 10 'm ; l( #((#( mm( & &(*'(# &, & u(, 3000 lb,/"' D133 kg,/"'E A. +*, ,&#(*'&, '*t(t*'*, #l'#*, *&'( #* &l*#(&, & ('& & 5 ( 10 ft/, D1.5 ( 3 m/,E "(,t( 35 ft/, D10.5 m/,E . +*, t&m*, & '&,&#( ('( & 5 ( 90 m. P('( '*,t*, & ,&*, #(l&, < ,& u,( u '&( & ,&## lb'& & u 85O. +*, ,&*, & #*t'(#*''&t& &b '*u#' u( t&m&'(tu'( &l g(, u& ,&( & 18 ( 35 ºF D10 ( 20 ºCE (''b( & l( t&m&'(tu'( & l*, ,l*,. l flu)* & ('(l&l* &b& '*u#' u( t&m&'(tu'( & l*, ,l*, & ,(l( & 212ºF D100ºCE. S* #*mu&, &l*#(&, & '*t(# & 4 ( 5 'm. l '*u#t* & l(, 'm *' &l m&t'* D& &,E &b& ,&' & 15 ( 25. . +*, ,&#(*'&, & t'(,*'t(# &umt#( ,* ('*(*, ('( ('t#ul(, & 1 ( 3 mm & m&t'* ; & (lgu*, #(,*, "(,t( & 10 mm. +(, &l*#(&, &l ('& ,* u,u(lm&t& & 33 ( 100 ft/, D10 ( 30 mt,/,E. l t&m* & '&,&#( ('( u ,*l* (,* &, t#(m&t& & #&'#( & u mut*. +*, t(m(*, ,* & 0. ( 1.0 ft D 0.2 ( 0.3 mt,E & m&t'* *' 3.3 ( 125 ft D& 1 ( 38 mt,E & l('g*. F. +*, ,&#(*'&, & #(m( flu>(( t'(b()( b& #* ('t#ul(, "(,t( & 4.0 mm & m&t'*. I( bu&( '#t#( &, ,&(' ('( u( &l*#( u& ,&( &
1.7 ( 2.0 &#&, l( &l*#( & flu>(#. *'m(lm&t&< & *&'(#*&, #*tu(,< ,* ,uf#&t&, t&m*, & ,&#(* & 1 ( 2 mut*,.
!otores *léctricos Tr3inas . +(, &f#&#(, ,* & 85-95O ('( l*, m*t*'&, &l#t'#*,< & 42-78O ('( l(, tu'b(, & (*' ; & 28 ( 38O ('( l*, m*t*'&, ; tu'b(, & g(, B. P('( ,&'#*, m&*'&, & 75 k! D100 GPE #(, ,&m'& ,& u,( m*t*'&, &l#t'#*,. Pu&& ,&' u,(*, ('( ,&'#*, "(,t( & 15<000 k! D20<000 GPE C. +(, tu'b(, u&& )u,tf#(',& ('( ,&'#*, *& '*u>#( ('*, #&t*, & GP, A& *t'( m(&'( ,& u,( lul(, & '&gul(# ('( '&l&(' l( '&,. A. I( &,tm(# '( & l( &&'g( ,Wbl& ('( u( tu'b( &,t (( *'6 ( −1) / 0.5 ∆H =C pT11- P2 P1 K K
& *&6
8 &&'g( ,*bl& '&(l< BTI / lb C C((#( & C(l*' DC(l*' ,&#f#*E ( '&, #*,t(t& Btu/lb-ºF T1 T&m&'(tu'( & &t'((< º= P1 P'&, & &t'((< ,(
. m*t*'&, &l#t'#*, ,#'#*, l( &l*#( D=P:E &, gu(l ( 6 =P: * & G&'t>DC#l*, ,&gE 120 / * & P*l*, )6 0 120 / 4 1800 =P:< 0 120 / 2 300 =P:< 0 120 / 8 900 =P:
*t(6 l f&m&* & U'&,b(l(m&t*U "(#& u& l(, &l*#(&, ,&( (lg* m&*'&, 6 )6 1800 =P: ,& #*&'t& & 1750< 3500 =P: & 3450< 900 =P: & 875< &t#.
*6aporacin . +*, t*, m, *ul('&, ,* l*, &(*'(*'&, &'t#(l&, & tub*, l('g*, #* #'#ul(# (tu'(l * f*'>((. l m&t'* & l*, tub*, &, & 3/4U ( 2.5U.
B. +(, &l*#(&, & l*, tub*, & #'#ul(# f*'>(( &,t &t'* & u '(g* & 15-20 ft/, D4.5 - m/,E. C. +( l&(# &l Put* & bull# DPEDBP & ?gl,E u& '&,ult( *' t&&' ,l*, ,u<*,< &b& t*m(',& & #u&t( ('( l(, f&'&#(, u& "(;( &t'& l( t&m&'(tu'( & l( ,*lu# ; l( t&m&'(tu'( &l (*' ,(tu'(*. A. I( P m(;*' & 7 ºF D3.9 ºCE g&&'(lm&t& '&,ult( & u( ,*lu# &#*m#( & 4 ( &f&#t*, & ,&'&< #* (lm&t(# "(#( (&l(t&. C* P m&*'&,< t#(m&t& '&,ult( m, &#*m#* u m&'* m(;*' & &f&#t*, & ,&'&. . I( (lm&t(# "(#( (t', '&,ult( & u( ,*lu# #*#&t'(( #(l&t(( #* &l (*' m, #(l&t&< ; &,t* mm>( &l '&( & t&'#(mb*. S &mb('g* l( ,*lu# t&& u& ,&' b*mb&(( & #(( &t(( ( l( ,gu&t& F. +(, '&,*&, & (*' &t'& &t((, u&& ,&' (um&t((, #* &;&#t*'&, D20 ( 30O &f#&t&,E * #* #*m'&,*'&, & (*' m&##*, D70 ( 75O &f#&t&,E
Filtracin . ?#(lm&t& < l*, '*#&,*, & flt'(* ,& #l(,f#( & (#u&'* ( l( (#umul(# & t*'t( & u flt'* & l(b*'(t*'* & "*)(, ; ( (#* 6 & 0.10 ( 10.0 #m/, D'*E< & 0.10 ( 10.0 #m,/m Dm&*E ; & 0.10 ( 10.0 #m/"' Dl&t*E. B. +*, mt**, & flt'(# #*tu( * ,& &b& u,(' , * ,& f*'m( 0.35 ,m & t*'t( & m&*, & 5 mut*,. C. +*, flt'*, & b((< l*, & t(mb*' '*t(t* #* (lm&t(# ,u&'*' ; l(, #&t'fug(, & Ut* u,"&&'U ,* l*, m&)*'&, ,,t&m(, & flt'(* ('( u flt'(* '*. A. +*, flt'*, & t(mb*' '*t(t* ( (#* ; l(, #&t'fug(, & ,#* * & Ut* &&l&'U ,* l*, ,,t&m(, & flt'(# m&)*'&, ('( u flt'(* m&*. . +*, flt'*, ( '&, * l(, #&t'fug(, & ,&m&t(# ,* l*, m&)*'&, ,,t&m(, ('( flt'(# l&t(. F. +*, flt'*, & #('tu#"*< l*, & t(mb*' #* '&-#(( ; l*, & ('&( u&& ,&' u,(*, ('( '*#&,*, & #l('f#(# #* u( mm(.(#umul(# & t*'t(.
H. P('( l*, m&'(l&, #* m*l* f* ,& u&& utl>(' flt'*, & t(mb*' '*t(t*, ( &l*#(&, & 1<500 lb,/(-ft2 D7<335 kg,/(-m2E ( 20 '&/" ; (#* & 18 ( 25 ulg & Gg D457 ( 35 mm GgE G. +*, ,l*, g'u&,*, ; l*, #',t(l&, u&& ,&' flt'(*, ( &l*#(&, & <000 lb,/(-ft2 D29<340 Kg/(-m2E ( 20 '&/" ; (#* & 2 ( ulg & Gg D 51 ( 152 mm & GgE.
Cam3iadores de Calor . P('( l( &#u(# & t&'#(mb* & #(l*' < IF D+:TAE< u,& F 0.9 #u(* * "(;( ,*bl& t(bl(, #* l*, f(#t*'&, & #*''&## & l( +:TA B. +*, tub*, m, #*mum&t& u,(*, ,* & 3/4U D1.9 #mE & m&t'* &t&'*'< & u (,* t'(gul(' & 1U ; & 1 ft D4.9 mt,E & l('g*. C. I( #('#(>( & 1 ft D30 #mE u&& #*t&&' u*, 100 ft2 D9.3 m2E & tub* I( #('#(>( & 2 ft D0 #mE u&& #*t&&' u*, 400 ft2 D37.2 m2E & tub* I( #('#(>( & 3 ft D90 #mE u&& #*t&&' u*, 1<100 ft2 D102 m2E & tub* A. +(, &l*#(&, t#(, & l*, tub*, &b& ,&' & 3 ( 10 ft/, D1 ( 3 m/,E ('( lu*, ; & 30 ( 100 ft/, D& 9 ( 30 m/,E ('( g(,&,. . +*, flu*, u& ,* #*''*,*,< &,u#(t&,< #'u,t(t&, * & (lt( '&, g&&'(lm&t& ,& (,( *' l*, tub*, F. +*, flu*, ,#*,*, ; l*, u& ,& #*&,( ,* t#(m&t& (,(*, *' &l l(* & l( #('#(>( H. +(, #((, & '&, ,* & u(, 1.5 , D0.1 b('E ('( l( (*'>(# ; & 3 ( 10 , D0.2 ( 0.8 b('E ('( *t'*, ,&'#*,. G. +( t&m&'(tu'( & ('*m(# mm( ('( #(mb(*'&, & C('#(>( ; Tub*, &, & 20ºF D10ºCE ('( flu*, ; & 10ºF D5ºCE ('( '&f'g&'(t&,. ?. l (gu( & l( t*''& & &f'(m&t* t#(m&t& &,t ( u( t&m&'(tu'( mm( & 90ºF D30ºCE ; &b& ,&' '&g'&,(( ( l( t*''& ( * m, & 115ºF D45ºCE J. +*, #*&f#&t&, & t'(,f&'&#( & #(l*' ('( C('#(>( ; Tub*, DIE ('( '*,t*, & &,tm(#*&, ,& u&& &#*t'(' & mu#"*, lb'*, & '&f&'&#( ; t(mb &, *,bl& &#*t'(' u( l,t( U& l&(U & u( & l(, ,gu&t&, '&##*&, ;
"tt6//MMM.#"&'&,*u'#&,.#*m/u&#"(g&',.,"tml "tt6//MMM.'*#&,,(,,*#(t&,.#*m/'*#&,,/"&(t/u(lu&,1."tm K +*, #(mb(*'&, & #(l*' & A*bl& Tub* u&& ,&' u( bu&( (lt&'(t( ('( '&(, & 100 ( 200 ft2 D9.3 ( 18. m2E + +*, #(mb(*'&, & #(l*' & ,'(l ( m&u* ,& u,( ('( t&'#(mb* #* l**, (gu(*, D,lu''&,E ; #* *t'*, m(t&'(l&, u& #*t&g( ,l*,. :. +*, #(mb(*'&, & l(#(, #* &m(u&, u&& ,&' u,(*, "(,t( 320ºF D10ºCE ; ( m&u* ,& u,( ('( t&'#(mb(' fu#*&,< &b* ( ,u, (lt(, &f#&#(, ; ,u "(bl( ('( U#'u>('U t&m&'(tu'(,. :, f*'m(# ,*b'& #(mb(*'&, & #(l*' #*m(#t*, ,& u&& &#*t'(' & ; "tt6//MMM.u,.t"&'m(l.(lf(l((l.#*m/
!e,clado <2itacin . C* &l*#(&, ,u&'f#(l&, &l flu* & 0.10 ( 0.20 ft/,D0.03 ( 0.0 m/,E '&,ult( u( (gt(# l&& . C* &l*#(&, ,u&'f#(l&, & 0.70 ( 1.0 ft/, D0.21 ( 0.30 m/,E '&,ult( u( (gt(# t&,( B. t(u&, #* m(m('(,< l( t&,( & l( (gt(# ,& m& *' l( *t&#( '&u&'( ; l( &l*#( t(g&#(l
C. u t(u& (gt(* "(; ('(, '&l(#*&, g&*mt'#(, '&l(t(, (l m&t'* DAE &l '&#&t& u& #lu;&6 &l &l +u* A Am&t'* &l ?mul,*' & Tu'b( A/3 &l &l ?mul,*' *' (''b( &l F** A/3 #"* l( G*)( &l ?mul,*' A/15 #"* & l(, #u(t'* :(m('(, %&'t#(l&, A/10 A. P('( &l*#(&, & (,&t(m&t* & (l'&&*' & 0.03 ft/,< l( ,u,&, & l*, ,l*, ,& u&& *bt&&' #* (gt(*'&, & tu'b( * '*&l(, t* m('*.
P('( &l*#(&, & (,&t(m&t* m(;*'&, & 0.15 ft/, ,& &#&,t( (gt(# t&,( #* '*&l(. . +( *t&#( '&u&'( ('( m&>#l(' u flu* #* g(, ; lu* u&& ,&' & u 25 ( u 50O m&*' u& l( *t&#( ('( m&>#l(' &l lu* ,l*. F P('( '&(##*&, "*m*g&&(, & t(u& (gt(*< l( *t&#( '&u&'( *' &l (gt(*' &b& ,&' & u*, 0.5 ( 1.5 "/1000 g(l D0.1 ( 0.3 k!/m3EX , &mb('g*< , "(; t'(,f&'&#( & #(l*' l( (gt(# &b&' ,&' & u(, t'&, &#&, &,t(, #(t(&,.
-ecipientes a Presin0*, &'m,bl&, & t'(b()* ,& t*m( ( 1/4 &l &,fu&'>* mm* &l m(t&'(l. F. ,fu&'>*, & t'(b()* mm*, &'m,bl&,6 -20 t* 50 T&m&'(tu'( ºF 750 ºF -30 t* 345 ºC 400 ºC 1550 CS S 203 18759 , ,
850 ºF 455 ºC
1000 ºF
540 ºC 2500 9950 , ,
1290 b(' 302 SS
18750 , 1290 b('
1070 b(' 18750 , 1290 b('
273 8 b(' b(' 15950 250 , , 431 1100 b(' b('
H. l &,&,*' '&u&'* ,&g l( '&, ; &l '(* ,& #(l#ul( #* l( f'mul( ; Espesor
=
(Presión) x ( %adio ex$erior) ( Esfuer#o per!isi"le) x ( Effiieni a Soldadura) - 0.6 (Presión)
+
Espesor x Corrosión
G. +*, l&(m&t*, ('( l*, m'g&&, & #*''*, &'m,bl&, ,* #*m* ,gu&6 0.350U D9mmE ('( lu*, #*''*,*, #**#*,< 0.150U D4mmE ('( lu*, * #*''*,*, ; 0.00U D1.5mmE ('( l*, '&#&t&, ('( (*' ; l*, '&#&t&, ('( ('&.
Recipientes para Almacenaje G. P('( (lm(#&(' m&*, & 3.8 m3 D1000 g(l*&,E u,& t(u&, &'t#(l&, ,*b'& (t(,. ?. t'& 3.8 m3 ; 38 m3 D1000 ( 10<000 g(l*&, u,& t(u&, "*'>*t(l&, ,*b'& ,**'t&, & #*#'&t* J. P('( m, & 38 m3 D10<000 g(l*&, u,& t(u&, &'t#(l&, ,*b'& b(,&, & #*#'&t*. K. P('( (lm(#&(' lu*, #* '&,*&, & (*' b()(,< u,& t(u&, #* t&#"*, fl*t(t&,. +. +*, t(u&, ('( m(t&'(, 'm(, ( m&u* ,& &,&#f#( ('( (lm(#&(' u (b(,t&#m&t* & 30 (,. :. +( #((#( & u t(u& & (lm(#&(m&t* &b& ,&' & 1.5 &#&, l( #((#( &l (ut*-t'(,*'t& u& l* (b(,t&#&. P*' &)&ml* < u (ut*-t(u& & 28.4 m3 D7<500 g(l*&,E< * u #(''* t(u& & 130 m3 D34<500 g(l*&,E.
T3erías
+(, tub&'(, ('( lu*, &b& #(l#ul(',& ('( u( &l*#( & D5VA/3E ft/, ; u( #(( & '&, & 2.0 ,/100 ft & tub&'( &u(l&t& & l( &,#('g( & l( b*mb(. l( ,u## & l( b*mb( #(l#ul& ('( u( &l*#( & D1.3 V A/E ft/, ; u( #(( & '&, & 0.4 ,/100 ft & tub&'(. $$A &, &l m&t'* & l( tub&'( B +(, tub&'(, & (*' g(, u&& #(l#ul(',& ('( u( &l*#( & 200 ft/, ; #((, & '&, & 0.5 ,/100ft & tub&'( C +*, lmt&, & l&(, & (*' &b& ,&' & 1 m/, D200 ft/,E ; u( #(( & '&, & 0.1 b('/100 m 0.5 ,/100 ft & tub&'( A
P('( u flu)* tu'bul&t* & tub&'(, & (#&'* #*m&'#(l&,< u,& l* ,gu&t&6
. 1.8 0.2 4.8 [P = : Z /20<000 A Y & *& 6 [P = C(( & P'&,- *' f'-##-< ,-/100 -&, & tub&'( &u-(l&t&. . : = Flu)* :,-#*< lb/"' Z
=
-,#*,-( <
#P
Y
=
&,-(< lb/ft
A
=
A-m&t'* -t&'-*' & l( Tub&'(< -.
3
$ $P('( tub*, & (#&'* l-,*, & #(mb-(*'&, & #(l*'< '&ml(#& 20<000 #* 23<000
. P('( flu)*, & *, f(,&,< u &,tm(* u,(* ( m&u* &, &l & +*#k"('t ; :('t&ll. P'm&'* l( #(( & '&, ,& #(l#ul( #*m* , #(( f(,& &,t&'( ,l( & l( tub&'( ; lu&g*< 0.5
[P+ ]= [P H
("*'(< l( #(/( & '&, t*t(l u&& ,&' #(l#ul(( #* (lgu( & l(, ,gu&t&, 6 [P t*t(l
= \+ [P+
*' \ [P H H
& *& \ +
= 4.] -1.78 + 12.5] -0.8 + 0.5
\ H
=
]
2
\ +
F. +(, lul(, & #*t'*l '&u&'& *' l* m&*, u( #(( & '&, & 0.9 b(' D10,E ('( #*t'*l(' &f#&t&m&t& H. +(, '&,*&, & *&'(# & l(, b'(, #lu;& 10< 20< 40< 103 ; 175 b(' D150< 300< 00< 1<500 ; 2500 ,gE
G. +(, lul(, & gl*b* ,* #*mm&t& u,((, ('( g(,&, ; #u(* ,& &#&,t( u #&''& ,&gu'*. +(, lul(, & #*mu&'t( ,* #*mu&, & l( m(;*'( & l*, *t'*, ,&'#*,. ?. +(, #*&*&, '*,#((, ,* g&&'(lm&t& u,((, ('( t(m(*, & l&(, & 2U * m&*'&,. +(, #*&*&, m(;*'&, &b& utl>(' b'(, * #*&*&, ('( ,*l(' ('( &t(' fug(,. J. l m&'* '&'&,&t(* *' l( Cul( & l(, tub&'(, 1000P/S D('*m(*E & *& P &, l( '&, t&'( u& '&,,t& & ,g ; S &, &l &,fu&'>* & t'(b()* &'m,bl& &l m(t&'(l & ,. +( Cul( 40 &, l( m, #*m.
om3as . ,tm(#*&, & l( *t&#( &#&,('( ('( b*mb&(' lu*,6 >? = #.@A"FlBo (m/min)1"Caída de Presin (3ar)1 / *ficiencia p = FlBo (2pm)1"Caída de Presin (psi)1 / (#A#E " *ficiencia) $$ &,t(, '&l(#*&, l( &f#&#( ,& &'&,( #*m* u( f'(## B. PNP7 (NP78) = (Presin en el centro del implsor0Presin de Vapor del Lí+ido) / (Densidad " Constante de la :ra6edad) PNP7 = Presin Neta Positi6a en la 7ccin (Net Possiti6e 7ction 8ead) I '(g* #*m &, & 1.2 ( .1 m D4-20ftE & lu*. C I( &#u(# &,(''*ll(( ('( l( f#&#( b(,(( & &l HPS g&&'g A(t( B**k &,6 *ficiencia = $0$.&'' FG $.$$$A F": 0 $.$$$$$$& F": &G $.$$$'% F&0 $.$$$$$$@% F&":G $.$$$$$$$$$E F &":& *& l( &f#&#( &,t & f*'m( f'(##*(l< F &, l( '&, #(b&>( &,(''*ll(( & &, ; H &, &l flu)* & HP: +*, '(g*, & (l#(bl( ,* F & 50 ( 300 ft ; H & 100 ( 1000 HP:. l &''*' ,& "( *#um&t(* ( 3.5O A. B*mb(, C&t'fug(,6 I( t(( ('( flu)*, & 0.057 - 18.9 m3/m D15 - 5<000 HP:E ( 152 m D500 ftE mm( (ltu'( !lti *tapas para flBos de $.$A@ 0 E#.@ m/min (&$0 ##9$$$ :P!) a #9@A' m ('9'$$ ft) mH"ima altra f#&#(, &6 45-0O ( 0.378 m3/m D100 HP:E< 0-70O ( 1.89 m3/m D500 HP:E< 70-80O ( 37.8 m3/m D10<000 HP:E.
+(, b*mb(, & Flu)* (l u&& ,&' u,((, ('( flu)*, & 0.07 - 378 m3/m D20 - 100<000 HP:E ('( (ltu'(, D'&,E "(,t( & 12 m D40 ftE ; &f#&#(, & u 5-85O. F +(, B*mb(, =*t(t(, u&& ,&' u,((, ('( flu)*, & 0.00378 - 18.9 m3/m D1-5<000 HP:E ('( (ltu'(, D'&,E "(,t( & 15<200 m D50<000 ftE ; &f#&#(, & u 50-80O. H. +(, B*mb(, =&#'*#(t&, u&& ,&' u,((, ('( flu)*, & 0.0378-37.8 m3/m D10-10<000 HP:E ('( (ltu'(, D'&,*E "(,t( & 300<000 m D1<000<000 ftE ; f#&#(, &6 70O ( 7.4 k! D10 "E 85O ( 37.3 k! D50 "E 90O ( 373 k! D500 "E
Torres de Platos . P('( m&>#l(, &(l&,< l( *l(tl( '&l(t( u&& #*,&'(',& #*m* l( '&l(# &t'& l(, '&,*&, & (*' & l*, #*m*&t&, u'*,. B. +( '&, & *&'(# & l( t*''& &,t mu; ( m&u* &t&'m(( *' &l m&* & &f'(m&t* & &l #*&,(*' * *' l( mm( t&m&'(tu'( &'mt( & &l "&'*' ('( &t(' l( &g'((# &l flu* &l '*#&,*. C. P('( T*''&, & ,&#u&#(6 1. +l&& ( #(b* l( ,&('(# m, f(#l 'm&'* Dm&*, l(t*, ; '&flu)* m, b()*E 2. S l( *l(tl( '&l(t(< l( #*m*,# & l( (lm&t(# ('( (ml(m&t&< &t'(g( l*, '*u#t*, u* ( u* *' (''b(. 3. S l( *l(tl( '&l(t( & l*, #*m*&t&, , ('( ,gf#(t(m&t&< &t'(g( l*, '*u#t*, & u *'& &#'&#&t& & *l(tl( 4. S l(, #*#&t'(#*&, & l( (lm&t(# ('( ,gf#(t(m&t& &'* l( *l(tl( '&l(t( *< &t'(g( l*, '*u#t*, & u *'& &#'&#&t& & #*#&t'(#. A. +( '&l(# & '&flu)* m, &#*m#( u,u(lm&t& &, &t'& 1.2= m ; 1.5= m. . l m&'* m, &#*m#* & l(t*, &, u,u(lm&t& #*m* &l *bl& &l m&'* mm* & l(t*,. l m&'* mm* & l(t*, ,& &t&'m( #* l( #u(# & F&,k&-I&'M**.
F. T#(m&t&< ('( u( t*''& ,& &,&#f#( 10O m, l(t*, u& l*, #(l#ul(*,. H. +*, &,(#*, &t'& l(t*, &b& ,&' & 18 ( 24 ulg((,< t&&* & #u&t( l( (##&,bl(. G. +(, &f#&#(, #* & l*, l(t*, u,u(lm&t& *#u''& ( &l*#(&, l&('&, & (*' & 2ft/, D0. m/,E ( '&,*&, m*&'((, < & ft/, D1.8 m/,E b()* #*#*&, & (#*. ?. I( #(( & '&, t#( *' l(t* &, & 0.1 , D0.007b('E. J +(, &f#&#(, & l*, l(t*, ('( ,*lu#*&, (#u*,(, ,* u,u(lm&t& & u '(g* & 0-90O m&t'(, u& l( (b,*'# ; &l (''(,t'& & g(, < t#(m&t& t&& &f#&#(, #&'#((, ( u 10-20O. K +*, t'&, t*, m, #*mu&, & l(t*, ,* & lul(< & m(ll( ; & bubbl& #(. +*, & bubbl& #( ,* u,(*, t#(m&t& #u(* ,& &,&'( t&&' '&#"(>*, b()*, * ,& &#&,t( u( '( & '&, m&*' u& l( u& l*, l(t*, & lul( * m(ll( u&& ('. +. +*, (gu)&'*, & l*, l(t*, & m(ll( ,* & 0.25 ( 0.50 ulg & m&t'* #* u t*t(l & '&( & (gu)&'*, & u 10O &l '&( (#t( &l l(t*. : +*, l(t*, & lul( t&& (gu)&'*, & 1.5 ulg & m&t'*< #(( u* #* u t( #((. A& 12 ( 14 t(*&, #(( *' &2 & l(t* &, u( bu&( Ub&#"m('k^. +*, l(t*, & lul( g&&'(lm&t& #u&,t( m&*, u& l*, & m(ll(. . +(, (ltu'(, m, #*mu&, & l*, '&b*,(&'*, ,* & 2 ; 3 ulg ; &l l('g* t#(m&t& &, & 75O &l m&t'* &l l(t*. +(, b*mb(, & '&flu)* &b& ,&' ,*b'&-,&((, & u 25O *' l* m&*, P. l f(#t*' & (b,*'# K'&m,&' u,u(lm&t& &,t &t'* & u '(g* & 1.25 ( 2.0 +*, '&#&t&, ('( '&flu)* ,* #(, ,&m'& m*t(*, "*'>*t(lm&t& ; ,&(*, ('( u t&m* & '&t&# & 5 m ( l( mt( & ,u #((#(. =. P('( l(, t*''&, u& ,* & *' l* m&*, & 3 ft D0.9 mE & m&t'*< ,& l&, &b& ((' 4 ft D1.22 mE & l( ('t& ,u&'*' ('( l( ,(l( &l (*' ; ((' ft D1.8 mE ( l( ('t& f&'*'< t*m(* & #u&t( &l &l &l lu* ; &l '&g'&,* &l '&-"&'*'.
S. +mt(' l(, (ltu'(, & l(, t*''&, ( 175 ft D53 mE &b* ( l( #('g( & &t* ; ( #*,&'(#*&, & l( #m&t(#. T. +( '&l(# +('g* / Am&t'* & u( t*''& * &b& ,&' & m, & 30 ; '&f&'bl&m&t& &b()* & 20. I. I &,tm(* '* & l( #((#( &l '&-"&'*' & fu# (l m&t'* & l( t*''& &,t (* *'6 0.5 A 2 ('( &,tl(# ( '&, 0.3 A 2 ('( &,tl(# (tm*,f'#(. 0.15 A2 ('( &,tl(# ( (#*. & *& ,* :ll*&, & BTI/"' ; A &, &l m&t'* & l( t*''& & &,.
Torres *mpacadas . +(, T*''&, m(#((, #(, ,&m'& t&& u( '( & '&, m&*' u& l(, t*''&, & l(t*, ,ml('&, B. l &m(u& ( m&u* ,& ,t(l( & l(, t*''&, & l(t*, &,t&t&, ('( (um&t(' ,u #((#( * ,&('(#. C. P('( flu)*, & g(, & 500ft3/m D14.2 m3/mE u,(' &m(u& & 1 ulg D2.5 #mE< ('( flu)*, & g(, A. +( '&l(# m&t'* & T*''& ( m&t'* & m(u& u,u(lm&t& &b& ,&' & *' l* m&*, 15 . A&b* ( l( *,bl( & ,uf'' &f*'m(#*&,< l( '*fu( * ,**'t(( &l &m(u& & l,t#* &b& lmt(',& & 10 ( 15 ft D3 ( 4 mE m&t'(, u& &l &m(u& m&tl#* u&& ,**'t(' & 20 ( 25 ft D& ( 7. mE F. +*, ,t'bu*'&, & lu*, &b& #*l*#(',& ( #(( 5-10 m&t'*, D,*b'& &l l('g*E ('( (ll*, (ll ; ( #(( 20 ft D.5 mE ('( *t'*, t*, ('(*, & &m(u&. H. P('( l( '&,t'bu#< &b& "(b&' & 8 ( 12 #*''&t&, *' & #u('(* & '&( & t*''& ('( t*''&, m(;*'&, & t'&, D3E &, & m&t'*. A&b& ,&' ( m, um&'*,*, & t*''&, m, &u&(,. G. +(, #*lum(, &m(#((, &b& *&'(' ( #&'#( & u 70O u((,
?. +( ltu'( u(l&t& ( l( t(( T&'#( DG&g"t u(l&t t* T"&*'&t#(l St(g& DGTSEE ('( #*t(#t(' lu*-(*' &, & 1.3 - 1.8 ft D0.4-0.5 mE ('( (ll*, (ll & 1 ulg ; & 2.5 ( 3.0 ft D0.7-0.90 mE ('( (ll*, (ll & 2 ulg. J. +(, '(, & '&, & ,&* &b& ,&' #*m* ,gu&6
$$ P('( f(#t*'&, & &m(u& ; m, ,*b'& #*lum(, &m(#((, &(6 P(#k& C*lum A&,g
-eactores +( &l*#( & '&(## ,& &b& &,t(bl&#&' & &l l(b*'(t*'* ; &l t&m* & '&,&#( * l( &l*#( &,(#* D,(#& &l*#t;E &&tu(lm&t& t&' u& ,&' &t&'m(( & u( l(t( l*t*. B +*, t(m(*, & ('t#ul( & l*, #(t(l>(*'&, ,*6 0.10 & #(m(, flu>((,< 1 mm & #(m(, & l**, (gu(*, ; & 2 ( 5 mm & #(m(, f)(, C P('( '&(##*&, "*m*g&&(, & t(u& (gt(*< l( *t&#( '&u&'( *' &l (gt(*' &b& ,&' & u*, 0.5 ( 1.5 "/1000 g(l D0.1 ( 0.3 k!/m3EX , &mb('g*< , "(; t'(,f&'&#( & #(l*' l( (gt(# &b&' ,&' & u(, t'&, &#&, &,t(, #(t(&,. A. l #*m*'t(m&t* &(l & u '&(#t*' DCST=E DC St''& T(k =&(#t*'E g&&'(lm&t& ,& (l#(>( #u(* &l t&m* & '&,&#( m&* &, & 5 ( 10 &#&, &l t&m* &#&,('* ('( (l#(>(' l( "*m*g&&(. +( "*m*g&&( t#(m&t& ,& (l#(>( #* 500 ( 2000 '&*lu#*&, & u (gt(*' b& ,&(*. . +(, '&(##*&, '&l(t(m&t& l&t(, &t'& lu*, l**, (gu(*, ,* u,u(lm&t& #*u#(, m, &#*m#(m&t& & u( b(t&'( & 3 ( 5 CS=T_, DC St''& T(k =&(#t*',E & ,&'&.
F. +*, '&(#t*'&, & flu)* tubul(' t#(m&t& ,& u,( ('( (lt(, &l*#(&, & '*u## ; #u(* l*, t&m*, & '&,&#( ,* #*'t*,. +*, '&(#t*'&, tubul('&, t(mb ,* u( bu&( (lt&'(t( #u(* &, &#&,('( u( t'(,f&'&#( & #(l*' ,gf#(t( "(#( &t'* * "(#( fu&'( &l '&(#t*'. H. P('( u( #*&', (b()* &l 95O &l &ulb'*< &l &,&m&* & l( '&(## & u CST= DC St''& T(k =&(#t*'E & 5 (,*, ,& ('*m( (l & u '&(#t*' & flu)* & ,t. G T#(m&t& l( &l*#( & u( '&(## um#( ,& ul#( *' #(( 18ºF D10ºCE & t&m&'(tu'(. ? +( &l*#( & u( '&(## "&t&'*g&&( ( m&u* ,& #*t'*l( m, *' l( &l*#( & #(l&t(m&t* * *' l( t'(,f&'&#( & m(,( u& *' l( #t#( um#(. J. lgu(, &#&, l( utl( & l*, #(t(l>(*'&, &,t & m&)*'(' l( ,&l&#t( m, u& & (um&t(' l( &l*#( & '&(##.
-efri2eracin 7er6icios <"iliares . I( t*&l(( & =&f'g&'(# &, gu(l ( l( '&m*, & 12<000 Btu/"' D12<700 kJ/"E & #(l*'. B. P('( ('(, t&m&'(tu'(, & '&f'g&'(# < l*, ,gu&t&, ,* '&f'g&'(t&, m, #*mu&,.
C. l (gu( & l( T*''& & f'(m&t* ,& '&#b& & l( t*''& &t'& 80-90 ºF D27-32 ºCE ; &b& ,&' '&g'&,(( &t'& 115-125 ºF D45-52 ºCE &&&* &l t(m(* & l( t*''&. l (gu( & m(' * ,& &b& '&g'&,(' ( m, & 110 ºF D43 ºCE A. Flu*, ('( t'(,f&'&#( & #(l*'6 #&t&, & &t'*l&* ( m&*, & 00 ºF D315 ºCE< A*Mt"&'m, u *t'*, '*u#t*, ,tt#*, ( m&*, & 750 ºF D400 ºCE ; ,(l&, fu(, ( m&*, & 1<100 ºF D00 ºCE. . +(, '&,*&, m, #*mu&, ('( &l ('& #*m'm* ,*6 45< 150< 300< ; 450 ,g D3< 10< 20 ; 30 Kg,/#m2 m(*mt'#*,E
F. l ('& ('( ,t'um&t*, g&&'(lm&t& ,& &t'&g( ( u(, 45 ,g D3 Kg/#m2E #* u ut* & '*#* & 0 ºF
